Conservatimi Resources 13he PAN AME:RICAN UNION JOHN BARRETT : : Director General FRANCISCO J. YANES : Assistant Director NICARAGUA LAND OF ENCHANTED VISTAS -oS Reprinted trom the December, 1917, issue of the Bulletin of the Pan American Union / \ "4 lb WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1918 / /, v'T k -w |Wf'f% f|-p- i7'Wf WILAMAIjUA, LAWU yr K.m rWAMVim lJf€T « 1^ I i'. IJ W i*.l i 1-'^ '"% 1 ^iil'S.!/! i J.^A# f AV.J J. X3.V WE first saw Momotombo, a mile-high pyramidal cone, float- ing high in the heavens and enveloped in a purple haze that blended imperceptibly into the fleeting clouds about its summit. A mirage had lifted the distant peak into the skies. Beneath this mystic mountain of the clouds, there seemed a band of blue, the blue of immeasurable clear spaces, as though this phantom peak, with its faint gray plume, were suspended in the ether or rested upon a base of radiant blue light. On every hand, both north and south, were lesser peaks, each of them symmetrical cones, now standing out boldly in the brilliant tropical light and again gray with the shadows of the low-lying clouds. And in the foreground appeared the bright green of extensive pampas, vast seas of waving grass. ■ Gazing upon this brilliant mirage one would, indeed, have had difficulty in determining what of the spectacle were real and what a trick of the eyes. Yet either decision would have been well founded, for nature in Nicaragua gilds her landscapes with enchantment. But neither Momotombo, Coseguina, nor even wonderful Omotepec or other famed volcanic peaks are the greatest glory of Nicaragua. Clearly the marvel of this land is the great inland Lake Nicaragua, the largest body of fresh water between Lake Huron and the famed Lake Titicaca on the borders of Bolivia and Peru. Lake Nicaragua, the smaller Lake Managua, and the area of fertile plains form the huge interior basin of Nicaragua, the inevitable location of a busy people. It was late afternoon when our steamer rounded the lighthouse on the low-lying headland that marks the approach to Corinto. A brisk tide was flowing and we dropped anchor and whistled. The officers of the port came aboard. In 45 minutes we were tied up at the pier and had left the steamer, which even then had begun loading sacked coffee from flat cars shunted to the ship's side by small locomotives. Corinto, on the Pacific, is the chief seaport of Nicaragua. It is one of the handiest ports between Panama and the States. Through Corinto passes more than two-thirds of Nicaragua's foreign trade. A beach, low-lying, yet withal weU above the limit of high tide, gives 1 By Hamilton M. Wright Q« of B« . JUN 19 %%%% 4 IsriCAEAGUA^ LAND OP ENCHANTED VISTAS. way to groves of lofty palms that shade this picturesque community. Hotels and shops face upon a broad beach walk that curves outward to the pier. Good accommodations were to be had at Corinto for those who would take the train to the interior in the morning. There is no country just like Nicaragua; none which is, perhaps, more difficult to describe by comparisons with other lands. When the sun, like a baU of molten fire, has plunged beneath the rim of the Pacific, and the sunset clouds tinged with purple, red, and gold, have faded before the swift, coming night, one can not be sure whether the scenes of tomorrow, in the pale light of early dawn, will resemble those of the day that has passed. Thus, in the morning, the mirage had gone. Old Momotombo, 60 miles or more away, mingled with a dozen nearer peaks. The brush fires upon their sides, that had given semblance of upheavals the night before, were now scarcely discernible. It is a dreamy land, at first glance; one where wonderful lights and shades, mirages, and mist effects imbue even familiar features of the landscape with the mutable quality of changing panorama. But take the train for Granada and Lake Nicaragua. One soon discovers that for aU its dreamy semblance, its majestic revelations of nature, Nicaragua is an active, progressive country with a most enterprising people. The railroad leads through the largest cities. Chinandega, agricultural center, is only about 12 miles from Corinto; Managua, the capital, is about 65 miles from Corinto; Leon, the former capital, is this side of Managua. Here, as elsewhere in Central America, are crowds at every station and girls and women peddling dulces (sweets) and fruit to travelers and sometimes native pottery. The railroad journey does not resemble that into other Central American Republics. In passing into the interiors of Guatemala and Costa Rica the train first edges into the low coast country until it finally reaches the mountains, when it suddenly begins to ascend. The ascent continues until one is a mile or so above sea level, another world, where the steep gradient ceases, and the train winds along on the high plateaus, where are the chief cities and beautiful capitals. Not so in Nicaragua. The train ascends very leisurely from the coast, passing through a rich agricultural country which produces the finest maize, corn, sugar cane, etc., and slips through a low pass in the coast range, which is hardly more than a low watershed, into the great interior basin passing by Lake Managua to Granada at the head of Lake Nicaragua, whose waters are but a hundred feet above the level of the Pacific Ocean. There is much open country, for the torrential rainfall of the Caribbean coast is not to be found here. The huge mountains that rise from the plains, the shores of the lakes, or from the lakes themselves, afford indescribable contrasts of scene. GLIMPSES OF NICARAGUA. Upper: San Juan del Sur, looking shoreward from a steamer in port. Center: General view of the region in the vicinity of Castillo Rapids. Lower: Near the CastUlo Rapids, with the ruins of an ancient fort dominating the landscape. 6 NICAEAGUA_, LAND OF ENCHANTED VISTAS. We started in the golden light of a fine cool morning, followed the little spur of land on which Corinto stands, and were away in Nica- ragua. On the train were persons from distant countries, for Nica- ragua is cosmopolitan. The agent of a Chicago machinery firm was bound 20 miles or so down the coast to install the ponderous equip- ment of a sugar central. A cattleman from Oklahoma was looking at land on the west shores of Lake Nicaragua. A commercial traveler from Venezuela (his wares undisclosed) would make the rounds of Nicaraguan cities. There was a Coloradoan who solicits orders for the future delivery of ladies' garments, cotton goods, and laces. His business is entirely on commission. His field is from Guatemala to Chile. There was an English gentleman interested in mining, and other travelers whose missions I did not learn. I should like to say that often my acquaintance from Colorado does not travel on a train or a steamer for months at a time. He travels overland. In South America he uses the old Andean trail. He had planned, after visiting Leon, Managua, Granada, and smaller cities, to leave the train and journey through El Salvador and Guate- mala by pack train. Had his business demanded he could have gone south into Costa Rica, since there are good State roads running all through Central America. They are much traveled. The Gov- ernment of Nicaragua has been active in road building. There are fine connections into Guatemala and Costa Rica and there are some 2,000 miles of roads in El Salvador. Passing from the coast one obtains a new perspective of the numerous volcanic cones which, from the Pacific, had appeared as rising in solitary grandeur from the low coastal plains. They suggest the isolated buttes one sees in New Mexico or near the lower end of Death Valley, California. But upon approaching it is seen that large numbers of them are connected by low, serrated ridges, paralleling the coast. Their igneous origin is plainly to be inferred from patches of purplish-blue and yellowish or copper-colored scoriae. Bear in mind the remarkable topography of Nicaragua. It gives rise to a number of distinct climatic zones. A short distance from the coast and paralleling its general course is the long low-lying chaia of volcanic peaks just mentioned. This chain constitutes the western watershed of the' great Repubhc. Its eastern slopes drain into Lakes Managua and Nicaragua. Then, proceeding from west to east, is the great basin comprising the plains and the two lakes, of which Managua is much the smaller. It is about 30 miles long and from 8 to 15 miles wide. The climate here is that of the Pacific side of the Cordilleras, with much less rainfaU than the Caribbean coast. It is moderated by the northeast trade winds, while the presence of the lakes and the near-by Pacific and the main chain of the Cordilleras exert a cooling influence. SCENES IN THE CAPITAL CITY, MANAGUA. Upper: Entrance to Campo de Marte. Center: The residence of the President of the coimtrv. Lower: One of the newer streets and the park, La Reforma, on the right. 8 NICARAGUA, LAND OF ENCHANTED VISTAS. The next zone is that of the Cordilleras, spurs of the great Andes. They pass as a rough irregular chain from Costa Rica through Nicaragua, spreading out in great mountain masses in El Salvador and Honduras. The Cordilleras also constitute a watershed, the loftiest divide of the Republic, though they are broken by the San Juan River through which the surplus waters of Lake Nicaragua flow to the Caribbean. Then come the plateaus, the highlands, afid, finally, there is the low east coast with its innumerable swamps and hot, moist climate. Nicaragua is almost divided by water. The industrious boatmen who alternately row, pole, and sail their craft up the river San Juan and across Lake Nicaragua may approach within 15 or 20 miles of the Pacific Ocean on the west borders of the lake. It is this configura- tion that for generations has compelled recognition of Nicaragua as the potential seat of a great isthmian waterway. As in the case of the Panama Canal, the creation of the Nicaragua Canal would be a Herculean undertaking. Yet the day may come, and doubtless will, when watchers at San Carlos will behold modern steamers entering upon the vast expanse of Lake Nicaragua. Almost every water effect conceivable is to be visioned upon the broad surface of this mighty lake. At times the lake seems as great almost as Lake Huron. This especially is the case if one looks its length, for Lake Nicaragua is almost 100 miles long and nearly half as wide at its widest pomt. The lake, by the way, is reached from Granada by a car line a mile long, running from the market place to the water. The lake was a marvel on that day in February. Loons, pelicans, and diving birds flew over its placid surface. Small fish leaped from the water. In places a gentle breeze ruffled its smooth expanse. Great schools of minnows crowded frantically to the top, pursued by larger fish which zipped savagely through the alarmed brigades, tak- ing toll of the little fish and again returning to devour escaping stragglers. Out of gunshot and lifted in the air by a mirage, a flock of ducks floated upon the glassy waters. A long, low, lateen -sailed boat, perhaps loaded with dye woods or cordwood, slid slowly along, seeming to catch the wind in the higher parts of its sail. In the distance appeared another gasoline launch, which gave us greeting as it passed. Our friend, the cattleman, said he saw a shark. Most wonderful of all was the vision of the distant volcano, Omotepec, rising 5,180 feet from the island of that name. Its twin volcano, Madera, is about a thousand feet lower. Omotepec recalls somewhat the famous Taal volcano in the Laguna de Bay, a large inland lake, reached from Manila by the ascent of the Pasig River. In reality it is far more splendid, more imposing, than the noted Philippine vol- cano. Omotepec is a prodigious mass. Its base would cover New THE TOWER OF LA MERCED, GRANADA, NICARAGUA. iverjnvhere in Central America, even in the most unexpected places, the traveler discoveres the pictur- esque and even the beautiful. This finel}' proportioned tower, recently constructed, would beTworthy a classical setting in Italj'. Photos>y Willia STREET SCENE IN GRANADA. This little city of 17,000 people is located about 30 miles from Managua. The imposing edifice shown in the picture is the municipal market which fronts on the market plaza, the latter being one of the^most animated places of the city during the morning hours. 40544—18 2 10 NICAEAGUA, LAND OF EXCHANTED VISTAS. York City. The island from which it rises was the center of an early civihzation. Likely enough the lake was an inland plains from which there arose, no doubt, singly and in groups, volcanic eminences of varied heights that now, appearing from the water^ make Lake Nica- ragua one of the splendid show spots of the world. There are dozens of the islands. They range from the Omotepec and the large Zapa- tora to the smallest of the group kno\\ai as the Corales (Coral Islands). Santa Rosa, Solentinam, and Pizarro are among the others. Thick, primeval forests from the main range of the Cordilleras run down to the east shores of the lake. From its lower end one beholds the stupendous mountain masses of Costa Rica, which are continued in the huge chain running to the west and extending into Salvador and on into Guatemala and Mexico. On other points of the compass one beholds the volcanic peaks rising from the islands or from the plains or appearing as the most prominent features of long, low ridges. Although it shoals in spots near its shores, Lake Nicaragua is really a splendid commerce carrier, and at one time it was proposed to run car floats from Granada to the foot of the lake to connect with a suggested line that would meet the Northern Rail- way at Guapiles, Costa Rica, or in that vicinity, in the low country on the Atlantic side of the Cordilleras. But since that time surveys have been made through the level country along the west borders of Lake Nicaragua. World travelers who have visited Nicaragua have been warm in their praise of this land and its people. Some of Nicaragua's peaks are loftier than Vesuvius, and their water setting rivals the Bay of Naples. Here, too, nature is revealed in her most luxuriant garb, and there is much to interest the antiquarian. The region abounds in relics of past races. If travelers more widely knew what is to be seen in Nicaragua the journey through the Republic would become a beaten path for foreign travel. The steamer journey from Panama to Corinto and thence the interesting railroad trip to the ancient city of Granada are replete with change of incident and scene. The trip would include, of course, Managua, the capital, a thiiving, prosper- ous center, with the life and sparkle for which the Latin-American capitals are noted. Here are located the Palacio Nacional, the national library and museum, and other fine works of architecture. It is a center for the coffee and other trades. From the adjacent Lake Managua rises Little Momotombo, Momotombo itself being on the opposite shores. Leon, the former capital, would also be included in the itinerary. In early days this fine city was one of the most important in Spanish-America and to-day contains some of the finest public edifices in Central America. Among them is the beautiful cathedral, in ornate renaissance effect, which after many years of costly con- SCENE6 IN NICARAGUA. Upper: A street in Leon, a city of 63,000 people, 50 railes from Managua. Center: Bridge over the Chiquito River. Lower: Hotel building in Leon. Photo by 'William V. Alford. RELIGIOUS EDIFICES IN LEON, NICARAGUA. Upper: A suburban church as seen from a distance. Lower: The cathedral. On the left may'be noted the preparations for a procession in honor of a fiesta. NIGAEAGUA, LAND OF EITOHANTED VISTAS. 13 struction was finally completed in 1774, two year& before the North American Colonies had signed the Declaration of Independence. It was built on plans furnished from Spain. As the beautiful edifices attest, Leon was the center of the church in this part of Central America. For generations young men from all parts of the Kepublic have attended the University of Leon. Tanning is an important industry. Boots, shoes, and saddles are made. Cotton and woolen goods are woven. You can have made here shoes to order of as fashionable a last and as stylish as you can get them in any part of the world. Beautiful shoes for women are made with white and brown leather insets. Cigars and cigarettes are manufactured and, incidentally, Nicaragua can produce as fine tobacco as is raised in the Vuelta Abajo. The Indian population was estabhshed at the site of Leon long before the advent of the early Spanish explorers. Here lived the ancient rulers of the coimtry. One can truthfully say that it is one of the oldest cities on the American hemisphere, antedating the coming of Columbus to western shores. Passing from Managua to Granada, one obtains the finest views of the volcano Misaya, another incident of the Nicaraguan journey. A visit to Misaya is well worth while. Life in Nicaraguan cities is attractive. The army officers in their smart uniforms, the bustle of official life, the cosmopoUtan character of those one meets, the pleasing architecture, the fiestas, the love of music and of wholesome enteitainment, and, most of all, the courtesy among all classes of Nicaragua's people, who probably now exceed one-haK million population, lend novelty and delight to a visit in Managua, Leon, or other centers. In these cities he who travels will find excellent hotels. In the shops one may purchase the products of both American and European manufacture. Although some of the former are becoming scarce, most of the needed wares seem to be on hand. Nor must we overlook the fact that Nicaragua has her own manufactures. Should the traveler desire to proceed into the interior he will be able to provide himself with everything necessary to outfit for the trip. Such a journey will never be forgotten. Bird life is varied and charming. It is said of many semitropical countries that the flowers give no scent and the birds no song. Certainly this is not true of Nicaragua. For one who wanders from the beaten path, the hosts of feathered friends, the flowers, beautiful trees, and flowering vines add indescribable charm to the wild beauties of nature. On one occasion we took an old trail leading back from the east shores of the lake. Some years before this had been a logging road and it was still maintained in a fair state of repair. I met here a young Swiss settler who spends a large part of his time in hunting deer, of which there are many, and other creatures of the wild. Hp GENERAL VIEW OF MATAGALPA, NICARAGUA. This town of about 5,000 population is located in the interior of the Republic and is becoming more and more important as a center of trade, the agricultural development of the region having greatly advanced in recent years. THE VOLCANO MOMOTOMBO. This symmetrical moiiutain rises near the shore of Lake Managua and is one of the attractive features of the landscape noticed by all toui-ists and travelers. NICARAGUA, LAND OF ENCHANTED VISTAS. 15 has greatest success in the dense forests which crowd to the shores extending miles into the Cordilleras. Much of his hunting is done with a flash light at night along trails which he keeps clear. Tlie Tinamus or mountain hen, the crested Curassow (clax glol)icera), the tapir, the jaguar (el tigre), often fall victims to his woodcraft. In hunting, it may be interpolated, one does not crash boldly througli the forest, but steps softly, a few pace.; at a time, pausing to watch and listen, as the wild creatures do. Then, and then only, does the fascinating life of the wild become apparent. The forests which have seemed stilled and silent become peopled with beautiful and abundant life. Aside from the creatures mentioned there are turkeys of several species, wild hogs, and pigeons which abound almost everywhere. In the open country there is the small brown variety, scarcely larger than a robin, which will permit one to pass within a few feet. The cowardly puma, called el leon, is common here, as well as the nu- merous smaller predatory cats. Deer hides are used in the manu- facture of gloves. A jaguar hide will seU for from $3 to $8 gold according to its size, its marking, and the condition of the pelt. Pelts of the smaller cats, of which many are slain for every jaguar, are even cheaper. Animal collectors, particularly bird fanciers, visit the country, assembling young parrots, parrakeets, and macaws for the northern markets. Monkeys are also gathered, the poor little mother usually being killed. Of these little wild men the most intelligent that I have seen is the white-faced monkey. It is not, however, as common as the little brown fellow. The howlers are numerous. Insect life is found in variety. Great swarms of butterflies flit over the surfaces of lagoons. At the water's edge spiders cover whole trees with their webs. Perhaps most interesting of all creatures, large or small, are the leaf-cutting ants. These insects proceed from their nests for several yards to the foliage they will harvest. Moving in a circle with her hind legs as a pivot, each ant cuts from the selected plant a roundish piece of leaf about as large as one's thumb nail. Then she proceeds down the limb with her burden, where she joins hundreds of thousands of her companions, each bearing its bit of green leaf. The returning armies, marching in a dense formation 8 or 10 inches wide, suggest a rivulet of green. The bits of leaves are taken underground, where the}^ become en- crusted with a mold upon which the ants feed. Also the bold ecitons, or foraging ants, are to be seen. They prey exclusively on insects. Decaying logs or trees, under whose bark choice morsels lie, are to be found as the chief objectives of their raids. Above aU things Nicaragua is essentially an agricultural country, and perhaps we have not (hvelt sufTicientl}' on this. But a relatively NICAEAGUA, LAND OF ENCHANTED VISTAS. 17 small proportion of its population is clustered in theicities. Of all Central America it has the most low level land. The aborigines had never seen a horse until the Spanish came, but to-day horses, mules, and cattle thrive. Three crops of maize may be raised in a year. Bread fruit grows and alligator pears, nectarines, grapefruit, yams, bananas, and sweet potatoes, cotton, corn, sugar cane, coffee, and vegetables are produced. Most interesting of all agricultural productions, to our way of thinking, is coffee. Take the branch to Diriamba and observe the coffee estates. There is nothing more attractive than a well-ordered coffee finca with its trees neatly pruned and flourishing. Once I came to a gate marked by large pillars. Thence a winding road led between the coffee trees to a hospitable plantation home, with near-by corrals and oxen. There were coffee driers where the berries are spread beneath the sun and a small mill where they are husked and sacked for market. A score of pretty Nicaraguan girls were working in a sorting shed through which we were shown by the hospitable proprietor. He had met us with friendly greetings as we had approached his home through the long rows of coffee bushes that with their shining dark green leaves formed a canopy 8 or 10 feet high. The ranch house was white with blue and ochre trimmings. It stood in a cluster of bamboos and palms, while lovely creepers with festoons of pink flowers clambered to the eaves and familiar garden flowers and cactus decorated the yard in front. After a repast of many courses and a pleasant afternoon we said good-by to our host who accompanied us to the gate. Had he known us a lifetime he could not have put himself at greater pains to be hospitable. ''Adios, senor," he cried, "Come again. Do not forget to write. Remember, we are all your friends," and I knew they were. Whether one stops at a wealthy estate or at the humblest thatch, he feels the influence of a cordial welcome. We left as the afternoon shadows were lengthening across the shaded lane. It led over an arched bridge of masonry that spanned a dancing stream, where women knelt beating their clothes into an immaculate whiteness. Some of them wore the picturesque guipil and sash, and all were attractively attired. Prett}^ young girls were carrying water, laughing and chatting at their task. The lane wound by thick-waUed cottages staunclily built of sun-dried squares of earth and surfaced with white plaster that gave no hint of the hum- ble though enduring construction. Clusters of flowers fringed the walls matching the bright red of the Spanish tile roofs. Down the lane blew the evening breeze imparting almost a sense of chilliness to the late day, and when at last the smi had smik beneath the fringe of the near-by hills we could see the lights of our hotel and hear the distant strains of an orchestra. The day's work was over, but until Photos by William V Alford. FOOD PRODUCTION AMONG THE POORER CLASSES.' Upper: A simple device used in various tropical countries for grinding corn. Lower: Grinding arrow- root preparatory to making bread. XICAEAGUA, LAND OF ENCHANTED VISTAS. 19 9 or 10 at night the creaking bull carts were to pass on the country roads laden with their sacks of coffee. Then the drivers would build a fire by the road, tell stories perhaps, smoke, chat, and plunge into sleep only to be started again before dawn. Such, in part, is Nicaragua, the Italy of Central America. It is a land of low-lying clouds and pleasant trade winds, of giant peaks and of lakes upon which every detail of these loft}^ eminences are mirrored, of ancient cities whose stately churches rise, for miles the most con- spicuous features of the landscape, of vast plains and dense forests. It is the country of a hundred giant momitains, oft colored by former upheavals whose debris contrasts with the encroaching green, Santa Clara, Coseguina, Momotombo, Omotepec, the extinct Mombacho towering above Granada, Los Pilas, Madera, Telica and a host of others. But perhaps I have said enough of volcanoes and have ascribed to them an importance which, apart from their scenic charm, their relation to the country does not warrant. Yet I have men- tioned these splendid peaks solely because they are wonderful and picturesque features of the landscape. Always they are fascinating, frequently beautiful and appalling, never more so than when rising clouds like great parasols are beheld above their summits. The majestic appearance of the twin volcanoes, Omotepec and Madera, rising almost a mile in height from the waters of Lake Nicaragua, is one of the splendid spectacles of the world — a vision that changes con- stantly with the fleeting clouds, cloud shadows, and mists, and is as constantly mirrored in the surromiding waters. Yet, if, through some weird act of legerdemain, Nicaragua could be rid of her volcanoes it would not pay her to exercise that power. For these volcanic soils mixing with the deep black sediment of western Nicaragua create the finest sugar land in the world. The volcanic lands make the best of coffee with the most desirable bouquet. From the viewpoint of danger the volcanoes are less formidable than the automobiles of any great city. Moreover they give warning, and lastly, the violent tremblers are usually confined to distant areas and strata; and, if I may say more, it is in only a part of Nicaragua that the volcanoes are found. Nicaragua is one of the most easily traversed of the Central Ameri- can comi tries; and each day's travel reveals kaleidoscopic changes in scene. Here are momitains, plains, lakes, and an earth that responds to the husbandman. After the great war, when the world is again at peace, thousands of world travelers will assuredly visit this sunlit land of enchanted landscapes. LIBRftRY OF CONGRESS 128 T% THE PAN AMERICAN UNION is the inter- national organization and office maintained in Washington, D. C, by the twenty-one American republics, as follows: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Domini- can Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti, Hon- duras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Salvador, United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela. It is devoted to the development and advancement of commerce, friendly intercourse, and good under- standing among these countries. It is supported by quotas contributed by each country, based upon the population. Its affairs are administered by a Director General and Assistant Director, elected by and responsible to a Governing Board, which is composed of the Secretary of State of the United States and the diplomatic representatives in Wash- ington of the other American governments. These two executive officers are assisted by a steiff of international experts, statisticians, commercial specialists, editors, translators, compilers, libra- rians, clerks and stenographers. The Union pub- lishes a Monthly Bulletin in English, Spanish, Portuguese and French, which is a careful record of Pan American progress. It also publishes numerous special reports and pamphlets on various subjects of practical information. Its library, the Columbus Memorial Library, contains 40,000 vol- umes, 20,000 photographs, 150,000 index cards, and a large collection of maps. The Union is housed in a beautiful building erected through the munifi- cence of Andrew Carnegie. o