MILWAUKEE 
 
 Twenty Months of 
 War -Time Service 
 
 JANUARY 1, 1919 
 
 REPORT OF 
 
 MILWAUKEE COUNTY COUNCIL 
 OF DEFENSE 
 
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The 
 
 Milwaukee County Council 
 of Defense 
 
 Report on 
 
 Twenty Months of War-Time 
 Service in Milwaukee 
 
 May 1st, 1917 to January 1st, 1919 
 
 /339. 
 
 "It ain't the individuals 
 Nor the army as a whole ^ 
 
 But the everlasting team work 
 Of evry bloomin soul. 
 
 — Kipling 
 
 Milwaukee County Council of Defense 
 
 4th Floor City Hall 
 

 ?'| 
 
 FOREWORD 
 
 THE Milwaukee County Council of Defense, in 
 presenting this final report of its activities to the 
 citizens of Milwaukee County, whose unselfish 
 efforts in behalf of the community and nation have 
 made possible Milwaukee's splendid war record, wishes 
 to express its sincere appreciation of the co-operative 
 spirit and unselfish participation from all classes and 
 interests. 
 
 In resigning its task now automatically completed 
 with the close of hostilities, the Council of Defense 
 earnestly requests that the Mayor and other city 
 officials, the Common Council, and the County Board 
 of Supervisors, together with the industrial, civic, 
 commercial, and financial organizations of Milwaukee 
 consider carefully this report of work accomplished. 
 
 It would seem a mistake that the patriotic spirit 
 of unselfish co-operation aroused by the war should 
 not be retained and given an opportunity to express 
 itself through service to the community and nation to 
 the end that selfish interests may be set aside for the 
 good of the greatest number. Milwaukee must in the 
 future learn to look upon herself as a living body of 
 which every citizen, every interest, and every industry 
 is a part — the interests of all being in the end identical. 
 
 In the light of the experiences of the past twenty 
 
 months there is a real need for an all-Milwaukee 
 
 Community Board, in which will be brought together 
 
 representatives of all interests, co-operating with 
 
 public officials to unite the efforts of all for the welfare 
 
 ofMilwaukee. -' ®^ ^' 
 APR 2 1919 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 Outline of 
 
 History of the Council of Defense 
 
 PURPOSE 
 
 THE Milwaukee County Council of Defense was formed because 
 Milwaukeeans generally recognized that civic unity and the 
 burying of political and class differences were vital during the 
 emergency, that Milwaukee, in order to do her part in the nation's 
 struggle, must be organized not on the basis of its financial interests 
 alone or its industrial interests, or its local government, or any other 
 interest, but with the co-operation of all. 
 
 Specifically the Defense Council system was created to aid in ac- 
 complishing three things: 
 
 / — To secure the co-operation of those bodies, departments and agencies, 
 which are concerned in keeping a healthy and efficient population and to stimulate 
 their efforts. 
 
 2 — To co-operate with the Industrial and Commercial Groups to the end that 
 the transition to war conditions be made as easy as possible. 
 
 3 — To aid the government to secure from Milwaukee the maximum quota of 
 men, money and materials necessary to support the war, 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 The Milwaukee County Council of Defense was organized April 30, 
 1917, at the request of the State Council of Defense under whose 
 authority it came into being. The convention was called jointly by 
 Mayor D. W. Hoan and W. E. McCarty, Chairman of the County 
 Board of Supervisors. When first organized, the Council of Defense had 
 a membership of fifteen. Later its membership was increased to 
 twenty-three, and in September of last year, the scope of the membership 
 was expanded to include practically all social, civic, commercial and 
 industrial interests in Milwaukee County, raising the membership 
 of the Council to sixty. Its first chairman was Mayor D. W. Hoan, 
 who served as such until April, 1918. Mr. Wheeler P. Bloodgood was 
 acting chairman for a short period, being succeeded by Charles Allis. 
 Following Mr. Allis' death, Mr. E. E. White was elected chairman. 
 Recently Mr. White was forced to resign the chairmanship owing to 
 severe illness. Mr. August H. Vogel served as acting chairman until 
 the very recent election of Mr. Cornelius Corcoran as temporary 
 chairman. 
 
 City Treasurer John I. Drew was treasurer of the Council and City 
 Comptroller Louis M. Kotecki, auditor, during the entire period of its 
 activity. The County Auditor co-operated with the City Comptroller 
 in checking up of expenditures of the organization. Willits Pollock 
 was made executive secretary in the first week of the organization. 
 
 Changes in the Council, addition of new members and reports of 
 all activities were submitted weekly to the State Council of Defense, 
 which is the directing head of the entire defense council organization 
 for Wisconsin. 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 aEMERAL ORGANIZATIOn PLAW. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF 
 MANOFACTORE.5 
 
 COMMITTEE. 
 
 ON 
 MAnUPACTORU 
 
 INCI.UOe*> ALl. PIRMS> 
 ASSOCIATtONS AND 
 ORGANIZATIONS OF 
 MAMOFACTORINa 
 
 qo&ine:s>»e's. 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF 
 COMMERCE ^P»r«AMCC I 
 
 COONCIL OP OEFEHftE 0Epartm£MT, 
 
 ALL. 
 ORaAMIZKO 
 
 iiiTEREa-ra 
 
 EXECOTlVt COMMITTEE 
 
 CHAIRMAM 
 
 VICECHAIRMAM 
 
 CMR. MAMUFACTOOE* 
 
 CMR. COMMERCE. 
 
 CMR. UABOP.CHR FlMAnCE 
 
 CHR. PUBL. WELFARE 
 
 CHR. POBL . AFPAIRA 
 
 CMR.COOHTY BO-,CMR.WOME.M 
 
 PRCS COMMOM council. 
 
 EXECUTIVE. SEC'V. 
 
 COOMTY OF MILWAUKEE. 
 
 OF AOMimS>- 
 TRATION 
 
 DEPARTMEMT OF 
 POBL.1C WELFARE. 
 
 COMMITTEE 
 
 ON 
 
 COMMCRCE. 
 
 AND 
 
 FINANCE. 
 
 COMMOMITY 
 I.ABOI? 
 BOARD 
 
 LA&OR 
 COMMIXTEE 
 
 3AFETV 
 COMi^ inrxEE 
 
 TRANS- 
 PORTATION 
 COMMITTEE. 
 
 COMMITTEE 
 ON 
 
 p'oe>i.ic 
 
 WEI-FARE. 
 
 INCLOOEt> ALL FIRMS, 
 ASSOCIATIONS AND 
 ORGAM IZATIONS OF 
 COMMERCIAL CMARAC- 
 
 te:r iNCLuoiNa pinan- 
 
 CIAL. INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 EMRLOVMEMT, LABOR 
 PRIORITIES^LABOR SOP- 
 PL.Y. 
 
 A&EHC I E.a TO FURTHER 
 WELFARE OF LABOR. 
 
 DEPTA, OR<iANI2ATIONaj 
 % ACEMCIES FOR PROTEC- 
 TION OF LIPE^PROPERTY 
 
 TRANSPORTATION 
 ACvEMClES AND ORGAN- 
 IZATION* 
 
 INCLUDES ALL BUSIMESS 
 DEPART MEMTS.BOREAOS.OR 
 ASSOCIATIONS FORMISMhkS 
 FOOD AND FUEL.OR MIHIS- 
 TERIN&TOTME PMVSlCAL 
 WELFARE OF THE. POPU- 
 LATION . 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF 
 PUBLIC AFFAIRS 
 
 COMMITTEE 
 
 ON 
 
 PUBLIC 
 AFFA»R.S> 
 
 INCLUDES ALL PATRIOTIC, 
 CIVIC.EDUCATIONAL.RE.- 
 LIClOOS AND MILITARY 
 SERVICE OEPARTMEMTS, 
 ASSOCIATioriS e,<iROOPfe 
 
 MILWAUKE.E. COUNTY COUNCIL OP OCPENdE.. 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 Organization Plan and 
 Departmental Reports 
 
 EXECUTIVE ORGANIZATION 
 
 The working plan upon which the Council of Defense was organized put the 
 practical responsibility of administration upon its Executive Committee, a body so 
 constituted that it represented practically all of the important organized elements of 
 the district. It was early recognized that it was manifestly impossible to call to- 
 gether frequently so large a body as the Council of Defense. Its position was 
 therefore that of a parliament which could at any time recall or overrule its ministry. 
 The Executive Committee was in effect composed of the chairmen of the various 
 important sections or departments into which the interests of the Milwaukee 
 district were classified. It reported back to the Council of Defense and from it 
 derived its powers. 
 
 Under the Executive Committee operated the departmental committees on 
 Manufactures, Commerce, Public Affairs, and Public Welfare, and subject to the 
 departmental committees the special boards and bureau committees, handling 
 specific problems. 
 
 The staff organization which furnished secretarial service to the various com- 
 mittees had a dual capacity, in that while the members of the staff were the as- 
 sistants of the secretary, they served individually as secretaries of the various 
 committees thus forming a combination of a full-time paid volunteer staff organiza- 
 tion with a net work of committees representing every conceivable interest. The 
 committees were able to furnish advice, decide policies and provide entry into the 
 various lines of activity while investigation and administration or carrying out 
 decisibns was left to the staff. 
 
 DEPARTMENTAL ORGANIZATION 
 
 For the purpose of classification and administration the work of the Council of 
 Defense was departmentalized under five departments. Each of these was given 
 the task of keeping in touch with the organizations, agencies and businesses falling 
 within its sphere and securing their co-operation. These departments were as 
 follows: 
 
 I — Department of Administration — To direct the operation of the entire organization, to de- 
 termine policies and expenditures, to provide necessary war-time publicity and to co-operate with 
 organized labor, the public safety organizations and departments, the Common Council, the County 
 Board and other agencies. 
 
 2 — Department of Public Welfare — To handle activities relating to food conservation and 
 marketing, fuel conservation, war gardens and other agricultxoral problems, and social service, in- 
 cluding matters pertaining to public health and recreation ; to secure co-operation among all elements 
 whose purpose is a healthy and efficient population. 
 
 5 — Department of Manufactures — To handle all war-time problems affecting the manufacturing 
 interests exclusively, such as giving aid in obtaining government contracts, converting non-essential 
 industries to essential industries and interpreting priorities laid down by the War Industries Board. 
 
 ^ — Department of Commerce and Finance — To handle war-time problems affecting the interests 
 of commercial, financial, and mercantile business organizations, such as those relating to trans- 
 portation, commercial economy, elimination of waste, and the conservation of man power. 
 
 . . 5 Department of Public Affairs — To handle educational campaigns, patriotic meetings, 
 military affairs and Americanization, and to direct the activities of the men's and women's ward and 
 district councils of defense. 
 
 A review of the work carried out by each of these departments follows: 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 Department of Administration 
 
 Under Direct Supervision of 
 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE 
 
 E. E. White, Chairman. Mrs. J. W. Mariner, Chairman Women's 
 August H. Vogel, Vice-Chairman. Committee. 
 
 ^° Coi^cif °'^''°'^^' ^"■^'''^^"^ Common wheeler P. Bloodgood, Chairman Public 
 Fred H. French, Chairman Community 
 
 Labor Board. Wm. E. McCarty, Chairman County 
 R. P. Tell, Chairman Manufactures Board. 
 
 Committee. Walter Kasten, Chairman Finance. 
 
 Albert Friedman, Chairman Commerce. ttth-^ -n. h i o 
 
 Rev. W. F. Greenman. Chairman Public ^'^'^^ P°"°^^^' Secretary. 
 
 Welfare Committee. Max E. Friedmann, Ass't Secretary. 
 
 This department was vmder the direct control of the Executive Committee of the Coimcil of 
 Defense, its action being subject to the approval of the County Council of Defense as a whole. 
 All emergency problems were handled by this body which met at least once and as often as four times 
 weekly throughout the duration of the war. 
 
 1— GENERAL 
 
 Enlisted volunteers to assist in copying the registration cards in the first military 
 registration, and furnished typists and typewriters for same. Supplied draft board 
 members with automobiles, furnished them with volunteers at various times and 
 secured doctors to conduct examinations. During the last military registration of 
 men from 18 to 45 inclusive, the Defense Council provided necessary publicity and 
 arranged for placing advertisements in the newspapers. The Council of Defense 
 acted in each registration as the central office for handling returns. 
 
 Gave information and directions to thousands of citizens, referring them to 
 the proper agency, or if no agency existed, securing the necessary information or 
 help directly. A war directory was published and distributed. 
 
 Urged upon all employers the adoption of the basic eight-hour day on all war 
 work. This was followed up by the Manufacturers' Committee and recognition 
 of the basic eight-hour day during the war practically established in Milwaukee. 
 Opposed discrimination against organized labor on building construction during 
 war times. 
 
 Arranged with the State Council of Defense for shipments of fish to Milwaukee 
 for sale on the public markets. 
 
 Co-operated with Mr. D. W. Norris in the organization of a commission com- 
 pany to handle food commodities. Mr. Norris agreed to back this venture to the 
 extent of $100,000 or more, its object being to serve as a means of "knocking down" 
 unreasonably high prices and to save and market foods which might otherwise go 
 to waste. 
 
 Secured the co-operation of Milwaukee manufacturers and other large employers 
 of labor in the matter of releasing men so that they might appear for military 
 registration. 
 
 Aided in securing enlistments necessary to fill quota of the Wisconsin National 
 Guard companies in Milwaukee, to put them on a war-time basis. In this connec- 
 tion the Defense Council not only arranged meetings and provided speakers, but 
 secured volunteer recruiting agents, for sending out written appeals, and furnished 
 stationery for such work. 
 
 Enlisted the services of thousands of volunteer workers throughout the period 
 of the war for all sorts of war-time work. A list of volunteer workers was kept 
 available at all times for emergency calls. 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 Conducted publicity campaign during the summer of 1917 for the purpose of 
 getting every able-bodied man to work. 
 
 Brought all of the cities and villages of Milwaukee County, outside of the City 
 of Milwaukee, into the Defense Council organization and obtained their co-operation 
 in the organization's activities. 
 
 Aided in the organization of the new State Guard Companies in Milwaukee. 
 
 Assisted the District Exemption Board in the matter of determining industrial 
 exemptions. 
 
 Co-operated with the mayor in the elimination of tag-day collections during 
 the war. 
 
 Aided the Street Sanitation Department of the city in mobilizing forces for the 
 removal of snow during the winter of 1917 and 1918 when the heavy snowfall made 
 it difficult to deliver coal or move fire apparatus. 
 
 Used its influence in every way possible and gave considerable material aid 
 towards the enforcement of rulings of the fuel and food administrations in this 
 county. 
 
 Prepared the original plan of organization used by Milwaukee in all the big war 
 finance drives, that of organizing and soliciting by industrial groups rather than by 
 flying teams. Also investigated the War Chest plan and aided in the formation 
 of the Milwaukee County War Fund Committee. 
 
 Paid hall rent for the last session of the Legal Advisory Board and guaranteed 
 unforeseen expenses of selective service boards. 
 
 Developed a plan for the national organization of industrial resources, and dem- 
 onstrated its efficiency. Part of the plan proposed — that of Regional Manufacturers 
 Organizations was adopted nationally. The Committee on Manufactures of the 
 Council of Defense was expanded to include most of Wisconsin. 
 
 2— BUREAU OF PUBLIC INFORMATION 
 
 PUBLICITY COMMITTEE 
 
 A. M. Candee, Chairman. Frank Effinger, Advertiser's Club. 
 
 A. B. Cargill, Milwaukee Association of tt t iv>r i n 
 
 Commerce. H. L. Markwell. 
 
 Chas. Dean, Press Club. B. A. Stenz, Kiwanis Club. 
 
 Walter Dunlap, Rotary Club. H. L. Ashworth, Secretary. 
 
 (a) — Edited and published a weekly bulletin containing reports of the activities 
 of the various departments and serving as a report to all committees and workers 
 regarding the status of various matters going through the County Council of 
 Defense. This bulletin also reported activities of the Milwaukee Red Cross and 
 other organizations handling war work and carried each month a statement of the 
 Council's financial expenditures. 
 
 (6) — Furnished Milwaukee newspapers with publicity necessary in connection 
 with local war work. 
 
 (c) — Placed sixty war-service bulletin boards throughout the city, upon which 
 were placed each week messages of interest to the public on various forms of war 
 work and war-time activities. 
 
 (d) — Organized a special committee and raised $600 through private subscrip- 
 tions to conduct a campaign for calling Milwaukee County's war-time achieve- 
 ments to the attention of other cities. Milwaukee was given much valuable 
 publicity, especially in the East, through this campaign. 
 
 (e) — Published a war directory, which listed all of Milwaukee's war activities 
 by subject and contained an alphabetical list of all organizations in Milwaukee 
 doing war work. This directory was published both in the city directory and in the 
 telephone directory. 
 
 (0 — Prepared special articles for various outside publications on Milwaukee's 
 method of handling her war-time work. 
 
 (g) — Submitted war- work material to house organs of Milwaukee factories 
 and business houses. 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 (h) — ^Answered scores of questions on war work daily through the central 
 office information bureau. 
 
 3— UNITED STATES ORDNANCE BUREAU 
 
 UNITED STATES ORDNANCE BUREAU REPRESENTATIVES 
 
 Frank J. Schmitt W. H. Simpson 
 
 Howard Mitchell Marion Remington, Secretary 
 
 On February 1, 1918, Frank Schmitt and Howard Mitchell were appointed 
 special representatives of the Ordnance Bureau by Major L. N. Van Dusen, Chief 
 of the Civilian Personnel, Ordnance Department at Washington, D, C. Miss 
 Marion Remington was made secretary. These appointments were under the 
 dollar a year plan. 
 
 The objects of the Ordnance Bureau were two-fold: First, to assist Washington 
 in getting competent people to fill various vacancies existing in all departments, 
 and second, to keep the people of Milwaukee informed of vacancies existing and to 
 advise them where their qualifications could best be used. Upon the resignation 
 of both Mr. Schmitt and Mr. Mitchell, Miss Remington was appointed special 
 representative and served without remuneration from February 1 until July 15, 
 1918, when she was made secretary to Mr. P. E. Pope, Representative of the De- 
 partment of Labor. 
 
 From February 1 to November 11, 1918, 321 applications were sent by the bureau 
 — part going to the main headquarters in Washington and the rest to Lieutenant 
 W. N. Shepard, in charge of the Civilian Personnel in Chicago. On March 6, 
 thirty-four machinists and tool-makers were hired and sent to the Rock Island 
 Arsenal by Captain N. M. Marsilius, who made his headquarters at the Ordnance 
 Bureau. These men were sent by their firms at the solicitation of the Special 
 Representatives. Lieutenant-Colonel Ramsey, Commanding Officer of the Rock 
 Island Arsenal, commenting on the results obtained in Milwaukee, thanked the 
 bureau for its co-operation and said that in no other city of its size did the recruiting 
 officer meet with such good results as he did here. From time to time, after March 
 6, both tool-makers and machinists were sent to the arsenal by the bureau. 
 
 Together with the civilian work after April 1, this department acted as an in- 
 formation bureau for all men wishing to get into the service, principally for those 
 who were in deferred classes. Applications were taken for the ground division of 
 the Aviation Service, the Motor Transport School at Fort Sam Houston, the Rail- 
 way Service overseas, for commissions in the Engineering Corps and for the Officer's 
 Training School in the Motor Transport Corps. Those wishing to enlist in special 
 branches for which no applications were issued were advised where their training 
 and education could best be used and to what department in Washington to apply. 
 
 4— LABOR BUREAU 
 
 LABOR BUREAU 
 
 P. E. Pope, Director 
 Marion Remington, Secretary 
 
 On the request of A. H. Melville, State Director of the Public Service Reserve, 
 the recruiting arm of the U. S. Labor Department, the Council of Defense provided 
 office room and furnished a stenographer, clerical help, filing cabinets, etc., for 
 the traveling examiner of this branch of the Labor Department. This office was 
 opened May 15, 1918, and was in operation from that date. 
 
 The work consisted principally in recruiting labor for (1) ship yards, (2) war 
 industries in general and in working with the U. S. Employment Service in dis- 
 tribution and replacement of men in essential industries, this pertaining particu- 
 larly to skilled help. During this time over 1,000 men reported at this office, 
 seventy-five per cent of whom were from other parts of the state and employed on 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 non-essential work. This office made a specialty of finding the right man for the 
 right job and letters on file from employers of labor in the city as well as from differ- 
 ent parts of the state show that results were very satisfactory. 
 
 Attention is called to the fact that through the efforts of this office, Milwaukee 
 manufacturers were the first in the United States to turn over their employment 
 proposition to the United States Employment Service, as shown by the fact that 
 on June 19, 1918, representatives of forty-eight shops in Milwaukee met and passed 
 a resolution to that effect; whereas, the labor department of the United States 
 Government did not request such action until August 1. 
 
 The labor turn-over was also made a subject of study, and suggestions and re- 
 quests from this office were welcomed and acted upon by employers of the city. 
 
 Many professional loafers were also induced to work and stay on the job. The 
 files show that over one hundred such cases were taken care of. 
 
 5— LABOR ADVISORY COMMITTEE 
 
 LABOR ADVISORY COMMITTEE 
 
 Henry Rumpel, Chairman _, Fred French 
 
 Frank B. Metcalf Rep. on Executive Committee 
 
 Hugh Kinney 
 
 Frank Weber E. W. Heller, Secretary 
 
 The Defense Council substantially recognized organized labor by including in 
 its membership representatives of the various unions of Milwaukee. Organized 
 labor was given representation upon the Executive Committee, which had direct 
 supervision over the activities of the Defense Council. 
 
 This Labor Advisory Committee was organized with the object of having its 
 members investigate and make recommendations to the Council of Defense on 
 labor matters. The committee consisted entirely of members of Milwaukee's 
 labor organizations. 
 
 The committee laid the foundation for a constructive program, including: 
 
 1 — Determination of fair cost of living as basis for wages. 
 
 2 — Program of family budgets and thrift as a means of conserving purchasing 
 power. 
 
 3 — Standardization of trade requirements. 
 
 4 — Stabilizing of employment. 
 
 Matters such as employment for brewery workers, building trades labor, etc., 
 were discussed and referred to special agencies. 
 
10 
 
 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE. 
 
 BUREAUS, COMMIT-reES, 
 AND WORKING BOOIE.S 
 
 CENTRAL ORGANIZATION 
 
 AMD 
 CO- OPCR AT I M Ci ao Dies ■ 
 
 COMMITTEE. ON 
 
 CHAIRMAN 
 CHAlRMAH SOC.SeRV. 
 CHAIRMAN FOOD 
 CHAIRMAN FOEU 
 CHAIRMAN AGR.PROD 
 HEALTH COMM'R. 
 WOMEti'S CHAIRMAN 
 CHR COUNTY BOARD 
 
 STAFF 
 
 DIRECTOR SEC'V 
 SeCV FOOD BUREAO 
 
 ASSTi> 
 3e.C-V FOEU BURCAU 
 
 aec'v soc.sERvitc 
 
 COOMTr AO-R AaEMT 
 A53 IS TA.nTS, 
 
 PUBLIC WELFARE. 
 
 MILWAUKEE COUNTY COUNCIL 
 
 OF 
 
 DEFENSE. 
 
 FOOD ADMINISTRATOR AND FOOD BOARD 
 
 PRICE COMMITTEE, (fa.) 
 
 U-S.&RAIN CORPORATIOM. 
 
 DOMESTIC ECCONOMV COMMITTEE. 
 
 MOTEI- ASSOCIATION 
 
 RETAIU R«OCCRa,MARKE.TME.MS ASSM. 
 
 MASTER BAKERS ASSN. 
 
 MILK PROD. ASSH., BOTTI.E. EXCHAn&E 
 
 WHOLESALE GROCERS, STORACkE MEM 
 
 ICE OCALER-S ASSN., ICE. COMMITTEE 
 
 OEPOTV FOOD AOMIM ISTRATORS 
 
 CITV MARKE.T DEPARTMENT 
 
 O.W. HORRIS COMPANV 
 2. FUEL ADMINISTRATOR AND FOEt_ BOARD 
 
 SPECIAL COMMITTEE ON DOCK, RAIL 
 
 AND RE.TA1L FUE.L 
 
 U.S. FUEL EMGINEEJ^ 
 
 SERVICE. BUREAU C OF DEFENSE 
 3. BUREAU OF SOCIAL SE.RVICE. 
 
 CEMTRAU COUNCll. OF SOCIAI. ASEMCfES 
 CEnTRALIX.eO BUDGE.T 
 A.COMMITXEE on PUBLIC HEALTH 
 
 CITY HEALTH DEPARTMENT 
 
 MEDICAL SOCIETIES 
 
 Dispensaries, HOSPITALS public 
 
 AND private. 
 
 NURSINC ASSOCIATIOMS 
 
 WIS ANTI-TUBERCOLOSIS assn 
 
 b. committee. oh moraus ahd justice 
 
 courts-aho probation oepartmenti 
 
 leg.al aid society 
 
 juvenile. protective ueacue. 
 
 big brothbrs amd &•<• sister.s 
 
 organization 
 c committee oh recreation 
 
 extention dept public schools 
 
 v. m c a and y. w.ca 
 
 SETTLEMENT HOUSES, SOCIAL CEmtERS 
 PARK BOARD, AUDITORIUM 
 D.COMMITTE.E OH RELIEP AHD OEPEHOEHCV 
 ASSOC. CHARITIES, JEWISH CHARITIES 
 50C ST VIHCENT OE PAOL. 
 COUNTY POOR OFFICE 
 ^.BUREAU- A<iRlCU1_TURAL PROOUCTIOM 
 COUNTY AGRICULTURAL AGENT 
 CITY AHD COUNTY GARDEN COMM 
 POULTRY ASSOCIATION 
 BEE KEEPERS ASSOCIATION 
 COUNTY AGkRiCULTORAL SCHOOL 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 11 
 
 Department of Public Welfare 
 
 PUBLIC WELFARE COMMITTEE 
 
 Dr. W. F. Greenman, Chairman E. E. White 
 
 Mayor Daniel W. Hoan Fred S. Hunt 
 
 Wm. E. McCarty Dr. H. E. Dearholt 
 
 Mrs. John W. Mariner H. L. Merkel, Secretary 
 
 PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES 
 
 The primary function of this department was that of a clearing house for all 
 agencies working for the advancement of the welfare of the civilian population. 
 It received appeals for services needed in the community. So far as there were 
 already existing agencies for performing these services, to them the proper appeals 
 were instantly referred to avoid duplication. 
 
 In a big city, highly organized like Milwaukee, new needs are constantly emerg- 
 ing for meeting which there is no existing agency; the existing agencies are, as in the 
 case of the city government, limited by the City Charter, the County Government 
 and Courts by State Statutes, private agencies by charter, by constitution, by- 
 laws or by their previously adopted financial budgets. 
 
 The problem of protecting the civilian population from the ravages of war is a 
 considerable one. Infant mortality, epidemics and crime have inevitably followed 
 great conflicts. It has been the problem of the department to aid all movements 
 tending to neutralize these dangers. 
 
 J— FOOD BUREAU 
 
 
 FOOD BOARD 
 
 
 D. W. Hoan, Chairman 
 
 
 Albert Friedmann 
 
 A. T. Van Scoy 
 
 
 D. W. Norris 
 
 E. E. White 
 
 
 P. P. Donahue 
 
 Julius Frank 
 
 O. R. Smith, Secretary 
 
 Wm. D. Famum 
 
 In 1917 food prices rose rapidly, poor folks not engaged in war industries suf- 
 fering correspondingly. Transportation facilities were limited. We needed large 
 quantities of food at low prices. The department assembled agencies, representing 
 the State Council of Defense, State Fish and Game Commission, Express Companies, 
 City Bureau of Weights and Measures, Chamber of Commerce, Wholesale Grocers, 
 Restaurants and Lunch Rooms and the individual consumers. 
 
 The work of the Food Bureau fell into three general lines. First, direct market- 
 ing; second, educational work in food saving; and third, co-operation with the United 
 States Food Administration for Milwaukee County. 
 
 The marketing was done under the general supervision of the Food Board, 
 composed of seven business men and the Mayor. The sales were conducted by 
 the City Sealer of Weights and Measures. Last year the marketing was financed 
 by D. W. Norris, through the D. W. Norris Commission Co. 
 
 The food conservation work was under the general charge of the secretary of 
 the Food Bureau, with a committee on domestic economy, composed of expert 
 housewives, supervising the activities directed toward the education of the house- 
 wife. This committee had as its executive officer an expert domestic science 
 worker appointed by the United States Department of Agriculture to work witji 
 the bureau. Her salary was paid by the national government. 
 
 The work done with the County Food Administrator consisted in giving pub- 
 licity to rulings of the United States Food Administration, conducting food cam- 
 paigns, and assisting the committee named by the County Food Administrator 
 to fix retail food prices. 
 
12 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 A— MARKETING 
 
 Fred J. Janssen, City Sealer 
 Wm. J. Steinel, Deputy 
 
 (a) — Sales of Foodstuffs 
 
 From May, 1917, to June, 1918, the Food Bureau sold 468,746 pounds of rough 
 fish (carp, suckers, perch, etc.) on the city markets, and from September 19, 1918, 
 to November 19, 1918, 127,660 pounds. The total sales were 596,406 pounds. 
 The bulk of these fish were sold at from 6 to 7 cents a pound. Previous to the 
 activities of the Food Burean in this direction, rough fish were being sold at from 
 18 to 20 cents a pound. 
 
 A year ago fish were obtained through the State Conservation Commission. 
 To date this year they have been purchased directly from fish dealers in Green 
 Bay. Forty-five carloads of potatoes were sold in the fall of 1917. Some of these 
 were turned over to manufacturers for distribution among their employees; several 
 cars were sold on the city markets; and the balance were delivered directly to 
 consumers in bag lots. The price of potatoes in Milwaukee during the winter, 
 of 1917-18 was 25 cents a bushel below the price of other cities in the country of 
 Milwaukee's size. This fall the department sold four carloads of potatoes at $3 
 per bag of two and one-half bushels, delivered. 
 
 Other produce sold included four carloads of apples; two carloads of ruta- 
 bagas; 12,000 pounds beans; 1,000 pounds of macaroni; 210 crates of cherries; 
 200 bushels of onions; a considerable quantity of boxed apples and other mis- 
 cellaneous sales. 
 
 (6) — Marketing Investigation 
 
 A study of marketing conditions and marketing agencies in Milwaukee, was 
 made at the request of the Food Board. As a result of this study a report with 
 recommendations for the creation of a municipal department of marketing was 
 made to the Common Council. 
 
 (c) — Price Fixing 
 
 The secretary of the Food Board acted as a price investigator for the com- 
 mittee named by the County Food Administrator to fix retail food prices. Twice 
 each week, on Monday and Thursday, a personal inquiry was made into the whole- 
 sale food markets, particularly the produce markets, and the results reported to 
 the price committee. A report made to the committee by the secretary of the 
 Food Board caused the committee to deny an increase in the price of bread asked 
 by a number of retail bakers. 
 
 (d) — Milk Distribution 
 
 In July and August, 1917, a report on the local milk situation was made as a 
 result of a personal study, both in the city and in the milk producing sections round 
 about. This report guided the Food Board in its consideration of the city's milk 
 problem, and its dealings with local milk dealers. 
 
 Frequent meetings were held with milk dealers who were urged to do away 
 with the great duplication in milk deliveries and to adopt some plan which would 
 stop the loss of milk bottles, amounting to between $60,000 and $70,000 annually. 
 Material reduction in the number of delivery wagons was effected without any 
 loss to the consumer. By the adoption of a "No Bottle, No Milk" rule at retail 
 stores, the bulk of the bottle loss has been eliminated. Considering the tremendous 
 demand for milk and milk products which come with the war, and the high price 
 received by farmers, the price of milk in Milwaukee was stabilized by the work 
 of the Food Bureau. 
 
 The secretary of the bureau served as a member of the interstate committee 
 appointed by Governor Philipp to settle the milk controversy between dairymen, 
 both in Illinois and Wisconsin, and Chicago milk dealers. This committee fixed 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 13 
 
 the price to be paid the producers, below the price asked by the producers. This 
 was of direct benefit to Milwaukee, as producers supplying Milwaukee with milk 
 follow the lead of those supplying Chicago. 
 
 One hundred thousand house cards and 4,000 store cards emphasizing the 
 importance of the prompt return of milk bottles were prepared by the Food Board 
 and distributed and paid for by milk dealers. A shortage of milk bottles which 
 might have resulted in seriously affecting the public health was averted in the dead 
 of winter by a prompt appeal to the public to return every bottle and an appeal to 
 the Illinois Food Administration to assist Milwaukee dealers in getting several 
 carloads of bottles which they had not been able to obtain. At the time, dealers 
 feared that they might have to deliver milk in open cans. 
 
 B—FOOD CONSERVATION 
 
 The necessity for food conservation was no occasion for irritation in Milwaukee. 
 On the contrary, this division of the Food Board assembled for co-operation, 
 representatives of United States Government, experts, Milwaukee Industrial and 
 Continuation Schools, Women's Ward Organizations, Food Specialists from various 
 Milwaukee hospitals and institutions of learning. 
 
 (a) — Campaign to Reach Public Food Agencies 
 
 Milwaukee had what was probably the first war bread in the country. This 
 was put on the market in July, 1917, as a result of experiments made jointly by 
 members of the Domestic Economy Committee and Milwaukee wholesale bakers. 
 This bread, which was being sold in Milwaukee before the United States Food 
 Administration had been created, affected a saving of 25 per cent in wheat. 
 
 In the days previous to the licensing of bakers by the Food Administration 
 and the requirement that all bakers must use a percentage of wheat substitutes in 
 making their breadstuffs, the sale of this bread amounted to from 10,000 to 20,000 
 loaves a week. Another bread, saving 50 per cent in wheat, obtained a consider- 
 able sale among the retail bakers. This bread weighed two pounds in the loaf and 
 sold at 15 cents, cash and carry, being 25 per cent cheaper than other breadstuffs 
 at that time. 
 
 Hotels, restaurants, clubs, public institutions and other eating places were 
 enlisted in food conservation. A committee representing the public eating places 
 agreed to a definite program for food saving which all eating places were encouraged 
 to adopt. The written pledges of the majority of hotel and restaurant men in the 
 city to save food according to the request of the Food Administration, were ob- 
 tained. The work of regulating public eating places was taken over by the County 
 Food Administrator with his appointment under the national food law. 
 
 Flour jobbers of the city were pursuaded to use their efforts to increase the sale 
 of wheat substitutes. Ten thousand circulars containing recipes for making bread 
 with substitutes were distributed by the jobbers, who reported their sales of sub- 
 stitutes appreciably increased. This was previous to the Food Administration's 
 rule requiring the purchase of substitutes with wheat flour. 
 
 Retail grocers pledged their support to the conservation campaign. Con- 
 siderable food literature was distributed through the grocers. 
 
 (b) — Campaign to Reach Housewives 
 
 DOMESTIC ECONOMY COMMITTEE 
 
 Miss Gertrude Sherman, Chairman Mrs. Wilbur LeCron 
 
 Miss Ora Blanchar Mrs. C. S. Reynolds 
 
 Miss Ella Babcock Mrs. Perry Williams 
 
 Mrs. H. B, Hitz Mrs. Simon Kander 
 
 Mrs. L. C. Mayhew Mrs. Geo. Chamberlain 
 
 Mrs. C. E. Anderton Miss Ida Roberts, Secretary 
 
]4 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 The aim of the Food Bureau and its Domestic Economy Division in all work 
 with housewives has been two-fold: First, to get an intelligent co-operation with 
 the National Food Administration in its international food program; and second; 
 to help the housewife to prepare better food from the standpoint of nutrition with 
 a smaller expenditure of money. 
 
 A training class for volunteer workers to teach food saving was conducted in 
 November and December, 1917. Forty-five women, all experienced housewives, 
 completed this course, which was given with the help of the Extension Department 
 of the State University. Between January 9, 1918, and June 30, 1918, fifty classes 
 were conducted by these women in school houses, church halls, lodge rooms, and 
 other meeting places throughout the county. Two thousand women attended 
 these classes one day each week for from five to six weeks, where they were given 
 talks and cooking demonstrations, A series of lesson sheets was worked out for 
 this purpose. 
 
 In July, 1918, another training class was held with the result that the volunteer 
 teaching force was increased by twenty-five. 
 
 The number of persons reached by these women in talks and single demonstra- 
 tions, exclusive of the classes, was fully 10,000. 
 
 The Food Bureau encouraged the teaching of food conservation in the schools 
 by supplying literature and general information and by personal conferences with 
 the teachers, particularly those of the Domestic Science departments. 
 
 Public demonstrations of war cooking were conducted for two weeks in the 
 south-side store of the Schuster Company; for a week in the Mack Block offices, 
 formerly occupied by Bunde & Upmeyer Company; and for another week in the 
 Auditorium at a food show conducted by a local newspaper. In September, 1917, 
 a Hoover Lunch Room, serving only war dishes, was conducted at the State Fair, 
 2,000 persons being served at this lunch room during the week, and some 10,000 
 pieces of literature distributed. Two booths at the State Fair were conducted by 
 workers of the Domestic Economy section in September, 1918, in co-operation with 
 the State Council of Defense. 
 
 Demonstrations in canning and preserving were given in twelve county schools 
 and many more demonstrations were given throughout the county during the 1918 
 canning season. Because of the serious shortage of sugar all canning done by 
 Food Bureau workers in their demonstrations was done without sugar, or with a 
 minimum of sugar. 
 
 One hundred thousand pieces of literature on canning with a minimum of sugar 
 were distributed for the Bureau by the Milwaukee Gas Light Company. Twenty- 
 five thousand similar circulars were distributed through sugar stations established 
 by the County Food Administrator. Volunteer workers attended many of the 
 sugar stations daily throughout the canning season and instructed housewives 
 who called for sugar permits as to how they might put up their fruits, despite the 
 sugar shortage. 
 
 Daily demonstrations were conducted in the salesroom of the Milwaukee Gas 
 Light Company for several weeks. Similar demonstrations were conducted for 
 two weeks in the Grand Avenue store of the Woolworth Company. It is estimated 
 that from 15,000 to 20,000 persons were reached directly through these public 
 demonstrations . 
 
 Canning demonstrations were also given at the Farwell Avenue market on 
 Saturday afternoons for several weeks. 
 
 Early in November, 1918, headquarters were opened at 450 Jackson street for 
 instruction in food and clothing conservation. Arrangements were made with 
 many of the public schools and social centers for teaching the use and making over 
 of old clothes. Volunteer workers with experience in making clothes were obtained 
 to attend to this work under the immediate supervision of a trained dress maker and 
 teacher employed for the purpose. 
 
 Housewives and mothers were notified to come to the schools at the time fixed, 
 bringing garments with them and receiving such help as they might need in making 
 them over. 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 15 
 
 (c) — Distribution of Literature 
 
 The bulk of the literature distributed by the Food Bureau was supplied by the 
 U. S. Food Administration, the U. S. Department of Agriculture, and the Univer- 
 sity Extension Division. 
 
 Fully half a million pieces of literature were distributed through the public 
 library, and its branches, the public schools, food distributors, at meetings and food 
 demonstrations. This literature included food posters, recipes, and food suggestions 
 of all kinds. 
 
 A conservation cook book was prepared by workers of the Domestic Economy 
 section and 36,500 copies were sold at a modest price. 
 
 A weekly food bulletin in mimeographed form, containing information on the 
 latest food regulations and the food situation generally, was mailed to a list of 1,200, 
 including public institutions and many of the public eating places, grocers, teachers, 
 bakers, wholesale dealers and housewives. 
 
 (d) — Financing the Bureau 
 
 The expenses of all marketing activities of the bureau were more than met by 
 the proceeds of sales of produce, ' 
 
 The Hoover Lunch Room paid for itself and left a balance of about $300, which 
 was used in the educational work of the bureau. 
 
 The revenues from the conservation cook book paid all of the costs of printing 
 and left a surplus of several hundred dollars. 
 
 The expenses of all food classes conducted by the bureau were met by a small 
 charge for the classes or by money obtained through other activities. 
 
 
 2— FUEL BUREAU 
 
 
 
 FUEL BOARD 
 
 
 Fred Hunt, Chairman 
 
 
 R. B. Brown 
 
 Edward Uhrig 
 
 
 James Hannan 
 
 J. L. McMahon 
 
 
 W. N. Fitzgerald 
 
 E. E. White 
 
 L. G. Shepard, Supervising Secretary 
 
 Clifton Williams 
 
 (a) — Emergency Fuel Sales 
 
 To meet the severe conditions of last winter, the Fuel Bureau, in the middle of 
 December, opened five emergency fuel stations in ward yards, where coal was sold 
 at cost in quantities of 300 pounds or less. In January it was found necessary to 
 establish eleven additional stations in fire stations throughout the city, one at Jones 
 Island and one on the Blue Mound Road. Through these stations a total of 1,689,- 
 375 pounds of coal were sold. The sales numbered 12,569. Much distress, due 
 to the difficulty of making deliveries and the shortage of fuel, was thereby prevented. 
 Arrangements were completed for the operation of twenty-six emergency fuel sta- 
 tions this winter. They were stocked to full capacity with coal and an additional 
 supply was arranged for. By action of the Common Council, the fire stations and 
 the ward yards were again placed at the disposal of the Fuel Bureau, for this purpose. 
 
 (6) — Reports 
 The Fuel Bureau kept the public informed as to the local fuel situation by the 
 publication of authentic information. On July 18, 1917, the bureau furnished 
 Mayor Hoan with data on the coal requirements for Milwaukee. On September 13, 
 1917, the bureau submitted to the public, a detailed report upon the anthracite 
 coal situation. On October 4, 1917, the bureau made public a similar report on the 
 bituminous coal situation. On September 29 and October 9, the bureau furnished 
 the State Council of Defense with data on the coal receipts in Milwaukee. On 
 November 1, 1917, the bureau furnished comparative data on the receipts of an- 
 thracite and bituminous coal for the years 1916 and 1917. During the present 
 season the bureau issued a monthly public report showing the receipts and ship- 
 
16 
 
 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 ments of both anthracite and bituminous coal as compared with the same dates in 
 1917. The prompt action of the fuel bureau in the early fall of 1917 was largely- 
 responsible for getting an almost normal coal supply on Milwaukee's docks, thus 
 saving this district from a serious shortage, such as many other large cities had to 
 contend with. 
 
 (c) — Home Service 
 
 The bureau secured the services of seventy-five heating experts in the city to 
 volunteer their services for the purpose of making free inspections of heating plants. 
 Return post cards were sent to all Milwaukee families, offering to make free in- 
 spections of their heating plants. Over 5,000 heating plants were inspected. 
 Of these 85 per cent were found to be in need of minor repairs that would help 
 materially to conserve fuel, 10 per cent were in need of firing information and 5 
 per cent only were found to be in first class condition. In approximately 10 per 
 cent of the cases reported, the Fuel Bureau succeeded in getting landlords to make 
 necessary repairs, and in many other cases heating plants were repaired by the 
 landlord after hearing the recommendations of the Defense Council inspector. 
 It can safely be said that through actual inspections and the publicity given this 
 work, the bureau saved thousands of tons of coal for Milwaukee consumers. 
 
 {d) — Educational Material 
 
 During the fall of 1917, the bureau compiled a furnace card bearing rules for 
 firing, and suggestions for the prevention of fuel waste. The bureau placed over 
 80,000 of these cards in Milwaukee homes. The bureau this season prepared an 
 up-to-date leaflet on the use of soft coal and on other aspects of home firing, of which 
 50,000 copies were distributed. 
 
 (e) — Adjustments and Complaints 
 
 During the winter of 1917-18, the bureau investigated and made adjustments in 
 the case of innumerable complaints from the public as to prices charged by the 
 various coal companies and other matters. The bureau assisted in securing coal 
 for numerous poor families in distress. The Fuel Bureau bore the brunt of this 
 work for the Fuel Administration last winter and is already receiving and handling 
 similar cases this year. 
 
 (/) — Miscellaneous 
 
 Acting on a report from the Master Bakers' Association, to the effect that a 
 wood shortage was causing bakers severe trouble, the Fuel Bureau made an in- 
 vestigation of conditions, and after finding the difficulty of the source of supply 
 to be car and labor shortage, secured the co-operation of the State Council of De- 
 fense in increasing the car supply. 
 
 3— AGRICULTURAL BUREAU 
 
 
 AGRICULTURAL EXECUTIVE BOARD 
 
 CD. Adams 
 E. T. Griffin 
 P. J. Grogan 
 
 Eugene Warnimont Anton S. Baranowski 
 C. C. Jacobus David Davies 
 M. C. Potter Daisie Allen 
 
 
 City Agricultural Commission 
 
 C. D. Adams 
 
 Mrs. F. W. Carberry 
 
 C. O. Davis Perry Powell 
 Mrs. H. B. Hitz E. J. Schaefer 
 L. D. Peaslee 
 
 (a) — Vacant Lot Gardens 
 
 A total of over 1,000 vacant lots in the city were under cultivation last summer. 
 Of these over 450 were assigned and plowed through the direct efforts of this bureau. 
 Three hundred additional vacant lots were cultivated as the result of last year's 
 activities. Twenty acres in large tracts, in addition to the above, were prepared 
 and assigned to gardeners. 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 17 
 
 (6) — Junior Gardens 
 
 The bureau, with the co-operation of the public and parochial school officers and 
 teachers, enrolled in the United States School Garden Army, 11,000 children 
 gardeners. Over seven thousand of these successfully completed the season's 
 work and were awarded United States School Garden Army insignia. The bureau 
 enrolled 920 volunteer garden visitors to supervise the children's gardens. A 
 course of four lectures was given to equip the visitors for their work. Of the number 
 originally enrolled, over 850 of the garden visitors conscientiously completed their 
 assigned work and reported at the end of the season upon the gardens visited. 
 
 (c) — Distribution of Seeds and Plants 
 
 To encourage gardening, the bureau distributed over 11,000 packets of garden 
 seeds at a nominal price; gave 9,000 tomato plants free of charge to gardeners, as 
 well as fourteen bushels of seed potatoes and a considerable amount of other seeds. 
 Twenty thousand useful leaflets and bulletins upon gardening and poultry raising 
 were distributed free of charge. 
 
 {d) — War Garden Exhibits 
 
 The bureau conducted a series of thirteen sectional exhibits and a grand central 
 war garden exhibit on a scale never before attempted in the city. There were 
 nearly 2,000 exhibitors in the thirteen exhibits in various parts of the city and over 
 350 of the best of these at the central exhibit. The latter was divided into adult, 
 junior, and canned goods section, money prizes and ribbons being awarded in each. 
 These exhibits greatly encouraged gardening and will mean a material increase in 
 local food production. 
 
 (e) — Poultry Raising 
 
 The bureau organized two poultry associations with 850 members. They were 
 given a series of talks and demonstrations on poultry raising. A poultry exhibit 
 was held on November 7-8-9, 1918, at which a total of over 350 entries were m.ade, 
 and at which time many valuable merchandise and money prizes were awarded. 
 
 (/) — Garden Plowing 
 
 Arrangements were made with the Department of Public Works whereby all 
 war gardens were plowed at cost by the city. The bureau has already assigned 
 several hundred vacant lots for use next year. The Public Works Department is 
 at present engaged in plowing and furnishing fertilizer for these lots. 
 
 (g) — County Agricultural Agent 
 
 By arrangement with the State Relations Service of the United States Depart- 
 ment of Agriculture, the services of a County Agricultural Agent were assigned to 
 the Agricultural Bureau beginning December 1, 1917, and continuing at present. 
 The services of the County Agricultural Agent were secured upon the condition 
 that the Defense Council pay his automobile up-keep and other incidental expenses. 
 
 4— SOCIAL SERVICE BUREAU 
 
 SOCIAL SERVICE COMMITTEE 
 
 Rev. W. F. Greenman, Chairman Harold Berg 
 
 Dr. Oscar Lotz Rabbi Samuel Hirshberg 
 
 Geo. Harris Rev. P. H. Dumin 
 
 S. P. Glass Judge A. C. Backus 
 
 Kathryn Washburn, Secretary 
 
 This bureau, as could no other agency, assembled seventy-two agencies, twenty 
 of which were public, as of federal, state, county or city service; fifty-two represented 
 private social agencies within the city. Its main lines of service were under 
 Divisions of Health, Recreation, Morals and Justice, and Dependency. 
 
18 
 
 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 Some matters referred to it, like the Children's Year Program requested by the 
 Federal Government, required the service of all the divisions and sub-divisions re- 
 inforced by the Women's Ward Organizations and various public agencies. 
 
 Many important results were secured. It was the studied policy of this bureau 
 to insist that the credit of accomplishment should rest with the agency or person 
 who finally did the work although the whole situation was first canvassed, the work 
 outlined and initiated at the meetings of some division of this bureau. 
 
 (a)— DEPENDENCY DIVISION 
 
 
 DEPENDENCY COMMITTEE 
 
 
 S. J. Glass, Chairman 
 
 Rev. W. F. Greenman 
 
 Herman O. Kent 
 
 Wm. C. Spindler 
 
 Rev. Jos. Kroha 
 
 Miss Irma Hochstein 
 
 Miss Jeanette Kent 
 
 Miss Ida Roberts 
 
 Mrs. Katherine Van Wyck 
 
 Jos. A. Domachowski 
 
 Miss Kathryn Washbvim, Secretary 
 
 
 The Dependency Division participated in: 
 
 / — Revision of family budgets after new survey of cost of living here. 
 
 2 — Research into fate of mother and babies in 68 cases of illegitimacy to discover means for a 
 humane disposition. 
 
 3 — Improved basis of co-operation between relief agencies. 
 
 The bureau prepared a report upon the increased cost of living from July, 1915, 
 to July, 1918. The report, which was based upon direct evidence and was itemized 
 as to the various factors that enter into the cost of living, was offered as evidence 
 at a hearing of the War Labor Board at Washington. The Bureau has furnished 
 copies of the report to employers, to labor representatives and to public officials, 
 as a basis for adjusting wage and salary schedules. 
 
 (b)— HEALTH DIVISION 
 
 
 HEALTH COMMITTEE 
 
 
 Dr. Oscar Lotz, Chairman 
 
 Dr. Louis Daniels 
 
 Dr. W. F. Becker 
 
 Dr. Richard Dewey 
 
 Dr. F. J. Gaenslen 
 
 Dr. H. E. Dearholt 
 
 Dr. Geo. C. Ruhland 
 
 Dr. E. V. Brumbaugh 
 
 Dr. Chas. Lemon 
 
 Rev. W. F. Greenman 
 
 Dr. F. M. Schultz 
 
 Dr. Louis Jermain 
 
 Miss Kathryn Washburn, Secretary 
 
 
 / — Shortage of Pharmacists 
 
 The bureau investigated a reported shortage of registered pharmacists in 
 Milwaukee and reported upon the situation to the District Draft Board. In order 
 to protect the public welfare, the bureau worked out a better distribution system 
 of available pharmacists, which was approved at a meeting of about 250 druggists. 
 
 2 — The Influenza Epidemic 
 
 The bureau aided the City Health Department in its educational campaign to 
 check the influenza epidemic. The bureau distributed 40,000 hand bills in Milwau- 
 kee, Wauwatosa, West Allis, South Milwaukee and North Milwaukee; placed 1,000 
 placards in factories and public places, and 2,000 special cards in public elevators. 
 Speakers were sent out who addressed over 30,000 men and women employees in 
 Milwaukee industrial plants on precautions against the disease. During the early 
 weeks of the epidemic, in accordance with an agreement with the Health Com- 
 missioner, the bureau served as a registry or employment agency for the various 
 kinds of help needed at the emergency influenza hospitals. 
 
 3 — Ice Situation 
 
 During the hot spell last summer, when ice deliveries were inadequate, this 
 bureau arranged for the maintenance of emergency ice depots at the city markets. 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 19 
 
 The bureau secured the co-operation of the ice companies in the issuance of 75,000 
 hand bills advertising the location of all ice stations where ice could be purchased 
 cheaply on the cash and carry plan. These arrangements helped materially to 
 improve the ice situation in the face of an acute labor shortage. 
 
 4 — Other Activities 
 
 (a) — Establishment of venereal disease clinic at Marquette University. 
 
 (h) — Promotion of program which led to action for new county hospital. 
 
 (c) — Promotion of program which led to action for new downtown dispensary. 
 
 {d) — Campaign to recruit candidates for professional nursing. 
 
 (e) — Endorsement and co-operation in establishing a training school and bureau 
 of home nursing. 
 
 (/) — Similar endorsement of Public Health Instructors Course. 
 
 is) — Following up army tuberculosis rejects as well as tuberculosis draft rejects 
 urged. 
 
 {h) — Formation of Mental Hygiene Society encouraged. 
 
 {c)— CHILD WELFARE 
 
 CHILD WELFARE COMMITTEE 
 
 Dr. Geo. C. Ruhland, Chairman Miss Annette West 
 
 Mrs. Joseph Schumacher Rev. W. F. Greenman 
 
 Mrs. Chas. S. Forsyth Mrs. H. F. Tyrrell 
 
 Mrs. C. H. Peterson Miss Blanche Ellsworth, Secretary 
 
 The Children's Year Campaign was undertaken at the request of the Federal 
 Children's Bureau at Washington. A committee was created within the bureau 
 to handle the program. Sixty baby stations were operated throughout the city 
 during a working period of about two and one-half months. Of a total of 20,058 
 babies weighed and measured at these stations, 16,698 were found to be normal and 
 3,360 below normal. 292 women aided in the weighing and measuring work as helpers 
 at the various stations. A corps of 300 women under the direction of twenty-five 
 chairmen was organized for the follow-up work. The workers, nurses and volun- 
 teers, visited about 1,000 cases. A complete census of all children under six years 
 of age in Milwaukee was taken. The bureau distributed much literature on child 
 welfare subjects. 
 
 The work now in progress and in contemplation includes: 
 
 (a) — Visiting homes to insure a more complete weighing and measuring of 
 children not brought to stations. 
 
 (6) — Follow-up visits by ward workers, instructed by the Health Commissioner, 
 in homes of babies under-nourished and under-sized, to give counsel and secure 
 needed help. 
 
 (c) — Organization of instruction of mothers by means of (a) Kindergarten 
 Mothers' Clubs, (b) Parent Teachers' Associations in every ward to instruct in 
 everything a mother needs to know with regard to health, preventive medicine, 
 feeding and food conservation, clothing conservation, administration of income and 
 thrift, moral training, recreation and the many municipal agencies to help in bring- 
 ing children to a fit maturity. 
 
 (</) — Organization of mothers to improve neighborhood conditions. It re- 
 quired the overhauling of all agencies performing service for children, the laws 
 dealing with children in industry. 
 
 Much of this work is in hand, much more is planned; the people who are volun- 
 teering for service, much of it specialists' work, are most eager for this opportunity 
 to co-operate with the entire community to make Milwaukee the best children's 
 city in the United States. Not the least value of this work with mothers is to facili- 
 tate the work of the division on Americanization in reaching many homes other- 
 wise inaccessible. 
 
20 
 
 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 
 {d)— RECREATION DIVISION 
 
 
 
 RECREATION COMMITTEE 
 
 
 Harold Berg, Chairman 
 
 
 Perry Powell 
 
 W. L. Davidson 
 
 
 Chas. E. McLenegan 
 
 F. W. Carberry 
 
 
 Geo. B. Downer 
 
 Peter Murphy 
 
 
 Dudley Crafts Watson 
 
 Dr. J. B. Modesitt 
 
 
 S. Y. Hughes 
 
 Rev. W. F. Greenman 
 
 
 Percy Braman 
 
 James Currie 
 
 
 Miss Irma Wallace 
 
 Miss Ruth Stolte 
 
 Miss Kathryn Washburn, Secretary 
 
 Miss Lillian Truesdell 
 
 This division assembled the representatives of nine pubHc and nine private 
 agencies. It initiated recommendations resulting in: 
 
 (/) — Keeping the Social Centers open during a fuel shortage, 
 
 (2) — Increased attendance at Sunday concerts in the Auditorium and reduced 
 admission to children to five cents. 
 
 (3) — Making natatoria available to more people at better hours. 
 
 {4) — Extension of use of Milwaukee Art Institute. 
 
 (5) — Laying the foundation for recreation and patriotic service among young 
 women now taken over by the War Camp Community Service. 
 
 {6) — This division has in hand a program to extend School Social Center service 
 as a partial offset in the closing of 1,800 saloons in July, (b) — To hold a National 
 Home Craft exhibit in Social Centers and in the Milwaukee Art Institute as a step 
 in Americanization, (c) — The federation of Boys Athletic Clubs with an athletic 
 director of boys to promote athletics and organize amateur clubs. 
 
 {e)— MORALS AND JUSTICE DIVISION 
 
 MORALS AND JUSTICE COMMITTEE 
 
 Judge A. C. Backus, Chairman 
 
 Rev. Theo. Kissling 
 
 Rev. W. F. Greenman 
 
 Miss Pearl Micel 
 
 Perry Powell 
 
 Judge A. C. Karel 
 
 Miss Edith Foster 
 
 Judge Geo. E. Page 
 
 Miss Alma Schlesinger 
 
 Wm. J. Morgan 
 
 M. McCormack 
 
 Mrs. L. E. Stiles 
 
 Miss Louise Tillson 
 
 Kathryn Washburn, Secretary 
 
 This division assembled Judges of three courts, three probation officers, repre- 
 sentatives of Juvenile Protective Agency, Big Sisters, Big Brothers, Legal Aid 
 Society, Newsboys Republic, Boys' Club and the Public. 
 
 The meetings provided the first opportunity for judges, court workers and repre- 
 sentatives of private agencies to meet around the same table to share each others 
 problems and points of view. The frank informal nature of the discussions made it 
 possible to hear criticisms and suggestions, as well as to give individual opinions, 
 explanations and interpretations of laws. This sincere exchange, inspired by the 
 desire for juvenile welfare, led to the following accomplishments for the community: 
 
 / — The actual prevention of juvenile delinquency instead of an increase (to 
 be expected in war time) as in Chicago, which reported an increase of 32 per cent, 
 and as in the warring countries. 
 
 In Milwaukee, juvenile delinquency was lessened by the issuing of five bulletins 
 in several languages, calling the attention of parents to the forms of delinquency 
 under which children are brought into juvenile court. They are the following 
 subjects prepared by Judge Karel: 
 
 (a) — Parental responsibility. 
 
 (6) — Shop-lifting. 
 
 (c) — Trespassing on the railroad tracks. 
 
 (</) — Peddling and begging. 
 
 (e) — Dance halls. 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 21 
 
 2 — It prepared a new dance-hall ordinance and commended an elaborate amount 
 of research work performed by a private agency looking toward a new Children's 
 Code for the State. 
 
 3 — The bureau investigated the commercial street carnivals held in large numbers 
 in Milwaukee during the early months of the summer and made a report to the 
 Executive Committee, as a result of which a communication was addressed to the 
 Mayor and the Common Council, advising against the holding of such shows in 
 Milwaukee during the period of the war. Action was taken resulting in the pro- 
 hibition of any further shows of this character. 
 
 if)— HOUSING 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HOUSING COMMITTEE 
 
 Nat Stone, Chairman Milton C. Granger 
 
 Wm. J. Alldridge D. W. Hoan 
 
 Wm. Geo. Bruce Fred Hunt 
 
 Dr. Hoj^ Dearholt Dr. J. B. Modesitt 
 
 Ed. Hoffmann Wm. Schuchardt 
 
 Mrs. Geo. Lines Theo. Vilter 
 
 P. E. Pope ^ Fred Vogel, Jr. 
 
 Mrs. A. F. Gallun H. L. Merkel, Secretary 
 
 RENT PROFITEERING COMMITTEE 
 
 E. R. Kiefer, Chairman A. C. Sehrt 
 
 Hugh Kinney Ed. Hoffmann 
 
 John Picken H. L. Merkel, Secretary 
 
 At the request of the United States Housing Corporation of the Department of 
 Labor, a committee on Industrial Housing was created in the bureau during the 
 first week of November, 1918. The new committee represented the Housing 
 Corporation and the Council of Defense, in all matters pertaining to industrial 
 housing. The bureau made a survey of all buildings in the county for the purpose 
 of securing a record of all available housing, rooming and boarding facilities and for 
 the purpose of determining a basis for Milwaukee's future building program. The 
 bureau will follow the completion of the survey with the establishment of a Homes 
 Registration Bureau, which will expand the scope of the present Rental Registry 
 to include rooming places as well as houses, flats, etc. 
 
 As a protection to the public, the committee named a sub-committee on 
 Rent Profiteering, to hear and adjust cases of complaints against excessive increases 
 in rent. The government especially urged that this work be kept up because of 
 the shortage of homes that has developed during the past few years, due to the scarci- 
 ty of materials and the ban on building, and because of the anticipated difficulty 
 of providing housing facilities for Milwaukee men when they are discharged from 
 the service. 
 
 (g)— CENTRAL RENTAL REGISTRY 
 
 As a convenience to the public, the bureau on September 10, 1918, established 
 a Central Rental Registry where a complete record of all vacant houses, flats, 
 cottages, bungalows and apartments were kept. Home seekers were thus enabled 
 in a single place to get in touch with all available dwelling places in the city. Through 
 the co-operation of the Chief of Police, John T. Janssen, the police force secured a 
 list of all vacant places in the city, which was used as the original basis for the opera- 
 tion of the registry. In less than eight weeks of operation the registry received 
 857 calls for dwelling places and has a record of 234 places reported as actually 
 rented through its agency. An average of 167 dwelling places of various kinds has 
 been on file up to date. 
 
22 
 
 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 OEPARTMEMT OF MANUFACTURES 
 
 BUREAUS, COMMITTEES 
 Ar<0 V«yORKVMG> BOD\e.* 
 
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 MlUWAOKtE. COUNTY COUHCIU 
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 I. CEMTRAU ATAPP DEPARTMENT MPG.». 
 
 MILWAUKEE. IMOOSTRtAUftOREAO AX WASHiriGTOM 
 
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 4. Public cjTiLiTiti committee 
 S LEATHER TRADED COMMITTEE 
 
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 HARNESS MAKERS COMMITTEE 
 
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 COtsCRET'E 
 
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 C A R P E IS T ER.^ 
 
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 ARCHITECTS ASSOCIATIOH 
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 6.SOAP a;-*d chemical committee. 
 
 S COAL AND GA5 PRODoCT«> CHEMI- 
 
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 COMf^lTTEE- 
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 CHAMBER OF COMMERCE. 
 ie.MAL.T AND DISTILLED PRODUCTS 
 
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TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 23 
 
 Department of Manufactures 
 
 COMMITTEE ON MANUFACTURES 
 
 A. H. Vogel, Regional Adviser Fred S. Hunt, Brooms and Brushes 
 
 R. P. Tell, Chairman Metal Trades Caleb Johnson, Soap 
 
 Frank Weyenberg, Leather Industry Wm. F. Luick, Ice Cream 
 
 Alfred Morawetz, Textile Industry Ludington Patton, Paints 
 
 Louis Kuhn, Candy and Cakes t^,^,. j «rjT5j* 
 Wm. Eichfeld, Building and Construction Fred Schroeder, Wood Products 
 
 Gustave Becherer, Brewers W. H. Tharinger, Food 
 
 H. S. Culver, Packing Trades w, H. Upmeyer, Jewelers 
 
 E. O. Ellsworth Chemicals Herman Weigell, Bedding Manufacturers 
 
 A. J. Hilbert, Flavor mg Extracts „ * x^ ttt i i. t, 4. ^• 
 
 Frank J. Schmitt, ^- ^- Dempsey, Waukesha Representative 
 
 Washington Representative Chester F. Rohn, Secretary 
 
 PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES 
 
 The Department of Manufactures was one of the first sections of the Defense 
 Council organization to be completed. It was organized in June, 1917, and im- 
 mediately began to render valuable assistance to the manufacturers of Milwaukee 
 County in numerous ways. Its specific program has been to co-operate with all 
 industries and see that all possible information and advice was furnished to make the 
 change to war-time production as rapid and as easy as possible. 
 
 Following this program constant touch has been kept with the problem of 
 securing war contracts. A fund was raised by a committee under the leadership of 
 Mr. Alfred Morawetz, and the Milwaukee Industrial Bureau was established solely to 
 keep our industries fully informed as to government needs, priorities, rulings and 
 orders. This bureau, located in the Washington Loan and Trust Bldg., became the 
 office of Region No. 17, War Industries Board when the regional manufacturers' com- 
 mittee was adopted by the War Industries Board as a national plan. 
 
 1—WAR CONTRACTS 
 
 Giving manufacturers of Milwaukee County aid in obtaining contracts for 
 government work was one of the first efforts of this department. At the time the 
 department was organized many manufacturers of this locality were ready and will- 
 ing to devote the capacity of their factories to government work, but did not know 
 how to proceed to obtain such work. The Department of Manufactures im- 
 mediately made connections with the Purchasing Departments of the government 
 at Washington and at other points throughout the country where purchases were 
 made. In a short time the department was receiving daily complete lists of the 
 government calls for materials of all kinds. Copies of specifications and blue 
 prints were obtained and placed at the disposal of local manufacturers. Results 
 were obtained almost immediatley. 
 
 All told, approximately 375 contracts in the Milwaukee district were obtained 
 either directly or indirectly through the aid of this department. These contracts 
 ranged in value from a few thousand dollars up into millions. Many of them 
 exceeded $250,000 and the largest recorded amounted to $2,293,000. These con- 
 tracts covered a big variety of supplies and materials and will enable Milwaukee, 
 in the future, to claim her full share in the matter of furnishing necessary supplies 
 to the government during the war. 
 
 In bringing government schedules to the attention of Milwaukee bidders, over 
 4,000 postal cards were sent to Milwaukee county concerns. In cases where it was 
 known that only a few concerns were equipped to handle a contract, the sales 
 managers of these concerns were called to the office in person to go over the speci- 
 fications. 
 
 In addition to the large number of blue prints which were returned to Washing- 
 
24 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 ton after bids had been entered, there are now on file over 150 sets of these prints 
 which contain much valuable information. 
 
 In addition to securing the schedules for government work from all the different 
 purchasing departments of the Navy, War, and Interior Departments and from the 
 various Quartermaster Depots of the country, the Emergency Fleet Corporation 
 and the Field Medical Supply Depots, aggregating some 15,000, the department 
 has furnished information of every description to bidders, has secured and furnished 
 necessary bidding blanks and has furnished other detailed information. 
 
 In a number of cases this department induced the purchasing divisions of the 
 government to alter or amend specifications so as to permit bidders in this district 
 to compete for the work. In several cases these suggestions resulted in the govern- 
 ment obtaining better material at cheaper prices than called for by the original 
 specifications. 
 
 2— INDUSTRIAL INVENTORY 
 
 Another of the government's war needs was an industrial inventory of Milwaukee 
 County. It was necessary for the government to know what this county's industrial 
 capacity and resources amounted to and to know which and how many concerns 
 then engaged in the manufacture of non-essential commodities could be converted 
 to handle war supplies. The Department of Manufactures undertook this task and 
 after several months of work obtained a complete and elaborate classification of 
 Milwaukee industries. This information will be preserved for its future value. 
 
 3— PRIORITIES 
 
 A very important feature of the work of this department was the furnishing of 
 priority ratings to Milwaukee manufacturers. Hundreds of application blanks for 
 priority certificates were furnished to Milwaukee concerns and in response to in- 
 quiries from other sections of the state. Circulars explaining the method of apply- 
 ing the automatic priority ratings were distributed also. The department pre- 
 pared blank affidavits covering the different automatic classifications, samples of 
 which were distributed to manufacturers, thus enabling them to make necessary 
 copies of the particular ruling applicable to their businesses. This assistance 
 greatly aided Milwaukee concerns in obtaining raw material. Without this help 
 they would have been subject to much red tape and delay in appealing to authorities 
 at Washington. Such delay would have caused serious set-backs to the production 
 of war supplies in this community. The applications for ratings on priority classi- 
 fications from Milwaukee manufacturers numbered from 20 to 30 daily for many 
 
 4— LABOR DISPUTES 
 
 The adjustment of labor disputes was also recognized as a function of this 
 department during the war period, and, until such time as the Defense Council's 
 Labor Bureau was established, this department was successful in settling a number 
 of threatened industrial controversies before they became serious enough to retard 
 production. 
 
 5— CONVERSION OF PLANTS 
 
 This department used its influence and efforts very successfully in helping 
 manufacturers to put their plants on a war-time basis so that they could handle 
 government contracts. Many plants which were facing a shut-down because they 
 could not obtain raw materials and skilled labor for their non-essential production 
 were restored to a prosperous basis through the aid of this department. Many of 
 the smaller plants which were facing such a predicament were saved through re- 
 ceiving sub-contracts from the larger concerns which had obtained government 
 work. A big concern, after obtaining a large government contract, would parcel 
 out to dozens of smaller plants portions of the work. This arrangement enabled 
 these smaller places to continue operation. 
 
 6— NEW INDUSTRIES 
 
 The Committee on Manufactures, at the request of the War Industries Board, 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 25 
 
 investigated a number of projects looking toward the establishment of new war 
 industries in the Milwaukee district. The concrete ship-building proposition, the 
 airplane industry, the manufacture of bayonets and of semi-steel shells, and the 
 matter of establishing a big chemical industry were among the propositions in- 
 vestigated. Most of these were rejected by Milwaukee manufacturers on the ground 
 that they already had as much government work as could be cared for under ex- 
 isting conditions. Plans and specifications for different government building 
 projects throughout the country were obtained by this department and submitted 
 to the Builders' Exchange for the convenience of Milwaukee bidders. 
 
 7— WAR SUPPLIES MADE IN MILWAUKEE 
 
 Among the articles turned out in Milwaukee establishments for the army and 
 navy were the following: 
 
 Winter gauntlets. Navy work gloves, riding gloves, spark arrestors, tent stove 
 pipes, aviation propellers, balloon pullers, liberty motors, flags, sample cases, 
 trench and field shoes, Navy shoes, leather, four wheel drive motor parts, riveted 
 mill chains, trench mittens, officers' gauntlets, privates' gloves, flasks and wheel- 
 barrows, shell packing cases, harness, hosiery, candy, disinfectants, shells, motor- 
 cycles, side cars, files, trench pumps, gas grenades, rifle grenades and hand grenades, 
 tool grinders, milling machines, drill presses, soap, tanks for eagle type destroyers, 
 oil tanks, welded pans, galvanized pails and ash cans, aeroplane self-starters, trunks, 
 uniforms, insignia, double blocks for ships, cooking utensils, sponge cans, camp 
 kettles, bake pans, field range parts, boilers, stock pots, ladles, tarpaulins, wool 
 gloves, wool gauntlets, linings, gasoline mufflers, saddle leather, mackinaws, jerkins, 
 aparejos, circular saws and stands, pump outfits, grinding machines, underwear, 
 whips, feed bags, blankets, chairs, boxes, furnaces, sweaters, helmets and scarfs, 
 harness oil, blacking, soap and dressing, manifolds, grease cups, oil cups, globe and 
 angle valves, shrapnel, cinchas, sheep lined clothing, aviators winter boots and in- 
 side shoes, officers' boots, feed grinders, auto truck frames and parts, mine heads, 
 military goggles, electric fans, drop bombs, T. N. T., cartridge cases and tubing. 
 
 8— GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS AWARDED TO MILWAUKEE BIDDERS 
 
 (Through Regular Purchasing Department Schedules) 
 
 Van Dyke Knitting Co Underwear Mechanical Appliance Co Balloon Levers 
 
 Fried-Osterman Co Leather Mittens Kieckhefer Box Co Boxes 
 
 Novelty Knitting Mills Cotton Undershirts Kieckhefer Paper Co Fibre Containers, 
 
 Milwaukee Glove Co Leather Mittens two contracts 
 
 Reinhart Glove Co Leather Mittens Geuder, Paeschke 8s Frey Co Gasoline Feed Tanks 
 
 and Reserve Tanks 
 
 O. C. Hansen Mfg. Co Leather Mittens 
 
 Heller Leather Co Leather Mittens ^. , „ . „ ._ . « _ . 
 
 „, , , »,.,. ^ T ^u xi-..^ Globe Seamless Steel Tubes Co Tubes, two contracts 
 
 Helmholz Mitten Co Leather Mittens „ ., „ ,„ . , ' 
 
 Milwaukee Brush Mfg. Co Brushes 
 
 Bender Co Leather Mittens 
 
 Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Blocks 
 
 ,. , ,TT • «-. T • !_.. i.T • t_.. iiT , Milwaukee Structiu-al Steel Co Steel for Manitowoc 
 
 Holeproof Hosiery Co Light Weight Woolen Breakwater 
 
 Hose 
 
 Newport Mining Co Chemicals for Powder 
 
 Phoenix Knitting Co Light Weight Woolen „ „ ... , 
 
 []Qse Kearney 06 Trecker Milling Machines 
 
 O. C. Hansen Mfg. Co Loaders' Gloves Bayley Mfg. Co Tanks 
 
 Cohen Bros Denim Clothing Northwestern Mfg. Co Motor Spare Parts 
 
 Rock Washer Mfg. Co Washers Rundle-Spence Mfg. Co Valves 
 
 Federal Rubber Co Rubber Goods Sengbusch Self-Closing Inkstand 
 
 Sterling Motor Truck Co Assembling Class "B" „.P° :,:";, Inkstands 
 
 standard motor Vilter Mfg. Co Refrigerating Plant for 
 
 trucks. Newport, R. I. 
 
 R. Laacke Co Class "B" truck covers Sengbusch Self-Closing Inkstand 
 
 Phoenix Knitting Co Light Weight Hose ^° vkedi^g^'mQ '^'' 
 
 Cohen Bros. Co Underwear 
 
 General Heating 8s Ventilating Co.. Fire Protection System 
 
 Reinhardt Mitten Co Leather Mittens — Lake Denmark, N.J. 
 
 Heller Leather Co Leather Mittens Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Metal Blocks 
 
 Helmholz Mitten Co Leather Mittens Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Safety Valves 
 
 Monarch Mfg. Co Leather Jerkins Roberts Brass Co Gate Valves 
 
 B. Stem 8s Son Flour Nat'l Enameling 8s Stamping Co.. ..Can Covers 
 
26 
 
 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 Nat'l Enameling & Stamping Co.. ..Dust Covers, $12,000 
 
 Taylor Bt Bournique Co White Oats, $76,250 
 
 Wisconsin Gun Co Guns and Spares, sup- 
 plemental contract, 
 Nov. 8, $517,805. 
 
 Sterling Motor Car Co 37m.m. shells, $216,169 
 
 International Harvester Co Trench Morters, 
 
 $154,275 
 
 Donahue-Stratton Co White Oats, $58,687 
 
 Nat'l Enameling & Stamping Co. ...Steel Barrels, $23,750 
 
 Fried-Osterman Co 14,400 pairs gauntlets, 
 
 $22,752 
 
 Industrial Controller Co Motor Controllers and 
 
 Spares, $16,383 
 
 E. L. Bruce Co Packing boxes for 
 
 bombs, $182,000 
 
 Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co 16,000 switches, 
 
 $2.04 each 
 
 Clum Mfg. Co Switches, $29,363 
 
 Sterling Motor Truck Co Pedal Pads 
 
 Wrought Washer Co Washers 
 
 W. Toepfer 8s Sons Co Structural Framing for 
 
 Gates 
 
 Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Regulators and Start- 
 ers for Heating and 
 Ventilating Systems 
 for U. S. Treasury 
 Bldg., Annex, Wash- 
 ington, D. C. 
 
 Johnson Service Co Temperature Control- 
 ling System for same 
 building 
 
 Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Malleable Iron Blocks 
 
 Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Spares for Compressors 
 
 and for Cup>ola 
 Blowers 
 
 Rundle-Spence Mfg. Co Lead Melting Furnace 
 
 Nat'l Enameling fis Stamping Co ..Boilers 
 
 Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) 100,000 Metal Blocks 
 
 Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co Centrifugal Pumps 
 
 H. W. Johns-ManvilleCo Asbestos Felted Insula- 
 tions 
 
 Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Malleable Blocks, 
 
 second contract 
 
 Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Brass Gauge Cocks 
 
 International Harvester Co Tractors 
 
 Nat'l Enameling 86 Stamping Co.. Dippers, Graters and 
 
 Skimmers 
 
 Mechanical Appliance Co Armatures and Spares 
 
 Roberts Brass Co Gate Valves 
 
 Chain Belt Co Concrete Mixers 
 
 Western Metal Specialty Co Garbage Cans 
 
 Great Lakes Boat Bldg. Corp 2 Submarine Chasers, 
 
 $50,000 each 
 
 Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Valves 
 
 Federal Rubber Co Gaskets 
 
 Chain Belt Co Repair Parts 
 
 Roberts Brass Co Globe Valves 
 
 Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Pop Valves 
 
 Wallace 8b Smith Co Artillery Saddles 
 
 Federal Pressed Steel Co Cartridge Cases 
 
 International Harvester Co Tractors 
 
 Wallace as Smith Co Feed Bags 
 
 Briggs Loading Co Loading, Assembling 
 
 and Packing Rifle 
 Grenades and Fuses 
 
 Mechanical Appliance Co Motor Generator Sets 
 
 Briggs-Stratton Co Rifle Grenades 
 
 International Harvester Co Rifle Grenades 
 
 Northwestern Furniture Co Frames for Aparejos 
 
 Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Rifle Grenades 
 
 H. W. Johns-Manville Co Webbing 
 
 Federal Malleable Co Malleable Body 
 
 Castings 
 Line Material Co. (So.Milwaukee).. Fuses, Nose Block De- 
 tonators 
 
 Luther Grinder Mfg. Co Bench Grinders and 
 
 Attachments 
 
 Chain Belt Co Concrete Mixers 
 
 Hoffman 8e Billings Mfg. Co Plumbers' Fittings and 
 
 Nipples 
 
 Hoffman 8e Billings Mfg. Co Contractors' Fittings 
 
 Kearney 6sTrecker Co Universal Milling 
 
 Machines 
 
 Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Safety Valves 
 
 Hoffman 8b Billings Mfg. Co Contractors' Fittings 
 
 Chain Belt Co Kerosene Engine 
 
 Repairs 
 
 Western Metal Specialty Co Oil Cans 
 
 Evinrude Motor Co Motors 
 
 Bucyrus Co. (So. Milwaukee) Steam Shovels 
 
 Wisconsin Shoe Co Lumbermen's Overs 
 
 Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Spares for Controllers 
 
 Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co Centrifugal Pumps and 
 
 Spares 
 
 Northwestern Mfg. Co Motors 
 
 David White Co., Inc Compasses 
 
 Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Switches 
 
 H. W. Johns-Manville Co Fuse Renewals 
 
 Luther Grinder Mfg. Co Tool Grinders 
 
 Stowell Co.(So. Milwaukee) Double Blocks 
 
 Wrought Washer Mfg. Co Iron Washers 
 
 Worthington Pump 8b Machinery 
 
 Corp. (So.Milwaukee) Piston Pumps 
 
 Mechanical Appliance Co Spares for Motors 
 
 Wisconsin Iron 8b Wire Works Steel Wire Weaving 
 
 Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Battery Switches 
 
 Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Door Switches 
 
 Kieckhefer Paper Co Fibre Containers for 
 
 75 m.m. ammunition 
 Lavo Co. of America Fibre Containers for 75 
 
 m.m. Ammunition 
 
 Taylor 8s Bournique White Oats, $76,250 
 
 Donahue-Stratton Co White Oats, $75,000 
 
 Rialto Elevator Co White Oats, $35,000 
 
 Milwaukee Bag Co Burlap Sacks, $25,000 
 
 Bernard Stem 8i Sons Flour, $43,680 
 
 Phoenix Knitting Works Woolen Socks 
 
 Rialto Elevator Co White Oats, $11,587 
 
 Palmolive Co Soap, $12,300 
 
 Pressed Steel Tank Co Steel Barrels, $161,500 
 
 Barth Mfg. Co Lever Jacks, $6,739.15 
 
 Bender Mfg. Co Denim Trousers, $3,800 
 
 Western Garment Mfg. Co Denim Trousers,$l,900 
 
 Federal Rubber Co Matting 
 
 F. Rosenberg Elevator Co Elevator, $3,050 
 
 Milwaukee Hosiery Co Hosiery 
 
 Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Compression Bibbs 
 
 C. H. 8b E. Mfg. Co Cross Cut Saw Rigs 
 
 and Belting, $36,334 
 
 Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Single Blocks, $113,115 
 
 Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) 8-inch Double Blocks, 
 
 $118,776 
 
 Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) 6-inch Double Blocks, 
 
 $44,620 
 
 Industrial Controller Co Controllers and Spares, 
 
 $16,383 
 
 Mayhew Mfg. Co Battery Charging Sets, 
 
 $2,000 
 
 Milwaukee Reliance Boiler Wks... Boiler Feed Tanks 
 
 Rockwell Mfg. Co Boxes 
 
 A. Geo. Schultz Co Mailing Cases for 
 
 Vaccine Tubes 
 
 J. H. Rice 8e Friedmaim Co 18,000 Leather Jerkins 
 
 Bucyrus Co. (So. Milwaukee) Locomotive Trains, 
 
 5 contracts 
 
 Wallace 8s Smith Co Blankets, $193,360 
 
 Allen-Bradley Co Controllers, $7,730 
 
 Wallace 8b Smith Co Wheel Traces, $375,000 
 
 Wallace 8b Smith Co Lead Traces, 
 
 $1,092,500 
 
 LogemanBros. Co Bailing Presses, 
 
 $132,500 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 27 
 
 Nat'l Enameling fie Stamping Co... Kettle Inserts, $22,300 
 Nat'l Enameling 6b Stamping Co. ...Dust Covers, $48,000 
 
 American Grinder Co Grinders, $11,325 
 
 Wallace & Smith Co Parts for Aparejos, 
 
 $6,410.38 
 
 Geuder, Paeschke & Frey Co Boilers, $54,400 
 
 Morawetz, Co Sheep Lined Coats, 
 
 $25,676 
 
 Geuder, Paeschke & Frey Co Boilers, $25,777 
 
 International Malting Co White Oats, $74,500 
 
 H. W. Johns-Manville Co Hair Felting 
 
 Illinois Steel Co Rivets and Rods 
 
 Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Sheaves 
 
 Morawetz Co Mackinaws, $8,000 
 
 Monarch Mfg. Co Sheep Lined Coats, 
 
 $60,370 
 
 U. S. Aero Propeller Co Aeroplane Propellers 
 
 Matthews Bros. Mfg. Co Aeroplane Propellers 
 
 Delaney OilCo Soluble Cutting Oil, 
 
 $150,000 
 
 Globe Wire & Iron Works Equipment 
 
 Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Flat and Iron Rings 
 
 Kieckhefer Paper Co Fibre Containers 
 
 Milwaukee Gas Specialty Co Bronze 
 
 Ambrosia Chocolate Co Cocoa for Navy 
 
 Western Iron Stores Co Twist Drills 
 
 Kasnow Bros. Glove Co Gloves 
 
 Pressed Steel Tank Co Steel Barrels, $90,000 
 
 Bucyrus Co. (So. Milwaukee) 200 Army Tractors 
 
 Bucyrus Co. (So. Milwaukee) Gun Mounts, Artillery 
 
 Wheels (steel) 
 
 Federal Rubber Co. (Cudahy) Gas Masks 
 
 Nat'l Enameling 6s Stamping Co.... Booster Castings 
 
 Milwaukee Shoe Co 15,000 pairs Metallic 
 
 Fastened Army Shoes 
 
 Nunn, Bush 8b Weldon Shoe Co 10,000 pairs Metallic 
 
 Fastened Army Shoes 
 
 Weyenberg Shoe Co 50,000 pairs Metallic 
 
 Fastened Army Shoes 
 
 Luther Grinder Co 500 Grinders 
 
 Wallace 85 Smith Co Wheel Traces, $375,000 
 
 Wallace 85 Smith Co Traces, $1,920,500 
 
 Taylor & Bournique Co White Oats, $69,250 
 
 R. Laacke Co Truck Covers, $19,125 
 
 R. Laacke Co Paulins, $2,741 
 
 Morawetz Co Mackinaws, $8,000 
 
 Federal Rubber Co. (Cudahy) Radiator Hose, 
 
 $7,331.25 
 
 Logeman Bros. Co Baling Presses, 
 
 $132,500 
 
 International Harvester Co Bodies and Troop 
 
 Seats, $157,000 
 
 Wallace 8b Smith Co Parts for Aparejos, 
 
 $6,410.38 
 
 American Grinder Co Grinders, $11,325 
 
 Clum Mfg. Co Gun Sling Books, two 
 
 contracts, $17,250 
 
 Geuder, Paeschke 8b Frey Co Boilers, $54,387.74 
 
 Nat'l Enameling 8b Stamping Co ...Kettles, $14,800 
 Nat'l Enameling 8b Stamping Co. ...Kettles, $30,000 
 Nat'l Enameling 6e Stamping Co. ...Dust Covers 
 
 Geuder, Paeschke 8b Frey Co Boilers, $25,777.52 
 
 Monarch Mfg. Co Mackinaws, $200,000 
 
 Interstate Malt Co White Oats, $74,500 
 
 American Auto Body Co Escort Wagon Bodies 
 
 Chas. Abresch Co Escort Wagon Bodies 
 
 Federal Rubber Co. (Cudahy) Automobile Tires 
 
 Allen-Bradley Co Rheostats 
 
 Frank Pure Food Co Sauer Kraut 
 
 Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Sheaves 
 
 Wrought Washer Co Washers 
 
 Claus Automatic Gas Cock Co Distributor Boxes 
 
 Northwestern Mfg. Co Motors 
 
 Geuder, Paeschke 8b Frey Co Round Boilers 
 
 Bernard Stem 8e Son Flour, 80,000 lbs. 
 
 Bernard Stern 8b Son Flour, 60,000 lbs. 
 
 Luther Grinder Mfg. Co 1,306 Grinders 
 
 PalmoliveCo 3,000 Cakes Soap 
 
 Bucyrus Co. (So. Milwaukee) Locomotive Cranes 
 
 Patton Paint Co Oxide Paint 
 
 Rundle-Spence Mfg. Co Steam 8b Water Unions 
 
 Rundle-Spence Mfg. Co Shower and Distribut- 
 ing Cocks 
 
 Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Brass Shower Heads 
 
 A. H. Weinbrenner Shoe Mfg. Co.. Shoes, $161,350 
 
 Weyenberg Shoe Mfg. Co Shoes, $322,500 
 
 Luedke, Schaefer 6e Buttles Co Shoes, $64,500 
 
 Ellsworth-Thayer Mfg. Co Sheep Lined Coats, 
 
 $18,787.50 
 
 Milwaukee Tan. 8e Cloth. Co Sheep Lined Coats, 
 
 $22,245 
 
 Lyman- Joseph Grain Co White Oats, $71,500 
 
 Nunn-Bush Sb Weldon Shoe Co Shoes, $258,000 
 
 Monarch Mfg. Co Leather Jerkins, 
 
 $18,000 
 Nat'l Enameling 8b Stamping Co... Boilers, $17,940 
 
 Donahue-Stratton Co White Oats, $33,625 
 
 Bernard Stern 8b Son Flour, $5,4^0 
 
 Northwestern Mfg. Co Motors 
 
 Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co Motors 
 
 W. Toepfer 65 Sons Co Structural Steel 
 
 Wrought Washer Mfg. Co Washers 
 
 Milwaukee Tack Co Tacks 
 
 Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Relays and Coils for 
 
 Fire Systems 
 
 Rundle-Spence Mfg. Co Vales, 2 contracts 
 
 Federal Rubber Co. (Cudahy) Rubber Goods, 
 
 Panama Canal 
 
 Milwaukee Tank Co Oil Tanks 
 
 Newton-Coddington Eng. Co 100-ft. Boats, Two 
 
 Steel Vessels 
 
 Bayley Mfg. Co Ventilating Outfits, 
 
 $18,845 
 
 H. W. Johns-Manville Co Asbestos Goods 
 
 Globe Seamless Steel Tube Co Steel Tubes, two 
 
 contracts 
 
 Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Steel Blocks 
 
 Wrought Washer Mfg. Co Washers, $640, 
 
 Panama Canal 
 
 Industrial Heating 8b Eng. Co Repairs to Milwaukee 
 
 Public Buildings 
 
 Sterling Motor Truck Co Class "B" Standard 
 
 Trucks 
 
 Northwestern Mfg. Co Electric Motors 
 
 Milwaukee Valve Co Brass Valves 
 
 Federal Rubber Co. (Cudahy) Rubber Goods, 
 
 Panama Canal 
 
 H. W. Johns-Manville Co Asbestos Goods 
 
 Great Lakes Boat Bldg. Corp Two Submarine 
 
 Chasers, $100,000 
 
 Wilier Mfg. Co Window Screens 
 
 Allen-Bradley Co Controllers for Coaling 
 
 Gears 
 
 Mechanical Appliance Co Electric Motors 
 
 Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Valves 
 
 Roberts Brass Co Valves 
 
 Chain Belt Co Repair Parts 
 
 Geuder, Paeschke 8b Frey Co 45 Oil Tanks, $750,000 
 
 Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co 114 Rheostats, $414 
 
 Badger Nail Co Nails 
 
 Chain Belt Co Parts 
 
 Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Valves 
 
 Wrought Washer Mfg. Co Washers 
 
 Luther Grinder Mfg. Co Grinders 
 
 Western Metal Specialty Co Oil Tanks, $2,400 
 
 Milwaukee Stamping Co 75,000 Clips for Use on 
 
 Binders, $4,144 
 
28 
 
 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 Conway fls Co Ammunition Boxes for 
 
 Browning Machine 
 Guns 
 
 Rockwell Mfg. Co Ammunition Boxes 
 
 Claus Automatic Gas Cock Co Brass Boxes 
 
 Rundle-Spence Mfg. Co Brass Goods, $900 
 
 Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Electrical Equipment, 
 
 $10,456 
 
 Palmolive Co Soap, $45,000 
 
 Northwestern Mfg. Co Motors 
 
 Nordberg Mfg. Co Five Hydrogen Gas 
 
 Compressors, 
 $150,000 
 
 O. C.Hansen Mfg. Co Gloves, $396 
 
 Western States Envelope Co Envelopes 
 
 Milwaukee Envelope Co Envelopes, $100,000 
 
 Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Steel Tackle Blocks 
 
 Milwaukee Brush Mfg. Co Steel Foundry Brushes 
 
 W. Toepfer fie Sons Copper for Gun Mount 
 
 Allen-Bradley Co Controllers 
 
 Wisconsin Shoe Co Army Shoes 
 
 Weyenberg Shoe Co Army Shoes 
 
 Milwaukee Shoe Co Army Shoes 
 
 Luedke, Schaefer & Buttles Co Army Shoes 
 
 Bradley-Metcalf Co Army Shoes 
 
 A. H. Weinbrenner Co Army Shoes 
 
 Nunn-Bush fie Weldon Shoe Co Army Shoes 
 
 F. Mayer Boot 86 Shoe Co Field and Marching 
 
 Shoes 
 MUwaukee Tank Works Tanks, $3,500 
 
 Milwaukee Brush Mfg. Co Brushes, 
 
 Panama Canal 
 
 International Harvester Co Spare Parts 
 
 Bradley & Metcalf Co 40,000 Marching Shoes, 
 
 $238,000 
 
 Luedke, Schaefer 85 Buttles Co Marching Shoes, 
 
 $10,000 
 
 Nunn-Bush 85 Weldon Shoe Co Marching Shoes,40,000 
 
 pairs, $258,000 
 
 A. H. Weinbrenner Co Marching Shoes, 25,000 
 
 pairs, $161,250 
 
 Weyenberg Shoe Co Marching Shoes, 50,000 
 
 pairs, $322,500 
 
 O. C. Hansen Mfg. Co Aviators' Gloves 
 
 Northwestern Mfg. Co Motors 
 
 Mechanical Appliance Co 15 H. P. Motor 
 
 Nat'l Enameling 8b Stamping Co. ...Coffee Boilers, $25,320 
 
 Donahue-Stratton Co Oats, $39,321 
 
 A. F. Gallun 8b Sons Calf Skins, $93,000 
 
 Wallace 8b Smith Co Blankets, $193,280 
 
 Monarch Mfg. Co Leather Jerkins, 
 
 $85,000 
 
 Donahue-Stratton Co White Oats, $33,625 
 
 Bernard Stern 8b Son Flour, $5,460 
 
 Federal Rubber Co. (Cudahy) Radiator Hose 
 
 H. W. Johns-Manville Co Rachometer Adapters 
 
 Lavo Company of America Soap Powder 
 
 Kearney 8b Trecker Milling Machines 
 
 Bucyrus Co. (So. Milwaukee) Locomotive Cranes, 3 
 
 contracts 
 
 Chain Belt Co Chain Conveyors 
 
 Wisconsin Iron 8e Wire Wks Wire Weaving, 
 
 2 contracts 
 
 Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Magnets for Cranes 
 
 Illinois Steel Co Light Rails 
 
 Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Compression Bibbs 
 
 Patton Paint Co Asphaltum Varnish 
 
 Patton Paint Co Paint 
 
 Bernard Stern 8b Son 2,660,000 lbs. Flour 
 
 Westinghouse Lamp Co Electric Lamps 
 
 Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Rheostats 
 
 Milwaukee Hosiery Co Wool Hose 
 
 Nat'l Enameling 8b Stamping Co. ...Pans 
 Nat'l Enameling 8b Stamping Co.... Stew Pans 
 Pressed Steel Tank Co Projector Shells 
 
 Pfister 6b Vogel Leather Co Russed Leather 
 
 Federal Pressed Steel Co Projector Shells 
 
 The Conway Co Armorer's Chests 
 
 Schartow Mfg. Co Lariat Hooks, Links 
 
 Federal Rubber Co. (Cudahy) Hand Grenade Blocks 
 
 The Heil Co Steel Ammunition 
 
 Truck Bodies 
 
 Mueller 8b Sons Co Shipping Boxes 
 
 Allen-Bradley Co Controllers 
 
 Zucker 8b Weinshell Wool Trousers 
 
 Cohen Bros. Co Leather Jerkins 
 
 Bucyrus Co. (So. Milwaukee) Spare Parts for Steam 
 
 Shovels 
 Milwaukee Tan. 8b Clothing Co Leather Jerkins, 
 
 $15,300 
 Nat'l Enameling 8e Stamping Co.... Boilers 
 
 Geuder, Paeschke 8b Frey Co Oil Cans 
 
 Nat'l Enameling 8b Stamping Co.. ..Coffee Boilers 
 
 Diamond Ink Co Mucilage 
 
 Diamond Ink Co Library Paste 
 
 Nat'l Enameling 8e Stamping Co.... Coffee Boilers, 
 
 4 contracts 
 
 Mechanical Appliance Co Motors 
 
 Milwaukee Tank Works Heaters and Tanks 
 
 Schartow Mfg. Co Lariat Hooks, Links 
 
 and Thimbles 
 
 Schartow Mfg. Co Steel Rings 
 
 Barth Mfg. Co Lever Jacks 
 
 Western Saddlery Co Saddles 
 
 A. O. Smith Corporation Smoke 8b Drop Bombs 
 
 Pressed Steel Tank Co Gas Unit Steel Parts 
 
 Milwaukee Coke 8b Gas Co Naphtha Solvent 
 
 F. Mayer Boot 8b Shoe Co High Shoes 
 
 Milwaukee Tank Works Tanks 
 
 Krentler Bros Hinged Lasts 
 
 Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Snatch Blocks 
 
 W. Toepfer 8b Sons Seat Angles, Gates 
 
 Allis-Chalmers Mfg. Co Centrifugal Pump 
 
 Stowell Co. (So. Milwaukee) Malleable Blocks, 
 
 2 contracts 
 
 Chain Belt Co Riveted Rex Mill Chain 
 
 Sterling Motor Truck Co 750 "B" Truck Chasses 
 
 Kieckhefer Paper Co Fibre Containers 
 
 Donahue-Stratton Co White Oats, $36,000 
 
 Updike Grain Co White Oats, $35,500 
 
 Bernard Stem 8b Son Flour, $59,500 
 
 Harley Davidson Motor Co Motorcycle Parts, 
 
 $26,716 
 
 Lyman- Joseph Grain Co White Oats, $35,750 
 
 Lyman- Joseph Grain Co White Oats, $35,750 
 
 Pressed Steel Tank Co Steel Barrels, $89,000 
 
 Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Panels 
 
 Northwestern Furniture Co Top Boot Stock Bodies 
 
 Pfister-Vogel Leather Co Russet Bag Leather 
 
 Newport Chemical Co Phenol 
 
 Sterling Motor Car Co Shells 
 
 Kieckhefer Box Co Packing Boxes 
 
 Barth Mfg. Co Jacks 
 
 Pressed Steel Tank Co Gas Cylinders 
 
 Mechanical Appliance Co Motors 
 
 Taylor-Boumique Co White Oats, $145,000 
 
 Donahue-Stratton Co White Oats, $70,000 
 
 Morawetz Co Sheep Lined Coats, 
 
 $25,000 
 
 Monarch Mfg. Co Mackinaws, $200,000 
 
 Monarch Mfg. Co Leather Jerkins, 
 
 $78,625 
 
 Milwaukee Flush Valve Co Valves 
 
 Milwaukee Gas Specialty Co Valves 
 
 Globe Wire 8b Iron Works Wire Screens 
 
 Bradley 8b Metcalf Co Shoes, $258,000 
 
 Matthews Bros. Co Seaplane Pontoons, 
 
 $9,700 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 29 
 
 Milwaukee Tan. & Clothing Co Leather Jerkins, 
 
 $15,300 
 
 Nat'l Enameling & Stamping Co.. ..Boilers 
 
 Monarch Mfg. Co Leather Jerkins, 
 
 $85,000 
 
 Gen. Heating 8s Ventilating Co Fire Protection 
 
 Gen. Heating 8s Ventilating Co Water Mains, Phila- 
 delphia, $33,257 
 
 VJlterMfg. Co Ice Making Plant, 
 
 $39,378 
 
 Sengbusch Self-Closing Inkstand 
 
 Co Inkstands, Postal De- 
 partment, Fiscal 
 Year, 1919 
 
 Industrial Heating 8s Eng. Co Heating Mains, 
 
 Norfolk, Va., 
 $92,500 
 
 Milwaukee Tack Co Tacks 
 
 W. Toepfer Ss Sons Co Structural Work 
 
 Cutler-Hammer Mfg. Co Regulators and Start- 
 ers for Heating and 
 Ventilating 
 
 In additon to the above a large number of contracts were placed with Milwaukee 
 establishments by the Ordnance Bureau of the Army and Navy without direct 
 advertising or the submission of schedules for general bidding. 
 
 The same was true of the Emergency Fleet Corporation work, a number of the 
 largest iron and steel plants in this city being engaged in either fabricating ship 
 parts or building engines for the Emergency Fleet. Also many contracts came 
 through the Quartermaster Departments for subsistence and articles needed on 
 emergency orders for the Army. - 
 
30 
 
 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 DEPARTMENT OFCOMMERCE-FIWAMCE 
 
 C&NTRAU ORGANIXATIOM 
 
 AND 
 CO- OP&RATIMa BODIE.& 
 
 COMMITTEE. OH 
 
 CHAIRMAN 
 Vict CHA>«MAI1 
 CHR. RETAIL. TRAOtS 
 CHR.JOBBERS 
 CHR aRAIN TRADE. 
 CHR IMSORAHCE. 
 CMR RCAU ESTATE. 
 
 STAFF . 
 
 DIRECTOR SEC'V 
 
 ASS'T SEC'V 
 
 SEC'V PtTAl UTRAOtS 
 
 SEC'V jOBBi wa 
 
 commepwleaho finance. 
 
 MILWAUKEE. COOMTy COUNCIL 
 OP 
 OE.FEHSE. 
 
 &URE.AU&. CO MM ITT EC a 
 Alto v*yOAKlM& &OD)E.*>. 
 
 I. WAR PiMAriCE. COMMITTtE. 
 
 f6 DIVISIONS. 34 aROOPS) 
 
 UteERTV COAM COMMITTEE 
 
 WAR SAVINCa COMMITTEE. 
 
 WAR FOMO COMMITTEE 
 2.flMAriCtAl- IMSTITOTIOMS 
 
 MILWAUKEE. CUEARirta HOOSE 
 
 CAPITAL. ISSUE=> COMMlTTCe. 
 
 SAtSKERS AS3OCIATI0M 
 3.RETAII- BOREAOj ASiOClAT»OI-« OP 
 
 COMMERCE, 
 
 MENS WEAR ASSOCIATION 
 
 RETAIL. ORoaOISTS ASS'N 
 
 RETAIL. HAROV/ARE. OEAUERS ASSN 
 
 MOdIC OEAUER.S ASSN . 
 
 DEPARTMENT STORE. COMMITTEE 
 
 SHOE. OEAL.ERS 
 
 RETAIL- UIOUOR OEAL.ERS 
 
 SPECIAL. COMtvllTXE-E. 
 H-.TOBBERS BOREAO, ASSOCIATION OP 
 COMMERCE. 
 
 PL.OOR HARDWARE. 
 
 ORVCOOOS IRON STORt«» 
 
 OROGai£>T-& HOSPITAl- SOPPl-V 
 
 5.MIL.WAUKEE REAU ESTATE. BOARD 
 fe.lNSORANCE COMMITTEE. 
 
 BOARD OF FIRE OHDERWPMTERS 
 
 INSPECTION BORE.AO 
 
 UIFE INSORANCE. BOARD 
 7.Mll.WAOKe.E AOTO DEALERS ASSN 
 
 GARAGi&MEN'A ASS'N 
 
 TIRE OEAL.E.RS ASSN 
 
 TAXI CABSjaiTNE-Y AS^N 
 6.CHAMBER. OF COMMERCE. 
 ©.COMMITTEE. COMMERCIAL. SERVICE. 
 lOJONK DEALERS ( SALVAGE ASS-M ) 
 II.LAOMORYMEN'S ASSM 
 la THEATER. ASSN, MOVING PICTURE. 
 
 ASSOCIATION 
 13. ASSOCIATION OP COMMERCE. 
 l«*.TeOTONCA AVE., GROVE ST ..MITCHELL 
 ST. MERCHANTS ASSOCIATION 
 BAY VI EV/ ASSN SO MILWAUKEE. 
 WEST ALLIS 
 
 15.NON-WAR CONSTRUCTION COMMITTEE 
 
 7, 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 31 
 
 Department of Commerce and Finance 
 
 COMMITTEE ON COMMERCE AND FINANCE 
 
 Walter Kasten, Representing Finance, 
 
 H. W. Ladish, Representing Chamber of 
 
 Chairman 
 
 Commerce 
 
 Albert Friedmann, Representing Com- 
 
 Wm. Coleman, Representing Labor 
 
 merce, Vice-Chairman 
 
 Dr. Nelson P. Hulst, Representing the 
 
 Frank Klode, Representing Retail 
 
 Professions 
 
 Business 
 
 E. O. Marthens, Representing Insurance 
 
 J. G. Kissinger, Representing Wholesalers 
 
 Interests 
 
 and Jobbers 
 
 D. W. Weiss, Representing Real Estate 
 
 R. B. Brown, Representing Public 
 
 Board 
 
 Utilities 
 
 R. J. Willetts, Secretary 
 
 Wm. Thomson, Assistant Secretary 
 
 PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES 
 
 The Committee on Commerce and Finance was organized as an advisory body 
 which would be subject to call ifi an emergency. It represented organized com- 
 mercial interests of Milwaukee. The active work was directed by the chairman 
 and vice-chairman, serving on the Executive Committee of the Council of Defense, 
 and by the staff. The fact that the war did not go far enough to necessitate drastic 
 action with regard to the commercial industries released the committee of any 
 especially difficult task. Valuable gains, however, have been made in various lines 
 through the institution of commercial economies and savings in the cost of dis- 
 tribution. 
 
 The Department of Commerce and Finance worked almost entirely by existing 
 organizations, co-operating to carry on the plan of conservation of man power, 
 transportation, and materials. All problems affecting retail trade were handled by 
 the Retail Division of the Association of Commerce and the special associations 
 co-operating with it. Those problems dealing with wholesalers were handled by 
 the Wholesale Division of the Association of Commerce. Traffic problems were 
 handled by the transportation bureaus of the Association of Commerce and the 
 Chamber of Commerce. Various other associations were called on to carry out in 
 entirety or in part various programs of conservation. 
 
 I— COMMERCIAL ECONOMY 
 (a) — Deliveries 
 
 Co-operating with the retail division of the Milwaukee Association of Commerce, 
 this department in the fall of 1917, inaugurated a successful campaign for the elimi- 
 nation of waste in connection with the delivery of merchandise. At the request of 
 the Council of Defense, nearly all of the city's leading retail merchants signed a 
 pledge agreeing to limit their deliveries to not more than two per day over a given 
 territory and to also comply with a set of rules relating to the carrying of parcels 
 and the return of merchandise. Most of the large stores were able to affect im- 
 mediately a considerable reduction in man power employed, thus releasing a number 
 of men for essential work or for military service. Merchants also reported that they 
 were able to offer the public better prices on many commodities as a result of the 
 economy brought about by the new rules. So successful was this movement that 
 local merchants, during the summer of 1918, readily agreed to further reduce de- 
 liveries to one per day. 
 
 After the second reform went into effect merchants reported that they had been 
 able to reduce the number of people employed in connection with their delivery 
 systems from twenty-five to fifty per cent. A similar saving was reported in de- 
 livery equipment. 
 
 The Association of Commerce and the merchants themselves paid for most of 
 the literature necessary to advertise these economy movements. Posters urging 
 
32 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 public co-operation were placed in downtown stores and circulars were distributed 
 by merchants among their customers. 
 
 (b) — Groceries and Meat Markets 
 
 After the plan had proved successful in connection with retail stores generally, 
 the movement for the elimination of unnecessary deliveries was extended to cover 
 groceries and meat markets. These dealers pledged themselves also to one de- 
 livery per day with successful results. 
 
 (c) — Early Closing 
 
 The request from the War Economy Board of the Council of National Defense 
 for the early closing of retail stores, except those dealing in food stuffs, drugs, con- 
 fectioneries and cigars, on Tuesday, Wednesday and Thursday evenings of each 
 week, was carried into effect with the assistance of the retail division of the As- 
 sociation of Commerce. At least seventy per cent of the retail merchants of Mil- 
 waukee complied with this request, resulting in a considerable saving of light and 
 fuel. 
 
 The Milwaukee Barbers' Association later joined this movement and most of the 
 barber shops began closing at 7 instead of 8. Many barbers also agreed to a plan 
 under which employees could be released part time for more essential work. 
 
 (d) — Paper Conservation 
 
 The co-operation of the retail division of the Association of Commerce was 
 obtained in connection with a campaign for paper conservation. Dealers pledged 
 themselves to co-operate in the conservation of waste paper, the elimination of the 
 use of wrapping paper and tissue paper, wherever possible, and curtailment of the 
 use of paste board boxes and the conservation of office stationery. Signs were 
 displayed urging purchasers to carry parcels unwrapped wherever possible. A 
 similar campaign was conducted to eliminate the waste of paper, soap and food 
 stuffs in connection with Haloween celebrations. The paper saving campaign was 
 carried into public schools and school officials co-operated in this work with splendid 
 results. 
 
 2— MAN POWER CONSERVATION 
 
 As a means of aiding the selective draft system a movement was started for the 
 substitution of women in non-essential positions. This movement resulted in the 
 release of a large number of men either for military service or for some essential 
 industrial service. 
 
 Furniture dealers agreed to do away with porters, dusters and other non-essential 
 employees and arranged to have their salesmen do such work during spare moments. 
 
 Cash purchases were encouraged in view of reducing the number of clerks and 
 collectors in retail business. 
 
 Most of the theatres in the city agreed to reduce the size of their orchestras and 
 at least fifty-four men were released for essential industries through this plan. 
 
 3— EARLY CHRISTMAS SHOPPING 
 
 This department worked with the retail division of the Association of Commerce 
 for the past several months in promoting a campaign to encourage early Christmas 
 shopping. Merchants complied with the Council's request to avoid, so far as pos- 
 sible, the employment of additional help by distributing their Christmas campaign 
 over the months of October, November and December. The Association of Com- 
 merce paid for all necessary literature in the promotion of this campaign. 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 33 
 
 4— TRANS POR TA TION 
 
 TRANSPORTATION COMMITTEE 
 
 Frank Barry, Chairman J. G. Kissinger 
 
 P. C. Eldredge F. C. Bryan 
 
 Chas. Thompson Frank C. Klode 
 
 A. Teller R. J. Willetts, Secretary 
 
 Early in 1917 this department inaugurated a campaign to eliminate transporta- 
 tion waste and to enlarge and extend transportation facilities. A special committee 
 was appointed to handle this movement. 
 
 (a) — Railroads 
 
 The railroad companies responded to a request to speed up the movement of 
 freight cars in the switch yards, and shippers responded promptly to a demand for 
 greater speed in loading and unloading cars. Shippers also complied with a re- 
 quest for the heavier loading of all freight cars. Many cars were loaded to 10 per 
 cent above their capacity. The railroads also permitted their freight depots to 
 remain open for longer hours in order to speed up deliveries. Factories enlarged 
 side track facilities wherever possible. The committee co-operated with the local 
 committee of the National Council of Defense in making a daily check of freight 
 cars in Milwaukee's switch yards. 
 
 (6) — Interurban Lines 
 
 The transportation section started a movement, shortly after war was declared, 
 to inaugurate package freight service on interurban lines operating out of Mil- 
 waukee and was able to report by June of 1918, that every interurban line was 
 carrying this sort of freight. This service greatly relieved over-burdened transporta- 
 tion facilities and was of considerable aid to Milwaukee merchants. This form of 
 service was also used to some extent in bringing food produce into Milwaukee. 
 The Waukesha County Council of Defense and the Racine County Council of De- 
 fense, as well as the State Council of Defense, co-operated in bringing about results 
 in this movement. 
 
 (c) — Boat Lines 
 
 Lake transportation companies also responded to the Defense Council's cam- 
 paign for the conservation of transportation facilities by arranging for capacity 
 loads on lake boats. 
 
 5— RETURN LOADS BUREAU 
 
 A Return Loads Bureau was organized several months ago with a view of re- 
 lieving the congestion on railroads and interurban lines by inaugurating auto truck 
 service for short hauls. This bureau solicited the aid of auto truck salesmen and 
 delivery companies in forming a list of truck owners available for delivery work. 
 In addition to the list of available trucks the bureau also compiled a list of firms 
 willing to make use of this service. The co-operation of county councils of defense 
 in five adjoining counties was obtained and representatives were named in surround- 
 ing towns and cities to keep the bureau informed of the demands for such service. 
 
 Trucks leaving Milwaukee for adjoining towns with merchandise were given the 
 names and addresses of these representatives so that when arriving at their destina- 
 tions they were able to obtain a load for the return trip to Milwaukee. This plan 
 not only promoted quicker and more prompt delivery, but reduced the cost to ship- 
 pers, both in Milwaukee and in the adjoining cities and towns. Auto truck service 
 was inaugurated between Milwaukee and Waukesha, Oconomowoc, Grafton, 
 Menomonee Falls, Pt. Washington, Racine and Chicago. 
 
 6— AUTOMOBILE ECONOMIES 
 
 This department organized the automobile dealers of Milwaukee for the purpose 
 of effecting economies in the automobile trade. In this connection the dealers 
 
34 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 lined up with a national movement under which a general rule was adopted for the 
 closing at 6 P. M. daily and on Sundays and holidays of all auto repair shops, 
 garages, tire and accessory stores, except a few in various sections of the city 
 which were designated as emergency stations. This movement brought about a 
 considerable saving in man power and resulted in a general drive on the part of 
 automobile men for economy. 
 
 7— EXPLOSIVES COMMITTEE 
 
 This department aided the County Explosives Committee in its task of regulat- 
 ing the storage and sale of explosives. This work was carried out under direct 
 orders of the Federal Government, the assistant secretary of the department acting 
 as secretary of the County Explosives Committee. Explosive regulations have been 
 dropped since the armistice was signed. Complete control was kept throughout 
 the past six months of the sale and storage of explosives. 
 
 8— NON-WAR CONSTRUCTION COMMITTEE 
 
 COMMITTEE ON NON-WAR CONSTRUCT/ON 
 
 C. C. Jacobus, Chairman A. C. Downing 
 
 Wm. Eichfeld Wm. Thompson, Secretary 
 
 The County Council of Defense early in September, 1918, appointed C. C. Jacob- 
 us, Wm. Eichfeld and A. C. Downing as members of the Non-War Construction 
 Committee. This committee was organized at the request of the government to 
 conserve man power, material and transportation supplies by eliminating construc- 
 tion not essential to the maintenance of the public interest. 
 
 The government's requests were strictly adhered to. The Milwaukee Com- 
 mittee did not have a single one of its rulings reversed. Contractors, builders, 
 architects, and owners co-operated splendidly. The committee met daily at noon 
 for six weeks at the Builders and Traders Exchange, making it possible for all build- 
 ers desiring a hearing, to appear before the committee to get their particular diffi- 
 culties straightened out, without loss of working time. The committee acted on 
 about 1,000 building applications, including a number from the city and county 
 of Milwaukee. Plans for construction valued at more than $5,000,000 were re- 
 viewed. In a great many instances, the patriotism of the applicants was such that 
 they withdrew their application without action when the purpose of the restriction 
 had been explained. As soon as the ban was lifted, the committee followed up the 
 restricted work to see that it was properly authorized to proceed. 
 
 9— JOBBERS' DELIVERY RULES 
 
 At the request of the Council of Defense the Jobbers' Bureau of the Milwaukee 
 Association of Commerce prepared a series of rules and regulations regarding the 
 delivery of material from jobbers' places to retailers. These rules were as follows: 
 
 "Every consistent effort shall be made by both those delivering and those re- 
 ceiving goods to conserve in the fullest possible measure the time of men, motor 
 trucks and teams. 
 
 "Jobbers and wholesalers shall deliver goods of any nature only to the main or 
 delivery floor of the retailer's place of business. Ordinarily this shall mean the 
 first floor. 
 
 "Drivers or others making deliveries for jobbers or wholesalers shall not place 
 goods upon shelving, nor shall they be required to move standing stock, nor clear 
 floor spaces to make room for incoming deliveries. 
 
 "Those receiving goods shall promptly sign necessary receipts or documents to 
 avoid unnecessary detaining of men, trucks and teams." 
 
 Slight modifications were necessary in the case of the smaller bakers who did 
 not have the necessary facilities for immediately taking care of loads of flour and 
 moving them to the upper storage rooms. Had the war continued for a longer period, 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 35 
 
 this campaign would have resulted in a large saving of time and man power. The 
 results were well worth while as it was. 
 
 10— FIRE LOSS CAMPAIGN 
 
 A special committee, consisting of Chief Clancy, of the Fire Department, 
 together with representatives of the leading fire underwriters of Milwaukee, met 
 regularly and sent out publicity, dodgers, etc., to awaken the people to the necessity 
 of greater care in the prevention of fire losses during the war-time when conserva- 
 tion of materials and resources was extremely necessary. 
 
 11— COUNTY EXPLOSIVES COMMITTEE 
 
 COMMITTEE ON 
 COUNTY EXPLOSIVES 
 
 F. W. Rogers, Chairman 
 Wm. Thompson, Secretary 
 
 This committee acted as the agent of the Federal Government in controlling 
 the sale and storage of explosives. Several thefts of explosives were followed up 
 and stringent rules regarding the handling of dynamite and other explosives enforced. 
 
36 
 
 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 DCMRTMEHTOP PUBLIC AFFAIRS 
 
 BUREAUS, COMMITTEES 
 AND WORKINQ, BOOIE."). 
 
 C E.NTRAI- ORGANIZATION 
 
 AHD 
 CO-OPEPATINa eODlCSb 
 
 COMMITTEE ON 
 
 
 CHAIRMAN 
 WOM EM:5 CH Al RM Ati 
 CMR. EDOCAXION 
 CHR.AMERICAHIZATIOM 
 CHR. MIL.AFFAIR.^ 
 CHR. RED CR02>"> 
 CHR. LOYALTY LEGION 
 CHR. 01S.T.COor<ClLt> 
 SPEC. REPRESENTATIVES 
 
 ST/! 
 
 DIRECTC 
 
 Aa.i>'T ; 
 
 5EC Y PA- 
 
 sec-v E 
 
 SECY M 
 
 secYwo 
 
 3EC-YAr- 
 
 ^FF 
 
 >R. SEC-y 
 
 SEC'V 
 
 rR 5ERV. 
 
 StICATIOM 
 
 11. affair; 
 
 r-lEHS BUR 
 
 ERICAH- 
 riOM • 
 
 POBUIC AFFAIP 
 
 t3 
 
 
 MILWAUKEE COOHTV COOHCIL. 
 OF 
 DEFEMSE.. 
 
 K PATRIOTIC SERVICE. 
 MILWAUKEE CHAPTER RED CRO&2> . 
 AUXILIARIES ETC. 
 LOYAUTY LEG.lOri 
 
 MILV/AOKEE ASSN OF COMMERCE 
 ALLIANCE. LABOR AMD DEMOCRACY 
 
 CITY CLOB OF mii-v/auk;ee_ 
 
 FRATERNAL. SOClETIE.£> 
 ROTARV CLOB, KIWANIS CLUB 
 NATIONALIST SOCIETIES 
 
 POLISH , BOHEMIAN, ETC 
 OTHER CIVIC SOCIETIES 
 FLAa DISPLAY, SAME. FOORTM COM- 
 
 MISSIOM 
 2. EDUCATION COMMlTTtE. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOUSj 
 
 CONXINUATIOM SCHOOLS 
 
 PAROCHIAL AND PRIVATE. SCHOOL^ 
 
 MAROOETTE UNIVERSITY 
 
 SCHOOL OF EN<*INE,ERlNa 
 
 HORMAU SCHOOU 
 
 M I LW AU K EE - OO w N ER. 
 
 OlSlveRSITY EXTEMSION 
 
 3. americahi-eatiom committke. 
 
 -il.nlLITARY AFFAIRS COMMITTEE. 
 
 DISTRICT SELECTIVE SERVICE BOARD 
 4MEDICAL ADVISORY BOARDS 
 
 CENTRAL DRAFT BOARD 
 
 17 LOCAL BOARDS 
 
 O.S.NAVy RECRUlTlNGi STATION 
 
 O.S.ARMY RECROITIMG, STATION 
 
 O. S. MARINE CORPS RECROITINGi STATION 
 
 MILITARY TRAINING CAMP ASSH 
 
 S&ECIAU RECRUITIMa MISSIONS 
 
 • NTELLiaENCt OFP/CES-ARMYf NAVY 
 S.MILITARY EXTENSION COMMlTTRE. 
 
 REO CROSS CANTEEN COMMITTEE. 
 
 RED CROSS HOME SERV.SECTIOW 
 
 PUBLIC LIBRARY 
 
 Y.M.C.A ., K. OF. C 
 5. WAH CAMP COMMUNITY SERVICE. AND 
 
 CO-OPERATiriC BOO1E.S E.TERTA>mH<i 
 
 SERVICE MEN 
 6. WOMEN 3 ADVISORY COMMITTE.E. 
 
 REO CROSS 
 NATIONAL UEAGOE FOR WONENS SERVICE 
 
 WOMEN'S CUOBS 
 
 DISTRICT CO<jNCILS OP DEFENSE. 
 7. CHURCHES, FEDERATIONS Ar»0 
 
 ASSOCIATIONS 
 a DISTRICT COUNCILS OP DEFENSE 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 37 
 
 Department of Public Affairs 
 
 COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC AFFAIRS 
 
 Wheeler P. Bloodgood, Chairman 
 
 H. C. Campbell, City Club 
 
 J. S. Smith, Chr. Military Affairs 
 
 George French, District Councils 
 
 Louis M. Kotecki, Polish Societies 
 
 C. L. Newberry, War Camp Com. Service 
 
 M. C. Potter, Public Schools 
 
 H. A. Wagner, Loyalty Legion 
 
 C. J. Kallmeyer, A. P. L. 
 
 Mrs. A. M. Simons, Americanization 
 
 B. F. Fueger, Rotary Club 
 
 Rev. C. H. Beale, Fed. of Churches 
 
 E. A. Marthens, Kiwanis Club 
 
 Mrs. J. W. Mariner, Women's Ed. Com. 
 
 F. C. Morehouse, Red Cross 
 
 Rev. H. C. Noonan, Marquette 
 
 C. G. Pearse, Chr. Ed. Committee 
 
 Bert F. Zinn, Secretary 
 
 PROGRAM AND ACTIVITIES 
 
 Since its formation, this department has been the public service branch of the 
 Council, concerning itself with all matters aimed at strengthening the morale of the 
 home line of defense and, by educational publicity methods, preparing the people 
 of the county for the requests of the government in the successful conduct of the war. 
 The latter included the Liberty Loan and Thrift campaigns, food and fuel regula- 
 tions, compliance with the draft arrangements, relief for war sufferers at home and 
 abroad and related subjects, no matter by whom initiated, so long as it was for a 
 worthy aim and for the furtherance of the general war program. 
 
 1— GENERAL 
 (a) — Use of Existing Agencies 
 
 So that there might be no lost motion, the help of existing agencies was in- 
 voked for all governmental work. Everywhere there was a ready response to re- 
 quests to hang posters and distribute information circulars. Factories and plants, 
 department stores, barber shops and other business places joined in this effort, as 
 well as clubs and fraternal organizations, schools and colleges, churches through 
 pulpit announcements and otherwise, public buildings (city, county, and federal) 
 and many others, 
 
 (6) — Distribution 
 
 A house-to-house distribution, and distribution to special classes of persons, 
 business places or institutions, as requested by federal war-time establishments, was 
 arranged through the police department, health department inspectors, city and 
 county schools, fire department, sheriff's force, department store delivery systems 
 and otherwise. 
 
 (c) — Billboards 
 
 This department secured the donations of billboards and their free maintenance 
 for the duration of the war at Courthouse Square, at the Post Office and in front of 
 the Public Library, and the use of the big sign on the Oneida Street power station 
 of the Electric Co., and of the electric sign on the front of the city hall, all for the 
 Hoover food administration. The department assisted in making arrangements 
 for others. 
 
 (J) — Public Meetings 
 
 Numerous public meetings were held. To illustrate: Last winter a University 
 of Wisconsin heating expert was presented in a series of meetings in various halls of 
 the city and in the high schools. 
 
 (e) — Military Registration 
 
 CENTRAL REGISTRATION COMMITTEE 
 
 A. J. Lindemann, Chairman Cornelius Corcoran 
 
 James Drought Geo. Gabel Chas. Whitnall 
 
38 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 This department headed up the three registrations during 1918 — June 5, August 
 24 and September 12 — collecting the figures from the various boards and rushing 
 them to Madison and thus helping Wisconsin to achieve its splendid record for being 
 first among the states of the Union in reporting to the Federal draft administration. 
 
 2— DISTRICT AND WARD ORGANIZATIONS 
 
 To accomplish the mobilization of the city and county of Milwaukee for war- 
 time service, branch Defense Councils for men and women were organized in the 
 twenty-five wards of the city and in fifteen districts throughout the county. The 
 organizations were carried down to precinct and block captains for effective work. 
 
 (a) — Women's District Organizations 
 
 A special and separate report of the work done by the Women's Organizations 
 follows this section of this report. 
 
 (b) — Men's District Organizations 
 
 MEN'S DISTRICT COUNCILS 
 
 Geo. C. French General Chairman 
 
 T. W. Dunbar General Secretary 
 
 Ward Chairman Secretary 
 
 1 Jas. B. Blake K. K. Kennan 
 
 2 Frank J. Kusta W. L. Schoeverling 
 
 3 Max Gessler Arthur E. Borman 
 
 4 A. P. Cutting Matthew Wadleigh 
 
 5 John S. Kaney Chester D. Raney 
 
 6 Geo. J. Hermann John McCrory 
 
 7 Aug. C. Schmidt W. H. Goedtke 
 
 8 J- P- Michalski Sigmund Sikorski 
 
 9 ...Fred J. Grundmann Frank Hermes 
 
 10 Ed. Callaway G. A. Karsten 
 
 11 R. J. Talsky Alex F. Reinemann 
 
 12 Geo. Czerwinski Julius Jensen 
 
 13 A. W. Scheer Fred Mendelson 
 
 14 Jos. Bednarek Peter P. Kiminski 
 
 15 Dr. J. J. McGovern Eugene P. Lecher 
 
 16 Judge E. T. Fairchild Henry C. McDermott 
 
 17 W. J. Kidnay C. D. Westwood 
 
 18 Paul Durant Perry J. Stearns 
 
 19 Wm. Esser A. C. Pleyte, Jr. 
 
 20 M. G. Peters Jas. C. Roache 
 
 21 Emil G. Rahr Alf. S. Gormley 
 
 22 Geo. J. Balzer H. J. Ackermann 
 
 23 M. J. Shenners 
 
 24 Wm. Pieplow Frank Kroening 
 
 25 Norville Barkdoll E. C. Kuenzel 
 
 Shorewood M. H. Grossman T. B. Olson 
 
 Whitefish Bay Edw. Deschamps Wm. A. Klatte 
 
 Township of Granville Jos. E. Fischer 
 
 Township of Wauwatosa. E. S. Robbins 
 
 Village of Wauwatosa Hans A. Koenig 
 
 Shortly after the organization of the County Council of Defense the need was 
 felt for branch organizations in the various city wards and in the other cities, towns, 
 and villages of the county to act as agents of the central organization. Accordingly 
 a meeting was held in the mayor's office of representatives from these districts. 
 These delegates agreed to take up the work of effecting branch organizations and 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 39 
 
 in a short time the council had representatives in every city ward and in every im- 
 portant city, town or village in the county upon whom it could call for aid in 
 carrying out its program of mobilizing the district for war-time service. 
 
 These branch councils, consisting of a few active workers, were able to take care 
 of the council's activities until the Second Liberty Loan was announced. At that 
 time the Defense Council was asked to conduct a house-to-house canvas for the sale 
 of Liberty Bonds. This necessitated much larger organizations in each district, 
 particularly in the twenty-five wards of the city of Milwaukee. A special drive was 
 made at once to enlist the services of men willing to attempt this and other work for 
 the council. Hundreds of workers were enrolled in each district and so organized 
 that there was one or more workers available for each city block. These men 
 worked under the direction of precinct chairmen and block captains. Each dis- 
 trict council elected officers and in many districts regular meetings were held. 
 Special programs were frequently arranged at which these workers discussed war- 
 time problems. 
 
 On November 1, 1918, every city ward was thoroughly organized, with George 
 C. French as chairman of the entire organization. A total of over 3,000 men were 
 enrolled as members of the various district councils. Following is a brief summary 
 of the activities of the Men's District Organization : 
 
 / — Worked jointly with the women's organizations in securing subscriptions of 
 $1,074,550 during the Second Liberty Loan campaign. 
 
 2 — Worked jointly with the women's organization in securing 15,427 member- 
 ships during the Red Cross Membership drive. 
 
 3 — Worked jointly with the women's organization in securing subscriptions of 
 $1,353,450 during the Third Liberty Loan. 
 
 4 — Helped the women workers raise $1,084,850 in the Fourth Liberty Loan. 
 
 S — Collected, jointly with the women workers, $87,138.42 for the Second Red 
 Cross war fund. 
 
 6 — Collected, aided by the women, over $82,000 in the Heap the Hat Campaign. 
 
 7 — Obtained 1,000 orders during the Council's potato sale campaign. 
 
 8 — Carried out war garden campaign. 
 
 9 — Took care of scores of minor activities in connection with the mobilization 
 of the military forces. 
 
 3— MILITARY AFFAIRS 
 
 MILITAR Y AFFAIRS 
 
 COMMITTEE 
 
 Jos. S. Smith, Chairman 
 
 Jos. M. HoUitz 
 
 Dr. J. B. Modesitt 
 
 Jos. Zens 
 
 Alfred Reeke 
 
 Mrs. Henry Sullivan 
 
 Jackson B. Kemper 
 
 Mrs. Geo. Lines 
 
 W. L. Davidson 
 
 Wm. Kaumheimer 
 
 Chas. E. McLenegan 
 
 Roland F. Coerper 
 
 Ray Smith 
 
 Col. H. H. Seaman 
 
 Carl P. McAssey 
 
 Mrs. Louis Auer 
 
 Arthur Davidson 
 
 Walter Distelhorst, Secretary 
 
 The work of this bureau and committee began with the calling of the first drafts 
 of Milwaukee selectmen and has been carried out along three general lines : 
 
 (a) — Mobilization and entrainment of the men themselves. 
 
 (6) — Maintaining their morale by keeping them in touch with home folks. 
 
 (c) — Directing soldiers' and sailors' families to relief agencies and helping them 
 with legal advice, locating missing boys and whatever else might be necessary. 
 (This latter work has during the past few months required practically the full time 
 of an assistant, and much of the time of the secretary himself.) 
 
 For the maintenance of this work pledges of $5 per month for a year (beginning 
 June 1, 1918) were obtained from Milwaukee business men. Some were paid up in 
 full at the outset, but ninety-seven ran from month to month, making an income 
 
40 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 of $485 a month. The pledge campaign was discontinued early this summer, 
 so as not to interfere with the "War Chest" campaign which, however, was deferred 
 until the month of November. Otherwise, the Military Affairs Committee believes, 
 this effort would have been entirely self-sustaining. Nearly $3,000 was collected 
 by the committee when it was first started, to pay for its work, and $2,000 was 
 raised last February at a concert given by the Great Lakes band. 
 
 Eighteen members comprised this committee, representing practically all agen- 
 cies doing work for men in service. They covered Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., K. of C, 
 Legal Advisory Board, Wisconsin State Guard, National League for Women's 
 Service, Soldiers' and Sailors' Entertainment Committee, American Library 
 Association, Boy Scouts, Rotary Club and business men. The committee's service 
 to the community includes: 
 
 (a) — Farewells for Soldiers 
 
 Planning details of entrainment of every quota of selectmen sent from Mil- 
 waukee and bringing about the co-operation of the seventeen draft boards, the Red 
 Cross, The National League for Women's Service work, the police, railroad officials, 
 Y. M. C. A. and K. of C. in this work. 
 
 A "send-off" for every group of selectmen in the form of a band at the station. 
 Twenty-two bands were provided during one week last July. 
 
 Farewell entertainments included: 
 
 / — Three big banquets at Auditorium for 2,500 selectmen, and two luncheons 
 for 700 and 800 navy recruits. 
 
 2 — Two big military balls at Auditorium, each attended by more than 6,000 
 persons — selectmen and their families. 
 
 3 — One band concert at Juneau Park and one big parade. 
 
 4 — About a dozen theater parties at various houses in the city, some of them 
 taking up the entire theater. 
 
 5 — Comfort of boys on trains ministered to by seeing that conveniences were 
 provided enroute. 
 
 (b)— Soldier Pals 
 
 Providing soldier pals (nearly 2,000, corresponding with one or more boys) 
 who wrote to those in France and in camp, sent them papers, tobacco and other 
 gifts and visited families to see that all was well with them, and maintaining a file 
 of those leaving the county for all branches of the service. This file was available 
 for all worthy causes. It was used for: 
 
 / — Mailing our invitations for the service flag pageant in the Fourth Liberty 
 Loan. 
 
 2 — For various ward service flag and service board movements. 
 
 3 — State Historical Society data for Milwaukee County. 
 
 4 — Casualty list, now with about 300 names of dead. 
 
 Gold star service certificates were sent to the families of boys who died in the 
 war in the form of a beautiful tribute designed for framing. 
 
 (c) — Service in Camps and Abroad 
 
 Following the boys to camps and to France with helpful service, as: 
 
 / — Sending daily papers to camps and to France at a cost of over $90 a month, 
 until orders were cancelled on cessation of hostilities. 
 
 2 — Booking volunteer entertainers twice a week to appear at Great Lakes Naval 
 Station in tv/o Y. M. C. A. huts. Except for the summer vacation season, this 
 work was carried on without interruption after April 1, 1918. 
 
 3 — Congratulating by mail Milwaukee boys as they won commissions. A 
 letter of congratulation was written to families when Milwaukee boys were 
 cited for distinguished service. 
 
 4— Loaning boys winning commissions sums up to $400 for six months without 
 interest, for the purchased officer's outfit. Over $6,000 was made available by the 
 Rotary Club. The fund is held by the Second Ward Savings Bank. Twenty- 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 41 
 
 three loans are out, amounting to $6,450. Payments already returned reach 
 $3,297.80. 
 
 5 — Helping families of boys who died in camp during influenza epidemic, to have 
 bodies returned and military funerals arranged with the aid of the State Guard. 
 
 (d)—Aid to Draft Boards 
 
 This includes: 
 
 / — Securing typists and clerical workers for emergencies. 
 
 2 — Securing doctors for physical examinations here and elsewhere. During the 
 first influenza epidemic nine doctors were sent one Sunday to Port Washington at 
 the request of the Governor to examine 200 men. 
 
 3 — Obtaining loans of typewriters, stoves, furniture, etc., and arranging for 
 quarters in some instances. 
 
 4 — On instruction of the State Draft Administration, paying hospital bills for 
 registrants in deferred remediable group. Twenty-four operations were performed 
 free by Milwaukee surgeons, hospitals offering a flat rate of $25 and $30 for two 
 weeks' stay. More than 100 applications were received. 
 
 5 — Meetings were held in several halls this summer to give a quota of 3,000 select- 
 men instruction in the things they ought to know to become good soldiers. This 
 was followed by the organization of boards of instruction, one with each draft 
 board, the secretary of the Military Aifairs Bureau serving as secretary. Legal 
 advice booklets, prepared by the Free Legal Aid Society and the Legal Advisory 
 Board, were printed and distributed to the departing boys. Steps to be taken on 
 allotments, allowances, insurance, etc., were explained. The instruction given by 
 the boards on the matter of disease was exceptionally valuable and met with warm 
 commendation from the draft boards. 
 
 (e) — Aid for Families of Soldiers 
 
 Scores of soldiers' families applied daily at the Military Affairs Bureau for advice 
 and assistance. Cases which could not be handled by the bureau were referred to 
 the Legal Aid Society, the Legal Advisory Board, the Red Cross and such other 
 organizations as exist to handle their particular problems. In many cases, the 
 bureau appealed in their behalf directly to the Washington authorities in France. 
 
 / — Missing boys were located. 
 
 2 — Extent of wounds ascertained. 
 
 3 — Assistance given on allotments, allowances, insurances, etc. 
 
 4 — Releases from service. 
 
 5 — Extension of furloughs were obtained. 
 
 Among the emergencies met by the bureau was paying the Auditorium's bill 
 of $200 for housing the eighty South Carolina boys of the 105th Supply Train early 
 last spring. 
 
 (/) — Typical Cases Handled 
 
 1 — The district attorney sent to the bureau a Polish woman, mother of six 
 children, whose husband had enlisted, at Chicago, in the Polish Army of France. 
 She had obtained his discharge when he enlisted here. The Military Affairs 
 secretary, by long distance, secured his discharge in Chicago. He was sent back 
 home and placed on probation, thus being held to support his family. 
 
 2 — The body of a Milwaukee boy arrived from Camp Lewis, state of Washington, 
 it was shipped as baggage, being accompanied by a sergeant whose home was in 
 Illinois. He turned the body over to the baggage man and left for a visit home on 
 the first train, leaving the undertaker to obtain the body from the baggage man. 
 There were no burial papers, so the grave remained open for several days. The 
 sergeant had mailed the papers from his home but they were lost. The military 
 bureau prevailed upon the cemetery trustees to permit the burial and wait for the 
 necessary duplicates. 
 
 3 — The district attorney sent to this bureau two business men who had cashed 
 worthless checks for a man in uniform. Checks and protests from a Michigan bank 
 
42 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 were turned over to the Army Intelligence Department. Subsequently this bureau 
 arranged for the serving of subpoenas on those who cashed these checks to attend 
 the court martial at Fort Sheridan. 
 
 4 — In several cases loans were made to soldiers home on leave to permit them to 
 get back to camp before their time expired. A small sum ($30) is still outstanding 
 on such accounts, owing to the subsequent transfer of these men to France. 
 
 5 — The signing of the armistice on Nov. 11, caused the cancellation of calls for 
 3,000 men that week. An emergency was caused by the fact that 250 men of the 
 first quota left the city at 7:30 A. M. on Nov. 11, before notice of the cancellation 
 was received. This group was intercepted at Evanston, 111., and sent back, reach- 
 ing here at 2 P. M., without lunch and with only an early breakfast before leaving 
 home. They joined in the parading on the streets, shouting that they were hungry. 
 Members of the Military Affairs Committee found them and sent them to the Pfister 
 for lunch. The hotel had prepared a lunch for selectmen passing through here and, 
 as that call had also been cancelled, the governmental requisitions for meals were 
 applied for this purpose. The committee's band, already at the depot for another 
 cancelled call, was withdrawn and taken to the Pfister to give a concert while the 
 boys ate. At 5 P. M. the group was demobilized from the service of the United 
 States 
 
 4— AMERICANIZATION 
 
 
 AMERICANIZATION COMMITTEE 
 
 Mrs. 
 
 May Wood Simons, 
 
 Chairman 
 
 
 
 Rev. Jas. D. Foley 
 
 Wheeler P. Bloodgood 
 
 
 
 
 Fred H. French 
 
 Geo. 
 
 A. Chamberlain 
 
 
 
 
 Rabbi Samuel Hirshberg 
 
 Geo. 
 
 Kent 
 
 
 
 
 Miss Mina Kerr 
 
 Chas 
 
 . McLenegan 
 
 
 
 
 Mrs. Chas. Morris 
 
 H. L 
 
 . Nunn 
 
 
 
 
 C. G. Pearse 
 
 M. C 
 
 . Potter 
 
 
 
 
 J. H. Puelicher 
 
 Rev. 
 
 Theo. M. Shipherd 
 
 
 
 
 Willet Spooner 
 
 
 
 H. L. 
 
 Merkel, 
 
 Secretary 
 
 
 The war emergency was responsible for putting under way this work, due to the 
 large number of those under the selective service law unable to speak English. 
 Although night schools have for years been conducted in Milwaukee, large employers 
 of labor hardly realized the need for this effort until the Americanization Com- 
 mittee began its survey of the local field. Since that time educational work has been 
 in progress and employers and school authorities have sought to meet the problem 
 of the extension of training in English and citizenship. What the committee did : 
 
 (a) — Work of the Sub-Committees 
 
 Twenty-four sub-committees have been appointed and one hundred seventy- 
 five active workers enlisted in the Americanization work. 
 
 / — The Industrial Committee, representing eight manufacturing plants, has 
 brought the importance of the Americanization work to the attention of a large 
 number of employers. 
 
 2 — The Legislative Committee has presented to the Americanization workers 
 all state and federal legislation bearing on the education of the foreign born. 
 
 3 — The Woman's Club has organized twelve classes for foreign bom women in 
 English, citizenship, sanitation and care of children. 
 
 4 — The Foreign Language Committee made an extended survey of the teaching 
 of foreign language in public and parochial schools. 
 
 5 — Committees appointed among the foreign born have co-operated in urging 
 attendance at the night schools and organized classes among their own nationality 
 for English and citizenship. 
 
 6 — The Speakers' Committee has organized a group of lectures on Americaniza- 
 tion and filled all requests for the same. 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 43 
 
 7 — The Local Advisory Committee has given information concerning citizen- 
 ship papers to those asking aid and directed applicants to proper authorities. 
 
 (6) — Classes 
 
 With the co-operation of the Health Department, nine classes were organized 
 in lodging houses for the teaching of English and citizenship. Twelve groups of 
 women have been organized for the teaching of English, care of children, citizenship 
 and sanitation. Twelve classes have been started in other places such as churches 
 and clubs for the teaching of English and citizenship. 
 
 (c) — Conferences and Lectures 
 
 1 — A series of five lecture conferences was given in co-operation with the Ex- 
 tension Department of the University of Wisconsin for the Americanization of 
 workers. The entire expense of these conferences was met by the University 
 of Wisconsin. 
 
 2 — A conference of ten sessions, in co-operation with the Woman's Club of 
 Wisconsin, was held. Lecturers of national prominence were secured for this 
 conference. The larger part of the expense for this conference was met by the 
 Woman's Club of Wisconsin. 
 
 2 — One hundred twenty-three lectures have been given before clubs, schools 
 and churches on the importance of Americanization. 
 
 {d) — Surveys 
 
 1 — A survey of the foreign born employees of the various manufacturing plants 
 of Milwaukee was prepared in co-operation with the employers of the city. 
 
 2 — A survey of the location of the foreign born population of Milwaukee has 
 been prepared and a map indicating these locations made in co-operation with the 
 Woman's Club of Wisconsin. 
 
 (e) — Co-Operation with the Extension Department of the Public 
 
 Schools 
 
 A request was made by the Committee of the Extension Department that the 
 teachers conducting classes in factories and other places be paid from the school 
 fund. This was passed upon favorably by the school board. The committee has 
 organized classes in clubs, churches and various other places and turned them over 
 to the Extension Department. 
 
 (f) — Co-Operation with the Continuation Schools 
 
 Special notice of the location and time of meeting of night schools, in the Con- 
 tinuation classes as well as the public night schools, has been sent to lists of foreign 
 bom men and women of the various nationalities. 
 
 (g) — Co-Operation with the University of Wisconsin 
 
 A request from this committee made to the University of Wisconsin for extension 
 courses for teachers of Americanization, such courses to be conducted in Milwaukee, 
 was passed upon favorably by the University of Wisconsin. Such a course will be 
 given. 
 
 (h) — Co-Operation with the Naturalization Bureau 
 
 The committee held three conferences with the Messrs. Wagener and Weber, 
 representing the Naturalization Bureau at Chicago, who came to Milwaukee for 
 that purpose, and the committee endeavored to carry out their suggestions. 
 
 (i) — Co-Operation with Public Library 
 
 The public librarian provided rooms for the classes for training Americanization 
 teachers. 
 
 (/) — Co-Operation with the Association of Commerce 
 
 A representative of the Americanization Committee appeared before the Educa- 
 tional Committee of the Association of Commerce and presented the plan for teach- 
 ing English in factories, which plan was favorably passed upon. 
 
44 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 (k) — Reception to New Citizens 
 
 A reception to welcome the five hundred ninety men and their families of foreign 
 birth who have become naturalized in Milwaukee during the year ending July 1, 
 1918, was held on July 2. The expense of this reception was arranged for by the 
 Sons and Daughters of the American Revolution and the Loyalty Legion. 
 
 (/) — Citizenship 
 
 Citizenship badges were distributed to voters at the November 5 election. 
 
 (m) — Miscellaneous 
 
 The committee has provided American flags for two companies of Italian boy 
 scouts. 
 
 5— EDUCATION 
 
 
 
 
 
 EDUCATION COMMITTEE 
 
 
 
 
 C. G. Pearse, Chairman 
 Miss Ellen Sabin 
 A. E. Kagel 
 E. T. Griffin 
 
 C. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rounds, 
 
 Secretary 
 
 W. H 
 B. E. 
 Rev. 
 R. L. 
 
 . Bennett 
 
 Fawcett 
 Jos. A. Murphy 
 
 Cooley 
 
 Eight Milwaukee educators, representing the entire range of scholastic effort 
 in this county, comprised the committee, whose effort was to mobilize all educational 
 institutions and agencies for war service. Its activities were carried on along the 
 following lines: 
 
 (a) — For Drafted Men 
 
 1 — Motor truck school at State Fair Park. The committee helped in closing 
 the contract between the United States Government and the Milwaukee Association 
 of Commerce. This was called off by the armistice. Accommodations were planned 
 for 1,500 men, involving a payroll of $360,000 a year for the men alone, not including 
 salaries. 
 
 2 — Training Units 
 
 Negotiations were under way with the War Department, when the truce was 
 signed, to have groups of drafted men trained here for machinists, plumbers, bench 
 mechanics and radio men at the Boys' Technical High School. Leather workers 
 were to have been trained at the Continuation School. Telephone operators were 
 to have been trained at the Normal. 
 
 (b) — For Registrants 
 
 Instruction was given to classes as follows: 
 1 — Continuation School: 
 
 Gas Engine Repairing....' 313 pupils 
 
 Motor Truck Driving 305 pupils 
 
 Army Cooking 18 pupils 
 
 Baking 18 pupils 
 
 Horseshoeing 13 pupils 
 
 Shoemaking 12 pupils 
 
 Total 679 pupils 
 
 2 — Boys' Technical High School: 
 
 Radio 450 pupils 
 
 Telegraphy 67 pupils 
 
 Total 517 pupils 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 45 
 
 (c) — Farm Placement 
 
 Appearing before the school board at several meetings, members of the committee 
 obtained the help of the school board in releasing from their school work, boys of 
 high school age to go on farms for the summer. Only those whose records warranted 
 were released, school credits being granted on the satisfactory completion of the 
 farm work. Miss Bessie Buckley, of the School organization, was in charge of the 
 office details, 518 boys being placed on farms. 
 
 {d) — Conferences 
 
 Registrants to the number of sixty to seventy-five a week came in for conferences 
 on training work with the educational secretary. Much helpful service was ren- 
 dered. Negotiations were under way to have 500 men assigned from Great Lakes 
 to Milwaukee for technical training when the government decided to enlarge the 
 naval station, causing the plan to be abandoned. 
 
 The Public Affairs Department supplied Lieutenant R. de Violini of the Italian 
 Army, on his visit to Milwaukee in July, 1918, with a complete plan of the organiza- 
 tion of the Defense Council to serve as a basis for the foundation of similar organiza- 
 tions in his country. 
 
 The "Soldier Pal" system, as carried on here, has been adapted to the needs of 
 a number of other cities, including Evanston, Ind., Kenosha, Wis., and St. Paul, 
 Minn. 
 
 Chairmen of the Women's Ward and District 
 
 Councils of the Milwaukee County 
 
 Council of Defense 
 
 Mrs. Charles L. Jones, Chairman First Ward 
 
 Mrs. Wm. L. Hebard, Chairman Second Ward 
 
 Mrs. Howard Eldred, Chairman Third Ward 
 
 Mrs. I. Dolan, Chairman Fourth Ward 
 
 Mrs. H. F. Zarse, Chairman Fifth Ward 
 
 Mrs. Robert Church, Chairman Sixth Ward 
 
 Mrs. P. Hackenbruch, Chairman Seventh Ward 
 
 Mrs. W. P. Celichowski, Chairman Eighth Ward 
 
 Mrs. W. G. Richardson, Chairman Ninth Ward 
 
 Mrs. Ed. Callaway, Chairman Tenth Ward 
 
 Miss Mable Comstock, Chairman Eleventh Ward" 
 
 Mrs. H. H. Jacobs, Chairman Twelfth Ward 
 
 Mrs. Wm. Schneider, Chairman Thirteenth Ward 
 
 Mrs. F. S. Wasielewski, Chairman Fourteenth Ward 
 
 Mrs. H. R. Anderton, Chairman Fifteenth Ward 
 
 Mrs. G. H. WJnne, Chairman Sixteenth Ward 
 
 Mrs. Percy Braman, Chairman Seventeenth Ward 
 
 Mrs. James Hackett, Chairman Eighteenth Ward 
 
 Mrs. Clara Halphide, Chairman Nineteenth Ward 
 
 Mrs. Mary Fredericksen, Chairman Twentieth Ward 
 
 Mrs. Paula Hillenkamp, Chairman Twenty-first Ward 
 
 Mrs. T. J. McCarthy, Chairman Twenty-second Ward 
 
 Mrs. J. M. Potter, Chairman Twenty-third Ward 
 
 Mrs. H. A. Kroenig, Chairman Twenty-fourth Ward 
 
 Mrs. O. Rolfe, Chairman Twenty-fifth Ward 
 
 Mrs. F. E. Morrow, Chairman North Milwaukee 
 
 Mrs. C. H. Peterson, Chairman Shorewood 
 
 Miss Marion Remington, Chairman Whitefish Bay 
 
 Mrs. Leverett C. Wheeler, Chairman Wauwatosa 
 
 Mrs. Harry F. Smith, Chairman West Milwaukee 
 
 Mrs. Abram LeFeber, Chairman West AUis 
 
 Mrs. Frank Williamson, Chairman Cudahy 
 
 Mrs. G. A. Morrison, Chairman South Milwaukee 
 
 Mrs. Dreyfus, Chairman Hales Corners 
 
 Mrs. E. R. Whitcomb, Chairman Town of Milwaukee 
 
 Mrs. James Shaughnessy, Chairman Town of Granville 
 
 Mrs. James Foley, Chairman Town of Wauwatosa 
 
 Mrs. Myron Schmidt, Chairman Town of Franklin 
 
 Mrs. F. J. Rucks, Chairman Town of Lake 
 
 Miss Nellie Scanlon, Chairman Town of Oak Creek 
 
46 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 Department of Public Affairs 
 
 Report of the Women 's Ward and District 
 Organizations 
 
 Milwaukee County Council of Defense 
 
 From July, 1917, to December, 1918 
 
 Women*s Advisory Committee and Community Councils 
 
 In accordance with the request of the State Council of Defense, a Woman's 
 Advisory Committee, under the Milwaukee County Council of Defense, was ap- 
 pointed to direct the women's activities in Milwaukee County. The committee 
 was composed of representatives of women's organizations that have state-wide 
 representation . 
 
 Mrs. John W. Mariner, Chairman 
 
 Miss Esther Berlowitz, Secretary 
 
 Mrs. Mark L. Simpson, Red Cross 
 
 Miss E. Conro, Association Opposed to Woman's Suffrage 
 
 Mrs. Jos. A. Schumacher, Catholic Women's Order 
 
 Mrs. M. Dailey, Woman's Relief Corps 
 
 Mrs. John Laflin, Order of Eastern Star 
 
 Mrs. John P. Hume, Daughters of American Revolution 
 
 Mrs. Geo. Lines, National League for Woman's Service 
 
 Mrs. James S. Church, Y. W. C. A. 
 
 Mrs. Carroll M. Towne, U. S. Daughters of 1812 
 
 Mrs. George H. Noyes, Association of Collegiate Alumnae 
 
 Mrs. H. J. Dernehl, Graduate Nurses Association 
 
 Mrs. Josephine Traurig, Ladies of the G. A. R. 
 
 Mrs. J. M. Potter, Federated Clubs 
 
 Mrs. C. E. Anderton, Child Welfare Committee 
 
 Miss Gertrude Sherman, Home Conservation Committee 
 
 Mrs. Arthur N. McGeoch, Speakers Bureau 
 
 Mrs. J. E. Birkhaeuser, Milwaukee County Suffrage Association 
 
 This committee met every Tuesday and discussed and planned the work to be 
 undertaken by the Women's Ward and District Organization. 
 
 ORGANIZATION PLAN 
 
 Milwaukee County had an organization of women mobilized for war service of 
 which it may well be proud. In July, 1917, a call was sent out to a group of repre- 
 sentative women of each ward and township of Milwaukee County, asking them to 
 attend a meeting held in the Auditorium of the Public Museum for the purpose of 
 organizing the women of Milwaukee for war service. The work grew steadily, 
 until when the armistice was signed, in every ward there was a fine organization of 
 women prepared for service and ready to meet any call the government might make 
 upon them. In most of the wards the organization was perfected, which means that 
 there was a chairman, vice-chairman, secretary, two members at large, a chairman 
 for every precinct and a captain for every block. In each ward organization there 
 were chairmen of the following committees: The Red Cross, Relief, Child Welfare, 
 Home Conservation, Liberty Loan and War Savings. They conducted the activi- 
 ties assigned to these committees and took charge of the campaigns which came 
 under their jurisdiction, utilizing the ward organization for all campaigns in house- 
 to-house canvasses. There were 141 precinct chairmen and 2,000 block captains 
 in the organization. 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 47 
 
 REPORT OF ACTIVITIES 
 
 1— DISTRICT ORGANIZATIONS 
 
 There was a woman's committee in each of the following districts of Milwaukee 
 County: 
 
 Shorewood, Whitefish Bay, North Milwaukee, South Milwaukee, West Milwau- 
 kee, Town of Lake, City of Wauwatosa, Town of Wauwatosa, Town of Granville, 
 West Allis, Town of Milwaukee, Cudahy, Town of Oak Creek, Town of Greenfield 
 and the Town of Franklin. 
 
 The first task the district councils were asked to undertake was one of the most 
 difficult pieces of work they were called upon to do. This was a house-to-house 
 canvass for the purpose of securing signatures on the cards issued by the Food 
 Administration, popularly known as the Hoover Pledge Cards, and also the taking 
 of a household census and obtaining information which the County Council of 
 Defense needed. Over 97,000 Hoover Pledge Cards and over 110,000 household 
 registration cards were signed. 
 
 2— RESULTS OF WORK OF WOMEN'S WARD ORGANIZATION 
 IN VARIOUS CAMPAIGNS 
 
 Second Liberty Loan Campaign — October, 1917, $1,074,550. 
 
 Red Cross Membership Drive — December, 1917, 1150 men and women 
 working together, 15,427 memberships. 
 
 Thrift Stamp Campaign — February, 1918, one thousand women workers, 
 $61,922.25. 
 
 Third Liberty Loan Campaign — ^April, 1918, 1200 women working, $756,800. 
 Total for women in Milwaukee County, including work of committees under the 
 National League for Woman's Service, $3,086,600. 
 
 Second Red Cross War Fund Campaign — May, 1918, 1500 women working, 
 $63,925.91 from 15,322 subscribers. 
 
 War Savings Campaign — June, 1918, 1700 women working, $1,270,945. 
 
 Fourth Liberty Loan Campaign — October, 1918, 2157 women working, 
 $1,084,850. Total of women's work in Milwaukee, including committees under 
 the National League for Woman's Service, $2,713,300. 
 
 The Woman's Ward Organizations distributed ten thousand garden pamphlets 
 to encourage back-yard gardens. 15,000 War Savings Stamp pamphlets, 45,000 
 Red Cross Salvage Cards and several thousand Labor Employment Bureau in- 
 formation leaflets. 
 
 3— RED CROSS COMMITTEE 
 
 Red Cross work, under the direction of Mrs. Mark L. Simpson, was carried on 
 in every ward. Fourteen wards maintained centers established by the ward organi- 
 zations. In the other wards the women in this organization did their Red Cross 
 work at various church and school centers. The totals for the work of the fourteen 
 wards reporting were as follows: 
 
 9,193 surgical dressings. 
 4,682 hospital garments. 
 1,412 bandages. 
 280 napkins. 
 380 knitted garments. 
 755 comfort kits. 
 266 button bags. 
 52 bolts of cloth made up into towels. 
 47 sheets and 3 bolts made up into sheets. 
 80 laundry bags. 
 4,868 other finished garments. 
 
48 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 4— RELIEF COMMITTEE 
 
 Mrs. Jos. A. Schumacher was chairman of the relief work. The Relief Committee 
 was composed of twenty-five ward and five township chairmen. Each chairman 
 had from six to thirty members working under her direction, making a total of 
 350 women doing relief work. Meetings of this committee were held weekly. 
 They visited 361 reported cases of need and where necessary reported these cases 
 to the various social agencies for investigation and relief. They assisted in report- 
 ing to the Industrial Commission, cases of crippled men and women that came to 
 their notice. They reported likewise cases of crippled children to the Welfare 
 Department and imbecile and neglected children to the Juvenile Protective As- 
 sociation. 
 
 This Relief Committee responded to a call from the Milwaukee Chapter of the 
 American Red Cross to collect clothing for the Belgian sufferers. The quota for 
 Milwaukee Chapter was nine tons and the women of the Relief Committee col- 
 lected, sorted and packed eighteen tons. This was in March, 1918. A second 
 appeal was made to the ward organization in October, 1918, that the women should 
 collect twenty-five tons of clothing for the same purpose. In the end, forty-five 
 tons (over 79,000 articles) were collected, sorted and packed by the women of the 
 Relief Committee. This committee made over a thousand garments at the Home 
 Relief headquarters or at their ward headquarters. Twenty-two sewing units 
 were established. They also collected great quantities of clothing which were 
 distributed to the poor of the city through various agencies. 
 
 5— CHILD WELFARE COMMITTEE 
 
 In accordance with the plans of the Children's Year, the Child Welfare Com- 
 mittee in each ward established a station for the weighing and measuring of children. 
 Thus far, 20,058 children have been weighed and measured. For those who did 
 not come to the stations in their ward, the Health Department has five Child 
 Welfare clinics where mothers may go and we hope by this means to complete the 
 weighing and measuring records for Milwaukee. The follow-up work started when 
 the weighing and measuring ceased, and is being conducted by volunteer workers 
 who visit the homes and instruct the mothers. Some 895 cases have been reported 
 on up to date by forty-seven active workers. A wide canvass is planned to reach 
 every child up to six years of age and obtain a report on its condition. The cases 
 will be kept on file and from this survey a mailing list compiled so that subsequent 
 educational literature can be sent to the mothers. This campaign has been carried 
 on at very little expense, the entire amount having been raised by popular sub- 
 scription. 
 
 6— SPEAKERS BUREAU 
 
 The Speakers Bureau, Mrs. Arthur N. McGeoch, chairman, reports that thirty 
 women speakers had covered the following subjects: Liberty Loan, Thrift and 
 War Savings, Conservation, Red Cross, Women's work in war. Patriotism, Child 
 Welfare and War Camp Community Service. Ninety-nine women's clubs, ninety- 
 six schools, forty-five factories, six ward meetings and thirteen girls' divisions of 
 the War Camp Community Service have been visited. 
 
 7— WOMEN IN INDUSTRY COMMITTEE 
 
 The women in Industry Committee, Mrs. George Lines, chairman, through the 
 clerical force of the National League for Woman's Service, furnished volunteer help 
 to the District Draft Board, the Local Draft Boards, the Council of Defense, and 
 many other organizations in Milwaukee. A total of 568 women gave 46,600 hours 
 to this work. At the request of the Police Department, this committee took charge 
 of the registration of alien women and registered over 11,000. They also gave 
 valuable assistance to the Legal Advisory Board in its work on questionnaires. 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME S ERVICE 49 
 
 8— STUDENT NURSE RESERVE CAMPAIGN 
 
 In August, 1918, the Women's Ward and District Organizations conducted a 
 campaign for the registering of student nurses for the Surgeon General's Office. 
 Recruiting stations were opened in every ward of the city and in every township 
 of the county, and 265 women were enrolled for this service. The sub-committee 
 on nursing has been making a survey of nursing resources in Milwaukee County. 
 This is not yet completed. This committee is also working on a proposition for a 
 central bureau for nurses in the city. 
 
 9— MISCELLANEOUS 
 
 A large flag, 40 x 20 feet, was made by the Women's Ward and District Organi- 
 zation and presented to the Flag Display Commission of Milwaukee. The Woman's 
 Committee is now planning to present a large service flag to the City of Milwaukee 
 in honor of the men who have gone into service from Milwaukee. 
 
 At the request of the Housing Committee, a survey was completed for the pur- 
 pose of obtaining information about the possibilities for housing in the city and a 
 classification of the types of buildings in various localities. 
 
 10— SUMMARY 
 
 It will thus be seen that the Women's Ward and District Organization of the 
 Milwaukee County Council of Defense carried on two lines of activities, one which 
 included work among its own members in each ward and district, such as Red Cross, 
 Relief and Child Welfare work, and that it also, at the request of other departments 
 of the Council of Defense, and the Liberty Loan, War Savings, Red Cross and other 
 committees, furnished the machinery by which the enormous work of carrying on 
 campaigns was assisted. 
 
 This organization fostered the community spirit in every ward and was a means 
 of transmitting information to and obtaining it from people of Milwaukee that 
 proved of great value. The people are accustomed to having the block captains 
 come to their homes and are willing to give them information which might be de- 
 nied to other investigators. This organization has been built up by long and con- 
 tinued effort, and has now reached a place where it is of real value to the community. 
 This committee can be made a real power for good in the community and a vehicle 
 by which any wide-spread plan for civic improvement in the future may be carried 
 through, and it would seem a serious mistake to lose this valuable force or to allow 
 this committee to disintegrate. 
 
50 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 Program for Future 
 
 Including Functions of the Council of Defense 
 
 Which Should be Considered as to their Continuance 
 on a Permanent Basis 
 
 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDATIONS 
 
 / — That the County Council of Defense be demobilized and discontinued, as 
 originally planned, as soon as it is determined what organizations and agencies are 
 to carry on its work and as soon as the authority of state and federal officials for 
 such action is obtained. 
 
 2 — That a conference of the various interests of Milwaukee, including the mayor, 
 Common Council and County Board, be held, to determine future plans for co- 
 operation between the local government and citizens, and what features of the war 
 organization are valuable in times of peace. 
 
 3 — That this conference consider thoroughly the creation of a Community 
 Board to supervise such activities as shall be carried on — this board to include, 
 besides city and county officers, representatives of the most important interests in 
 the community, such as commerce, manufactures, labor, etc. 
 
 4 — That the Information Service of the Council of Defense and registration of 
 associations and agencies, be kept intact. 
 
 S — That the Committee on Public Welfare and the Department of Public 
 Welfare be continued so as to carry out valuable work now in process. 
 
 6 — That the Women's Advisory Council with its co-operating agencies, district 
 councils and sub-committees be continued. 
 
 7 — That other portions of the organization be disbanded and the records, plans, 
 and other material on file be held and turned over to those existing agencies or new 
 agencies which may be formed to carry on specific parts of the program. 
 
 8 — That the Military Affairs Committee, its small staff and records be retained 
 over the demobilization period in order to provide continuous information service, 
 advice and welcome for returning service men. 
 
 DISCUSSION OF UNCOMPLETED WORK 
 
 The Milwaukee County Council of Defense has been, throughout the war, a 
 clearing house for the various agencies and activities of this county. It has been 
 primarily a stimulating center at which the representatives of the various organiza- 
 tions, associations and interests met and from which suggestions were sent out to 
 these organizations and associations. Many of the most vital activities were car- 
 ried on by other bodies. Many of the movements were suggested by these bodies, 
 approved by the Defense Council and backed by it as a measure necessary during 
 the war. 
 
 The Council of Defense was an emergency body. Its task has been fulfilled, 
 save for the clearing up of its records and providing for the carrying on of those 
 tasks which can not be dropped or placed in the hands of other organizations. The 
 advisability, however, of the retention of some sort of advisory body, linking to- 
 gether government and the organized interests of the district, should be seriously 
 considered. Sufficient funds for secretarial assistance for an advisory body of this 
 sort, would be necessary and would make it possible to keep together valuable files 
 of information as to the various agencies and organized bodies throughout Mil- 
 waukee County which are available to do various types of work. 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 51 
 
 k 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE 
 
 The Department of Public Welfare and the Public Welfare Committee of the 
 Council of Defense should be retained for the present at least, pending further 
 developments along this line. The function of this committee is that of bringing 
 together the various elements working for the welfare of the people of Milwaukee, 
 including the handling of food and fuel problems, housing, family budgets, and simil- 
 ar work. There is at present no organization which can undertake successfully this 
 program, depending as it does upon the co-operation of a large number of depart- 
 ments, agencies, and individuals. 
 
 (a) — Children's Year Campaign 
 
 Under orders of the national government, an effort is being made throughout 
 the nation to cut down mortality among infants. A great national economy can 
 thus be effected and an immense amount of distress and suffering eliminated, merely 
 through education and better knowledge of the care of children. The success of 
 this campaign depends directly on the co-operation of a large number of private 
 citizens with the Health Department. 
 
 (6) — Emergency Fuel Stations 
 
 Twenty-six stations have been established. The coal is purchased, the accounts 
 set up, and everything is arranged to take care of fuel shortages during the coming 
 winter. It is inadvisable to shift this matter at this time since the Fuel Administra- 
 tion has already as much as it can handle. 
 
 (c) — Marketing 
 
 The sale of fish, vegetables and surplus food products should be continued as at 
 present by the city sealer of weights and measures, under the authority and with 
 the co-operation of the Food Board and Food Bureau of the Council of Defense. 
 This work must be handled by some organization which has authority to buy and 
 sell foodstuffs until it is definitely determined whether or not a permanent marketing 
 bureau is to be established. 
 
 (</) — Budget and Household Efficiency Campaign 
 
 The present movement in favor of the establishment of family budgets should be 
 carried on under the special committee which has been appointed for this purpose. 
 Much valuable information has been gathered and it would be a distinct loss to the 
 community if this should not be made use of, both from the standpoint of determin- 
 ing a fair living wage and from the standpoint of getting more from the available 
 wage. 
 
 (e) — Industrial Housing Committee 
 
 The work of the Industrial Housing Committee has been directed by the United 
 States Government. This survey is being made at the present time and the results 
 from it must be maintained. This means that a central rental bureau and clearing 
 house for available locations should be undertaken. Nearly 1,000 requests have 
 been handled by the experimental rental bureau established within the last two 
 months. 
 
 (/) — Food Conservation 
 
 Food conservation must continue for some time to come, since there will be, 
 during the next year at least, a more severe drain on the supply of food for the 
 world than has previously occurred. This is indicated by the announcement of 
 Herbert C. Hoover, national food administrator. 
 
51 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 DISTRICT AND WAR COUNCILS 
 
 A valuable organization of men's and women's district and ward councils of 
 defense, numbering in all about 6,000 workers, has been built up through the city 
 and county. These should be maintained for some time to come as effective in- 
 struments for the carrying out of civic movements. There are to be two more 
 Liberty Loan drives which we will have to meet; War Savings Stamp movements 
 must be kept up; food conservation must be pushed even more than before, and 
 the Relief and Housing activities must also continue. The Women's Advisory 
 Council, with the splendid co-operation among the women of Milwaukee County 
 which has been secured up to date, should be kept intact and maintained as a spe- 
 cial function. 
 
 RETURNING SOLDIERS 
 
 We must expect our returning service men to come back by two's, three's and 
 singly. This makes it impossible for a large official reception committee to effec- 
 tively handle this task. The Military Affairs Committee, which handled the mobili- 
 zation of the units and sent them off to the camps, together with its secretary, 
 should be retained in order to furnish the necessary information service, legal advice 
 and other emergency help which will be needed by these returning service men. 
 This body has co-operated closely with the United States Employment Service. 
 As complete a registry of service men as it has been possible to secure has been 
 kept in the Defense Council Offices and the co-operation of all the welfare agencies 
 secured so that the machinery for handling those cases is available. 
 
 The activities of the proposed committee of public officials, members of the 
 Common Council and County Board must, of course, be confined largely to handling 
 the big groups of returning service men and to general entertainments and celebra- 
 tions. A special effort ought to be made to induce the War Department to return 
 Milwaukee and Wisconsin's portion of the famous Thirty-second Division as a 
 unit. It is possible that similar arrangements can be made in the care of the 341st 
 Infantry. This task must be carried on by the city officials. 
 
 OTHER DEPARTMENTS AND ACTIVITIES 
 
 1 — Department of Manufactures — The Department of Manufactures, to- 
 gether with its valuable data concerning the industrial resources of the district, 
 should be continued by some organization, and given the necessary support which 
 its services merit. Its scope should be extended to cover sales information, labor 
 and industrial problems arising. 
 
 2 — Department of Commerce and Finance — The bulk of this work has been 
 performed during the war by the Chamber of Commerce and the Association of 
 Commerce and should be continued by those organizations. There should, how- 
 ever, be some non-partisan body to which the commercial economy moves may be 
 referred, so that the suspicion of selfish motives which arise when a commerce body 
 advocates a movement may be allayed. 
 
 3 — Labor Advisory Committee — The work of the Labor Advisory Committee 
 and the program laid out for it should be carefully considered before this plan of a 
 joint body of employers and labor representatives to consider plans of general 
 welfare to both elements is entirely dropped. 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 53 
 
 Summary of Report on Finances of the 
 Milwaukee County Council of Defense 
 
 An analysis of the auditor's report on the finances of the Milwaukee County 
 Council of Defense show that the total net receipts available for the operation of 
 the organization were $73,763.98. 
 
 The appended statement of receipts and disbursements show that the total 
 amount of money received by the Council of Defense was $125,924.07, and the total 
 disbursements $120,732.00. These totals, however, might prove misleading, since 
 they include over $40,000 received and paid out in connection with the Council's 
 merchandising activities, such as the sales of coal, fish and vegetables. This sum 
 does not represent profit, but merely turnover necessary in carrying out such mer- 
 chandising activities. The actual net receipts from merchandising activities which 
 were made available for the use of the Council amounted to $2,560.91. 
 
 Further, a large portion of the Milwaukee Industrial Bureau fund, amounting 
 to over $12,000, was turned over to the War Industries Board and handled as a 
 separate fund. This $12,000 fund, although listed in the receipts of the Defense 
 Council, was not available for general use in the operation of the organization. 
 
 The following table shows the net receipts which were actually available for the 
 activities which the Defense Council was called upon to perform. 
 
 Available Net Receipts for Carrying on the Council 
 of Defense 
 
 (Excluding War Industries and Washington Bureau Funds) 
 
 Appropriations $51,733.34 
 
 Donations 5,378.42 
 
 Military Extension 10,861.33 
 
 Public Information 997.20 
 
 Children's Year 1,602.80 
 
 Merchandising Profit (Fish, Fruit, Vegetables) 2,560.91 
 
 Special Receipts 629.98 
 
 $73,763.98 
 
 Certain expenses which did not go through the voucher system of the Council 
 of Defense were met by the various businesses, associations and agencies of the 
 city and county. As no record of the cost of these activities paid for by outside 
 agencies has been kept, they have not been included in the list. It must be noted 
 in addition that the total payrolls for the better part of two years amounted to but 
 $33,072.04. The largest paid staff at any one time was fifty-seven. 
 
 EMERGENCY WORK INCREASES COSTS 
 
 The work handled was to a great extent of an emergency character. This necessi- 
 tated large numbers of emergency employees and accounts largely for the changes 
 in clerical staff shown in the tabular statement of salaries. 
 
 All office, clerical, and miscellaneous expense has been absorbed into the De- 
 partment of Administration which includes also the Labor Bureau, Public Informa- 
 
54 
 
 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 tion, Co-operation with War Finance and War Fund Committees and similar 
 activities. 
 
 It is very interesting to note that a small profit of $2,560.91 resulted from the 
 merchandising services of the food and fuel bureaus. This after paying all expenses, 
 and a small fee to the city employees who gave extra time to the work. 
 
 RECAPITULATION OF EXPENSES 
 By Departments 
 
 Department 
 
 Salaries 
 
 Othc 
 
 Total 
 
 Administration — Executive, Labor, 
 
 Public Information 
 
 Central Steno. Office 
 
 Commerce 
 
 Public Welfare 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 Public Affairs 
 
 $9,311.46 
 7,401.10 
 711.28 
 5,781.39 
 4,141.43 
 5,725.38 
 
 $33,072.04 
 
 $1,969.72 
 15,110.29 
 232.38 
 42,479.78 
 12,851.23 
 15,016.56 
 
 $87,659.96 
 
 $11,281.18 
 22,511.39 
 943.66 
 48,261.17 
 16,992.66 
 20,741.94 
 
 $120,732.00 
 
TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 55 
 
 Milwaukee County Council of Defense 
 
 Summary of Receipts and Disbursements 
 
 May 1, 1917 to November 1, 1918 
 
 RECEIPTS 
 
 Appropriations from Tax Funds (Sched. A) $51,733.34 
 
 Merchandising and Fuel Conservation (Sched. B) 40,673.33 
 
 Food Conservation (Sched. C) 1,704.75 
 
 War Gardens (Sched. D) 163.00 
 
 Social Service (Sched. E) 136.00 
 
 Child Welfare (Sched. F) 1,602.80 
 
 Military Affairs and Patriotic Celebrations (Sched. G) 10,861.33 
 
 Women's Councils (Sched. H) 125.70 
 
 Milwaukee Industrial Bureau (Sched. I) 12,548.20 
 
 Public Information (Sched. J) 997.20 
 
 Donations and Miscellaneous (Sched. K) 5,378.42 
 
 Total Receipts from All Sources $125,924.07 
 
 DISBURSEMENTS 
 Public Welfare 
 
 Merchandising and Fuel Conservation (Sched. 1) $38,112.42 
 
 Food Conservation (Sched. 2) 1,499.47 
 
 War Gardens (Sched. 3) 1,240.70 
 
 Social Service (Sched. 4) 823.63 
 
 Child Welfare (Sched. 5) 803.56 
 
 $42,479.78 
 
 Public Affairs 
 
 Military Affairs (Sched. 6) $ 5,341.76 
 
 Patriotic Celebrations (Sched. 7) 8,331.28 
 
 Americanization (Sched. 8) 79.13 
 
 Men's Councils (Sched. 9) 690.62 
 
 Women's Councils (Sched. 10) 400.00 
 
 Education (Sched. 11) 167.37 
 
 Boys-to-the-Farm Movement (Sched. 12) 6.40 
 
 $15,016.56 
 
 Manufactures 
 
 Government Contracts (Sched. 13) 73.80 
 
 Conversion and Adjustment (Sched. 14) 38.75 
 
 Washington Bureau (Sched. 15) 5,227.42 
 
 Washington Bureau, Reg 
 
 Office, Milwaukee (Sched. 16) 
 
 190.48 
 7,320.78 7,511.26 
 
 $12,851.23 
 
56 TWENTY MONTHS OF WAR-TIME SERVICE 
 
 Commerce and Finance 
 
 Return Loads Bureau (Sched. 17) $ 11.63 
 
 Building Restrictions (Sched. 18) 17.95 
 
 Commercial Economy (Sched. 19) 202.80 
 
 $ 232.38 
 
 Administration 
 
 Labor and Employment (Sched. 20) $ 198.62 
 
 Public Information (Sched. 21) 1,771.10 
 
 General Office (Sched. 23) 15,110.29 
 
 $17,080.01 
 
 Pay Rolls 
 
 Total Pay Rolls, all Purposes (Sched. 23) $33,072.04 
 
 Total Disbursements, all Purposes *$120,732.00 
 
 Bank Balance, as per books, Oct. 31, 1918 (Sched. 24).. $ 5,192.07 
 
 *$50.00 in these disbursements were drawn out of bank for Petty Cash Fund. 
 
 Milwaukee, Wis., Dec. 14, 1918. 
 Milwaukee County Council of Defense, 
 City Hall, Milwaukee, Wis. 
 
 Gentlemen : — This is to certify that we have examined the books and records of 
 the Milwaukee County Council of Defense for the period beginning May 1, 1917, 
 and ending October 31, 1918. 
 
 Attached is detailed statement of receipts and disbursements, showing total 
 receipts from all sources of $125,924.07, and total disbursements for all purposes 
 amounting to $120,682.00, leaving a balance on hand of $5,242.07, consisting of 
 $5,192.07 in the National Exchange Bank, and $50 in petty cash fund. Bank 
 reconciliation statement and pay roll analysis attached. 
 
 All receipts were deposited in the bank, and all disbursements made by check 
 with the exception of one item of $125, which was deducted from donations col- 
 lected at a dinner given at the Milwaukee Auditorium on September 18, 1917, 
 between the hours of 6:30 P. M. and 7:30 P. M. to pay for the rental of hall, and 
 erection, use and removal of band stand, and the proceeds only turned over to the 
 Milwaukee County Council of Defense. 
 
 All disbursements were made on properly executed vouchers and were audited 
 by the City Comptroller before being paid. 
 
 At the bottom of Schedule No. 22 is shown an item of $9.10 being entry made on 
 the books for adjustment of cash on January 31, 1918. 
 
 Vouchers are on file for all disbursements and are entered in proper records. 
 
 Respectfully submitted, 
 
 (Signed) W. E. SCHNEIDER 
 (Signed) E. R. DOYLE 
 
 Auditors 
 
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