lass 
 
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THE BURNING OF 
 THE PEGGY STEWART 
 
 •RELIGIOUS TOLERATION 
 ^IN MARYLAND 
 
 Aftif^al Decorations 
 m the Baltimore Cburt House 
 
3J^' 
 
ADDRESSES 
 
 DELIVERED ON THE OCCASION 
 OF THE UNVEILING OF THE MURAL 
 DECORATIONS THE BURNING OF 
 THE PEGGY STEWART" PAINTED 
 BYCHARLES YARDLEY TURNER AND 
 "RELIGIOUS TOLERATION PAINTED 
 BY EDWIN HOWLAND BLASHFIEU) 
 
 ISSUED BY THE MUNICIPAL ART 
 SOCIETY OF BALTIMORE ^ iM 
 
MADE BY 
 
 MUNDER-THOMSEN COMPANY 
 
 BALTIMORE 
 
 Price, $i.oo. Post-paid. 
 
 Gift 
 The Society 
 
CONTENTS 
 I 
 
 The Burning of the Peggy Stewart : 
 
 The Painter Theodore Marburg 9 
 
 Response E. Clay Timanus 35 
 
 The Incident Edwin Warfield 41 
 
 Letter Charles Tardley Turner 61 
 
 II 
 Religious Toleration : 
 
 Address Ira Remsen 67 
 
 Letter Edward Rowland Blashfield 95 
 
 III 
 
 Extracts from Addresses, Annual Meeting 
 Municipal Art Society : 
 
 Parks, etc, Theodore Marburg 99 
 
 School Decoration . Elizabeth King Ellicott 105 
 
 Treaty of Calvert with the Indians : 
 
 Letter Charles Tardley Turner 1 1 7 
 
Cbarles l^arMe^ burner's 
 '^be Burning of tbe peggi^ Stewart'' 
 
 unveiled at 
 
 The Courthouse, January 11th 
 
 1905 
 
*'Z\)c painter" 
 
 address of 
 Theodore Marburg 
 
Zbc ip>ainter» 
 
 [O often a building is dedi- 
 
 i^gAjj cated or a monument un- 
 
 ^ ^1 veiled with slight reference, 
 or none, to the man from 
 whose mind it was evolved. 
 Surely we owe such a one a passing tribute, 
 particularly as the future is apt to remem- 
 ber him when our names are forgotten. 
 The painter, especially, has claims upon 
 us, for he, more than others, is called upon 
 to be faithful to his ideals. Ceaseless strug- 
 gle and actual privation often mark his 
 early career. Not infrequently they prove 
 his gaunt companions to the end, even 
 though fame pause later in her flight to 
 weave a magic round his name. 
 
 Charles Yardley Turner attributes his 
 success as a painter to his mastery of 
 technique, by hard work, and to his deter- 
 
 9 
 
mination to understand. One would think 
 that art is surely something which the 
 worker may take up or throw aside at 
 will, working spasmodically if he choose, 
 doing as much or as little as he likes. 
 But the fact is, many of the noted artists 
 whose daily life we know, were and are 
 tremendous workers. When Rembrandt 
 could find no other subjects he had the 
 hardihood to paint portraits of himself. 
 The person who wished to identify the 
 great English Turner was directed to look 
 for the man with a pencil in his hand, for 
 he was seldom without one. In order to 
 avoid interruption Rosa Bonheur estab- 
 lished her home in the little village of By 
 in the forest of Fontainebleau with none 
 but peasants as neighbors. She lived with 
 her horses and her mastiffs. For a time, 
 until he became dangerous, a lion whelp 
 was the cheerful companion of her bed- 
 chamber. Meissonier was indefatigable and 
 notably conscientious. He would go back 
 again and again at a picture until frequently 
 the purchaser was compelled to fix a date 
 on which to take the picture away. At 
 
 lo 
 
times he made wax models of the central 
 figure of a projected painting so that he 
 might look all round the figure. Then 
 came an elaborate study painted on wood 
 before he was ready to insert the figure 
 in the final picture. 
 
 That consummate draftsman, Bou- 
 guereau, paints till the light fades and 
 then takes up his pencil to make addi- 
 tions to the pile of sketches one finds in 
 his atelier. 
 
 Charles Yardley Turner frankly declares 
 that in his case he has found no flow of 
 genius to take the place of application. 
 When he happens upon a certain effect in 
 the course of his work, he endeavors to 
 understand how it was produced. If he 
 succeeds, the thing is then his. This 
 method has characterized the whole of 
 Turner's life. His mind calls for an 
 explanation of things, and his nature is 
 not to be satisfied until he understands. 
 What he does once, as a rule, he can 
 do again. 
 
 Turner received his first instruction in 
 art at the Maryland Institute, for he is a 
 
Baltimorean, as were his father and grand- 
 father before him. The pubhc schools of 
 Baltimore and " The Friends School," 
 gave to him all the schooling he ever 
 had; nature gave him his ability, and his 
 Quaker antecedents helped supply the 
 principles and character that were to be 
 a staff and stay to that ability in the trials 
 that awaited him. It was the night class 
 he attended at the Institute. His days 
 were spent in the office of an architect, just 
 as later, in New York, he supported himself 
 by portrait work during the day, in crayon 
 and in water color, for photographers. 
 Only the night was left for the pursuit of 
 his studies at the National Academy of 
 Design. Turner went to New York in 
 1872 without money and without friends, 
 and with only a meagre training. His 
 work in the life class of the National 
 Academy of Design was soon given 
 honorable mention. During the second 
 and third years a bronze medal of the 
 Academy came to him and a money prize 
 with which he bought his first kit for 
 work in oil. On holidays and at odd 
 
times he threw aside his portrait work and 
 painted outdoor nature. He was active 
 in organizing the Art Student's League in 
 New York in 1875, ^^^ ^^^ thrice chosen 
 its president. 
 
 The important step in Turner's career 
 was his departure for Paris in August, 1878. 
 That start for France at the age of twenty- 
 eight, an age when reading, social chat, 
 reflection, and the sight of the treasures 
 that have drifted to our shores from 
 France have all combined to inform the 
 mind of the riches that await one there ! 
 But what previous fancies can adequately 
 picture the real Paris ? The charm of the 
 sky, of the beautiful streets, and the 
 absorbingly interesting tide of life that 
 flows through them ; the melancholy 
 beauty of the old, centering in the 
 Musee de Cluny, the equal beauty of 
 the new, radiating from the Luxembourg ! 
 And the Louvre ! The Louvre that en- 
 closes in its walls the whole story of man's 
 artistic endeavor from the picture writing 
 and rude carvings of primitive men and the 
 hardly less clumsy sculptures of Assyria 
 
 13 
 
and Egypt, through the unaccountably 
 developed perfection of the Greeks, 
 through the decadent Romans, and 
 through the Renaissance, down to the 
 work of our own time ! 
 
 And let me pause here to break a lance 
 in behalf of this work of our own time 
 which we are prone to belittle. Whilst in 
 sculpture there is little this side of the 
 Greeks that completely satisfies one, — the 
 masterpieces of Michael Angelo and Barye 
 excepted — in painting we of today are not 
 found wanting. 
 
 Occasionally nature leaps a thousand 
 years ahead and produces an Aristotle, a 
 Rembrandt, a Shakespeare, or a Wagner. 
 Such men belong not to their generation, 
 but are waves from the unknown flung 
 far beyond the highest height of ordinary 
 human powers, perhaps to intimate to us 
 what the future man may be. Such aside, 
 the painters of France and Holland and 
 Spain in the past few generations have 
 produced canvasses which, in point of 
 drawing and truth and content, are not 
 inferior to the average work of any 
 
generation that has gone before. True, 
 there existed during the Renaissance a 
 religious enthusiasm which reflected it- 
 self in painting, an enthusiasm which is 
 lacking today. But our age has its ideals 
 too. " Cyrano de Bergerac," for exam- 
 ple, could hardly have been written a 
 century ago. In point of altruism and 
 humanity our own age is not surpassed by 
 any that has preceded it, and these ideals 
 express themselves in the art of today. 
 Take such a painting as that of Dagnan- 
 Bouveret picturing peasants in the autumn 
 wood taking their mid-day morsel beside 
 the great tree they have felled, their faces 
 upturned to the woodman who stands, 
 with wrapt expression, playing his violin. 
 Here is a moment of poetry in the life 
 of the wood-chopper; the thread that 
 binds this humble group to all the great 
 things of the past and of the future. Jean 
 Francois Millet, despite his note of social- 
 ism, how full of humanity ! L'Hermitte 
 portraying the more dignified side of labor 
 in the crowded city marketplace, as well 
 as on the farm ; seeing, as Furness said in 
 
 15 
 
another connection, the waving field of 
 grain as well as the plowed land and real- 
 izing that " the waving grain is no less a fact 
 in the landscape." Where in the old masters 
 are greater themes ? In the Dutch painters 
 of other centuries we find technique and 
 power, but it is chiefly the vulgar side of 
 life they picture. Which of them com- 
 pares in tenderness and humanity with 
 their countryman of today, Joseph Israel? 
 But we left Turner in Paris. That first 
 view of Paris and its treasures, how few 
 experiences in life compare with it ! Inter- 
 est in the gay and beautiful panorama about 
 one is heightened by the full background 
 of the city's stirring history : the passion, 
 the purpose, the genius and the contribu- 
 tion of this people to progress. So human 
 this life of Paris, so perversely human if 
 you will, but crowded with the records of 
 the highest achievements of the mind, and 
 containing, too, many a page, less noticed 
 perhaps and less sought by the critic, of 
 faith that was kept and daily task heroic- 
 ally born, of family ties cherished and fos- 
 tered, and of intense devotion to the State. 
 
 16 
 
The young American artist who was set 
 down among all this was of a discerning 
 mind. He selected as his first master no 
 less a painter than Jean Paul Laurens. 
 Presently, in company with other young 
 painters, he organized the Munkacsy 
 atelier and felt himself growing under 
 the criticism and leading of the great 
 Hungarian. 
 
 But Turner was to taste the bitter with 
 the sweet. All this while he had con- 
 tinued to support himself by painting 
 portraits for photographers at home. 
 Now, a misunderstanding over the terms 
 of a contract tied up his revenue and he 
 learned to know what it was to be very 
 poor. In order to continue his studies 
 he restricted himself to a diet of oatmeal, 
 which was not even freshly cooked each 
 day. To economize fuel, sufficient was 
 cooked at one time to last a week, and 
 for six weeks our Baltimore boy lived in 
 Paris at an outlay for food of six cents 
 per day. When his revenue came back 
 he ran oflF to Holland. It was on this 
 trip that he began work on his " Grand 
 
 »7 
 
Canal Dordrecht," which later proved his 
 first successful painting in oil. Dissatis- 
 fied with his original rendering of the 
 subject, he destroyed the canvas, returned 
 to Holland during the ensuing summer, 
 and painted the picture anew. 
 
 His last year in Paris was spent in the 
 atelier of Leon Bonnat. A happier selec- 
 tion of teachers than Laurens, Munkacsy 
 and Bonnat, Turner could hardly have 
 made ; they differ so in style, and each 
 is such a master in his way. Munkacsy 
 has been called one of the greatest tech- 
 nicians of his century. We all know the 
 rich coloring and the vigorous brush work 
 in his pictures, and this quality is reflected 
 in the work of his American pupil. Un- 
 like Meissonier he worked very rapidly, 
 having been known to finish a good sized 
 canvas in a day. 
 
 Turner brought home with him one 
 painting, " The Coppersmith," made in 
 Munkacsy's studio, which is full of the 
 spirit of that master. 
 
 On his return from Paris in 1881 his 
 whole wealth was still in the sketches and 
 
 18 
 
training he brought with him, and in a 
 certain reputation for good work done 
 abroad. The last secured for him a 
 position as teacher in the Art Students' 
 League. But now came a demand from 
 the artists for work from his brush done 
 at home. "It's all very well to do these 
 things abroad;" said they, "let's see what 
 you can do here." Dreams of the past 
 then came back to him and took shape in 
 the serious and beautiful painting "The 
 Days That Are No More." The paint- 
 ing represents a young widow and her 
 boy surmounting the stile of a church- 
 yard, with a bit of sombre landscape 
 about them. The theme was suggested 
 to his mind by Tennyson's lines : 
 
 " Tears, idle tears, I know not what they mean. 
 Tears from the depth of some divine despair 
 Rise in the heart, and gather to the eyes. 
 In looking on the happy Autumn-fields, 
 And thinking of the days that are no more. ' ' 
 
 The painting made a profound impres- 
 sion, but for some years did not find a 
 purchaser. One man said to him, "Turner, 
 I love that picture, but it calls up such a 
 flood of memories I wouldn't dare place 
 
 »9 
 
it in my home." It was sent to the 
 Paris Exhibition of 1886, where it received 
 honorable mention. 
 
 During the same year, his first year at 
 home, he painted the " Dordrecht Milk- 
 maid." This picture was one of four 
 water colors constituting his first exhibit 
 at the exhibition of the Water Color 
 Society in February, 1882. All four 
 pictures were sold at good prices. How 
 much the results of this exhibition meant 
 to him ! To return to his native land, his 
 powers untried, and to sell all his pictures 
 at his first exhibit ! Here was a triumph. 
 It spelled recognition. It meant that the 
 young artist's faith in himself was to be 
 strengthened, and there is much truth in 
 the epigram, " belief is a rule of conduct." 
 Shortly afterward, at the Academy Exhibi- 
 tion, Turner sold his " Grand Canal Dord- 
 recht." 
 
 His career since has been by no means 
 all smooth sailing, but the encouragement 
 received during this first year at home was 
 calculated to carry him a long way. 
 
 For many years critics went back to 
 
the "Dordrecht Milkmaid" and to the 
 " Days That Are No More " as the 
 notable pictures of the Academy, and as 
 two of Turner's best productions. He 
 became a member of the Water Color 
 Society, of the Society of American 
 Artists, and soon afterwards was chosen 
 to the Academy. About this time, too, 
 he helped form the Salmagundi Club and 
 accepted its presidency. But with his 
 executive ability, of which he has dis- 
 played not a little, we are not concerned, 
 except in so far as it has been a drawback 
 to him in throwing upon him too much 
 practical work to the neglect of his pro- 
 fession. The same is true of his capacity 
 for teaching, which drew large classes. 
 This sort of work grew until he was 
 doing too much of it. 
 
 Fortunately, just at this point, the 
 mariner consulted his compass and chart 
 and realized that he had been drifting. 
 With this discovery began a period of 
 his happiest work, of which we would 
 indeed like to see more. I refer to the 
 series of pictures, so truly American in 
 
 21 
 
spirit, portraying New England scenes 
 and stories of colonial days. The first of 
 these was the " Courtship of Miles Stand- 
 Ish " with which we are familiar through 
 the etching made by James S. King. If 
 Turner had any ambition to accumulate 
 money it was here that he made the mis- 
 take of his life. He received ^1300 for 
 the painting and copyright, while the etch- 
 ing has already brought to the publishers 
 a profit of more than $30,000 and the end 
 Is not yet. " John Alden's Letter " and 
 "The Bridal Procession" are two other 
 pictures in this group Illustrating so 
 charmingly the story of Miles Standish. 
 The latter painting, which has now found 
 a home in the Metropolitan Museum, was 
 etched by Turner himself; but the etching 
 proved too large for popular demand. A 
 series of less important pictures and por- 
 traits In oil and water color followed, and 
 he continued to occupy himself from time 
 to time with etching. The usual prizes 
 and medals at the Academy and at various 
 expositions now came to him. Presently 
 we find him turning his attention to a new 
 
and important field, that of mural painting. 
 There is something jarring and inap- 
 propriate about a picture in a gilt frame 
 hung with a lot of other pictures on 
 a wall. The artist who paints such a pic- 
 ture never knows where it is to go, and 
 may or may not hit upon a note which 
 will be in harmony with the surroundings. 
 Quite different is it with the mural painter. 
 Painting is finding its true scope when 
 it is made part and parcel of the room 
 through provision having been made 
 for it in the architectural scheme of the 
 room. A mural painting properly adapted 
 to its surroundings does not obtrude 
 itself — the eye rests upon it as it rests 
 on the drooping branch of a great tree, 
 noting it as a pleasurable detail, but as 
 part of a whole. Turner himself says, 
 "When the decoration becomes more 
 prominent than the object decorated, it is 
 bad decoration. The object must not be 
 smothered, and the original form lost. 
 When we come to mural painting the 
 picture should neither project from the 
 wall nor make a hole in the wall. Such 
 
 23 
 
treatment would be as false as making 
 the figures in a carpet stand up so promi- 
 nently as to cause us to experience a sense 
 of striking against them as we walk." 
 
 The knowledge of architectural design 
 which Turner had acquired in the early 
 days in Baltimore now helped him greatly 
 to a realization of the needs of his new 
 work. His first important production, 
 "The Triumph of Manhattan," gave him 
 at once a position as a mural painter. 
 His love of the beautiful appears here in 
 coloring and in the graceful figures deline- 
 ated. Interest in the picture is heightened 
 by the introduction of portraits of promi- 
 nent characters in our early history, among 
 them Franklin,Washington Irving, Morse, 
 Fulton and thefirstChiefJustice, John Jay. 
 It is highly interesting to compare this 
 painting with the noted" Hemicycle" of 
 Paul Delaroche. The advance in mural 
 painting is manifest in quietness of tone, 
 in absence of crowding, and in the natural- 
 ness of grouping. 
 
 Extensive mural decorations in the Hotel 
 Astoria, an interesting representation of 
 
 24 
 
the settlement of Martinique placed in 
 the lobby of the Hotel Martinique, and 
 the " Departure of the Raleigh Expedi- 
 tion " painted for the Hotel Raleigh in 
 Washington, all gave him further experi- 
 ence in mural work before he received his 
 first commission for Baltimore. 
 
 Our painter has had his disappoint- 
 ments as well as his successes. He was 
 awarded the second prize in the competi- 
 tion for the decoration of the Court of 
 Oyer and Terminer in New York, and in 
 1896 got second prize in competition with 
 thirty-nine other artists for the decoration 
 of the Chamber of Common Council in 
 Philadelphia. This latter was an ambi- 
 tious and meritorious composition, and 
 the money prize which Turner received 
 was little recompense for the keen dis- 
 appointment he experienced in not being 
 commissioned to carry out the work. 
 
 Another disappointment came to him 
 when he was made assistant director of 
 decoration at the Chicago Exposition 
 under the promise that he himself should 
 do one of the decorations, which promise 
 was not fulfilled. His experience there 
 
 25 
 
proved of value, however, when he was 
 selected to take charge of the color scheme 
 of the exposition buildings at Buffalo. A 
 big problem was set for him at Buffalo. 
 His task was to preserve and enhance 
 what the architect had sought to do, and, 
 at the same time, to fit in each edifice with 
 its surroundings. This was playing with 
 color on a giant scale. To keep the color 
 scheme harmonious called for artistic 
 ability of no mean order. 
 
 Few things have been a source of greater 
 satisfaction to Turner than his commissions 
 for decorations in the Baltimore Court- 
 house. It had been his ambition for 
 many years to do something important in 
 his native city. Consequently he took 
 up his work for the Courthouse with 
 the keenest interest, and the completed 
 lobby that adjoins this hall testifies to the 
 measure of his success. An unusually 
 rich setting was already provided. He 
 profited by this, keyed his painting to it, 
 and we now have in the result a lobby 
 than which it would be difficult to find 
 anywhere a thing of its kind more com- 
 pletely satisfying. 
 
 26 
 
And what satisfaction there must be to 
 the painter himself in work of this kind ! 
 The heroic scale of such painting and 
 high ideas with which the painter is deal- 
 ing, the quest of beauty, the interpretation 
 of truth in the form of allegory or in the 
 representation of a stirring historical epi- 
 sode ! To him who believes with Mat- 
 thew Arnold that happiness consists not 
 in being and having, but in acquiring and 
 becoming, the activities of the mural 
 painter who is sure of himself and who is 
 executing some public work of a high order 
 are indeed enviable. 
 
 William St. John Harper says of 
 Turner : 
 
 " In his conception of the province of 
 mural painting Mr. Turner distinctly 
 recognizes the essential unity of the arts. 
 He thoroughly accepts the dictum of 
 Michael Angelo, who, when asked by a 
 pupil, * Master, which is the greatest of 
 the arts ? ' replied, ' I know of but one 
 art.' From this point of view the first 
 thought of the painter called upon to 
 beautify and enrich a given space of wall 
 surface must be to so harmonize and 
 
 27 
 
adapt his painting to the architectural 
 conditions and environment already exist- 
 ing that his portion of the work shall take 
 its place as a part and parcel of the com- 
 pleted whole." 
 
 Some persons have asked why the 
 ship " Peggy Stewart," the center of inter- 
 est, does not appear more prominently 
 in Turner's latest decoration. The answer 
 is that the artist preferred to suggest the 
 burning of the ship rather than show it 
 in all its detail. Just as language is 
 incapable of expressing our thoughts in 
 all their fullness, so painting is limited in 
 the circumference of its possibilities. The 
 most stimulating writer is he who makes 
 us think. Just so the painter may sug- 
 gest something outside the picture, and 
 having stimulated the imagination, achieve 
 in this way larger results than by full and 
 minute portrayal. 
 
 In the silk pictures which come to us 
 from Japan, the fact that the moon is 
 risen is depicted more effectively by the 
 sheen on reeds and water and on the 
 snowy top of Fusijama than would be 
 possible were the white orb itself em- 
 broidered in the sky. 
 28 
 
I shall not attempt to fix Turner's place 
 among the painters of today. Such an 
 attempt could serve no useful purpose. 
 Nor is there any need of dwelling upon 
 his personality: he is so well known in 
 Baltimore. But I should like to refer to 
 a little episode which may have its inter- 
 est. One day last year Turner tired of 
 his brush and palette and resolved to have 
 a trip, nothing less than a wedding trip. 
 The extent of it was a journey on the 
 boat from Baltimore to Philadelphia with 
 a stop of several days at Betterton. Mark 
 you, Turner was born in 1850, and it was 
 not until 1903 that his courage rose to 
 the point of sailing from our port on a 
 wedding trip. It was in truth a sister 
 and not a wife whom he took with him 
 on this make-believe wedding trip. But 
 the group they found at the inn at Bet- 
 terton were quick to enter into the spirit 
 of the adventure. Remarks of different 
 kinds were directed at the couple at meals, 
 and when they were about to leave the 
 greatest attention was shown them. One 
 man insisted that he be allowed to do 
 something for them. Turner knew of 
 nothing he could do, but the man per- 
 
 29 
 
sisted and finally said, "Can't I carry 
 your umbrella to the boat?" "Very 
 well," said Turner, "carry the umbrella." 
 Another volunteered to take his port- 
 manteau. There was some delay in the 
 arrival of these articles on the steamer, 
 but they finally came, the portmanteau 
 with a large white bow attached, and the 
 umbrella filled with rice. An old gentle- 
 man on the steamer nudged the supposed 
 groom and said, "Well, young man, its 
 worth it all, eh?" The pictures of this 
 bachelor painter reveal the fact that he too 
 has had his dreams, and beneath the humor- 
 ous elements in this story of the make- 
 believe wedding trip there resides some- 
 thing fine and appealing. Charles Lamb 
 might have made just such a wedding trip. 
 The paintings that are being placed upon 
 the walls of our Courthouse, and the 
 statues we are erecting in the streets, are 
 not for beauty alone, though that would 
 constitute a sufficient excuse for their 
 being. They are there to help inculcate 
 and perpetuate ideals. James Ward of 
 Cambridge said in his discourse in Bal- 
 
 30 
 
timore a few days ago that, " Philoso- 
 phy has retained ideals of which even 
 religion has more than once lost sight." 
 William Osier in his address on " Im- 
 mortality," dwells upon the way in which 
 ideals are handed on by the little band 
 that lead the life. Both are right, and 
 they will probably admit that we are right 
 when we say that powerful vehicles for the 
 transmission of ideals are likewise the pub- 
 lic monuments of every kind, whether the 
 glowing canvas or chiseled bronze or mar- 
 ble column, that perpetuate the memory of 
 faithful performance, or memorable deeds 
 in the service of men, whether in public or 
 private station. 
 
 The Municipal Art Society, Mr. Mayor, 
 now begs to present this decoration to you 
 as the representative of the city. 
 
 3» 
 
TResponee 
 
 OF 
 
 E. Clay Timanus 
 
IResponse ot B. Cla^ XTimanus 
 
 TT is with great pleasure that I accept 
 this beautiful painting on behalf of the 
 municipality. 
 
 The event here so well depicted by the 
 artist's brush is one of the foremost events 
 in the history of our State. We were 
 then a colony, and at the beginning of 
 the struggle for the independence we 
 enjoy today, and which has made of the 
 United States one of the greatest powers 
 in the world. This painting, then, while 
 local in character so far as Maryland is 
 concerned, has a national, if not a world- 
 wide, interest attached to it. It is a 
 picture to which we may always point 
 with special pride. It will freshen our 
 minds as we look upon it, and make all 
 the keener our interest in colonial history 
 and in the brave, heroic struggles of our 
 forefathers. 
 
 It is fitting that we should have such 
 paintings on the walls of our most beauti- 
 ful building. The early history of Mary- 
 land cannot fail to attract and hold the 
 interest of people, because it is a glorious 
 
 35 
 
history. I am afraid, sometimes, that our 
 own people do not appreciate it as they 
 should. These paintings will help them. 
 They will help also to educate the young, 
 and therefore are far more valuable than 
 we might think. School children must 
 take a deeper interest in their studies of 
 history after they have seen the paintings 
 the Municipal Art Society and the city of 
 Baltimore have placed upon the walls of 
 this great building. 
 
 The pictures will in fact attract visitors, 
 who cannot fail to carry away with them 
 to their homes impressions of Baltimore 
 that will grow and spread. It is just such 
 buildings as this and such pictures as these 
 that attract strangers to a city, and in pro- 
 viding them we are not only helping our 
 city, but we are really and truly helping 
 to educate the people. 
 
 We take pride in pointing out the beau- 
 ties of our Courthouse to visitors. These 
 paintings help to beautify the building and 
 make it more interesting to us and to them. 
 
 The Courthouse Commission is to be 
 commended for the building it has given 
 
 36 
 
Baltimore, and the Municipal Art Society 
 deserves and should receive the commenda- 
 tion and thanks of our people for what it 
 has done, and still is doing, toward the 
 beautification of Baltimore and its fore- 
 most building. Such efforts have my 
 hearty approval, and as Mayor will have 
 my hearty co-operation at all times. 
 
 37 
 
'^bc •flnct^ent" 
 
 address of 
 Edwin Warfield 
 
(mim 
 
 '*Zbc 1lnci&cnt" 
 
 TAKE this occasion as a 
 Marylander and as Chief 
 Executive of this State to 
 express my appreciation of 
 what the Municipal Art 
 Society of Baltimore and the Courthouse 
 Commission are doing to commemorate 
 important colonial and revolutionary events 
 in Maryland, through the mural decora- 
 tions in this our new and splendid Court- 
 house. We have assembled today to un- 
 veil one that depicts one of the most 
 heroic of those events. 
 
 The burning of the " Peggy Stewart " 
 has been recalled in a realistic style by 
 Mr. Turner, who has in this and other 
 similar works demonstrated his high artis- 
 tic skill and genius. It is gratifying to 
 know that he is a native of Maryland. 
 
 41 
 
The causes leading up to this overt act 
 of the colonists of Maryland against British 
 authority are well known. The colonists 
 exhausted every possible means of redress 
 against taxation without representation ; 
 and having vainly tried peaceful remon- 
 strances, determined to resort again to 
 non-importations which had been adopted 
 in the days of the Stamp Act. They united 
 in forming associations to carry out this 
 resolve. 
 
 In 1770 a British bark arrived in the 
 harbor of Annapolis with a cargo of the 
 obnoxious dutiable articles. The citizens 
 of Maryland calmly assembled, and in the 
 presence of the Governor and other pro- 
 vincial officers, discussed and set at defiance 
 the objectionable act, and decided to pre- 
 vent the landing of the cargo. 
 
 This bold stand brought the English 
 merchants to their senses, and caused 
 them to resolve not to bring prohibited 
 goods to Maryland. 
 
 The British Ministry, alarmed by the 
 determined position of the colonists, agreed 
 to repeal duties on all articles except tea, 
 
 42 
 
and carried out this agreement by an Act 
 of Parliament in April, 1770. 
 
 New York merchants, " yielding to that 
 spirit of money-getting which has since 
 made their city the commercial emporium 
 of the continent, immediately thereafter 
 began to desert their associations." Phila- 
 delphia followed ; and several merchants 
 of Baltimore resolved that they would 
 import the articles by that Act released 
 from duty. 
 
 Delegates from the counties of Mary- 
 land met at Annapolis and, instead of 
 yielding their assent to the proposition 
 that the merchants be released from their 
 promise not to import any articles from 
 the parent country, declared they would 
 hold no communication with any mer- 
 chant who should import such articles. 
 
 Thus, while the people of the cities 
 broke away from the non-importation 
 associations, those of the country re- 
 mained firm. They proclaimed the mer- 
 chants of New York, Philadelphia and 
 Baltimore as faithless to their pledges, and 
 traitors to the cause of liberty. 
 
 43 
 
McSherry very aptly says, " Patriotism, 
 too often venal and interested in cities, 
 flourishes most vigorously in the pure 
 air of the country." 
 
 The young colonists of the western 
 frontier of our State became the Sons of 
 Liberty, and were the most determined 
 advocates of freedom from British tyranny. 
 Their enthusiasm and vigorous attitude 
 forced their more conservative kinspeople 
 of the tidewater towns of the State to 
 accept their views and to join with them 
 in their stand for independence. 
 
 Such was the spirit in Maryland, when 
 on October 17th, 1774, the brig " Peggy 
 Stewart " arrived at Annapolis from Lon- 
 don, with over a ton of tea, that plant 
 so detested by every patriotic colonist. 
 Upon examination it was found that the 
 importation was projected by Williams 
 and Stewart, merchants, and that Mr. 
 Anthony Stewart, proprietor of the ves- 
 sel, had paid duty thereon. This was 
 considered a flagrant violation of the 
 non-importation agreement, and aroused 
 a bitter resentment upon the part of the 
 
 44 
 
citizens of Annapolis, who at once 
 appointed a committee to prevent the 
 landing of the tea until the sense of the 
 country people could be fully ascertained. 
 Handbills, under the direction of Mathias 
 Hammond, were distributed throughout 
 the country, calling upon all patriotic 
 citizens to assemble in Annapolis on 
 Wednesday, October 19th, for the pur- 
 pose of taking final action. 
 
 Mr. Stewart, being apprehensive as to 
 what so numerous a body from the 
 country, from whom he had much to fear, 
 might do, urged that the meeting of the 
 citizens of Annapolis be held on the 
 Monday previous. It was also proposed 
 by some that Messrs. Williams and Stew- 
 art, who were desirous of making atone- 
 ment for the offence they had committed, 
 might be permitted to land and burn the 
 tea at any place that should be appointed 
 for that purpose. 
 
 This motion, however, was strongly 
 opposed. Messrs. Williams and Stewart, 
 acknowledging the impropriety of their 
 act, signed an apology couched in the 
 most abject terms. 
 
 45 
 
On Wednesday, as expected, a large 
 number of people from the country dis- 
 tricts assembled in Annapolis, and to the 
 assembled multitude this apology was read. 
 But it failed to satisfy the country people. 
 Mr. Stewart, because of his ready and 
 cheerful compliance with an abhorred act 
 of the British Government, was specially 
 obnoxious to them. Some were disposed 
 to tar and feather him. Others were in 
 favor of the destruction of the brig which 
 had brought the hated commodity ; still 
 others declared that the paper signed by 
 the defenders was sufficient punishment 
 and satisfaction. 
 
 To determine this point, it was pro- 
 posed that a vote be taken on this ques- 
 tion : Whether the vessel should or should 
 not be destroyed ? 
 
 Seven-eighths of those present voted 
 against such violent measures. The mi- 
 nority, however, who were chiefly persons 
 residing at a distance from Annapolis, and 
 who were men of great influence in their 
 home neighborhoods, declared a deter- 
 mination to proceed to the utmost ex- 
 tremities. 
 
 46 
 
Mr. Stewart became alarmed, fearing 
 the consequences from the minority, and 
 to secure his own personal safety, pro- 
 posed setting fire, himself, to the vessel. 
 This was immediately assented to by the 
 minority. 
 
 He, therefore, repaired on board, accom- 
 panied by several gentlemen of the minority y 
 who thought it necessary to attend him, 
 and having directed her to be run aground 
 near Windmill Point, he put the torch to 
 his valuable property, and in a few hours, 
 it, with its sails, cordage and every appur- 
 tenance and load was effectually burned. 
 
 Thus briefly as possible I have given 
 you the account of the burning of the 
 " Peggy Stewart." Who was the ring- 
 leader of that fearless minority which 
 forced Stewart to set fire to his vessel and 
 compelled the majority, composed of resi- 
 dents of Annapolis and the immediate 
 vicinity, to acquiesce ? 
 
 It was Dr. Charles Alexander Warfield. 
 He led that small band of patriots from 
 the back hills, who were determined to 
 give evidence of the spirit that prevailed 
 
 47 
 
in Maryland, and to teach the British 
 Government what resistance it would 
 meet if it persisted in taxing the people 
 of the colonies without their consent. 
 
 The patriotic societies of the country- 
 have aroused a deep interest in the colo- 
 nial and revolutionary periods and have 
 been instrumental in bringing to light 
 from family chests, the records of many 
 important events; and it gives me great 
 pleasure to testify that it was through 
 the efforts of the Sons and Daughters 
 of the American Revolution in this State, 
 that the true history of the burning of 
 "Peggy Stewart" has been developed. 
 
 The Centennial Celebration of the burn- 
 ing of" Peggy Stewart," held in Annapolis, 
 October 19th, 1874, attracted widespread 
 attention and recalled vividly that stirring 
 event. It revived the recollections of Dr. 
 Evan W. Warfield and called from him 
 a statement of great historic value, accom- 
 panied by a publication which appeared in 
 the Baltimore Patriot in 18 13, immedi- 
 ately after the death of Dr. Charles Alex- 
 ander Warfield. As these have such an 
 immediate bearing upon the subject I am 
 discussing, I will read them : 
 
 48 
 
THE JNNJPOLIS TEA BURNING. 
 
 The Centennial Celebration of the burning of the 
 "Peggy Stewart" recently held in Annapolis not 
 only attracted the attention of the people of Maryland 
 but of the entire country, and called forth many garbled 
 and conflicting accounts as to who was the perpetrator 
 of that then perilous and treasonable violation of the 
 King's Authority but which the light of after events 
 has made to glow upon the pages of history as one of 
 the most heroic and patriotic deeds performed during 
 the struggle for our Independence. In view of these 
 facts I am glad to be enabled to throw some light upon 
 that much mooted question. It was my good fortune, 
 during a recent visit to " Longwood," the residence 
 of the late Dr. Gustavus Warfield (son of Dr. Charles 
 Alexander Warfield, the hero of the " Peggy Stewart ") 
 to have my attention called to a communication to the 
 Baltimore Patriot, published in the year 1 8 1 3 , which 
 was preserved in an old scrap-book, a family history 
 and record, that dates far back into colonial times, 
 a relic of much value and interest. 
 
 I immediately recognized the historic value of that 
 old clipping for I realized that it would lift the cloud 
 of uncertainty from one of the most important events 
 in the history of our country. The authenticity of 
 the communication is beyond a doubt and its truth will 
 be evident to all readers. It was published immedi- 
 ately after the death of Dr. Charles Alexander War- 
 field, as a just tribute to his memory and as an 
 acknowledgment of his patriotism and valor. Though 
 
 49 
 
his name has long slumbered in oblivion, yet the one 
 valorous and determined stand, in opposition to oppres- 
 sion and tyranny, and the utterance of that noble senti- 
 ment, "Liberty and Independence, or death in pur- 
 suit of it," acted and uttered in those days that tried 
 men's souls, entitled him to a deserving prominence in 
 the history of his State and should be cherished by 
 every true patriot as a conspicuous example of that love 
 of Liberty and Justice which animated our forefathers 
 and wrought our freedom. * * * 
 
 Evan W. Warfield. 
 
 The " old clipping " referred to was 
 published in the Baltimore Patriot, shortly 
 after the death of Dr. Warfield, January 
 29th, 1 8 13. After touching upon the 
 distinguished services of the venerable 
 Charles Carroll of Carrollton, as chroni- 
 cled in the Salem Register of September 
 20th, it proceeds : 
 
 •'There is, however, one circumstance connected 
 with the Burning of the Tea at Annapolis that should 
 not be forgotten, and in which a highly respected and 
 valued friend of Mr. Carroll participated. 
 
 ♦•The late Dr. Charles Alexander Warfield, of 
 Anne Arundel County, who but a short time before 
 had professional honors in the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, and had been appointed Major of Battalion, upon 
 hearing of the arrival of •• Peggy Stewart " at Annapolis, 
 loaded with tea, and which vessel belonged to Mr. 
 
 50 
 
Anthony Stewart, a Scotch merchant, put himself at 
 the head of the < Whig Club * of which he was a dis- 
 tinguished member, and marched to Annapolis with a 
 determination to burn vessel and cargo. When the party 
 arrived opposite the State House, the late Judge Chase 
 met them and harangued them. ( He had been 
 employed as a lawyer by Mr. Stewart.) 
 
 ** Dr. Warfield, finding that he was likely to make 
 some impression upon the minds of his company, inter- 
 rupted him by observing that Chase had by former 
 patriotic speeches made to the ' Whig Club ' inflamed 
 the whole country, and now wished to get off by his 
 own light, and pronounced it submission and cowardice 
 on (the part of) any member of the Club to stop short 
 of their object, and called upon the men to follow him, 
 that he, himself, would set fire to the vessel and cargo. 
 But it is stated upon the best authority that the Doctor 
 carried in his hand the chunk of fire in company with 
 Stewart, whom he made to kindle it. 
 
 "When the party first entered the city and was 
 passing on, they met Stewart, who was bold in opposi- 
 tion. But his threats only served to increase their 
 determination. They erected a gallows directly before 
 his house, by way of intimidation, then gave him his 
 choice : either to swing by the halter or to go with 
 them on board and put fire to his own vessel. He 
 chose the latter, and in a few moments the whole 
 cargo, with ship's tackle and apparel, was in flames. 
 
 *' Shortly after this Mr. Stewart left the country. 
 This act decided the course Maryland was to pursue, 
 
 51 
 
and had an extensive influence upon public opinion. 
 The writer of this sketch was in company with Judge 
 Chase and Dr. Warfield, a few years before their 
 death, and heard them converse upon the above sub- 
 ject. Mr. Chase remarked, in a jocular manner, — 
 « If we had not succeeded, Doctor, in the Revolutionary 
 contest, both of us would have been hung: you for the 
 burning of the shipload of tea and I for declaring I 
 owed no allegiance to the King and signing the Declara- 
 tion of Independence.' 
 
 " There were other movements and occurrences 
 attending this early expression of a Revolutionary spirit. 
 Our departed friend, but a short time before he marched 
 to the city of Annapolis to fire the tea, was parading in 
 Anne Arundel County in the vicinity of Mr. Carroll's 
 residence. He took upon himself the privilege of print- 
 ing some labels with the following inscription: 
 
 ' Liberty and Independence, or, 
 Death in pursuit of it. ' 
 
 *' He placed one of these in the hat of each man of 
 his company. Many of the older neighbors who were 
 present were struck with astonishment and endeavored 
 to persuade him to have them taken down, for the idea 
 of Independence at that time had entered the minds of 
 but few men. The venerable Mr. Carroll the elder, 
 father to the present patriarch, rode up to the father of 
 Dr. Charles Alexander Warfield, and exclaimed: ' My 
 God, Mr. Warfield, what does your son Charles mean ? 
 Does he know that he has committed treason against 
 his King and may before long be prosecuted for a rebel ? ' 
 
 52 
 
The father replied, with much animation and patriotism : 
 * We acknowledge no King, the King is a traitor to us, 
 and a period has arrived when we must either tamely 
 submit to be slaves or struggle gloriously for Liberty 
 and Independence. The King has become our enemy 
 and we must become his. My son Charles knows 
 what he is about. ** Liberty and Independence, or 
 Death in pursuit of it " is his motto ; it is mine ; and 
 soon it must be the sentiment of every man in our 
 country.' 
 
 "The mighty words, 'Treason against the King' 
 sounded from one end of the Battalion to the other, 
 and in a few moments not a label was to be seen in 
 the hats of any of the men except Dr. Warfield and 
 Mr. James Conner, late of Baltimore County, who 
 were too stern and undaunted to be intimidated by 
 words, and they wore their labels to their homes. 
 
 Thus, those venerable patriots moved alternately 
 between hope and fear, until they accomplished the great 
 object of their labors. < Requiescat in Pace. ' ' ' 
 
 Anxious to gather the traditions in the 
 family of this patriot. Dr. Charles Alexan- 
 der Warfield, I have frequently talked with 
 Dr. Evan W. Warfield (author of the fore- 
 going statement), and with Mrs. Sheppard 
 and Miss Louisa V. Warfield, two of his 
 sisters now living, and from their lips I 
 have heard the family tradition in regard 
 
 53 
 
to this event. The account which has 
 thus been transmitted by word of mouth 
 verifies the assertion made in the letter to 
 the Patriot. 
 
 Neighborhood tradition also verifies this 
 family tradition. Captain Thomes Hobbs 
 was one of the Whigs who went with Dr. 
 Warfield to Annapolis. He said that he 
 was present and heard Dr. Warfield in 
 front of Mr. Stewart's door, say to him : 
 " Mr. Stewart, we have come to require 
 you to do one of two things, namely : go 
 with us and burn your own vessel or hang 
 before your own door." 
 
 John Galloway, of Tulip Hill, Anne 
 Arundel County, in a letter to his father 
 on October 20th, 1774, the day after the 
 burning of the vessel, gives an exceedingly 
 interesting account of the incident in which 
 he names Dr. Warfield as the ringleader 
 of the minority.* 
 
 Charles Alexander Warfield, whose im- 
 migrant ancestor had settled in Maryland 
 in 1660, was born on December 14th, 
 
 * The letter is too lengthy to reproduce. It is printed in the 
 Pennsyl-vania Magazine, volume 25, page 248. 
 
 54 
 
1751* he was the son of Mr. Azel War- 
 field. His mother was Sarah Griffith, 
 daughter of Captain Charles Griffith. He 
 graduated in medicine in Philadelphia and 
 was married in 1771, when scarcely twenty- 
 one years of age, to Elizabeth, daughter of 
 Major Henry Ridgely, whose dower was 
 Bushy Park, in Howard County, contain- 
 ing thirteen hundred acres. 
 
 Dr. Warfield became a leading citizen 
 and physician of our State. He was of an 
 ardent and determined nature and earn- 
 estly opposed the impositions of England 
 on her colonies. He had as his neigh- 
 bors prominent, patriotic men, men who 
 afterward figured in the Revolutionary 
 Army. They were the Dorseys, the 
 Griffiths, the Hobbs's, the Ridgeleys, 
 the Riggs's, the Browns, the Gaithers, 
 the Hammonds, the Watkins's, the Worth- 
 ingtons, the Warfields — all of whom were 
 imbued with the same spirit of freedom 
 and stood by him in openly advocating 
 a separation from the mother country, and 
 backed him up in the heroic position he 
 took in forcing the burning of " Peggy 
 
 55 
 
Stewart." He was made First Major of 
 the Elk Ridge Battalion in 1776. The 
 Convention of Freemen voted him a sum 
 of money for the purpose of carrying on 
 the manufacture of nitre for the powder 
 used by the soldiers of the Revolution. 
 He was one of the founders of the Medi- 
 cal and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland 
 and First President of the Maryland 
 School of Medicine. He died January 
 29th, 1 8 13, and was buried at Bushy 
 Park. His grave has been marked by 
 the Maryland Society of the Sons of the 
 American Revolution as that of a patriot. 
 The Maryland Gazette^ published at An- 
 napolis, gave editorial notice of his death, 
 in the course of which appears the fol- 
 lowing: 
 
 *• Of such a man and such a loss it is difficult to 
 speak in terms of adequate distinction and regret. His 
 long established character, extensive usefulness and 
 genuine hospitality had rendered the name of the 
 deceased familiar throughout the State, and commanded 
 a sentiment of general respect and esteem. 
 
 Dr. Warfield was conspicuous among the earliest and 
 most decided patriots of this State who espoused and 
 supported the cause of Independence ; and he adhered 
 
 56 
 
with his latest breath to those great principles of the 
 Revolution which were established and illustrated by 
 the valor and wisdom of Washington." 
 
 McMahon, in his history of Maryland, 
 says, — 
 
 •* The tea burning at Boston has acquired renown, 
 as an act of unexampled daring at that day in the 
 defense of American Liberty. But the tea burning at 
 Annapolis, which occurred in the ensuing Fall, far sur- 
 passes it in the apparent deliberation and utter careless- 
 ness of concealment attending the bold measures which 
 led to its accomplishment. This instance, in its mani- 
 festation of public feeling, is oi a character with those 
 which occurred in other parts of the province, and they 
 evince the prevalence throughout it of the most deter- 
 mined and resistless opposition to the measures of the 
 British Government." 
 
 57 
 
letter of 
 
 Charles Yardley Turner 
 
 'describing the painting 
 
TN the mural painting, "The Burning of 
 the Peggy Stewart," my purpose was 
 to express the protest upon the part of 
 Maryland's citizens against the oppression 
 of the mother country. The burning ves- 
 sel has been used as the symbol and out- 
 ward manifestation of this protest against 
 " taxation without representation." 
 
 In the centre panel I have placed Charles 
 Carroll of Carrollton as the leader of the 
 " Committee of Safety ; " opposite him 
 Dr. Warfield, the leader of the then 
 called mob, with his followers behind 
 him. Both groups are extended into 
 the picture, terminating at the right in 
 a group of ladies and gentlemen standing 
 on the green near the Stewart mansion 
 watching the conflagration, and, at the 
 extreme left hand, with another group of 
 citizens, Anthony Stewart, one of the 
 principal actors in this drama, may be 
 seen in shirt sleeves, having performed 
 his part in firing his own vessel. 
 
 The point of view is from a spot about 
 where the present boathouse stands in 
 the Annapolis Academy grounds, looking 
 nearly east over the Chesapeake, called 
 Windmill Point. 
 
 6i 
 
11 
 
 B. M. Blasbtiel^'s 
 **1Reli9tou0 toleration*' 
 
 unveiled at 
 
 The Courthouse, October 19th 
 
 1904 
 
**1Reltatou0 toleration*' 
 
 address of 
 Ira Remsen 
 
'*1ReltQious Uoleration" 
 
 [E have come together to 
 welcome another of those 
 beautiful mural decorations, 
 the possession of which we 
 owe largely to the efforts of 
 our Municipal Art Society. We are for- 
 tunate in being able to meet in this beau- 
 tiful building, of which every Baltimorean, 
 I am sure, is proud. The architects have 
 done their work well and Baltimore has 
 expressed approval. We rejoice in the 
 possession of this great monument. We 
 are coming more and more to recognize 
 the value of beauty. How it affects our 
 lives it would be difficult to tell, but that 
 it does affect them is certain. Gradually 
 we are learning this important lesson. 
 Gradually we are coming to feel the need 
 of beauty in our buildings, and gradually 
 
 67 
 
the character of these buildings is improv- 
 ing. But a beautiful exterior may hide a 
 less beautiful interior, and the interior is 
 as important as the exterior. After the 
 architect has done his work certain finish- 
 ing touches are needed. The genius of the 
 painter is called for to give these touches, 
 and to-day, in this country, it is coming to 
 be recognized more and more clearly that 
 a fine building is not finished until its larger 
 wall-spaces are covered with appropriate 
 paintings. For the painting which is to 
 be unveiled this evening, the artist has 
 chosen as his subject, " Religious Tolera- 
 tion." The central figure represents Lord 
 Baltimore. Behind him stands a Catholic 
 priest and a Protestant pastor holding 
 between them the edict of toleration. As 
 you will presently see, the details of the 
 picture are in harmony with the central 
 part and the whole is well calculated to 
 impress strongly upon the mind of the 
 beholder the significance of the event. 
 Before taking the first view it will be well 
 for us to recall exactly what the Act of 
 Toleration was, and then, by taking into 
 
 68 
 
consideration the condition of affairs at 
 that time in the other colonies and in 
 Europe, to try to form an opinion in 
 regard to its real significance. 
 
 It may be assumed that the history of 
 the settlement of Maryland is familiar to 
 this audience, and I shall not take your 
 time by an account of the details. There 
 are, however, certain facts of a general 
 character that should be before us. George 
 Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, was much 
 interested in schemes for the colonization 
 of the New World. In 1609 he was a 
 member of the Virginia Company. In 
 1622 he was one of the counsellors of 
 the New England Company; and in 1623 
 the king granted him a charter for what 
 became the province of Avalon in New- 
 foundland. But Avalon was a failure. 
 The climate and the French were unfavor- 
 able, and after the expenditure of a large 
 sum of money on the project, Baltimore 
 concluded to give it up and try somewhere 
 else. He sailed for Virginia and looked 
 into the condition of affairs at Jamestown. 
 This was in 1629. His reception was 
 
 69 
 
not cordial. The Governor and Council 
 knew that he was looking for a place to 
 establish a colony, and they objected to 
 any interference with their own plans, 
 especially as Baltimore was a Catholic. 
 Notwithstanding this opposition the king 
 finally granted a charter for a new colony 
 to be established under the name of Mary- 
 land, which included the territory lying 
 immediately to the north of Virginia, and 
 on both sides of the Chesapeake Bay. 
 George, the first Lord Baltimore, died 
 before all the ceremonies connected with 
 the granting of the charter had been com- 
 pleted, and it was issued in 1632 to his 
 son Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore. 
 Cecilius was therefore the first Lord Pro- 
 prietary of Maryland. 
 
 It will help us to form a judgment in 
 regard to the character of the first Lord 
 Baltimore to read part of a letter written 
 by him to Lord Wentworth in 1 63 1 after 
 the death of Wentworth's wife. He says : 
 " But all things, my lord, in this world, 
 pass away: statutum est; wife, children, 
 honour, wealth, friends, and what else is 
 
 70 
 
dear to flesh and blood. They are but 
 lent us till God please to call for them 
 back again, that we may esteem anything 
 our own, or set our hearts upon anything 
 but Him alone, who only remains forever. 
 I beseech His almighty goodness to grant 
 that your Lordship may, for His sake, 
 bear the great cross with meekness and 
 patience, whose only Son, our dear Lord 
 and Saviour, bore a greater for you ; and 
 to consider that these humiliations, though 
 they be very bitter, yet are they sovereign 
 medicines, ministered unto us by our 
 heavenly Physician, to cure the sickness 
 of our souls." It appears from this and 
 the important fact that Lord Baltimore 
 had originally joined the Roman Catholic 
 Church as a convert that he was of a 
 strongly religious turn of mind. 
 
 The charter gave the Lord Proprietary 
 these powers : 
 
 " The Patronages and Advowsons of 
 all Churches, which shall happen to be 
 built, together with licence and faculty of 
 erecting and founding Churches, Chapels, 
 and places of worship * * * and of causing 
 
 7« 
 
the same to be dedicated and constituted 
 according to the ecclesiastical Laws of the 
 Kingdom of England, with all and singu- 
 lar such and as ample rights, privileges, 
 sovereignties, &c. * * * as any Bishop of 
 Durham." This left it to the Lord Pro- 
 prietary to establish whatever church he 
 chose. He had practically complete con- 
 trol. His personal interests were those 
 of the Roman Catholic Church. At that 
 time, it will be remembered. Catholics 
 were subjected to many forms of persecu- 
 tion in England. Baltimore evidently 
 wished to prevent these conditions in the 
 colony and it appears that he promised 
 his colonists that they should not be 
 interfered with on account of their re- 
 ligious beliefs. A letter of Charles, third 
 Lord Baltimore, written in 1678 throws 
 much light on this subject. He wrote : 
 " At the first planting of this Province by 
 my father albeit he had an absolute liberty 
 given him and his heirs to carry thither 
 any persons out of any of the dominions 
 that belonged to the Crown of England 
 who should be found willing to go thither, 
 
 72 
 
yet when he came to make use of this 
 liberty, he found very few who were 
 indined to go and seat themselves in 
 those parts, but such as for some reason 
 or other could not live with ease in other 
 places ; and of these a great part were 
 such as could not conform in all particu- 
 lars to the several laws of England relating 
 to religion. Many there were of this sort 
 of people who declared their willingness 
 to go and plant themselves in this Province 
 so they might have a general toleration 
 settled there by a law by which all sorts 
 who professed Christianity in general 
 might be at liberty to worship God in 
 such manner as was most agreeable with 
 their respective judgments and consciences, 
 without being subject to any penalties 
 whatsoever for their so doing, provided 
 the civil peace were preserved ; and that 
 for the securing the civil peace and pre- 
 venting all heats and feuds which were 
 generally observed to happen amongst 
 such as differ in opinions, upon occasion 
 of reproachful nicknames and reflecting 
 upon each others opinions, it might by 
 
 73 
 
the same law be made penal to give any 
 offence in that kind. These were the 
 conditions proposed by such as were will- 
 ing to go and be the first planters of this 
 Province, and without complying with 
 these conditions in all probability this 
 Province had never been planted. To 
 these conditions my father agreed, and 
 accordingly soon after the first planting of 
 this Province these conditions by the 
 unanimous consent of all who were con- 
 cerned were passed into a law; and the 
 inhabitants of this Province have found 
 such effects from this law and from the 
 strict observance of it, as well in relation 
 to their quiet, as in relation to the further 
 peopling of this Province, that they look 
 upon it as that whereon alone depends 
 the preservation of their peace, their 
 properties and their Hberties." 
 
 In the light of this letter it is not 
 surprising to find that Cecilius took early 
 steps to prevent trouble between Protes- 
 tants and Catholics. In a letter of in- 
 structions addressed to those who were 
 in charge during the voyage he directed 
 
 74 
 
that in order to preserve peace and unity 
 among the passengers, and to avoid all 
 occasion of scandal or offence, they cause 
 all acts of the Roman Catholic religion to 
 be performed as privately as possible, and 
 that the Roman Catholics be instructed 
 upon all occasions of religious discussion 
 to remain silent, and that they treat the 
 Protestants with as much favor as justice 
 would permit. This to be done on land 
 as well as sea. 
 
 When the Maryland Colonists landed 
 on St. Clements Island, March 25th, 
 1634, they erected a cross made of a tree, 
 celebrated mass, and took solemn posses- 
 sion of the country "for our Saviour and 
 for our Sovereign Lord the King of Eng- 
 land." One of the historians of Mary- 
 land calls this day the "birthday of a free 
 people, worthy of commemoration to the 
 latest day of their existence." It would 
 be interesting and profitable to follow our 
 colony year after year and to see how they 
 fared under the new conditions. All was 
 not smooth sailing. They had many 
 troubles. That is only natural, as they 
 
 75 
 
were dealing with a new problem under 
 extremely difficult conditions, and, further, 
 they themselves were human and subject 
 to the limitations of human nature. The 
 seed of religious toleration was sown. It 
 developed slowly but at last in 1649 ^^^ 
 Maryland Colonists passed the Act of 
 Toleration. What was this famous Act ? 
 In the preamble it was declared that in 
 a Christian commonwealth matters con- 
 cerning religion and the honor of God 
 ought in the first place to be taken into 
 serious consideration and settled. The 
 Act then proceeded to provide that who- 
 ever should blaspheme God, deny that 
 the Saviour Jesus Christ was the Son of 
 God, or deny the divinity of either person 
 of the Holy Trinity, should be punished 
 with death and confiscation of lands and 
 goods ; that reproachful words concerning 
 the Blessed Virgin Mary or any of the 
 Apostles or Evangelists, should be pun- 
 ished by fine, and in default thereof by 
 whipping and imprisonment, with in- 
 creased punishment for the second offence, 
 and banishment and forfeiture for a third; 
 
 76 
 
that the using of reproachful names towards 
 any person, whether inhabitants, or persons 
 trading in the Province, on account of 
 rehgion, such as calling one a Heretic, 
 Schismatic, Idolator, Puritan, Independ- 
 ent, Presbyterian, Popish Priest, Jesuit, 
 Papist, Lutheran, Calvinist, Anabaptist, 
 Brownist, Antinomian, Barrowist, Round- 
 head and Separatist, or any other name or 
 term relating to religion in a reproachful 
 manner should be punished by fine, and 
 in default thereof by whipping and im- 
 prisonment until the offender should 
 ask forgiveness publicly of the person 
 aggrieved ; that profaning of the Sabbath 
 or Lord's Day, called Sunday, by frequent 
 swearing, drunkenness, or uncivil or dis- 
 orderly recreation, or by labor, except in 
 case of necessity, should be punished by 
 fine, increasing in amount with repetition 
 of the offence ; and in default of fine, by 
 imprisonment for the first and second 
 offences, until acknowledgment of the 
 fault before a magistrate, with whipping 
 for each subsequent offence." 
 
 The Act then continued with a second 
 preamble, and recited that " Whereas the 
 
 n 
 
enforcing of the conscience in matters of 
 religion hath frequently fallen out to be of 
 dangerous consequence in those common- 
 wealths in which it hath been practised, 
 and for the more quiet and peaceable 
 government of this Province, and the 
 better to preserve mutual love and amity 
 amongst the inhabitants thereof," it was 
 further enacted by the Lord Proprietary 
 with the advice and consent of the Assem- 
 bly, that no person or persons whatsoever 
 within the Province, professing to believe 
 in Jesus Christ, should from henceforth 
 be any ways troubled, molested or dis- 
 countenanced, for or in respect of his or 
 her religion, nor in the free exercise thereof 
 within this Province or the Islands there- 
 unto belonging, nor any way compelled 
 to the belief or exercise of any other 
 religion against his or her consent so as 
 they be not unfaithful to the Lord Pro- 
 prietary, or molest or conspire against the 
 civil government. Punishment was pro- 
 vided for violations of this provision by 
 fine, and damages to the person wronged. 
 
 78 
 
An act of this kind would hardly be 
 regarded at present as providing a high 
 degree of toleration, but it must be borne 
 in mind that the conditions that existed 
 in the middle of the seventeenth century 
 were quite different from those that exist 
 today. The religious troubles of that 
 time were due to the relations between 
 the Catholics and Protestants. So far as 
 the New World is concerned the Jewish 
 faith was not involved, nor did Unitarian- 
 ism play any part in the religious affairs 
 of that day. The colonists were, nomi- 
 nally at least, Christians, and if peace 
 could be kept between the different kinds 
 of Christians, the problem was solved. 
 The Act of Toleration, judged by the 
 standards of the seventeenth century, 
 marks a decided advance, and it appears 
 to be worthy of most of the praise that 
 has been lavished upon it. However 
 imperfect the Act may appear to us the 
 fact remains that it dealt effectively with 
 the chief religious problem that then 
 called for solution at the hands of those 
 
 79 
 
charged with the affairs of government in 
 the Province of Maryland. From this 
 Province no one, so far as can be learned, 
 has ever been excluded by reason of his 
 religious belief, and it is certain that no 
 one within her boundaries has ever suf- 
 fered death for this reason. 
 
 Since the passage of the Act there have 
 been times when efforts were made to 
 counteract its effects. So long as the 
 Lord Proprietary was in control these 
 efforts were not successful. In 1654, 
 when certain Commissioners of the Com- 
 monwealth which had been established in 
 England were in command, an Act of 
 Assembly was passed, the principal pro- 
 vision of which was " that none who 
 profess and exercise the popish religion, 
 commonly known by the name of the 
 Roman Catholic religion, can be protected 
 in this Province by the laws of England 
 formerly established and yet unrepealed, 
 nor by the Government of the Common- 
 wealth of England and Scotland and 
 Ireland, and the Dominions thereunto 
 
 80 
 
belonging, published by his Highness 
 the Lord Protector, but are to be re- 
 strained from the exercise thereof. * * * 
 Such as profess faith in God by Jesus 
 Christ, though differing in judgment from 
 the doctrine, worship and discipline pub- 
 licly held forth, shall not be restrained 
 from, but shall be protected in the pro- 
 fession of the faith and exercise of their 
 religion * '" * provided that this liberty 
 be not extended to popery or prelacy nor 
 to such as under the profession of Christ 
 hold forth and practise licentiousness of 
 opinion." 
 
 It is not difficult to discover the handi- 
 work of our rigid friends, the Puritans, in 
 this legislation. 
 
 When the Lord Proprietary came into 
 power again in 1658 all laws passed since 
 the overthrow of his authority were wholly 
 disregarded. In spite of all efforts since 
 that time the principle for which Cecilius 
 stood has prevailed. 
 
 How did matters stand in Europe at 
 the time of the passage of the Act of 
 
 81 
 
Toleration ? A brief statement will suffice. 
 In 1649, ^^ England, both parties, save a 
 few broad minded men like Cromwell, 
 stood for an established Church and dis- 
 senters were under considerable restriction. 
 The same was true of Scotland. In France, 
 the liberties the Hugenots had secured 
 under Henry IV were being gradually- 
 taken away, and La Rochelle had fallen. 
 In other Roman and Greek Catholic lands 
 persecution and even death was the lot of 
 heretics. In Germany, the principle of 
 the State Church and of cujus regio ejus 
 religio was thoroughly recognized by the 
 Peace of Westphalia which ended the 
 thirty years war in 1648. In Scandinavia, 
 the Lutheran Church did not make the 
 lot of the dissenter easy. Only in Hol- 
 land and Switzerland was toleration found. 
 The idea that Church and State must 
 be joined together was an old one although 
 the founder of the Christian religion had 
 taught the opposite. He said, " Render 
 to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and 
 render to God the things that are God's." 
 
 82 
 
The principle of the independence of 
 Church and State seems here to be clearly- 
 stated. Schaff calls these the wisest words 
 "ever uttered in answer to an entangling 
 question." If Christ meant exactly what 
 SchafF assumes he meant, and his words 
 had been accepted as a divine command 
 to his followers, much of the turmoil the 
 world has seen could and would have 
 been avoided. What effect this would 
 have had on the general development of 
 mankind it is idle to ask. For some 
 reason the command was not observed 
 and the idea that it was the business of 
 government to control religious beliefs 
 took almost complete control. Whatever 
 evil results may have followed from this 
 state of affairs in the form of war and 
 persecution of individuals it seems prob- 
 able that it led to more intense thought 
 on the subject of rehgion. It is a fair 
 question whether the minds of men could 
 ever have been directed towards spiritual 
 matters so generally in any other way. 
 The simplest view of the subject of the 
 
 83 
 
relation of Church and State is that they 
 should be joined. The members of a 
 State are in a sense members of a large 
 family. The head of a family to this day 
 has much to say about the religious beliefs 
 of the members of his family, at least 
 during their earlier years. It is natural 
 that in patriarchal governments this view 
 should be extended to the head of the 
 government. Man had to learn by ex- 
 perience that in the long run this method 
 of dealing with religious matters does not 
 work satisfactorily, and although today 
 many of the countries of the world have 
 their established churches there is even 
 in these countries much greater freedom 
 in religion than in the seventeenth century. 
 There is still persecution in some places, 
 but it cannot be carried far. The world 
 at large is rigidly opposed to it, and will 
 see to it that it is stopped. Maryland 
 taught the world a lesson — a much-needed 
 lesson even in the American colonies. At 
 the time of the passage of the Act of 
 Toleration, Congregationalism was the es- 
 
 84 
 
tablished church In Massachusetts and 
 nearly all New England ; Episcopacy in 
 Virginia, the Carolinas, and New York. 
 " The first English settlers fled from per- 
 secution in their native land, and sought 
 freedom of worship for themselves, but for 
 themselves alone. With the exception ot 
 the Baptist colony of Rhode Island, the 
 Quaker colony of Pennsylvania, and the 
 Cathohc colony of Maryland, the princi- 
 ple of state churchism was as fully recog- 
 nised and established in our colonial period 
 as in England." 
 
 The experiment of Roger WiUiams in 
 Rhode Island was begun a little earlier 
 than the experiment in Maryland. Wil- 
 liams objected to a State Church. To him 
 it " was an abomination, however it might 
 be administered, and whether it abode in 
 Rome, in England, or in Massachusetts." 
 His views were most forcibly and clearly 
 expressed. Thus, " As it would be con- 
 fusion for the Church to censure such mat- 
 ters and acts of such persons as belong not 
 to the Churchy so it is confusion for the State 
 
to punish spiritual offenses^ for they are not 
 within the sphear of a civil jurisdiction. * * * 
 The Civil State and Magistrate are meerly 
 and essentially civile and therefore can not 
 reach (without transgressing the bounds of 
 civility) to judge in matters spiritual, which 
 are of another sphear and nature than 
 civility is." Again, " Civil and corporal 
 punishments do usually cause men to play 
 the hypocrite and dissemble in their Re- 
 ligion, to turn and return with the tide, as 
 all experience in the nations of the world do 
 testifie now. This binding and rebinding 
 of conscience, contrary or without its own 
 perswasion, so weakens and defiles it that 
 it (as all other faculties) loseth its strength 
 and the very nature of a common honest 
 conscience." 
 
 The charter granted to William Penn 
 in 1 68 1 leaves the question of liberty of 
 conscience open, but it contains this im- 
 portant clause, " if any of the inhabitants 
 to the number of Twenty signify in writ- 
 ing to the bishop of London their desire 
 for a preacher, such a preacher or preachers 
 
 86 
 
as may be sent by him shall be allowed to 
 reside and exercise their functions in the 
 colony without any deniall or molestacion 
 whatsoever." There is obviously no great 
 amount of freedom in this, and Penn's 
 " Frame of Government " leaves much to 
 be desired in this respect. But whatever 
 may be said in regard to the Pennsylvania 
 experiment it is to be noted that it came 
 later than that of Maryland, so that it may 
 be left out of consideration in dealing with 
 the question as to the importance of Balti- 
 more's acts and especially of the Act of 
 Toleration, In comparing the work of 
 Roger Williams with that of Baltimore it 
 is to be observed that they held very 
 different views. They agreed that govern- 
 ment should not attempt to control the 
 religious beliefs of the people, but Wil- 
 liams insisted upon an absolute separation 
 of Church and State. This Baltimore did 
 not do, but he did insist that CathoHcs 
 and Protestants should live together in 
 peace and that no one should be perse- 
 cuted on account of his religion. The 
 
 87 
 
atheist would not have found it comfort- 
 able in any of the colonies. As for the 
 agnostic, he had not been born, and it 
 was unnecessary to make provision for him 
 or to prescribe punishment for his particu- 
 lar form of offence. 
 
 Religious toleration was a preliminary 
 to religious freedom. The two are not 
 synonymous. The term toleration implies 
 some superiority and advantage of one 
 form of belief over others. It does not 
 proclaim the equality of all forms of belief 
 under the law. That came later, after the 
 colonists had had a great variety of experi- 
 ences during about a century and a half. 
 They had finally come to join their forces 
 for the purpose of gaining their independ- 
 ence and after the Revolution, which, it 
 must be remembered, had nothing to do 
 with religion, the framers of the Federal 
 Constitution guaranteed full religious 
 liberty to all American citizens within the 
 jurisdiction of the United States. The 
 Constitution adopted under Washington 
 in 1787 provides (Act VI., Sec. 3) that 
 
" No religious tests shall ever be required 
 as a qualification to any office or public trust 
 under the United States." And in 1789 
 the first amendment to the Constitution, 
 proposed by the first Congress declares: 
 " Congress shall make no law respecting an 
 establishment of religion, or prohibiting 
 the fi-ee exercise thereof, or abridging the 
 freedom of speech, or abridging the free- 
 dom of the press, or of the rights of the 
 people peaceably to assemble, and to peti- 
 tion the government for a redress of 
 grievances." Here is absolute religious 
 liberty. The people of America " render 
 to Caesar the things that are Caesar's " at 
 least. Whether they "render to God the 
 things that are God's " is another question 
 and a deep one. This question the Gov- 
 ernment does not ask. Certain it is that 
 our attitude towards religion is quite diflfer- 
 ent from that of our forefathers. We are 
 free from governmental interference in such 
 matters, and we believe that this is an 
 advantage. Has our religious thought 
 benefited by this freedom? If evidence 
 
 89 
 
Is sought in outward forms probably a 
 negative answer would have to be given. 
 But if the conduct of our people is looked 
 into and compared with that of the first 
 settlers of this country and of their con- 
 temporaries in Europe, we should not, I 
 am sure, suffer by the comparison. So 
 far as religious beliefs are concerned, the 
 tendency is certainly towards such as are 
 broader and sounder. As Lyman Abbott 
 says : " Two changes have taken place in 
 the life of the church, both of them for 
 the better, though doubtless accompanied, 
 as all such changes are, by some adverse 
 circumstances. First, the public interest 
 has been transferred from theological to 
 ethical problems, — that is from problems 
 in the philosophy of religion to problems 
 in practical conduct. Second, we have 
 grown more catholic, that is, more large- 
 minded; have come, or are coming, to 
 see the difference between the truths and 
 the truth, and to perceive that none of us 
 possess the truth, and that our neighbor 
 possesses some fragment of truth which 
 we ourselves have failed to possess." * * * 
 
 90 
 
"While we may well deprecate the ten- 
 dency of theological unconcern to develop 
 into spiritual indifferentism, while we may 
 well be on our guard against it ourselves, 
 and try to put others on guard against it, 
 we may certainly see that the close of the 
 nineteenth century is far in advance of the 
 beginning in the juster comparative esti- 
 mate which it puts on speculative thought 
 and practical life, in the more cautious 
 estimate which each one puts upon his 
 own opinions, and in the greater readiness 
 of each to give respectful consideration to 
 the opinions of his neighbor." 
 
 9» 
 
letter of 
 
 Edwin Rowland Blashfield 
 
 describing the decoration 
 
"IX/HAT I intended to suggest was sini- 
 " ' ply Lord Baltimore commending 
 his people to Wisdom, Justice and Mercy. 
 Wisdom holds out the olive branch of 
 Peace to the tolerant. Behind Lord Balti- 
 more a Catholic priest and a Protestant pas- 
 tor hold between them the edict of tolera- 
 tion. A negress and an Indian squaw 
 crouch behind Baltimore and lay hold of 
 his mantle of black and gold (the colors of 
 the commonwealth). To right and left and 
 in the side panels are other figures of 
 colonists introduced simply to fill out the 
 composition decoratively. At the side of 
 Justice a boy holds a shield with the date 
 1649, t^^ y^^'" of the edict. In the center 
 of the decoration a nude boy holds the 
 scales level as a symbol of equity, and 
 points upward at the motto of the Balti- 
 mores, " Thou hast covered us with the 
 shield of thy good will." The back- 
 ground is woodland with a suggestion of 
 the Bay. I think that my " Washing- 
 ton " work for Baltimore showed progress 
 upon anything that I had done before, 
 and that my " Lord Baltimore " is techni- 
 cally a decided advance upon the other. 
 
 December i ith, 1904. 
 95 
 
Ill 
 
 Extracts 
 
 FROM OTHER ADDRESSES 
 
 DELIVERED AT THE 
 
 annual flileettng 
 
 OF THE 
 
 fIDuntctpal art Socteti? 
 
 January 11th 
 1905 
 
parhs, etc. 
 
 (Extracts) 
 
 By Theodore Marburg 
 
 CINCE our last annual meeting the Mu- 
 nicipal Art Society has dedicated the 
 Howard statue, unveiled the second Tur- 
 ner decoration, received, and, in conjunction 
 with the Park Board, published the Olm- 
 sted report. It is this evening participat- 
 ing in the unveiling of the new Blashfield 
 decoration. These things are of a per- 
 manent nature, and we have sought to 
 give them such quality that they will be 
 of lasting and growing value to the city. 
 After tonight the work of the society will 
 be closed in connection with all the objects 
 enumerated except the Olmsted parking 
 plan. * * * This society cannot empha- 
 size too often the importance of the park 
 movement. There is no one thing which 
 it has done, nor probably ever will do, 
 which can equal in importance the pro- 
 vision of adequate breathing spaces for 
 the people. Art has many uses, but it 
 can never rival nature in the pure enjoy- 
 
 99 
 
ment it brings to the dweller in the 
 crowded city. And are you not intro- 
 ducing nature at this man's door when 
 you give him parks ? The Japanese 
 viewpoint is interesting in this connec- 
 tion. After the farmer in that country 
 has acquired a competence and turned 
 over his farm, as is his custom, to his 
 son, one of the first things he does is to 
 view the wonders of Japan. Now these 
 wonders are very different from ours. 
 They are such things as the moon rising 
 over the mists in a certain valley, the 
 evening light on the fishing fleet coming 
 in at a particular harbor, the bloom of the 
 plum trees in the orchard of a noted tem- 
 ple, the light of the sea-dragon or phos- 
 phorescence that plays around a group of 
 red-rocked, pine-clad islands. Though 
 the Japanese are consummate artists in 
 their way, they have gone through the 
 gamut of man's attempt to interpret nature 
 which we call art, and have fallen back 
 upon nature itself as the thing most 
 beautiful. 
 
 1 recall with interest the impression 
 
made upon me by experimentation in 
 house-building at the Ausstellung in 
 Hesse-Darmstadt, a few years ago. Each 
 of the half-dozen houses constituting the 
 exhibition was unique. One would sud- 
 denly happen upon a room raised to the 
 full height of the house, with balconies on 
 which adjoining rooms opened out. The 
 wall decorations, stained glass, metal work, 
 even the glassware on the table, were things 
 one had never seen before. The effect 
 was very beautiful. But presently there 
 came to one the reflection, " What would 
 happen if men should attempt to build a 
 city in this wise ? " Very soon originality 
 would come to an end, and they would 
 begin to repeat, and when they began to 
 repeat, this new art would be in nowise 
 superior to the old. Nothing so impresses 
 one with man's limitations as the city with 
 its row upon row of houses substantially 
 alike. In the town the variety that inter- 
 ests us is the variety of mind in men, the 
 diversity of human motive. Nature's 
 creature is thus varied, but in the things 
 he himself fashions, this variety of mind 
 
 lOI 
 
and motive Is only feebly expressed. Be- 
 yond the city gates what contrast ! How 
 different the impress of the summer woods, 
 with its varying shades of green, its motion 
 and pleasant sounds ; of the winter woods, 
 with its interlacing branches, gnarled roots, 
 moss and uneven ground. And then the 
 changing sky ! No one day is like another ; 
 no one sky is like another. Everywhere 
 is infinite variety. This variety and this 
 refreshing beauty, superior to art, is what 
 you introduce to the masses in the big 
 cities when you give them parks. Com- 
 parisons are at times unhappy, and often 
 unnecessary ; but if we should compare 
 the other objects for which the Municipal 
 Art Society has striven, we would find 
 them at this moment dwindle into insignifi- 
 cance when weighed against the parking 
 plan ; not only intrinsically, but because 
 now is the time to carry out the Olmsted 
 plan. Unless we acquire the needed land 
 in the near future, much of it will be built 
 upon, and we never can acquire it. ''' * * 
 Several of the objects for which the 
 Municipal Art Society has been working 
 
 I02 
 
it can now afford to drop from Its pro- 
 gram. Among these are the sewerage 
 system and good streets. One learns to 
 be skeptical about things which appear to 
 be on the eve of realization ; but it is hard 
 to see how the present movement for 
 improvements can be defeated. 
 
 Movements at present under way, 
 wholly or partly under the auspices of 
 the Municipal Art Society, are : to pro- 
 vide, for the west lobby of the Courthouse, 
 decorations by John La Farge ; to erect 
 memorials to Edgar Allan Poe and to the 
 founder of the Johns Hopkins University 
 and Hospital ; to continue the work of 
 decorating the public schools ; to prose- 
 cute the campaign for the suppression of 
 the smoke nuisance. 
 
 Few events since the foundation of the 
 Society are more gratifying to its officers 
 than the provision made by two patriotic 
 societies for new decorations in the Court- 
 house to illustrate the coming of the Ark 
 and Dove to our shores. It is an earnest 
 of the day when the work we have been 
 doing will go on without us. 
 
 103 
 
Scbool Decoration 
 
 (Extracts) 
 
 By Elizabeth King Ellicott 
 
 W 
 
 'E will assume that in the ideal school- 
 house, the first requisite is a building, 
 which though simple, should in propor- 
 tions, material, lighting and ventilation, be 
 a daily lesson in architecture to its pupils, 
 and an ornament and source of pride to 
 the neighborhood. 
 
 When a new schoolhouse is approach- 
 ing completion, the architect or building 
 inspector should inquire what coloring 
 and treatment of the rooms are needed as 
 a background for decoration and the com- 
 mittee, if so consulted, would send in the 
 following recommendations : 
 
 The windows, doors, blackboards and 
 ventilating apparatus should be studied as 
 parts of one whole and their finish and 
 painting should be in harmony with the 
 scheme of color chosen. For instance, in 
 a sunny room where a green wall would 
 soften the light, the blackboards should 
 be painted a dark green, with the frame 
 
 105 
 
a somewhat lighter tone, which would 
 harmonize with the paler green wall, and 
 all the woodwork of doors and windows 
 should match the frame of the black- 
 boards. This involves very little or no 
 extra outlay of money, for the reason that 
 it is merely the treatment of necessary 
 structural features, properly carried out 
 in the beginning, instead of a subsequent 
 struggle to overcome mistakes. If the 
 treatment ended here it would be a 
 pleasure to live in the room, and the 
 room in itself would be an education in 
 color and harmony. Unless the room 
 is so treated, the blackboards will persist 
 in being the most prominent features in 
 it, and the doors and windows will prove 
 of more importance than the best exam- 
 ples of art upon the walls, no matter how 
 exalted the sentiment nor how refined the 
 feeling displayed in their selection. 
 
 The dimensions of the wall spaces should 
 determine the size of the casts and pictures. 
 For example, at the end of the room, 
 facing the rows of desks, there is usually 
 a large wall space. A row of casts from 
 
 io6 
 
the Elgin marbles, or a chariot race, illus- 
 trating one of the chief activities of a 
 well-developed and artistic people, is a 
 noble object for the eye to dwell on and 
 sufficient in itself to decorate the wall. 
 
 The halls should, if well lighted, be 
 painted a clear red, on which statuary of 
 the best Greek and Renaissance periods 
 can be placed with imposing effect. 
 
 This naturally leads to the question of 
 subject, and here there should be the 
 sharpest differentiation between what are 
 artistic, and what are strictly illustrative 
 subjects. The introduction of amusing 
 and pleasing pictures for the entertain- 
 ment of children, accustoming their minds 
 to enjoy cheap pictorial representations of 
 commonplace subjects, is time and money 
 wasted. All pictures should be educa- 
 tional, but there is a radical difference 
 between the class of subjects which a 
 teacher requires for the purpose of illus- 
 trating geography or history, and the 
 class of subjects which quicken and 
 inspire an artistic consciousness. For 
 example, in one of the schools decorated 
 
 107 
 
by the Municipal Art Society, there is 
 an attractive room filled with colored 
 lithographs of large size, of the finest 
 American scenery : Shoshone Falls, Ni- 
 agara, the Yosemite, the canyon of the 
 Colorado, etc. They are invaluable in 
 teaching natural science and geography, 
 and they are also attractive and decora- 
 tive, but they are only incidentally artistic, 
 and should not be used for the purpose of 
 teaching art. 
 
 There are also in the same classrooms, 
 large photographs of leading statesmen 
 and authors, good to promote national 
 ideals and the teaching of history, even 
 though they are frequently no more artis- 
 tic than the commonplace portraits of 
 captains of industry which fill the pages 
 of leading periodicals. 
 
 After providing adequately for such 
 illustrative decorations, the main issue 
 which is the inspiration of this movement 
 is next to be considered. What class of 
 pictures should be introduced to educate 
 the artistic consciousness of the pupils ^ 
 
 The committee is very sure, in the light 
 of its experience, that only the finest art 
 
 1 08 
 
reproductions should be chosen, even at 
 the risk of their being beyond the grasp 
 of the pupils at first. 
 
 There is only one restriction to be con- 
 sidered. The subjects must be simple, 
 for the undeveloped mind of a child 
 cannot grasp complicated conditions ; but 
 all that is finest in art which is simple in 
 composition, should be put before the 
 awakening intelligence of the pupils. For 
 example, Michael Angelo's Moses, but 
 not his Sibyls, would be understood by 
 them. Not the whole panorama of the 
 Sistine Madonna, but the eternal sweet- 
 ness and symbolism of the mother and 
 child, would impress them. Friezes of 
 Greek athletes would present to a child 
 coming from sordid surroundings a heroic 
 physical ideal which nothing else could 
 arouse, and would be understood by him 
 when explained by an intelligent teacher. 
 
 In all ages great art has associated itself 
 with the highest aspirations and most 
 vigorous developments of humanity, and 
 therefore the choice of subjects for educa- 
 tional purposes should be in the direction 
 
 109 
 
of noblest thought and endeavor. Heroic 
 periods of history, religious aspiration, 
 immortal self-sacrifice have been the in- 
 spiration of great artists, and should be 
 put before the minds of children, when- 
 ever possible, as they express the double 
 purpose of greatest art and noblest living. 
 
 Even in the selection of less important 
 subjects, such as landscapes and flowers, 
 only those compositions which have ele- 
 ments of style in them should be chosen. 
 For example, landscapes of Constable or 
 Millet would be preferable to a photo- 
 graph from nature, for the reason that 
 style is, after all, the embodiment of some 
 art idea modified by the genius of an artist, 
 and interpreted of the people, and there- 
 fore is of most value for educational 
 purpose. Even commercial catalogues 
 recognize this value ; to an increasing 
 extent the best reproductions are repro- 
 ductions of pictures which embody the 
 motives above mentioned. 
 
 Why is this effort being made by this 
 and other societies ? And is it worth 
 while to continue to uphold this standard ? 
 
 The organization of the Municipal Art 
 
Societies has been largely an effort to 
 revive and foster the artistic spirit in a 
 new country and in no way can this spirit 
 obtain a more organic hold than through 
 the minds of the children of the public 
 schools. 
 
 The effect on mechanical arts would be 
 great ; the effect on character would be 
 even greater. One has but to study its 
 effect on national character in Japan to see 
 how great has been its value to that nation. 
 
 During the period immediately preced- 
 ing the modern regime, every article in 
 use in a Japanese home, such as a bronze 
 candlestick, a brass lamp, an iron kettle, 
 a paper lantern, a wooden tray, reveals a 
 sense of beauty and fitness unknown to 
 western cheap production. This sense 
 of beauty informed everything in com- 
 mon life and gave a charm unspeakable 
 to this older civilization. The results 
 were simplicity and amiabihty of man- 
 ners, daintiness and delicate tact and 
 the strange power of presenting out- 
 wardly under any circumstances, the best 
 and brightest aspects of character. 
 
 In fostering this spirit in American 
 
 III 
 
nationality, the practical results will be 
 far reaching. The pupil who leaves the 
 grammar school to enter a trade or 
 technological school, will do so with a 
 quickened sense of color, form and pro- 
 portion, invaluable in his career. Take, 
 for example, the trade of house painting, 
 and the universal difficulty experienced 
 in obtaining desired tones owing to the 
 lack of sensitiveness to color in the work- 
 man's mind. This will be impossible in 
 the future, if the coming house painter 
 goes to school in rooms where his eye 
 will instinctively have become accustomed 
 to harmonious tints. 
 
 The little girl who spends one-third of 
 her young life in these same rooms, will no 
 longer buy with her first earnings, the 
 magenta waists and the pink roses with 
 which she goes to the theatre, and what 
 is more important, she will not go to 
 the low theatres which now are nightly 
 thronged by the youth of our cities to 
 their ultimate demoralization. 
 
 If a child attends school for six years 
 in a well proportioned schoolhouse, and 
 
 I 12 
 
daily inhabits a room beautiful in color, 
 harmonious in line, stimulating in its dis- 
 play of great ideas expressed in noblest 
 form, the tendency will be to become 
 tender in treatment of material things, 
 discriminating in eye and ear and manner; 
 evil and base things will become repug- 
 nant, joyous and strong and bold con- 
 ceptions of life will be more natural. 
 
 He will grow to be the better citizen, 
 because in addition to his purely mental 
 training, his senses and emotions will be 
 strengthened and purified by great art 
 ideas as he is familiarized with them, 
 and gradually in addition to the adaptive- 
 ness and enterprise of the American citizen, 
 the coming generation will have added to 
 it the finer graces of the older civilizations. 
 
 113 
 
L LETTER OF 
 
 I CHAK.ES YAKOL.V T„K.EK 
 
 I DESCRIBING HIS 
 
 ''Zvcat^ of Calvert wttb tbelnMane" 
 
 unveiled at 
 
 The Courthouse, June 2nd, 
 
 1902 
 
Xlurner's Xetter 
 
 r^OY. LEONARD CALVERT and 
 
 his fellow Pilgrims arrived at the 
 mouth of the Potomac River in March, 
 1634. 
 
 "They were met by friendly Indians, 
 Yaocomicos, under the sovereignty of the 
 Emperor of Piscataway, from whom they 
 bought a tract of land for axes, hoes and 
 cloth, and laid out the plan of a city which 
 they called St. Marys." 
 
 The decorative composition represents 
 a conference with the Indians, having for 
 its object the barter of agricultural imple- 
 ments and cloth for a tract of land. The 
 central group consists of Governor Calvert 
 and his companions conversing with Indian 
 chiefs ; extending into the other panels are 
 more Indians and English. 
 
 The extreme left-hand panel is intended 
 to suggest the domestic side of Indian life. 
 A squaw tries a new hoe and a brave curi- 
 ously admires an axe recently used by the 
 boy in chopping wood, while an old man 
 in a blanket looks on. In the back- 
 ground is shown the end of their long 
 
 117 
 
house, the landscape stretching away in 
 the distance ; trees, bare of fohage, are 
 traced against the sky. To the right, 
 behind Calvert, are the English Pilgrims. 
 
 The right-hand panel, containing a view 
 of the river and distant shore, with the 
 ships riding at anchor, shows in the 
 immediate foreground a family group 
 occupied with the view. 
 
 The groups of Indians and English are 
 gathered near a grove of trees which forms 
 the background, the shore and river ex- 
 tending across the right-hand part of the 
 composition. 
 
 My desire was to emphasize the fact 
 that the land was purchased, not taken 
 by conquest, from the Indians. 
 
 I have made the Indians in the first 
 panel interested in the implements ex- 
 changed, introducing such matter as might 
 seem natural and at the same time meet 
 the requirements of the decoration. 
 
 The centre panel deals with the meeting 
 and conference, or barter ; Leonard Cal- 
 vert is facing the Indian chiefs with some 
 of his followers. I intended the one with 
 his hat removed, for Captain Fleete, acting 
 
 ii8 
 
as interpreter. Some of the Indians are 
 examining a piece of red cloth. 
 
 In the third panel I have tried to sug- 
 gest the interest the family had in the 
 place where they are to settle, — by the 
 banks of the river. 
 
 The paintings are not intended to repre- 
 sent a particular incident, occurring at a 
 special moment, but are meant to convey 
 the thought and action which pertained to 
 the purchase of the land. 
 
 Hence the title : Barter with the Indians 
 for land in Southern Maryland, 1634. 
 
 119 
 
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