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THE 
 
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 CONTAINING 
 
 ORATIONS AND SPEECHES, 
 
 SKETCHES OF THE PROGEESS AND HISTORY OF THE 
 
 REBELLION AND CIVIL WAR, 
 
 COMMENCED DJ THE YEAR 1861, ON THE SOIL OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMEBICA, 
 
 ROMANTIC AND INTERESTIKG 
 
 TALES, CHOICE LITERATURE, HISTORICAL AND INSTRUCTIVE READING 
 
 MATTER FOR THE PEOPLE AND THE SCHOOLS, ACADEMIES 
 
 AND COLLEGES, 
 
 SHORT HISTORICAL ARTICLES 01^ JAPA]\^ 
 
 SPLENDID AND PATRIOTIC MUSIC 
 
 SET TO 
 
 DECLARATION OF AMERICA]^ INDEPENDENCE, 
 
 THE 
 
 CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 
 
 AND 
 
 IMPORTANT EXTRACTS FROM THE CENSUS OF THE 
 UNITED STATES FOR THE YEAR 18G0, 
 
 BY 
 
 WA-SHINGTOnsr aOFF, 
 
 EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR. 
 
 Published— Persons desiring this book— THE AIMERICAN UNION— will please 
 address Washington Goff, at the New York Post Offiu;. 
 

We present to the people on the soil of the United States, The 
 American Union, a new book, and most admirably adapted to the 
 reading of families, and a class-blook for the oldest and most ad- 
 vanced scholars at the common scliools and academies. It con- 
 so tains a great variety of useful knowledge, cheerful and moral 
 
 •o 
 
 Oto subjects, and necessary historical facts. 
 
 > . Our book will be a source of information and pleasure to the 
 
 j^ Army and Navy of the United States, and help to preserve their 
 minds while they are laboring to support the Federal Government, 
 fighting the battles of liberty, and conquering a glorious peace ! 
 
 The parliamentary rules, and wise maxims, as published in Jef- 
 ferson's manual, will be printed in this book for the use of the 
 Federal Congress at Washington, and the State Legislatures of 
 the United States, and the lyceums, debating societies, and other 
 deliberative bodies. 
 
 The music set to the popular hymns and patriotic songs in this 
 book are of an elevating and stirring character, and in proportion 
 as they are read and sung, will help to keep up the energies and 
 patriotism of the people. 
 
 Our book is published to enlighten, relieve, and cheer the minds 
 of the masses of the people in the journey of life, and increase 
 their prosperity and happiness on the soil of America. 
 
 The people need more active moral principles, stirring patriot- 
 ism, and God's holy religion in their minds to keep their mental 
 powers vigorous and honest, so as to guide them in supporting the 
 Constitution of the United States, and the Government of our 
 bleeding country. 
 
 We shall use the joyful and holy principles of Christian love to 
 kindly lead the minds of the masses of the people of onr common 
 country to return to the honest and just principles of Washington, 
 as the means, under the wisdom of God, to secure the return of 
 an honest and wise peace, and perpetuate the Constitution and 
 Government of the United States for the lasting benefit of all the 
 people on the soil of America. 
 
 THE AUTHOR. 
 
Entered ace; ir.liii!; hi act of CniiKrc^?!, in the year ISfil .by \r.\«;n\OT 'V fJfiFF, in tlio rinrl;'.j OPnco of tho 
 Oisiriol Omrt of the Uuite:l Stiito-! lor the Simlheni Hi-lnct of Now York. 
 
 OKA.TION' 
 
 OK 
 
 THE CHARACTER OF 
 
 GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON, 
 
 DELIVERED IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK, JULY 4tH, 18G1. 
 
 BY WASHINGTON GOFF. 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen : — "We are assembled on this glorions 
 day, to commemorate the memory, admire the patriotism, and 
 consider the noble principles of our illustrious departed Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 The citizen, Christian, soldier, hero, sage, and statesman. 
 Immortal honors are due to his departed greatness. 
 
 Alas! he has long since departed, and left the world in 
 tears. His immortal soul has gone to realms of bliss and glory, 
 to mingle with celestial angels in never-ending praises to the 
 God of Heaven. 
 
 Washington's life and death were pure and glorious in hu- 
 manity and his bleeding country. He trusted in God, his 
 constant friend. He still lives on the soil of America, and in 
 every land where civilization and religion bless mankind. His 
 pure and glorious principles now live and animate our race, 
 as truly as when he breathed the genial air of Heaven. 
 
 The character of our illustrious statesman was purely Amer- 
 ican, patriotic, wise and prudent. His whole life was devoted 
 to the best interests of the United States and the world. 
 
Washington was truly domesticated ; liis heart and aflfections 
 were freely given to the constant and early service of the peo- 
 ple. Living, acting, and blessing America with the glorious 
 boon of civil and religious liberty, and then modestly retiring 
 to the bosom of his own dear family, to enjoy, amid his admir- 
 ing countrymen, his quiet and lovely home on the beautiful 
 banks of the Patomac. 
 
 No monarchial influences or despotic education, no habits or 
 tastes acquired in foreign lands, no large bribes induced him to 
 depart from the pure principles of self-government. No daz- 
 zling royalty, or the pomp and splendor of magnificent politi- 
 cal thrones, arrested his honest heart, or checked his progress 
 after pure liberty. No other man was ever so completely 
 American ! 
 
 His youth was taught, and his young mind disciplined in the 
 valleys, and amid the mountains and rivers of his own noble 
 Virginia. 
 
 Our General's first blushing manhood was busily exercised 
 at the age of twenty-one years in the military defence of his 
 own native state. He was protected by his dear parents and 
 constant friends on the soil of Virginia, breathing her pure, 
 invigorating, and healthful atmosphere. He never trod the soil 
 of any foreign land, or practiced despotic principles. 
 
 Washington's summer of life was dedicated to the pure cause 
 of oppressed humanity, amid the darkest years of the history 
 of the United States, and he continued in the service of the 
 people until the glorious tree of liberty was planted and be- 
 came strong on the soil of America. 
 
 His calm and autumnal evening descended happily and quiet- 
 ly te the tomb, on the very spot which had been the first home 
 of his manhood the seat and centre of his earthly joys. 
 
 Great in every quality of humanity beyond comparison, his 
 goodness to mankind is of lasting and priceless value. It was 
 of purely American growth, produced and perfected by Chris- 
 tian and patriotic principles. As an example of American 
 
.9 
 
 greatness, it is a privilege and duty to commemorate his 
 patriotism, to contemplate his pure character, and transmit 
 from generation to generation the memor}^ of his excellent and 
 exalted name. 
 
 Our soldier's examples before the people, and their estima- 
 tion of his influence on each succeeding age, his lofty genius 
 and high commanding virtues, are brilliant lights to mankind. 
 We must remind the people of the truth that our beloved 
 Washington is a living American fact, possessing pure Ameri- 
 can principles, which may revolutionize and improve the pros- 
 perity and happiness of the world. Not so much a man who 
 lived, and finished his noble career, and then departed, and 
 since remains on the page of history alone ; but an actual and 
 abiding type, and embodiment of human greatness which will 
 never perish. 
 
 No effort of memory is necessary to perpetuate his exalted 
 character ; because it lives, and acts, and influences the people, 
 and will govern them in all future ages as really and com- 
 pletely as if he was a visible body. 
 
 His pure Christian principles live, and move, and invigorate 
 all minds. He did not help in forming and establishing the 
 glorious Republic of the United States, and then like other 
 statesmen and heroes fall into endless sleep, to be remem- 
 bered only when pondering the pages of history for a record 
 of departed moral worth ; but his principles, patriotism, and 
 integrity of heart, live in perpetual verdure and brightness, 
 illuminating every truly accessible avenue to human greatness 
 by the brilliant influences of his pious and exemplary life. 
 
 His noble character must continue a living influence, a power 
 over the human mind which never grows old ; an authority 
 and safe example which is as fresh and blooming now as it 
 was when his immortal soul was convoyed by seraphic. Angels 
 to realms of bliss and glory. 
 
 Washington's pure principles will be as efl'ective and mani- 
 fest hundreds of years hence, as they were at the auspicious 
 moment of his unparaUeled prudence and patriotism. 
 
10 
 
 The people will not have to ponder the pages of history 
 to learn who Washington was, or find the truth of his en- 
 during greatness. The school-boy and all men will remember 
 his name and history. We shall not have to point to the 
 beautiful specimens of statuary, or pictures on glowing can- 
 vass, or gorgeous monuments erected to the memory of Wash- 
 ington, and say to our children's children, " Behold, there is 
 the Father of your country ! " because his principles, patriot- 
 ism, and character are incorporated into the American Insti- 
 tutions, and verify in all the daily influences of life that the 
 memory of his name and virtues shall be as imperishable and 
 immortal as the existence of truth. 
 
 The perpetual tokens of his authority and prudence are like 
 the living, glowing patriotism of America. In all future time 
 America's history will poi-pctuate his exalted fame. America 
 shall be Washington, and Washington shall be America. 
 
 He illustrated the pure and beautiful principles of friend- 
 ship and patriotism through all his valuable life, and exhib- 
 ited the pure and sublime principles of God's holy religion, 
 from the earliest period of his active patriotic life, down to 
 the close of his valuable existence on the soil of America's 
 land of freedom. The pure and sublime principles of self- 
 -governernment exhibit Washington. 
 
 We point the inquiring mind to the principles and char- 
 acter of Washington, to learn the genius of Republican In- 
 stitutions, and to the uniform honesty and perseverance of the 
 the departed Father of tlie United States, to see and behold 
 what industry and union have accomplished for the people of 
 America. His principles bestow uniform happiness and en- 
 during prosperity on the people of all climes where the prin- 
 ciples of pure liberty are understood and held in estimation. 
 
 Glorious humanity is preserved, improved, and made happy 
 by the great supreme Father who guided our General and 
 his companions in gaining and establishing the political and 
 religious liberty of the United States, and securing to the 
 people the glorious boon of freedom oft the soil of America. 
 
11 
 
 In tlie year 1793, Washington, the most revered and pop- 
 ular man in the United States, laid the corner stone of the 
 National Capitol with his own hands, in presence of thous- 
 ands of grateful freemen, on the soil of the District of Co- 
 lumbia, in that magnificent city which bears the Father of 
 America's great and pure name. 
 
 He who wielded his popular pen in giving instruction to 
 thsee millions of American people, scattered over an exten- 
 sive and poorly cultivated country, composing at that early 
 day the population of the United States in the memorable 
 year 1776 ; he who penned the general orders to tte armies of 
 the Republic while fighting the glorious battles of freedom ; he 
 who grasped the sword of justice, and mounted the war horse 
 on the battle field ; closed his timely military labor in triumph 
 and honor. Tlie clash of resounding arms is hushed in a 
 lasting and glorious peace. 
 
 Mothers' and daughters' smiles graced the grand and hon- 
 orable occasion. Their early and ardent love of freedom ani- 
 mates the people, and bids them God speed in the stupend- 
 ous and glorious enterprise. 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen — Behold the interesting and blissful 
 scene ! the battles are fought ; the long-desired American vie- 
 tory is won ; the Constitution of the United Sta tes is pro- 
 claimed, securing the pure principles of self-government to 
 the people, and guaranteeing to them the support and endur- 
 ing stability of a Republican government, based on the hon- 
 est and holy principles of truth and justice, and supported by 
 the affections and love of a grateful people. 
 
 Behold — again ! The Heavenly genius of pure liberty is 
 timely spread before the people ; and a Republican govern- 
 ment is permanently established by the voice of three millions 
 of grateful American freemen. 
 
 The corner stone of the National Capitol is laid by the 
 hand of the great benefactor of mankind in the city of Wash- 
 ington. The beauty of America behold with rapturous emo- 
 tions of joy the progress of patriotism, the establishment of 
 
12 
 
 the glorious system of self-government, and the wise political 
 institutions of the United States. 
 
 Our citizen, Christian, soldier, hero, sage and statesman closed 
 his useful and brilliant career on the soil of America in 
 the year 1779. Washington's mortal remains were entombed 
 at Mount Vernon with appropriate and national honors, from 
 his grateful and devoted countrymen, becoming the dignity of 
 departed moral worth of the great and good man, who had 
 so long and honorably filled the measure of America's great- 
 ness and never-fading glory. His companions in arms shed 
 tears of honest sorrow for the loss of the great soldier, who 
 had for more than seven years shared with them in the toils 
 and sufferings of war, while figliting the glorious battles of 
 freedom. 
 
 The eminent statesmen who shared with Washington in the 
 counsels of the nation, and the exciting and important inter- 
 ests considered and debated in Congress, at that momentous 
 period of American history which tried men's souls. The 
 masses of the people of the United States revere the name, 
 patriotism and shining virtues of the Father of his beloved 
 country. Mothers' and daughters' pati-iotism are briglit and 
 ardent to their country. They exhibit gratitude for noble ser- 
 vices to the people, in sweetness and love, and render justice 
 and honor to good men who nobly fill the measure of their 
 country's glory. Women wept for the loss of Washington ; 
 women also wept at the tomb of the Saviour. 
 
 God in great mercy to the world invested noble woman's 
 heart with ardent love for glorious humanity, charity for all 
 mankind, and a commendable reforming spirit of temperance, 
 industry, and love of family, home and country! 
 
 All cheerfully and honestly unite in paying profound respect 
 to the virtues and memory of Washington. The tears of a 
 grateful and virtuous people embalm his memory for the bene- 
 fit of future ages. 
 
 The people who may dwell on the soil of America hun- 
 
13 
 
 dreds of years hence will read the history of Washington, 
 and practice his energy, virtue, and patriotism. 
 
 France, England, Russia, Grcrmany, Prussia, and other civil, 
 ized nations of the globe, revere the virtues of this honest, 
 illustrious, and timely benefactor of mankind, and hold his 
 memory and character in sincere and high estimation. 
 
 How delightful and becoming is the token of foreign respect 
 and reverance for our great American, the evidence which it 
 gives us of the existing influence of his name, history, and 
 opinions over the people of other lands. 
 
 The following extract from Washington's letter to his mother 
 after his battle and defeat under the British general Brad- 
 dock, is a beautiful illustration of the way in which he was 
 accustomed during all his glorious career to acknowledge and 
 reverence the Divine presence of God : 
 
 He said — " By the all powerful dispensation of Divine Prov- 
 idence, I have been protected beyond all human probability 
 or expectation. I had four bullets through my coat, and two 
 horses shot under me, yet escaped unhurt, although death was 
 levelling my companions on every side of me." 
 
 The Rev. Doctor Davis, President of Princeton College, New 
 Jersey, said in a sermon delivered on the 17tli day of August, 
 1755, but a month after the battle, — 
 
 " As a remarkable instance of patriotic spirit and military 
 ardor, I may point out to the public that heroic youth. Colo- 
 nel Washington, whom I cannot but hope Providence has hith- 
 erto preserved in so signal a manner for some important ser- 
 vice to his country." 
 
 How wonderfully prophetic was this passage ! We may 
 now add in its accomplishment important services to his coun- 
 try, and to the honor, dignity, and happiness of the human 
 race. 
 
 Never were the fundamental principles of justice more beau- 
 
14 
 
 tifully and perfectly realized by man. Every official act of liis 
 life Avas measured by the square of virtue, and circumscribed 
 by caution and prudence. We may trace his moral character 
 and honesty in all his business transactions. He exhibited 
 great disapprobation against being in debt, and considered it 
 a kind of servitude which all Americans should carefully avoid. 
 
 He controled his own business, and observed any mistake 
 or carelessness in his agents ; always preferring never to de- 
 pend others to transact business which he could perform him- 
 self. 
 
 Our wise General was one of the principal financiers of 
 the United States treasury department for more than fifteen 
 years. 
 
 The dangerous and laborious campaigns of the revolution 
 were attended with great expense and unparalleled sufferings 
 for seven long years, and were endured with patriotic firm- 
 ness and heroic fortitude honorable to the friends of liberty, 
 and worthy of America. 
 
 The commerce of the United States and other commercial 
 countries have carried American principles and the science 
 of self - government embodied in Republican Institutions, to 
 every country on the globe. Millions of people in various 
 countries are enlightened, made prosperous and happy, by the 
 pure principles and liberal institutions of one of the largest, 
 most prosperous, and oldest Republics in the world. These 
 holy principles were purchased in a dark age of liberty, by 
 the toil, blood, and treasure of American freemen. 
 
 Our honest General kept an exact account of his expenses 
 in tlie public- service, and exhibited them in his own hand 
 writing at the close of the war, to the full satisfaction of 
 Congress. He refused any remuneration for the military ser- 
 vice he had performed, and honestly decclared himself a wil- 
 ling loser of large amounts of his own private funds which he 
 had paid in the public service for the good of the people of 
 America. 
 
15 
 
 Washington at the commencement of his arduous and re- 
 sponsible duties as the first President of the United States, 
 modestly used the following benevolent and patriotic language 
 to Congress : 
 
 " When I was first honored Avith a call into the service 
 of ray country then on the eve of an arduous struggle for its 
 liberties, the light in which I contemplated my duty required 
 that I should renounce every pecuniary compensation. From 
 this resolution I have in no instance departed ; and being still 
 under the impression which produced it, must again decline, 
 as incompatible to myself, any share in the personal emolu- 
 ments which may be indispensably included in a permanent 
 provision for the executive department." 
 
 How beautiful did this great principle rule in all his exer- 
 cises of official authority both military and civil. 
 
 Who ever sustained against him a single charge of injus- 
 tice, or tyranical oppression? Armed with the conscientious 
 rectitude and dignity of his character, he could instantly arrest 
 the insubordination of those traitors who violated their sacred 
 obligations to the bleeding country of an oppressed people 
 in those gloomy years of the American revolution which tried 
 men's souls. 
 
 Washington justly and tenderly exemplified his noble prin- 
 ciples of even-handed justice, in his own private afl^irs, by 
 his last will, near the close of his glorious career. "All my 
 debts," said he, " of which there are but few, and none of mag- 
 nitude, are to be punctually and honorably paid." He kindly 
 and ardently desired the people to constantly cultivate broth- 
 erly love for each other, and daily practice that Heavenly vir- 
 tue for the safety and happiness of our common country in all 
 coming time. 
 
 Well may Virginia be proud in displaying the character and 
 examples of her noble son. Thus under conscious rectitude to 
 the great All Seeing Eye, never forgotten, the light of justice 
 shone throughout his life, purely, brightly, and steadily, to the 
 
16 
 
 end of his noble career. Nor was he less distinguished by 
 other great principles of justice. Love wrought in him benefi- 
 cence to the needy, forgiveness to the penitent, and led him 
 to put the most liberal and charitable construction on the 
 motives and character of other men. Washington practiced 
 the pure and beautiful principles of friendship to the people, 
 and extended perfect toleration of religious conscience to all 
 mankind. Strong and binding was the cement of his pure 
 principles and political policy. Soft and healing was his 
 course of justice and love to the people. Calm and serene 
 in humble imitation of his Divine master, he acquired the un- 
 paralleled confidence of our then feeble nation struggling 
 for freedom. Grasping, tenacious, and abiding as the purest 
 friendship and charity, he labored day and night to help to 
 place America in the happy condition and lofty eminence which 
 she now holds among the great family of Nations. 
 
 The pure, beautiful, and sublime principles of Religion were 
 most admirably exemplified in his instruction to his agent 
 while absent with the armies of the United States : 
 
 *' Let the hospitality of the house with respect to the poor be 
 kept up. Let no one go away hungry. If any of this kind 
 of people should be in want of corn, supply their necessities 
 provided it does not encourage them in idleness. 1 have no 
 objection to your giving my money in charity, and it is my 
 desire that it should be done. You are to consider that 
 neither myself nor wife are now in a way to do these good 
 offices." 
 
 These perfect principles most beautifully prevailed in all his 
 relations to the people. 
 
 "Washington passed forty years most happily with the amia- 
 ble wife of his choice. She was indeed an object worthy of 
 his love. Her character was an honor to his name. Exem- 
 plary in her whole deportment, bright in her acts of kindness, 
 unostentacious and sincere in her piety, she adorned every sta- 
 tion in which his increasing greatness placed her. No ener- 
 
17 
 
 getic and pariotic general, or great statesina,n, ever adjourned 
 from labor to refreshment to find a happier homo, or a lovlier 
 companion. Well did Washington say to his amiable wife 
 when called to his country's service and again from refresh- 
 ment to labor in the executive chair of state, — 
 
 I should enjoy more real happiness in one month with you 
 at home, than I have the most distant prospect of finding 
 abroad if my stay were to be seven times seven years." 
 
 Our General before taking command .of the army said to 
 Ills patriotic and amialjlc wife,- 
 
 " It was utterly out of my power to refuse this appoinmeut, 
 without exposing my character to such censures as would have 
 reflected dishonor upon myself and given pain to my friends. 
 This I am sure could not and ought not to be pleasing to 
 you, and must have lessened me considerably in my own es- 
 teem." 
 
 Washington's love and patriotism were timely and beautifully 
 displayed at New York, while taking leave of his companions 
 in arms ! At noon the principal officers of the army assem- 
 bled. Soon after. General Washington, their beloved comman- 
 der, entered the room. His emotions were too strong to be 
 concealed. Turning to the officers of the army, he said, with 
 a heart full of love and gratitude, — 
 
 " I now take my leave of you. I most devoutly wish that 
 your latter days may be as prosperous and happy as your 
 former ones have been glorious and honorable. I cannot come 
 to each of you and take my leave, but shall be obliged if each 
 of you will come and take me by the hand." 
 
 General Knox being nearest turned to him. Washington, 
 incapable of utterance, grasped his hand and embraced him. 
 In the same affectionate manner he took leave of each suc- 
 ceeding officer. The tear of manly sensibility was in his eye. 
 Not a word was articulated to interrupt tlie dignified silence 
 and tenderness of the scene. 
 
18 
 
 Leaving the room tlic General passed through the corps 
 of light infantry, and walked to Whitehall, where a barge was 
 waiting to convey him to Jersey City. The whole company 
 followed in mute and solemn procession, with dejected coun- 
 tenances testifying feelings of the deepest melancholy, which no 
 language can describe. Having entered the barge, he turned 
 to his companions, and waving his hat, bade them a silent 
 adieu. They had expressed to him on a former occasion the 
 distinct answer which their hearts would then have uttered, 
 declaring that they had engaged with him in the service of 
 their country, from the purest love and attachment to the 
 rights and liberties of human nature ; and assured their be- 
 loved General that they reciprocated his affectionate expres- 
 sions with the greatest sincerity of which the human heart is 
 capaljle. 
 
 Washington when a young man mounted the tower of ofii- 
 cial duty, and ardently labored as a patriot of the American 
 Republic, toiled as a brave soldier in the field ; and soon after 
 the liberties of the people were gained and secured to them, 
 exhibited his statesmanship and wisdom for two terms as the 
 first and second President of the United States. He was emi 
 uently distinguished for his constant modesty and rare fidelity 
 in the performance of every duty to which the United States 
 called him. Supreme confidence was reposed in him by his 
 own noble Virginia at the age of twenty -one years. They 
 clothed him with high and responsible authority, and made 
 liim Commander-in-Chief of the military of his own native 
 state. 
 
 Soon after his retmm from his first series of military cam. 
 paigns, when yet a youth, " by a vote of the house of Bur- 
 gesses of Virginia, the Speaker was directed to return their 
 thanks to Colonel Washington, on behalf of the Colony, for 
 the distinguished military service which he had rendered his 
 country." 
 
 As soon as the gallant Colonel had taken his seat, the 
 Speaker, in obedience to the resolution, and following the im- 
 
19 
 
 pulses of his own generous and grateful heart, discliargcd the 
 dut}^ with great dignity, but with such warmth of coloring 
 and strength of expression as entirely confounded the young 
 hero. 
 
 Washington rose to express his acknowledgments for the 
 honor ; but such was his confusion that he could not give dis- 
 tinct utterance to a single sentence. He blushed, stammered, 
 and trembled for a moment ; when the Speaker relieved him 
 by a brilliant and happy rejoinder : " Sit down, Mr. Washing- 
 ton ; your modesty equals your valor, and that surpasses the 
 power of any language that I possess." 
 
 This beautiful and modest fidelity distinguished his course 
 of action from boyhood to the close of his honest statesman- 
 ship. 
 
 Washington was eight years in command of the American 
 army, and he is said never to have been absent during that 
 time to visit at his own house. He saw his beloved home at 
 Mount Vernon but once during the war of the American 
 Revolution. On his march to Yorktown, he beheld the home 
 of his youth. 
 
 Congress conferred on the great Washington the unlimited 
 powers of a Dictator in the midst of the war of the revolu- 
 tion. That august body of wise statesmen thus showed their 
 unlimited confidence in his honesty, vigor, and wisdom. He 
 faithfully discharged the high and extraordinary duties of dic- 
 tatorial powers, to the full satisfaction of Congress. He never 
 shrunk from responsibility during the long and glorious strug- 
 gle of the United States for her Independence. 
 
 Washington's unassuming modesty, prudence, and integrity 
 are without a parallel. No man was ever more vigilant and 
 cautious in seeing that every thing was properly done. But 
 he was willing that others sliould be the agents and contriv- 
 ers, and every one have the credit and praise of his own wor- 
 thy deeds. 
 
 " He was a silent thoughtful man," says a grand daughter of 
 his wife, a member of his family. " He spoke but little gener- 
 
m 
 
 20 
 
 ally, and never of himself. " I never," said she, " heard him 
 relate a single act of his life during the war." 
 
 Bishop White says that although he was often in company 
 with Washington, and frequently had the honor of dining at his 
 table, he knew of no man who so carefully guarded against 
 discoursing of himself, or his acts, or anything pertaining to 
 him ; that a stranger to President Washington would not know 
 from anything he said in company, that our beloved hero 
 and statesman was conscious of the exalted feeling and ven- 
 eration in which he was held by a grateful people. This was 
 the spirit of liis fidelity and modesty from youth to age. 
 
 Our General stood firm and undaunted amid trials and dis- 
 couragements, and alarming difficulties, with a strong and se- 
 rene mind, looking to God for aid and protection, and putting 
 his trust in Him who constantly rules with wisdom and love 
 the destinies of all mankind. 
 
 His letters to Congi-ess during the dangerous periods of the 
 war breathe the same determined spirit, and are marked by the 
 same confidence, calmness, and forethought which distinguished 
 him on all occasions. 
 
 Washington on being asked what he would do in case of the 
 continued success of the British army, replied, " We ^vill retreat 
 beyond the Susquehannah river, and thence if necessary to the 
 Alleghany Mountains." 
 
 In the cold and dismal winter of 1776, he wrote to the 
 President of Congress, — 
 
 " My feelings as an officer and a man have been such as to 
 force me to say that no person ever had a greater choice of 
 difficulties to contend with than I have. It may be thought that 
 I am going a good deal out of the line of my duty to advise 
 thus freely ; a character to lose, an estate to forfeit, the ines- 
 timable blessings of liberty at stake, and a life devoted, must 
 be my excuse." 
 
 To trace this great principle of character in all its mani- 
 
21 
 
 fcstations would be impossible. Washington lived, and tri- 
 umplied, and the crowning of his fidelity and patriotism with 
 success and popularity, gives us the right and privilege to meet 
 and commemorate his unparalleled moral honesty and superior 
 greatness. 
 
 Let all succeeding ages of people throughout this beloved 
 country, and in every clime on the globe, maintain and per- 
 petuate the great and sublime thoughts and principles so hap- 
 pily expounded in his farewell address to the people of the 
 United States. 
 
 The wise Father of American Liberty, and his superior 
 greatness, is further illustrated in his distinct and constant 
 maintenance of religion. He adorned his profession of Chris- 
 tianity with constant acts of justice and love to the people, 
 and most devoutly worshiped the God of Heaven. Our states- 
 man's whole life was a beautiful display of Christianity, pat- 
 riotism, and ardent love for the increasing prosperity and con- 
 stant happiness of the people. 
 
 Washington appointed the chaplains of the army, and uni- 
 formly maintained the glorious and appropriate services of re- 
 ligious worship during the war. The chaplains performed re- 
 ligious services among the soldiers in the tented field, and im- 
 plored for them and all mankind protection and constant bless- 
 ings from the God of battles. One of his first orders to the 
 American army was his solemn protest against all profanity. 
 He was constant and persevering in his wise efforts to pre- 
 vent profane swearing and every kind of immorality in the 
 army. Washington piously and ardently desired his compan- 
 ions in arms to implore tlie choicest blessings of Heaven on 
 the people, and constantly look to God for protection. He 
 revered and respected the Christian Sabbath as a necessary, 
 appropriate, and sacred day of rest from labor, the time for 
 religious devotions, and pure social intercourse among the peo- 
 ple, the acquirement of useful knowledge and the glorious prin- 
 ciples of the Christian religion. 
 
22 
 
 Washington always attended church on the Sahbath, nnless 
 he was prevented by indisposition. He never visited on that 
 sacred day of rest, or received calls from his friends ; but always 
 remained at home with his amiable wife and family, in peace- 
 ful study and reverential contemplation of the goodness and 
 wisdom of God. He attended the services of the church with 
 profound respect and reverence for pure Christian principles. 
 The records on his orderly sargeants' books exhibit his pm-e 
 attachment and profound reverence for religion. 
 
 Our hero in ordering the attention of the army to the ap- 
 propriate religious service by the chaplains, says : 
 
 "The blessings and protection of Heaven are at all tim^s 
 necessary, but especially so in tim'ss of public distress and dan- 
 ger. The General hopes and trusts that every officer and man 
 will endeavor to live and act as becomes a Christian soldier 
 defending the dearest rights and liberties of his country. 
 
 Again he says, " that the troops may have an opportunity 
 of attending the public worship of God, the General in fu- 
 ture excuses them from fatigue duty on Sundays. The Gen- 
 eral is sorry to be informed that the foolish and wicked prac- 
 tice of profane cursing and swearing, a vice lieretofore little 
 known in the AmerieuU - army, is growing into fashion. He 
 hopes and trusts that the officers will, by example as well as 
 influence, endeavor to check it, and both they and the men will 
 reflect that we can have but little hope of tlie blessings of 
 Heaven on our arms, if we insult it by our impiety and folly." 
 
 The din of war being ended, and the clash of resounding 
 arms hushed in the blessings of peace, Washington's heart 
 glowed with gratitude to God : and in his general orders to 
 the American army, says : 
 
 " The chaplains with the several brigades will render thanks 
 to Almighty God for all his mercies, particularly for His over- 
 ruling the wrath of man to His glory, and causing tlie rage 
 of war to cease amons: the nations." 
 
23 
 
 Again he says, — ''I am suro there never was a people who 
 had more reason to acknowledge a Divine interposition in their 
 aifairs than those of tlie United States. And I should be 
 pained to believe that they have forgotten that agency which 
 was so often manifested during the American revolution, or 
 that they failed to consider the omnipresence of that God 
 who alone is able to protect them." 
 
 Washington's addressess to the various religious bodies of 
 the United States all testify the same feeling and spirit. Ee- 
 ligion in sincerity, but without bigotry, was his principle, — 
 Religion in its pure and soothing spirit, but without sectari- 
 anism, was his joy and delight. 
 
 Our statesman says in one of his admirable addresses,— 
 
 " It would ill become me to conceal the joy I have felt in 
 perceiving the fraternal aflcction which appears to increase 
 every day among the friends of genuine religion. It affords 
 an edifying prospect indeed to sec Christians of every denom- 
 ination dwell together in more charity, and conduct themselves 
 in respect to each other with a more Christian-like spirit 
 than they have done in any former age, or in any other na- 
 tion." 
 
 How beautiful and Christian-like are the following words 
 and sentiments of the great and good "Washington : 
 
 " If I now could conceive that the general government 
 miglit ever be administered so as to render the liberty of 
 conscience insecure, I beg you will be persuaded that no one 
 would be more zealous than myself to establish effectual bar- 
 riers against the horrors of spiritual tyrrany, and every spe- 
 cies of religious persecution. You doubtless remember that I 
 have often expressed my sentiments that every man conduct- 
 ing himself as a good citizen, and being accountable to God 
 alone for his religious opinions, ought to be protected in 
 worshiping God according to the dictates of his own con- 
 science." 
 
24 
 
 Again, to the Roman Catholics in the United States, he sa3"3 : 
 " You, fellow citizens, will not forget the patriotic part which 
 you took in the accomplishment of our revolution, and the 
 establishment of our government, or the important assistance 
 which we received from a nation in which the Eoman Cath- 
 olic religion is professed. !May the members of your society 
 in America, animated alone by the pure spirit of Christianity, 
 and still conducting themselves as faithful subjects of our free 
 government, enjoy long, temporal, and spiritual felicity." 
 
 Washington having spoken, written, and acted as a Christian 
 through a long life, and given numerous proofs of his believing 
 himself to be such, and never having said, written, or done any- 
 thing contrary to his profession ; if such a man was not a pure 
 Christian, and justly entitled to be ranked among the believers 
 in Christianity, it would be impossible to establish the point 
 by any train of reasoning. The great Christian principles of 
 persevering fidelity in all his duties to the people and country, 
 shone most conspicuously in him through his long and honest 
 career. Never was a man more conscientious and right in all 
 the great Christian principles and patriotic devotion to the 
 cause of the people, religion, justice and rational liberty. 
 
 Washington's great subordinating rule of action was based 
 on even-handed justice and mercy. Order and equity governed 
 him and reigned triumphant and happy over his domestic af- 
 fairs. These glorious and patriotic principles prevailed in the 
 American army where our beloved hero commanded, in the 
 spirit of a Christian, father, and patriot. He was beloved and 
 admired by his soldiers, officers, and the American people, 
 
 Washington filled the chair of state during the first nnd 
 second term of President of the United States, with profound 
 wisdom, unsurpassed moral honesty, and lasting and immortal 
 honor. He ardently labored to improve the people, and called 
 into active labor and useful exercise the feeble and the strong, 
 the timid and the brave, and thus enabled all to grow in knowl- 
 edge and virtue together, and become one in friendship, love, 
 and patriotism. 
 
25 
 
 More than a century has rolled away since our beloved 
 Washington was initiated into first degree of ancient Free 
 Masonry, at the city of Fredricksburgh, in the State of Vir- 
 ginia. 
 
 On the 4th day of November, 1752, he received the iirst great 
 light of organized Free Masonry. He studied the first degree 
 four months, and joyfully learned its glorious principles. On 
 the 3d day of March, 1753, he was passed to the beautiful degree 
 of a fellow-craft Mason, and studied that degree five months, 
 and on the 4th day of August, 1753, he was raised to the sublime 
 degree of a Master Mason. 
 
 Washington respected and revered the pure principles of this 
 ancient and honorable institution, and studied Free Masonry as 
 a science. He became thoroughly acquainted with the principles 
 of Masonry, and the active and important duties of the lodge, 
 and was soon after elected the first officer of the lodge, met with 
 his brethren, and presided as their Master. 
 
 Through all his subsequent career he steadily wrought with, 
 and edified his masonic brethren, in the great temple of improve- 
 ment and reform, in which the faithful craftsmen delight to 
 work ; cultivate and improve their minds in the love of God, 
 and the other beautiful and important masonic virtues, wliieli all 
 good Masons ardently cherish and delight to bcliold in tlieir 
 lodges and among all mankind. Washington kept up his 
 Masonic Lodges in the tented field through all the war of the 
 American revolution, and in his day visited the various Lodges 
 in the then thirteen States of America. 
 
 All Free Masons delighted to recognize him as an intelligent 
 brother and a bright Mason among them. 
 
 Washington's mortal remains were entombed at Mount Vernon, 
 in the year 1799, with high and appropriate Masonic honors, by 
 the lodge of which he was the First Master, accompanied by an 
 immense concourse of grateful and bereaved people of all classes, 
 whose friendly and becoming deportment on that solemn and 
 interesting occasion, testified kind feelings and profound respect 
 for the character and glorious life of the departed fatlier of 
 American prosperity and universal liberty. 
 
26 
 
 Near the close of liis eartlily career he proclaimed to the Free 
 Masons of Rhode Island, the following pithy language and beau- 
 tiful sentiments in favor of this benevolent Institution : 
 
 " Being persuaded that a just application of the principles on 
 which the IMasonic fraternity is founded must be promotive of 
 private virtue and public prosperity, I shall always be happy to 
 advance the interests of Free Masonry, and to be considered by 
 the fraternity a deserving brother." 
 
 In one of Wasliington's communications to the Grand Lodge 
 of Free Masons of Massachusetts, he said : 
 
 '• Flattering as it may be to the human mind, and truly honor- 
 able as it is to receive from our fellow-citizens testimonies of 
 approbation for exertions to promote the public welfare, it is 
 not less pleasing to know that the milder virtues of the heart 
 are highly respected by a society whose liberal principles must 
 be founded in the immutable laws of truth and justice. 
 
 " To enlarge the sphere of social happiness is worthy of the 
 benevolent design of a Masonic Institution. And it is most 
 fer-\'ently to be wished that the conduct of every member of 
 the Fraternity, as well as those publications which discover the 
 principles that actuate them, may tend to convince mankind 
 that the . grand object of Masonry is to promote the happiness 
 of the human race. Permit me to assure you that I feel all 
 those emotions of gratitude which your affectionate address and 
 cordial wishes are calculated to inspire. And I sincerely pray 
 that the great Architect of the Universe may bless you here, 
 and receive you hereafter into his immortal temple." 
 
 These w^ere the last words of Washington to the Grand Lodge 
 of Free Masons of Massachusetts. 
 
 "We may read the principles of Masonry in the manifestations 
 and fruits of the Father of America's life and character. We 
 meet to-day to perpetuate them in their influence and extensive 
 power ; to hand tlicm down as living principles to our successors, 
 and to their children's children, to identify them with his history, 
 and consider his uniform practice of the jmre principles of 
 
27 
 
 Masonry among' the most beautiful and sublime acts of the pure 
 character and brilliant life of Washington. 
 
 Free Masonry taught him many of the pure rules of his uniform 
 and noble action through all his vigorous and useful life. The 
 principles of Masonry and of Washington are the same. 
 
 On the 16th day of March, 1852, a reniarkable illustration 
 of the extensive veneration and profound respect in which the 
 name of Washington is held by Free Masons in foreign lands, 
 took place at a Masonic celebration in the city of Manchester, 
 England. It was there asserted that Washington belonged to 
 a traveling Masonic Lodge, in the British army under General 
 Braddock, during his military services in the 46th regiment of 
 that army while in America, and that a copy of the Holy 
 Bible used in the lodge by Washington vras in the possession 
 of Captain Child, an oflicer of that regiment. This Bible was 
 brought under a chaste and grand military escort to the lodge 
 of Virtue in the city of Manchester, as an, object of very peculiar 
 interest and veneration. Three times the procession of Free 
 Masons moved in solemn and dignified order around the lodge, 
 the Bible being carried by the eldest member ; and the Free 
 Masons all singing in harmony that beautiful hymn : 
 
 Holy Bible, book Divine, 
 Precious treasuee, thou art mine." 
 
 The Masonic lecturer on that interesting occasion said : 
 
 " We are privileged to handle in our own hands, behold with 
 our own eyes, and to seal with our own lips, that sacred copy 
 of the Holy Bible in which the great and good Washington 
 read with rapture and delight the pure Masonic principles of 
 his lodge. 
 
 " Was there a heart which did not throb with joy while we 
 joined in procession around this lodge? Was there a voice 
 which did not unite in the chorus while singing that beautiful 
 Hymn which was selected for this occasion ? 
 
 " Dear Brethren." continued the orator, " we nave enjoyed a 
 great privilege, and it must not become of a. transitory char- 
 acter." 
 
28 
 
 How delightful is this token of foreign respect and reverence 
 for our great American ; the evidence which it gives us of the 
 existing influence of his name, history, and opinions over the 
 people in other and foreign lands. 
 
 Immortal honors are due to the memory, principles, and pure 
 character of Washington. Nations are enraptured with his 
 unparalleled honesty and profound wisdom. 
 
 The principles of civil and religious liberty, which he and his 
 companions obtained with the price of blood and treasure, are 
 among the greatest blessings to mankind. 
 
 Washington circumscribed his conduct by the compass oi 
 caution and prudence, and regulated his actions by the square 
 of virtue and justice. The golden trowel reminded him of his 
 duty to God and man, and happily taught him to spread the 
 cement of brotherly love and afiection among all mankind. He 
 always had a glorious mark in view ; through the vain and im- 
 perfect materials unfit for the Holy Temple, among the common 
 rubbish of earth as unfit for use. He never practised the 
 impostor's principles, or demanded wages or compensation where 
 it was not justly due. He preserved his right hand as an 
 instrument of power, love, and protection, and never improperly 
 thrust it into danger. His ear was open to the cries and wants 
 of liumanity and the demands of justice. 
 
 Washington always exercised great prudence and proper 
 caution while among enemies who appear under the cloak of 
 friendship. His great and pure mind rejoiced while the glorious 
 work of reform was rapidly progressing. The adjustment of tiie 
 Keystone, and the completion of the good work gave the blissful 
 intelligence that the enterprise was completed in triumph and 
 honor. The sound of the gavel continues to hail American 
 freemen to deeds of temperance, patriotism, and never-fading 
 glory. 
 
 The American people, like the renowned Queen of Sheba to 
 King Solomon in olden times, exclaimed, that the one half had not 
 been told them of the wisdom and greatness of Washington. 
 
 The great father of American liberty raised his honest eyes 
 in reverence to God, and beheld, with rapturous emotions of joy, 
 
29 
 
 the royal arch of Heaven which covered his dear country, where 
 the numerous and choice blessings of kind Providence were 
 spread in rich and varied profusion for the enjoyment and pros- 
 perity of flie people. 
 
 An Oration said to have been spoken by George Washing- 
 ton, at the age of seven years, at a school celebration in Virginia, 
 his native State. 
 
 You'd scarce expect one of my age, 
 
 To speak in public on the stage ; 
 
 And if I chance to fall below 
 
 Demosthenes or Cicero, 
 
 Don't view me with a critic's eye, 
 
 But pass my imperfections by. 
 
 Large streams from little fountains flow ; 
 
 Tall oaks from little acorns grow ; 
 
 And though I am now small and young, 
 
 Of judgment weak, and feeble tongue, 
 
 Yet all great learned men, like me. 
 
 Once learned to read their ABC. 
 
 But why may not American soil 
 
 Rear men as great as Britain's Isle ; 
 
 Exceed what Greece and Rome have done, 
 
 Or any land beneath the sun ? 
 
 May not America boast as great 
 
 As any other sister state ? 
 
 Or where 's the country, go far and near, 
 
 That does not find a rival here ? 
 
 Or where 's the boy but three feet high, 
 
 "Who's made improvements more than I? 
 
 These thoughts inspire my youthful mind 
 
 To be the greatest of mankind ; 
 
 Great, not like Ctesar, stain'd with blood, 
 
 But only great, as I am good. 
 
Entered acconling to Act of Congress, in tho year ISflO, by Washington' Gofk, in the Clerk's 
 Office of the District Court of the United States, for the Southern District of Xcu- YorI<. 
 
 J^ 1? jSi^ X:i jE3 
 
 AMERICAN REVOLUTION; 
 
 DISPLAYING 
 
 A INI A N D A , 
 
 AS THE HEROIKE OF THE PATKIOTIC LADIES ON THE SOIL OF THE UNITED 
 STATES, AIDINU GENERAL WASHINGTON, IN THE AVAR OF 
 THE REVOLUTION, TO OBTAIN AMERICAN 
 LIBERTY FOR THE PEOPLE. 
 
 I3y AV^-VSHINGS-TOIS" GJ-OiniT'. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 We open the scene of the following tale on the soil of 
 America, and in the ancient city of Philadelphia, the early 
 residence of the honest and noble William Pcnn, one of the 
 wise and prudent founders of the renowned Quaker City. 
 
 The subjects and characters displayed in our story will give 
 the intelligent reader some idea of the extraordinary and ex- 
 citing times which tried men's souls, in tlie domestic circles, 
 on the floor of Congress, in the State legislative halls, and 
 on the battle field. 
 
 We lay the scene of our romantic story in a licauliful coun- 
 try, vast in extent, and embracing the most salubrious climes 
 on the globe — the bountiful gift of the great Author of nature ; 
 a land destined by kind Providence to become tlie paradise of 
 the world ; the home of the unfortunate and weary stranger ; a 
 
32 
 
 free republican government, and a fertile soil, giving honest 
 and profitable labor, and a respectable and honorable asylum 
 for the weary pilgrims of every glime. 
 
 We shall consider some of the political events of the United 
 States, amid the exciting times of the American Revolution, wlien 
 General Washington led the patriot soldiers to victory and glory, 
 and the beautiful Amanda, the patriotic heroine of our story, and 
 the energetic American ladies, were the active and honest com- 
 panions of the hero and Father of Republican America. 
 
 Thus we commence the following tale, describing some of the 
 political events on the soil of America, amid whigs and tories, 
 friends and foes, daily mingling together in tlie American cities 
 for a long time, while in strong possession of the British army 
 and navy. 
 
 The people of the thirteen British Colonies were in a poor and 
 languishing condition when the patriots rose in arms against 
 Great Britian, and proclaimed to the world the timely and glo- 
 rious Declaration of American Independence, in the memorable 
 year 1776. 
 
 The ladies exerted every latent energy of their minds, and noble 
 women became the active and honest companions of General 
 Washington in the glorious cause of American liberty. They 
 helped fight the great and triumphant battles of freedom, by unit- 
 ina: their active and noble minds with the illustrious Patriots and 
 Honest Heroes of Republican America ; they ardently labored 
 to help victual and clothe the little army and navy during the war 
 of American Independence ; they nobly sent their patriotic hus- 
 bands, fathers, sons, and brothers to fight the battles of freedom 
 by the side of our illustrious General Washington ; and they per- 
 formed the domestic labors and transacted the business of the men 
 as well as they could, while the patriots of the American Revolu- 
 tion were performing their arduous and dangerous duties in the 
 army and navy ; and they nobly preserved their property and 
 homes, and joyfully received and kindly embraced their dear com- 
 panions and friends, on their return from the war to their anxious 
 families and consecrated homes. 
 
33 
 
 Wc may now give a brief and graphic view of the beginning, 
 progress, and successful advance of the war of our glorious Rev- 
 olution. The battles were fought, the victories are won, and 
 Liberty, the darling child of Heaven, was obtained with the 
 price of streaming blood and treasure in the terrific conflict 
 on the high seas, and on the battle field! 
 
 Great British ships of war, freighted with all the means of de- 
 struction to human life and property known to the king of Great 
 Britain, blockaded and infested the harbors and cities of the in- 
 fant colonies, and covered the American waters. Marines, sea- 
 men, and soldiers were prepared for exciting and dreadful conflict. 
 
 The British troops were daily landing on the soil of America, 
 the proud English officers were causing their men to disembark 
 at Philadelphia, and the Quaker City had more the appearance 
 of a military camp than the great commercial metropolis of 
 America. 
 
 The officers quickly sought and obtained respectable boarding- 
 houses among the private families, and the Quaker women anx- 
 iously inquired of them, "Hast thou come to Philadelphia to take 
 possession of our homes, city, and America ? " 
 
 The officers who had been quartered in Philadelphia for a long 
 time, received accessions to their numbers by every arrival of the 
 British troops, and they naturally called on their brother officers 
 soon after their arrival, and made the usual polite and necessary 
 inquiries for them. 
 
 " Thee canst read thy countryman's name on his baggage," re- 
 plied the disconcerted hostess, pointing with trembling finger to 
 the label on a trunk in the hall of her house ; " and thee will find 
 him in tlie chamber opposite thy own." 
 
 Having uttered these words, Mrs. Holbrook retreated to her 
 sanctuary, to lament over tlie fresh affliction and invasion of her 
 comfort. 
 
 " Ensign George Prevost, 2d Battalion, Grenadiers," says Gen- 
 eral Goft', reading the inscription. 
 
 " Ah ! the young guardsman gazetted Ensign, raw from college, 
 good family, and plenty of money. I must offer my services or he 
 may fall into difficulty." 
 
34 
 
 The General ascended the stairs. His own apartments looked 
 
 on the street. The opposite door was ajar, and he peeped 
 
 within. 
 
 On the edge of the bed sat a young gentleman with his 
 feet resting on an open trunk ; and on his knees lay a letter. 
 
 He appeared in a disconsolate reverie. 
 
 Having taken an accurate survey, the General rapped at the 
 door. 
 
 " Come in," said a pleasant voice, and looking with a graceful 
 smile of approbation. 
 
 The General entered the room, and announced his name and 
 rank. 
 
 " As they," he said, " were likely to become such near neigh- 
 bors, he should be happy to render any service Mr. Provost 
 might desire." 
 
 A few moments interchange of kind feelings and mutual 
 desires to promote each other's happiness in tJieir new homes, 
 established a friendly intimacy. 
 
 As Provost appeared dull and melancholy, the General 
 kindly offered to go with him to the theatre in the city of 
 Philadelphia, on the evening of the day he arrived in America. 
 
 The young Ensign expressed his surprise that such entertain- 
 ments were established in a city abounding, as he believed, with 
 Quakers and other sectarians. 
 
 " xis to amusements," said the General, " you will find we man- 
 age very well. Philadelphia is a regular built and healthy city. 
 The society is good, and the young men and girls look cheerful 
 and friendly. I have seen much worse winter quarters. I will 
 go and purchase the tickets for the theatre, as no money is 
 taken at the door." 
 
 The theatre was situated in the suburb of Southwark, near 
 the intersection of South and Fourth streets. The location 
 was chosen because it lay beyond the jurisdiction of the mag- 
 istrates of the city of Philadelphia, who were mostly averse 
 to dramatic entertainments. 
 
35 
 
 This fact of course applies to tlie time of its erection pre- 
 vious to the American Revolution. Soon after that memorable 
 struggle for liberty commenced, the theatrical performers dis- 
 persed, some of them taking an active part in a more sanguin- 
 ary strife than the mimic contests of professional life on the 
 theatrical stage. Patriotism led many of them to perform mil- 
 itary services in the camp and on the battle field. 
 
 In the evening the General and Provost, the young British 
 Ensign, his new acquaintance, sallied forth ; the former in a 
 militar}' undress, the latter in civilian's garb. 
 
 General Golf informed the young Ensign on their way to the 
 evening's amusement, that the theatre was then in the hands 
 of the British naval and military officers, who both painted the 
 scenes and enacted the characters. 
 
 The proceeds were consecrated to the relief of the widows 
 and orphans of fallen soldiers ; the boxes and pit were the 
 same price, and the gallery was reserved for the poor and 
 more humble classes, who were admitted at low prices, corre- 
 sponding with tlieir limited means. 
 
 The General conducted his friend Prevost into the pit, which 
 was the favorite lounge ; the boxes being generally selected by 
 families, or when ladies were in company with gentlemen. 
 
 All parts of the house were generally well filled, presented a 
 brilliant display, and were diversified by the rich dresses of the 
 ladies, and the gay colors of the naval and military uniforms of 
 the officers. 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 The young Ensign had just left his friends and society at col- 
 lege, parted with his school-fellows and his beloved home to join 
 an army in a foreign land, amid a fierce war and revolution in 
 America, and a hostile country where he had no acquaintance. 
 
 The officers of the army to whom he brouglit letters of intro- 
 duction and recommendation, were entire strangers to the young 
 
36 
 
 Ensign. In tliis condition and feeling he fancied he might find 
 immediate relief, and enjoy much pleasure by once attending a 
 place of fashionable amusement, and seeing a large number of his 
 countrymen, and the distinguished officers of the British army and 
 navy. 
 
 The excellent performance, the novelty of the scene, and every 
 thing lie beheld in the city interested and pleased his mind, and 
 filled his soul vrith emotions of joy and delight. 
 
 The young Ensign could not realize the fact that he was in a 
 hostile land and in the city of Philadelphia, but a few hours' 
 march from the rebels' and enemies' camp at Yalley Forgo, and 
 that the environs of the city -vvcre the scenes of frequent military 
 skirmishes ; but he felt as though he was in England amid scenes 
 and society to which he had been familiar. 
 
 General Goflf, a campaigner for more than twenty years, who 
 had performed military services in many parts of the world, was 
 very indifferent to matters and things which did not immediately 
 aftect his own interest and comfort. But Provost's education, 
 wealth, and popular family excited the old veteran soldier's inter- 
 est, and created a keen desire to cultivate his acquaintance and 
 friendship. The General was remarkably attentive in j)ointing 
 out to the young Ensign the personages whose military rank and 
 popular title ga\c them importance and renown in the Britisli 
 army and navy. 
 
 The young Ensign pretended to listen to the old veteran's re- 
 marks, but his young heart beat with ardent emotions of love for 
 the beautiful and modest lady who sat with her friends in a fash- 
 ionable theatrical box, in the most popular theatre in the city of 
 Philadelphia, on whom his keen eyes gazed with uncommon inter- 
 est and delight. The box was occupied by one lady and two gen- 
 tlemen. This charming and interesting daughter of America 
 was one of the most active and patriotic ladies in Philadelphia, 
 during the war of the American Revolution. 
 
 The heart and fancy of the young Ensign was soon kindled 
 into a flame of ardent love. He innocently envied the proud mili- 
 tary gentleman who sat by the side of the modest and patriotic 
 
37 
 
 lady. He noticed with pleasure her occasional and modest 
 smiles, and intelligent eyes, as they turned from one brilliant 
 object to another, wliile the interesting characters were enacted 
 alid the splendid scenes rose majestically before her. He ob- 
 served with emotions of sincere pleasure the lady's graceful and 
 .ascinating manner of conversing with her friends ; and lie was 
 pleased to learn of the prudent, reserved, and ladylike manner 
 in which she approached strangers, while performing the duties 
 of patriotism in the arduous cause of American liljerty. 
 
 The young Ensign hesitated for some time to enquire the 
 name of the interesting and popular lady, lest his friend Gen- 
 eral Goif should suspect and ridicule his loving emotions. But 
 Ids anxiety rapidly increasing, he suppressed his feminine del- 
 icacy, and desired the General to give him the name of tlie 
 gentleman Avho sat by the side of the modest and fashiona- 
 ble lady. 
 
 " He is Andrew S. Lyon, the uncle and guardian of the young- 
 lady whom you seem to admire.'' 
 
 " And who is that other gay looking gentleman, in military 
 dress, sitting by the side of the lady in the same box ? " inquired 
 the young Ensign. 
 
 " Oh ! he is one of us," replied the General, " Sir William 
 Howe's secretary ; his name is Winchester. He holds an ante- 
 dated commission of Adjutant, and has, I believe, some pickings 
 at the commissariat. He plays high and wins and loses with 
 perfect coolness." 
 
 The amiable, energetic, and honest ladies of Philadeq)hia per- 
 formed wise and vigorous deeds of useful patriotism, amid the 
 most gloomy periods of the American Revolution. 
 
 Women were the true and constant companions of Washing- 
 ton. They allayed the angry and war spirit among the British 
 officers, by the sweet and fascinating power of music, fashion- 
 able parties, and splendid amusements. The ladies carried into 
 constant effect those wise and noble preventive principles which 
 prevent the effusion of blood, and eifcct the objects of peace 
 and patriotism without the loss of honor or of human life. 
 
S8 
 
 They performed timely and valuable serA'ices in the holy cause 
 of freedom, unparalleled in history, and highly honorable to 
 noble women. 
 
 Miss Amanda Jones was a niece to Mr. Lyon, and a mem^ 
 ber of his family. He was a wealthy and respectable merchant 
 in the city of Philadelphia, during the war of the American 
 Revolution. Mr. Lyon in due time cheerfully and honorably 
 became the guardian of his niece, the beautiful Amanda — the 
 heroine of our story — the orphan lady, and one of the most 
 energetic and brilliant patriotic women in the holy cause of 
 liberty on the soil of America. 
 
 Amanda possessed a strong and vigorous physical constitu- 
 tion, which she never impaired or injured by neglect or impru- 
 dence. Health, beauty, and love sparkled fi'om her pleasant 
 eyes, and her fine form and graceful movements rendered her 
 person attractive and lovely. Her imagination was bright and 
 fruitful ; all the faculties of her young mind were early devel- 
 oped, and cultivated at the best schools in the city of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Amanda's intelligent and amiable mother imparted to her 
 young daughter all the principles of honest industry, temper- 
 ance, and patriotism. She then kindly and prudently gave the 
 heroine of our story the first lessons of religious piety and love 
 to God, and good will to all mankind. She very piously in- 
 structed her promising daughter in the pure principles of our 
 holy religion, and desired Amanda to practice those lovely and 
 sublime principles in their purity, as they gently fell from the 
 lips of the great and holy Teacher of all truth. She desired 
 her amiable and young daughter to cherisli and practice these 
 rich and pure principles througli life. Amanda's wise and 
 prudent father taught her all the lessons of Avisdom necessary 
 for her in the enterprises of the day. He imparted to his 
 young and amiable daughter the rich lessons of an enliglitened 
 father's respect and wisdom. He bestowed on her the richest 
 tokens of a kind father's enduring love. He desired liis 
 bright daughter to employ every prudent means to enjoy the 
 
rich bounties of Providence, be guided and sustained by tlie 
 wise and beneficial laws of health, and keep her physical sys 
 tern strong and active, and prepare it to sustain a clear and 
 vigous mind. 
 
 Amanda's wise and sagacious father informed her that a re- 
 markable jDolitical crises was at hand in tlic affairs of the 
 United States. Great British ships of war, deeply laden with 
 officers, sailors, marines and soldiers, and fully freighted with 
 the implements and numitions of war, would soon infest Amer- 
 ican seaports, paralyze commerce, and add- to the fears and 
 pecuniary wants of our then infant and bleeding country. 
 
 The roar of British cannon would soon be heard in the dis- 
 tance : the bright musket and bayonet, and the gleaming sword, 
 would glisten and dazzle and bid hostile defiance in the hands 
 of Britons on the soil of America, 
 
 Woman's love, patriotism, and war stratagem would soon find 
 an active and prosperous field of necessary labor ; but it would 
 be bloodless and help to secure the much needed and glorious 
 boon of American liberty. 
 
 Amanda matured well her plans of military defence, by pre- 
 paring and encouraghig fiishionable and chaste amusements for 
 the British naval and military officers ; and drew their attention 
 from preparing to shed American blood on the soil of the United 
 States. 
 
 American ladies co-operated with Amanda, in performing and 
 executing well matured plans of defence, without causing the effu- 
 sion of blood. American gentlemen and all true lovers of liberty 
 bid her God speed. 
 
 Most of the British officers soon learned to enjoy popular amuse- 
 ments and attend them in compliment to the American ladies, 
 instead of preparing to fight tlie rcl)els under Washington, amid 
 their impoverished homes and country. 
 
40 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 " Is there much play ? " asked Prevost. 
 
 " To be sure," replied General Goff, " What is there to do in 
 winter ? A few officers manage the Philadelphia theatre. Would 
 you believe it, Gugy S. Taylor is a thorough soldier and a 
 skillful and accomplished young officer. He is quick, laborious, 
 and sure to accomplish his wise objects, and notwithstanding 
 liis active duties, yet he painted that beautiful and splendid 
 drop scene. It could not be done better in Covcnt Garden." 
 
 " But who are )'ou looking at so intensely ? " said the Gen- 
 eral, smiling. " Oh ! I presume the lady in yonder fashionable 
 theatrical box, the niece of Mr. Lyon." 
 
 "What! an American lady?" exclaimed Provost in sur- 
 prise. 
 
 "Yes — a real American lady," replied the General. "You, 
 my young Ensign, must have formed your notions of Philadel" 
 phia I suppose from geography and spelling books, where ximer- 
 ica is illustrated by the engraving of an Indian savage." 
 
 "Oh! General, my friend, "exclaimed Prevost, "do tell me the 
 name of tliat modest angelic looknig lady in yonder theatrical 
 box ; her sweet and intelligent looking countenance fills my eye 
 and animates my soul." 
 
 " It is Miss Amanda Jones, one of the Philadelphia beauties, 
 a respectable orphan young lady, a modest, energetic, and Amer- 
 ican patriot." 
 
 " This evening's entertainment," says Prevost, " is sweet and 
 delightful. My mind revels in rapturous emotions of joy." 
 
 "His majesty the king of Great Britain sent me," said the 
 young Ensign, " to America, to fight the Yankee rebels and pat- 
 riots in the new world. But how can I draw my sword and 
 order my English countrymen to destroy or even injure a people 
 whose principles are right and honest, as those of the United 
 States? How can I fight the brothers, husbands, or sons, of 
 the intelligent and beautiful ladies of America?" 
 
 "Well, well, Prevost," said the General, "you seem to love 
 
41 
 
 very enthusiastically ; you arc becoming quite Americanized in- 
 deed among these shrewd Yankees in the United States. Tlic 
 American beauties and patriotic ladies seem to captivate your 
 young heart, and they arc in a fair way to occupy more of your 
 time than the military camp and the king's service. But then, 
 dear Ensign, as we are professional gentlemen, we must obey 
 Sir William Plowe's military orders ; the science of arms must 
 not languish in our hands ; ^ve must at least keep up a good 
 show of loyalty to his majesty our British king. 
 
 We may all remember tlic history describing how Johnny Bull 
 used to bluster about and bellow in America more than eighty 
 years ago, yet the American ladies mildly carried into efiect 
 their honest preventive principles against war, and in favor of an 
 honorable and speedy peace. Mild language, honest and proper 
 arguments were used, accompanied with sweet music, fashionable 
 parties in cities and villages, and a variety of popular and public 
 entertainments, which the British officers paid for, while the 
 ladies modestly and cheerfully drew the fighting and war spirit 
 out of their minds. 
 
 The patriotic Amanda constantly took the lead among the 
 American ladies in planning and executing the principles and 
 wise policy of peace. In this timely and honorable enterprise the 
 orphan young lady rendered constant services to the United 
 States, during the struggles of the people and the toils of the 
 poorly clad and hungry soldiers, "wliile gallantly fighting the bat- 
 tles of freedom. 
 
 While Amanda and the xVmerican ladies were amusing the 
 British officers at parties and fashionable entertainments. General 
 Washington and the American Congress were gaining time to 
 increase the continental army, and obtaining money, food, and 
 clothing for the suffering soldiers quartered on the soil of 
 America. 
 
 Prevost, who so much admired the appearance of Amanda, 
 remarked to the General, that "he presumed Winchester, the 
 officer who sat by her side, laid anxious siege to the distinguished 
 lady." 
 
42 
 
 " No doubt of the truth of your surmise, Prevost ; yet there is 
 a good chance for a rival. He who honorably succeeds in win- 
 ning the approbation and confidence of the orphan young lady, 
 the lovely and respectable Amanda, may enjoy much bliss, and 
 the friendship of the good people of the land." 
 
 " I believe," said the gallant General, " tliat Miss Jones has 
 no affection for Winchester, and only accompanies him occasion- 
 ally to a place of popular and fashionable amusement as a good 
 neighbor." 
 
 Amanda was a shrewd manager, popular with the nobility, and 
 the first and most fashionable classes of the people and good 
 society in Philadelphia. Her adroit and successful mode of at- 
 tracting the officers of the British army and navy from their du- 
 ties by attending theatres and other fashionable places of public 
 amusement, induced a large number of the officers to neglect 
 planning or preparing during the winter for a spring campaign 
 ao-ainst Washington. 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 The young Ensign had handled more books at college thau 
 swords and muskets on the battle field ; and attended more 
 fashionable parties in England, heard more sweet music in the 
 popular halls of commercial cities, than the roar of cannon amid 
 the slain, and the numerous victories of bloody and desperate 
 wars. 
 
 He approved of the friendly, active, and honorably policy of 
 the American ladies, in carrying into quick and successful opera- 
 tion the mild, humane, and effective preventive principles of 
 truth and patriotism. 
 
 The veteran General Goff, who had fought during the fierc- 
 est and most desperate wars on the Eastern Hemisphere for 
 the last twenty years, thought there was more power and bet- 
 ter influence in woman's love to gain an honorable peace, than 
 could be found in the force of swords and cannons. 
 
43 
 
 The young Ensign agreed with the veteran soldier's notions 
 of love, and verily thought that his long and active professional 
 life and the science of arms gave him clear and lucid views, and 
 entitled his honest expressed opinions and sound judgment to the 
 most respectful and profound consideration. 
 
 Prevost frankly admitted that " he was happily disappointed 
 with America. The sufferings of the people of the infant and 
 scattered colonies had greatly increased for many years." The 
 young Ensign believed the cause of the American people was 
 just and holy, and commanded the honest sympathies of the 
 world ; and tliat the British government and people had been 
 most wickedly misled against the Americans, and the political 
 and religious objects they were laboring to obtain. 
 
 The General observed his experience in America, and a 
 thorough examination into the political causes of the unfriendly 
 feelings and disastrous war which afflicted the colonies, causing 
 blood to flow on the soil of America, was all wrong, and that the 
 holy principles of peace ought to triumph over war. 
 
 CHAPTER Y. 
 
 "Are you particularly acquainted with Amanda's uncle and 
 guardian ? " inquired Prevost, with much earnestness. 
 
 " Neither uncle nor niece," replied General Goff, with much com- 
 posure. " As I said before, dancing after these dashing ladies is 
 quite out of my line ; a cup of tea or coffee, and a friendly chat 
 with my landlady when she is prosperous and happy is far more 
 to my taste. These beautiful and fashionable ladies are so kind 
 and fascinating, as to induce their friends to supply them with 
 money and all the luxuries they may desire." 
 
 " The ladies merit much attention and constant and profound 
 respect, and it requires time, skill, and money to gratify them, and 
 supply their reasonable wants." 
 
 " There, now," said the General, " you see that gentleman in 
 dark green uniform, leaning against one of the pillars ? " 
 
44 
 
 " Yes," replied the young Ensign, " a rifleman 1 presume." 
 
 " That 's Colonel Taylor ; and if you seek a model for your 
 conduct as a soldier and a gentleman, choose him. He came 
 over from Enland like yourself a young grenadier, and although 
 he is but a few years older, already stands high in the confidence 
 of Sir William Ho^Ye, and now commands the king's rangers. 
 Taylor's promotion has been rapid, but then he seldom goes to 
 balls, parties, or theatres ; and never to the gaming house. As 
 you perceive he is equipped for the field ; and perhaps after mid- 
 night lie may be seen skirmishing with the rebel trooper Pulaski 
 beyond the northern suburb." 
 
 " He has the sharp and clear appearance of a soldier, and a 
 genteel and commanding figure," observed the Ensign. 
 
 " Well, now, Prevost, Adjutant Winchester has as much talent 
 as Colonel Taylor, but he spends his days seeking after the heart 
 and hand of a lady he thinks has the qualities almost of an 
 angel ; and he spends his evenings in trying to break the faro 
 bank, or setting up one himself. His intrigues were useful be- 
 fore the British forces occupied Philadelphia. But Sir William 
 Howe is getting tired of him. The Adjutant employs more 
 time in his own private affairs than he devotes to his majesty's 
 service. Therefore take Taylor as }-our model, and }'ou will 
 not remain long Ensign of Grenadiers." 
 
 The young Ensign readily admitted the timely and good 
 advice of the General ; but he preferred seeking the graceful 
 and lovely charms of Amanda, to all the honors which the 
 king of Great Britain could bestow on him in the army. Tlie 
 heart and affections of the lovely and patriotic Amanda would 
 produce an earthly paradise for the young Ensign. 
 
 It might suit the military feelings of an old veteran soldier 
 in his majesty's service, like his friend General GoflT, to advocate 
 strict military discipline and the valor of the soldier. But the 
 young Ensign had good reason for believing that tlie honest, 
 patriotic, and pure principles of brotherly kindness, v/ould pro- 
 duce enduring love and the kind spirit of justice. 
 
 But war produces the destruction of property, liberty, and 
 
45 
 
 life. It does not auimato and develop the pure principles of 
 love and justice. 
 
 "A permanent and honorable peace," said the patriotic 
 Amanda, " could only be established between the United States 
 and Great Britian, on the holy principles of even-handed jus- 
 tice and brotherly love." 
 
 The young Ensign had good reason for believing that the 
 lovely Amanda, and the other patriotic and energetic ladies in 
 America, Avere doing the United States good service, in diverting 
 the Britisli ofTiccrs from preparing to shed American blood on 
 the battle field. 
 
 They induced the king's naval and military officers to spend 
 their money among the Americans, and attend fashionable parties 
 and popular amusements. 
 
 This course of action diminished the strength and efficiency 
 of the British army and navy in America, and had a tendency 
 to lead the troops of the English army, and their naval forces 
 to insubordination, mutiny, and desertion. 
 
 Amanda, looking at the fashionable company with great 
 sweetness of temper, and her usual modesty, remarked " that 
 she had always found that just, prompt, and constant preventive 
 principles, were sure to produce the most happy and prosperous 
 results. That she was rejoiced to learn the noble sentiments 
 wliicli had just fallen from the lips of a generous British officer. 
 And she had good reason for believing they were sincerely felt 
 and shared by a large number of the king's officers and men 
 in America." 
 
 Miss Amanda thought it right to encourage the ladies to 
 progress with mild means and just measures, and ardently la- 
 bor, to produce that glorious peace, which the patriots and 
 General Washington cordially approved, and even British offi- 
 cers applauded and admired. 
 
46 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 Prevost, the young British Ensign, retired to tlic lobby 
 near the outer door, as soon as tlie theatrical performance was 
 over. 
 
 Soon after, Amanda, the heroine of our story, whose fasci- 
 nating appearance and modest beautiful countenance had created 
 in the mind of. the young Ensign so much fanciful pleasure 
 and anticipation of future happiness, passed gracefully by him 
 leaning on the arm of Adjutant Winchester, on her way home 
 to her uncle and wealthhy guardian's splendid mansion in the 
 eity of Philadelphia. 
 
 Prevost was again enraptured by the delightful appearance 
 of the charming object of liis first admiration on the soil of 
 America. 
 
 On passing from the theatre to the outer door amid the 
 fashionable tlu'ong to her carriage, Amanda dropped her large 
 Avhite handkerchief, on which was tastefully printed, " Miss 
 Amanda Jones, the Orphan Lady, Philadelphia Beauty, and 
 energetic American Patriot. Presented by General Washing- 
 ington and the Mayor of the City of Philadelphia, as a token 
 of the people's respect for her early and constant patriotism 
 in the holy cause of American Liberty." 
 
 Amanda stopped at the door of her carriage for a few mo- 
 ments in painful solicitude for the loss of her white hand- 
 kerchief. 
 
 At length the patriotic lady's anxious mind was suddenly 
 relieved by the appearance of a splendid looking well dressed 
 young gentlemen, approaching her with great anxiety of coun- 
 tenance, through the crowded and popular throng. He ap- 
 proached Amanda with all the chastcncss and dignity of the 
 most polished and accomplished gentleman, and holding the 
 wliite handkerchief in his hand before the gratified lady and 
 her friends, observed that he had picked it up near the foot of 
 the stairs which she had just descended, and instantly discov- 
 ering her name on it, he had done himself the pleasure to return 
 it to her without a moment's delay. 
 
47 
 
 Amanda's mind instantly changed from the sadness and sus- 
 pense into which it had been thrown by the loss of the token 
 of the honest and patriotic friendship of her fellow-citizens and 
 General Washington, for her exertions to promote the long- 
 desired liberties of the people of the United States. 
 
 Amanda's countenance instantly exhibited the most delightful 
 spirit of gratitude and friendship. Every feature of her beau- 
 tiful face gave evidence of an intelligent mind, and a soul full 
 of love for the immediate relief and happiness of oppressed 
 and suifering humanity. This amiable and respectable young- 
 lady, with almost angelic sweetness of voice and lovely counte- 
 nance, respectfully desired the gallant young gentleman and 
 stranger in the city of Philadelphia, to have the goodness to 
 give her his name. 
 
 " George Prevost, Ensign 2d Battalion Grenadiers, just ar- 
 rived from England, in his Britannic Majesty's military service 
 at Philadelphia," answered the young Ensign. 
 
 " You will," said Amanda, " have the goodness, sir, to accept 
 my grateful and sincere thanks for your kindness on this novel 
 occasion, and allow me the pleasure to hope that circumstances 
 may soon change the character of your professional and military 
 employment, and that a just and honorable treaty of peace may 
 be concluded, and soon ratified, between your country and our 
 bleeding, suffering, and very dear America. It will give me pleas- 
 ure to do you any honorable or proper favor, which the vicis- 
 situdes of life and the fortunes of war will enable me to per- 
 form. But you will, I trust, rejoice with me and my fellow- 
 countrymen, and your associate brother officers and friends whom 
 this novel affair has detained, in the joyous hope that circum- 
 stances may never make it your professional duty as a British 
 officer to shed the innocent blood of my dear American country- 
 men. May it never, sir, become a fact that the soft and delicate 
 hand of the young British officer, who has so courteously restored 
 to me the white token of General Washington's friendship and 
 approbation, should ever find it a professional duty to draw his 
 bright and keen sword, and slay a single son or daughter of 
 
48 
 
 America ; or that the sweet and smooth voice which so kindly- 
 informed me of a circumstance wliich gives me innocent pleas- 
 ure, should ever find it his duty to order his British soldiers 
 to kill my dear countrymen on the soil of America." 
 
 The young- Ensign bowed most respectfully to the lovely 
 Amanda, in honest approbation of the kind words and patriotic 
 sentiments which had just fallen so gracefully from her lips, in 
 so much sweetness and ladylike dignity. 
 
 The patriotic Amanda then waving her splendid white hand- 
 kerchief, and bowing most gracefully to Prevost, the young Brit- 
 ish Ensign, and the respsctable audience who had so kindly 
 stopped to witness the novel circumstance, and looking on them 
 with the most cheering and intelligent countenance, kindly bade 
 them all " good night." 
 
 The fashionable audience, most respectfully waved their hand- 
 kerchiefs in honest token of their friendship, and bowed with 
 respectful smiles of sincere approbation to the patriotic and 
 angelic looking Amanda while gracefully stepping into her car- 
 riage. The beautiful and modest orphan lady was then quickly 
 conveyed with her uncle home to the splendid mansion of Mr. 
 Lyon, her rich and respectable guardian in the city of Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 The popular and fashionable audience then retired to their 
 dear homes after having been delighted with the chaste and 
 agreeable amusements of the evening. 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 As soon as Prevost had recovered from his first and happy 
 interview with the lovely and respectable Amanda, which we 
 have just described, he cast his keen eyes around to find his 
 friend General Goff. But he had gone home during the young 
 Ensign's happy and chaste revelry with the popular and respect- 
 able company, and the amiable, patriotic, and orphan young lady. 
 
49 
 
 This novel afTair proved unfortunate for the young Ensign, 
 as he had forgotten, amid the excitement of the evening, the 
 name of his landlady, and the street and number of his new 
 boarding-house. And not having the General to guide him as 
 he expected, commenced wandering through the city in hope of 
 finding his new boarding-house. But he soon found himself em- 
 barrassed. 
 
 While walking round the corner of a street, where he fancied 
 the boarding-house he so much desired would soon meet his 
 eye, a posse of men surrounded him. As he was unarmed he 
 considered resistance improper and dangerous, and therefore 
 submitted himself a prisoner. 
 
 " You must go with us to the guard house," said the leader 
 of the men in a smooth, gentlemanly voice. 
 
 " I am an officer in the British army," said Prevost, " and 
 you will do well to let me pass without fuj-ther delay." 
 
 " I shall be happy to accommodate you, sir," said the leader 
 of the men, " on your giving me your name and quartci^s." 
 
 The young Ensign instantly gave his name, Imt could not 
 recollect his new landlady, or the street and number of his new 
 boarding-house. 
 
 The leader informed Prevost that he was a citizen of Phila- 
 delphia, and acting under the instruction of Sir "William Howe. 
 It was his duty to arrest any person found walking at night 
 without a lighted lantern, between the evening beat of the tat- 
 too and the morning revielle. So many disturbances and rob- 
 beries had been committed at night, that the British general, 
 then in possession of the city of Philadelphia, left tlie preserv- 
 ing of tlie peace to the citizens themselves, who performed the 
 duty of patroling the streets by rotation. That the General's 
 orders required his posse of men to conduct the Ensign to the 
 king's guard house, where the officer in command might feel it 
 liis duty to discharge him from the arrest. 
 
 Prevost was aware that his difficulties would end at the guard 
 house, and he of course be instantly released, and then kindly 
 conducted to his quarters. But the experience of a college life. 
 
50 
 
 and tlio opposition between the students and city authorities, 
 and the dread of being vanquished, induced him to believe that 
 his brother officers would ridicule him, if he should suffer him- 
 self to be forced to the guard house. Open resistance to su- 
 perior force was out of the question, so he resolved on strata- 
 gem. 
 
 As the young Ensign feigned a willingness to accompany the 
 civic patrols with cheerful submission, no restraint was imposed 
 on his person. He was suffered to walk quietly by the side 
 of the captian. 
 
 They overtook a gentleman in British military uniform, and 
 Prevost instantly resolved to claim his assistance. But the 
 officer suddenly pushed open a door, near the sidewalk, and en- 
 tered the hall of a spacious house. 
 
 The young Ensign, the prisoner, instantly followed him, and 
 quickly closing the door on them, turned the key on the patrols. 
 Prevost followed the officer up a handsome well lighted flight 
 of stairs into an ante-room. 
 
 The military gentleman showed no surprise at the entrance 
 of the Ensign. 
 
 Prevost considered the place was a coffee house, or other 
 public resort. But while following the gentleman officer into 
 an inner apartment the porter interposed, and said he did not 
 remember the gentleman's name. As soon as Prevost had 
 given his name, rank, and regiment the door was thrown open, 
 and he was admitted into a saloon where about one hundred 
 gentlemen, mostly in British military, naval, and undress uni- 
 forms, were congregated around several billiard tables. 
 
 In an adjoining room he found a number of faro tables, 
 surrounded by British officers and other gentlemen, busily play- 
 ing the silly games, and trying to break the faro banker who 
 presided. 
 
 The third apartment was the refreshment room, where every 
 thing rare and costly was spread to allure the eye, and grat- 
 ify the natural or artificial tastes of the gamblers, and the 
 
51 
 
 innocent and unsuspecting men they allured to these unholy 
 and damning places of sin and immorality. 
 
 Prevost walked leisurely around the saloon among the proud 
 and deluded gamblers unnoticed by them. 
 
 These places of temptation and wickedness demoralized 
 many well meaning men, and robbed them of their money, 
 mind, and reputation. But these fortunes of war were turned 
 to good account, in helping to terminate the war of the 
 American Revolution. 
 
 In proportion as the British officers, sent to the United 
 States to subdue or destroy the rebels under General Washing- 
 ton, neglected their duty in the British army and navy on 
 the soil of America, the king's forces were weakened ; and 
 Washington and his compatriots in arms gained time and means 
 to prepare and defeat the English red coats. 
 
 Many British officers found Brother Jonathan and the Amer- 
 ican people such fine fellows that they could not bear to fight 
 them. The officers did not like to leave their military de- 
 partment, camps, and vessels of war, to fight the hungry and 
 poorly clad soldiers in the continental army. They preferred 
 learning fashionable plays for the theatres, and giving popu- 
 lar dramatic entertainments. 
 
 Tlie king's officers had rather paint the scenery for the the- 
 atrical professions, than fight the brave Yankees in the Uni- 
 ted States while struggling for their freedom. 
 
 After driving the performers from the stage by the sword 
 and bayonet, and neglecting their military duties to their king 
 and royal master, they proudly became the managers of the 
 theatres, saloons, and other places of amusement and public 
 resort The officers enacted the characters and performed the 
 plays. 
 
 Intemperance, neglect of duty, and bad and unholy princi- 
 ples, are the most prominent causes which produced the failure 
 and defeat of the military and naval forces of Great Britain, 
 while warring to subdue the people of the United States. 
 But these errors and misfortunes are some of the effects of 
 
52 
 
 war, and remind us of the liistorical facts that the means em- 
 ployed to oppress or injure a person, or a people, often defeat 
 the parties while laboring to rob any human being of the en- 
 joyment of the gifts of a wise and gracious Providence ; and 
 frequently give victory, right, and enjoyment to individuals, 
 governments, and the people whom the oppressor seeks to de- 
 stroy. History proves that in every age of the world where 
 the wild, visionary, and wicked are left to pursue their own 
 unholy course of action, the means they empoly to injure others 
 in due time generally defeat their unholy objects and often 
 destroy themselves. 
 
 General Washington's for seeing sagacity enabled him to 
 clearly forsee the results and consequences of the British pol- 
 icy and conduct. While their strong fleets and proud armies 
 infested the harbors and soil of America, the wise Father of 
 American liberty and prosperity retreated with his little suf- 
 fering band of patriots, saved their lives, and the small supply 
 of continental arms and munitions of war, and most admira- 
 bly carried out and enforced his wise preventive principles, 
 and secured liberty and prosperity to the suifering people of 
 America. 
 
 Amanda and the other patriotic and noble women of Amer- 
 ica co-operated with General Washington, and carried into 
 constant effect his timely and wise preventive principles. 
 
 The historian, and every thinking and reflecting mind, can 
 form some Just idea of the injurious results of war. They 
 may use every honorable means in their power, and impart 
 knowledge, cultivate pure friendship, and carry into constant 
 effect those wise preventive principles, which so happily pro- 
 duce uniform prosperity, and the blessings of peace on earth 
 and constant good will to all mankind. 
 
53 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 The young Ensign knew but little about the military camp ; 
 but his studies at college had qualified him for active life, 
 and enlarged his mind with useful knowledge. 
 
 His thinking and reflective powers of mind enabled him to 
 make improvements in his own business, and perform the du- 
 ties of his profession of arms. His mind was brilliant and 
 commanded respect and admiration. 
 
 Suffering humanity was the same to his young heart wher- 
 ever it existed. His associations among refined and religious 
 young ladies, had been very extensive during many years while 
 pursuing his studies at college, Prevost's mind was instructed 
 and enlightened in the spirit of temperance in all things, hon- 
 est industry, and that pure love for the happiness of all man- 
 kind which freely flows from the noble patriot's heart. 
 
 The young Ensign read something of the state of American 
 affairs, and the condition of the continental army under Gen- 
 eral Washington, while he was sailing over the Atlantic on 
 his way from England to Philadelphia to join the army. He 
 drew a contrast. 
 
 The continental army under General Washington excited the 
 kind and generous spirit of pity from the newly arrived young 
 officer. 
 
 The soldiers were in great want and destitution for the ne- 
 cessaries of life. Tehy suffered in winter for wholesome food 
 and warm clothing. The American rebels against tlie British 
 government excited the timely sympathies of many of the offi- 
 cers of his majesty's army and navy. Some of General Wash- 
 ington's patriot soldiers were encamped and quartered during 
 the winter at Valley Forge, near the city of Philadelphia, in 
 wooden huts cemented with clay and mud. 
 
 Straw thrown into bunks made of rough boards, composed 
 the beds of patriotic soldiers. Many of them were reduced in 
 their clothing, and only possessed a few old and nearly worn 
 out tattered garments, and a Ijlanket secured around the waist 
 with a leather belt. 
 
54 
 
 The little suffering band of patriots under General Wash- 
 ington were in constant danger of being driven from their rude 
 huts at Valley Forge, amid the severe storms and frosts of 
 winter, by a powerful, well fed and clothed British army, who 
 were in strong possession of the city of Philadelphia, and quar- 
 tered in comfortable buildinors with fires and all the necessaries 
 and comforts of life. 
 
 Many of the patriot soldiers marching through New Jersey 
 without shoes, on the frozen ground in December, were liter- 
 ally tracked by the blood of their feet. 
 
 Sir William Howe was too generous to fight the little suf- 
 fering band of American patriots. The proud, gallant, and 
 generous Britisli officers and soldiers, seemed unwilling to pre- 
 pare for a spring campaign against General Washington. 
 
 The British fleet and army were so comfortable while they 
 held military and forcible possession of Philadelphia. 
 
 Amanda and a large number of the industrious Philadel- 
 phia ladies, made the British officers so happy at the fashiona- 
 ble parties and splendid amusements got up for them by the 
 ladies in the Quaker City, that the officers sometimes almost 
 fancied that the war had ended, and the army returned to 
 their comfortable stone barracks on the soil of Great Britain. 
 And the officers sipped their wine, and drank the good old 
 British ale, to the everlasting good health of his majesty their 
 honored king. 
 
 Amanda, the energetic heroine of our story, thought a mild, 
 honorable, bloodless victory fairly won, was the cheapest and 
 best for America. She was opposed to the effusion of inuv 
 cent blood, and she hoped that circumstances would soon lead 
 to an honorable and early peace, and enable all the royal 
 blood to return to England as pure as it landed in America, 
 and with all the improvements which Republican principles 
 had produced on their military minds ; and the refinement and 
 patriotism of the American ladies exhibited before them, while 
 
55 
 
 they were in hostile array against the pure principles of self- 
 government and Republican Institutions. 
 
 In due time the war Avas ended in triumph and honor ; and 
 a joyous peace was proclaimed on the wings of a glorious 
 morn, and wafted on the gentle zephyrs of Heaven over the 
 soil of America, to gladden and rejoice the sons and daughters 
 of pure liberty : and the memorable and glorious events in the 
 cause of freedom, adorn the proudest and most admired pages 
 of American history. 
 
 America had no human life to lose ; and Johnny Bull had 
 no cause to complain of Brother Jonathan, if all the royal 
 blood in America should at no distant day be so fortunate 
 as to return, and quietly dwell on the ancient soil of Great 
 Britain. 
 
 Many of the British officers fancied Amanda the angel of 
 America — the beautiful goddess of liberty, the embodiment 
 of pure American patriotism. 
 
 They admired the American ladies for their shining virtues 
 and elevated patriotism ; and Amanda, as a brilliant and re- 
 spectable leader in the cause of freedom, and the bright star 
 to lead her countrymen to employ mild and just means to ob- 
 tain the glorious boon of civil and religious liberty on the 
 soil of America. 
 
 The officers considered the ladies far more beautiful, amia- 
 ble, and lovely than General Washington's poorly clad soldiers. 
 
 His majesty's gallant officers and soldiers did not like to 
 leave their comfortable winter quarters in the city of Phila- 
 delpeia. The theatres, musical concerts, and parties got up for 
 them by the patriotic ladies, produced rapturous emotions of 
 joy in the minds of the British officers. These gallant and 
 high minded warriors soon acknowledged their preference to 
 remain at their comfortable winter quarters in the city of 
 Philadelphia. They considered it mean to quarter large and 
 powerful armies and fleets in the United States, and fight to 
 
56 
 
 subdue the American people to British rule, and exorbitant 
 and oppressive taxation on the industry of a small and poor 
 population of people, struggling for the enjoyment of their 
 inalienable and natural rights. They considered it beneath 
 the dignity, honor, and justice of high minded British officers, 
 to fight a suffering, brave, and industrious people, amid a 
 gloomy wilderness, and surrounded by hostile Indian savages 
 in the new world — a noble race, descendants of Great Britain, 
 and the best blood of Europe coursing through tl:keir veins, 
 beating with the noble sympathies of a common and pure 
 brotherhood, and flowing freely at every generous j)ulsation of 
 all American hearts. 
 
 Those shrewd officers, the flower of his Britannic majesty's 
 army and navy, did not like to go astray in an enemy's coun- 
 try, and leave such splendid and respectable amusements fur- 
 nished them in the city by the patriotic Amanda and other 
 American ladies. They did not like to leave Philadelphia, 
 where they enjoyed so much pleasure, for the vulgar skirmishes 
 with the rebel patriots, or take the chances of war, amid the 
 whirlwinds of dust, or the cold storms of winter. 
 
 The British officers desired to encourage fashionable amuse- 
 ments, and pay tlieir money so easily obtained from the king, 
 their royal master. They desired to help keep the mechan- 
 ical, and all other honest and good business, lively in Phila- 
 delphia. 
 
 Some of those fashionable officers were fond of having their 
 whiskers beautifully adjusted, and their moustache nicely twis- 
 ted, so as to please that portion of the ladies who were fond 
 of seeing such refined and exquisite ornaments on the faces 
 of fashionable gentlemen. Many officers were fond of keeping 
 up popular and old fashions, and having their wigs beautifully 
 powdered and kept in aristocratic style, and let everything 
 remain in the fashion of that early day, and pay liberally, 
 like gentlemen. 
 
 These resolutions and popular fashions pleased the ladies, 
 
57 
 
 who were anxiously engaged to so far occupy his majesty's 
 officers' time, as would prevent them from ordering the Brit- 
 ish fleet and army to fight the patriots on the soil of America. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Amanda very adroitly drew a contrast between the plea- 
 sures and respectability of a city residence, and toils, dangers, 
 and fortunes of war. 
 
 She advised the officers not to have any war skirmishes with 
 Generah Washington and the iVmerican rebel soldiers in the Uni- 
 ted States ; but always keep more fashionable company ; and 
 besides those rebel patriots living in mud huts, might pos- 
 sibly run out of their earthly tenements, and sting Johnny 
 Bull's soldiers with the rapidity and poison of a mad hornet. 
 
 Amanda was shrewd and energetic in all her movements. 
 She had rather the British officers would spill wine than 
 American blood. Her policy was to prevent Sir William Howe 
 from fighting the American patriots. She labored to help the 
 ladies to divert his mind from making military preparation for 
 a spring campaign against General Washington and his suffer- 
 ing patriot soldiers. 
 
 Amanda and her lady compatriots made his Lordship, and 
 the officers of the British army and navy, as happy as possi- 
 ble in the Quaker City. 
 
 The ladies' stratagem worked most admirably. 
 
 General Washington's army was weak and unable to oppose 
 and drive from the soil of America the powerful and well 
 drilled British armies and fleets. But he reverentially trusted 
 hi the God of battles, and relied on the justice of the pat- 
 riot's holy cause of freedom. 
 
 The people relied on the intelligent mind, strong arm, and 
 heart of General Washington to guide tlicm to victory, lib- 
 erty, and glory. Their minds were encouraged and invigorated 
 
68 
 
 by tlie timely sympathies of more tlian five hundred thousand 
 American Queens. The noble hearts and religious minds of 
 patriotic mothers were raised in fervent and pious ejaculations 
 to the God of Heaven for the progress of the principles of 
 pure liberty. Noble women's prayers were reverentially offer- 
 ed up in pure love, to 'the great Dispenser of all good, for 
 the prosperity of the glorious cause of freedom. They made 
 clotlics with their own hands for the suffering little American 
 navy and army. Women fed the famishing sailors and hungry 
 soldiers as much as. they could, and they performed overt acts 
 of patriotism and duty when help was most needed. 
 
 American Queens worked with their own hands, and labored 
 themselves for suffering humanity, religious rights, and political 
 freedom. 
 
 Glorious and lovely women of the United States! your 
 precious names and noble deeds of patriotism are embalmed 
 for posterity with the tears and pure love of Washington. 
 All the immortal patriots of the American Revolution, and 
 millions of the friends of pure liberty on the soil of Europe 
 and America, cheerfully and unitedly revere the memory and 
 shining virtues of the noble women who labored and toiled 
 for freedom, in those gloomy years which tried men's souls. 
 
 All rejoice in the blissful contemplation of the blessings 
 which Heaven's last and best gifts to man bestow by their 
 industry, temperance, and labors of love to continue the bless- 
 ings of liberty to the people, and publish them for the pros- 
 perity and happiness of the world. 
 
 Africa raises her feeble voice, in memory of noble women's 
 glorious deeds of patriotism and humanity. 
 
 Asia sends fortli her mighty powers, and millions of the en- 
 lightened people of that ancient country praise and admire 
 the love and patriotism of American women. 
 
 And enlightened and patriotic Europe vie with the nations 
 of the earth in praise and grateful remembrance of the timely 
 exertions and persevering industry for universal liberty by the 
 lovely and patriotic women of America. 
 
59 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 While Prevost, the young British Ensign, was engaged in 
 deep reflection in the saloon on the character of the plays, 
 and the extensive system of gambling, which had become so 
 popular among the British officers and others, and the large 
 number of military men in full uniform around the saloon, his 
 eye was suddenly attracted to one of the faro tables, where 
 he saw Adjutant Winchester, one of Sir William Howe's sec- 
 retaries, presiding. He recognized this popular officer as his 
 rival for the heart and hand of the lovely and patriotic 
 Amanda. 
 
 The young Ensign soon learned that it was a custom among 
 the well informed, daring, and most reckless military game- 
 sters to assume the post of banker at the faro table, and 
 play against all persons entering the saloon. The system 
 was so arranged as to enable the banker at the faro table 
 to make large profits ; and if he had money sufficient to with- 
 stand ill-luck, and an occasional run on his purse, he often 
 made money and gained much applause. But on this occa- 
 sion fortune did not favor Adjutant Winchester ; he was losing 
 money and good temper ; but he continued playing until he 
 was compelled to acknowledge that his exchequer was ex- 
 hausted and his faro bank broken. 
 
 Winchester was not in a proper state of mind to bear re- 
 verses with composure and humility. His success as an offi- 
 cer had uniformly crowned his great efforts with all he desired. 
 The capacity of his mind was weaker, and he was less able 
 to bear defeat. 
 
 At this period Winchester took from his finger a diamond 
 ring, which he declared was worth fifty guineas. 
 
 Circumstances created in the mind of the young Ensign an 
 ardent desire to obtain the Adjutant's diamond ring. Prevost 
 therefore staked fifty guineas. The turn of the cards in the 
 banker's hands declared the young Ensign the winner, and 
 he instantly took possession of his long desired diamond ring. 
 
60 
 
 Their eyes met, and Wincliester recognized Lis antagonist. A 
 shade passed over his countenance, but it was immediately 
 succeeded by a playful smile. 
 
 * I '11 try my luck once more," said Winchester, looking 
 anxiously at the young Ensign, " if I can borrow the money." 
 
 A murmur of disapprobation instantly arose from the gen- 
 tlemen present. It had become an established rule among the 
 officers to limit the hazard of players to their present re- 
 sources ; that there should not be any borrowing or lending; 
 or playing on credit, for the reason that during the early part 
 of the winter so many officers had been forced to sell their 
 commissions to pay their debts of honor, that many a young 
 man, whom his parents or guardian had provided a commis- 
 sion with an expectation that he would advance in his pro- 
 fession, and earn an honorable support, instead of so doing 
 was compelled to return to the United Kingdom penniless.. 
 They became the victims to a scourging vice which the com- 
 mander-in-chief unwisely tolerated, and even practiced himself. 
 The partial remedy was at last adopted, that no gentleman 
 should be permitted at one sitting to lose more moiiey than 
 the contents of his purse. 
 
 The young Ensign discovering a cavalry officer, inquired o ' 
 him if General Harrington was present. 
 
 "You are now speaking to him," answered the gallant offi 
 ecr. 
 
 "^revest then handed the General a letter of introduction 
 from his father, and he read it with a cheerful smile. 
 
 '"Why, George," exclaimed the General, while seizing the 
 young Ensign by the hand, " I am, indeed, glad to sec you. I 
 was interested in your features five minutes since. They arr 
 the reflection of your father's face. But he would certainly," 
 added the General, in an altered tone of voice, "have pre- 
 ferred I should receive his son in a quieter and more moral 
 place thiin this saloon." 
 
 George, the young Ensign, kindly received the General's ad- 
 monition, and felt himself timely reproved for imprudently 
 
61 
 
 staking his money at the faro table, although he won from 
 Adjutant Winchester his valuable diamond ring. 
 
 You must think, General," said George, with a blushing 
 countenance, " that I have undergone excellent training at Alma 
 Mater when you find me in this gambling saloon, so soon 
 after landing on these shores and joining the British army 
 in America. But I found my way into this saloon by the force 
 of peculiar circumstances which would not be likely to occur 
 again in the life-time of the most prudent officer." 
 
 "I have no doubt of it, dear George," replied the General, 
 with an archly smiling countenance. " And you won Adju- 
 tant Winchester's diamond ring by the force of extrac^dinary 
 circumstances." 
 
 " But listen to me for a moment, dear General," said George, 
 with much anxiety. 
 
 The young Ensign then gave the General an eloquent state- 
 ment of his adventures, from the time of his embarcation in 
 England with the troops on board of a British man-of-war for 
 America, and his successful landing at the city of Philadel- 
 phia. But George carefully avoided saying a word to the 
 General about his early admiration of the beautiful and lovely 
 Amanda. 
 
 " Well, well ! George," resumed the General ; " Winchester, 
 Sir William Howe's secretary, is a dangerous fellow, and there- 
 fore the less you have to do with him the better." 
 
 [to be continued.] 
 
63 
 JAPAN— COASTING TRADE. 
 
 An immense and profitable inland and coasting trade, is car- 
 ried on between the numerous and fertile islands of Japan. 
 
 Thousands of Japanese fishing smacks and boats sail among the 
 extensive group of islands in the Empire, and keep up a constant 
 trade and social intercourse among that class of the people who 
 follow the fishing business; and those who transport produce, coal, 
 wood, goods and property, from one island to another, and between 
 the villages, towns and cities of the Empire. 
 
 We are considering a great, remarkable, prosperous, and civil- 
 ized Empire, living and supporting itself by its own internal re- 
 sources, industry and domestic commerce. 
 
 The Japanese are said to have carried on a prosperous and vig- 
 orous coasting trade, and other profitable branches of honest and 
 lucrative business, agriculture, and manufacturing, among them- 
 selves, for the last two thousand years. Their connections in 
 social intercourse and commerce with foreign nations and people, 
 have been mostly limited to China, Portugal, Holland, England, 
 Corca, Java and Formosa. 
 
 We shall hereafter make a brief historical statement of the com- 
 mencement, progress, and extraordinary circumstances attending 
 the social and commercial intercom^se of these ancient nations with 
 Japan. 
 
 HILLS 
 
 Japan presents to the traveler a hilly ana picturesque appear- 
 ance along the coast of a part of the Empire, and some places 
 appear rough and barren. This corresponds more or less with tho 
 appearance of many other countries, when viewed from the ocean, 
 but does not afford any proof that the interior is rough, hilly, or 
 poor. 
 
 Some mariners and others, while sailing near the Japanese sea- 
 shore, expressed their opinion that the Empire was generally rough 
 and hilly, because it appeared so along some portions of its coasts ; 
 
but that is no proof, and only mere conjecture, uttered without 
 any knowledge of the facts. 
 
 It is said that no printed history has ever been published of any 
 European or American traveler in the interior of Japan, or other 
 reliable information ; and it is therefore a matter of conjecture 
 of what the face of the country is, and the general appearance of 
 the interior, because it has long been the settled policy of Japan to 
 exclude all foreigners from traveling on her territory, or acquiring 
 any information of the Empire Avhatever. 
 
 VALLEYS. 
 
 It has often been asserted that Japan is a hilly and mountainous 
 country ; but of course where there are hills and mountains there 
 must be valleys or plains between them ; and if there were no hills 
 or mountains, there could be no valleys or plains ; because it is 
 only by comparison and contrast that we distinguish the one from 
 the other. So we distinguish colors by comparing the one with 
 tlic other, and in like manner we know and distinguish objects of 
 sight and feeling by comparison ; so we know day and night, and 
 darkness and light, wherever we see them ; truth and error, friends 
 and foes, summer and winter, heat and cold, and determine the 
 difference betwen them by the use and power of the five human 
 senses. 
 
 So we have good reason for believing that there are a large 
 number of fertile and beautiful valleys in the Empire of Japan, 
 moistened and made productive, in part, by the pure and rapid 
 streams of wholesome water, perpetually gushing in beauty and 
 granduer from the adjacent hills and lofty and majestic mountains. 
 
 LAKES. 
 
 It is said that beautiful lakes and pure waters are produced by 
 the God of Nature in many parts of the Japanese Empire, which 
 are surrounded by highly cultivated fields in the fertile valleys 
 
65 
 
 and on the hills, producing a great variety of agricultural pro- 
 ducts, which delight, nourish and enrich the peoj^le. 
 
 Some of these beautiful lakes are connected to rivers and bays 
 by artificial canals for boats and vessels in the coasting trade of 
 the Empire. 
 
 Many of the lakes have no visible outlet, and are bountifully 
 supplied by powerful and living springs, which gush up out of the 
 bottom and sides of the delightful and smooth crystal waters. 
 
 And the other lakes seem to be great reservoirs to hold the wa- 
 ters of the limped streams, which so beautifully flow out of some of 
 the hills and lofty mountains of the Empire, and meander majestic- 
 ally along between the romantic hills, until their clear and health- 
 ful waters fall into the bosom of placid lakes. 
 
 MOUNTAINS. 
 
 Among the mountains of Japan, Fudsi Jamma is the tallest, and 
 holds the most conspicuous rank among the wonders of nature. 
 This lofty mountain lies to the westward of the bay of Jeddo, and 
 rises to the majestic height of about twelve thousand feet above 
 the level of the ocean ; and its summit is covered with perpetual 
 snow, and presents in the distance, a magnificent appearance to 
 the enraptured and astonished beholder. 
 
 It is said that this grand and majestic mountain was once an ac- 
 tive volcano ! How terrific and exciting must have been its vol- 
 umes of smoke by day, and its vivid flashes of fire by night I 
 
 PAPER. 
 
 The Japanese manufactured paper, it is said, near the close of 
 sixth century from the bark of mulberry trees. 
 
 Most of their writing and printing paper is good for general 
 use, and much of it is very fine, and a superior article. 
 
 The bark of the mulberry is believed to be generally used in 
 Japan for manufacturing paper, and the leaves for feeding the silk 
 
66 
 
 worms while they make the cocoons from which the silk is manu- 
 factured. The mulberry is therefore held in high estimation 
 among the people, and is always in great demand. It is a source 
 of immense wealth, and great quantities grow wild in many parts 
 of the Empire. But it is highly cultivated, and its fine and supe- 
 rior qualities have been very much improved. 
 
 PRINTING. 
 
 It is said the art of printing was known and practiced in Japan 
 as early as the year 1206, when Marco Polo and other Europeans 
 first heard of that great Empire, while traveling in China. And 
 it is asserted that books were printed and read with much interest 
 by the people, and so the demand rapidly increased, and the facili- 
 ties for printing improved, and the school books and those for gen- 
 eral reading were sold at Ioav prices. 
 
 The city of the Micado is one of the principal places in Japan 
 where the literary men reside, and write and print the numer- 
 ous books which have so long supplied the millions of Japanese 
 with a great variety of reading books, and they are sold cheap at 
 all the villages, towns and cities in the Empire. 
 
 Books are printed on fine and high priced paper, and bound in 
 elegant style for the rich and fashionable of Japan, and sold to 
 them in great quantities, and at high prices. 
 
 PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
 
 It is said that public schools were found in successful operation 
 among the Japanese all over that vast Empire, when the Europe- 
 ans landed on its territory and settled there, in the year 1545. 
 And the children, and adults of all ages, sexs, grades and condi- 
 tions, it is said, enjoy the privilege of attending these public 
 schools, without any charge for tuition, books or stationery. And 
 the rudiments of a common school education are said by the Ja- 
 ])anese to have been taught by them in their public schools for the 
 last thousand years. 
 
67 
 
 The laws of Japan are said to require the parents to send their 
 children to the national public schools, and acquire an cducatiou 
 at the expense of the Empire. The people generally, are believed 
 to be well educated, temperate, industrious, and highly civilized. 
 
 ACADEMIES. 
 
 When the Europeans entered Japan in the year 1545, they found 
 four prosperous academies in and near the great city of Miako, 
 and each containing from three to four thousand pupils- 
 
 Tliese, of course, were large schools compared with these of tlie 
 thin and spare population of America. But when we call to mind 
 the fact that as the traveler proceeds westward he discovers the 
 population grows less in numbers, and as he travels eastward he 
 finds the people generally increase in wealth and numbers, and a 
 dense population dwell on the soil of most of the eastern countries ; 
 and so we may account for the academies in Japan being so much 
 larger than those in America. And on further enquiry, the Eu- 
 ropeans soon found that prosperous academies existed in most of 
 the villages, towns and cities, and were informed by the Japanese 
 that these noble institutions of polite and useful learning had been 
 in successful operation for more than a thousand years* 
 
 COLLEGES. 
 
 It is said that colleges existed and flourished at an early day in 
 Japan, and were found in successful operation in many of the cities 
 of that great and ancient Empire, when the Europeans commenced 
 their settlement there in the year 1545. And the Japanese say 
 tliese most excellent institutions of the highest branches of educa- 
 tion, have been imparting their numerous blessings to the people 
 of their country, from time immemorial. 
 
68 
 MUSIC. 
 
 The Japanese are passionately fond of music. The samsic, or 
 guitar, is a popular instrument of music among the people ; and 
 most of the young ladies of the fashionable and first class of society 
 are instructed on the guitar, and use it as an acompaniment while 
 singing, at their social and popular parties. 
 
 The lady guests sing sweetly and play the music on the guitar 
 by turns, in the social and popular parties, at the dwelling of their 
 friends. The chaste and fascinating appearance of the musical la- 
 dies at the parties, the soft and sweet voices which so admirably 
 perform the splendid Japanese music, and the delightful perform- 
 ance on the guitar, produces the most pleasant and joyous sensa- 
 tions on the happy and social parties, and keeps friendship and 
 harmony in the minds of those who attend them, and qualiiies 
 these popular and happy throngs to impart the choice and harmo- 
 nious blessings of music to the people of their common country. 
 
 PAINTING. 
 
 The Japanese excel the people of most other countries in the art 
 painting, and representing nature in single objects. They are 
 correct in detail, and represent an object in nature so clear and 
 truthful as to delight the mind and even astonish the enraptured 
 beholder. 
 
 Their representations of birds and flowers surpass all other ar- 
 tists, and their deleniation of fruit and other natural objects, are 
 among the best on our beautiful and majestic globe. 
 
 Landscape painting is not as well understood among the Japan- 
 ese artists ; but their drawings of single objects are very good, 
 and their coloring perfect. 
 
 European and American artists are said to frankly admit the 
 Japanese colors are unrivalled in beauty and magnificence. 
 
 Their sketches are bold, and full of life and the sublime gran 
 deur of universal nature. They seem to almost speak to glorious 
 humanity, and remind the people that they were graciously and 
 
69 
 
 kindly ushered into life, by the hand of the God of universal 
 nature, for the good of every human being who breathes the 
 genial air of heaven. 
 
 ASTRONOMY. 
 
 The Japanese have made great progress in astronomy, and 
 have long possessed a good knowledge of that instructive and 
 wonderful science. They use the English astronomical instru- 
 ments with great facility, and understand how to employ them to 
 good advantage. 
 
 Their ingenious and trusty mechanics have manufactured good 
 imitations of these instruments; and excellent thermometers, barom- 
 eters, telescopes and chronometers, are in common use among the 
 Japanese. 
 
 They make correct and learned astronomical observations, and 
 calculate eclipses to a mathematical certainty; and publish a very 
 learned yearly almanac, at Jeddo and other cities, displaying as- 
 tronomy and many of the arts and sciences for the general benefit 
 of the people of the empire. 
 
 They have translated a number of the best Dutch astronomical 
 works into their own Japanese language, and have long possessed 
 a good and extensive knowledge of that great and noble science, 
 derived from their own long and careful study and experience, 
 and by examining the learned and popular scientific works of other 
 civilized and favored countries. 
 
 AGRICULTURE. 
 
 The noble and popular branch of useful and profital)le industry 
 — the foundation and constant source of wealth and Inunan happi- 
 ness — which is known by the endearing and majestic name of agri- 
 culture, has long been persued by the Japanese, with great indus- 
 try and success. 
 
 The lands of the empire are mostly highly cultivated, and the 
 manner of tilling them produces a good harvest. And although 
 
70 
 
 much of the land is hilly and mountainous, yet it is believed that 
 most of the soil, except the timbered land, is generally well culti- 
 vated to the top of the hills, and even far up many of the grand 
 and lofty mountains. 
 
 The farmers produce an immense amount of food for the masses 
 of the people, which finds a steady and constant market. They 
 cultivate the vast amount of provisions demanded and con- 
 sumed by the millions of people in the great empire ; and they 
 grow the raw material for the manufacturers of Japan. 
 
 They raise cattle, hogs, horses, and a species of buffalo, and an 
 immense number of fowls. 
 
 As they date their origin as far back as two thousand five 
 hundred and twenty years, they must have had plenty of time and 
 long experience to qualify them to cultivate their lands in the best 
 way, for their own benefit, and for the universal good of their 
 common country. 
 
 HOGS. 
 
 Hogs were first obtained from China, and a few of them are 
 kept near the coast of Japan, and they thrive and grow finely, 
 and fatten easy and very fast. But, like the Jews, most of the 
 Japanese have long had a prejudice against the flesh of those ani- 
 mals, and it is said that only a few of the people have eat any pork 
 for more than two thousand years ; and it is principally sold to 
 the Chinese sailors who are fond of that rich and wholesome arti- 
 cle of substantial food. 
 
 SHEEP AND GOATS. 
 
 The Dutch, in the year 1609, ex])orted a few sheep and goats 
 from Holland to Japan ; but as the people did not know how to 
 manufacture the wool of the sheep, or the hair of the goat, and as 
 the religious creed of Buddhism forbids its believers to eat the 
 flesh meats of animals, the sheep and goats were considered not 
 
71 
 
 wortli their keeping, and it is therefore believed that few, if any, 
 of these animals now exist in the empire. 
 
 But it is said that some of the princes of the Japanese Embassy 
 while in New York, on being informed of the growth and great 
 value of sheep and wool, and the immense amount of woolen 
 goods manufactured in Europe and America, and the profits of the 
 enterprise, as well as the enjoyment of the clothing it produces, 
 .said the people of Japan needed woolen clothes for their warmth 
 and comfort ; and on their return to their native country and em- 
 pire, they would inform the Emperor — their royal master — of 
 the existence and value of the immense number of sheep, and 
 recommend his government and people to import large numbers of 
 sheep from America to Japan, and manufacture woolen goods for 
 their wearing apparel, and for exportation from their country to 
 foreign climes. 
 
 TEA. 
 
 The tea plant was introduced and cultivated in Japan and 
 China about the beginning of the ninth century, and progressed 
 slowly, like many other new and poorly understood enterprises ; 
 but in due time, as its use and value became better known, the 
 demand for it of course increased, and its cultivation was there- 
 greatly improved, and the quantity enlarged to supply the increas- 
 ing demand. » 
 
 The demand and supply has of course been regulated by the wise 
 and necessary laws of trade among the people who cultivate, buy, 
 sell and consume tea, until the tea plant has been so largely in- 
 creased in its growth and production in China, Japan, and a few 
 other countries, as to supply the extensive and constant demand of 
 this fashionable luxury among the people of the globe. 
 
 Large portions of the soil and climate of the southern part of 
 Japan are said to be very favorable to the cultivation of various 
 kinds of good and valuable teas. And many large plantations 
 are devoted to its cultivation, and even the hedges and waste 
 
72 
 
 lands on many farms, are said to be used for cultivating the tea 
 plant with good success and uniform profit. Large quantities 
 have long been produced and consumed in Japan. But the people 
 of the year 1860, happily witness the importation of teas to Eu- 
 rope and America, which are grown on the soil of the far distant 
 empire of our singular and curious new neighbors on the the other 
 side of our ponderous and beautiful globe. 
 
 But as the Japanese have so long kept themselves secluded from 
 the people and the Christian nations of Europe and America, the 
 latter nations know but little about the amount and quality of tea 
 which has been grown in that ancient empire, since its introduc- 
 tion and cultivation, in the beginning of the ninth century of the 
 Christian era. 
 
 But Japan having recently opened by treaty her ports to the 
 friendship and commerce of five of the greatest nations on the 
 globe, and guaranteed to them by treaty perpetual friendship and 
 commerce with her great empire, she will find her tea, silk, copper, 
 coal, and all her other trade, constantly and more rapidly increas- 
 ing, until the industry of her people, and the vast and concealed 
 resources of that ancient empire, shall enrich her people and all 
 the Christian countries of the globe, and more rapidly advance 
 friendship, commerce, and God's holy love among the erring and 
 fighting nations of the earth. 
 
 The civil and foreign wars and difficulties in China have less- 
 ened their means of producing a sufficient quantity of teas to sup- 
 ply the increasing demands of the people of the globe -, and these 
 facts and other circumstances may soon induce the importers to 
 send their orders to Japan for teas, and thus induce the people 
 composing our new neighbors of that great and ancient empire to 
 increase their cultivation of teas, and prepare themselves to sup- 
 ply the increasing demand for that extensively used article of 
 luxury. 
 
 The American states and territories fortunately possess every 
 variety of soil and climate on the globe, and millions of acres of 
 land in the southern and western states, it is confidently believed 
 by thousands of our best and most intelligent citizens, would grow 
 
'73 
 
 the tea plant to great perfection, if it should be cultivated with 
 equal care and skill as it has been done in Japan and China. 
 
 And it is hoped and believed the people will soon petition the 
 Congress of the United States, to provide for and encourage the 
 importation of the tea plant, and its seed, to be cultivated witli 
 care and skill, in the most congenial climate, and on the best 
 adapted lands for its successful growth on the fertile soil of Amer- 
 ica. 
 
 And we predict that the time is not far distant, when the tea 
 plant will be extensively and successfully cultivated, on the best 
 adapted lands, and in the most salubrious climate in the southern 
 and western states of America. 
 
 And we have reason to believe the time will soon come, when 
 intelligent people will look back with regret on their long neglect 
 to cultivate the tea plant, and supply their wants, instead of send- 
 ing millions of dollars every year for the last century, to China 
 to pay for teas, which might have been produced on the soil of 
 America, and so have kept the money in the United States to pay 
 for the labor, and cultivate the tea plant for the consumption of 
 the people, and for their profitable exportation to foreign coun- 
 tries. This plain common-sense policy and wisdom would have 
 prevented much embarrassment among the people, and helped to 
 save our common country from many failures in business and bank- 
 ruptcies over the land. 
 
 We hope that the United States will cultivate on their own soil, 
 a supply of tea, coffee, and other luxuries for their own consump- 
 tion, instead of draining the country of so large an amount of its 
 specie every year, and thus crippling commerce and producing 
 numerous failures, and keeping thousands of poor people out of 
 employment, when they might cultivate all the luxuries which are 
 used in the United States, and so keep the gold and silver in 
 America to pay for labor, and thus help to make people wealtliy, 
 independent and happy. 
 
 Christians and others send their gold and silver to China, and 
 buy their tea and other luxuries, and the Chinese are said to make 
 images and false gods of some of the American gold and silver, 
 and worship them instead of the true God of Heaven. 
 
74 
 
 And Christians and others send the Holy Bible, missionaries, 
 gold, silver, and opium, to China, in the same ship. The opium 
 poisons, debilitates, and injures the people more or less who use 
 it, and they get little or no value for their money, but great inju- 
 ries by using it. The gold and silver are perverted from their 
 wise uses, and afford the heathens means to manufacture images 
 and idols, and encourages them to worship false gods ! 
 
 But the missionaries of pious hearts, and of good and intelligent 
 minds, labor hard, suffer much, and reform and christianize many 
 who have degraded and injured themselves by using the opium 
 forced on them by Christian nations, at the point of the bayo- 
 net, and before the gleaming sword ! 
 
 SILK. 
 
 The Japanese of wealth and high rank when imprisoned 
 for crime and a violation of the laws of the empire, are re- 
 quired to weave the best and highest priced silks, while they 
 are confined and guarded in the factories and prisons on 
 rocky and desolate islands. 
 
 This punishment, and being deprived of their property, titles, 
 honors, and required to support themselves by their own in 
 dustry while closely and constantly guarded in prison, consti- 
 tute the principal punishment inflicted for many of the high 
 crimes in Japan. 
 
 The best Japan silks are superior to those manufactured in 
 China, and it is said that the government have long since 
 prohibited the sale of silks for exportation out of the Japan- 
 ese empire. 
 
 They have great facilities for manufacturing all kinds of 
 sewing silk, and silk goods to a very large extent, and the 
 people of Europe, and America may well anticipate a great 
 and profitable trade with this hitherto long secluded people. 
 
 A large number of consumers of silk and other goods in 
 the empire, it is said, have been opposed to the operation of 
 
75 
 
 the new treaties of friendship and coniuicrcc concluded and 
 ratified since the year 1853, between Japan and the United 
 States, England, France, Holland and Russia, because the open- 
 ing of the ports of Japan to the trade and coninicrce of these 
 five great Powers, has advanced the prices of silks and other 
 goods, and therefore the consumers in Japan have paid a much 
 higher price for their family supplies. But we believe this il- 
 liberal feeling will gradually give way to a more enlightened 
 and just policy. 
 
 The people who are small consumers, and the manufactu- 
 rers, and a large portion of the more enlightened consumers 
 of the Japanese domestic goods, when they see more clearly 
 the benefits of the trade with the five great commercial pow- 
 ers of Europe and America, they will cease to oppose the 
 treaties of friendship and commerce, and realize the benefits, 
 and then give some good evidence of their approval. 
 
 MILK, BUTTER AND CHEESE. 
 
 The Japanese were making no use of milk, butter, or cheese, 
 in 1853, when Commodore Perry made the first treaty of friend- 
 ship and commerce on the part of the United States with 
 Japan ; and it is said that few of the people of that ancient 
 empire have ever made any use of those three healthy, nu- 
 tricious, and nourishing articles of food. 
 
 How strange the contrast between the. great powers of habit 
 and custom in Europe and America, and that of Japan in this 
 important and particular case — the former making constant 
 and general nse of these fine articles of food, and considei 
 them among the substantials of life, and ofteu. number them 
 among the luxuries which adorn the rich man's table. They 
 are large items of commerce among the people of Europe and 
 America. 
 
 But as Japan has opened her commerce to five of the great- 
 est maratime nations on the globe, the wonderful civilizing and 
 
76 
 
 rapid revolutionizing powers of commerce, may in due time 
 quietly change to some extent the habits and customs of the 
 people of Japan, and incline them to cheerfully follow the 
 examples and habits of the people of Europe and America, 
 and so eat milk, butter and cheese, as articles of food among 
 the people of the old and great empire, and in due time pro- 
 duce a large surplus of these rich and popular articles of food, 
 for extensive exportation from Japan to the far distant and 
 friendly climes of other nations. 
 
 RICE, BARLEY AND WHEAT. 
 
 Japan produces the best rice in Asia, and is the chief grain 
 used by the people for food. 
 
 Barley is used for feeding cattle and horses : but wheat is 
 considered of but little value, and is principally used for soy 
 and cakes. 
 
 Now we know that wheat is one of the great staples of 
 Europe and America, and an important article of food and ex- 
 tensive commerce, and possessing great value for broad and 
 other kinds of necessary and wholesome food, which the peo- 
 ple of these two great and rich portions of the globe, w^ould 
 be at a loss how they should get along, and live well and 
 luxuriously, without wheat flour. 
 
 What a wonderful state of things habit, custom, and preju- 
 dice produces, among the Republics, Kingdoms, and Empires, 
 as to the choice and use of food, and principles, policy, and 
 action. 
 
 THE SHIP BUILDING AND FOREIGN COM- 
 MERCE OF JAPAN. 
 
 It is said that Japan for a long time previous to the rash 
 and cruel expulsion of the Portugese and Japanese Christians 
 
77 
 
 from tlie empire, in the year 1639, built aud owned ships and 
 other kinds of vessels, after the European models, for their 
 trade and commerce witli China, Corea, Java, Formusa, Por- 
 tugal, Holland, and England. But soon, after that extraordi- 
 nary and frightful event, the empire made most severe and 
 cruel laws to prevent the Japanese having any further moral, 
 religions, political or commercial iutercosure with any foreign 
 nation or people on the globe, except a small and limited 
 connncrce with China and Holland ; and that was so restricted 
 and shackled as to make the trade and intercourse inconveni- 
 ent, and exposed the people of those nations to great hard- 
 ships and humiliation, in consequence of a lack of friendship 
 and confidence. 
 
 Any intercourse among people which is not founded on jus- 
 tice and moral honesty, and conducted in the pure spirit of 
 reciprocity and enlarged friendship, with a fair prospect of pro- 
 ducing substantial prosperity and uniform happiness, is sure to 
 result in great injury and disaster to the active parties so 
 interested. 
 
 It appears that the policy and proceedings of Japan in so 
 abrubtly stopping her profitable trade, have produced but little 
 if any friendship, nor laid the foundation for connnercial pros- 
 perity, nor promoted the lasting safety and benefit of her an- 
 cient and extensive empire. 
 
 She hastily adopted an expensive, illiberal, and unnatural 
 national policy, when slie abandoned all commercial intercourse 
 with every nation and people on the globe, except a small and 
 humiliating trade with Holland and China ; and to accomplish 
 this unnecessary and strange object, the Japanese empire de- 
 stroyed or sold her navy and her means of physical defence 
 and protection, and sold or destroyed her merchant vessels. 
 And to cap the climax, the Emperial government decreed that 
 no more vessels should be built, purchased, or used for for- 
 eign voyages, or any other commercial transactions out of the 
 empire, and thus reversed the order of everything, and finished 
 the mad and premature destruction of their foreign commerce 
 
78 
 
 with the nations and people with whom they had long en- 
 joyed social intercourse and profitable trade. 
 
 And the government fm'ther decreed that no Japanese should 
 ever leave their native country, or return to the empire on 
 pain of death! 
 
 They completely broke up all social and friendly intercourse 
 with foreign nations, and destroyed the commerce of the peo- 
 ple of foreign countries with Japan ; and it is said the design 
 of this expensive and unnatural political policy was intended 
 to strengthen the powers of the government, and so insure 
 its permanence and usefulness in all coming time. 
 
 But it appears that the nations of Europe and America have 
 pursued an entirely opposite course of policy and political ac- 
 tion ; and encouraged by every possible and fair means the 
 extensive and friendly intercourse of the people, and universal 
 commerce among all the nations of the globe. 
 
 So on the other hand, we see that Japan suspended by 
 every possible means the operation of commerce — the grand 
 and rapid civilizer of mankind — and the sad and injurious 
 results arc known to the world. 
 
 But America and Europe, under the influence of the benign 
 and glorious Christian principles, encouraged friendly inter- 
 course among the people, and promoted commerce — that noble 
 and rapid civilizer of the human race. And it has been con- 
 stantly and kindly working, and promoting friendship and uni- 
 versal prosperity, which affords an example worthy of imitation 
 to all surrounding nations. 
 
 ENGRAVING ON WOOD. 
 
 The Japanese engrave wood-cuts, and produce a great vari- 
 ety of beautiful and superb prints in water colors. These and 
 other splendid specimens of genius and art may be seen in 
 the public and private libraries of the people, and in tlie 
 magnificent palaces of the princes and noblemen, and around 
 the emperial throne of Japan. 
 
79 
 
 They are curious and .ingenious engravers on wood and 
 bamboo, and produce the best and most splendid engravings 
 on them of any people or artists on the globe. American 
 and European artists are said to frankly admit that the Japan- 
 ese surpass and excell them in their engravings on "wood, and 
 and its kindred substances. Their representations of objects 
 are true to nature, and, as it were, almost speak to the de- 
 lighted and enraptured beholder. 
 
 LACQUERING WOOD-WORK. 
 
 The art of lacquering wood-work is understood and prac- 
 ticed by the Japanese artists to the greatest degree of perfec- 
 tion of any people on the eastern or western hemispheres. 
 
 They select for this interesting object the finest wood of fir 
 or cedar, and use the rhiis vernix, a most excellent gum, taken 
 from a tree which grows in many parts of Japan, and is very 
 valuable for mechanical purposes, and is in general use among 
 those curious people. 
 
 They ornament this fine varnish with rich figures and flowers 
 of gold and silver, and manufacture screens, desks, caskets, 
 cabinets, and other fashionable and splendid articles of rich- 
 ness and granduer. 
 
 The best specimens of these productions of art remain in 
 Japan, but the next best samples may be seen in Europe and 
 America, in all their splendor and surpassing beauty. 
 
 ENGRAVING ON COPPER. 
 
 The Japanese have the best and largest quantities of first 
 rate copper of any nation on the globe. And their artists 
 have recently renewed their energies, and applied their skill to 
 engraving on copper more extensively tlian formerly, and pur- 
 sue it with so much skill and industry, that their improve- 
 ments are likely to produce the happiest and most beneficial 
 results to mankind. 
 
oiiA.Tio:isr 
 
 ON 
 
 THE ANNIVERSARY BIRTHDAY OF 
 
 SAINT JOHN THE BAPTIST 
 
 DELIVERED 
 
 BY WASHINGTON GOFF, 
 
 A MEMBER OF THE KOTAL AECH CHAPTER OF THE ANCIENT AND HONORABLE FRATERNITY 
 OF FREE AND ACCEPTED MASONS 
 
 Brethren of the Ancient and HonoraUe 
 
 Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons i 
 
 Ladies and Gentlemen, — We are assembled on tliis glorious 
 day, to celebrate the anniversary, birth, and character of Saint 
 John the Baptist, the herald of the Saviour of the world. 
 
 He piously proclaimed to the people, the coming of Him 
 whose life was devoted to the best interests of glorious humanity, 
 and the salvation of the human race. He came preaching to 
 the people in the wilderness of Judea, and urged them in the 
 spirit of pure love to repent of their sins, for the kingdom of 
 Heaven was at hand. He exhorted them to prepare for the com- 
 ing of the Lord of Glory, who proclaimed, in sweetness and love, 
 peace on earth, and good-will to mankind. His appearance was 
 mild and persuasive, and his noble heart was a fountain of pure 
 love, sending forth brotherly kindness and holy truth for the 
 benefit of all mankind. His pious mind, lovely soul, and amiable 
 disposition, gained him the admiration of the people, and the 
 pure love of his Divine Master. He proclaimed in meekness and 
 love God's holy Gospel and truth to the world, principles lasting 
 as earth and splendid as Heaven. He taught the people supreme 
 love to God, as pure as it descended from tlie blissful abode of 
 seraphic angels, while praising their divine Eedeemer in realms 
 of heavenly light and glory. Ho imparted truth and love to 
 
82 
 
 allay tlie bad passions of the human heart, and raise the moral 
 and religious sentiments above the angry feelings, and thus enable 
 men to govern themselves, and use the mental powers which kind 
 Providence had given them, to advance the prosperity and hap" 
 piness of the human family. 
 
 Our Patron Saint ardently and piously taught the people, to 
 cultivate the principles of pure friendship, and render timely jus- 
 tice to all men, and keep the moral and religious principles of the 
 soul active, and above the angry feelings of the heart, so that the 
 glorious principles of truth and God's loving-kindnesses, might 
 guide the world in the spirit of justice and pure love. His wise 
 instruction kindly leads mankind, to imitate the peaceful character 
 and amiable disposition of our Supreme Grand Master, whose 
 loving-kindness teaches them to do right and act justly to all 
 men without the coercive power of cruel laws, or acting under 
 the slavish terror of force and fear. He admonished the people 
 to be guided by the pure principles of morality and God's holy 
 religion, and act fairly and honestly with each other amid all the 
 changing scenes of human life. 
 
 Would that all men might constantly cultivate the holy princi- 
 ples of our Patron Saint, and promote peace and friendship among 
 mankind, and enjoy the numerous blessings of kind Providence • 
 Would that guardian angels, when they bear men's sins to Heaven's 
 chancerj on high, might drop one sorrowing, pitying, forgiving 
 tear, and blot them out for ever ! 
 
 We rejoice to celebrate the birth-day of St. John the Baptist, 
 m the pure spirit of brotherly love, in this great ani beautiful 
 city. And we are glad to sympathize with our Masonic brctliren, 
 wheresoever dispersed around the globe, while they mingle to- 
 gether in the spirit of pure Masonic love, and display tlie benevo- 
 lent and holy principles of our ancient Institution, and tlie glo- 
 rious character of our Patron Saint. And we joyfully hail the 
 annual return of the day which enables Free Masons and all other 
 good people to meet together as honest and intelligent friends and 
 fellow-citizens, and unitedly enjoy the pure blessings of civil and 
 religious liberty on the soil of America. 
 
83 
 
 Free Masons are glad to meet tliclr neiglibors and fellow-coun- 
 trymen in the kind spirit of pure brotherly love, and rejoice with 
 tlicm at the growing- prosperity of the glorious institutions of our 
 connnon country. 
 
 The holy principles of our patron Saint, and the genius of an- 
 cient Free Masonry, and the advantages of this time-honored 
 and benevolent Institution, will engage the attention of this 
 intelligent and respectable audience for a short time on this 
 interesting and happy anniversary. 
 
 We shall consider the ancient origin, rapid progress, and glo- 
 rious advance of the pure and holy principles of Free Masonry. 
 It is due to the good people of this enlightened community, and 
 all who dwell on the soil of America, that our craft should pub- 
 lish and proclaim its great fundamental principles, and describe 
 the genius of this ancient Institution ; because we are protected 
 by the laws and government of the country in which we live, and 
 share the friendship of the people, and the generous confidence of 
 a nation of freemen, It is a delightful and glorious science. 
 The prudent Mason who studies, and well understands, the prin- 
 ciples of our Society, can easily discriminate between the secrets 
 of Free Masonry and the genius and fundamental principles of 
 the Institution. The pure and benevolent principles of the order 
 are coeval with the Avants of mankind, and date their divine origin 
 back to that auspicious period when God said, " Let there be light, 
 and there was light." 
 
 Masonry received its first organized form at the building of 
 King Solomon's Temple. Solomon, l^ing of Israel. Hiram, King 
 of Tyre, and Hiram, the great and good artisan of Solomon's 
 magnificent Temple, were the three first and most eminent Grand 
 ]Mastors of Masons in Jerusalem, at that memorable and interest- 
 ing era in the history of the Institution. Our Jewish Masonic 
 Brethren therefore dedicate their lodges to King Solomon ; but 
 Masons professing Christianity dedicate their lodges to St. John 
 the Baptist and to St. John the Evangelist, because they were the 
 two first and most eminent Christian patrons of anicent^Free 
 Masonry, saints imparting purity and holy love to mankind ; the 
 
84 
 
 tars of Divine light to glorious humanity, and messengers of peace, 
 and pure love to the world. They are bright and shining lights 
 of that pure and holy religion which enlightens and instructs the 
 minds of all who diligently ponder its cheering truths, which re- 
 lieve mankind from the miseries of sin, and proffer them the richest 
 treasures of endless fruition and never-fading glory. These 
 patron saints, possessing all the noble and useful Masonic virtues, 
 may well engage the attention of every Mason, and joyfully lead 
 the fraternity to follow their holy principles and glean lessons of 
 loving-kindness from their blessed words. Masonic principles 
 teach the members of our craft to revere and adore the Supreme 
 Architect of the Universe, and humbly bow with meek and honest 
 reverence at His Feet, and prostrate ourselves with religious 
 homage at His holy altar, and raise our souls in fervent ejacula- 
 tions to Him who rules and governs the destinies of mankind. 
 
 Masonry teaches our craft to be industrious, temperate, and 
 honest, with every human being who breathes the genial air of 
 Heaven. The principles admonish Masons wheresoever dispersed 
 around the globe to work diligently for their own bread, and 
 be prompt, honest, and faithful in their engagements, and most 
 religiously perform their contracts ; to pity the sorrows of suffer- 
 ing humanity and relieve it if in their power ; and to use every 
 latent energy of tlicir souls to relieve and instruct the unfortunate 
 of every clime beneath that bright and shining sun, whicli con- 
 stantly imparts its light and heat to the earth, for the support 
 and happiness of every living creature who receives life and bless 
 ings from the Supreme Architect of the Universe. 
 
 But, says the objector, if Masonic principles are as good and use- 
 ful as you have described, why do not Free Masons open their 
 lodges, and cheerfully admit all men ? 
 
 "We answer, because all men have not applied to Masonic 
 lodges for admission. Masons have a book of Constitutions and 
 By-Laws, which direct them to act on the pure principles of 
 the order, and admit no candidate to the benefits of the Institu- 
 tion unless he be a good man, and a worthy citizen, and possess 
 all the necessary qualifications required by the prudent and just 
 rules of Masonry. 
 
85 
 
 But, contiuuGS the objector, if Free Masonry is a good institu- 
 tion, why do lodges hold their meetings in secret? If there 
 is any thing good in it, why do not lodges throw open their 
 doors, and let the world knew all their secrets and profit by 
 Masonry ? 
 
 We answer. Because Free Masons best understand the working 
 and secret influences of the Institution, and the great advantages 
 of its secrets. 
 
 The pure and sublime principles of the order have been pub- 
 lished to the world for ages in our Masonic books. The Holy 
 Bible is full of the principles, and strongly justifies and commends 
 secrecy. Masonic secrets constitute a perfect and complete lan- 
 guage, by which one Mason can make himself known to another 
 or to a lodge, and entitle himself to the immediate benefits of the, 
 Institution. By the aid of its secrets a Mason can make himself 
 known instantly in war, and on the battle-field, or when he is 
 sick, or in prison, or in perils among strangers in a foreign coun- 
 try, and command immediate relief from a brother Mason. 
 
 If Masonic secrets should be published to the people and fixU 
 into unskillful hands, they would lose their value and be of no use 
 to the order, or the world. 
 
 God has always been well pleased with secrecy, and graciously 
 imparts His holy secrets to mankind, as soon as the people need 
 these great blessings, and are prepared to use tlien: 
 
 Our supreme grand Master bestows His holy secrets on mankind 
 through His prophets and the writings of Moses, and describes 
 the secret working of His Holy Spirit in the immortal souls of 
 men. God reveals His precious secrets to the world through His 
 beloved Son and His holy Apostles. 
 
 In duetime He made known to mankind the secret influences and 
 effects of the magnetic needle, for the improvement and perfection 
 of navigation, the extension of commerce, the general advance- 
 ment of civilization and useful knowledge, and the more rapid in- 
 crease and spread of pure religion. 
 
 The existence of North America was a secret unknown to the 
 civilized world for thousands of years ; but always known to God. 
 
86 
 
 In due time our Heavenly Father graciously moved the mind of 
 Columbus to discover our happy land, and make known to the 
 people of the Eastern Hemisphere the secret existence and loca- 
 tion of the New World, so that millions of God's dear children 
 might dwell in peace on tlie soil of America, and partake of the 
 rich and numerous bounties of Providence and be happy. 
 
 Columbus, filled with hope and confidence in the new and haz- 
 ardous enterprise, sought aid from Queen Isabella, after having 
 been refused assistance from rich men, and many of the kings and 
 courts of Europe. Spain's noble daughter quickly furnished the 
 great navigator with the desired means, and freely gave liim all 
 her gold, and pledged the precious jewels of her splendid palace 
 and magnificent throne, and divested her royal person of diamonds 
 of inestimable value, and pearls of great price, to secure the loan 
 of more money to fit out the heroic Columbus for his novel and 
 unpopular enterprise. She then pledged the honor and energy of 
 a noble woman, and the integrity of a royal lady, that all tiie ex- 
 penses of the great and hopeful discovery of America should be 
 promptly and honorably paid. 
 
 This kind office of pure sympathy and integrity of heart, so 
 peculiar to noble woman, was timely exemplified. The amiable 
 Queen, under a far-seeing Providence, became the principal sup- 
 porter of the great enterprise. Columbus and his companions 
 sailed from Spain. God graciously guided his little fleet of three 
 small vessels across tlie boisterous Atlantic. America was dis- 
 covered ! Mankind rejoiced ! Angels shouted for joy that human- 
 ity had been so timely and richly blessed! Providence kindly 
 preserved in secrecy this beautiful, rich, and boundless country, 
 and in His own good time wisely provided for the speedy deve- 
 lopment of the vast resources of the Western Hemisphere. He 
 guided with His Fatherly care the oppressed millions of people 
 from the Old World to America, and graciously permitted our 
 beloved country to become the home of the poor, and an asylum 
 for the oppressed of every clime. 
 
 Next in the order of time God graciously imparted to man the 
 important secret of Steam Power, and directed Fulton, and other 
 wise and energetic minds, to form machinerj'', and bring the dis- 
 
87 
 
 coYcred power to tlie practical use of man ; tlius giving motive 
 power to machinery, and supplying tlie increasing wants of the 
 people around the globe ; propelling vessels with unparalleled 
 speed on the bosom of the long rivers, beautiful lakes, and broad 
 oceans ; and bringing far-distant countries nearer together, for the 
 advancement of civilization, commerce, and pure religion. 
 
 The secret principles of steam power have been carefully pre- 
 served in the bosom of our Heavenly Father, from the founda- 
 tion of the world, and graciously imparted to mankind in the 
 eighteenth century for the happiness and prosperity of the human 
 race. 
 
 God revealed Eis secret arts to mankind for the construction 
 of Eailroads, after they had remained a secret in His OAvn bosom 
 for ages. 
 
 Divine Providence wisely withheld from mankind for thousands 
 of years another great and important secret ; but in His own good 
 time, He imparted to Professor Morse of New York the secret 
 powers of the Magnetic Telegraph, to enable the people to com- 
 municate their thoughts and business intelligence to other minds 
 with the speed of lightning, thousands of miles in a minute. 
 
 Honor and gratitude are due to Prof. Morse for his successful 
 elTorts, his prompt business habits, and the timely completion of 
 this great business enterprise. His intense reflections and lofty 
 genius, in perfecting and publishing this splendid and almost mir- 
 aculous art, and the rapid and correct system of communicating 
 useful knowledge to the world, receive the approbation of high 
 Heaven, and the praise and gratitude of a just and grateful 
 people. 
 
 Respectable families and business men keep their secrets from 
 the world. 
 
 Judges, lawyers, doctors, clergymen, and officers of the army 
 and navy, maintain important secrets for their own benefit and 
 the public good. 
 
 The Governors of States, Members of the Legislatures, and 
 Representatives in Congress, all preserve important secrets for 
 themselves and the good of the people. 
 
 The Senate of the United States often hold secret sessions for 
 
the good of our common country ; and all Senators are bound by 
 solemn oath to keep the secrets of the government. 
 
 The President of the United States is bound to keep the secrets 
 of our government in his own breast ; and he sometimes considers 
 it incompatible with the public interest and honor to comumnicate 
 the government secrets to Congress. 
 
 Grand Juries hold their meetings with officers guarding their 
 doors. And they are all sworn by the courts to transact the busi- 
 ness of the people in the most profound secrecy. This kind of 
 secrecy has been practised by the grand jm-ies of all popular gov- 
 ernments, for the good of their respective countries, since the wis- 
 dom and prudence of past enlightened ages secured the trial by 
 jury, in adopting the long-needed and glorious Magna Charta. 
 
 The following passages of scripture from the Holy Bible, give 
 us strong and rational proof from the Word of God in favor of 
 Masonic secrecy, and kindly admonish all people to yield constant 
 and honest obedience to the will of Heaven, in the wise economy 
 of the Great Supreme Father of the Universe, and for the uniform 
 prosperity and happiness of all the human race. 
 
 Prov. XXV. 9, 10 — Debate thy cause with thy neighbor himself 
 and discover not a secret to anothe lest he that heareth it put 
 thee to shame, and thine infamy turn not away. Job xxix. 4 — ^Vs 
 I was in the days of my youth when the secret of God was upon 
 my tabernacle. Amos iii. 7 — Surely, the Lord God will do nothing 
 but he revealeth his secrets unto his servants, the prophe Matt 
 vi. 4 — That thy alms may be in secret ; and thy Father, which 
 seeth in secret, himself shall reward thee openly. John vii. 10 — 
 But when his brethren were gone up, then went he also up unto 
 the feast, not openly, but as it were in secret. Judges xiii. IS — 
 And the angel ot the Lord said unto him. Why askest thou tlnis 
 after my name, seeing it is secret ? Ps. xci. 1 — He that dwelleth 
 in the secret place of the Most High shall abide under the shadow 
 of the Almighty. Matt. xiii. 35— That it might be fulfilled which 
 was spoken by the prophet, saying, I will open ray mouth in par- 
 ables : I will utter things which have been kept secret from the 
 foundation of the world. Ps. xxv. 14— The secret of the Lord is 
 with them that fear liim ; and he will show them his covenant 
 
89 
 
 Ps. xxxi. 20 — Thou shalt hide them in the secret of thy presence 
 from tlie pride of man ; thou shalt keep them secretly in a pavilion 
 from the strife of tongues. Pro v. vi. 13 — A tale-bearer revealeth 
 secrets, but he that is of a faithful spirit conccaleth the matter. 
 
 God, in the gracious continuation of imparting His bounties to 
 frail and erring man, beholds from His tlirone of wisdom and love 
 the people of the globe forgetting their Heavenly Father, and ne- 
 glecting the practice of His holy religion. Pecuniary embarrass- 
 ment and ignorance infest mankind. God timely admonished the 
 United States to sheathe its national sword, and render speedy 
 justice to her sister Republic. 
 
 Our people quickly obeyed the Divine mandate, and the gold 
 ■was paid over from the treasury at Washington, and Mexico 
 ceded to the United States a large part of her rich domain. 
 Peace returned again with all her numerous blessings to the 
 people, and God unlocked the bowels of the earth, and displayed 
 to an admiring world the secret existence and location of the 
 rich minerals of the newly acquired territory. California opens 
 the bosom of her earth, and exhibits the gold and other precious 
 minerals, which had been hidden from the eye of man since the 
 creation of the world. The memorable year 1847 ushered in that 
 auspacious day, when the Divine economy made known to the peo- 
 ple of the United States the location of those rich and inexhausti- 
 ble gold mines under the soil and rocks of California. 
 
 Divine wisdom bestowed on the people of Great Britain, in 1851, 
 another great and useful secret. Australia opens the bosom of her 
 earth on the other side of the globe, and exhibits to a great, en- 
 lightened, and commercial people, one of the first manufacturing 
 and civilizing nations of Europe, the rich minerals which God in 
 his far-seeing wisdom had preserved and improved under the soil 
 and rocks of Australia, during thousands of years, for the good of the 
 world. God exhibited these inexhaustible rich minerals and numer- 
 ous gold mines to an admiring people, at the moment when that po- 
 pular treasure, and rapid civilizer of mankind, was most needed for 
 the happiness of the people and the commerce of the globe, and 
 thus increased the means of revolutionizing and improving man- 
 kind. 
 
90 
 
 Commercial embarrassments have been steadily relieved, and 
 the people are benefited by the timely discovery of the existence 
 and location of gold. 
 
 China, with her three hundred millions of people, has been 
 aroused. The timely discovery of gold has induced some of her 
 overgrown population to emigrate to Europe and America ; 
 and large numbers of these curious people have become resi- 
 dents on the soil of California and Australia, and some of them 
 have joyfully embraced the pure principles of the Christian 
 religion. 
 
 The discovery of gold furnishes additional means and encour- 
 agement for the more rapid progress of the extensive and glorious 
 revolution in China, and the demolishing of her old and niimc'«» 
 ous idols and heathen worship all over that vast empire, and 
 erecting on the mighty ruins of her idol worship the holy standard 
 of the cross, and the blissful influences and purifying principles of 
 the Christian religion. 
 
 God reveals the location of gold and other rich minerals, and 
 unlocks the hidden treasures of the earth, to facilitate honest in- 
 dustry and the extensive commerce of the globe. 
 
 The long retarded and unsuccessful enterprise of the opening of 
 Japan to the commerce and civilization of the world, has recently 
 been happily and peacefully accomplished. That long self-ol^scured 
 and singular people are revealing the useful secrets of Japan, and 
 developing the manners and political principles and resources of 
 that empire for the good of mankind. 
 
 The timely discovery of gold provides additional means for 
 the extensive and important revolutions around the globe, and en- 
 courages millions of people now seeking pure liberty on the East- 
 ern Hemisphere, to obtain their civil, jDolitical, and religious free- 
 dom, and worship the God of all nations according to the dictates 
 of their own conscience. 
 
 The discovery of gold furnishes means for forming and populat- 
 ing new territories, and improving the minds of the people in the 
 various branches of honest industry, and the arts and sciences of 
 civilized life. These new and aspiring territories will knock, in 
 due form of law, at the halls of Congress, in the city of Washing- 
 
91 
 
 ton, and he animated witJi the lionest spirit of patriotism, and in- 
 Toke tlie genius of our noble and wise Constitution, and ardently 
 desire admission as States of our glorious and popular Republic. 
 
 The late discovery of gold furnishes extensive and rapid means 
 for promoting civilization and religion. 
 
 Gold stimulates the islands of the sea in lionest and useful in- 
 dustry, and induces their patriotic people to seek protection and 
 equal rights under the broad banner and ample folds of the stars 
 and stripes of America. 
 
 The islands of Hawaii may knock at the doors of our friendly 
 Republic, and like the true patriots and companions of our illus- 
 trious and departed Washington, ardently and honestly desire the 
 American Congress to sympathize with all those who admire the 
 genius of our Republican institutions, and admit them as members 
 of the great Republican family of civilized nations 
 
 The king may voluntarily and cheerfully destroy his princely 
 sceptre, and take off his royal robes, and throw down his crown 
 of political power at the feet of our glorious Republic, in the na- 
 tional capitol at the city of Washington. 
 
 The late discovery of gold may prepare the political horizon, 
 and enable the people to enjoy more extensive and pure liberty. 
 
 The flag of the United States may float in popular triumph over 
 the islands of Owyhee, and the American eagle cast an honest look 
 around the islands of the Pacific, and spread his patriotic wings 
 of protection and pure friendship over the millions of people who 
 ardently and honestly desire to become good members of the great 
 American family. 
 
 Popular industry, and the commerce of the world, and civiliza- 
 tion and religion, are making rapid strides, and bestowing con- 
 stant blessings on mankind, under the influence of God's numerous 
 secrets, bestowed on the people during the great and important 
 eras of the world. 
 
 The principles of the Institution require Masonic Lodges and 
 Chapters to reveal the secrets of the order to every good man 
 who applies properly for them, and is found worthy according to 
 the rules of the Institution, and they must be regularly initiated 
 into the noble and honorable secrets of the Order; and no Masonic 
 
92 
 
 constitution or rule of the Institution prevents or deters any good 
 man who applies, and is properly qualified, from being initiated 
 at a Masonic Lodge and Chapter, and their principles admit all 
 good and properly qualified men to be invested with all the secrets 
 of the Institution. 
 
 Here the objector asks, why there arc so many bad members, if 
 Masonry is a good Institution ? 
 
 We answer. Because such men have not studied or understood 
 Masonic principles ; but having passed through the forms and 
 ceremonies of initiation, and neglecting to study the science of the 
 order, know very little about its principles. 
 
 The same objection might be raised against religious churches, 
 benevolent institutions, and political governments, because they 
 are afflicted with bad members. So men may have passed through 
 the forms and ceremonies of becoming members, and never have 
 understood the doctrines or principles of either. Such men can- 
 not be under the influence of good principles, which they do not 
 know or understand. 
 
 It is sometimes asked, why women are not allowed to become 
 members of this society, and enjoy the benefits of Free Masonry. 
 
 "We may be permitted to say, that it is not for the want of any 
 due respect for noble woman and her virtues, and amiable man- 
 ners and polite accomplishments, that respectable women are not 
 permitted to become Free Masons. The forms and ceremonies of 
 the order were instituted at an early day, to suit the capacity 
 and supply the wants of strong men in all future time, and in 
 every country. The far-seeing wisdom of King Solomon led him, 
 as one of the principal founders of Masonic degrees, to exclude 
 noble and virtuous woman, because she would be reduced to hard- 
 ships, exposure and toil, which she would be unable to endure. 
 
 As Masonic meetings must always be held in secret and secure 
 halls, guarded by the Tyler with a drawn sword, women attend- 
 ing as members would be likely to be scandalized and defamed, 
 and their priceless good name and character injured by the sur- 
 mises and talk of imprudent and ignorant people. 
 
 Should women become Free Masons and attend their meetings, 
 unaccompanied by their brothers, husbands or sons, jealousies 
 
93 
 
 raiglit arise in families, and destroy that harmony and domestic 
 felicity which Masonry seeks to promote in every home. Women, 
 however virtuous and highly educated they may be, are not per- 
 mitted by the laws and customs of civilized countries to become 
 citizens. Women cannot vote at the popular elections of the peo- 
 ple, or hold any civil or political office of honor, trust or profit, 
 under the government, except Post-mistress. 
 
 Our honored brother, Jackson, soon after he became President 
 of the United States, appointed a respectable and intelligent 
 widow of an officer of the American Revolution post-mistress of a 
 post-office. May this act of justice continue to noble woman ! 
 Women justly share largely in the result of men's labors. They 
 enjoy the benefits and protection of the laws and government of 
 the country in which they live. Women do not hold offices in 
 the Church, and yet they are among its briglitest ornaments, pos- 
 setting unparalleled influence in every good and glorious enter- 
 prise. Men perform the political duties of the countiy, transact 
 needful business in the Legislature and the halls of Congress, 
 fight the battles of freedom, and protect noble • woman amid 
 great suffering and at the hazard of their lives ; and return to 
 their cherished homes and dear country, where amiable and grate- 
 ful woman enjoys similar blessings of liberty and religion with 
 man. Masons are taught to love, respect and revere woman — Hea- 
 ven's last and best gift to man. The duties and labors of the 
 craft are cheerfully performed by the members of our ancient and 
 honorable Fraternity, for the universal good of all Free Masons, 
 and the happiness and prosperity of kind and amiable woman. 
 
 The cardinal principles of the Institution constantly admonished 
 its members to respect the lovely name of Mother, to hold it in 
 friendly and grateful remembrance, to cherish her loving-kindness, 
 and revere her godlike affection and constant friendship for her 
 dear children, as next to the pure and enduring love constantly 
 exercised to all the world by the Supreme Grand Master of the 
 Universe. 
 
 Free Masonry enjoins our craft, in the most solemn and impres- 
 sive manner, to relieve as far as they can the wants of suffering 
 Masons, tfieir wives, widows and orphans, wheFSSover dispersed 
 
94 
 
 around the globe. They must supply them with goocl employment, 
 or recommend them to their friends and neighbors, who may furnish 
 them with the means of honest industry, and quickly gratify theii 
 heart's desire. 
 
 Every candidate is presented during his initiation with a lamb 
 skin white apron as the badge of a Mason, because the lamb in all 
 ages has been deemed an emblem of innocence ; he, therefore, wlio 
 wears the lamb-skin as the badge of a Mason, is continually ro 
 minded of that purity of life and conduct which is so essential to 
 his gaining admission to the Celestial Lodge above, where the 
 Supreme Architect of the Universe presides. 
 
 Masonic Lodges are opened and closed with prayer to the God 
 of Heaven. 
 
 The Holy Bible is always open in our Lodges for the careful 
 and speedy instruction of all Masons. 
 
 This sacred, instructive and truly precious word of God, is 
 always used by Free Masons at their meetings, and carried open 
 by an old member in their public processions. The religious 
 world is under the most solemn obligation to the Institution for 
 the preservation of the Holy Bible during the dark ages of the 
 Old World, and for handing down to posterity that sacred 
 volume of Divine truth for the instruction and happiness of the 
 human race. 
 
 Free Masonry is founded on the pure principles of charity and 
 brotherly love. It ardently seeks the peace and substantial ] ros- 
 perity of the people, and the constant happiness of all mankind. 
 It is most admirably calculated to make good citizens, good hus- 
 bands, good fathers and good sons. The principles of our craft 
 make good friends, and produce integrity of heart, and the spirit 
 of mutual forbearance and charity. The Institution has always 
 encouraged literature and the fine arts, and fostered and pro- 
 moted the arts and sciences in every age, and in all countries. 
 Our Institution encourages the rapid increase of that knowledge 
 and polite learning which benefits society, and advances the best 
 interests of our common country. 
 
 The members of our craft are taught to obey the laws, and 
 adhere with patriotic fidelity to the government of the (?ountry in 
 
95 
 
 which they live, strictly to obey the moral law, and carefully 
 avoid all those religious doctrines and political sentiments on" 
 which people honestly dificr m their opinions, so that the Jew 
 the Catholic, the Protestant, the Chinese, the Arab, and the Mo- 
 hammedan, may meet in Masonic Lodges at the same time, on the 
 same level, as Masons in perfect harmony and Masonic love. 
 
 After the Lodge is closed each Mason returns to his home, mr 
 affected by the doctrine or peculiar creed of the other — tlie Jew 
 to his synagogue, the Mohammedan to his mosque, and the Chris- 
 tian to his church — as fully impressed as ever with the Divine 
 origin of his peculiar faith. 
 
 Free Masons dedicate the Holy Bible to God, the Square to the 
 !Master of Masonic Lodges, and the Compass to the craft. 
 
 The Holy Bible is dedicated to God, because it is the inestima- 
 ble gift from God to man ; the Square to the Master of Masonic 
 Lodges, it being the proper implement of his office ; and the Com- 
 pass to the craft, by due attention to its use they are taught to 
 circumscribe their desires, and keep their passions and prejudices 
 within due bounds. 
 
 Free Masonry is one of the most ancient and honorable institu 
 tutions in the world, and its charities are liberally dispensed to 
 poor Masons, their wives, widows and orphans. Large amounts 
 of money are annually paid for these charitable objects. The 
 business of the Institution is done within the walls of the lodges, 
 chapters and encampments ; and the amount of money paid in cha- 
 rity is seldom published ; the world, therefore, knows but little 
 of the moneys given by Masons, or the constant beneficial influ- 
 ences which the Institution exercises among the people, in helping 
 to support the cherished institutions of our common country, and 
 the honor of the American flag, which floats triumphantly in the 
 heavenly breeze, and gives the blissful assurance that where the 
 stars and stripes float over the soil of America, there Liberty 
 dwells, and political and religious freedom will bless the world. 
 
 Free Masonry is very popular, and rapidly extending over most 
 civilized countries. The increasing travel and important inter- 
 course of the people, make the Order far more useful than ever. 
 Our craft of every nation speak the same intcHigible Masonic Ian. 
 
96 
 
 giiagc, wlicresoever dispersed around the globe, and joyfully hail 
 each other as Masonic Brethren, whether they meet in Europe, 
 Africa, Asia or America. 
 
 If a general war should break out in Europe, and infest the Old 
 World with its ravages and sufferings. Free Masonry would be- 
 come a powerful and efficient agent in the hands of intelligent and 
 prudent Masons, and help the people to settle great national ques- 
 tions. Free Masons, belonging to different countries at war with 
 each other, are far more likely to meet together as friends and 
 true patriots, and help to settle the terms of au honorable peace 
 ^or the mutual benefit of their respective countries, that the din of 
 war, and all its numerous calamities, may again be hushed in an 
 honorable and lasting peace. 
 
 Masonic Lodges have been patronized by the great and good of 
 every age, and in all civilized countries of the globe ; and they 
 have generally been protected by the laws and governments of the 
 countries in which they lived. 
 
 Emperors, kings, princes, noblemen, statesmen, governors, judges, 
 lawyers, clergymen, and pious men of religious churches, and other 
 good men, are worthy Masons, and bright examples of religious 
 piety and Masonic virtues. Our candidates for Masonry are 
 taken from honest and respectable professions, businesses and em- 
 ployments, from the cottage to the throne. 
 
 The late Hon. Henry Clay was an old and respected Free 
 Mason. He honored our lodges by his attendance at their meet- 
 ings, and gave his influence to the Order while he was on national 
 business in Europe. Our enlightened Masonic Brother never 
 ceased to encourage the progress of the principles, during his 
 long and eventful life in the laud which gave him so timely birth, 
 and the country which we are all proud to proclaim America. 
 He was a man of unparalleled wisdom and far-seeing sagacity, an 
 honest and high-minded patriot, and one of the American states- 
 men whom our glorious Republic, and the enlightened nations of 
 the world, will never cease to honor. He was an accomplished 
 and amiable gentleman ; the most able, polished, eloquent orator 
 the world ever produced ; always frank, modest and kind-hearted. 
 He was one of the political saviors of our bleeding country. 
 
97 
 
 Constant and true to tlic real and permanent interests of the 
 United States, the Union was liis idol. He devoted liis valu- 
 able life to promote the permanent and lasting interests of the 
 people. 
 
 He exemplified and practiced the principles of the Order through 
 his long, useful, and brilliant public life. No political man ever 
 received such high, chaste, and pure honors, as the thousands of 
 respectable ladies spontaneously bestowed on the sage of Ashland, 
 when they so cheerfully received our illustrious Masonic Brother 
 at the City Hall in New York. 
 
 He possessed the spirit of fair and honorable compromise 
 on all great questions of political economy and national in- 
 terest. 
 
 Recognizing the principles of the Golden Rule, he ardently 
 labored to harmonize the discordant feelings of men, by doing 
 even-handed justice to all parties, and every substantial and use- 
 ful enterprise of our common country. 
 
 General Andrew Jackson was an eminent Free Mason ; the 
 hero, the patriot and the soldier, who, like Washington, left his 
 plow to lead American arms to victory and glory. He became 
 President of the United States by the free suffrages of his patriotic 
 fellow-citizens. The old soldier was at the head of a few thousand 
 poorly-instructed militia men, whom patriotism and philanthropy 
 had called from their peaceful homes to protect the fairest and 
 most lovely part of mankind from the savage red men of the 
 forest. They saved tlie true and amiable mothers and fair daugh- 
 ters of Columbia's freemen from the savage scalping-knife and 
 tomahawk. The din of Indian wars was timely hushed in an hon- 
 orable and permanent peace. Our brave Masonic Brother, Jack- 
 son, and his true and gallant compatriots in the pure cause of 
 human freedom, have achieved the most splendid, remarkable, and 
 important victories for America, recorded in the annals of Modern 
 History. They asserted the popular principles that our Masonic 
 brethren, and the numerous friends of pure liberty, would grant 
 all that was clearly right, but submit to nothing that was clearly 
 wrong. The motliers and daughters in America were protected 
 in their own dear hojuos from the c-alamities of tlie war. T.;o 
 
98 
 
 beauty of America cheerfully declared that our masonic "brethren 
 and their faithful compatriots had honorably filled the measure of 
 their country's glory. 
 
 De Witt Clinton was Grand High Priest of the General Grand 
 Royal Arch Chapter of the United States, and Grand Master of 
 the Grand Lodge of Free Masons of New York, and Governor ot 
 the State at an important period of her history. He was one ol 
 the best and most enlightened political writers of the age in which 
 he adorned the Chair of State — a philosopher of great reasoning 
 powers, and a sagacious, profound, and unrivalled statesman. His 
 far-seeing wisdom and intelligent writings gave birth to the con- 
 struction of the noble Erie Canal, and the grand and splendid sys- 
 tem of internal improvements on the soil of America. 
 
 Governor Clinton was a bright and intelligent Free Mason, and 
 practiced the principles of the Institution. The Masonic virtues 
 shone in his active life with brilliant and fascinating charms 
 through his long and eventful career. He left many important 
 and highly useful monuments of art and substantial improvements 
 to his memory as a statesman and political economist. Governor 
 Clinton's virtues excite the admiration, and command the cordial 
 approval and sincere respect, of the Masonic world. As a states- 
 man and political economist, his memory will be held in grateful 
 remembrance by his admiring countrymen. Tlie internal improve- 
 ments which Clinton's great mind originated, and his learned pen 
 advocated and set in motion, produce unparalleled prosperity 
 among the people, and they are adding millions of wealth to our 
 common country, and to the strength and grandeur of nations. 
 
 Daniel D. Tompkins was Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of 
 Free Masons of New York, and Governor of the State in 1812, an 
 eventful era in the history of our common country. Governor 
 Tompkins was an eminent and prudent statesman, and a patriot 
 of great energy and usefulness. He was well suited to that crisis 
 of American affairs. Late in his valuable life, our worthy and 
 enlightened masonic brother was elevated, by his patriotic and 
 admiring countrymen, to the office of Vice-President of our glori- 
 ous Republic. During all of Vice-President Tompkins' private 
 life, and his political and official career of glory, he proved him- 
 
99 
 
 self an lionest and good man. He was a profound ana accom- 
 plished scholar, and a refined and affable gentlemen ; and hia 
 active life embodied the principles of Masonry. Our worthy 
 brother proved himself a statesman, a patriot, a friend of the 
 people, a lover of glorious humanity, and a true friend to Ameri- 
 can liberty. 
 
 The lamented General Warren was Grand Master of the Grand 
 Lodge of Free Masons of Massachusetts when he fell on the battle- 
 field of Bunker Hill. This learned and good Free Mason left his 
 dear family and home, and gallantly fought the battles of freedom 
 when our country was poor and unskilled in the art of war, and 
 bleeding at every pore. Three millions of people, scattered over 
 an extensive and poorly cultivated country, amid a wilderness, 
 and surrounded by Indian savages, composed at that early day the 
 entire population of America. Our patriotic masonic brethren 
 were true to American principles and her holy cause on the floor 
 of Congress, and in the army and navy. They toiled, suffered, 
 and bled for human freedom. 
 
 Doctor Benjamin Franklin presided in the masonic chair at 
 Philadelphia over the first Lodge of Free Masons in Pennsylvania, 
 and gave the weight of his influence and pure character for the 
 benefit of the Institution. As a philosopher of the first order, he 
 controlled the vivid lightnings of heaven ; as an astronomer, he 
 contemplated with profound reverence the beauties and grandeur 
 of Nature ; as a philanthropist, he deeply sympathized with suf- 
 fering humanity, and ardently sought to promote the true prospe- 
 rity and substantial happiness of all the human race ; as a states- 
 man of the first rank, he labored day and night to help place our 
 dear America in the holy temple of liberty, and establish the pure 
 principles of self-government, and promptly aided his illustrious 
 compatriots in placing our beloved country on a lofty eminence 
 among the great family of nations ; as a professor of religion, he 
 devoutly worshipped the Supreme Grand Master of the Universe. 
 Our illustrious brother, Franklin, was guided by masonic princi- 
 ples in his private life and patriotic duties to his bleeding and 
 oppressed country. 
 
 Franklin exemplified and illustrated the principles of the Insti- 
 
100 
 
 tution through his whole patriotic and glorious life, and proved 
 to tlie world the purity and great advantages of the sublime and 
 holy principles of masonry. 
 
 In that dark and gloomy crisis of the American Revolution, 
 when the last ray of hope, like the sun in the western horizon, 
 was receding from the good and patriotic people of America, 
 behold ! a Washington appears, as it were an angel of deliverance, 
 sent by our Supreme Grand Master in the hour of American pov- 
 erty and peril, to establish pure liberty, and advance our then 
 infant country to that proud and honorable .position which she 
 now holds among the great family of nations. 
 
 That eventful era in the history of our dear America seemed 
 destined by heaven for a full display of those great masonic vir- 
 tues, patriotic principles, and religious sentiments, which excite 
 the admiration of the wise and good, and call forth the spontane- 
 ous approbation of mankind. 
 
 General Washington was made a Free Mason in due and an- 
 cient form, soon after he became of age, at the city of Freder- 
 icksburg, in the State of Virginia, and studied Free Masonry as a 
 science. 
 
 The pure and glorious principles of the Institution imparted to 
 him in early life a mass of useful knowledge, and helped to pre- 
 pare his young and active mind to perform the duties of the gal- 
 lant and prudent soldier, the wise and popular statesman, and the 
 first and honest President of the United States. 
 
 vVashington kept up his masonic lodge in the tented field 
 of the American army, during the war of our country^s revolu- 
 tion. 
 
 Tiie principles of masonry promoted union and confidence in 
 the army and navy, and inspired the people with harmony and 
 patriotic hope for pure liberty. 
 
 In the year 1793, Washington, one of the best and most popular 
 Free Masons of the United States, laid the corner stone of the 
 national capitol in masonic form, on the memorable soil of the dis- 
 trict of Columbia, in that popular city which bears our masonic 
 brother's pure and great name. 
 
 Our beloved hero closed his useful and brilliant career on the 
 
101 
 
 soil of America, in tlie year 1799. Washington's mortal remains 
 were entombed at Mount Vernon with pure masonic honors, by 
 the lodge of which he was the first master. His immortal soul 
 was convoyed by seraphic angels to realms of bliss and glory. 
 His pure principles live, and act, and guide the people as truly as 
 when his noble form moved among them. 
 
 We point the inquiring mind to the principles and character 
 of Washington, to learn what masonry is, and to the uniform hon- 
 esty and perseverance of the departed Father of our common 
 country, to see and behold what the Institution has accomplished 
 for the people of America. 
 
 Its harmonious principles of pure affection for humanity, have 
 been active and constant in allaying the angry passions of the 
 heart, and creating love for the human race. The kind and sooth- 
 ing influences of Free Masonry have fostered pure friendship 
 among the people, and encouraged them to imitate the character 
 and holy life of Him who returned good for evil, during His Divine 
 mission of reform among mankind while on earth, and sealed the 
 sincerity of His friendship by giving Himself a ransom for the 
 vorld. 
 
 Masonic principles have always been fascinating and full of 
 moral and religious instruction to the people, teaching them to 
 mingle together in the daily intercourse of life, with the mutual 
 forbearance and love which cement the people of America in that 
 friendship for each other, which has contributed so much to har- 
 monize them in the support of society and our glorious system of 
 self-ffovernment. based on the affections and reasonable wants of 
 the race. The pure principles of Washington are the principles 
 of masonry, and the principles of masonrv arc the principles of 
 Washino-ton. 
 
J^ LOA7-E ^FF^IR 
 
 AMD 
 
 A. DUEL. 
 
 BY WASHINGTON GOFP 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 The prevailing and strong passion of coquetry exist in some 
 form among a large class of people ; but it is not entirely 
 confined to lovers and fanciful minds seeking to form con- 
 nections in lawful and popular marriage. Deception and fraud 
 are practiced to an alarming extent, and people profess much 
 friendship for each other ; but practice less of that charming 
 and delightful virtue. They assume airs, and make a facinat- 
 ing appearance, which often gains them temporary favors and 
 much enjoyment. But when the test is applied, we learn their 
 real character. 
 
 Ask them for any particular favor, and in most cases you 
 will be denied, the party declaring a willingness to grant any 
 other you may desire ; ask for another, and you may be told 
 that the accommodation cannot be granted at present, and so on 
 until the party believes you do not want anything, and then 
 favors will generally be cheerfully offered. 
 
 But not so in all cases ; there are a large number of good 
 people who bestow favors and grant accommodations as soon 
 as they are required. And even some coquettes, seeing their 
 errors, reform, and do tlieir associates and the injured parties 
 
104 
 
 favors and justice without being asked, as the English Belle 
 did a timely and important favor for two young British offi- 
 cers without being desired to perform tliat noble duty. The 
 Belle was the youngest daughter of a wealthy and respectable 
 merchant in the city of London, and she was highly educated at 
 the best schools in Great Britain. She was sprightly, possessing 
 a vigorous mind, and great accomplishments, and appeared in 
 fashionable and popular parties, and in private and respectable 
 families as one of the most polite and fascinating ladies in the 
 great metropolis of England. 
 
 The two young officers were the sons of a London banker and 
 an English nobleman ; and held commissions as officers in the 
 British army. They were handsome, vain, and genteel in their 
 deportment at the social and fashionable parties, and when they 
 visited private and respectable families, they made an extraoi"- 
 dinary and fascinating appearance, winning the fanciful love of 
 the English Belle, while visiting at her father's splendid mansion 
 in London, and attending popular and fashionable parties with 
 her in other great cities of tlie realm. 
 
 "I have a good opinion of j^rudent and industrious ladies," 
 said General Goff; "but some philosophers and other judges 
 consider it a misfortune in many cases for ladies to be hand- 
 some, because it has a tendency to make them proud and vain, 
 and leads them into a visionary and deceitful belief, that a 
 handsome face, and a good form secures them a popular passport 
 through life, without correct knowledge, science, and a religious 
 education. Very handsome ladies often neglect to learn val- 
 uable truth, and to study and obtain that important and useful 
 knowledge which would make them happy and valuable mem- 
 bers of society." 
 
 Men admire and often praise handsome women and pro- 
 fess great friendship for them. But many of those pretended 
 friends are wolves in sheep's clothing. 
 
 "Now, Henry," said the gallant old General, "you know 
 my time of life has brought me to a period when I may 
 profit by a long experience, during a professional career of 
 
105 
 
 military services, in the protection and defence of onr common 
 kingdom and country. My travels in Europe and Asia liavo 
 afforded me a good opportunity to obtain a thorougli knowledge 
 of human nature, business, and the philosophy of the human 
 mind. I may, therefore, have the pleasure of making some valu- 
 able suggestions for your consideration, without impairing 
 my good opinion of noble woman. ' 
 
 " 1 have known many cunning and h.andsome women in the 
 old country, since I have been an officer in his majesty's ser- 
 vice," continued the General, "among whom I well remember 
 an accomplished and adroit English Belle. She formed an in- 
 timate acquaintance with two young and handsome British 
 officers in the city of London. They seemed to be so ardently 
 in love with each other that they hardly knew whether they 
 were in aristocratic England, or in republican America. Each 
 of the young officers declared liis ardent love fcr the English 
 Belle. They proclaimed to the beautiful lady their supreme 
 love for her, and declared their willingness to die for her 
 charming beauty. The Belle declared that her love had be- 
 come so ardent for both of the young officers, that she did 
 not know which of them to dismiss from her ''Hind. She 
 loved both of them dearly, and her affections were just as 
 good for one as for the other. 
 
 "Well," said the General, "I have always believed that 
 two gentlemen might have some good reason for loving one 
 lady ; but I cannot see how one lady can sincerely, intelli- 
 gently, and honestly love two gentlemen just alike at the same 
 time." 
 
 Sincere love, founded in wisdom and resting on a wise 
 basis, guided by the purest and most enlightened faculties of 
 the human mind, calls into uniform action the purest princi- 
 ples of the soul. 
 
 These heavenly principles may be fairly excited, and set in 
 healthy motion by pure and beneficial acts of kindness. The 
 fruits of sincere love are evidences of pure friendship, and 
 are exhibited in proportion as the faculties are developed and 
 
106 
 
 called into healthful and wise action amorg the people. 
 
 Doctor Franklin and other good men agree with your ideas of 
 love, General. 
 
 We will see how the two young officers and the lady pro- 
 gress, and what evidences of love they have exhibited before 
 the people, in the progress and conclusion of this romantic 
 story. 
 
 The gentleman should love tlie lady, and the lady ought 
 to love the gentleman purely, affectionately, and honestly. Uni- 
 form friendship and correct deportment are exhibited in num- 
 erous acts of kindness. Pure love produces substantial and 
 useful benefits when it is most needed and desired. Love 
 displays its heavenly treasure and soothing principles in per- 
 forming the duties of mutual forbearance, and doing timely 
 and immediate good to others ; because the system of kindness 
 and justice allays the angry passions of hardened and mis- 
 guided minds, enlightens their understandings, and makes them 
 better neighbors and more useful citizens. 
 
 j\Iany officers of the army and navy being under great ex- 
 citement, produced to some extent by the principles of their 
 profession and habits of military and naval life, seem to fancy 
 that questions of love and friendship must be settled by the 
 code of honor. So one of the British officers challenged another 
 officer in his majesty's service to mortal combat. The challenge 
 was immediately accepted. The seconds were duly chosen, and 
 the surgeons appointed. The day being agreed on, the place of 
 hostile meeting was selected. 
 
 A few confidential friends were timely on the ground. 
 Constant and profound secrecy was enjoined on their friends, 
 lest the police officers should discover their hostile designs, 
 and duly arrest all the parties in any way connected with 
 the contemplated duel. 
 
 The two young officers were first to fight each other with 
 their own swords for fifteen minutes only. They were then to 
 fight with pistols at the distance of fifteen paces. 
 
 Tn the mean time, and before the appointed day of meeting 
 
107 
 
 arrived, the excitement ran high, and many means were sug- 
 gested for the settlement of the love affair, and the adjust- 
 ment of the whole difiiculty, but, to no effect. 
 
 The oflficers continued their desire of settling the love matter by 
 swords and pistols, of course each of them feeling sure of dispatch- 
 ing the other, and thus remove, as they imagined, all further 
 obstacles to the enjoyment of the heart and hand of the fascin- 
 ating and beautiful young English Belle. 
 
 Alas I how foolish and unwise are all such vain and wicked 
 means of settling love matters and so preparing to enjoy life. 
 The virtuous and enlightened mmd finds but little enjoy- 
 ment with people while they are in ignorance and sin. 
 
 The family relations and friends of all the parties were 
 wealtliy, moved in high life, and appeared in the best and 
 most fashionable circles. 
 
 The English Belle regretted that the feelings of the young 
 officers should have led them to believe that she was indued 
 with tl;e beauty, charms, or accomplishments which they fan* 
 cied she possessed ; and calmly expressed her regret that she 
 should have been the innocent cause of the intended hostile 
 meeting, so unhappy in its character. 
 
 The accomplished and shrewd Belle therefore resilvcd, when 
 all otlicr measures failed, to employ woman's stratagem to 
 prevent the effusion of blood, and save the lives of the two 
 officers, whom she passionately loved. 
 
 As the day for the hostile meeting approached, all minds 
 to whom the alTair had been intrusted, were anxious to learn 
 what means were in progress to stay the mad career of the 
 two officers, and prevent the dangerous and disastrous encounter 
 of the two young men, who had no just cause for being ene- 
 mies to each other, nor any good reason for afflicting the 
 enthusiastic and loving lady, by fighting a duel to determine 
 their claim on her faitliful love. 
 
 Woman's stratagem progressed, and quiet secrecy continued 
 the prevailing policy. Therefore, w^ait a little longer, kind 
 reader, and you will soon learn woman's powers of keeping 
 
108 
 
 valuable secrets, and tlie effects of the beautiful and accom- 
 plished Eng-lish lady's means of doing good ; and you may, in 
 due time, have still another evidence of woman's powers and 
 honesty, in keeping good and valuable secrets to facilitate the 
 timely ends of friendship and justice. 
 
 CHAPTER 11. 
 
 The anxious day appointed for the meeting of the two 
 officers having arrived, the fierce combatants appeared on the 
 ground selected, accompanied by their seconds and surgeons, 
 and in a few moments after, a few of their friends were seen in 
 t'lc distance, approaching the place appointed for the intended 
 encounter with rapid speed. Some rode on splendid horses, and 
 others in beautiful carriages. 
 
 An anxious look pervaded the whole company. Every coun- 
 tenance appeared full of anxiety and deep concern for the events 
 of the day. 
 
 The two officers, a few days previous, were good friends, 
 and both seeking the heart and hand of the fascinating English 
 Belle, but now vainly preparing, after due time for reflection, 
 to meet each other with swords and pistols, in exciting and dread- 
 ful conflict. They might shed innocent blood in the vain hope 
 of deciding which of the two officers was entitled to enjoy 
 the fanciful love of the lady. 
 
 The grounds on which the parties met were interspersed with 
 delightful shade trees and shrubbery, and a few beautiful groves 
 adorned the spot. They were well fitted for pleasure, and 
 worthy of a better use and more lionorable purpose. 
 
 The place"^ selected was delightful, but the occasion became 
 painful, novel, and full of excitement. 
 
 Smooth and excih3d voices were heard murmuring among 
 the guests, " Where now is the lady who possesses the power 
 
109 
 
 to give immediate relief? Where is her father? Is there no 
 kind hand to help in this exciting time of need ? Is there no 
 strong, vigorous, and influential mind, who has power and 
 influence at this critical moment, to give relief?" 
 
 The seconds declared the time nearly exhausted. They 
 measured the ground, determined the points of position, and 
 directed the two officers to take their places, unsheathe their 
 swords, and prepare for mortal combat. The surgeons retired 
 to tlicir respective places, and prepared for professional duty 
 
 The seconds load the pistols, and the two officers and their 
 friends look at each other in great suspense and keen ex- 
 citement for the termination of the encounter. 
 
 Each officer stood at his post with a drawn sword in his 
 hand, gleaming with dazzling bri<rhtness in the radiant sun 
 light, amid the lamentations of their surrounding friends. 
 
 All was excitement. Anxiety and hope was seen in everv 
 countenance among the excited friends I 
 
 Madness and revenge were vivid in the countenances of the 
 parties, and flaslied like wild-fire from the eyes of the two 
 officers as they prepared to fight the duel. 
 
 " The time has expired 1 " proclaimed the seconds at the top 
 of their voices while looking at the parties. 
 
 The officers will fight with their own swords for only fifteen 
 minutes, the seconds may then furnish them with loaded pistols, 
 to complete their work according to the code of honor. 
 
 The fierce combat commenced amid the disapprobation of the 
 gentlemen present, who were nearly related to the officers. 
 Stout-hearted and strong-nerved men witnessed the clashing of 
 swords, and the terrific scenes of the occasion, with emotions 
 of profound regret and deep anxiety for the events of the day 
 and the impending Idoodthirsty encounter. 
 
 The displaying of their swords, and the clash and glitter of 
 the bright steel, produced a dangerous and alarming crisis. The 
 fighting progressed, but no man or body of men dared to 
 interfere with the officers, while they proceeded according to the 
 code of honor 
 
110 
 
 But, thank heaven, all are not excluded by the code of honor 
 from doing good, and suppressing the strong arm of the victor 
 or the mad assassin. 
 
 Women are left free to save life, and perform honorable 
 and glorious deeds in the hour of peril and danger, and the code 
 of honor cannot stay their lovely hands, or hurt tlieir gallant 
 and noble souls for doing right and promoting peace. 
 
 As the officers continued fighting with swords, the ex- 
 citement and fear increased. Despair was seen in every conn, 
 tenance ; but the crisis having come, the lives of the two officers 
 were in still more imminent danger. 
 
 Behold ! the deliverer comes! The English Belle darts out in 
 an exciting and fantastic dress, from a beautiful grove of shade 
 trees, tlie place of her adroit and timely concealment. 
 
 She appeared in a beautiful scarlet and white dress, and a crown 
 of red, white, and pink roses on her head, and a splendid red 
 morocco belt, richly gilt with gold, and tastefully buckled around 
 her waist, from which was suspended an elegant sword. She held 
 a bright speaking trumpet in her left hand, through which her 
 fine, sweet, and musical voice expanded, and was wafted on the 
 gentle zephyrs of heaven to the ears of the frightened and aston- 
 ished young officers. 
 
 Her rich and fantastic costume was most admirably selected, 
 and beautifully adorned her graceful person. 
 
 The English Belle in due time advanced, with her bright drawn 
 sword in her right hand, and, with a majestic and dignified step, 
 advanced towards the young officers, while fighting with their own 
 swords, and in the graceful and charming spirit of love and 
 majesty, she proclaimed to them — 
 
 " Stay ! oh stay, your mad career ! Officers, fight no more ! 
 Sheathe your swords ! Can you ofler no better evidence of your 
 love for me than fighting with those bright and deadly swords ? 
 Shame on two young and gallant British officers ! " 
 
 They supposed the fascinating English Belle was then quietly 
 seated in her dear parents' parlor in the city of London. 
 
 " Hark, hark ! "' said one of tlie officers ; " behold in the 
 
Ill 
 
 distance tliat ang-elic-looldiig being just rushing from yonder 
 beautiful grove ! Is it an angel of timely deliverance, sent in 
 the hour of peril and danger, to rescue two young gentlemen 
 from the hazards of a duel ? or is it the lovely English lady, 
 and supreme object of our afiection?" 
 
 The officers were paralyzed, and therefore stopped fight' 
 ing, and their swords imperceptibly fell from their angry liandsto 
 the earth on which they stood. Amazement seized their angry 
 minds. Love and fear were mingled together for a moment. 
 But love prevailed and triumphed, and drove the fierce and 
 angry passions from the minds of the two young officers. 
 
 Profound respect for the lady softened their hearts and pro- 
 duced love in their minds. They beheld the lady and her drawn 
 sword with startling amazement, gleaming with dazzling bright- 
 ness amid the radiant sun light. They looked upon the lady 
 with emotions of admiration and astonishment. 
 
 " Behold ! " said the other officer, " the beautiful English 
 lady ! See the lovely object of two young men engaged 
 in dreadful conflict. Look and behold her angelic countenance ! 
 She comes, she comes ! Behold her there ! " 
 
 The lady advanced with a drawn sword in her right liand, 
 so, if love and reason failed to produce peace and friendship, 
 the officers might quail before the sword of justice in the 
 hands of, beauty, when guided by the mind of a lady whose 
 lieart overflowed with love for them. 
 
 The English Belle advanced with the quick and majestic step 
 of power, at the moment when woman's love was the most needed. 
 
 Their friends and all the persons present, looked at her in 
 profound and startlijig amazement. Anger diminished in the 
 minds of the officers, and love triumphed ! 
 
 The lady calmly advanced before the chosen seconds of the 
 officers, who held the pistols, saying to them, " These in- 
 struments of death were not made to settle questions of love . 
 among friends, or foolishly wound or destroy our king's officers. 
 But they were made to chastise and subdue his enemies, and 
 defend our Ijcloved kingdom and country. I therefore, in the 
 
112 
 
 sacred name of peace and justice, seize the pistols, and take 
 them from you as contraband of war in the hands of angry 
 duelists ! " 
 
 Ladies have a running coinmission from emperors, kings, and 
 all others in the administration of governments, authorizing 
 women to do right. 
 
 " I now fire off tlie pistols over the heads of tlie young officers 
 who Averc about to use them in fighting an unlawful and dis* 
 honorable duel. I shall deliver them to some person with a 
 desire that they Ije immediately returned to their rightful 
 owner. 
 
 " ! my dear father 1 are you indeed here ! I am glad to 
 see Vour noble foi'm on these grounds, at this critical period of 
 great strife and madness. Allow me, your innocent and loving 
 daughter, to embrace her dear father for his timely presence 
 in the moment of peril and danger. You will have the 
 goodness to receive these unloaded pistols, and return them to 
 their owner. 
 
 " And you, young gentlemen, who have just been engaged in a 
 dangerous encounter, have made choice of the wrong means to 
 settle love matters. You have just given the strongest proof 
 of your entire ignorance of the pure principles of self-govern- 
 ment. Your want of common prudence and correct judgment 
 to govern your bad pas&ions has stained your honor, jeopardized 
 your lives, and produced pain among your friends. You have 
 forfeited my confidence, and your folly and madness have made 
 you unworthy of me. Your bad conduct has diminished my love 
 for you to that of respectable citizens only. 
 
 " I feel it my duty to return these swords to the king, our 
 royal master, and im^^lore his august majesty to pardon you 
 on account of your youth and inexperience. You will allow 
 me the pleasure to hope that you will immediately return to 
 your duty in the British army, and live in friendship with 
 the officers and improve your minds in pure knowledge 
 and thus entitle yourselves to hold your rank in the army, 
 enjoy its emoluments, and continue to wear the king'? 
 
113 
 
 swords with honor to yourselves and satisfaction to our royal 
 master. I trust that our august sovereign will witness with emo- 
 tions of sincere pleasure, the necessary improvements in your past 
 bad conduct and .character, and again permit you soon to wear 
 these English swords of honor, and so receive the emoluments of 
 your office in the army. It will give me unspeakable pleasure to 
 learn of your future prosperity and constant happiness ; and the 
 measure of my joys will be full and complete, when I learn that 
 my sincere hopes, and those of your other friends have been re- 
 alized ; and you, young gentlemen, shall again merit and enjey 
 the honors of the army, and our fellow-citizens, and the gracious 
 favors of kind Providence. 
 
 The lady's beautiful form and lovely countenance, while pro- 
 claiming those friendly sentiments and ardent hopes to the young 
 officers, filled their minds with emotions of peace and love. They 
 gracefully bowed their respect before their benefactress and 
 timely deliverer, and kindly desired the charming lady to forgive 
 them their errors and late misfortunes, and assured her that they 
 had that moment foro-iven each other : and as an evidence of their 
 
 m O 7 
 
 sincerity and a proof of their desire to cultivate pure friendship 
 for one another in all future time, cordially shook hands and 
 kindly embraced each other. 
 
 The seconds, surgeons, and other friends exhibited the deepest 
 interest and most delightful approbation of the closing and 
 happy scene of this extraordinary and exciting affair. 
 
 The two young officers most gracefully seized the lady by 
 each of her hands at the same moment, and they all kindly and 
 modestly embraced each other in the pure spirit of love, respect 
 and kindness. 
 
 The lady cheerfully forgave the young officers, and kindly 
 commended them, in their future career of professional life and 
 social duties, to the respect and love of the people, and the 
 king, their royal master. 
 
 All were happily united at the termination of tlie novel scene. 
 Joy liurst from the eyes of the whole company in sweetness and 
 love, and filled their minds with friendship and peace. 
 
114 
 
 The splendid shady groves and the delightful scenery on a 
 beautiful summer's evening, while the brilliant sun was receding 
 in the western horizon from their view, and the cheerful birds and 
 merry songsters appeared skipping from shrubbery, trees, and 
 branches in their natural, beautiful, and varied plumage, filled 
 the air with their sweet melody, and imparted joy to the whole 
 company, as they were preparing to return to their dear homes in 
 London. 
 
 The carriages were made ready for the company, and the 
 prancing steeds were chewing the bridle bits, as evidence of 
 their readiness to convey the company from the novel scenery. 
 
 At this auspicious period of parting friends, the charming lady 
 sang in great sweetness and love, a beautiful song in splendid 
 music, in which tlie whole company joined most joyfully in the 
 chorus. The air was full of melody and cheerful music, and every 
 countenance appeared blissful and happy. 
 
 The whole company was then soon safely conveyed to their 
 very dear and happy homes. 
 
 TO BE CONTINUED. 
 
CONSTITUTION 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMEEICA. 
 
 We the People of tli« United States, in order to form a more 
 perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, 
 provide for the common Defence, promote the general Wel- 
 fare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our 
 Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the 
 United States of America, 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a 
 Congress of the United States, "which shall consist of a Senate 
 and House of Representatives, 
 
 SECTION II, 
 
 L Tlie House of Representatives shall be composed of Mem- 
 bers chosen every second Year by the People of the several 
 States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifica- 
 tions requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the 
 State Legislature. 
 
 2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have 
 attained to the Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven Years 
 a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, 
 be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen. 
 
116 
 
 3. Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among 
 the several States which may be included within this Union, ac- 
 cording to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined 
 by adding to the wliole Number of free Persons, including those 
 bound to Service f 3r a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not 
 taxed, throe fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration 
 shall be made witliin three Years after tlie first Meeting of the 
 Congress of tlie United States, and within every subsequent Term 
 of Ten Years, in such a Manner as they shall by Law direct. Tlie 
 Number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty 
 Tliousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative ; 
 and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New 
 Hampshire shall be entitled to choose three, Massachusetts eight, 
 Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, 
 New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delawai-e 
 one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five. South Caro- 
 lina five, and Georgia three. 
 
 4. When Vacancies happen in the Representation from any 
 State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election 
 to fill such Vacancies. 
 
 5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker 
 and other Officers ; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment. 
 
 SECTIOX. m. 
 
 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two 
 Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for 
 six Years ; and each Senator shall have one Vote. 
 
 2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of 
 the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into 
 three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall 
 be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second 
 Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class 
 at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be 
 chosen every second Year ; and if Vacancies happen by Resigna- 
 tion or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any 
 State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments 
 
117 
 
 until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill 
 such Vacancies. 
 
 3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained 
 to the Age of Thirty Years, and been nine years a Citizen of the 
 United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inliabitant 
 of that State for which he shall be chosen. 
 
 4. The Vice President of the United States shall be President 
 of the Senate, but shall have no Vote unless they be equally divided. 
 
 5. The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a Pre- 
 sident pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or wlien 
 he shall exercise the Ofiice of President of the United States. 
 
 6. The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeach- 
 ments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or 
 Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, 
 the Chief Justice [.hall preside : And no Peri-on shall be convicted 
 without the Concurrence of two-thirds of the Members present. 
 
 7. Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further 
 than to removal from Office, and Disqualification to hold and en- 
 joy any Office of Honor, Trust or Profit under the United States : 
 but tlic Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to 
 Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 1. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for 
 Senators aad Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State 
 by the Legislature thereof ; but the Congress may at any time by 
 Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the places of 
 choosing Senators, 
 
 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year. 
 and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, un- 
 less they shall by Law appoint a different Day. 
 
 SECTION V. 
 
 1. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns 
 and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each 
 shall constitute a Quorum to do Business ; but a smaller number 
 
118 
 
 may acljouru from day to day, and may be authorized to compel 
 the Attendance of absent Members, in such manner and under 
 such Penalties as each House may provide. 
 
 2. Each House n^ay determine the Hules of its Proceedings, 
 punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the Con- 
 currence of two-thirds, expel a Member. 
 
 3. Each House sliall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and 
 from time to lime publish tlic same, excepting such Parts as may 
 in their Judgment require Secrecy ; and the Yeas and Nays of 
 the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire 
 of one-fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal. 
 
 4. Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without 
 the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor 
 to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be 
 sitting. 
 
 SECTION VI. 
 
 1, The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensa- 
 tion for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of 
 the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, ex- 
 cept Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, ) e privileged from 
 Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective 
 Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for 
 any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned 
 in any other Place. 
 
 2. No Senator or Representative sliall, during the time for 
 which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the 
 xVuthority of the United States, which shall have been created, or 
 i]\c Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such 
 time ; and no Person liolding any Office under the United States, 
 shall be a Member of cither House during his Continuance in 
 Office. 
 
 SECTION VII. 
 
 1. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of 
 Representatives ; but the Senate may propose or concur with 
 Amendments as on other Bills. 
 
119 
 
 2. Everj Bill wliicli shall have passed the House of Represen- 
 tatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented 
 to the President of the United States : if he approve he shall 
 sign it, but if not he sliall return it with his Objections, to tliat 
 House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Ob- 
 jections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. 
 If after such Reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall agree 
 to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to 
 the other House, by which it sliall likewise be reconsidered, and 
 if approved bj two-thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. 
 But in all such Cases the Yotcs of both Houses shall be deter- 
 mined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting 
 for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journals of each 
 House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the 
 President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have 
 been presented to him, tlie Same shall be a law, in like Manner as 
 if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment pre- 
 vent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law. 
 
 3. Eveiy Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence 
 of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary 
 (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the 
 President of tlie United States ; and before the Same shall take 
 Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, 
 shall ho repassed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Rep- 
 resentatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in 
 the Case of a Bill. 
 
 SECTIOX VIII. 
 
 The Congress shall have power : 
 
 1. To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to 
 pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general 
 Welfare of the United States ; but all Duties, Imposts and Ex- 
 cises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; 
 
 2. To borrow Money on the credit of the United States ; 
 
 3. To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the 
 several States, and with the Indian Tribes ; 
 
120 
 
 4. To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform 
 Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United 
 States ; 
 
 5. To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign 
 Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures ; 
 
 6. To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securi- 
 ties and current Coin of the United States ; 
 
 7. To establish Post Offices and post Roads ; 
 
 8. To promote the progress of Science and useful Arts, by 
 securing for limited Times to Authors and Inyentors the exclusive 
 Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries ; 
 
 9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; 
 
 10. To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on 
 the high Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations ; 
 
 11. To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and 
 make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water ; 
 
 12. To raise and support Armies, but no appropriation of Money 
 to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years ; 
 
 13. To provide and maintain a Navy ; 
 
 14. To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the 
 land and Naval Forces ; 
 
 15. To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws 
 of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions ; 
 
 16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the 
 Militia, and for governing such part of them as may be employed 
 in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States res- 
 pectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of 
 training the Militia according to the Discipline prescribed by 
 Congress ; 
 
 17. To exercise exclusive Legislation' in all Cases whatsoever, 
 over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by 
 Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, 
 become the seat of the Government of the United States, and to 
 exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent 
 of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the 
 Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dock- Yards, and other 
 needful Buildings ; — And 
 
121 
 
 IS. To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for 
 carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other 
 Powers vested by this Constitution in the Goverinncnt of the 
 United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. 
 
 SECTION IX. 
 
 1. The Migration or importation of such Persons as any of the 
 States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro- 
 hibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight 
 hundred and eight, but a Tax or Duty may be imposed on such 
 Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person. 
 
 2. The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be 
 suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the 
 public Safety may require it. 
 
 3. No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed. 
 
 4. No Capitation or other direct Tax shall be laid, unless in 
 Proportion to the Census or Enumeration lierein before directed 
 to be taken. 
 
 5. No Tax or Duty shall be laid on articles exported from any 
 State. 
 
 G. No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Com- 
 merce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another : 
 nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, 
 clear, or pay Duties in another. 
 
 7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Conse- 
 quence of Appropriations made by Law ; and a regular Statement 
 and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public 
 Money shall be published from time to time. 
 
 8. No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States : 
 And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, 
 shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any Present, 
 Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, 
 Prince, or foreign State. 
 
 SECTION X. 
 
 1. No State shall enter into any Treaty, xUliance, or Confeder- 
 ation ; gra^t Letters of Marque and Reprisal ; coin Money ; emit 
 
322 
 
 Bills of Credit ; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tend- 
 er in Payment of Debts ; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto 
 Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any 
 Title of Nobility. 
 
 2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any 
 Lnposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be ab- 
 solutely necessary for executing its inspection Laws : and the net 
 Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State en Imports 
 or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United 
 States ; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and 
 Control of the Congress. 
 
 3. No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any 
 Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, 
 enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with 
 a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in 
 Buch imminent Danger as will not admit of Delay. 
 
 ARTICLE IL 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the 
 United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the 
 Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen 
 for the same Term, be elected, as follows : 
 
 2. Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature 
 thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Num- 
 ber of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be 
 entitled in the Congress : but no Senator or Representative, or 
 Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United 
 States, shall be appointed an Elector. 
 
 [The Electors slidll meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two 
 Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with 
 themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the 
 Number of Votes for each ; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit 
 sealed to the Scat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President 
 of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate 
 and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then 
 
123 
 
 be counted. The Person having the greatest number of Votes shall be the 
 President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors ap- 
 pointed ; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal 
 Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by 
 Ballot one of them for President ; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the 
 five Jiighest on the List the said House shall in like manner choose the President. 
 But in choosing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Represent- 
 ation from each State having one Vote ; a Quorum for this purpose shall consist 
 of a Member or Members from two-thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the 
 States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice ot the 
 President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall 
 be the Vice-President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal 
 Votes, the Senate shall choose from them by Ballot the Vice-President.'--] 
 
 3. The Congress may determine the Time of clioosing tlie Elec- 
 tors, and the Day on whicli they shall give their Votes ; which 
 Days shnll be the same throughout the United States. 
 
 4. No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the 
 United States at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, 
 shall be eligible to the Office of President ; neither shall any Per- 
 son be eligible to that Office Avho shall not have attained to the 
 Age of thirty-five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within 
 the United States. 
 
 5. In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of 
 his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and 
 Duties of the said Office, the same shall devolve on the Yice Pre- 
 sident, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Re- 
 moval, Death, Resignation, or Inability, both of the President and 
 Yice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, 
 and such Officer shall act accordingly, mitil the Disability be 
 removed, or a President shall be elected. 
 
 6. The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services 
 a Compensation, which shall neither be increased nor diminished 
 during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall 
 not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the 
 United States, or any of them. 
 
 7. Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take 
 the following Oath or Affirmation : — 
 
 • This clause witiiin brackets has been superseded and annulled by the 12th Amendment, on 
 page 15. 
 
124 
 
 '■ I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute 
 " the Office of President of the United States, and will, to the 
 " best of my Ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitu- 
 •' tion of the United States." 
 
 SECTION n. 
 
 1. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army 
 and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several 
 States, when called into the actual Service of the United States ; 
 lie may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in 
 each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to 
 the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to 
 grant Eeprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United 
 States, except in Cases of Impeachment. 
 
 2. He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent 
 of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Sena- 
 tors present concur ; and he shall nominate, and by and with the 
 Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, 
 other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court 
 and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments 
 are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be esta- 
 blished by Law : but the Congress may by Law vest the Appoint- 
 ment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the Presi- 
 dent alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments. 
 
 3. The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that 
 may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Com- 
 missions which shall expire at the End of their next Session. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 He shall from time to time give to the Congress Liformation 
 of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration 
 such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient ; he may, 
 on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of 
 them, and in Case of Disagreement between them with Respect to 
 the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time ar he 
 
125 
 
 shall think proper ; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public 
 Ministers ; he sliall take Care that the Laws be faithfully exe- 
 cuted, and sliall Commission all the Oflicers of the United States. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 The President, Vice President, and all civil Officers of the 
 United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, 
 and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and 
 Misdemeanors. 
 
 ARTICLE II L 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 The judicial Power of the UniLcd States shall be vested in one 
 supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may 
 from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the 
 supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good 
 Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a 
 Compensation, which shall not bo diminished during their Continu- 
 ance in Office. 
 
 SECTION II. 
 
 1. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and 
 Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United 
 States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their 
 Authority ; — to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public 
 Ministers and Consuls ; — to all Cases of admiralty and maritime 
 Jurisdiction ; — to Controversies to which the United States shall 
 be a Party ; — to Controversies between two or more States ; — be- 
 tween a State and Citizens of another State ; — between Citizens 
 of different States ; — between Citizens of the same State claiming 
 Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or 
 the citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. 
 
 2. In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers 
 and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be a Party, the Supreme 
 Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases 
 
126 
 
 before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate Juris- 
 diction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and 
 under such Regulations as the Congress shall make. 
 
 3. The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, 
 shall be by Jury ; and such Trial shall be held in the State where 
 the said Crimes shall have been committed ; but when not com- 
 mitted within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places 
 as the Congress may by Law have directed. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levy- 
 ing War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving 
 them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason 
 unless on the Testimony of Two Witnesses to the same overt Act, 
 or on Confession in open Court. 
 
 2. The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment 
 of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption 
 of Blood, or Forfeiture, except during the Life of the Person 
 attainted. 
 
 ARTICLE IV. 
 
 SECTION I. 
 
 Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the pub- 
 lic Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. 
 And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in 
 which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall bo proved, and 
 the Effect thereof. 
 
 5ECTI0N n. 
 
 1. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges 
 and Immvmities of Citizens in the several States. 
 
 2. A person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or 
 other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another 
 State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State 
 from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State 
 having Jurisdiction of the Crime. 
 
127 
 
 3. No Person lield to Service or Labor in one State, under the 
 Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any 
 Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or 
 Labor, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom 
 such Service or Labor may be due. 
 
 SECTION III. 
 
 1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this 
 Union ; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the 
 Jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any State be formed by the 
 junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the 
 consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of 
 the Congress. 
 
 2. The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all 
 needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other 
 Property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this 
 Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of 
 the United States, or of any particular State. 
 
 SECTION IV. 
 
 The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union 
 a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of 
 them against Invasion ; and on Application of the Legislature, or 
 of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) 
 against domestic Violence. 
 
 ARTICLE y. 
 
 The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem 
 it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, 
 on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several 
 States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, 
 in either Case shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part 
 of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three 
 fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths 
 
128 
 
 thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be pro- 
 posed by the Congress ; Provided that no Amendment which may 
 be made prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eiglit 
 shall in any Manner affect the iirst and fourth Clauses in the 
 ninth Section of the first Article ; and that no State, without its 
 Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suifrage in the Senate. 
 
 ARTICLE VI. 
 
 1. All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before 
 the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the 
 United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation. 
 
 2. This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which 
 shall be made in Parsiiance thereof ; and all Treaties made, or 
 which shall be made, under the authority of the United States, 
 shall be the supreme Law of the Land ; and the Judges in every 
 State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or 
 Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 
 
 3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the 
 Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and 
 judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several 
 States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this 
 Constitution ; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a 
 Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States. 
 
 ARTICLE VII. 
 
 The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be 
 sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the 
 States so ratifying the Same. 
 
 Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the 
 States present, the Seventeenth Day of September, in 
 the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and 
 Eighty seven, and of the Independence of the United 
 States of America the Twelfth. In Witness whereof 
 We have hereunto subscribed our Names, 
 
 GEO. WASHINGTON, 
 Presidt. and deputy from Virginia. 
 
129 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE. 
 
 John Langdon, Nicholas Oilman, 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS. 
 
 Nathaniel Gorham, Rufus Kino* 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Wm. Saml. Johnson, Roger Shrp.m*ti. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 Alexander Hamilton. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 David Brearlby, 
 Jon A. Dayton. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Thomas Mifflin, 
 Geo. Clymer, 
 
 JaRED InCxERSOLL, 
 
 Gouv. Morris. 
 
 DELAWARE 
 
 Gunning Bedford, Jun'r, 
 Richard Bassett, 
 
 Wil. Livingston, 
 Wm. Paterson, 
 
 B. Franklin, 
 Robt. Morris, 
 Tho. Fitzsimons, 
 James Wilson, 
 
 Geo. Read. 
 John DicsiiysoN, 
 Jaco. Broom, 
 
 James M'Henrt, 
 Danl. Carroll. 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Dan. op St. Thos. Jenifeb. 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 John Blaib, James ]\fADisoN, Jr. 
 
 NORTH CAROLkN^V. 
 Wm. Blount, Rich'd Dorbs Spaight. 
 
 Hu. Williamson, 
 
 SOUTH CAROLIN 
 J. Rutledge, Charles: Cotesworth Pinckney, 
 
 Challel Pincknev, Pierce Butler. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 William Few, Abr. Baldwin. 
 
 Attest, WILLIAM JACKSON, Secretary, 
 
ARTICLES 
 
 IN ADDITION TO, AND AMENDMENT OF, 
 
 THE CONSTITUTION 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
 Proposed hij Congress, and ratified hy the Legislatures of the 
 several States, pursuant to the fifth article of the original 
 Constitution. 
 
 ARTICLE I. 
 
 Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of 
 religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ; or abridging 
 the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people 
 peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a 
 redress of grievances. 
 
 ARTICLE II. 
 
 A "well regulated Militia, 1 eing necessary to the security of 
 a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall 
 not be infringed. 
 
 ARTICLE IIL 
 
 No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, 
 without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a 
 manner to be prescribed by law. 
 
131 
 
 ARTICLE lY. 
 
 The right_of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, 
 papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, 
 shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon 
 probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly- 
 describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to 
 be seized, 
 
 ARTICLE V. 
 
 No peron shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise 
 infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand 
 Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the 
 Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger ; 
 nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice 
 put in jeopardy of life or limb ; nor shall be compelled in any 
 Criminal Case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of 
 life, liberty, or property, without due process of law ; nor sllall 
 private property be taken for public use, without just compensation. 
 
 ARTICLE VL 
 
 In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right 
 to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State 
 and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which 
 district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to bo 
 informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be con- 
 fronted with the witnesses against him ; to have Compulsory pro- 
 cess for obtaining Witnesses in his favor, and to have the Assist- 
 ance of Counsel for his defence. 
 
 ARTICLE YIL 
 
 In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall 
 exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, 
 and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any 
 Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the 
 common law. 
 
132 
 
 ARTICLE YIII. 
 
 Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive lines im- 
 posed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. 
 
 ARTICLE IX. 
 
 The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall 
 not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the 
 people. 
 
 ARTICLE X. 
 
 The powers not delegated to the United States by the Con- 
 stitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the 
 States respectively, or to the people. 
 
 ARTICLE XI. 
 
 The Judicial power of the United States shall not be con- 
 strued to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or 
 prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of an- 
 other State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State. 
 
 ARTICLE XIL 
 
 1. The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and 
 vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, 
 at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with them- 
 selves ; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as 
 President, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice- 
 President, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted 
 *or as President, and for all persons voted for as Vice President, 
 and of the number of votes for each, which list they shall sign 
 and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the Government 
 of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate ; — 
 The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and 
 House of Reprc, ontatives, open all the certificates and the votes 
 shall then be counted ; — The person having the greatest number 
 of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number 
 
133 
 
 number of Electors appointed ; and if no person have such ma- 
 jority, then from the persons having the higliest numbers not ex- 
 ceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the 
 House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the 
 President. But in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken 
 by States, the representation from each State having one vote ; a 
 quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members 
 from two thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall 
 be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives 
 shall not choose a President whenever a right of choice shall de- 
 volve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, 
 then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of 
 the death or other Constitutional disability of the President. 
 
 2. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice 
 President, sliall be the Vice President if such number be a majority 
 of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person 
 have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, 
 the Senate shall choose the Vice President ; a quorum for the 
 purpose shall consist of two thirds of the whole number of Sena- 
 tors, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a 
 choice. 
 
 3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of 
 President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United 
 States. 
 
 The above printed Constitution of the United States, was duly 
 and legally adopted and proclaimed to The People, on the 17 th 
 day of September, 1787. 
 
 The first ten above amendments of the Constitution were 
 adopted on the 15th day of December, 1791. 
 
 The eleventh amendment was adopted on the 8th day of Janu- 
 ary, 1798. 
 
 And the twelfth and last amendment was adopted on the 25th 
 day of September, 1804. 
 
IN THE CONCxRESS OF TPIE UNITED COLONIES. 
 
 Tuesday^ June 11, 1776. 
 
 JResoIved, That the committee, for preparing the Declara- 
 tion, consist of five : — the members chosen, Mr. Jefferson, Mr. 
 John Adams, Mr. Franklin, Mr. Sherman, and Mr. R. R. 
 Livingston. 
 
 Monday, July 1, 1776. 
 
 The order of the day being read, 
 
 Resolved, That this Congress will resolve itself into a com- 
 mittee of the whole, to take into consideration the resolution 
 respecting independency. 
 
 That the declaration be referred to said committee. 
 
 That Congress resolve itself into a committee of the whole. 
 After some time the President resumed the chair, and Mr. 
 Harrison reported that the committee had come to a resolution, 
 which they desired him to report, and to move for leave to sit 
 again. 
 
 The resolution agreed to by the committee of the whole being 
 read, the determination thereof was, at the request of a colony, 
 postponed until to-morrow. 
 
136 
 
 Resolved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, resolve itself 
 into a committee of the whole, to take into consideration the 
 declaration respecting independence. 
 
 Tuesday, July 2, 177G. 
 
 The Congress resumed the consideration of tlie resolusion 
 reported from the Committee of the whole ; which was agreed to 
 as follows : — 
 
 Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and, of right, ought 
 to he, Free and Independent States ; that they are absolved from 
 all allegiance to the British croion, and that all political con- 
 nexion between them, and the State of Great Britain, is, and ought 
 to be, totally dissolved. 
 
 Agreeable to the order of the day, the Congress resolved 
 itself into a committee of tlie wliole ; and, after some time, the 
 President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported tliat tlie 
 committee have had under consideration the declaration to them 
 referred ; but, not having had time to go through the satne, de- 
 sired him to move for leave to sit again. 
 
 Resolved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, again resolve 
 itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further 
 consideration the declaration respecting independence. 
 
 Wednesday, July 3, 1776. 
 
 Agreeable to the order of the day, the Congress resolved 
 itself into a connnittee of the whole, to take into their further 
 consideration the declaration ; and, after some time, the 
 President resumed the cliair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that 
 the committee, not having gone through it, desired leave to sit 
 again. 
 
 Resolved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, again resolve 
 itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further 
 consideration the Declaration of Independence, 
 
 Thursday, July 4, 1776. 
 
 Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved 
 
137 
 
 itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further 
 consideration the Declaration ; and, after some time the Presi- 
 dent resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the 
 committee had agreed to a declaration, which they desired him to 
 report. 
 
 The Declaration being read, was agreed to as follows : — 
 
 A Declaration hy the Representatives of the United States of 
 America, in Congress assembled. 
 
 When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for 
 one people to dissolve the political bands whicli have connected 
 them with anotlier, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, 
 the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of 
 nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of 
 mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel 
 them to the separation. 
 
 We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created 
 equal ; that they nre endowed by their Creator with certain un- 
 alienable rights ; that among these are life, liberty, and the pur- 
 suits of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are 
 instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent 
 of the governed ; that, whenever any form of government becomes 
 destructiAe of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or 
 to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its founda- 
 tion on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form as, 
 to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. 
 Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established, 
 should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and, accord- 
 ingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed 
 to suffer, while evils are suffcrable, than to right themselves by 
 abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a 
 long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same 
 object, evinces a design to reluca tliom under absolute despotism, 
 it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, 
 and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has 
 been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the 
 necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of 
 
138 
 
 government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is 
 a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct 
 object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. 
 To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world : — 
 
 He has refused his assent to laAvs the most wholesome and neces- 
 sary for the pul)lic good. 
 
 He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and 
 pressing importance, unless suspended in their operations till his 
 assent should be obtained ; and, when so suspended, he has utterly 
 neglected to attend to them. 
 
 He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of 
 large districts of people, unless tliose people would relinquish the 
 right of representation in the legislature ; a right inestimable to 
 them, and formidable to tyrants only. 
 
 He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, un- 
 comfortable, and distant from the depository of their public 
 records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance 
 with his measures. 
 
 He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, 
 with manly firmness, liis invasions of the rights of the people. 
 
 He has refused for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause 
 others to be elected ; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of 
 annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exer- 
 cise ; the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to all the 
 danger of invasion from without and convulsions within. 
 
 He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; 
 for that purpose, obstructing the laws for naturalization of foreign- 
 ers ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither^ 
 and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands. 
 
 He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his 
 assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers. 
 
 He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure 
 of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. 
 
 He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither 
 swarms of officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. 
 
 He has kept among us, in times of peace, standing armies, with- 
 out the consent of our le2:islature. 
 
139 
 
 He has affected to render the military independent of, and 
 superior to, the civil power. 
 
 He has combined, with others, to subject us to a jurisdiction 
 foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; 
 giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation : 
 
 For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us : 
 
 For protecting them, by mock trial, from punishment, for any 
 murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these 
 States : 
 
 For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world 
 
 For imposing taxes on us without our consent : 
 
 For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury : 
 
 For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring 
 province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and en- 
 larging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and 
 fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these 
 colonies : 
 
 For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable 
 laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of our governments : 
 
 For suspending our own legislatures, and declaring themselves 
 invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. 
 
 He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his 
 protection, and waging war against us. 
 
 He has plundered our seas; ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, 
 and destroyed the lives of our people. 
 
 He is, at this time, transporting large armies of foreign mer- 
 cenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, 
 already begun, with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely 
 paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the 
 head of a civilized nation. 
 
 He has constrained our fellow-citizens taken captive on the high 
 seas, to bear arras against their country, to become the executioners 
 of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands. 
 
 He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has en- 
 deavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless 
 ludit^n savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished 
 destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 
 
140 
 
 In every stage of these oppressions, we have petitioned for re. 
 dress, in the most humble terms ; our repeated petitions have been 
 answered only by repeated injuries. A prince whose character is 
 thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be 
 the ruler of a free people. 
 
 Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. 
 We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts made by 
 their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. 
 We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration 
 and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice 
 and magnanimity, and we have conjured them, by the ties of our 
 common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would in- 
 evitably interrupt our connexions and correspondence. They, too, 
 have been deaf to the voice of justice and consanguinity. We 
 must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our 
 separation, and hold ihem, as we hold the rest of mankind, enemies 
 in war, in peace, friends. 
 
 We, therefore, the representatives of the UNITED STATES 
 OF AMERICA, in GENERAL CONGRESS assembled, ap- 
 pealing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the rectitude of 
 our intentions, do, in the name, and by the autliority of the good 
 people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare. That these 
 United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and inde- 
 pendent STATES : that they are absolved from all allegiance to the 
 British crown, and that all political connexion between them and 
 the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved ; 
 and that, as FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES, they have 
 full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, estab- 
 lish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which INDE- 
 PENDANT STATES may of right do. And, for the support of 
 this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine 
 Providence, we mutually pledge to each other, our lives, our for- 
 tunes, and our sacred honor. 
 
 The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, 
 and signed by the following members : 
 
 JOHN HANCOCK. 
 
141 
 
 NEW HAMPSAIRE. 
 
 JosiAH Bartlett, MATTHE^y Thoeton, 
 
 AViLLiAM Whipple, 
 
 MASSACHUSETTS BAY. 
 
 Samuel Adams, Robert Treat Paine, 
 
 John Adams, Elbridge Gerry. 
 
 RHODE ISLAND. 
 Stephen Hopkins, William Elleey. 
 
 CONNECTICUT. 
 
 Roger Sherman, William W^illiams, 
 
 Samuel Huntington, Oliver Wolcott. 
 
 NEW YORK. 
 
 William Floyd, Francis Lewis, 
 
 Philip Livingston, Lewis Morris. 
 
 NEW JERSEY. 
 
 Richard Stockton, John Hart, 
 
 John Witherspoon, Abraham Clark, 
 
 Francis Hopkinson, 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 Robert Morris, James Smith, 
 
 Benjamin Rush, George Taylor, 
 
 Benjamin Franklin, James Wilson, 
 
 John Morton, George Ross. 
 George Clymer, 
 
 DELAWARE. 
 
 C^SAR Rodney, Thomas M'Kean. 
 
 George Reed, 
 
 MARYLAND. 
 
 Samuel Chase, Thomas Stone, 
 
 William Paca, Charles CARRr ll, of Carroll- 
 
 ton. 
 
142 
 
 VIRGINIA. 
 
 George Wythe, Thomas Nelson, Jim. 
 
 Richard Henry Lee, Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
 
 Thomas Jefferson, Carter Braxton. 
 Benjamin Harrison, 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA. 
 
 William Hooper, John Penn. 
 
 Joseph. Hewes, 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA. 
 
 Edward Rutledge, Thomas Lynch, Jun. 
 
 Thomas Heyward- Jun. Arthur Middleton. 
 
 GEORGIA. 
 
 Button Gwinnett, George Walton, 
 
 Lyman Hall, 
 
 Besolved, That copies of tlie Declaration be sent to the several 
 assemblies, conventions, and committees, or councils of safety, and 
 to the several commanding officers of the continenal troops ; that 
 it be proclaimed in each of the United States, and at the head of 
 the army. 
 
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
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