Ci)Fn{IGHT DEPOSIT. 
 
HISTORY 
 
 OF THE — 
 
 TTZSTEIiFTH REGIMENT 
 
 Pennsylvania Reserve Volnnteer Corps 
 
 (41ST REGIMENT OF THE LINE), 
 
 FROM ITS — 
 
 Muster into the United States Service, August lOtli, 1861, to its 
 Muster Out, June lltli, 1864, 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF OFFICERS AND MEN AND 
 A COMPLETE MUSTER-OUT ROLL. 
 
 Compiled from Official Reports, Letters, and Other Documents. 
 
 — BY — 
 
 M. D. HARDIN, 
 
 Brig. Gen. U. S. Army {retired), late Col. ISth Reserves. 
 
 NEW YORK : 
 PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOIfc.GMf '"^^^ 
 
 1890. ( AUrl9 lfi9i I^VX- 
 
 ^ 
 
e?^'* 
 
 
 c^ 
 
 t^ 
 
COPTBISHTBD, 1891 
 
 bt martin D. HAKDIN. 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAPTER. 
 I 
 
 II 
 
 III 
 
 IV 
 
 V 
 
 VI 
 
 VII 
 
 Organization of PennsyWania Reserve Volunteer Corps, 
 Camp Life at Tennallytown and Camp Pierpont, 
 Battle of Dranesville, December 20, 1861, . - - - 
 
 Peninsula Campaign (before arrival of the Reserves), - 
 
 Battle of Mechanicsville, June 26, 1862, 
 
 Gaines' Mill, Allen's Farm and Savage Station, - 
 
 Battle of New Market Cross Roads, 
 
 Battle of Malvern Hill, July 1, 1862, and Harrison's Landing, 
 
 July 2 to August 11, 1862, 
 
 General Pope's Campaign, 
 
 South Mountam, Antietam and Fredericksburg, - 
 
 Gettysburg Campaign, 
 
 Bristoe Station, Rappahannock Station and Mine Run, - XII 
 
 Grant's Campaign, Wilderness and Spottsylvania, - - - XIII 
 
 IT TV 
 North Anna and Bethesda Church, ^^ ^ 
 
 XV 
 Biographies and Miscellaneous Papers, -^^ 
 
 VIII 
 
 IX 
 
 X 
 
 XI 
 
 Dranesville (opposite 1st page), HI 
 
 ii V 
 
 Mechanicsville . - - 
 
 New Market X Roads " " '^- 
 
 Second Bull Run Camp. " " .... IX 
 
 South Mountain " " X 
 
 Antietam (opposite 2d p ... X 
 
 Fredericksburg " 3d 
 
 Bristoe Station " 1st 
 
 North Anna " " 
 
 Bethesda Church " 2d 
 
 General map " last 
 
 X 
 XII 
 XIV 
 XIV 
 XIV 
 
ElSTG-T^.A.'VIlSra-S. 
 
 Frontispiece, 
 
 Facing 1st page, Chapter XV, 
 
 Facing last page, Chapter XV, 
 
 IDiven, Grim, 
 
 Hardin, 
 Gustin, Clark. 
 
 I Lucas. Hazzard, 
 
 Briggs, Thomas, 
 Croasdale, Hoadley, 
 
 Schelling, Jewell, Snyder, 
 
 Oliver, Weaver, Myers, 
 Elder. Rohn. FackenthaL 
 
|HE WEITER is indebted to Colonel J. H. Taggart for infor- 
 mation furnished; to Major Lucas for much useful informa- 
 tion, particularly in relation to "C" Company, also for 
 addresses of officers and men of several companies ; to Colonel Hazzard 
 for information relating to " F " and " I " Companies, and for biograph- 
 ical notices, etc.; to both Colonel Hazzard and Major Lucas for 
 encouragement in his work; to Hon. J. P. GUes for valuable and inter- 
 esting information relating to " I " Company, Twelfth (" D " 190 Penn.), 
 which the writer could not otherwise have obtained; to Lieut^iant W. 
 R. Peacock (First Lieutenant 190 Penn.) for much assistance in account- 
 ing for final discharge of members of Twelfth Regiment who re-enlisted 
 as Veterans; to Captain Schelling for valuable notes on the war; to 
 Lieutenant F. D. Stevens for much assistance in accounting for 
 members of "I" Company ("D" 190 Penn.), whose muster-out roll 
 was very defective; to George H. Mason, of "C " Company, for inter- 
 esting notes ; to Sergeant Johnston for interesting notes ; also to many 
 other members of the Regiment for information, all of whom he takes 
 this occasion to thank. 
 
 To General Drum, Adjutant-G«neral United States Army, he is 
 deeply indebted for facilities for studying the records of the war and 
 examining the rolls of the Twelfth Regiment. 
 
 His thanks are also due to all the gentlemen connected with the 
 War Department with whom he came m contact, for polite attention 
 and assistance. 
 
Having been refused further access to the records, or information 
 in regard to the oflScers or men of the Regiment after the " Rebellion 
 Records" were placed in the possession of Doctor Ainsworth, the writer 
 apologizes to the members of the Regiment for many incomplete records 
 of officers and men. 
 
 With incomplete records, and no diary to go by, the writer has done 
 his best. He hopes his companions in arms will excuse all defects. 
 Having been selected by the Regimental Association to write a history 
 of the Regiment, he feels more keenly than he otherwise might, these 
 deficienciee. 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 ORGANIZATION OF PENNSYLVANIA RESERVE VOLUNTEER 
 
 CORPS. 
 
 The war between the States— for uud against the Union— was 
 formally opened by the attack of the South CaroUnians upon Fort 
 Sumter in Charleston Harbor, S. C, April 12, 1861. 
 
 This fort was garrisoned by United States regular artillery under 
 command of Major Robert Anderson. The great majority of the people 
 of the North and Northwest, and a small majority of the inhabitants 
 of the Border States, believed, until this attack was made on Govern- 
 ment ti-oops, that some compromise would be adopted which would 
 settle the difficulties or differences which had arisen between the 
 sections of the Union on account of Slavery, which then existed in the 
 Border and Southern States. However, the fires which had been 
 started in Nullification times, in South Carohna, on account of the 
 tariff, which were extinguished by General Jackson, were renewed 
 under new political leaders ; and. secession, on account of the agita- 
 tion for the Umitation or extinction of slavery, was so pei-sistently 
 advocated by extremists, especiaUy in South Carolina, that M-heu Mr. 
 Lincoln was legally elected president, on a non-extension of slavery 
 platform, and the greater number of the pohtical leaders of the 
 Southern States advocated secession as the only means of saving that 
 section of the Union from subjection to the Northern portion, tlie 
 majority of the white people of the seceding (Southern or Cotton) 
 States and nearly one-lialf of the inhabitants of the Border States wc->r^> 
 ready to follow such leaders out of the Union. 
 
 The Southern people had been for years grossly deceived by tlieir 
 political leaders as to the character of their fellow citizens of the 
 North, and of their feelings toward them. The Northern people had 
 been represented as all being violent Abolitionists, ready to destroy 
 the Union in order to extinguish slavery: and, at the same time, as a 
 set of cowardly traders, who under no circumstances could be induo^d 
 
to fight, while on the other luuid, the jcople <>f the Northern .States 
 helieved tlie Soutliern peo]ile would only hluster, make a great fiiss 
 and tlien, linally, accept some (("inproiiiise which would prevent the 
 extension of slavery, and gradually put iui ( nd to it. 
 
 Prohably some such compromise could Jiave been etfwted had tlie 
 extremists on both sides been willing to wait. 
 
 However, the war was pobsibly inevitable to i)iiiiish our people for 
 inaugurating African slavery in our country. 
 
 An < verwhelming majority of the inhal)itants of the Middle and of the 
 Northw(>stern States, and a majority of the people of the New England 
 and of the Border States were profoundly attached to the Union. They 
 were ready to preserve it at any cost. 
 
 Such bt^ing the state of affairs, it only required the decided action of 
 a small party or force to inaugurate the war which followed. The firing 
 upon and subsequent surrender of Fort Sumter aroused the feelings of 
 the Union-loving inhabitants of the North and Bord r States to fever 
 heat, and literally millions of men dropped everything to save the Union. 
 Never was there greater unanimity amongst a people than existed 
 throughout the whole Nortli immediately after the fall of Fort Sumter. 
 
 The first military as well as political blunder of the new Adminis- 
 tration was the failure to take advantage of this enthusiasm, that is. if 
 the Administration were honest in its ex2jressed desire to suppress the 
 Rebellion as quickly as possible. So much has been written by the close 
 friends of the Administration since the war, in regard to the freeing of 
 the slaves, and so little in relation to the preservation of the Union, the 
 latter always being spoken of as incidental or subordinate to the former, 
 suspicion arises as to the honest desire of the Administration to have 
 had the Rebellion suppressed suddenly, which, of course, would have 
 left slavery still existing. 
 
 Tlie war was inaugiu-ated on the part of the people of the North for 
 the preservation of the Union. But the slavery question became so 
 prominent in a political point of view, it is feared the greater question, 
 the indissolubility of the Union, is regarded by many as still in abeyance. 
 
 " On the 16th of Ajnil, 1861, General Patterson, commanding the 
 Pennsylvania troops at Harper's Ferry, requested Governor Curtin to 
 call out twenty-five additional regiments of infantry and one of cavalry, 
 to serve for three months and to be mustered into the service of the United 
 States. Immediately upon receipt of this request the summons to arms 
 was telegraphed to every part of the State, and men were organized in 
 
a day and started for the State Capitol. TiL.> authorities at Washington, 
 however, had in tlie meantime determined not to receive any addi- 
 tional regiments to serve for three montlis. and hence the order of 
 General Patterson was countermanded Aytvil 80, 1861. In response to 
 this call companies were dail,\- arriving at Harrisburg from every direc- 
 tion, and the State was literally swarming with troops wjiich the War 
 Department would not receive. The Governor wa.",, therefore, the more 
 earnest in recommending that the Legislature should provide for the 
 innnediate organization of these companies in a manner that would 
 render them available in case the public safety required their service 
 and also to allay the clamor of the men who had been stopped in the 
 middle of their march. * * *" The act authorizing the organization 
 of the Reserve Corps became a law May 15, ISCl. As finally passed it 
 contained the following provisions : " That the Commander-in-Chief, in 
 conjunction with the officers composing the grand staff of th.e miliria of 
 the Conimonwealth, are hereby authorized and required to organize a 
 Military Corps, to be called the Reserve Volunteer Corps of the Common- 
 wealth, to be composed of thirteen regiments of infantry, one regiment 
 of cavalry, and one regiment of light artillery. The said regiments 
 shall severally be composed of companies of like numbe--, and to be armed 
 and equipped, clothed, disciplined, governed and officered as similar 
 troops in the service of the United States, and shall be enlisted in the 
 service of the State for a period not exceeding three years or for the 
 war, unless sooner discharged, and shall be liable to be called into the 
 service of this State at such time as the Commander-in-Chief may deem 
 their services necessary for the purpose of suppressing insuiTection, or 
 to repel invasions, and further to be liable to be mustered into the ser- 
 vice of the United States at such times as requisition may be made by 
 the President of the United States. That the Commander-in-Chief, in 
 conjunction with the officers aforesaid, shall cause two or more camps of 
 instruction, not exceeding eight, to be formed in different sections of the 
 State, for the accommodation and instruction of said troops ; and the 
 Governor shall appoint suitable officers or drill masters with the rank 
 and pay of captains, whose duty it shall be to instruct said troops in the 
 military art, conforming as near as may be to the plan of instruction, 
 rules, regulations and discipline adopted for similar troops in the service 
 of the United States. That the Commander-in-Chief shall cause the 
 troops aforesaid to be drilled and instructed in such encampments for 
 and during such periods of time as he may deem necessary to perfect 
 
ilieni iu inilitav}- art. That the sevtral companies and regiments com- 
 l>osing said volunteer corps shall be entitled to elect, and the Governor 
 sliall commission olficers similar in number and rank to those allowed 
 like troops in the army of the United States. Provided, that the Gover- 
 .nor i^hall have power to appoint and commission chaplains for f-aid corps 
 and to designate their rank. That no troops sliall be kept in cajnp 
 longer than three months at any one time, except the Governor shall, 
 uixin the expiration of three months, deem the longer continuance of 
 said troops necessary for the protection of the Commonwealth, or sliall 
 have a requisition for troops from the President of the United States. 
 That the Commander-in-Chief, in conjunction with the grand staff as 
 aforesaid, are hereby authorized and empowered to make and adopt all 
 needful rules and regulations for the speedy and efficient organisation 
 of said Vohmteer Reserve Corj)s, and for arming and equipping the same 
 with the most approved style of arms and equipments ; and the ofiicers 
 and rank and file compofirg said volunteer corps shall be sworn or 
 affirmed to support the Constitution of this State and the Constitution of 
 the United States." 
 
 At the lime of the passage of this act more men than were required 
 CO fill these regiments had been offered to the Governor. General Mc- 
 Call was appointed April 16, isfil, Majrr-General under this act. He 
 graduated at the West Point Military Academy in 1833, had served with 
 distinction in the Florida war and in the war with Mexico. He had 
 resigned from the regular army on account of ill health in April, 1853. 
 The Twelfth Regiment was organized in Camp Cuitin at Harrisburg, 
 July 25, 1861.. It was formed from the following named companies: 
 Wayno Guards of Philadelphia, Captain J. H. Taggart, A Company; the 
 Factoryviile Infantry of Wyoming County, Captain D. N. Mathewson, 
 B Company; the Troy Guards of Bradford Comity, Captain Richard 
 Gustin, C Company; tlie Kepner Fencibles of Dauphin County, Captain 
 Samuel B. Wilt, D Company; the Easton Guards of Northhampton 
 County, Captain Peter Baldy, E Company; the West Newton Guards of 
 Westmoreland County, Captain A. G. Oliver, F Company; Bailey's 
 Invincibies of York County, Captain Samuel N. Bailey, G Company; 
 the Indiana Coimty Infantry, Captain A. J. Bolar, H Company; the 
 'McClure Rifles of Franklin County, Captain James S. Eyster, K Com- 
 pany; the Huntingdon Guards, Captain James C. Baker of Huntingdon 
 County, subsequently joined as I Company. These companies — the nine 
 ^st mentioned— elected as field offic-ers. Captain J. H. Taggart, Colonel; 
 
captain 8. N. Bailey, Lieuteiiaat-Colonel; and Captaiu TeWr Bakly.. 
 Major. Ami Henrv B. Whisner became Captain of A Company; Cliarles 
 \V. Divoii, Captaiu of G Company, aud John I. Horn, Captain of E 
 Company: William H. Tiiorne was ai5;))int?d Sargeon and Isaac I. 
 Clarke. Assistant Surgeon, and assigned to the Twelfth Regiment. 
 
 • The (-(Viipani s composing the Twelfth Regiment, raised piimarily 
 for the Ihree months' s.n-vice. but not accepted, rendezvoused at Camp 
 Curtin. " •■ The men Averenmstered into the State service for three 
 
 mouths * ■■•' , as a part of the Reserve Corps. They had no previous 
 military ex])erience, except the ]McClure Rifles of Franklin County, whicli 
 Imd been attached to the voluuteer militia. Before the regiment was 
 organized valuable instruction was given by Captain Tarbutton, military 
 instructor at Camp Curtin, appointed by the Governor." The Twelfth 
 Regiment was retained after the other regiments of the Reserve Corps 
 left Camp Curtin, and was ordered to Harrisburg to protect t'.ie State 
 arsenal from a threatened attack by the three months' troops, disbanded 
 there during the latter part of July. This delicate duty was pjrformed' 
 in such a manner as to receive the approval of the Governor and with- 
 out precipititlng a conflict. An account of this affair by a member of 
 the regiment says: " The regiment came in from Camp Curtin by a 
 back street: the three months' men heard of it, then there was a race to- 
 see who would reach the arsenal first; the Twelfth beat and surrounded,, 
 with l.;aded muskets, the areenal, after wliich only loud talk followed." 
 The regiment was mustered into the United States service at Harris- 
 burg, Pennsylvania, AvigTist 10. ISfil, by Captain Has'ings. United 
 States Army. 
 
 The same date the regiment, in pursuance of orders to pr^)ceeii to 
 join General Banks at Harper's Ferry, started for Baltimore, Maryland, 
 arrived at Baltimore August 11, when the order to proceed to Harper's 
 Ferry was countermanded, aud the regiment was ordered t ) reix)rt to- 
 General iMcCall at Tennallytown, near Washingtoa, D. C. Tlie regiment, 
 in pursuance of this last ord^r, arrived at Washington the same day 
 (August j1) and was quartered in the tlieatre opposite the City Hal!. 
 The following afternoon (August 12) joincl the Reserve Corps at Ten- 
 nallytown. 
 
CHAPTER !!. 
 
 CAMP LIFE AT TEXNALLYT.)\VN AND CAM\' PIERPONT. 
 At cu!!!]) noar Teuuallytowu (which is situated on tiu' Rockville 
 vouil ;i".x)at four miles from Georgetown), (h-ills, parades, pirlcet and 
 sueli like (Uities occupied the time. Details were made from the com- 
 mand to build Fort Pennsylvania, afterwards called Fort Reno, in honor 
 of General Reno, killed at South Mountain, September 14, 186'2. a fort 
 which became well known at the time of Early's attack on Washing- 
 ton in June, 1864. The formidable appearance of this large fort, which 
 was situated ou a cominanding eminence, dominating the country for 
 miles in its front, had inuch to do with Early's failure to assault this 
 fortified position. The w-iter (who had the honor to command the 
 defences of Washington north of the Potomac at this time) has no 
 doubt that General Early's command could easily have carried these 
 fortifications had it attacked before the arrival of the Sixth Corps, ou 
 account of the lack of defenders, the Union line bi^ng held by a small 
 force of liundred-day men, veteran reserves and convalescents, which 
 force was posted on the picket line al)out a mile in front of the fort, 
 there not being sufficient numbers to hold both the forts and picket line. 
 A small detail to fire the hundred- pounder Parrott rifle, located in an 
 angle of the fort, and some citizens, constituted the only garrison of this 
 formidable looking fortification for nearly two days, whilst Early's vet- 
 -erans maneuvered in front of it. 
 
 Sutlers vere peimitted, but their diet of pies and things at camp at 
 Tennallytowu was regulated by orders, as shown by a regimental order 
 of August 23, 1861, that " Sale of lemonade, beer, cider, ale, pies, cake, 
 watermelons, citrons, green corn or cucumbers, forbidden near 
 camps, on account of increased sickness." August 20 the regiment was 
 attached to the Third Brigade, Pennsylvania Reserve Corps; the regi- 
 ments composing the brigade were the Sixth. Nintli, Tenth and Twelfth. 
 'Colonel ^.^(■C'almont, of the Tenth, conuiianded tlu' brigade. General J. 
 F. Reynolds commanded the First Brigade and General Meade the Sec- 
 ond. The Twelfth Regiment continued in this brigade its entire service. 
 
The following' items of intei-est are taken from the regiment.il 'rder 
 book. Ausrust 24, recruiting officers sent to Pennsylvania: August 37, 
 inventory of the effects of J. W. Campbell. H company. This appears 
 to have been the first death in the regiment. September 3. Lieuten.ints 
 Fletcher and Miller resigned; September 7, officers t^) b-j instructed in 
 picket duty by Colonel Simmons of the Fifth; FJeptember 6, General 
 McClellan"s Sunday order received; September 9. order to parade 
 to receive regimental colors: Septcmbsr 22. lists of officers to be made 
 for examination by Military Board: September 24, volunteers asked for 
 regular artillery and cavalry; September 28, command ordered to be 
 held in readiness to move (first, but not last order of this kind): October 
 4. corps of pioneers for each regiment formed; two men to a company, 
 twelve axes, two picks and four spades. 
 
 " The men, hearing of skirmishes and other exciting times on the 
 Virginia side of the Potomac, all welcomed the order to cross to old 
 Virginny, 'to invade the sacred soil:""' crossed October 10. "Their 
 ardor was somewhat abated upon their arrival at their camp at Lang- 
 ley, as it was late at night, and they were obliged to lie out without 
 shelter in cold and disagreeable weather." 
 
 llvre the Reserve division, now fully organized, \\ ent into winter 
 quarters, occupying the right of the line. The new camp near Langley 
 was called Camp Pierpont. named for the Union Governor of Virginia. 
 The division held a long picket line covering its front. It also had to 
 keep the connection with the Potomac on the northwest. This involved 
 a great deal of picket duty. As the enemy held a large force in the 
 vicinity of Leesburg, threatening the right of the army and to cross 
 into Maryland, the division held a very responsible position, and one 
 involving ]iot only arduous but careful picket duty and numerous 
 reconnaissances. 
 
 Colonel Bayard (afterwards the distinguished cavalrj' general) com- 
 manded the division cavalry. First Pennsylvania Cavalry. November 
 19 General Ord was assigned to command of the Third Brigade. 
 November 20. order for the grand review of McClellen's army by the 
 President. A number of officers resigned about this time. Sypher, in 
 his history of the Reserves, says: " It is noteworthy, that while the 
 command*: rs of o' her divisions had frequently the mortLfication to report 
 the loss in capture by the enemy of wagons, artillery, horsf s or men, 
 the general commanding the Pennsylvania Reserve Corps was in every 
 expedition successful, and on no occasion reported a reverse in Irscom- 
 
mand ftr an accident to hiK trfK)ps." Tliis was inoht probiildy due to tlie 
 fact that the division, eacli of its brigades, and the cr.vah-y att:ichcd. were 
 all connnanded by regular army officers who had proved themselver. 
 efhcient before they were assigned to command in the division, all of 
 wJiom became greatly distinguished afterward. The Army of the 
 Potomac produced no 1 etter generals than McCall's brigade and cavalry 
 <;ommanders. Sypher says: "October 18 General McC'a!l was 
 directed to move liis command on the following d.iv to Dranesville, to 
 reconnoitre, map the roads, etc. He was inforined that the enemy had 
 left Leesburg. that there need be no fear of attack from that direction, 
 but he was cautioned to look out for his left. Early Saturday (October 
 19) the troops moved out with two days' cooked rations. At G P. M. the 
 head of the column halted one and a half miles bej^ond Dranesville, in 
 the direction of Leesburg. Bayard's cavalry leading, then Reynold's, 
 then Meade's, then Third Brigade, McCalmont commanding, in rear. 
 McCall asked to remain till Monday, which was granted. The division 
 Stat ted back at 10 a. m., Monday. As General McCall was dismounting 
 at ( "amp Pierpont at 1 p. m. . he i-eceived orders to remain at Dranesville 
 until further orders. • Two brigades had arrived in t'amp Pierront. 
 He ttlegraphed : " What shall I do?" He wjis told that he '• .should let 
 his command rest and be prepared to move at a moment's notice if 
 requinn]." The men were kept under arms till the next day at 4 P. M. 
 Colonel Baker was attacked at Eairs Eluff at 4 F. M.. October 21. three 
 hours after McCall arrived r.t Camp Pierpont. Drills and picket duty 
 filled up the time until the battle of Dranesville. 
 
CHAPTER nj. 
 
 BATTLE OF DRANESVILLE. DECEMBER 2(1. 1S(51. 
 
 On l.lu> lOth <!f Dec-ember. 18G1. une of the scouts of the First rtion- 
 
 sylvcuiia, Caviih y returned to camp and reported that the enemy vould 
 
 he at Dranesville the next day with a strong foraging party urA a 
 
 wagon train. Whereupon General McCall sent the following order to 
 
 General Ord : 
 
 " Headquarters McCalls Divisio:;. | 
 
 Camp PiERPONT. Va., ,• 
 
 December 19, 18G1. \ 
 
 General— You will please move in connnand of your Brigade at 6 
 A. M. to-morrow on the Leesburg Pike, in the direction of DrauesviUe, 
 tlie First Rifles. Pennsylvania Reserves, Lieutenant-Colonel Kjme 
 has been ordered to form right in front on the pike near ComnKKiore 
 Jones" house and aw^ait your arrival, when the commanding officer wBJ 
 report to you for further orders. Captain Easton"s battery has beao 
 directed to form on the left of the Rifles. The captain will report to 
 you for orders. Two squadrons of cavalry will also be placed under 
 your connnand. The senior officer will report to you this evening tor 
 orders. Sherman, the guide, will likewise report to you for duty. 
 
 The object of this expedition is tw-o-fold. In the first place, to drive 
 back the enemy's pickets, which have recently advanced within four^ir 
 five miles of our lines, leaving a force of about seventy cavalry at Hen- 
 derson's, and carried off two good Union men and threatened othei-s ; 
 and secondly, to procure a supply of forage. . It has to-day been reported 
 to me that there is a force of about one hundred cavalry lying between 
 Dranesville and the river. This force might be captured or routed by 
 sending a regiment of infantry up the pike beyond their position, to 
 strike their rear by a ^ank movement to the right, while your dispos-^ 
 able eavalry, after picketing the cross roads near Dickey's might move 
 ueai- the river and attacli them in front or on the left. Should you not 
 arrive at Dickey's in time to )nake tliis movement and leave the ground 
 
10 
 
 ou your ivtiiru befurt' uighttall it must not he undertaken, a*; I do not 
 wi>h any part of your command to remain out over nij^dit. The forage 
 will be procured at Ciunnell's or at some otlier rank Secessionist's in the 
 neigJiboihood of Dickey's. Direct your quartermaster to confine the 
 selection of forage to corn and hay. Captain Hall will have charge of 
 the wag(.n train. The regiment intended to move forward from 
 Dickey's (if you think j)roper, .Jackson's,) might ride in the wagons as 
 far as Dickey's, and then be fresh for the forward movement." 
 
 The troops composing General Ord's command for this expedition 
 consisted of liis own brigade, Sixth Reserves, Lieutenant-Colonel AV. M. 
 Penrose; Nintli, Colonel C. F. Jackson; Tenth, Colonel J. S. .AlcCa!- 
 mont, and Twelfth, Colonel J. H. Taggart; also the First Rifles (Buck- 
 tails), Lieutenant-Colonel Kane ; Easton's battery, two twelve pounders 
 (heavy), and two twenty-four pounder Howitzers, Captain H. Easton 
 commanding; and two squadrons of the First Pemisylvania Cavalry, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel J. Higgins commanding. (The Twelfth Regiment 
 was composed of nine companies. K Company, a rifle company 
 specially armed.) At 6 a. m. of the 20th this command began its march,' 
 the cavalry scouting in front, the Bucktails leading the infantry. Skir- 
 mishers were thrown out from the infantry regiments to act as flankers, 
 the march being conducted strictly according to regulations for the move- 
 ment of an armed reconnaissance in the enemy's country. The Ninth 
 in wagons followed the Bucktails. then the Tenth, Sixth and Twelfth the 
 latter in the rear. It was a fine frosty morning, just the weather to 
 make the men march well, and to prefer marching and fighting to 
 loitering around camp. General Reynolds, with the First Bri-ade 
 was directed to move to Difficult Creek, to be ready to support General 
 Ord m the event of his meeting a force stronger than his own There 
 was a false alarm at Difficult Creek. General Ord's command halted 
 there, lunched and then moved on; tlie head of the command reached 
 Dranesville about 11 a. w. 
 
 General Ord reported the action as follows : 
 
 '• Camp Pierpont, Va., December 31, '61. 
 Sm-I have to report tliat, in obedience to the enclosed order I at 
 6 A M yesterday, started towards Dickey's and Hendersons, about three 
 miles this side of Dranesville. on the Leesburg Pike, with mv brigade, the 
 First Rifles, Lieutenant-Colonel Kane; Easton's battery and two 
 sqtiadrons of cavalry. I likewise heard that it was probable there waa 
 
11 
 
 a respectable picket of cavuli y at Diiu.ebvillc, and that the picket sup- 
 posed by you to be near the river behind Dickey's had left. I then 
 ^letermined to send three companits of the Tenth and Twentj' cav- 
 alry with the foraging party to Gunnell's, between the pike and the 
 river, and with the remainder of the force to proceed to Dranesville, 
 satisfied that, though I might be exceeding the letter of iny instruc- 
 tions, should I find the enemy and pick up a few you would not object. 
 This I did, though Colonel McCalmont, hearing that there was a large 
 force on our left, remained with his part of the regiment, and that 
 detained the two regiments behind him. I had sent for them, but 
 was obliged to enter Dranesville with my artillery and cavalry and a 
 small advance guard only on the road, the First Rifles and Colonel 
 Jackson's regirieut flanking this column in the woods on the right and 
 left. The cavalry picket in town fled and scattered and remained in small 
 squads watching. 
 
 Wliile waiting in Dranesville for the regiments in rear to come up, 
 I posted my artillery and cavalry and Jackson's regiment of infantry 
 and a couple of companies of the First Rifles so as to cover the ap- 
 proaches, and sent for Kane's regiment to occupy the road in our then 
 rear, my front being toward Centreville. This I did because from the 
 occasional appearances of a few mounted men on a slope behind some 
 woods in a hollow to my left and front, and a broad mass of smoke in 
 that neighborhood. I felt pretty sure there was a force there preparing 
 some mischief. 
 
 As soon as Colonel McCalmont came up with his regiment {the 
 Tenth), followed by Lieut. -Colonel Penrose (the Sixth) and Colonel Taggart 
 with the Twelfth, and while preparing to resist any attack and to cover 
 my foraging party, I learned that the enemy in force had approached 
 on the south side of tlie Leesburg Pike, with field pieces and infantry. 
 and had driven in my pickets, wounding two men. Thinking thev 
 would attack on both sides of the turnpike, as I returned eastward, I 
 ordered (to meet this expected attack) Colonel McCalmont's regiment 
 on the 1( f 1; or river side of the rond in the woods, left in front, and if 
 the enemy showed hinist If en tha!; side to bring his regiment forward 
 into line. 
 
 Colonel Jackson's regiment (of wliicli and its gallant coloned I can- 
 not speak in too high terms) i ordered t > flank the road in the same way 
 on the right of the road i:i the woods, and do thesani^f the enemy 
 showed on that sid^. Between these flanking regiments I ordereil the 
 
13 
 
 Kane Rifics to meet the enemy behind us in the road— the cavalry to 
 follow— and tlie artillery I took with me to post them and answer the 
 enemy's artillery, which had opened fire on onr then right (the south), 
 directing t!ie rear guard to cover the column of the Sixth and Twelfth 
 regiments of infantry in the road from cavalry. 
 
 The artillery went at a rim past the station I selected for them, 
 capsizing one of their pieces. I brought them back, told the captain where 
 to post his guns, and then went to remove the cavalry then exposed in 
 the road swept by the enemy, whose attack was from a thickly wooded 
 hill on our right flank (the south). Their force, I saw, was a very bold 
 one, very well po-ted, and the artillery was only about 500 yards off. 
 with a large force of infantry on both flanks and in front, covered and 
 surrounded by the woods and thickets. Moving eat-t v>ith the cavalry, 
 which was of no use here, I came to a place in tlie road covered towards 
 the enemy by a high bluff and dense thicket, which thicket I intended 
 to occipy with infantry. Here I left the cavalry surrounded by dense 
 forests, wherein they could neither fight nor be hurt. The accompany- 
 ing sketch will show the ground (not found). As I had at first thought 
 the enemy would attack on both sides of the road (road to Alexandria), 
 and moved mj- infantry to meet such an attack, an J as their attack was 
 confined to the right, it became necessary for me to change my front, as 
 neither McCalmont nor Jackson had liad time to come iato lino imder 
 first orders, when I discovered this, and were moving by the fla:;k, and, 
 as before I iilac?d the artillery and cavalry I had seen the Rifles closely 
 engaging the enemy by a flank movement, covering themselves l»y some 
 bushes and fences, my right, in meeting the attack, thus b?ca:ne the 
 village of Dranesville, my left the gorge and woods occupied by my 
 cavalry on the L^esburg Pike. 
 
 Afte)" :-o 'uriug the cavalry, I found, by carefully observing tlie 
 enemy's fire and battery, that their guns were in a road which could be 
 enfiladed. I ordered Captain Easton to right the capsized gun and bring 
 it to the spot from which this road could be raked, removed two other 
 guns to tliis spot, gave the gimaers tho distance and eleTation, observed 
 the result, and finding after a round or two that the enemy's fire 
 Klackenod and the gunners were raking the road beautifully without 
 being discomposed by the enemy's fire. I told them ■• to keep at that." 
 and determined to push tiie infantry forward. 
 
 I found them, except the Kane Rifles. th(- Nintli (Jackson's) and the 
 Tenth (McCalmont's) rfgiments which weic ;ik above stated, in the 
 
13 
 
 ditches, under fences, and covering theu.selves a. best they could I 
 started them forward, Kane, at the head of hi. regiment, leadmg. Hi. 
 and Jackson's regiments r. quired no urging. McCahnont's regiment 
 was kept in excellent order by .t. colonel-than whom a better officer us 
 not foundinmy brigade-and acted as a reserve. I put them m the 
 woods, pushed and exlunted them up the hill, having directed the 
 battery to cease firing, and proceeded witli my infantry with the 
 
 bayonet. , 
 
 About this time, between 3 and 4 o'clock (the action began at .....0), 
 
 General McCall, I was informed, arrived on the field. * * * 
 
 He was so kind as to direct me to continue the pursuit in the same 
 order and to continue my disposition, which I did. The enemy were 
 pursued fully half a mile further, but they had left the neighborhood m 
 ..reat haste, leaving their arms, a portion of their dead and wounded, 
 clothing, ten horses, and a quantity of artillery equipments, with two 
 cassions and a limber scattered along the road towards Centrevdle and 
 in the woods on both sides. * * 
 
 The enemy left twenty-one of their most desperately wounded on 
 the field, who were taken up, carried to houses and their wounds dressed 
 by our surgeons, but they will nearly all die. Their dead left on the 
 field is variou^ly es'imated from fifty to seventy-five. 
 
 Our artiUery did terrible havoc, exploding one ammunition 
 wagon, and some of their men whom we brought in say the slaughter 
 
 was terrible. * * * 
 
 The prisoners further stated that Colonel Taylor was doubtles.s 
 
 killed. . . ^^ .„ 
 
 -::• * * After the affair we built our bivouac fires in DranesvUle. 
 Thu« sir we, on returning to camp, had marched twenty-four miles, 
 beatJn the enemy, loaded our wagons with forage, bringing in (twelve 
 miles) our killed, seven, and wounded, sixty, among whom are four 
 captains. Sjme of our wounded had to be brought the whole distance 
 on stretchers, while I am informed the Pennsylvania ambulances for 
 this division are lyingempty in Washington. It is impossible to remem- 
 ber all who were conspicuous, especially as the fighting occurred m 
 thickets and was scattered over much ground. Captain Easton was 
 very efficient and his battery well served. The wounded officers, Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel Kane and Captain Niles, of the Kane Rifles; Captam 
 Bradbury of the Sixth, and Captains Dick and Gulway of the Ninth 
 P. R. V. C. were conspicuous, leading their men when wounded. * * * 
 
14 
 
 The prisouors report that the brigadt- engaged against us was 
 K.mposed of the Kentucky Rifles, an Alabama, a South Carolina and 
 a Virginia regiment, with a six-gun battfry. all under the command 
 (if General Stuart. 
 
 I must not forget the i)rompt mimner in whicli General Reynolds 
 came up from Diflicult Creek, some four mil(>s oif. as so n as he heard 
 the cannonading. He arrived too late, it is tuie. to take part in tlie 
 affair, but the certainty that he would come witli his brigade insured a 
 Tictory and stimulated our men to earn it." 
 
 When the enemy was discovei'ed to be in force on the Centreville 
 Road, General Ord's command was arranged about as follows: The 
 Ninth Rygiment on the south side of the Alexandria and Leesburg Pike, 
 four companies and a platoon of the Tenth <jn the left (north) side of 
 that Pike, both regiments a little east of Dranesville, and both moving 
 eastward by the flank; a part of the Rifle Regiment on the pike near the 
 village, the balance on picket across the Centreville Road, and extending 
 to the Alexandria and Leesburg Pike : the Sixth on the Pike at the 
 eastern end of the village ; the Twelfth on the Pike, just east of the 
 Sixth; the cavalry and artillery in the village; three companies and a 
 platoon of the Tentli after forage between the river and Dranesville 
 Pike. It was soon after this learned by the Un on commander that 
 none of the e emy was north of the Alexandria and Leesburg Pike, but 
 that he was advancing on both sides of the Centreville Road, supporting 
 his artillei-y on that road. 
 
 General Stuart, commanding the Confederate force, reported under 
 date of December 23, 1861, as follows : 
 
 " Tiiat on the 30th inst. I was placed in command of four regiments 
 of infanty, irO cavalry, and a battery of four pieces of artillery, viz.: 
 Eleventh Virginia Volunteers, Colonel S. Garland, Jr.; Sixth South 
 Carolina Volunteers, Lieutenant-Colonel Secrest ; Tenth Alabama Vol- 
 unteers, Colonel J. H. Forney ; and First Kentucky Volunteers, Colonel 
 Thomas H. Taylor ; making an aggregate force of 1,600 infantry ; 
 Sumter Flying Artillery, four pieces. Captain A. S. Cutts ; One Hun- 
 dreth (?) North Carolina Cavalry, Major Gordon ; and Fifty Second (?) 
 Virginia Cavalry, Captain Pitzner, for the purpose of covering an 
 expedition of aU the wagons of our army that coiUd be spared (after hay) 
 to the left of Dranesville. I proceeded at once by the nearest route at 
 daylight towards Dranesville. * * * Accompanying sketch (not 
 found). Eaiowing tlie situation of the enemy's advance posts, I sent the 
 
15 
 
 cavalry forward far in advance of the infantry, to take possession of the 
 two turnpikes to the right of Dranesville, leading directly to the enemy's 
 advanced posts, so as to prevent any coinmunicition of our movements 
 reaching them, and with th3 main body 1 followed on to take a position 
 with two regiments and a section of artillery on each turnpike, also to 
 the right of Draaesville, and close euougli to their intersection to form 
 a continuous line. Such a position I knew I could hold against almost 
 any odds, but as my cavalry came m sight of the tm-npike Captain Pitz- 
 ner discovered the enemy at the point (A) on the ridge anil sent me 
 word immediatelj^ I galloped forward at ou-e. and. reconnoitering for 
 myself, found that a portion of the enemy was ia possession of the ridge, 
 and I could hear distinctly artillery carriages passing up the Georgetown 
 Turnpike in considerable numbers, and presently saw the cannoneers 
 mounted on limber boxes passing up towards Dranesville, about 200 
 yards from the intersection (A). I knew, too, that the enemy's infantry 
 were in advance, and I at once suspected that he was either marcliing 
 upon Leesburg or had received intelligence through a spy of our 
 intended forage expedition and was marching upon it. In either case 
 our wagons would have fallen an easy prey to him, and I saw at once 
 that my only way to save them was to make a vigorous attack upon his 
 rear and left flank and to compel him to desist from his purpose. 
 
 I sent back for the infantry to hurry forward and sent Captain 
 Pitzner with his detachment of cavalry to gain the road towards Lees- 
 burg, give notice to our wagons to relurn at once to camp, and keep 
 between them and the enemy, threatening his front and flank ; and I 
 will state here, parenthetically, that tliis dutv was performed by Captain 
 Pitzner and his gallant little detachment in ihe most creditable manner, 
 all om- wagons reaching camp safely." (But without any forage !) 
 
 "In the meantime the enemy's skirmishers took possession of the 
 dense pine in our front, and as our infantry was met by my messenger 
 three-fourths of a mile back, it was some time coming up. Colonel 
 Garland's regiment, leading, was directed to deploy two companies on 
 each side of the road to clear the ground of the enemy's skirmishers. 
 One of these companies, having mistaken its direction, went too far to 
 the right, and Colonel Garland had to replace it with another. The 
 pines were cleared at double quick, and the battery was ordered in 
 position at B, and fired very effectively during the whole engagement 
 to the front. The infantry were placed in position as follows : Gar- 
 land's regiment on the right of the road, a little in advance of the 
 
1« 
 
 artillery \ Secrest (S. C.) on the left of the road ; Forney's regiment, 
 airiving late, replaced Garland's, which moved by the flank to the right, 
 and the First Kentucky, Colonel Taylor, at first intended as a reserve, 
 was ordered to take position on the left of the Sixth South Carolina 
 Begiment. As our infantry was well secured from the enemy's view, 
 ttieir artillery fire, which opened about fifteen minutes after ours began, 
 led little effect upon the infantry, but played with telling effect along 
 liieroad,, as from its position (C) and the straightness of the road in our 
 TK-AV, it raked tlie latter with shell and round shot completely. Their 
 iTUSBons and limbers were behind in a brick hotise, and completely 
 protected from our shot, while our cassions and limbers were necessarily 
 <;iwwded and exposed. There was no outlet to right or left, for a mile 
 back, by which the artillery could change its position. When our 
 f«Kces took their position tlie fire of the artillery caused great commo- 
 tiDQ io the enemy's lines, and ti part evidently took to their heels. The 
 rigiit wing was ordered forward, and the Tenth Alabama rushed with a 
 sluMit into a shower of bullets, under the gallant lead of their Colonel 
 ^omey) and Lieutenant-Colonel Mai-tin, the latter falling in the 
 cliarge, A part of this regiment crossed the road and took position 
 alOTig a fence, from which the enemy felt the trueness of their aim at 
 afciort range. The Colonel was here severely wounded and had to retire, 
 ia his absence the command fell upon Major Woodward. The Eleventh 
 Tirginia, holding position on the right of the Tenth Alabama, was 
 fflot so much exposed to the fire of the enemy, aul consequently 
 srjfjffered less. The Sixth South Carolina gradually gained ground 
 aSso to the front, and being, together with the Tenth Alabama, exposed 
 &> the fire of the enemy's sharpshooters from a two stcrj' brick house 
 stuffered most. My orders to Colonel Taylor, First Kentucky, were 
 given through Colonel Forney, and I soon knew by the commotion on 
 my left that it was in place. The thicket where the Sixth South Caro- 
 jiina and First Kentucky operated was so dense that it was impossible to 
 see either (their) exact position or their progress in the fight, and I 
 j»?gret to say that the First Kentucky and the Sixth South Carolina mis- 
 took each other for the enemy, and a few casualties occurred in conse- 
 iHaence ; but with that exception the whole force acted with admirable 
 soiison,. and advanced upon the enemj- with the steadiness of veterans, 
 ■driving him several times from his position with heavy loss. When the 
 •action had lasted about two hours I found that the enemy, being already 
 m. force larger than my own. was recovering from his disorder and re~ 
 
17 
 
 ceiving heavy re-enforcements. I could not, with my small numbers, 
 being beyond reach of re-enforcements, force his position without fearful 
 sacrifice, and seeing tliat his artillery, superior to ours in number and 
 position only, was pouring a very destructive fire into Cutts' battery, I 
 decided to withdraw the latter at once, preparatory to retiring from the 
 field, judging, too, that I had given our wagons ample time to get 
 out of reach of the enemy. 
 
 •The battery suffered greatly. Its position was necessarily such that it 
 could fire only to the front, and the caissons and hmbers had no cover 
 whatever from such a fire. Three or four cannoneers had been shot at 
 their posts and several wounded, and every shot of the enemy was deal- 
 ing destruction on either man, limber or horse. The conduct of the brave, 
 true and heroic Cutts attracted my admiration frequently during the 
 action, now acting No. 1 and now as gunner, and still directing and 
 disposing the whole with perfect self-command and a devotion to his 
 duty that was, I believe, scarcely ever equalled. He executed my orders 
 to withdraw his battery under a ricochet fire of great accuracy. One 
 piece I found it necessary to detail some infantry (Eleventh Virginia) to 
 assist in conducting to the rear, which was done by them under great 
 personal exposure. Having secured the artillery, I sent orders to the four 
 regimental commanders to disengage themselves from the enemy and 
 retire slowly and in perfect order to the railroad, where a stand would be 
 made. This delicate duty was performed admirably, and our troops 
 marched back leisurely, bringing with them all the woimded that could 
 be found. * * * Qne regiment reached the road in rear of point 
 where it left its knapsacks. * * * 
 
 As to the strength of the enemy, if concun-ent statements of the 
 citizens residing on his route of march can be credited, he had fifteen 
 regiments of infantry, several batteries and seven companies of 
 cavalry." (The citizens probably referred to McCalls entire division.) 
 "Colonel Taylor became separated from his regiment, but rejoined his 
 conamand. * * » Our loss is as follows : 
 
 KILLED. WOUNDED. MISSING. 
 
 Eleventh Alabama 6 15 — 
 
 Sixth Soutli Carolina 18 45 — 
 
 Tenth Alabama 15 45 6 
 
 First Kentucky 1 23 3 
 
 Cutts* Battery 3 15 — 
 
 Total, 194." 
 
Discovering the enemy in force on his right flank, as his command 
 was then disposed, General Ord changed front to the right. The Ninth 
 Regiment was faced to the soutb and directed to advance west of and 
 parallel to the Centreville Road. The First Rifles were pushed forward 
 at double quick to the brick house on left of Centreville Road ; the Sixth. 
 Regiment was ordered to report to Lieutenant-Colonel Kane and supi)ort 
 his regiment on its right ; the Twelfth to advance as a reserve to this 
 whole force ; the Tenth to support the battery and to send a skirmish 
 line out to the left of the battery to watch the left flank. 
 
 Soon General Ord perceived the confusion of the enemy around his 
 battery, and he at once assumed the offensive by advancing his com- 
 mand as now arranged. He assumed command of this advance in 
 person. The Ninth Reserves met the First Kentucky in the thick woods, 
 and not recognizing it as an enemy, received its first volley before firing; 
 but notwithstanding so severe a test of its discipline, this gallant regi- 
 ment held its ground and opened a vigorous return fire. The Sixth 
 Regiment, supporting the Rifles, crossed the Centreville Road and met 
 the enemy's centre and right ; the Twelfth was advanced first against 
 the enemy's left, then afterwards sent around the enemy's flan'i, in hope 
 of taking his battery. The Tenth supported Easton's battery in its new 
 position. The battery having its left flank exposed in this position, 
 Captain McConnell of B Company of Tenth was thrown out on the 
 extreme left with the platoon of his company which was present (the 
 other platoon having gone for forage). He deployed his men as skir- 
 mishers and advanced to some ditches, where he was joined voluntarily 
 by the pioneers of his regiment. Captain McConnell's small force suc- 
 ceeded in checking the enemy's advance in this direction, being assisted 
 by an occassional shell thrown from Easton's battery, in his (McCon- 
 nell's) front. 
 
 After a short and shai^p contest the enemy was driven from his 
 position and followed half a mile. The Confederate loss shows that both 
 his infantry and artillery gallantly contested the ground, while the 
 Union success showed that he was no less courageous. 
 
 General Ord's artillery, although of the same number of guns as the 
 enemy's, was much the superior, and conduced greatly to the Union 
 success. The forces of infantry were as near equal in nimabers as ever 
 happens in war. It was a gallant and honestly won victory for General 
 Ord; Easton's battery, Kane's Rifles and the Third Brigade. 
 
 Casualties in General Ord's command were : 
 
19 
 
 KILLED. AVOUNDED. WOUNDED. 
 
 Enlisted Men. Officers. Enlisted Men. 
 
 Artillery None None 1 
 
 First Rifles 3 2 26 
 
 Sixth Regiment 8 1 12 
 
 Ninth Regiment.... 2 2 18 
 
 Twelfth Regiment. — — 1 
 
 Aggregate, 70. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Kane and Captain Nilesof Rifles, Captain Brad- 
 bury of Sixth, and Captains Dick and Galway of Ninth, wounded. 
 Colonel Tagerart's report stated that he was the only field officer present, 
 only three captains present; 575 officers and men present. Lieutenant 
 Reid acted as adjuiant, and that " Private "William R. Fox of Com- 
 pany K was wounded in the right thigh during the first part of our 
 advance in the woods. He made a narrow escape. A porte-monnaie in his 
 pocket was bored through, and a $2.50 gold piece in it was bent nearly 
 double." 
 
 Instead of regarding its safety, the cavalry ought to have been 
 thrown upon the enemy's flank when the infantry assumed the offen- 
 sive. General Ord had a chance to cause a genuine route and a great 
 capture, but at that time in the war and for a year afterwards the only 
 thought about cavalry was, "how to take care of it." The defeated 
 Confederate general became one of the most noted generals of cavalry 
 of the war, but this lesson seems never to have been forgotten by his 
 superiors, and he seldom had an infantry command. The following 
 orders were published to the command: 
 
 " Headquarters, A. P., } 
 
 Washington, D. C, December 28, 1861. j" 
 
 G. O. No. 63. The Commanding General expresses his thanks to 
 Brigadier-General Ord and the brave troops of his brigade, who so 
 gallantly repulsed an attack of an equal force of the enemy on the 20th 
 inst. The General takes pleasure in observing the readiness of the 
 remaining troops of McCall's division and the able dispositions of their 
 commander to repel the enemy in case of the advance of re-enforcements. 
 
 The General would also acknowledge the distinguished services of 
 Colonel McCalmont, Tenth iRfantry, Pennsylvania R. C. ; Colonel 
 Jackson, Ninth Infantry, P. R. V. C; Lieutenant-Colone? Kane, Rifle 
 Regiment, P. R. V. C; and Captain Easton of Easton's Battery, which 
 contributed in a large degree to the success of the day. 
 
 By command of Major-General McCleUan, 
 
 S. Williams, A. A. G. 
 
20 
 
 War Department, December 28, 1861. 
 Brigadier-Cjeneral G. A. McCall, Commanding Division, Camp 
 Pierpout, Virgini;i. 
 
 General — 1 have read your report of the battle of Dranesville, and 
 although no reply is necessary on my part, yet as a citizen of the same 
 conmion wealth as yourself and the troops engaged in that brilliant 
 affair, I cannot refrain from expressing to you my admiration of the 
 gallant conduct displayed, by both officers and nien, in this their first 
 contest with the enemy. Nearly all your command upon that occasion 
 are either my personal friends or sons of those with whom for long 
 years I have been more or less intimately associated. I feel that I have 
 just cause to be proud that, animated by no other motive than patriot- 
 ism, they are among the first to revive the glory shed upon our country 
 by the men of the Revolution and soldiers of the war of 1813. It is one 
 •of the bright spots that give assurance of success of coming events ; and 
 its effect must be to inspire confidence in the belief that hereafter, as 
 heretofore, the cause of our country will triumph. I am especially 
 gratified that a Pennsylvania artillery corps, commanded by officers 
 who have necessarily had but limited systematic instruction, have won 
 not only the commendation of their friends, but an unwUling compli- 
 ment from tlie enemy, for the wonderful rapidity and accuracy of their 
 fire. I wish I could designate all the men who, nobly discharging their 
 duty to the country, have added to the glory of our great common- 
 wealth. 
 
 Other portions of the army will be stimulated by their brave deeds, 
 and men will be proud to say that at Dranesville they served under 
 JMcCall and Ord. 
 
 I am, General, very respectfully, your obedient servant, 
 
 Simon Cameron, 
 
 Secretary of War." 
 
 ' The gallantry of our troops in the late affair at Dranesville de- 
 Tnands a public acknowledgment. Their courage, conduct and high 
 •discipUne are honorable to the Corps and to the Commonwealth, by 
 ■whose forecast it was raised and formed, in anticipation of the exig- 
 encies of the country, and whose sons fill its ranks. 
 
 General McCall and Brigadier-General Ord, and the officer and men 
 who were engaged under their commands, may be assured that Penn- 
 sylvania is not insensible to their martial virtue, and from them and 
 
21 
 
 their fellows confidently looks for as many further illustrations of it aa 
 there shall be opijortunity afforded them. 
 
 By order of A. G. Curtin, Governor of Pennsylvania^ 
 A. L. Russell, Aid-de-camp." 
 
 Syphur says; "General McCall published a congratulatory order,, 
 and caused to be read to his division the letter from Secretary Cameron 
 and the order from Governor Curtin. The colors of the regiments that 
 veere engaged in the battle were taken to Washington, and on each flag, 
 ' Dranesville, December 20, 1861,' was printed in golden letters." 
 
 FROM DRANESVILLE TO PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN. 
 
 After the battle of Dranesville, the camp was visited by many dis- 
 tinguished persons, and the Reserves were the heroes of the Winter. 
 Many congratulatory orders were issued. That of General Ord sug- 
 gested the use of distinctive badges, the origin of corps badges. No 
 order was given to build Winter quarters, but temporary huts, three 
 to four logs high, with tents over them, were erected. Sheet iron stoves 
 furnished heat. Drills were required whenever the weather permitted > 
 and there was much picket duty. These duties filled in the time until 
 Spring. December 26, 1861, First Lieutenant McMurtrie, who was pro- 
 moted from the First Rifles, joined and was appointed adjutant. 
 December 28 there was a review for Governor Curtin, and December 30 
 the flags were sent away to have Dranesville inscribed upon them. 
 
 The regimental band (which could play only a few pieces) was dis- 
 charged, for the reason that the men had not been enhsted as private 
 soldiers. It rained almost every day. Some men volunteered to serve 
 with Stewart's regular battery (to which the writer was attached). 
 Bad weather and hard work discouraged these volunteers and tliey al! 
 retvu-ned to their companies. Some men volunteered for gunboat 
 service. The crew of the Gunboat Carondelet was composed of these 
 men. This vessel gained a national reputation. January 10, 1862, there 
 was a review to receive the flags with Dranesville inscribed on them. 
 March 10, 1862, the division left Camp Pierpont. Woodward says : 
 
 "We continued up the pike, crossing Difiicult Creek, to Spring 
 Vale, within three miles of Dranesville. When turning to the left 
 and following a bridle path through the woods and over the hill we 
 reached about dark the neighborhood of Hunter's Mills, near which, on 
 the Loudon and Hampshire Raihoad, we bivouaced, the night being very 
 cold and rainy. Here we remained until the next afternoon when we 
 
22 
 
 marched about two miles to a high elevation near the ruins of Hawk- 
 liurst Mills, where we encamped, about seventeen miles from Camp 
 Pierpont, two miles from Fairfax Court House, and eight from Bull Run 
 battle ground. * * * Here we received our shelter tents. The men 
 •called tJiem 'dog houses.' On the evening of the 14th, during a light fall 
 of riiin, we took up our p a rch through the woods, on every side bivouacs 
 and burning bough huts and arbors, the glare of which lighted up our 
 road for miles. * * » Reaching the Alexandria and Leesburg Pike, we 
 turned to the right, and passing along it for two miles, about 11 o'clock 
 filed into a dense open wood, where, in spite of the falling rain, our fires 
 soon burned brightly, and we slept soundly. The next morning early, 
 •during a heavy rain, we took up our line of march, moving across the 
 country to the Dranesville Pike, and turning down it crossed DiflBcult 
 Creek, passing within four miles of our old home at Pierpont, and enter- 
 ing a wood moved back again towards the Alexandria and Leesburg Pike 
 by a private road. The rain by this time was falling in torrents, flooding 
 the swampy ground, making the marching most tiresome and fatiguing. 
 Soon the ranks were broken, the men scattering, plunging through the 
 mud, and toiling under their knapsacks, made doubly heavy by their 
 blankets and overcoats becoming saturated with water. Soon they 
 commenced dropping out, laid scattered through the woods for miles. 
 Upon striking the turnpike again a long halt was called for the stragglers 
 to catch up, and then moving on, we soon filed into a wood and stacked 
 arms. This was about 3 o'clock, and although we had marched fifteen 
 miles we were but three miles from the starting point, the detour to the 
 left having been made on account of the enemy's having burnt the bridge 
 over Difficult Creek. It rained all night. The command had no tents. 
 General McCall said this was the only march the men ever complained 
 •of. At 10 A. M. the next morning, we moved down the pike, passing 
 Tails Church, Munson's HiU and a long line of fortifications erected at 
 •different times by the Union and Confederate troops, and arriving 
 within a mile of Alexandria, moved over the fields to the left, and en- 
 camped near the Cemetery and Fairfax Seminary. On account of bad 
 roads and a previous sleepless night, this was a hard march, but the men 
 had spirit enough to guy a red-legged Zouave. Remained in camp here 
 nearly a month. The war had changed Alexandria from a quiet, sleepy 
 old Virginia town into a bustling business place. McClellan's army 
 "was encamped aU about it, awaiting embarkation to the Peninsular. 
 The soldiers and army employees swarmed in the streets, and although 
 
23 
 
 the sale of liquor was prohibited yet large quantities were sold. One 
 man had a barrel up the chimney, another a barrel on top of his house, 
 from wliicU he drew liquor by a gas jet. Another drew it from a private 
 house adjoining his store by his hydrant. The men of the Reserves were 
 veiy well behaved. The weather during our encampment here was 
 cold, rainy and unpleasant, rendering the ground mostly unfit for 
 driUing, but every favorable opportunity was taken advantage of for 
 that purpose. We received our full rations, and a ration of whisky was 
 served out every rainy night. Tlie division was attached to McDowell's 
 command. Early on the 9th of April struck shelter tents and strapped 
 them on our knapsacks with three days' cooked rations in haversacks and 
 moved off. * * * Rained and snowed. * * * Passing down be- 
 tween Forts Ellsworth and Lyons, we marched about three miles on the 
 Orange and Alexandria Raih'oad, when we halted t^ await transporta- 
 tion. * * * Marched about six hours in the mud and then embarked 
 (took cars) ; arrived at 9 p.m. about two miles l:»eyoud Bull Run Creek, 
 in front of a large deserted encampment of rebel huts ; had a good 
 night." 
 
 The Twelfth Regiment left camp near Alexandria April 11th, 
 marched to Manassas Junction, where it arrived next day at 5 p. m. ; 
 remained there until April 18, when it marched to Catlett's Station, 
 where it arrived the same day. Distance marched, fifty -five mUes. 
 April 21st the regiment (Twelfth) was detailed for guarding the Orange 
 and Alexandria Railroad from Bristoe to Catlett's Station. The Twelfth 
 Regiment up to the 7th of May was guarding the Orange and Alexandria 
 Railroad. On the 7th marched from Catlett's Station towards Falmouth, 
 and arrived at camp near Falmouth on the 9th, when it joined the Third 
 Brigade Pennsylvania Reserves, and remained with the brigade till the 
 end of the month. 
 
 On this march to Falmouth five men who were outside of the 
 command were captured by guerrillas, and private William Fox, of 
 Company B was wounded. Colonel Taggart sent back cavalry and 
 infantry to capture these guerrillas. This command not succeeding 
 in finding these guerrillas, Colonel Taggart went back the next day with 
 two companies and found tlie house where the guerrillas had been har- 
 bored, and finding Private Fox's gun there, he caused the house to be 
 destroyed, to prevent a recuiTence of such harborage. His act appeared 
 to have had a salutary effect. 
 
 A portion of the Reserve Corps was sent to Fredericksburg. Bay- 
 
24 
 
 ard's cavalry had a successful engagement with the enemy's cavalry on 
 the Richmond side of Fredericksburg. 
 
 The Twelfth Regiment remained in camp near Falmouth from May 
 9th till it started for the Peninsular 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 PENINSULAR CAMPAIGN ^BEFORE ARRIVAL OF THE 
 
 RESERVES). 
 
 On tlie 13tli of March, 1862, Fortress Monroe, Virginia, was adopted 
 as the base of operations for the Army of the Potomac in its advance on 
 Richmond. " For the prompt and successful execution of the projected 
 operation it was regarded by all as necessary that tlie whole of the four 
 corps" (McDowell's, Sumner's, Heintzelman's and Keyes') "should be 
 employed, with at least the addition of 10,000 men drawn from the 
 forces in the vicinity of Fort Monroe." 
 
 Fortress Monroe and vicinity, were under the command of General 
 Wool, one of the old general officers of the regular army. The Army of 
 the Potomac moved by transports the latter part of March and 1st of 
 ApHl from Alexandria, McClellan reaching Fort Monroe, April 2d. At 
 the solicitation of General Wool, and, no doubt, harrassed by McClellan's 
 enemies in Washington, the President issued orders, April 3d, depriving 
 McClellan of command of Fort Monroe, his base of operations, and for- 
 bidding him to detach any men from General Wool's command. This 
 was the first of a series of orders from Washington, which, in great 
 part, caused the misfortunes of the Army of the Potomac on the Penin- 
 sula. It was no doubt hoped by McClellan's enemies that he would 
 now throw up the command of that army. He had shortly before, at 
 their instigation, been relieved of the command-in-chief. 
 
 The maps as made up by General Wool's engineers showed the War- 
 wick river as flowing parallel to but not crossing the road from New- 
 port News to Williamsburg, making Mulberry Island a real island. The 
 Confederate general, Magruder, with about 10,000 men, defended York- 
 town and vicinity. Geaeral Huger, at Norfolk, had about 15,000. The 
 Union commanders supposed these forces opposed to them much larger. 
 April 3d, the part of the Army of the Potomac which had arrived at 
 Fort Monroe, started up the Peninsula. On account of the difficulty of 
 moving animals by water the army land transport ition at this time was 
 very insufficient. McClellan's plan, as he says, was "to move the two 
 
divisions of the Fourth Corps (Keyes'), by the Newport News and Wil- 
 liamsburg Road, to take up a position between Yorktown and WiUiams- 
 burg, while the two .livisious of the Third Corps (Ileintzelman's) moved 
 direct from Fort Monroe on Yorktown, the reserves moving so as to 
 support either corps as might prove necessary. I designed, should the 
 works at Yorkiown and Williamsburg oiler a serious resistance, to land 
 the First Corps (McDowell's), re-enforced, if necessary, on the left bank of 
 the York river or on the Severn, to move it to Gloucester and West 
 Point, in order to take in reverse whatever force the enemy might have 
 on the Peninsula and compel him to abandon his positions." When 
 the army reached Yorktown and Lee's Mills, it met serious resistance, 
 and here, on the 5th of April, the next and fatal order from Washington 
 was received, withdrawing McDowell's, the largest corps, from McClel- 
 lan's command. The controversy which this order provoked, l.crv^ 
 still unsettled, the results of the order only will be considered as we 
 proceed. The first result was the stoppage of the advance of the force 
 on the Peninsula. McClellan, naturally cautious, became over-cautious. 
 The writer thought, at the time the army reached Yorktown, it could by 
 a little hard fighting and by rapid movements have forced the enemy's 
 position there. Since he has learned how small a force Magruder had at 
 the time, he is confirmed in his opinion. He thinks McCleUan, Barnard, 
 chief engineer, and the other generals whom McClellan consulted 
 made a mistake in deciding that an apparently strong position, come 
 upon unexpectedly, could be taken only by a siege. The writer went in 
 person amongst the Union pickets to a position where he thought a line 
 of battle could be formed which could carry the Yorktown entrench- 
 ments. That is, when the Union army first arrived in front of them. 
 The writer (who was on the artillery staff at the time) with others urged 
 that an attempt be made to carry the enemy's works. He was disap- 
 pointed at hearing talk of a tiege before anything was done to test the 
 strength of the enemy's position. After several days' delay any assault 
 would possibly have faded. Moreover, there was at the time the Union 
 army arrived before Yorktown no Confederate force north of the York 
 River to prevent the Union commander from turning the position of 
 Yorktown, nor for many days after. General McClellan is somewhat 
 excused by the mditary conditions in Virginia about this time. Tliey 
 wei-e concisely stated in a letter from General Keyes to Senator Harris, 
 a letter to be shown to the President and Secretary of War. Keyes says : 
 << # » * The greatest master of the art of war has said ' that if you 
 
■would invade a country successfully, you must have one line of opera- 
 tions and one army under one general.' But what is our condition ? 
 The State of Virginia is made to constitute the command in part or 
 ■wholly, of some six generals, viz., Fremont, Banks, McDowell, Wool, 
 Bumside and McClellan, besides the scrap over tlie Chesapeake in the 
 command of Dix. The greiit battle of the war is to come off here. If 
 we win it, the Reb I'ion will be crushed; if we loose it, the conse- 
 quences will be more horrible than I can tell." (Terrible prophesy). 
 " * ■* * It is no doubt agreeable to the commander of the First Corps 
 (McDowell) to have a separate department. * * *." That letter 
 doomed General Keyes. The following letter of the President to General 
 McClellan, dated April 9th, is given to show a certain condition of affairs 
 then existing: "Your dispatches complaining that you are not prop- 
 erly sustained, while they do not offend me, do pain me very much. 
 Blenker's division was withdrawn from you before you left here, and 
 you know the pressure " (to give Fremont a command?) " under which I 
 did it, and as I thought, acquiesced in it, certainly not without reluc- 
 tance * * * but you must act." 
 
 The pressure by certain newspapers, by certain extremists, and by 
 the Committee on the Conduct of the War, on the one side, and General 
 McClellan's natural inertness on the other, placed Mr. Lincoln in a most 
 difficult position. This is the true defence of liim for issuing the fatal 
 military order which deprived McClellan of an essential part of his force 
 at the outset of his campaign. 
 
 The Confederates abandoned their lines at Yorktown May 4th. 
 McClellan followed slowly, his troops being much delayed by the muddy 
 state of the roads, which were few in number and narrow, mere coun- 
 try roads. The cavalry, under General Stoneman, met the enemy near 
 Williamsburg on the 4th. The infantry, under Generals Heintzelman, 
 Sumner, Keyes, Hooker, Hancock, Kearney, Smith and other officers 
 fought the battle of WiUiamsburg May 5th and 6th. The march of the 
 Union Army continued slowly towards the Chickahominy, which the 
 advance reached on the 20th, at Bottoms' Bridge. They found this 
 bridge, as well as the railroad bridge a mile above, destroyed. 
 
 ' ' The Chickahominy in this vicinity (where the Union Army 
 approached it) is about forty feet wide, fringed with a dense growth of 
 heavy forest trees, and bordered by low, marshy bottom lands, varying 
 from half a mUe to a mile in width. Our operations embraced that part 
 of the river between Bottoms' and Meadow bridges, which covered the 
 
28 
 
 principal a])y)roafhes -to Ric-linn)nd from the east. Within these limits 
 tlie firm Ki"<>"n(l lying above high water mark seldom approaches near 
 the river on either bank, and no locality was found within this section 
 where the high ground came near the stream on botli sides. It was sub- 
 ject to fre({uent, sudden and great variations in the volume of water, 
 and a rise of a few feet overflowed the bottom lands on both sides. At 
 low water it could be forded at almost any point, but during high water 
 it rose above a fording stage, and coidd then be crossed only at a few 
 l)oints wliere bridges had been constructed. These bridges had all been 
 destroyed by the enemy on our approach, and it was necessaiy not only 
 to reconstruct these, but to build several others. The west bank of the 
 river opposite the" New and Mechanicsville bridges was bordered by ele- 
 vated blufTs, which afforded the enemy commanding positions to fortify, 
 establish his batteries, enfilading the approaches upon the two principal 
 roads to Richmond on our right, and resist the reconstruction of the 
 important 1 ridges. This obliged us to select other less exposed points 
 for our crossings." The left (Casey's Division) was moved across the 
 river near Bottoms' Bridge about the 20th, and the left of the army 
 (Keyes and Heintzelman's Corps) was the next two days crossed over, 
 and soon after advanced to Seven Pines, and to the right, and rifle pits 
 for infantry and epaulements for artillery were commenced. Tlie centre 
 and right of the army were advanced to the north bank of the river, 
 and Mechanicsville was taken on the 24th. Secretary Stanton writes 
 McClellnn, May 18: "McDovveU (then near Fredericksburg) has been 
 ordered to march upon that city (Richmond) by the shortest route. He 
 is ordered — keeping himself always in position, to save the capitol from 
 all possible attack — so to operate as to put his left wing in communica- 
 tion with your right wing, and you are instructed to co-operate, so as to 
 establish this communication as soon as possible, by extending your 
 right wing north of Richmond. It is believed this communication can 
 be safely established either north or south of the Pamunky river. * * " 
 An order worthy of the Aulic Council. A committee of the Mflitary 
 Historical Society of Massachusetts, to which was referred the subject 
 of " McClellan's plans of campaign of 1862, and the alleged interference 
 of the Government with them," report upon the latter that, '' There can be 
 no doubt that the Government has behaved towards McClellan for 
 some months before the campaign opened in a manner which your 
 committee consider alike unjust to him, injurious to the morale of hi& 
 army, and detrimental to the success of our arms. Fe^r men at the 
 
39 
 
 head of affairs during a great war have evtn- given^uch evidence of an 
 entire unfitness to have general direction over military men as Mr. Lin- 
 cohi and Mr, Stanton." It is believed this criticism, though made to 
 and approved by a great liistorical society, a generation after the closf> 
 of the war, is too severe on Mr. Lincoln. Tlie writer's explanation or 
 defence of Mr. Lincoln is that his better judgment was often over-rule<l 
 by the Committee on the Conduct of the War (vvliose rei^resentative in 
 the Cabinet was Mr. Stanton), wiio controlled a two-thirds majority of 
 Congress, this committee being backed up by most powerful news- 
 papers and popular orators. McClellan writes to Washington, May 21, 
 i< * » « Frankness compels me to say, anxious as I am for an increase 
 of force, that the march of McDowell's column upon Richmond by the 
 shortest route will, in my opinion, uncover Washington, as to any 
 interposition by it, as completely as its movement by water. The 
 enemy cannot advance by Fredericksburg on Washington. Should they 
 attempt a movement, which to me seems utterly improbable, their 
 route would be by Gordonsville and Manassas," McClellan was right 
 in his science, but ill-informed as to the movements of the enemy, 
 Jac^kson was then advancing from Gordonsville to the valley of the 
 Shenandoah. In consequence of Jackson's movement McDowell's was 
 suspended, and most of his command sent to the valley. 
 
 A Confederate force having advanced on the right of the Army of 
 the Potomac beyond Hanover Court House, interposing between that 
 army and McDowell, General Porter, commanding on McCleJlan's right, 
 went, May 27, with Morrell's Division and other troops, about 8,000 men, 
 to Hanover Court House, where he met a Confederate force under 
 General Branch. Porter defeated the enemy, causing him a severe loss 
 in killed, wounded and jirisoners. 
 
 On the 30th of May tlie Union troops on the south side of the 
 Chickahominy were : Casey's Division, on the right of the Williamsburg 
 Road, and at right angles to it, the centre at Fair Oaks; Couch's Division 
 at Seven Pines, Kearney's Division on railroad from Savage Station 
 towards Bottoms' Bridge, Hooker's Division near White Oak Swamp. 
 During the day of the 30th and the following night a violent rain fell, 
 rendering work on the rifle pits and bridges impracticable. The enemy 
 took advantage of it, and on the 31st attacked first Casey's Division, 
 and then Couch's. Heintzelman's Corps was brought up to the assist- 
 ance of Keyes' Corps. The Confederates obtained great advantages at 
 first, but Hooker's and Kearney's divisions sustained the struggle vmtU 
 
30 
 
 Sumner succeeded, after herculean efforts, in getting up a battery 
 (Kirby's) and one division of his infantry. Sumner s Bridge, over which 
 he crossed his force, was kept in place by the weight of liis troops, it dis- 
 appearing as soon as the troops left it. There is no doubt but that the 
 Union trooi)s made a most gallant resistance on the olst, and an equally 
 gallant advance on the morning of June 1st. The losses of the Union 
 forces engaged were very heavy. 
 
 "The approaches to New and Mechanicsville bridges were also 
 overflowed, and both of them were enfiladed by the enemy's batteries, 
 established upon commanding heights upon the opposite bank. * * * 
 The only available means, therefore, of uniting our forces at Fair Oaks for 
 an advance on Richmond soon after the battle was to march the troops 
 from Mechanicsville and other points on the left bank of the Cbicka- 
 hominy down to Bottoms' Bridge, and thence over the Williamsburg Road 
 to the position at Fair Oaks, a distance of about twenty-three miles. 
 The idea of uniting the two wings of the army with the prospect of 
 overtaking the enemy before he reached Richmond, only five miles 
 distant, is absurd, * * * and was never for a moment seriously 
 entertained by anyone connected with the Army of the Potomac." 
 
 The losses of the Union Army at Fair Oaks were about 7 000. 
 McClellan asked that troops be detached from Halleck's army (which at 
 this time had no large force in its front), and sent to the Army of the 
 Potomac. Halleck's army was however broken up and scattered all 
 over the West, resulting soon in Bi agg's invasion of Kentucky. 
 
 On the 13th and 14th of June Stuart made his raid around the Army 
 of the Potomac ; the Union cavalry at this time was distributed through- 
 out the army, only one small brigade, under General P. St. G. Cooke, 
 being kept together. 
 
 The Pennsylvania Reserves joined the Army of the Potomac on 12th 
 and 14th of June. Were first placed on the railroad between the White 
 House and Tunstall's Station ; afterwards joined Porter's corps. In regard 
 to this division General McClellan telegraphed Secretary Stanton on the 
 14th : " It ought to be distinctly imderstood that McDowell and his 
 troops axe completely imder my control. I received a telegram from 
 him re(inesting that McCall's Division might be placed so as to join him 
 immediately on his arrival. That request does not breathe the proper 
 spirit. Whatever troops come to me must be disposed of so as to do the 
 most good. I do not feel that in such circumstances as those in which I 
 
31 
 
 axD now placed General McDowell should wish the general interests sac- 
 rificed for the purpose of increasing his command." 
 
 Woodward writes : "On a Sunday morning, the 8th of June, (Divi- 
 f-ion) ordered to pre})are to majch and marched that night hy a fine 
 moonlight, weeding our way by music of our bands down the Rappahan- 
 nock, seven miles, where we bivouaced. The next morning marched 
 to Gray's Landing and embarked * * * as happy a set of blue coats 
 as ever trod a planet. * * * At 9 o'clock (12lh) First Brigade marched 
 up the railroad, j)assing Tunstall's Station about 4 o'clock ; passed 
 Despatch Station and moved to the right of the road and camped at the 
 head of a heavy wood near the Chickahominy river, having marched 
 about ten miles. Through the day we heard the slow fire of heavy 
 guns. * * * Rested the 13th ; moved that night to Tunstall's Sta- 
 tion." This latter movement was made to intercept Stuart's cavalry. 
 The Third Brigade, now commanded by General Seymour, was delayed 
 on the Rappahannock, waiting for transports. This accidental delay 
 caused that brigade to arrive at White House on the Pamunky, June 
 14th, most opportunely, enabling it to frustrate Stuart's designs on the 
 Array of the Potomac's base of supplies, at this time located here. 
 
 On the 17th of June the whole Reserve division was concentrated at 
 Despatch Station except four companies of the First Rifles, which were 
 under Lieutenant-Colonel Kane serving in the Valley of the Shenandoah, 
 and the Sixth Regiment, Colonel Sinclair, left at Tunstall's Station. The 
 division was to be reviewed by General McClellan at this point, but he 
 failed to put in an appearance, and on the 18th it marched along the 
 road parallel to and north of the Chickahominy to Gaines' Farm. 
 
 Woodward, of the Fourth, in ** Our Campaigns" (a most interesting 
 book) says : " The Nineteenth moved to Ellison's Mill, on the river road 
 where it crosses the Beaver Dam Creek, about one and one-half miles, 
 then countermarched and moved to the left ; bivouaced in an oat field 
 where Rush's Lancers were encamped. Professor Lowe made a balloon 
 ascension ; enemy's fire made him descend. Early next morning 
 moved back about a mile to Nanaley's Mill. Early on the 24th started 
 on picket to Media nicsville, about one mile distant, where we found the 
 Twelfth Reserves, four companies of Rush's Lancers and Cooper's battery. 
 Colonel Taggart in command of the line as senior officer. Our regiment 
 forming the reserve, we laid in the grove of Dr. Lumkin's house. 
 Mechanicsville lies on the high ground overlooking the Chickahominy 
 on its north bank, from which it is about 500 yards distant. It consists 
 
33 
 
 of a church and about iif teen houses, all of wliich were deserted and per- 
 forated by shot and shell. The south bank of tlie river rises gradually 
 for about a half mile, where a long line of redoubts and rifle pits front a 
 heavy wood. In the centi-e of the stream is an i^.JaLid, which is connected 
 with either shore by a bridge, we holding one end of it, and the enemy 
 the other, the island being neutral ground. The pickets at tliis point, 
 although quite near each other, remained on good terms, the enemy's 
 relief upon one occasion presenting arms to Lieutenant-Colonel Mclnty re 
 of the First Reserves, as he was visiting one of our posts. We were dis- 
 posed to show acts of courtesy to one another, as \\'e daily expected to 
 meet in battle. Richmond is but five miles distant from Meclianicsville, 
 and from a shed near the roadside we could see the spires. One of our 
 officers wagered a hundred cigars he would be in the city in a week ; he 
 was, but as a prisoner. During the night the position of our guns was 
 changed, and General Reynolds required hourly reports in writing, there 
 being strong indication of a movement by the enemy. Cooper, at 5 a. m. 
 on the 25th, fired about twenty shells ; there was no response. We sub- 
 sequently learned the enemy were then making a move to oiu- right." 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 BATTLE OF MECHANICSVILLE, JUNE 36, 1863. 
 On the 19th of June the greater part of the Reserve Division waa 
 directed to move from Gaines' Farm to Mechanicsville to relieve Taylor's 
 Brigade of Franklin's Division at above-named village, then the extreme 
 right of the Army of the Potomac. The First and Third Brigades, com- 
 manded respectively by Generals Reynolds and Seymom-, veere posted 
 on the left bank of Beaver Dam Creek in a line nearly perpendicular 
 to the Chickahominy, in a position naturally strong, the Third Brigade 
 on the left near Ellison's MiU, the First on the right. One regiment and 
 a battery w^ere sent to Mechanicsville and a strong picket line v^as 
 extended from Mechanicsville to Meadovs^ bridges. Beaver Dam Creek 
 was impracticable for artillery except at the bridges, one at Ellison's 
 Mi'll, and a second about a half mile above. On the right of the upper 
 bridge an epaulement for artillery was thrown up and rifle pits and 
 slashings of timber were made in front of each brigade, especially- 
 near the bridges. The Eighth Illinois Cavalry, Colonel Farns worth, 
 patrolled the woods towards Hanover Court House and to the Pamunky. 
 The Union troops at the beginning of the engagement were posted as 
 follows : First Brigade on the right ; Second Regiment, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel McCandless, (seven companies) on extreme right ; on its left 
 the First Regiment, Colonel Roberts ; on its left Eighth Regiment, 
 Colonel Hays ; six companies of First Rifles on picket at the railroad 
 and Meadow bridges ; the Fifth Regiment, Colonel Simmons, on picket 
 at Mechanicsville ; the Third Brigade, General Seymour commanding, 
 on left of First Brigade, consisting of Tenth Regiment, Colonel Kirk, 
 on right of Ellison's Mill Road ; eight companies of Twelfth Regiment 
 posted in rifle pits on both sides of the lower (Ellison's Mill) road, and 
 two companies. Captain Mathewson's B and Captain Gustin's C, at a 
 rifle pit near Ellison's Mill, in advance, on the right of the road, which 
 CJommanded the meadow between our position and the advance of the 
 enemy ; (Sixth Regiment, Colonel Sinclair, absent at Tunstall's Station), 
 and the Ninth Regiment, Colonel Jackson, in reserve. 
 
34 
 
 The Second Brigade, General Meade, consisting of the Tliird, Colonel 
 Sickel; Fourth, Colonel Magilton ; Seventli, Colonel Harvey; and 
 Eleventh, Colonel Gallagher, was held iu reserve. The Eleventh being 
 on picket along the Chickahominy, four scjuadrons of Fourth Pennsyl- 
 vania Cavalry, Colonel Cliilds, attached to the division of Pennsylvania 
 Reserves, held in reserve. 
 
 The artillery of the Division, Captain DeHart, Chief of Artilleiy, 
 consisted of DeHart's Battery C, Fifth United States ; six light twelve- 
 pounders, posted near centre of the line, near which was a section of 
 Kern's Battery B, First Artillery, the balance, four guns of Kern's Bat- 
 tery (all ten-pounder howitzers), on the extreme right of the line ; Coop- 
 er's Battery B, First Pennsylvania Artillery ; six ten-pounder Parrotts, 
 two guns under Lieutenant Fullerton on left of road near Ellison's Mill, 
 the other four guus with Kern's on extreme right ; Easton's Battery A, 
 First Pennsylvania Artillery, four twelve-pounders, on right of Ellison's 
 Mill road ; Smead's Battery K, Fifth United States, six twelve-pounders, 
 two guns under Lieutenant Van Read near Easton's Battery, the bal- 
 ance of Smead's Battery on left of the upper road. MartLndale's and 
 Griffin's Brigades of MoiTell's Division and Edwards' Battery L and M, 
 Third United States, were ordered to support McCall's Division. 
 
 According to General Lee's order of battle, " General Jackson was 
 to march from Ashland on 25th in the direction of Sla^li Church, 
 encamping for the night west of the Central Railroad, and to advance 
 at 3 A. M. on 26th to turn Beaver Dam. A. P. Hill was to cross the 
 Chickahominy at Meadow Bridge when Jackson's advance beyond that 
 point should be known, and move directly on Mechanicsville. as soon as 
 the Mechanicsville bridge should be uncovered. Longstreet and D. H. 
 Hill were to cross, the latter to proceed to the support of Jackson, and 
 the former to that of A. P. Hill. The four commands were directed to 
 sweep down the north side of the Chickahominy toward the York rail- 
 road, Jackson on the left and in advance, Longstreet nearest the river 
 and in rear. Huger and Magruder were ordered to hold their positions 
 against any assault of the enemy, to observe his movements, and to fol- 
 low Iiim closely should he retreat. * * * Stuart's Cavalry was sent 
 out on Jackson's right flank, and Pendleton's reserve artillery was left 
 on Richmond side of Chickahominy, but to be used as required." 
 
 Jackson's march was delayed by obstructions placed in its way by 
 Stoneman's Cavalry. General A. P. HUl says : "In obedience to orders 
 I concenti-ated (June 26), my division near Meadow Bridge, viz. , the 
 
brigades of J. R. Anderson, Gregg, Field, Pender, and Archer, the brig- 
 ade of Brancli having been directed to move to the bridge, some seven 
 miles above, where the Brooke Turnpike crosses the Chickahominy, 
 the batteries of Braxton, Andrews, Pegram, Crenshaw, Mcintosh, Bach- 
 man and Johnson, vrith four extra, horses each (Johnson accompanied 
 Branch), in all about 14,000 men."' Jackson was to inform Branch of 
 his near appro.ach, and the latter was then to cross the Chickahominy 
 and move down the river road and clear j\Ieadow Bridge. This done, 
 A. P. Hill was to cross Meadow Bridge and move do^vn to Mechanics- 
 ville and clear that bridge for Longstreet and D. H. Hill. 
 
 Branch heard of Jackson's approach about 10 A. M. He then crossed 
 the Chickahominy and endeavored to carry out his instructions, but was 
 delayed by the Union shirmishers. Neither Branch nor Jackson appear- 
 ing, and fearing, as he (A. P. Hill) says, that the whole plan would fail, 
 he determined to cross the Chickahomijay without waiting for Branch. 
 Field's Brigade seized Meadow Bridge without serious opposition, the 
 Union force falling back to Mechanicsville. Field advanced toward. 
 Mechauicsville, followed by Anderson's and Ai-cher's brigades. Gregg' 
 and Pender, after crossing the Chickahominy, turned short to their right 
 and moved through the fields to cover the right of the cohimn. A. P. 
 Hill says : " The enemy opened a concentric fire of artillery on the head 
 of Field's column, who, throwing his brigade into line of battle, with 
 Pegram in the centre, steadily advancing, drove the enemy from 
 Mechanicsville.*' Until the Confederates had passed Mechanicsville 
 they were opposed only by the Union batteries and skirmishers. The 
 Fifth Regiment, Colonel Simmons commanding, picketing at Meadow 
 and jMechanicsville bridges, seeing the enemy advancing in force, fell 
 back in accordance with orders, and took position in the line of battle on 
 the right. 
 
 The advance of the Confederate force down the river road forced 
 back the Union cavalry, and three companies of the First Rifles were 
 sent to its assistance. Major Stone, commanding the First Rifles (Buck- 
 tails), who opened this notable battle, says: "At 1 P. M. (June 26),. 
 ■while my regiment (six companies, the other four companies being 
 absent in the Shenandoah Valley,) was doing picket duty on the extreme 
 right of our line, two companies occupying the railroad and Meadow 
 bridges over the Chickahominy, one company on the left of the bridges 
 and the remaining three companies in reserve, I was ordered to take 
 my reserve companies to the assistance of the cavalry, who were falling 
 
36 
 
 l>ack before the enemy, already advanced to Atlee's Station. I moved 
 rapidly forward, posted Captain Wistar's company at the junction of 
 ^he three roads leading to Meadow Bridge, Crenshaw's Bridge and 
 -Atlee's Station ; deployed Captain Irvin's company across Crenshaw's 
 sroad, 300 yards in advance, and moved Captain Jewett's company for- 
 ward toward Atlee's, to act as skirmishers for the cavalry beyond the 
 road leading off to Shady Grove Church. * - * Captain Jewett had 
 scarcely deployed when the enemy's infantry appeared in his front in 
 heavy force. He opened fire on them at short range and with great 
 effect. The enemy halted in confusion ; when they had re-formed he 
 gave them a second volley. At this moment I learned that my com- 
 panies guarding the Meadow and railroad bridges had been withdrawn 
 by order of Colonel Simmons, commanding the Grand Guard, and the 
 enemy had immediately crossed. I immediately sounded the recall and 
 directed Captain Jewett to move rapidly to the rear. I rode back to 
 the junction, where I found Captain Wistar already engaged with the 
 enemy's troops approaching from Meadow Bridge. His determined 
 front and steady fire liad checked their advance, but they were gather- 
 ing heavier forces to the front, ajid soon forced hina to retire. His route 
 to Meehanicsville was already interrupted and he fell back to the north, 
 •t^ontesting every inch of the ground. I went back to meet Captain 
 Jewett's command, turned him off to the left, and, with a small rear guard 
 of cavalry, made a wide detour to the north. * * * Captain Irwin 
 liad been advised by the same messenger who brought me news of the 
 enemy's flank movement to retire to a safe position, but he declined to 
 do so without orders. When I sent him orders it was already too late, 
 and he was entirely surrounded. I heard heavy firing in his direction. 
 * * * None of them returned to camp. (They retired to a swamp 
 and were finally starved out.) "With the other companies I succeeded, 
 after a long and fatiguing march through woods and swamps, part of 
 the way under fire, in making my way to the ford in the swamp above 
 niy camp. The three companies which had been recalled from picket 
 had already come safely in. * * * Two companies of United States 
 Sharpshooters, Captains Drew and Giroux, attached to my command 
 during the (subsequent) action behaved with great steadiness and deliv- 
 «ei'ed a most effective fire." The Bucktails and Sharpshooters joined the 
 Second Regiment in holding the ford above the upper bridge. 
 
 Anderson's Confederate Brigade moved to the left of Field's to take 
 in reverse a Union battery which " was spiteful in its activity ;" Mcln- 
 
37 
 
 tosh's Battery was advanced to support Pegram, then Archer's Brigade 
 was moved Lo further support Field's left, and Braxton's Battery was 
 advanced to support Mcintosh's. Gregg and Pender, advancing over 
 the fields, covered Field s right and attacked the Union force at Ellison's 
 Mills. The five brigades of A. P. Hill's Division, with Pegram's, 
 Andrew's, Mcintosh's and Braxton's Batteries in the advance, using 
 their utmost strength and skill, were unable to force any part of the 
 Union line. General Lee and President Davis now, in person, ur^-ed on 
 the Confederates, who made desperate efforts to carry some point of the 
 Union line ; but after very heavy losses, these advance brigades gave up 
 the attempt and fell back to a safer distance and opened musketry fire. 
 Branch's Brigade now, near sunset, coming down from the North, with 
 Johnson's Battery, was put in to support Field, and a new effort was 
 made to carry the ford near the upper bridge; but the Second Regiment,, 
 gallantly led by McCandless, and the Bucktails by Major Stone, succeeded 
 in repulsing all effo;-ts of the enemy to carry this ford. A portion of 
 Gregg's and Pender's Brigades, and Ripley's Brigade of D. H. Hill's 
 Division, supported by the whole of A. P. Hill's Artillery, at the same 
 time as Branch's attack, at dusk, made a desperate attempt to carry the 
 left of the Union line near Ellison's Mill. This final effort of the Con- 
 federates was repulsed with severe loss to them, some of their regiments 
 being practically annihUated. In the meantime, the First and Third 
 Pennsylvania Reserve Brigades had been reinforced by Edwards' Bat- 
 tery, the Seventh Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves and a Massachusetts 
 regiment, all posted on the left of the Ellison's Mill road, and by Martin- 
 dale's and Griffin's brigades, which were sent to the extreme riglit 
 where the ground was open and the whole line liable to be turned. The 
 Fourth Michigan and four companies of Fourteenth Brooklyn, N. Y., 
 Regiment, were sent, near dark, to relieve the Fifth Regiment at the 
 ford, whose ammunition was exhausted. The firing ceased only with 
 darkness, with the Reserves holding firmly their entire line. 
 
 General Porter, commanding Union troops north of the Chika- 
 hominy, says : "For our success at the battle of MechanicsviUe I desire 
 especially to commend the admirable dispositions made by Generals 
 Reynolds and Seymour, owmg to which, with the skillful management 
 of their men, the losses were few." Seven brigades of Confederates, 
 supported by two divisions, were engaged : at least 18,000 actually took 
 part, whcse losses werfe at least 2,000. Two brigades of Union troops, 
 supported by three brigades, only two brigades seriouslv engaged* 
 
38 
 
 about 6,000. Loss of Union side, 33 killed, 150 wounded, and Irwin's 
 company Fii-dt Rifles captured 70 men. Twelfth Regiment lost : 2 
 iilled, 11 wounded and o missing. 
 
 McCall's report says : " Where all so gallantly supported the honor of 
 the flag, it would seem almost invidious to particularize, but my thanks 
 are particularly due to Generals Reynolds and Seymour, and to Colonels 
 Simmons, Taggart, Lieutenant-Colonel McCandless and Major Stone, 
 v\dio were all closely engaged." General Seymour, the only general left 
 with the divibion after the seven days, in his official report says : '" In 
 the absence of General Reynolds I may say that much of the credit of this 
 day belongs to him. His study of the grounds and ample preparations, 
 «ven to the smallest detail, justify his high reputation as a soldier. * * * 
 General Meade came up with his brigade, and by his advice, as well as 
 by the presence of his command, was of valuable assistance. Major 
 Stone, with rare intellierence, prepared his position and fought it like a 
 true soldier to the end ; and to Colonel Simmons, since dead, the same 
 praise is due. To Colonel Taggart, of the Twelfth Reserves, praise is 
 due for the good service rendered by his regiment, which held on the 
 left the crossing at Ellison's Mill with the greatest tenacity, repelling 
 several assaults. Colonel Jackson, of the Ninth, deserves good mention 
 for the skill with which he relieved the Twelfth, withdrew himself from 
 battle and covered the movement to Gaines' Mill. Colonel Roberts on 
 the right rendered excellent service, as did Lieutenant-Colonel McCand- 
 less, preventing that part of the line from being forced. To tlie artillery 
 arm belongs also much credit. Captain Easton, since dead, repeated 
 his glorious conduct of Dranesville, directing his guns with great 
 •effect. * * * Lieutenant Fullerton, on the left with the Twelfth, 
 "did excellent service. * * * Men never behaved better. To their 
 constancy and courage, after all, the good stand made against a greatly 
 superior force is due, and Pennsylvania may forever be proud of the 
 memories connected with the deeds of her sons at Mechanicsville." It 
 Taeing certainly ascertained on the 26th that Jackson's army was moving 
 to turn the right of the army, it was decided during that night to with- 
 draw the troops from the advanced liosition at Beaver Dam Creek, and 
 i;o form a line covering the bridge over the Cliickahominy. Orders 
 were received by General McCall a short time before daylight to with- 
 <iraw. These orders were received so late the withdrawal had to be 
 made by dayhght, a most diflScult and dangerous movement. 
 
 • Martindale's, Griffin's and Meade's brigades were withdrawn first 
 
39 
 
 and without injury to them. Init the movement was noticed by the 
 enemy, who immediately began etTorts to cross Beaver Dam Creek. 
 These efforts brought on a serious engagement, as the men of the 
 Twelfth, supported by the Ninth and the Rifles, the latter covering the 
 withdrawal of the First Brigade, answered the Confederate attack with 
 a furious fire. Tidball's and Robertson's horse batteries were sent to 
 assist the infantry. The fire of this Union force was strong enough to 
 check the advance of the Confederate skirmishers and enable the whole 
 Union force to withdraw without any serious loss of material or men. 
 
 Of this movement McClellan, in his official report, says: "The 
 delicate operation of withdrawing the troops from Beaver Dam Creek 
 was commenced shortly before daylight, and successfully executed. 
 Meade's and Griffin's brigades were the first to leave the ground ; Sey- 
 mour's Brigade covered the rear with the horse batteries of Tidball and 
 Robertson ; but the withdrawal was so skillful and gradual, and the 
 repulse of the preceding day so complete that, although the enemy fol- 
 lowed the retreat closely and some skirmishing occurred, he did not 
 appear in front of the new line in force until about noon of the 27th, 
 when we were prepared to receive hiiu." General Porters report states : 
 " The firing ceased about 9 p. m,, and the men lay on their arms in ranks 
 as they stood during the day, while exertions were being made by their 
 officers to refill the exhausted cartridge-boxes, and to bring food to 
 such men as had none in their haversacks. * * * AH was made 
 ready for a renewal of the contest on the old ground, or an advance 
 towards Richmond via the bridges which the enemy had crossed, should 
 cm Success warrant it. During the night, however, as the Command- 
 ing General (who had joined us at an early hour in the afternoon and 
 remained until about 10 o'clock at night) is aware, numerous accounts 
 came in which tended to corroborate intelligence of the advance of 
 Jackson's force from the direction of Gordonsville, whereby our right 
 was to be effectually flanked without at all weakening the force in our 
 immediate front. It was thus rendered necessary to select which side 
 of the Chickahominy should be held in force, there being on each side 
 an army of our enemies equivalent, in connection with their breast- 
 works" (liaving over 200 permanent guns in iDosition), " to the whole of 
 our own. And these armies and defences well connected with each other 
 and with Richmond, their base." 
 
 This statement, made by General Porter, July 8, 18G2, in the light of 
 subsequent information, is substantially correct. Whereas there were 
 
40 
 
 at that time Union forces, not under McClellan, operating against the 
 Confederate force in Virginia, exclusive of necessary garrisons, almost if 
 not quite equal in numbers for dut}"- to the Army of the Potomac. Such 
 being the case, was McClellan's army fairly supported by the Govern- 
 ment ? Was there not a systematic effort on the part of certain persons 
 to deceive both Mr. Lincoln and the geoeral public as to the number of 
 men for duty in the Army of the Potomac, increasing that number, 
 at the same time belittling that in the numerous Union commands scat- 
 tered all about Virginia's circumference ? 
 
 How else can we account for the exceptional dullness of the Gov- 
 ernment and the people, in expecting an inferior army to take a forti- 
 fied place garrisoned by a superior force. 
 
 It may thus be understood why membei's of the Army of the Potomac 
 of that time clung to McClellan ever after, with all his faults. When 
 one considers the feelings of the men, who, after so grand a success as 
 was that of the first day, found that their skill and valor had been 
 thrown away, because so small a force (which might so easily have 
 been larger) was expected to accomf)lish the impossible. Who now doubts 
 that if McClellan had had the reinforcements he might have received 
 without injury to any interest, the battle of Mechanicsville would have 
 been but the prelude to the destruction of Jackson's force ? How fear- 
 fully vvas General Keyes" prophesy to be verified ! 
 
 Colonel Taggerfs report of Jiily 5th, 1862, says: "On the next 
 morning, June 27th, having orders to fall back, I ordered the rifle pits 
 to be cleared, and the men to form on the road in the rear. The firing 
 had commenced in the morning and was kept up with spirit on both 
 sides, which made the task of getting the men out of the rifle pits a dif- 
 ficult and dangerous one. In fact, many of the men seemed so deter- 
 mined to stay, that they either did not hear the order to fall back, or 
 would not do so, and a number (perhaps twenty) were left behind, and 
 were either killed, wounded or taken prisoners. Captain Gustin's com- 
 pany at the Mill, being detached from the regiment, was in a perilous 
 position and in danger of being cut off. They maintained their position 
 for nearly an hour single-handed after my regiment had left, and large 
 bodies of the enemy's troops had crossed the creek and attempted to 
 surround them. Captain Gustin finally succeeded in withdrawing his 
 company with only three men wounded. Captain Gustin's conduct on 
 this occasion was worth}' of all praise. 
 
 Captain Mathewson succeeded in withdrawing liis compau}' at an 
 
41 
 
 early hour of the day. I regret to report that nearly all the men left 
 their knapsacks and many their haversacks behind them, not having 
 time to secure them before leaving. We moved slowly towards Gaines' 
 Creek, where we halted and took up a new position, in compUance with 
 orders from General McCall. I desire to mention particularly the good 
 conduct of the officers and men on the occasion. Major Baldy was 
 active and energetic in cheering on the men, and gallantly exposing 
 himself while the battle lasted. Captains Daniels, Mathewson, Gustin, 
 Horn, Schelling, Oliver, Baker, Bolar and Eyster, were constantly with 
 their men, encouraging them by their exhibition of coolness and 
 bravery. Captain Oliver received a slight wound in tbe cheek, but con- 
 tinued on duty till the battle closed. Captain Bolar rendered excellent 
 service by o^ serving with his field glass the effect of our fire, both artil- 
 lery and infantry. The subaltern and non-commissioned officers are 
 equally deserving honorable mention as well as the men. All did their 
 duty nobly. Adjutant McMurtrie, Avho was under fire the whole time, 
 is deserving of honorable mention for his coolness and bravery and the 
 alacrity with which he obeyed all orders intrusted to his charge. Lieu- 
 tenant FuUerton, commanding the section of artillery, displayed great 
 coolness and intrepidity. He worked his guns without intermission for 
 nearly five hours. I respectfully present the name of this officer to 
 attention of the General commanding." 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 GAINES' MILL. ALLEN'S FARM AND SAVAGE STATION. 
 
 General McCall's report states : " My division moved leisurely and 
 steadily to the ground designated in rear of Gaines' Mill, wliere it arrived 
 at 10 A. M. Here I was notified by General Porter that my division, 
 having been deprived of mvich sleep during the previous night and hav- 
 ino- been engaged for three hours that morning with the enemy, would 
 "be held in reserve that day." General McClellan's report states : " The 
 position at Beaver Dam Creek, although so successfully defended, had its 
 right flank too much in the air, and was too far from the main army to 
 make it available to retain it longer. I therefore determined to send the 
 heavy guns at Hogan's and Gaines" houses over the Chickahotniny dur- 
 ing the night, with as many of the wagons of the Fifth Corps as possible, 
 and to draw the corps itself to a position stretching around the bridges, 
 where its flanks would be reasonably secure and it would be within sup- 
 porting distance of the main army. General Porter carried out my 
 orders to that effect. It was not advisable at that time, even had it been 
 practicable, to withdraw the Fifth Corps to the right bank of the Chicka- 
 hominy. Such a movement would have exposed the rear of the army, 
 placed it between two fires, and enabled Jackson's fresh troops to inter- 
 rupt the movement to James River, by crossing the Cliickahominy in the 
 vicinity of Jones Bridge before we could reach ]\ralvern Hill with our 
 trains." Morell's Division held the left of the line in a strip of woods on. 
 the left bank of the Gaines' Mill stream, resting its left flank on the 
 descent to the Cliickahominy, which was swept by our artillery on both 
 sides of the river, and extendiiig into open ground on the right towards 
 New Cold Harbor. In this line General Butterfield's Brigade held the 
 extreme left. General Martindale's joined his light, and General Griffin's, 
 still farther to the right, joined the left of Sykes' Division, which, partly 
 in the woods and partly in open ground, extended in the rear of Cold 
 Harbor. Each brigade had in reserve t%vo of its own regiments. McCall's 
 Division was formed in a second line in rear of the first ; Mtade's 
 Brigade on the left, near the Cliickahominy; Reynolds' Brigade on the 
 
43 
 
 right, covering the approaches from Cold Harbor and Dispatch Station 
 to Sumner's Bridge ; and Seymour's Brigade in reserve to the second line, 
 still farther in the rear. 
 
 General P. St. George Cooke (commanding cavalry) was posted be- 
 hind a hill in rear of (left of) the position and near the Chickahonnny. 
 The troops were all in position by noon, with the artillery on the com- 
 manding ground and in the intervals between the divisions and brigades. 
 Besides the division batteries, there were Robertson's and Tidball's horse 
 batteries from the artillery reserve, the latter posted on the right of 
 Sykes' Division, and the former on the extreme left of the line in the val- 
 ley of the Chickahominy. 
 
 Porter's report says : " Believing my force too small to defend suc- 
 cessfully so long a line, I asked of General Barnard (Chief Engineer of 
 the Army), who had selected and pointed out this position, to represent 
 to the Major-General commanding the necessity of reinforcements, and 
 he was to send me felling axes for defensive purposes." General Bar- 
 nard neglected these requests. Porter and others contend that if they had 
 heen attended to, that is, if Porter had received reinforcements earlier, 
 and had had axes to intrench his new position, the first position taken 
 up could have been held. 
 
 Porter's report further states : ' ' Deserters from their ranks and 
 loyal citizens of Virginia represented that General Jackson, with 50,000 
 men, had j 'ined his forces with those of A. P. Hill and D. H. Hill and 
 Longstreet, from Richmond, and that they were advancing with the 
 determination to overwhelm and crush the Arjny of the Potomac." 
 (Lee's plan as heretofore given was, in fact, at this time being carried 
 out.) " The dust fi'om the immense columns of the enemy could be 
 seen for miles, and soon our scouts and pickets warned us that they 
 were extending over our whole front. About 2 P. M. they began with 
 their skirmishers to feel for the weakest point of our position, and soon 
 large bodies of infantry, supported by a warm fire cf artillery, engaged 
 our whole line. Repulsed in every direction, a few houi-s of ominous 
 silence ensued, indicating that their trooiDS were being massed for an 
 overwhelming attack. Our infantry and artillery were di'awn in 
 towards the centre and posted to meet the avalanche. Reinforcements 
 were again asked for and all available troops were sent forward by the 
 Commanding General." The answers of Keyes, Heintzelman, Sumner, 
 and Franklin, the corps commanders south of the Chickahominy, to 
 McClellan's circular of the 26th asking how many troops they could 
 
44 
 
 each spare to help Porter, and the telegrams from the same on the 27th, 
 would seem to confirm Porter's statement. Franklin sent Slocum's 
 Division, Sumner, French's and Maogher's brigades. Heintzelman, 
 Avhose corps had been engaged on the 35th, could spare none, but sent 
 troops to take French's and Maeghers place on Sumner's line. 
 
 Porter's report continues as follows : "About »j o'clock the enemy 
 renewed the attack, advancing immense bodies of infantry under cover of 
 artillery, along the road from Cold Harbor to the Adam's House, immedi- 
 ately upon our right and centre, where Sykes' Division and Griffin's 
 brigade were placed. This furious attack was successfully resisted and 
 repulsed, but immediately renewed by fresh troops, and the reserves 
 were pushed as rapidly as possible into the woods to the support of 
 Griffin, whose regiments were relieved upon the expenditure of their 
 ammunition. This and all our positions were held against the enormous 
 odds, and the enemy were at times driven back by our battalions of 
 fresh troops as they were successively thrown into action. At each 
 repulse by us fresh troops were thrown by the enemy upon our exhausted 
 forces, and in such numbers and so rapidly that it appeared as if their 
 reserves were inexhaustible. * * * The promised reinforcements 
 (Slocum's Division) arrived just as the last of McCall's troops had been 
 sent in to the relief of those of Morell's battalions, whose ammunition 
 had been exhausted, or to take the place of those which had been nearly 
 cut to pieces. Newton's Brigade of Slocum's Division, being in advance, 
 was promptly led, regiment by regiment, to the right of Griffin's 
 Brigade and left of Sykes' Division, into the thickest of the fight by its 
 gallant commander, and was soon followed in the same manner by 
 Taylor's Brigade, each regiment relieving the regiment in advance as 
 soon as the ammunition of the latter was exhausted. 
 
 In the meantime, Sykes, hard pressed on the right, * * * required 
 support, and Bartlett's Brigade of Slocum's Division was sent to his 
 relief. " * * Previous to the arrival of Slocum's Division, Reynolds, 
 having repulsed the enemy in his front, and hearing the tremendous 
 contest on his left, had, acting under a true maxim and with the gener- 
 ous spirit of the soldier, moved to the sound of cannon, and led his men, 
 regiment after regiment, where our hard-pressed forces required most 
 assistance. * * * As if for a final effort, just as darkness was cover- 
 ing everything from view, the enemy massed his fresh regiments on 
 the right and left and tlirew them with overpowering force against our 
 thinned and wearied battalions. In anticipation of this, our artillery. 
 
45 
 
 which till now liad been engaged at favorable points, * * * or held 
 in reserve, was now thrown to the front to cover tlie withdrawal of our 
 retiring troops. The batteries already engaged continued i)laying on 
 the coming horde, while the otiiers (in all about eighty guns) success- 
 ively opened as our troops withdrew from in front of their fire, and 
 checked in some places and in others drove back the advancing 
 masses. 
 
 All appeared to be doing well, our troops withdrawing in order 
 to the cover of their guns, the enemy retiring, and victory, so far 
 as possession of the field was concerned, had already settled upon our 
 banners, Avhen to my great surprise the artillery on the left was thrown 
 into confusion by a charge of cavalry coming from the front. With no 
 infantry to support, these and the other batteries limbered up and 
 moved to the rear, some with deliberation and only after dealing 
 destruction to the enemy, others in haste, but without confusion, leaving 
 the battlefield with no enemy upon it. The explanation of this is that 
 * * * General Cooke, doubtless misinformed, ordered it (Fifth United 
 States Cavalry), as I have since learned, to charge between our infantry 
 and artillery and the enemy on our left flank. * * * This charge, 
 executed in the face of a withering fire of infantry, and in the midst of 
 heavy cannonading, resulted, of course, in their being thrown into con- 
 fusion, and the bewildered horses, regardless of the efforts of their 
 riders, wheeled about and dashed through the batteries. * * * This 
 convinced the gunners that they were charged bj^ the enemy. * * * 
 At this juncture the cheering shouts of French and Meagher's men were 
 heard advancing to our support." 
 
 General Seymour, the only General with the division, reports July 
 15th, 1863, the action of Gaines' Mill, as follows : " The several brigades 
 of the division, arriving successively upon the ground selected for the 
 next point of resistance near Gaines' Mill, were formed as a reserve to 
 MorrelUs and Sykes' Divisions, already posted in battle order. The con- 
 test here may be described briefly as a struggle for the masteiy of a 
 body of woods on our front and left, the possession of which gave con- 
 trol of the open ground in our rear, over which passed the roads to the 
 bridges over the Chickahominy, by which wo must be supported or 
 retire. Morrell's Division occui)ied these woods, Sykes' ground com- 
 paratively open to the right. This division was in rear of the woods in 
 reserve. Reynolds' Brigade on the right, Meade's on the left, Seymour's 
 as a reserve to the division, in rear of it. Cooper's battery was on the 
 
46 
 
 riglit. overlooking open ground towards Cold Harbor, and the batteries 
 of Dellart, Easton and Kerns on the left, sweeping from commanding 
 ridges the space between the woods and the Chickahominy. The cav- 
 alry covered the main bridge still farther to the rear. The engagement 
 commenced fiercely about 3 p. M., and such overpowering numbers 
 were brought into action by the enemy, that it was soon necessary to 
 send forward this division, in support of the line already engaged. 
 Regiment after regiment advanced, relieved regiments in front, in turn 
 Avithstood, clieeked, repelled or drove the enemy, and retired, their 
 ammunition l^eing exhausted, to breathe a few moments, to fill their 
 cartridge boxes, again to leturn to the contested woods. Some of these 
 regiments stood for four hours, scarcely changing position, yielding to no 
 odds and to no diminution of their own numbers. 
 
 At times i^arts of the line would be driven from its ground, but only 
 to receive aid and to drive the enemy in his turn. The woods were 
 strewn with the heroic dead of both sides, and multitudes of wounded, 
 and dying sought every hollow affording even momentary shelter from 
 the incessant and pitiless fire. Through such scences, upon such ground, 
 the Reserve Corps principally enacted its part. Several regiments were 
 detailed from their brigades to the support of distant points ; no brigade 
 went into action entire, and it is difficult to describe connectedly the 
 movement of any one command. Of the First Brigade, the Second Regi- 
 ment, Lieutenant-Colonel McCandless, was detached to the left in sup- 
 port of General Morrell's line. The Bucktails, First, Fifth and Eighth, 
 went in to relieve the left of Sykes' Division and the right of Morrell's. 
 They held their ground well and steadfast, even after four hours' work 
 had exhausted their ammimition. The First only was relieved, retired, 
 and after some rest subsequently advanced a second time. The Eighth, 
 posted in support of two batteries of Sykes' Division, was advanced to 
 relieve the Second U. S. Infantrj-, where it gallantly repulsed an attack 
 of the enemy. In the Second Brigade, the Third and Fourth Regiments 
 were also ordered forward to supjjort the main line of battle, and the 
 Foui-th relieved Warren's Zouaves, the Third the Fourth Michigan ; 
 these both did manly service. The Fourth held the enemy in check for 
 some time, but was compelled to fall back. The Ninth, of Seymour's 
 Brigade came to its relief. It reformed and again returned to support 
 the Third, still further to the left, was finally overpowered, and fell back 
 in good order. Tlie Third, Colonel Sickel, was engaged for two hours, 
 losing many men. The Eleventh had been ordered to relieve an 
 
47 
 
 exhausted regiment in front, and moved into line through the woods by 
 a flank upon the right of the Foxirth New Jersey, at the moment when the 
 left of Sykes" Diviaion was being reUeved. The enemy, pressing strongly, 
 fell upon the Eleventh, and finding it at disadvantage, surrounded it 
 and compelled it to yield. The New Jersey (regiment) shared the same 
 fate. 
 
 The Third Brigade, early in the day, was ordered to the extreme 
 right, to support batteries, but the attack being developed more to the 
 left, the Twelfth was left in support, and the Ninth and Tenth moved to 
 the rear of the woods, into which they were soon ordered. The Ninth. 
 Colonel Jackson, reheved the Fourth on the right of the woods at a mo- 
 ment when the enemy endeavored to advance ; joined by parts of the 
 Ninth Massachusetts and Sixty Second Pennsylvania, it drove him back 
 across a field in front, thereby exposing itself to a severe fire, under 
 which it fell back. Reforming in the vv-oods it returned, but could not 
 force the enemy, whose forces rapidly increased. Again it fell to the 
 rear and again advanced with no better success. The enemy's weight 
 was overpowering, but the Ninth took one of his colors from him. Ad- 
 jutant Swearingin, doing his duty like a brave soldier, was here severely 
 wounded. The Tenth, more employed in the support, was not so seri- 
 ously engaged. 
 
 Towai'ds evening both the right and left of the line was forced. The 
 enemy came through in great mmibers, and from the edge of the woods 
 poured fire upon the artillery. The batteries had already played an 
 important part. They now endeavored to drive the enemy, and opened 
 with rapidity and precision, but could not continue successfully against 
 the bullets of the enemy at this short range. Cai^tain Easton, nobly 
 encouraging and cheering lais men, shouted that they should uever have 
 his gxms except over his body. This gallant gentleman fell and his bat- 
 tery was lost with him. First Lieutenant WiUiam Stitt, of tliis battery, 
 was severely wounded here. The horse of Lieutenant Dietrich was shot 
 under him, both behaved with courage and coolness. Captain Mark 
 Kerns was wounded early in the battle, but, in spite of the injury, kept 
 the field, and when the enemy came down quickly upon his battery 
 loaded and fired the last shots himself, and brought four of his gims off 
 the field. Captain DeHart's battery did its best service. » * * Cap- 
 tain DeHart was wounded here. Officers and men all displayed the 
 greatest gallantry, but no efforts could repel the rush of a now success- 
 ful foe, under whose fire rider and horse went down and guns lay immoTa- 
 
48 
 
 ble upon the field. Some time here, during the confusion Incident to 
 relieving regiments, etc.. General Reynolds was taken, with Captain 
 Kingsbmy , his A. A. G. No greater loss befell the division on this or any- 
 subsequent day. Supports came up about this time. The cavalry came 
 forward, and the division fell back a few hundred yards to reform and 
 to pass the night. 
 
 Still later, in conformity to original plans, it withdrew with the rest 
 of the army across the Chickahominy. * * * Major Baldy, of the 
 Twelfth, behaved excellently. Adjutant McMurtrie was noted for spe- 
 cial coolness and good conduct under fire." 
 
 Colonel Taggart, commanding Twelfth Regiment, reports July 12, 
 1862, as follows : "At the commencement of the battle of Gaines' Mill, 
 on the 27th of June, the regiment under my command was ordered to 
 support a battery of regular artillery near the centre of the field. After 
 being in this position for two hours the regiment was ordered to support 
 GriflSn's battery, and moved to a position on the right of the field. For 
 some time the battery was not engaged. I placed my men under cover 
 of a hollow slope or ravine, where we rested. During the afternoon the 
 enemy's batteries obtained a good range of our position, and we were 
 subject to a most galling cross fire, by which we lost several killed and 
 wounded. Toward dark, when the batteries were preparing to leave, I 
 moved the regiment off in tolerably good order toward the road leading 
 to Woodbury's Bridge over the Chickahominy, which I crossed after 
 dark, and bivouaced on the flats on the opposite side. Although not 
 actively engaged, the officers and men were exposed nearly all the time to 
 a heavy fire of the enemy's artillery, and under the circumstances they 
 behaved with coolness and courage. * * * Casualties : five killed, 
 thirteen wounded and eight missing." The battle of Gaines' Mill was 
 never very clearly reported by either Union or Confederate commanders, 
 and exact details cannot be given. The foregoing extracts, the writer 
 believes, give a correct idea of the battle. The Twelfth Regiment having 
 only acted as support to batteries, the writer of its histoiy has spared 
 his strength for other battles where it was more actively engaged. 
 
 The numbers engaged were : Union — At beginning, about 25,000 ; 
 reinforcements, about 10,000. Confederate — Three grand divisions and 
 one army, at least 70,000 muskets. Losses — Union, about 7,000 ; Con- 
 federate, at least 9,000. 
 
 McClellan's report of this engagement closes with the following : 
 'Although we were finally forced from our first line after the enemy 
 
49 
 
 IoslA been repeatedly driven back, yet the objects sought for had been 
 obtained. The enemy was held at bay. Our siege guns and material 
 -were saved, and the right vv'ing had novr joined the main body of the 
 army. * * * Diedrich's, Kneirem's and GrLmm's batteries took posi- 
 tion during the engagement in front of General Smith's line on the right 
 l)ank of the stream ; and, vs-ith a battery of sicv;e guns, served by the 
 First Connecticut Artillery, helped to drive back Ihe enemy in front of 
 ^General Porter (on his extreme left). So threatening were the move- 
 ments of the enemy on both banks of the Ciiickahominy that it was 
 impossible to decide, until the afternoon, where tlie real attack would 
 he made. Large forces of infantry were seen during the day near the 
 »old Tavern on Franklin's right, and threatening demonstrations were 
 frequently made along the entire line on this side of the river, which 
 Tendered it necessary to hold a considerable force in position to meet 
 them." McCl^lan, as Commanding General, ousht to have been at 
 Gaines" Mill eaaly in the day to have assisted, by his presence, the 
 'OJ3icers commanding in that battle, and in order to have determined 
 when reinforcements were necessary, and whether they could be spared 
 f i-om the south bank. With modern weapons, the action moves faster 
 than formerly ; consequently, the commanding generals of brigades, 
 -divisions, corps and armies must be present in person, if possible, at the 
 key or hard-fighting points. 
 
 McClellan's report continues : ' ' Tlie operation of this day proved 
 the Numerical superiority of the enemy. * * * i therefore effected a 
 junction of our forces ; this probably might have been * * * 
 leifected on the left bank. * * * We would have been compelled to 
 fight if concentrated on that bank. Moreover, we would at once have 
 been followed by the enemy's forces upon the Richmond side of the 
 xiver, operating on our rear, and if * * * we had been defeated we 
 -would have been forced to fall back on the White House, and probably 
 on Fort Monroe. And as both our flanks and rear would then have 
 been exposed, our entire supply train, if not the greater part of thearmy 
 itself, might have been lost. T7/e movements of the enemy sJwwed that 
 ihey expected this. * * * It may be asked why * * * I did not 
 a,t once march directly on Richmond. * * * The enemy was on our 
 rear, and there was every reason to believe he would sever our communi- 
 cations with the White House. We had on hand but a limited supply 
 of rations. * * * It would have required considerable time to carry 
 thii sti'ong works arormd that place." McClellan's decision in 
 
50 
 
 this case is supported by (he fact that General Grant, ^vith an army 
 very much superior in numbers to the enemy's, being near the positiorR 
 of Gaines' Mill battlefield, made no attempt to attack Richmond from 
 the north side of the James ; but no doubt, reluctantly, and against the 
 feelings of the military critics at Washington, after the battle of Col J 
 Harbor, followed in the footsteps of McClellan and made a flank moTc- 
 ment to south side of the James. Moreover, General Grant went 1o a 
 point not within the enemy's line, as did McClellan, but to one held by 
 a Union army. While the losses of the Confederates in fighting McClel- 
 lan equalled those of McClellan's army, the losses in General Grant's 
 army, fighting Lee's inferior army, were almost as great as the entire 
 force opposed to him. 
 
 General McClellan's report continues : "On the night of the 27th; 
 corps commanders were assembled and instructions giv^^n in regard to- 
 the flank movement to the James. 
 
 Keyes' Corps was sent across White Oak Swamp. It had crossed 
 by noon of 28th. Orders were given to the different commanders i o» 
 load their wagons with ammunition and provisions and the necessary 
 baggage of oflScers and men, and to destroy all property which could 
 not be transported with the army. Orders were also given to leave witli 
 those of the sick and wounded who could not be transported a proper 
 complement of surgeons and attendants, with a bountiful supply of 
 rations and medical supplies." The Confederate Surgeon-General eriti- 
 cises very severely some of their officers for making improper use of 
 these supplies. Twenty-five hundred beef cattle and the trains were 
 started on the 28th over White Oak Swamp, and moved unmolested. Irs 
 fact, this flank movement of the Army of the Potomac was not sus- 
 pected by the Confederates. Their cavalry followed Stoneman toward 
 Yorktown and Jackson moved toward Williamsburg, and Lee's army 
 lost a whole day which it never recovered. Porter's Corps left' it^ 
 camp near the south bank of the Chickahominy on the afternoon of the 
 28th, followed by the artillery reserve, guarded by the Pennsylvania 
 Reserve Division, which latter moved at 8 P. M. ; marching all night- 
 reached the north side of the White Oak Swamp about noon on the 29th. 
 then crossed the Swamp and went into the position about 5 P, M, that 
 Keyes' and Porter's Corps had left. Rested here in a dry (no wat er> 
 camp a short time, then resumed the march through a country desti- 
 tute of drinking water. The weather being intensely hot, the sufferii^ 
 of the men was terrible. 
 
51 
 
 About dusk the division resumed its march, and after dark came to 
 the position of New Market Cross Roads. Here a small stream of fairly 
 good water was found. While enjoying this refreshing water httle did 
 they dream that within twenty- four hours it would run red with their 
 blood. During the evening the division was moved about. It was 
 moved out the New Market Road and then back to the open ground 
 where it had rested, the men from fatigue and heat falling down and 
 going to sleep the instant a halt was made. 
 
 " On the morning of the 28th, while General Franklin was with- 
 drawing his command from Golding's Farm, the enemy ojiened 
 (with artillery) upon General Smith's Divison from Garnett's Hill 
 from the valley above, and from Gaines' Hill on the oppo- 
 site side of the Chickahominy, and shortly afterwards two Georgia 
 regiments attempted to carry the works about to be vacated, but this 
 attack was repulsed by the Thirty-Third New York and Forty-Ninth 
 Pennsylvania on picket and a section of Mott's battery. * * * Dur- 
 ing the night of the 28th the Corps of Sumner and Heintzelman and 
 Smith's Division were ordered to an interior line, the left resting on 
 Keyes' old entrenchments, and curving to the right so as to cover 
 Savage Station. Slocum's Division was ordered to Savage Station in. 
 reserve. This force was ordered to hold their position until dark of the 
 29th, in order to cover the withdrawal of the trains, and then to fall 
 back across the White Oak Swamp and imite with the remainder of the 
 army." 
 
 BATTLE OF ALLEN'S FARM, 29th JUNE. 
 
 " General Sumner vacated his earth works at Fair Oaks Jime 29th 
 at dayhght, and marched his command to Orchard Station, halting at 
 Allen's Field, between Orchard and Savage Stations. The Divisions of 
 Richardson and Sedgwick were formed ou the right of the railroad 
 facing towards Richmond, Richardson holding the right and Sedgwick 
 joining the right of Heintzelman's Corps. The first lice of Richardson's 
 Division was held by General French, General Caldwell supporting in 
 the second. A log building in front of Richardson's Division was held 
 by Colonel Brooke with one regiment (Fifty-Third Pennsylvania) with 
 Ilazzard's battery on an elevated piece of ground, a little in rear of 
 Brooke's command. At 9 A. M. the enemy commenced a furious attack 
 on the right of Sedgwick, but were repulsed. The left of General 
 Richardson was next attacked, the enemy attempting in vain to carry 
 the position of Geneial Biooke. Captain Hazzard's battery and P ji'.Vs. 
 
53 
 
 battery, which afterwards replaced it, were served with great effect, 
 while the Fifty -Third Pennsylvania kept up a steady fire on the advanc- 
 ing enemy, compelling them at last to retire in disorder. The enemy 
 renewed the attack three times, but were as often repulsed. Slocum 
 was moved eaiiy on the 29th across White Oak Swamp, and relieved 
 Keyes, who moved on towards the James Eiver." 
 
 BATTLE OF SAVAGE STATION, 29th JUNE. 
 
 During the morning of the 29th General Franklin, hearing that the 
 enemy had repaired the bridges ovtr the Cliickahominy, and was mov- 
 ing toward Savage Station, sent this information to General Sumner and 
 moved Smith's Division to the Station. "A little after noon General 
 Sumner united his forces with those of General Franklin and assumed 
 coramand. General Heintzelman with Lis corps had been ordered to 
 hold the Williamsburg road until dark at a point where there were sev- 
 eral field works and a skirt cf timber between these works and the rail- 
 road, but he fell back before niaht and crossed the White Oak Swamp at 
 Brackett's Ford." 
 
 On reaching Savage Station, Sumner and Franklin's commands 
 were drawn up in line of battle in the large field to the left of the ruil- 
 road, the left resting on the edge of the woods and the right extending 
 down the railroad. General Brooke with liis brigade held the woods to 
 the left of the field, where he did excellent service,, receiving a wound 
 but retaining his command. General Hancock's Brigade was thrown 
 into the woods on the right and front. At 4 P. Bl. the enemy commenced 
 his attack in large force by the Williamsburg Road. It was gallantly 
 met by General Burns' Brigade, supported and reinforced by two lines 
 in reserve, and finally by the Sixty-Ninth New York. Hazzard's and 
 Petit's batteries again doing good service. Osborne's and Bromball's 
 batteries also took part effectively in tliis action, which was continued 
 with great obstinacy untU between 8 and 9 P. M., when the enemy 
 were driven from the field. By midnight all the troops were en the 
 road to White Oak Swamp Bridge, General French's Brigade acting as 
 rear guard, and at 5 A. M. on 30th all had crossed and the bridge was 
 destroyid. 
 

CHAPTER VII. 
 
 BATTLE OF NEW MARKET CROSS ROADS, 
 or Glendale, Charles City Cross Roads, Nelson's Farm, Frazier's Farm, 
 (all of these names have been given to the battle fought near New 
 Market Cross Roads) June 30th, 18G2. 
 
 Description of the battlefield of New Market Cross Roads : Starting 
 from the junction of the New Market and Charles City Cross Roads, the 
 New Market Road makes a bend to the southwest and then turns north- 
 west ; at about five hundred yards from the cross roads it turns almost 
 at right angles to the last direction and runs southwest, continues this 
 direction about a thousand yards, and then turning nearly west contin- 
 ues tbis direction about five hundred yards, when it turns southerly and 
 leads off towards Richmond and the James River, Just at the last 
 turn mentioned a branch road leads off northwestward. At the turn 
 before the last above mentioned, a country road leads southeastward 
 toward the Charles City (Quaker) Road, which latter it inter- 
 sects just north of the Willis Methodist Church. Starting from 
 the New Market and Charles City Cross Roads, the Charles City 
 road leads almost northwest towards White Oak Swamp in one 
 direction, and almost south towards the James River at Malvern Hill 
 in the other. 
 
 The New Market Road east of the Cross Roads rims a little north of 
 east ; this part of this road is called the Long Bridge Road. 1 he road 
 from While Oak Swamp, over which the greater part of the Army of 
 the Potomac (all but Heintzelman's Corps) passed, after leaving the 
 bridge over the swamp, runs a little west of south till it intersects the 
 Long Bridge Road, which latter road the army followed to the New 
 Market and Charles City Cross Roads. (Reference should be made to the 
 map to understand fully the region under consideration.) 
 
 The wb.ole country south cf White Oak Swamp and within several 
 miles of the New L'arket and Charles City Cross Roads is wooded, trav- 
 ersed by small streams with swampy banks, the streams rimning north- 
 east to White Oak Swamp or southerly to the James River. The only 
 openings in the woods are occasional farms. These are somewhat con- 
 nected near the cross roads and thus there is so muf^h cleared land there- 
 
54 
 
 abouts that this general ' ' clearing " or settlement has been named ' ' Glen- 
 dale." There is a " Frazier " farm near White Oak Swamp, a lit le south 
 of the bridge over which the greater party of the Army of the Potomac 
 crossed, and, judging from the Confederate reports, there must be a 
 Frazier farm about two miles west of the cross roads. Nelson's farm is 
 a little south of the cross roads. There is a clearing on the Quaker Road 
 beginning two to three hundred yards south of the cross roads and ex- 
 tending about 500 yards westwardly from the road and half a mile south- 
 erly along the road, also extending east of the road 200 to 300 yards. 
 
 At the third bend of the New Market Road (west of the cross roads), 
 where this road takes its west course, there is a series of fields extending 
 north and south of this east and west course of the road. Where the 
 road crosses them they are between 400 and 500 yards wide ; to the south 
 of the road the opening extends 400 to 500 yards ; to the north of the road 
 these openings extend half a mile or more, becoming wider in an east 
 and west direction as they extend toward the north. A small stream, 
 with swampy wooded shores, rises in a dense wood to the west of this 
 open ground, crosses the New Market Road just west of this opening, 
 then runs easterly 400 or 500 yards, where it joins a small branch coming 
 from the north ; the stream thus formed flows south and soon becomes 
 an impassable swamp. 
 
 In passing towards the James River, early on the morning of June 
 80th, General McClellan notified Generals Sumner and Heintzelman that 
 he wished them to cover the New Market and Charles City Cross Roads, 
 from the northwest and west, until the army trains had passed that 
 point. He seems to have given only general directions to this effect, 
 leaving these corps commanders to use their discretion as to how it 
 should be done. It will be noted, in this connection, tliat these were the 
 senior corps commanders of the Army of the Potomac, corps com- 
 manders who had been appointed to command by the President's 
 famous corps order. McClellan was compelled to use great caution in 
 giving <hem orders, lest there might be a conflict of authority ; also, it 
 .should be further noted, that a very serious misunderstanding had taken 
 place, the day before, between Sumner and Heintzelman, the former 
 accusing the latter of deserting him. 
 
 Some time during the night of tlie 29tli Porter's Corps had rested near 
 these cross roads. Porter had gone out towards Richmond on the New 
 Market Road in the afternoon of the 29ili to look over the ground for the 
 purpose of arranging his command, the Fifth Corps and Pennsylvania 
 
55 
 
 Heserve Division, for its defence, until other troops then in the rear should 
 come up to relieve him. Upon the arrival of the advance, Heintzel- 
 maa's Corps, Porter moved his own corps proper, Morreil's and Sykes' 
 <Jivifiions, on toward the James River. About 4 P. M. on 29th, the writer 
 <beinga staff officer of Colonel Hunt, commanding the artillery reserve of 
 the Army of the Potomac), reported to General Porter on the New Mar- 
 ket Road, in the fields near the point where this road takes its course 
 ■west%vard, with the German batteries of Diedrich and Knieriem. Lieu- 
 tenant Randall, with his battery from the same force, reported about the 
 jBame time. He was directed to report to General McCall. It is well 
 Imown that General Porter failed to order McCall, who was attached to 
 bis corps, to follow his other divisions toward the James. He also faUed 
 to give these German batteries any orders. 
 
 The troops that took part in this battle and their positions at the 
 beginning, as near as can be learned, were as follows : The bridge over 
 which the greater part of the Union army passed White Oak Swamp was 
 ^destroyed about 10 a. m. The troops posted there to defend this crossing, 
 under the general command of General Franklin, were, at this time, 
 Richardson's Division of Sumner's Corps and Neglee's Brigade of Peck's 
 Division of Keyes' Corps to the left of the road facing north, Smith's 
 Division of Franklin's Corps to the right of the road. These forces were 
 afterwards, between 2 and 6 P. M., reinforced by Dana's and Sully's 
 brigades of Sumner's Corps. There was only artillery firing and skir- 
 mishing at this point during the battle. Slocum's Division of Franklin's 
 Corps was posted early in the day to the right of Charles City Road, its 
 left resting on that road, its line facing nearly north towards White Oak 
 Swamp; only artillery firing and infantry skirmishing along Slocuni's 
 front during the battle. 
 
 To the left of Slocum, with his right resting on or near the Charles 
 City Road (at a point two miles from the cross roads), and his left near 
 the New Market Road, extended Kearney's Division of Heintzelman's 
 Corps The Second Brigade, Birney's, on the right, extendmg over a 
 spa^e nearly two miles long from the Charles City Road to Robinson's 
 Brigade, posted on Birney's left. There was only artillery firing and 
 infantrv skirmishing on Birney's front during the battle. During the 
 day the' Fifth Michigan, of Berry's Brigade, was sent to Birney's sup- 
 port Robinson's (First) Brigade, of Kearney's Division, rested its left 
 near the New Market Road, near the point where this road makes its 
 Tight an-le bend t.> the southwest, five or six hundred yards from tW 
 
no 
 
 cross roads. Thompsch's battery "H,"' Fiist United States Artillery-, 
 was posted on its left ; Twentieth Indiana on tlie right, in a hastily- 
 made breastwork, Fifty-Seventh Pennsylvania in the centre, Sixty- 
 Third Pennsylvania on the left. One Hundred and Fifth Pennsylvania in 
 reserve. Robinson's Brigade was supported at different times dming 
 the action by regiments from Berry's, Birney'sand Caldwell's Brigaiies, 
 and late at night by Taylor's Brigade. 
 
 To the left and front of Kearney's Division, across the New Maiket 
 Road, 1,200 to 1,500 yards from the cross roads, was posted McCall's 
 Division as follows : On the right, Randol's battery, six Hght twelve- 
 pounders, about 300 yards from the New Market Road ; immediately to 
 the right of the Road was posted Kerns' battery " G,", First Pennsyl- 
 vania Artillery, four ten-pounder rifles, under command of Lieutenant 
 Amsden (Captain Kerns was wounded at Gaines Mill) ; immediately to 
 the left of the New Market Road was posted Cooper's battery "B," 
 'First Pennsylvania Artillery (six ten-pounder parrots) ; about 300 yards 
 to the left of the road were posted Diedrich's and Knieriem's German 
 batteries (eight twenty -pounder rifles); extending in a line of battle behind 
 and nearly parallel to the line of batteries were the Second and Third 
 Brigades of Pennsylvania Reserves; in rear of these was posted the First 
 Brigade in reserve. General M( ade commanding the Second Brigade.. 
 Colonel Simmons, of the Fifth, the First Brigade, and General Seymour 
 the Third Brigade. The regiments of the Second Brigade were posted 
 as follows : The Fourth on the right ; the Seventh, with remnant of the 
 Eleventh, on left of Fourth ; the First, Colonel Roberts, on skirmish line. 
 The regiments of the Third Brigade ; Ninth on the right, Tenth on its left. 
 Twelfth on left of Tenth and forming the left of the Division (Sixth Regi- 
 ment absent). The regiments of First Brigade : First Rifles (five com- 
 panies) on the right, Second on left of Rifles, Fifth on left of Second, 
 Eighth on left of the Brigade, Third (Col. Sickel) on skirmish. Fourth 
 Pennsylvania Cavalry, Colonel Childs, to the left rear of McCall's 
 Division. 
 
 Five hundred to 600 yards to the left rear of McCall's Division was; 
 posted the right of Hooker's Division of Heintzelman's Corps, its rights 
 (Grover's Brigade) resting on the country road which leads from t!i& 
 New Market Road to Quaker Road. The regiments of his right brigade 
 (Grover's) posted as follows : Sixteenth Massachusetts on the right, its 
 right on the country road, its line extending perpendicularly to the left 
 from this road; Twenty-sixtli Indiana on line with and to left of Six- 
 
57 
 
 teenth Massachusetts; Eleventh Massachusetts sent to extreme left of 
 (division) line; First Massachusetts on the right, Second New Hamp- 
 shire on its left, both in reserve to Sixteenth Massachusetts and Twenty- 
 Sixth Indiana. Sickles' Brigade of Hooker's Division was extended iu 
 line on the left of Grover's Brigade. Carr's Brigade of Hooker's Divi- 
 sion held in reserve. All artillery of Hooker's Division was sent to 
 James River before the battle. 
 
 Sedgwick's Division of Sumner's Corps was posted in the morning 
 on the Quaker Road, about half way between the cross roads and Willis 
 Church, in the opening heretofore described. In the action of the 
 afternoon " Kirby's battery was placed upon a knoll on the left of the 
 division and west of the road." "Tomkins' battery on a knoll on the 
 west of the road, and in rear of the centre of the division, his caisson* 
 were placed on the east side of the road, the fence being leveled 
 between them and the guns" (Quaker Road supposed to be meant). 
 Kirby says : "Toward night was placed in position in rear of our troops 
 * * * Enemy did not approach within 500 yards of my position." 
 
 The Confederate general, Longstreet, in command of his own and 
 A. P. Hill's Division, had brought up these divisions to a point about 
 tliree miles west of New lilarket and Charles City Cross Roads on the 
 evening of June 29, Longstreet's Division leading. 
 
 During the morning of the 30th he sent out Jenkins' Brigade to find 
 out the position of the Union troops. This duty Jenkins evidently did 
 very well. Longstreet says : " My own division was put in position for 
 attack or defence at once. Ordered forward Branch's Brigade of Hill's 
 Division to support my right flank, the rest of Hill's Division being left 
 for the time on the road to secure the right or to move up to support the 
 front." 
 
 It will be seen (especially by examining the map) that there was a 
 dangerous interval between McCall's left and Hooker's right, also that 
 there was not a good connection between McCall's right and Kearney's 
 left. These two weak points on the general line of defence of the cross 
 roads were the cause of all the trouble on the Union side during the 
 action, and of the unhappy controversy which began about 4 P. M,, June 
 30, 1862, and which remains still unsettled. This matter wiU be further 
 discussed after the description of the movements of the troops on both 
 sides. It was not the intention of the Uruon Commander to take the 
 offensive at this point, although General Longstreet seems to have 
 apprehended something of the kind. Longstreet waited until he heard 
 
58 
 
 General Huger's guns, on the Charles Ciiy Road, open before he started 
 his attack. He first threw forward Jenkins' (R. H. Anderson's) Brigade 
 to skirmish and reach up to the Union line of battle. Tlie skirmishers 
 of this brigade no doubt reached up to the west side of the open ground 
 in front of McCall's and Kearney's divisions, and from their reports 
 Longstreet gave his instructions for the attack. He probably learned of 
 the irregular connection of Kearney's left and McCall's riglit, also that 
 McCall's left " was in the air." Also that dense woods reached close to 
 McCall's left, whilst a large open field extended in front of McCall's 
 right. 
 
 His first attack was arranged with Kemper's Brigade on lus right 
 of the New Market Road, Jenkins' Brigade "straddling" the road, and 
 Picket's Brigade on Jenkins' left, a large part of Jenkins' Brigade acting 
 as skirmishers to the whole line. About 4 P. M. Longstreet says he 
 started his infantry attack. Before, for an hour or more, whilst 
 Jenkins was skirmisliing forward, he caused his batteries to oj^en upon 
 McCall's line, to which he says McCall's batteries " replied viciously." 
 To meet this first attack of Longstreet it wUl be well to see what McCall, 
 who is to bear the brunt of it, has done. McCall says : " He had a 
 heautiful battlefield," which means, of course, that he was satisfied 
 with it ; "but it was too extensive for his force (of say 5,600)." 
 
 In the first place, it is evident from the actions of himself, Meade 
 and Seymour that they expected the attack to begin on their right, and 
 probably to be principally from that direction during the day. The 
 enemy was coming generally from that direction. His artillery began 
 firing first in that direction, and firing was heavy all the morning in 
 the direction of White Oak Swamp. McCall, Meade and Seymour all 
 vrent over to the right of the division line of battle and arranged with 
 General Kearney for a connection between the divisions. But all 
 seemed to have overlooked the danger on McCall's left, except that 
 McCall ordered his left regiments refused, until late in the day (too late 
 to save the left). When Seymour began making some effort at strength- 
 ening the left, this effort was evidently made with the expectation 
 that there would be ample time after the battle opened on the right to 
 complete it. It so happened it was a misfortune that Seymour made 
 this attempt, for by it he detached a part of his command just as the 
 enemy's assault reached his front. 
 
 The position of Thompson's battery was changed several times, and 
 finally, as he says, it was echeloned forwai-d on its left piece in order to 
 
59 
 
 reach the enemy. It is believed, from the conformation of the ground 
 and the Confederate reports, that all the Confederate attacks, except 
 Featherstone's and Gregg's, against Robinson's front were made in an 
 oblique direction coming from Robinson's left front, a very advantageous 
 position for his brigade, the enemy having to pass diagonally across 
 McCall's right in order to reach Robinson's Brigade. 
 
 McCall placed his Third Brigade with its left refused, the Tenth and 
 Twelfth Regiments facing southwest, but the German batteries facing 
 
 "west. 
 
 General Seymour took six companies of the Twelfth Regiment and 
 advanced to the Whitlock House, two to three hundred yards to his left 
 front, and the men of these companies were in the midst of forming a 
 barricade when Kemper's Brigade, driving the Union skirmishers before 
 it, burst upon them. The other four companies of the Twelfth Regi- 
 ment were in rear of the German batteries to support them. Early in 
 the afternoon McCall had sent the First Regiment, Colonel Roberts, to 
 picket the New Market Road and the ground to the right of it, and the 
 Third Regiment, Colonel Sickel, to picket to the left of this road, 
 Roberts appears to have seen Kemper's advance, and felt Jenkins' skir- 
 mishers, and very judiciously called in his regiment and joined the 
 Second Brigade. 
 
 On the left of the road Sickel's men, who were holding the east side 
 of the Hobson opening, checked Jenkins' skirmishers, and made such 
 resistance to Kemper's advance in line that Kemper's men, as he 
 <Kemper) says, thought they had the Union line of battle in their front, 
 and the brigade charged the skirmish line, of course driving it in. The 
 Union skirmishers were forced back by such overwhelming numbers, 
 and passed through the interval between McCall and Hooker, and some 
 over on General Sickles' Brigade. 
 
 Kemper, commanding Longstreet's First Brigade, describes his, the 
 first attack of the Confederates, as follows : " Formed brigade on right 
 And nearly perpendicular to the road "—New Market Road— " leading 
 through Frazier's Farm, one regiment of the Second Brigade (Jenkins') 
 between my right and the road. Seventeenth Virginia occupying the 
 j-ight, Twenty-Fourth Virginia the left, First Virginia the centre, 
 Eleventh Virginia right centre, Seventh Virginia left centre. Posted 
 Rogers' four gims on eminence near my right, and threw back right 
 regiment. At 5 P. M. advanced right regiment to front line and 
 advanced brigade, being the extreme right of general line of battle. 
 
60 
 
 * * * The advance continued to be conducted in" good order 
 until, very soon coming upon the pickets of the enemy and driving 
 them in, the men seemed to be possessed of the idea that they were 
 upon tlie enemy's main Hiie, and in an instant the whole brijrade 
 charged forward in double-quick time, and with loud cheers ; the cheer- 
 ing of the men only stemed to direct the fire of the enemy's batteries, 
 and the movement in double-quick time through dense woods crossed 
 by a swamp produced more or less confusion ; * * * but a single 
 idea controlled the minds of the men, which was to reach the enemy's, 
 line by the directest route and in the shortest time, and no eartlJy 
 power could have availed to arrest or restrain the impetuosity with 
 which they rushed toward the foe. * * » 
 
 After advancing some twelve hundred yards across two fields and 
 some woods, the line suddenly emerged into another field, facing a bat- 
 tery of the enemy, consisting of not less than eight pieces, distant but a 
 few hundred yards, while the enemy's infantry were formed, protected 
 by an imperfect and hastily-constructed breastwork and a house near 
 by ; another battery of the enemy considerably to our left. These twa 
 batteries and the enemy's infantry poured an incessant fire of shell, 
 grape, canister and lead upon my lines, and did much execution, 
 
 * * * When the command came upon the enemy's batteries there 
 was no perceptible faltering in the advance of these brave men, who 
 rushed across the open field, pouring a well-directed fire into the enemy, 
 driving him from his brea&tworks and the battery in our front. The 
 guns of the battery were abandoned to us for the time being, and my 
 
 command was in virtual possession of the chosen position of the enemy. 
 
 * * * 
 
 Tlie left of my line was entirely unsupported. * * * i had 
 supposed that the movement of my brigade was part of a general 
 advance of our entire lines ; up to this time no firing was heard upon 
 my left, except the firing of the enemy. * * * At the time when, 
 my command had obtained virtual possession of the enemy's position, 
 no Confederate troops were anywhere visible except my own. It now 
 became evident that the position sought to be held by my command wa& 
 wholly mitenable by them imless largely and immediately reinforced. 
 The inferior numbers, which had alarmed the enemy and driven him 
 from his breastworks and batteries, soon became apparent to him, and 
 he at once proceeded to make use of his advantage. Wliile greatly 
 superior numbers hung upon our front, considerable bodies of the enemy 
 
61 
 
 were thrown upon both flanks of my command, which was now in immi- 
 nent danger of being captured or wholly destroyed. Already they were 
 capturing officers and men at different points of my line. * * * No 
 reinforcements appearing, * * * the necessity of withdrawing was 
 submitted to. * * * Soon after my command was ovei-powered, 
 and, before all of it had fallen back, General Branch's Brigade was 
 found coming up, and General Branch was shown by me into the posi- 
 tion which my gallant men had vainly sought to hold, * » * and 
 immediately afterwards the Third Brigade, Hunton commanding, took 
 position on Branch's right." 
 
 It is evident that Kemper's Brigade began the battle ; its move- 
 ments, as described by Kemper, showed that its left carried the breast- 
 works which the six companies of the Twelfth Regiment were 
 constructing. These companies of the Twelfth Regiment were in no 
 shape to meet such a sudden assault. Some of the men had laid down 
 their guns to collect rails and such like articles to construct the breast- 
 work. It is evident that neither General Seymour nor any other Union 
 commanding officer expected this sudden and overwhelming assault at 
 this point at this time. The men were not only in the described 
 tmready condition to meet it, but the batteries in their rear could not 
 open on the enemy until the men of the Twelfth Regiment got back 
 from in front of the batteries. 
 
 Moreover, the Union skirmishers came running in ahead of tliis 
 attacking force. This attack was to all intents and purposes, so far as 
 the Twelfth Regiment was concerned, a surprise, for which its com- 
 manding officers should be held responsible. Tliis successful assault 
 of Kemper's Brigade carried the officers and men of these six companies 
 (except those killed, wounded or captured) of the Twelfth Regiment, and 
 probably the colonel commanding the regiment and the general com- 
 manding the Third Brigade, the caissons of the German batteries, also 
 many non-combatants, as well as some of the skirmishers of the Third 
 Regiment, back past the right of Hooker's Division and toward the open 
 ground on General Sumner's front. As there were no Union troops to 
 stop the centre and right of Kemper's Brigade on the left of SlcCall 
 (tliere being an interval of 500 to 600 yards between him and Hooker), 
 these Confederates pushed on until they struck the front of Grover's 
 Brigade and Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania, Colonel Owen, of Sedgwick's 
 Division, on right of Hookers Division, and the fire of Sumner's 
 Latleries, to right rear of Hooker's Division. Hooker, Grover, Sumner, 
 
62 
 
 and other commanding generals stationed in the left rear of McCall's 
 Division, seeing such numbers and such a variety of fugitives, were 
 somewhat justified, at the first impulse, in thinking McCalFs entire 
 division had been overwhelmed. 
 
 But, as Kemper states, such was by no means the case, for almost 
 immediately after Kemper's men ran through McCall's unprepared left, 
 McCall organized an attack on Kemper's left rear (it is believed the 
 greater part of Jenkins' Brigade, as skirmishers advanced with 
 Kemper). This counter attack of McCall's consisted of the Ninth 
 Regiment, Colonel Jackson ; Tenth, Colonel Kirk, in front line, supported 
 by the Fifth, Lieutenant-Colonel Fisher, and Eighth, Colonel Hays, in 
 second line, all commanded by Colonel Simmons, of Fifth. This force 
 advanced to the Union left of the New Market Road, and at first drove 
 back the enemy's rear, being part of Kemper's and Jenkins' Brigades, 
 capturing many prisoners and several flags. Whilst thus engaged with 
 Kemper's and Jenkins' men, Branch's Brigade of A. P. Hill's Division, 
 advancing to cover Kemper's right (having been detached for such 
 purpose from Hill's* Division), is led in, as heretofore mentioned by 
 Kemper, and struck these Union regiments whilst they were in the 
 disarray of a successftil advance. The reserve regiments were com- 
 pelled to retire with their prisoners (of course losing some). As they fell 
 back to the open ground their losses became so heavy they retreated in 
 some confusion toward the position from whence they had started. The 
 wounded men, who could walk, of these charging regiments, and other 
 men escorting prisoners, passed to the rear, to the right of Hooker's 
 Division, thus giving a second alarm to the generals commanding in 
 rear, and a second report that McCall's Division had been overwhelmed. 
 
 The Union batteries could give Simmons' men no assistance till 
 they had recrossed the field in front of the batteries, but General 
 McCall, hearing the renewed firing in the woods in his left front, and 
 foreseeing the danger to Colonel Simmons' command, hastily moved the 
 First Rifles, Major Stone, and the Second Regiment. Lieutenant-Colonel 
 McCandless, forward to the edge of the woods beyond the open ground, 
 on his left of the road. These two regiments laid down and allowed 
 Simmons' command to retreat over them. As soon as their friends had 
 passed, Stone's and McCandless' men opened fire on the enemy and 
 repulsed him. 
 
 There being nothing on their right to oppose them, this part of 
 Branch's Brigade advanced down the country road till it met Hooker's. 
 
right, but the left of Branch's Brigade fell back in confusion through 
 Picket's (Third) Brigade, which was now advancing over the same 
 ground which Kemper's, part of Jenkins' and Branch's Brigades had 
 akeady passed over. A portion of Picket's men moved on towards- 
 Hooker's right and Sumner's front, another part attacked the batteries 
 on the Union left of the road, and probably caused the German drivers 
 and cannoneers, with two of their guns, to move hastily to the rear, 
 and the four companies of the Twelfth Regiment supporting these 
 guns to retreat (the men of these companies accused the drivers 
 <f the German batteries of running them down), partly toward 
 the rear and partly toward the part of McCall's Division which 
 remained intact. 
 
 The woods on the Confederate side of the battlefield, in front of 
 McCall, was, at this time, filled with men from the Confederate brigades;, 
 which had already advanced, and infantry firing from this woods was- 
 severe. As Picket's advance was made along on either side of the road,. 
 Prior's Brigade of Longstreet's Division, advancing, as Prior Bays, one 
 regiment at a time, to the left (Confederate left) of the road, assaulted 
 the right of McCall's Division and Robinson's Brigade of Kearney's 
 Division. This was probably between 5 and 6 P. M., and thus, about this 
 hour, severe fighting: extended throughout Robinson's and McCall's front 
 and desultory fighting on right of Hooker's Division. Robinson's Brigade 
 not only repulsed all attacks on his front at this time, but some of his 
 men followed the enemy back to his side of the field and held a portion 
 of his woods until the next advance of the Confederates. 
 
 This first general attack by Longstreet's Division, assisted hy 
 Branch's Brigade of Hills Division, although persistent and courage- 
 ously conducted, not being made connectedly from right to left, was 
 successful only in carrying the German batteries and in breaking 
 McCall's extreme left and alarming Hooker, Burns and some other 
 officers in the rear. 
 
 Having thus, at 6 P. M., failed to carry either McCall's or 
 Kearney's main line, Longstreet starts his second and better ordered 
 advance. Wilcox's Brigade on the right, part of Prior's in the centre 
 and Featherstone's on the left. The whole line was posted to the (Con- 
 federate) left of the road at the beginning of the advance. "Wilcox's 
 report says : " He was ordered first to touch to right (Picket), then to 
 left (Prior), and finally to go straight aliead; was guided in the woods by 
 the artillery fire of the enemy; soon found the two regiments on right 
 
64 
 
 and two on left of Long Bridge (New Market) road; crossed a boggy 
 stream on right of wood under artillery fire; woods very dense; came to 
 a field on the left of the read; the enemy's infantiy in the woods on the 
 left of this field. He opened a brisk and close fire upon the left regi- 
 ment of my line (Eighth Alabama); it halted and began firing. 
 
 In this fifld, about 300 yards to the front and 100 yards to the left 
 of the road was a house, and beyond the house about 200 yards more 
 was a six-gun battery of the enemy; the battery had an open field of 
 fire, the ground in front being perfectly level; the Eighth Alabama 
 being engaged with the enemy, the Eleventh Alabama, the regiment 
 next to it, continued to advance and, entering upon the open field, came 
 within full view of the six-gun battery on this side (the left) of the road. 
 This battery began at once a rapid discharge of grape and canister upon 
 this regiment; it did not halt an instant, but continued to advance 
 steadily and rapidly and without firing imtil it approached wdthin 200 
 yards of the battery, when it gave loud cheers and made a rush for the 
 guns ; halting for an instant in front of it, they fire upon the battery 
 and infantry immediately in rear of it, and then make a successful 
 charge upon and take the battery. The enemy's infantry are in the 
 woods in heavy force beyond, and 200 yards distant, and in the woods 
 skii'ting the field to the left of the battery, and not so far, and here in 
 like manner in strong force. The enemy have a direct and flank fire 
 upon this regiment now at the battery. 
 
 The two regiments on the right of the road continued steadily to 
 advance through the woods which extended along the road side to 
 within one hundred j'ards of the second six-gun battery, this battery 
 being nearly opposite to the one on the left of the road and some 
 two hundred yards from it. Halting for a few minutes in the woods 
 fronting this battery, to deliver their fire, these regiments. Ninth and 
 Tenth Alabama, charge upon and take this also, the enemy's infantry 
 supports being driven back. Both these batteries were now in our 
 possession. * « * The taking of the battery on the right of the road 
 was not attended by such a bloody strife as followed the assault and 
 capture of the one on the left, for here the enemy had not the heavy 
 pine forests so close in rear and on one flank in which he could retiie, 
 reform and renew the conflict with renewed numbers. On the contrary, 
 the pine was in our possession and our men, under cover of it, Avere 
 within one hundred yards of and in front of the battery, the field 
 extending far off to our right and the timber in rear of the batt^ ry 
 
65 
 
 beiug more distant. Other brigades, too, (portions of Kemper's, 
 Branch's, Picket's and Jenkins') were on our right engaging the enemy, 
 3)ut none on our left and near the batteries. The battery on the left of 
 the road was the first taken. The Eleventh Alaliama had experienced 
 severe loss in crossing the open field while advancing agaiubt this 
 battery. Here the enemy, at first repulsed and driven from the battery, 
 retire to the woods both on our left and in the rear of the battery, and 
 with superior numbers, deliver a terrible and destructive fire upon this 
 regiment. * *, * The latter" (the Fourth and Seventh Reserves) "see- 
 ing this regiment isolated and unsupported, now advanced from their cover 
 against it. Our men do not flee from their prize, so nobly and so 
 bravely won, overwhelmed by superior numbei's, but, with a determin- 
 ation and a courage unsurpassed, they stubbornly hold their ground, 
 men and officers alike engaging in the most desperate personal conflicts 
 with the enemy ; the sword and bayonet are freely used. * * * No 
 reinforcements come, and they are at length forced to yield and retire 
 to the pine woods on the right of the road, and in rear some 150 to 200 
 yards, the enemy not pursuing. * * * The Eleventh Alabama 
 retu-ed, as above stated, to the right of the road in the jjine woods and 
 t ere, together with the Kinth and Tenth Alabama, remained." (The 
 Ninth and Tenth Alabama had also been compelled to relinquish posses- 
 sion of the battery. Cooper's, on the right of the road by the Ninth 
 Reserves.) " From this position the battery on the right of the road was 
 in full view and not more than 100 yards distant. The enemy made no 
 ■effort to retake (re-ho]d) this battery, though their infantry continued 
 to fire at long range upon our men in the woods. The Eighth Alabama 
 joined Prior's and Featherstone's brigades. » * * It was now sunset, 
 * * * the brigade was withdrawn." Prior says : "Ordered in at 4 
 p. M., but the woods and other obstructions forced me to form columns 
 and to send in my regiments successively. * * * Arriving on the 
 field, discovered that the brigade (Wilcox's) on my right had been 
 repulsed, and that my brigade was exposed to a destructive fire on my 
 flank as well as in front. Stood their ground until reheved by Gregg's 
 Brigade. * * * In this engagement my loss was enormously 
 heavy." Featherstone says : " Brigade was held in reserve at first, but 
 about 5 P. M. ordered to attack on left of Long&treet, left of Prior ; 
 was afraid of my left ; advanced to the front lines to or near a fence 
 at the edge of the field ; here opened on the enemy, and the enemy 
 poured a well directed fire into our ranks and seemed not to be giving 
 
66 
 
 way but inclined to advance ; ♦ * * feared a charge, was wounded, 
 but was being relieved by Gregg." 
 
 To resist this magnificent assault of the remainder of Longstreet's- 
 Division McCall had only his crippled division, which at this time had 
 already received its principal losses of the day. 
 
 The recapture of Cooper's and Randol's batteries after the terrible 
 losses the Reserve Division had received, was an instance of heroism not 
 often repeated during the war. 
 
 As at this time the Reserves had fired almost their last cartridges, 
 these batteries were retaken principally with the bayonet, the only 
 recorded instance of the kind during the war. McCall justly grows 
 more eloquent than Wilcox over the struggle for Randol's Battery. To 
 meet this assault on Robinson's front Kearney sends the One Himdred 
 and Fifth Pennsylvania to the front line, the First New York to sup- 
 port Thompson's Batteiy, Second Michigan to the front Une in the 
 Twentieth Indiana's breastworks, and the Third Michigan to Birney's 
 left. These reinforcements to Robinsons front line gave it such a vol- 
 ume of fire as to enable it to repulse Prior's and Featherstone's brigades. 
 
 General Kearney's report says : " There was now (7:30 P. M.) a luU 
 in the fighting, the enemy being (having) failed on the New Market 
 Road, he expected an attack on the Charles City Road, and went there; 
 was gone forty minutes." 
 
 An exciting state of affairs took place in Kearney's absence. Long- 
 street now (just at dusk) threw in the whole of A, P. HilFs Division, 
 with Field's Brigade on his right. The Fifty-Fifth and Sixtieth Virginias 
 of this brigade on (Confederate) right of the road, and Fortieth and 
 Forty-Seventh Virginia of this brigade on the left of the road. Pender's 
 Brigade followed Field's, Gregg's supporting Featherstone's on the Con- 
 federate left, Archer's Brigade going to the right, and Anderson's com- 
 ing on as a final reserve. Five of the strongest brigades of the best 
 troops, and the very ablest Confederate generals to lead them. 
 
 What has the Union front line to oppose to this torrent of valor ? 
 
 McCall's Division, disorganized by its terrible losses, all its batteries 
 disabled and short of ammunition, (Kern's withdrawn, its caissons 
 having by mistake gone on with Fifth Corps, it had none), but its line 
 still bravely held by a handful of infantry with scarcely a round of 
 ammunition to a man. But one says, Kearney's Division line is still 
 complete. If Kearney had been there it would have been, but the 
 instant he left to examine the right of his line Thompson, thinking 
 
67 
 
 more of the safety of liis guns than of his diTision line of battle, hastily 
 withdraws his battery, so hastily as to leave one gun behind, and sad to- 
 say of a division chief of artillery, he sent no guns to take his place^ 
 Almost fatal interval. Lieutenant Jastram hurries two gun& into 
 Thompson's position, but only in time to lose one of them. Kearney's 
 line can only be reinforced by the Thirty-Seventh New York and Fifth 
 Michigan. 
 
 However, there is a reserve to this front line which may well give 
 a homely but striking sobriquet to a noble old soldier. ' ' Bull " Sum- 
 ner is at the Cross Roads. 
 
 It will be remembered that the infantry of Sedgwick's Division of 
 Sumner's Corps had early in the day marched up to and beyond the 
 Cross Roads, stopping on the Quaker Road about half way from the 
 Cross Roads to Willis Church. About 2 p. m., upon call for assistance 
 from Frankhn, Sumner, always ready to help a fight, sent off Sully's 
 and Dana's brigades to Franklin at White Oak Swamp Crossing. The 
 understanding between Sumner and Heintzelman evidently was that 
 Heintzelman should post his corps across the the New Market and 
 Charles City Roads and Sumner would support him, wherefore Sumner 
 took no part in posting the troops to cover the roads toward Richmond. 
 Sumner was to hold the cross roads, and help either Franklin or Heint- 
 zelman, or both, as might become necessary. Thus, when the fight 
 opens in front of McCall, Sumner has only Burns' Brigade with him.. 
 His batteries, except one, appear to have remained with Franklin till 
 sent for late in the day. Hooker, in looking to his right, having found 
 the long interval between himself and McCall, instead of moving to his. 
 right and connecting with McCall, extends his division way off to the 
 left, and permits his batteries to go off to James River. But he calls on 
 Sumner to weaken still more his meagre reserve by asking for the 
 Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania, of Burns' Brigade, to be put on his right. 
 Sumner gives Hooker the Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania rather than have it 
 said he refused a reinforcement. Thus, it will be seen, Burns has only 
 the Seventy- First, Seventy-Second and One Hundred and Sixth Pennsyl- 
 vania and a battery to cover a large interval which neither he nor Sum- 
 ner understood. 
 
 As we have seen, the first assault of the Confederates carried Kem- 
 per's Brigade to the left of McCall, and unfortunately carried in front of 
 it six companies of Twelfth Reserves, part of Third Reserves, non-com- 
 batants, etc. Things thus early in the action did look uncomfortable on 
 
68 
 
 the Quaker Road for a little while, and seme of the generals there lost 
 their heads, which they did not appear to recover during the entire 
 afternoon and evening. Sumner soon saw, as he says, " that this 
 crowd was composed only of a few soldiers and some stragglers." He 
 sends for Sully's and Dana's brigades and for Kirby's and his other 
 batteries, although Kemper's advance was easily checked by the Six- 
 teenth Massachusetts and Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania and a battery of 
 Sumner's Corps. When this last Confederate assault reached the Union 
 front line Dana's and Sully's brigades had arrived near the cross roads. 
 Field, commanding Hill's leading brigade, says : "It was late on the 
 evening of the 30th when I was notified to move upon the field of 
 battle. * * * About SOO yards in front were two of the enemy's bat- 
 teries posted in an open field on right and left of the road ; heard that 
 these batteries had been several times taken and retaken during the day, a 
 constant struggle being maintained for their possession. At this time 
 (sundown) they were held by the enemy, but the horses were killed or 
 wounded. He (the enemy) was unable to remove the guns. * * * The 
 whole line rushed forward under heavy fire, beat the enemy back from 
 the guns into the woods beyond and jjushed him on the right of the road 
 back a half mile. The two regiments on this side (right) of the road, 
 Fifty-Fifth and Sixtieth Virginias, were at, tiiistime in the enemy's rear, 
 having penetrated thi'ought the centre, but were withdrawn before he 
 could profit by the circumstance. * * * The charge was impetuously 
 made and was an instance wliere bayonets were really crossed." (No 
 regiments on Union side, except Pennsylvania Reserves, claim to have 
 crossed bayonets over guns.) 
 
 " Fortieth Virginia, on my extreme left, became detached, * * * 
 The Forty-Seventh Virginia manned the guns on the left of the road 
 and fired them. * * * Forty-Seventh Virginia captured General 
 McCall late in evening." 
 
 Colonel Mayo, Forty-Seventh Virginia, says : "Were called on with 
 brigade to advance on two batteries which had been taken by Long- 
 street's Division, but which had been rt-captured. * * * Tlie Forty- 
 Seventh Virginia, with the Second Virginia (Fortieth Virginia) battalion, 
 were ordered to advance upon the battery on the left of the road, which 
 they did, charging immediately in frc nt and exposed to a raking fire of 
 grape and canister for thrte-quai-ters of a mile ; '•' * * fired on and 
 charged and drove off the cannonf ers, followed about fifty yards beyona, 
 when were opened on upt.n both flanks, halted, one of the guns was 
 
09 
 
 turned and fired to our left, where the firing was hottest. * * * xhe 
 fire from the front liaving nearly ceased, while that on the right and 
 left still continued, * * * formed command on the road." (Fell 
 back to the road.) 
 
 Colonel Mallory, Fifty-Fifth Virginia, says : " We were formed in. 
 line of battle on the right of the road. Sixtieth Virginia on my left. 
 We advanced through the woods until we came to the brow of the hill, 
 where was a battery recently taken from the enemy. The brigade 
 (Wilcox's) which had taken it had disappeared, and the enemy had 
 advanced to within a few yards of the battery. We halted, fired a few 
 volleys and charged, driving the enemy about one mile in the woods, 
 where we halted to reform ; finding enemy about to flank us we fell 
 back to the edge of the woods ; rested here till guns were carried off." 
 Colonel Starke, Sixtieth Virginia, says : " Regiment advanced at double 
 quick nearly two miles to the brow of a hill, where a battery of eight 
 guns, Randol's Pennsylvania battery" (guns on McCall's left) "was 
 posted, which had been taken from the enemy, and by them recaptured 
 before we reached the groimd. * * * Joined Fifty-Fifth Virginia in 
 charge. * * * After driving them for half a mile beyond this point 
 (the batteries) the brigade was ordered to halt, where we remained for 
 half an hour, it being then quite dark ; the enemy not again appearing, 
 the regiment returned to the battery." 
 
 Fenders' Brigade, following Field's, " reached the batteries aban- 
 doned on his left of the road," but late in evening met some of the Union 
 reinforcements, pushed forward late in evening by Sumner and Kear- 
 ney . Gregg's Brigade advanced to Confederate left. Colonel McGowan, 
 of Gregg's Brigade (there is no brigade report). Fourteenth South Caro- 
 lina, says : " Threw out skirmishers and advanced to the left and front ; 
 found General Featherstone wounded ; enemy's skirmishers all about ; 
 came upon a hasty breastwork of the enemy, drove back his skirmish- 
 ers, halted at edge of the clearing and kept up for a time volume of fire 
 on the enemy, who returned it ; just at dark both sides evidently thought 
 were firing at friends. An officer of Twentieth Indiana (Captain Read) 
 came into our line during this cessation of firing. * * * Soon af tei* 
 heard enemy give order commence firing. * * * Took twenty prison- 
 ers : H. Patrick, Company B, Twelfth Reserves ; F. Harvey Fortieth 
 New York ; others mostly of Twentieth Indiana." 
 
 McGowan's were the skirmishers Kearney " came upon," as he 
 says, " as he came back to his left."' There is no report of Archer's 
 
70 
 
 -Brigade, but Pender says: " At this position (position of the batteries) 
 I left a few men to hold the flank (right flank), and puslied forward the 
 rest into the woods; but for failure of ammunition would have taken 
 ;uany prisoners" (same trouble on Union side); "enemy in disorder, 
 but in considerable numbers. We here forced a battery, wliich had 
 opened on our right, to leave;" (could this have been De Eussy's battery ?); 
 " dark coming on, withdrew to edge of the woods, holding ground and 
 batteries tahen; got some of Field's Brigade to hold batteries in front 
 ■whilst I held the right flank. Subsequently led forward one of Field's 
 regiments, so as to flank enemy on left of the road, where firing wa? 
 going on; after making these arrangements found Archer was on mj 
 right flank and right." 
 
 J. R. Anderson's Brigade, led in late in the evening on Robinson'* 
 front, " received a sudden volley and scattered." 
 
 It is impossible to give the exact positions of the various Unioij 
 regiments which were brought up to meet this last Confederate assault 
 to reinforce Kearney's Division and to close the interval on McCall', 
 left and left rear. 
 
 No Confederate commander states that he moved down the New 
 Market Road between Randol's and Cooper's batteries; each commander 
 "who reaches these batteries states distinctly that his comni.and went to 
 the right or left of this road at this point. There was no Confederate 
 advance to their left of this road more than a few yards east of Robin- 
 .son's original line. None reached the Charles City Road here. 
 
 It would appear that until Field's attack, late in the evening, 
 IdcCall's Division held the woods on McCall's left rear to the open field 
 on this left rear; that aU the Confederate troops who passed McCall's 
 left kept to the left (their right) of this opening; they were stopped at 
 this west edge of the opening by Sumner's batteries, and farther to the 
 Union left by the Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania and Sixteenth Massachu- 
 setts. But Field's attack drove back the feeble force McCall's Division 
 could offer at this time at this point, wliich enabled Field to follow 
 through the woods down nearly to the cross roads, getting literally in 
 rear of McCall. Some of Pender's men followed Field's in this direction. 
 
 To meet A. P. Hill's assault the Union line in rear of McCall was 
 posted or arranged about as foUows: Hooker's right on the country road, 
 .Sixteenth Massachusetts on road, to right of this road, in edge of woods, 
 Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania: then an interval of 200 to 300 yards, being 
 an open field with battery in rear; then a battery supported by tiie 
 
71 
 
 Seventy-First Pennsylvania; then an interval of 200 to 300 yards, with 
 battery in rear; then the Seventy-Second Pennsylvania pushed forward 
 into the woods in rear of McCall's left, One Hundred and Sixth Pennsyl- 
 vania, in rear of Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania, in reserve. Field here 
 probably struck Seventy-Second Pennsylvania, Colonel Baxter, first; 
 Seventy-First moved to Baxter's assistance, and One Hundred and 
 Sixth Pennsylvania, Colonel Morehead, started to aid Baxter, when 
 Dana's Brigade (Nineteenth and Twentieth Massachusetts, Seventh 
 lyiichigan and Forty-Second New York) arrived. Three of Dana j regi- 
 ments, Twentieth Massachusetts, Seventh Michigan and Forty-Second 
 New York, under Colonel Lee, were in advance; the Seventh Michigan 
 and Forty-Second New York were taken in flank as they arrived at 
 double quick, and were repulsed; the Seventy-First Pennsylvania and 
 Nineteenth Massachusetts were hurried into the interval just left. 
 
 Dana, is trying to fill the interval from Baxter's left to right of 
 ;Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania, Sully's Brigade follows immediately; 
 Fifteenth Massachusetts, Eighty-Second and Thirty-Fourth New York 
 ^re brought up to support this line; Eighty -Second and Thirty-Fourth 
 New York well to the right; the First Minnesota is first halted to sup- 
 port a battery, but is afterwards brought up to the line in the woods. 
 Meagher's Brigade is advanced to Sumner's right, and to right rear of 
 line first formed; thus the whole of Dana's, Sully's and Meahger's 
 brigades is sent to reinforce Burns' Brigade. Caldwell's Brigade 
 Arrives soon after these brigades, and somewhat more to the right. 
 Barlow, of this brigade, appears to have sought the firing, and thus 
 found Robinson's front, where he arrived most opportunely to relieve 
 Hays. The remainder of Caldwell's Brigade appears to have halted at 
 the Cross Roads, where Kearney found it just after dark, and pushed it 
 into Robinson's right. Kearney's line had not been broken, but was 
 forced slightly back on its left by reason of the "Thompson" interval. 
 Kearney re-established it after dark, and when Taylor's Brigade of 
 Slocum's Division reported to Kearney, the latter pushed Taylor out to 
 Robinson's old front and to Randol's battery. 
 
 Sumner, after his line was firmly established, finding no more 
 pressure upon it, ordered it advanced, and moved it out to the left part 
 of McCall's front line. His line, on account of darkness, moved out in 
 ■& confused manner. The Twentieth Massachusetts appears to have 
 passed over the German guns and met the Confederates on their side of 
 .McCall's battlefield ; here received a volley or two, when the regiment 
 
73 
 
 returned to the Quaker Road, Field's Brigade soon afterwards reoccu- 
 pied the ground where these and Cooper's guns stood. The Sixteenth 
 Massachusetts and Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania advanced up the countiy 
 road to their front, to McCall's battlefield, met about the same reception 
 as the Twentieth Massachusetts, and then returned to their old position. 
 The official reports show that no Union troops were under fire more 
 than a few minutes, and that about sunset, except McCalFs Division, 
 two brigades of Kearney's Division, two regiments of Grover's Brigade 
 of Hooker's Division, and Sixtj-- Ninth Pennsylvania of Burns' Brigade. 
 About the heaviest loss in any of the reinforcing regiments was iB the 
 Twentieth Massachusetts, whose loss was partially due to the giving 
 away of part of the brigade to which it belonged. 
 
 Sumner and Kearney re-established the front line in part, and made 
 a strong line across the interval between McCall's and Hooker's posi- 
 tions. The responsibiUty for leaving this interval should rest upon 
 Heintzelman and Hooker, who knew of its existence, yet took no stepa 
 to fill it. Heintzelman appears to have directed in person the posting 
 of the froht line of defence. This battle, with the exception of the loss 
 of guns (artillery), was a great success for the Un'on arms, and many 
 Union officers claim that most of these guns could have been brought 
 off if General Heintzelman had not ordered them left, he fearing, he 
 said, to bring on a renewal of the contest. These guns lay between the 
 lines until the Union troops retired. The Confederate losses far exceeded 
 the Union, and two of the strongest and best Confederate divisions 
 were so used up as to be unavailable in the engagement of the next day, 
 •whereas Heintzelman's and Sumner's corps were intact in the next 
 battle. 
 
 The six companies of the Twelfth Regiment, which were preparing 
 a breastwork two to three hundred yards in front of the left of McCall's- 
 line of battle, were overrun and necessarily broken and carried back 
 by the rush of Kemper's Brigade and Jenkins' Brigade skirmishers. 
 The men of the Twelfth Regiment would have been overrun if they 
 had been prepared to meet such an attack, as the woods in front was 
 less than a hundred yards off, and so thick the advancing enemy could 
 not be seen until he came out of the woods. Moreover, the batteries in 
 their rear could be of no assistance in the position in which these com- 
 panies were. The officers and men of these six companies of the 
 Twelfth Regiment who remained to the last were able to fire not more 
 than two to three times, and were then killed, wounded or taken pris- 
 
73 
 
 oners. When we consider that Wilcox, with no larger force, coming 
 from this woods, carried Cooper's battery on its front whilst it was sup- 
 ported by infantry, the Confederates having a longer distance to pass 
 over in the open field before reaching Cooper's battery than they had 
 to overrun the position of the detached companies of the Twelfth 
 Regiment, we can see there was no chance for this small force of the 
 Twelfth Regiment to hold their position. It was a case of retreat or 
 become prisoners. It was a mistake placing so small i force detached, 
 as this was, and to this error was due the misfortune of these com- 
 panies, for which they were blameless. The officers and men of these 
 six companies met no Union force to rally upon till they reached the 
 Quaker Road, more than half a mile in rear of their lat: position. Here 
 those who vvtre not wounded or completely exhausted rallied and joined 
 various commands. Twentieth Massachusetts and others. The remain- 
 ing four companies of the Twelfth Regiment continued lo support the 
 German batteries until Wilcox's charge, when these batteries, or what 
 remained of the personnel of them after Kemper's charge, retiring over 
 these four companies, officers and men of these companies joined the 
 organized commands to their right. Some of these continued on the 
 front until all the Union troops hereabouts retired. 
 
 A portion of the Twelfth charged with the Twentieth Jlassachu- 
 setts after dark. Other members of the regiment were in front as far 
 to the right as Kearney's Division, H. Patrick, Company B, being 
 taken pri-oner on his front line after dark, together with members of the 
 Twentieth Indiana. 
 
 A part of the Third Reserves, which were on picket on the left 
 front of McCaU's line, being driven in, as heretofore related, by charge 
 of Kemper's and Jenkins' brigades, was forced back on the position of 
 the Twelfth Regiment ; another part of Third Reserves was forced back 
 to the Union left rear, and, following the wooded country, came upon 
 Sickles' Brigade of Hooker's Division, where, being mistaken for, and 
 being somewhat mixed up with, the Confederate skirmishers, were fired 
 upon by Sickles' men, which fire they may by mistake have returned. 
 General Hooker's statement in his report that the Reserves fired upon 
 and killed men of Sickles' command was not founded upon facts, since 
 none of Sickles' Brigade were kiUed in this action. Sickles' report 
 states that " his losses in this action were nominal ;" in fact, two or 
 three men wounded. Abo Sickles' statement in his report that these 
 men tried to run through his line, and that he drove them back over to 
 
74 
 
 the right of McCall's position, is not founded upon facts. There were too 
 few men of the Reserves on his front— certainly not a hundred— to run 
 down his brigade, several thousand strong. And to have driven these 
 unfortunate Union skirmishers over to McCall's position, three quartei-s 
 of a mile to his right front, over ground then and for hours afterwards 
 held by the Confederates, was impossible. 
 
 The unjxist statements made by Hooker, Sickles, Heintzelman (the lat- 
 ter always criticised severely troops not in his command) and other com- 
 manders, in regard to the conduct of the Reserves in this engagement, 
 were founded— 1st, upon misinformation ; 2d, the number and variety 
 of men and materials carried to the rear by Kemper's charge, all of 
 which was due to the interval left by Heintzelman and Hooker on 
 Hooker's right ; 3d, on account of the misbehavior of some supporting 
 troops (the report of a colonel of Massachusetts troops states that 
 Sickles' line gave way and his regiment was sent to close the interval left ; 
 it is difficult to see what made Sickles' line yield, as nothing but enemy's 
 skirmishers were in his front) ; 4th, by reports of officers and men of 
 the Reserves who had retreated before Kemper's or Wilcox's charges, 
 and who did not rejoin their divisions or other troops, as they ought to 
 have done, at the front. Lieutentant Randol, of the artillery, was 
 more excusable than any other person for making unjust remarks, for 
 he fought his guns magnificently and assisted in their recapture, but 
 what artilleryman would admit that his guns could be taken in front 
 across an open field, three to five hundred yards wide ? 
 
 The writer believes a full record of what occurred (which he has 
 endeavored to give) on this hard fought battlefield is the best defence of 
 the Reserve Division. 
 
 Longstreet, the best fighting Confederate corps commander, says : 
 "After prehminary artillery firing he began the fight at 4 P. M.," and it 
 continued uninterrupted until after dark on a clear midsummer's day. 
 He says : " This was one of the hardest contested fights of the war." 
 
 General McCall (who displayed good skill and the greatest courage 
 and determination), commanding officer of the division, after losing all 
 his staff aud many orderlies, killed and wounded, wliile at the head of 
 a remnant of his division, and while seeking a position in front of his 
 original battlefield to post this remnant, after dark, being accompanied 
 by only two orderlies, was captured by the Forty-Seventh Virginia, of 
 Field's Brigade. This remnant of more than five hundred men in com- 
 mand of Maior Stone and other officers of the Reserves, remained on 
 
75 
 
 their old line of battle on the right of the New Market Road immedi- 
 ately behind the abandoned guns, so often taken and retaken during 
 this bloody day, begging to be allowed to haul off by hand these dis- 
 abled gims (there were no horses and many of the carriages were dis- 
 abled), until the order for retreat at midnight was received. The Con- 
 federates admit they had 18,000 men engaged. 
 
 McCall had not to exceed 5,600, and Kearney (Robinson and Berry's 
 brigades) about 4,500; 10,100 on Union front line. The Reserves cap- 
 tured three Confederate flags, and carried to the rear several hundred 
 prisoners. The Confederate losses are unknown, but according to the 
 statements of the Confederate generals, Longstreet, A. P. Hill, Kemper, 
 Wilcox, Field, Prior and Featherstone, they were very severe. 
 
 The losses in McCairs and Kearney's divisions were also very severe. 
 
 Tlie losses in Hooker's Division were in a few regiments only. This 
 divisions loss not equal to the loss of one regiment of the Reserves. 
 
 The losses of Sedgwick's Division of Sumner's Corps— only division 
 of corps engaged-not very serious, except in Sixty-Ninth Pennsylvania, 
 All occurred in a few minutes just at or after dark. 
 
 During the afternoon of the 30th, whilst the contest raged on the 
 New Market Road, the Confederates advanced a force down the river 
 road, and opened with some field guns upon the Union Reserve artil- 
 ery posted on the west side of Malvern Hill. The Reserve artillery 
 soon crushed the Confederate light battery, and their advance on the 
 liver road was checked. Later in the war, McCall and Kearney would 
 have entrenched their whole front. 
 
CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 BATTLE OF MALVERN HILL, JULY 1, 1863, AND HARRISON'S 
 LANDING, JULY 2 TO AUGUST 11, 1862. 
 
 "The position selected for resisting the farther advance of the 
 enemy, on the 1st of July, was with the left and centre cf our lines rest- 
 ing on ]\[alvern Hill, while the right curved backwards through a 
 wooded country toward a point below Haxall's, on James River. Mal- 
 vern Hill is an elevated plateau about a mile and a half by three-quar- 
 ters of a mile in area, well cleared of timber, and with several converg- 
 ing roads running over it. In front are numerous defensible ravines, 
 and the ground slopes gradually toward the north and east to the wood- 
 land, giving clear range for artillery in those directions. Toward the 
 northwest the plateau falls off more abruptly into a ravine which extends 
 to James River. Froin the position of the enemy, his most obvious lines 
 of attack would come from the direction of Richmond and White Oak 
 Swamp, and would almost of necessity strike us upon the left wing. 
 Here, therefore, the lines were strengthened by massing the troops and 
 collecting the principal part of the artillery. Porter's Corps held the left 
 of the line (Sykes' Division on the left, Morrell's on the right), with the 
 artillery of his two divisions advantageously posted, and the Reserve 
 artilleiy so disposed on the high ground that a concentrated fire of some 
 60 gims could be brought to bear upon any jwint in his front or left. 
 
 Colonel Tyler also had, with great exertion, succeeded in getting ten 
 of his siege guns in position on the highest point of the hill. Couch's 
 Division was placed on the right of Porter ; next came Kearney and 
 Hooker, next Sedgwick's and Richardson's, next Smith's and Slocum's, 
 then the remainder of Keyes' Coii:)s, extending back nearly to the river. 
 The Pennsylvania Reserve Corps was held ia reserve, and stationed 
 behind Porter's and Couch's position. One brigade of Porter's was 
 thrown to the left on the low ground, to protect the flank from any 
 movement direct from the Richmond Road, The line was very strong 
 along the whole front of the open plateau, but from thence to the 
 extreme right the troops were more deployed. * « - The right was 
 
77 
 
 rendei-ed as secure as possible by slashing the timber and by barricading 
 the roads. Commodore Rogers, conamaudiug the flotilla on the James 
 River, placed his gunboats so as to protect our flanks, and to command 
 the approaches from Richmond. 
 
 Between 9 and 10 A. M., the enemy commenced feeling along 
 our whole left wing with his artillery and skirmishers as far to the right 
 as Hooker's Division. About two o'clock a column of the enemy was 
 observed moving toward our right within the skirt of the woods in front 
 of Heintzelman's Corps, but beyond the range of our artillery. AiTange- 
 nients were at once made to meet the anticij^ated attack in that quarter, 
 but, though the column was long, occupying more than two hours in 
 passing, it disappeared and was not again heard of. * * * About 
 3 P. M. a heavy fire of artillery opened on Kearney's left and 
 Couch's Division, speedily followed up by a brisk attack of infantry on 
 Couch's front. The artillery Avas replied to with good efl'ect by our own, 
 and the infantry of Couch's Division remained lying on the groimd 
 until the advancing column was within short musketry range, when 
 they sprang to their feet and poured in a deadly volley, which entirely 
 broke the attacking force and drove them in disorder back on their own 
 ground. This advantage was followed up until we had advanced the right 
 of our line some 700 or 800 yards, and rested upon a thick clump of trees, 
 giving us a strong position and a better fire. Shortly after 4 P. M. the firing 
 ceased along the whole front, but no dipositlon was evinced on the part 
 of the enemy to withdraw from the field. Caldwell's Brigade, having 
 been detached from Richardson's Division, was stationed upon Couch's 
 right by General Porter, to whom he had been ordered to report. Tlie whole 
 line was surveyed by the generals" (except the General-in-chief), "and 
 evertliing held in readiness to meet the coming attack. At 6 P. M, the 
 enemy suddenly opened upon Couch and Porter with the whole strength 
 of his artillery, and at once began pushing forward his columns of attack 
 to carry the hill. Brigade after brigade formed under cover of the woods, 
 started at a run to cross the open space and charge our batteries, but 
 the heavy fii-e of our guns, with the cool and steady volleys of our 
 infantry in every case sent them reeling back to shelter, and covered 
 the ground with their dead and wounded. * * * About 7 P. M,, as 
 fresh, troops were accumulating in front of Porter and Couch, IMeagher's 
 and Sickles' Brigades, as soon as it was considered prudent to withdraw 
 any of Sumnei"'s and Heintzelman's troops, were sent to reinforce that 
 part of the line and hold the position. These brigades relieved such 
 
78 
 
 regiments of Porters's Corps and Couch's Division as had exjjeuded their^ 
 atntnunition, and batteries from the Reserve vpere pushed for"-ard to 
 replace those whose boxes were empty. Until dark the enemy per- 
 sisted in his efforts to take the position so tenaciously defended ; but 
 despite his vastly superior numbers, his repeated and desperate attacks 
 were repulsed with fearful loss, and darkness ended the battle at Mal- 
 vern Hill, though it was not till after 9 p. M. that the artillery ceased 
 its fire. During the whole battle Commodore Rogers added greatly to 
 the discomfiture of the enemy by throwing shells among his reserves 
 and advancing columns." 
 
 After the battle of Malvern Hill, in which the Confederate army 
 had been severely punished, and whose attacks had been completely 
 repulsed, the fighting generals of the Armj^ of the Potomac were luiani- 
 mous for remaining where they were, or for making an advance towards 
 Richmond. The ground at Malvern Hill was high and dry, and could 
 be easily intrenched so as to be perfectly safe for even a smaller force 
 than the Army of the Potomac to hold. A strong detachment could be 
 made to protect the water communications. It was supposed strong 
 reinforcements would now be sent to the Army of the Potomac. General 
 McClellan, who did not remain long enough with the fighting part of his 
 army to feel as that jjart felt, but who saw so much of his rear, which 
 was, of course, in a demoralized condition, believing he could not hold 
 his communications on the James without the aid of the navy, and the 
 commander of the naval force being unable to promise to do so unaided. 
 
 McClellan ordered a retreat to Harrison's Landing, below City Point, 
 that being the supposed dangerous point in his rear. 
 
 " The Reserve regiments broke camp at ]\Ialvern Hill just before 
 midnight on the 1st of July, and took up the march towards Harrison's 
 Landing. Though the night was dark, the road was well lighted up by 
 numerous fires that were kept continually burning by the guards 
 stationed by the wayside. At daybreak a short halt was ordered, tlie 
 ti'oops rested and refreshed themselves from their scanty supplies, and 
 then, resuming their march, moved on through the woods until they 
 crossed Herring Run, and debouched on the open plain at Harrison's 
 Landing. Several of the regiments were ordered to encamp in a beauti- 
 fiU field of oats, nearly ripe for the reaper ; the heavy rain and the con- 
 tinual tramp of the troops soon transformed the silvery freshness of 
 the \vaving grain into a plain of mud. The whole division Avas, during^ 
 the afternoon of the second, ordered to encamp in a dense pine thicket. 
 
79 
 
 The men cut boughs and constructed huts and shelters to protect them- 
 selves from the storm." So writes Woodward. 
 
 The position occupied by the Army of the Potomac at Harrison's 
 Landing consisted of a strip of land on the northern baxik of the James 
 River, about five miles long by three deep, with heights along the north- 
 west portion, with flats extending from these heights to the river, and a 
 swamp on the northeast side extending to the river. 
 
 On the 8th of July Colonel J. H. Taggart resigned, and Lieutant- 
 Colonel M. D. Hardin, in view of his promotion to the Colonelcy (the 
 "War Department had refused to allow him to join the regiment as Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel), was ordered by General McCIellan to assume command of 
 the Twelfth Regiment. The division changed carap a day or two subse- 
 quently and went into the permanent camp, wliich it occupied during its 
 sojourn at Harrison's Landing. This camp bordered the swamp on the 
 northeast part of the ground occupied by the whole army, and was about 
 a mile in a direct line from the river. Orders were issued for putting the 
 camp into perfect sanitary condition. Good sinks, perfectly screened, 
 were constructed. Deep wells were simk by placing barrels on top of 
 each other ; a depth of at least three barrels was required. Drills were 
 resumed, and efforts made to get the men to move about and rouse 
 their spirits. All men of the regiment who had been found by the late 
 campaign to be unfit for miUtary duty by reason of physical disability 
 were discharged. The serious cases of sickness were sent North, and 
 everything possible done to get an effective force. 
 
 ''Various kinds of sickness (fevers, diarrhoea, scurvy, etc.) attacked 
 the members of the regiments by reason of their late extreme exertions, 
 bad food, lack of food, lack of preparation of food, overwork in march- 
 ing, lack of proper sleep, all in addition to the natural excitement of 
 continual battle." For the first two weeks after settling in this camp 
 things looked very blue, but as soon as fresh vegetables arrived (about end 
 of July) and the men were strong enough to walk about in comfort, and 
 to drill, the majority of the members of the regiment plucked up their 
 spirits and began to look hopefully to the future. In the third week 
 the camp regimental hospital was free of sick, all were improving, but 
 there still hung to most a tendency to diarrhoea. About this time a 
 most welcome order was received to picket the south side of the James. 
 Never did a command seek picket duty as did ours at this time, that on 
 south side of the James. The green corn found there was devoured by 
 the dozen ears to the man. The doctors said this would kill us, but on 
 
80 
 
 the contrary this cured the diarrhoea, set us up and gave us great spirits. 
 Ever since then we have known how the ''Johmes" managed to figlit 
 so well. Corn and bacon are far superior to "hardtack" and coflfee, 
 even with " salt horse " thrown in, for soldier food. 
 
 Many times we thanked, in spirit, the Confederate batteries which 
 shelled us on the night of July 31st, 1863. Soon after the arrival of the 
 regiment at Harrison's Landing, an order was issued by General Sey- 
 mour, comi::anding the division, for each regiment to be armed through- 
 out with on 3 kind of weapon. This ord^r hit the Twelfth Regiment 
 very hard, as the companies were not uniformly armed, and "K" com- 
 pany had Wie'w own arms, rifles issued by the State, or owned by the 
 men. Tbe first order vi-as that the Twelfth should be armed with 
 smooth bore muskets. This naturally caused the members of "K" com- 
 pany to rebel. In their ignorance of the force of military law in the 
 presence of the enemy, they got themselves into a very bad scrape. The 
 regiment was finally armed with the Springfield rifle musket, but "K" 
 company was broken up, its officers discharged, and the men distributed 
 to the other companies. Captain Baker of Company "I" died August, 
 8, 1862, and was buried with military honors. General Reynolds, and 
 the ofiicers and men who had been captured during the late campaign, 
 renu-ued to the command about August 8th, and General Reynolds 
 assumed command of the division. General McCall was not well enough 
 to undertake a new campaign. 
 
 The authorities having decided to withdraw the Army of the Poto- 
 mac to the front of Washington, McClellan was, July 30th, directed to 
 send back his sick, and on August 3d ordered to withdraw the army. 
 Sypher says : ' ' The majority of the officers expressed themselves in 
 favor of a withdrawal." This decision on the part of most of them was 
 due to the fact that it was said the Army of the Potomac could not be 
 adequately reinforced where it was. How many brave men laid down 
 their lives, and how many of us will go crippled to our graves by reason 
 of this decision. At what a fearful cost of noble life was it that we got 
 back here in 1864 on the James River, from which it was so ea^y to 
 move us. 
 
 In the discussion between Halleck and McClellan, as to whether 
 McCleUan moved his troops and sick as quickly as he could, the record 
 appears to sustain McClellan, there being delays in fitting up hospitals 
 at Fort Monroe and other places ; Burnside's command using vessels 
 which belonged to the Hospital Department of the Army of the Potomac, 
 
81 
 
 and a general interference by the authorities at Wasliington with the 
 ■water transportation of the Army of the Potomac, which caused 
 •delays. General Lee's main army remained near Richmond tUl the 
 13th of August, when, he says, he was definitely informed that the 
 Army of the Potomac was to leave the Peninsula, which shows that 
 Oeneral Lee thought he could not move the main body of liis army 
 away from Richmond so long as there was a strong Union force on the 
 James. 
 
 The Twelfth, Regiment was embarked at Harrison's Landing August 
 11, 1863, and arrived at Acquia Creek August 13, and with tho divi- 
 sion moved by rail and went into camp near Falmouth, Virginia. 
 
 Our baggage, knapsacks, etc., went on to Washington. We haven't 
 got them yet. For the coming campaign we were to be in light 
 inarching order, sure enough. 
 
CHAPTER IX. 
 GENERAL POPE'S CAMPAIGN. 
 
 On the night of August 21, 1862, at 10 o'clock, the Reserve division 
 moved out of camp at Falmouth, Va., leaving tents standing. The 
 knapsacks of the men and baggage of the officers were quietly reposing^ 
 Id or near "Washington, D. C, where, it is said, they were subsequently 
 given away to contrabands and others as old rubbish. 
 
 It was dark as Erebias; our brigade (the Third), commanded bj 
 General Jackson, got lost, wandered about till daylight; when, finding^ 
 itself still in sight of camp, it then moved on the proper road and 
 advanced six or eight miles, when it stopped for the exhausted men tO' 
 make coffee. The night had been hot and sultry; the morning began 
 hotter still, with a brilliant simlight. Within an hoiu- after halting, the 
 brigade resumed the march along a turnpike in the direction of Kelly's 
 Ford. The march was continued with infrequent and very short halts 
 till dark, when an enforced bivouac was made in a fine open wood. The 
 men had by reason of the heat and rapid march and previous night's 
 march, fallen out along the road till the brigade was less than a regi- 
 ment, and the regiments only companies. The white, glistening turnpike, 
 with very little water, had been a most trying route. General Reynolds 
 had the whole night's , start on our brigade; he succeeded with the head 
 of the column in reacliing the vicinity of Kelly's Ford that night (22d). 
 That night and day's march was one of the hardest we ever made. Only * 
 the next day and night's march can be compared with it. As each 
 person struggled into the place of the bivouac he fell down utterly 
 exhausted. No one attempted to make coffee; eveiyone decided to rest 
 first and make coffee afterwards. The men's misfortunes were not yet 
 full ; for, just as they began to get strength to move about, a Virginia 
 Summer thunder storm broke upon them; it 'was found our beautiful 
 woods was a swale, which in rain storms received all the water in the 
 vicinity. 
 
 The writer endeavored to rest upon the upper side of a log; he 
 quickly recalled the saying, "easier than rolling off a log;" he was 
 finally content with the angle of a worm fence. 
 
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83 
 
 At daylight the next morning (23d) the Tfard Brigade moved on., 
 towards United States Ford, and afterwards changing direction, reached 
 the church near Kelly's Ford about 10 a. m., to find that General Rey- 
 nolds with the head of the division had already gone on up the Rappa- 
 hannock. The Lnen were allowed a rest of half an horn-, when the Third 
 Brigade started for Rappahannock Station, Soon after starting the 
 ambulances, wagons and sick were sent off on a road leading to the 
 right, which, it was said, led to Bristoe's Station, on the Orange and 
 Alexandria Railroad, At the time we were not certain where this road 
 led, and the question arose as to what instructions to leave here for the 
 stragglers -who had fallen out the day before, whether they were to 
 folloM^ the road to Rappahannock Station, or to go off indefinitely to the 
 right. As many of these stragglers were our best men (simply overcome 
 by the heat in the previous day's march), we did not like to lose them„ 
 However, the greater part of them went over towards Bristoe Station, 
 and our division got a bad name for straggling on account of these men, 
 many of whom were not stragglers in the usual sense of that term. 
 Very few of these men succeeded in finding their commands during the 
 ensuing campaign. The Third Brigade overhauled the head of the 
 division before reaching Rappahannock Station, where we arrived in 
 the afternoon. It was expected our division would find McDowell's 
 Corps here, but instead, it found the Confederate cavalry, followed by 
 the Confederate infantry skirmishers, taking possession of McDowell's 
 earthworks near Rappahannock Station. Skirmishers were thrown out 
 from the head of the division, at sight of whom and the Army of the 
 Potomac flags, borne by the division, the Confederate cavalry and 
 skirmishers evacuated the station, and our division took possession. 
 General Leo now knew a portion of the Army of the Potomac had 
 joined Pope's army, and he decided at once to move to his left, to pro- 
 tect his rear from an advance by the Army of the Potomac, and to strike 
 Pope's right before all of the Army of the Potomac could join Pope's 
 army. 
 
 General Pope designed crossing the Rappahannock (22d and 24th), 
 near the station, to strike Lee's communications. 
 
 General Lee saw this design, but instead of preparing to meet such 
 a movement by concentration here, he decided to move on Pope's com- 
 munications. This was a good and safe movement on Lee's part, and 
 not subject to the criticism which it has usually received. It succeeded. 
 Moreover, if he had been defeated in battle, Lee could have fallen back. 
 
on the Shenandoah Valley, Soon afttr the Reserve division arrived at 
 Eappahannock Station, an order was received for it to join McDowell's 
 Corps, then moving toward 'Warrenton. After a few minutes rest the 
 division moved along th3 river road back of Barnett's Ford to the soimd 
 of artillery. Darkness and rain soon came, also a few of the enemy's 
 shells. That was a night march we will never forget. 
 
 There was Confederate cavalry all around us ; no one dared to strag- 
 gle ; we had neither ambulances nor wagons ; it was necessary to keep 
 ■up or go to Richmond. Human endurance was put to a severe test that 
 night. The march only terminated with dayUght, when we came upon 
 one of McDowell's divisions in camp. We were ragged, shoeless, foot- 
 sore, tired to death, with nothing but our guns and our battle-stained 
 Hags to show we were soldiere. McDowell's men were fully equipped, 
 completely uniformed, knapsacks and all, '* spick and span " new. They 
 looked to us like a militia command out for parade. "We were welcomed 
 T\-ith shouts of pleasure, and our cry of " Grab a root " was taken up and 
 we were soon enjoying a hearty breakfast. The division joined Pope's 
 army in a critical mood. There was no battle, no enemy visible but a 
 few stray cavalrymen. Why march men as we had been marched? 
 We had lost by exhaustion nearly one-third of our command, and that 
 for nothing. Our division started from Falmouth nearly 4,000 strong ; 
 we reported with little over 2,500. The distance by the route we marched 
 T\-as about fifty miles, passed over in the hottest of weather, with thun- 
 der-storms at night. We naturally asked. If there were such urgent neces- 
 sity for reinforcements to Pope's army, why did our division remain so 
 long at Falmouth under Bumside? 
 
 General Pope wrote Kalleck at 9.15 p. 3:., June 22d. '"I must do 
 one of two things : either faU back and meet Heintzelman behind Cedar 
 Run (which is near Catlett's Station), or cross the Rappahannock with 
 my whole force and assail the enemy's flank and rear. T must do one 
 or the other at daylight ; which shall it be? I incline to the latter,"' and 
 General Halleck, replying at 11 P. :ii., says : "that he tliinks the latter 
 of the two propositions the best.'' Pope and Halleck would thus have 
 done, in the face of Lee's victorious army, what the greatest complaint 
 of McClellan rested upon, namely : have left the route to Washington 
 open to Lee's advance. 
 
 It never seems to have occurred to either Union general, that in the 
 position that Lee then was, he could rest his army on the Shenandoah 
 Valley, and let General Pope's army ro toward Richmond. The farther 
 
85 
 
 the Union army went toward Richmond the more its right would be 
 exposed. The generals who had fought Lee on the Peniusula thought 
 that the only safe thing for the Union forces to do, at this time, was ta 
 get to Centerville with as little loss as possible acd there concentrate the 
 armies. Fortunately for General Pope, he was unable to attempt such 
 a wild project. Sigel's slowness, as well as the rising river, were Gen- 
 eral Pope's salvation. 
 
 "Between 9.15 at night and the next morning, upon reports received 
 from General Sigel, General Pope changed his mind, and, while his 
 army was in the act of moving to cross the river at Rappahannock 
 Station, he ordered it to concentrate to the support of General Sigel, who 
 was ordered to Sulphur Springs or to Waterloo." McDowell was mov- 
 ing in accordance with these last orders when the Reserves joined him 
 (on 24th). General Pope also on the 23d (the day the Reserves were to 
 join McDowell at Rappahannock Station) " abandoned his works beyond 
 the river at Rappahannock Station, and withdrew the troops ; he 
 destroyed the bridge there ; and for the time being, at any rate, he 
 renounced his plan of recrossing the river — though not definitely." 
 
 General Pope's army, when the Reserves joined it, or during the 
 24th, was stationed as near as can be stated as follows : 
 
 General Pope's headquarters at Warrenton ; Sigel's Corps, with 
 Buford's cavalry in the front, at Sulphur Springs and Waterloo ; Bank's 
 Corps near the river on Sigel's left ; Reno's two divisions (of Ninth 
 Corps) between Sulphur Springs and Warrenton, near Sulphur Springs ; 
 Ricketts' Division of McDowell's Corps between Waterloo and Warren- 
 ton ; King's Division of McDowell's Corps between Warrenton and 
 Sulphur Springs, east of Reno. The Reserve Division about one mile 
 southeast of Warrenton ; Bayard's cavalry on the right front. Lee's 
 army was immediately opposite on south bank of Rappahannock. Long- 
 street on (Lee's) right, Jackson on left. Jackson's attempt to cross 
 the river on 22d and 23d had been stopped by high water, and the 
 opposition of Buford's cavalry supported by Sigel's Corps. 
 
 The 25th and 26th, the Reserve Division remained near Warrenton,. 
 moving over on the 26th to the Warrenton Pike, between Warrenton 
 and Sulphur Springs. Here got some rest and plenty of roasting ears, 
 resuming the diet the command enjoyed £o much on the south side of 
 the James. On the 26th a large empty train of wagons was sent to our 
 division, ostensibly to transport our baggage. As we had no baggage 
 this train was parked on the Warrenton and Sulphur Springs Road 
 
86 
 
 facing the Rappahannock River. Tradition says, " It remains there still 
 waiting for our baggage.'' 
 
 On the morning of the 25th General Jackson began liis famous 
 toarch around the right of the Union army. This mo\ ement was indi- 
 cated by a dust line, which was visible all this and a part of the fol- 
 lowing day to all the Union troops located along the ^Varrenton Pike. 
 The writer sought his friend, General Bayard, to learn where the enemy 
 ■was going. He could not find General Bayard, but conversed with 
 many officers, all of whom thought we ought to be doing something 
 to meet the enemy's movement, instead of lying idle in camp. When 
 the order was received, the niglit of the 26th, to move to the rear, there 
 was great relief to our anxiety. But we soon learned that the enemy 
 had cut our communications at Manassas. How strong the enemy were 
 in our rear was unknown, since Stuart's cavalry had been in our reai- 
 for several days. Our fears that Stuart's cavalry might have gathered 
 in a number of our division stragglers (many of whom, as before said, 
 were good men) were not allayed by the news brought to the division at 
 this time by the Second Regiment. It had marched from Bristoe in 
 pursuit of our division, which, after many fatigues and great risks, it 
 had reached at "Warrenton. Lieutenant-Colonel McCandless, of the 
 Second, was entitled to much credit for bringing up the Second Regi- 
 ment through an unknown country to an unknown position. General 
 Pope, in carrying out practically his orders to " discard lines of retreat 
 and bases of supply," and "letting these take care of themselves," at 
 this time, lost the confidence, not only of his general officers, but of the 
 rank and file as well, for the latter, as weU as their commanders, saw 
 this turning movement of the enemy, and saw nothing aud heard of 
 nothing being done to meet it. 
 
 " General Pope on the morning of tlie 25th issued a general order 
 for the formation of a new line of battle, running north and south. 
 McDowell's Corps to be on the right, at Warrenton; Sigel on his left at 
 Fayetteville; Banks from Bealton Station to a creek near the river; 
 Reno at Kelly's Ford, with orders to watch the river. Reno accident- 
 ally went to Warrenton Junction, Banks went to Bealton. Sigel was 
 ordered by General Roberts of General Pope's staff (of his own motion), 
 to hold Waterloo Bridge at all hazards, informing Sigel that he would 
 be supported by Banks and McDowell. Sigel sent back to find Banks 
 and McDowell ; neither were where General Roberts said they were, 
 whereiipon Sigel was about to fall back in accordance with his prior 
 
87 
 
 order to go to Fayetteville, when he received orders from General Pope 
 to march to Warrenton. He burnt Waterloo Bridge and reached 
 Warrenton at 2 A. M. August 36th." 
 
 On the night of the 25th, General Heintzelman's Corps was at AVar- 
 xenton Junction and had reported to General Pope (who had moved his 
 headquarters to that point). Of the Fifth Corps, Army of the Potomac, 
 Morrell's Division was at Kelly's Ford, Sykes' Division at Bealton 
 Station. General Porter, commanding Fifth Corps, reported to General 
 Pope on 26th. Early on 26th, McDowell's Corps was ordered to Sulphur 
 .Springs ; King's Division went there and shelled the enemy, which was 
 Anderson's Division, the rear guard of Lee's army. Buford was ordered 
 -on 26th to move at dawn on 27th with all of his and Sigel's cavalry 
 toward Chester Gap. General Pope appears to have taken it for granted 
 Jackson's mgvement, which was visible all day of 25th and part of 26th, 
 was toward the Shenandoah Valley, and he, in consequence, made no 
 ■effort till this order to Buford (which was entirely too late) to ascertain 
 where Jackson was going, unless we consider the sending of a regiment 
 of cavalry from Manassas on 26th toward Manassas Gap as such an 
 ^effort. General Pope did not believe General Lee would dare attempt 
 to cut his (Pope's) communications. He has since said he expected 
 Halleck and the reinforcements coming from Washington would pro- 
 tect his rear. 
 
 This movement of Jackson's was not as risky as it has generally 
 been considered ; he could always fall back toward the Shenandoah 
 Valley. Moreover, he had a preponderance of cavalry, which enabled 
 him to screen himself and to keep watch of the movements of the Union 
 army. 
 
 At the close of this day (26th) Buford with his cavalry was near 
 Waterloo ; Rickett's Division on the road between Waterloo and War- 
 renton, about four miles from Waterloo ; King's Division on road 
 between Warrenton and Sulphur Springs, one brigade at the Springs ; 
 Reynolds' (Reserves) Division at Warrenton; Sigel's Corps near War- 
 renton ; Banks at Fayetteville ; Reno and Heintzelman near Warrenton 
 Junction, where were General Pope's headquarters ; Morrell's Division 
 at Kelly's Ford ; Sykes' Division five to six miles east of Bealton Station. 
 This same evening Jackson was at Bristoe Station with Taliaferro's, A. 
 P. Hill's, and E well's divisions, about 25,000 strong. "He (Jackson) had 
 marched all day from Salem, through White Plains, Tlioroughfare Gap 
 .and Gainesville, and liad nowhere met with tlie smallest opposition,'* 
 
88 
 
 yet his movement by its dust line had been visible from the region of 
 Warrenton nearly two days. Comment is unnecessary. 
 
 " On the evening of the 26th General Pope determined to form a 
 new line of battle, running east and west, between Warrenton and 
 Gainesville. General Pope wrote McDowell at 8 P. M., August 2Cth, 
 that he thinks the fight will be at "Warrenton. Reno was ordered to 
 move from Warrenton Junction at daylight (of 27th) to the neighbor- 
 hood of Warrenton, and McDowell was then to send Reno to Greenwich; 
 (Greenwich is nearer to Warrenton Junction than it is to Warrenton). 
 Arrived at Greenwich, Reno was to throw forward four regiments and 
 a battery to Gainesville. Heintzelman, who was at Warrenton Junction, 
 was ordered to send Kearney's Division to Greenwich, to retain Hooker's 
 Division. Porter was ordered to march through Fayetteville to vicinity 
 of Warrenton." Soon after issuing these last orders, General Pope- 
 learned that his railroad communication was cut. He ordered General 
 Heintzelman " to put a regiment on a train of cars and send it dowa 
 immediately to Manassas to ascertain what had occurred, repair the 
 telegraph wires and protect the railroad there until further orders.'* 
 But at midnight he wrote General McDowell that the question " whether 
 the whole force of the enemy or the larger portion of it has gone round 
 (through' Thoroughfare Gap) is a question that we must settle instantly." 
 
 Early on the 37th General Pope issued the following order : " The 
 following movements of troops will be made, viz : General McDowell 
 with his own and Sigel's Corps and the division of Brigadier- General 
 Reynolds will pursue the turnpike from Warrenton to Gainesville, so as 
 to reach Gainesville, if possible, to-night. The army corps of Heintzel- 
 man, with the detachment of the Ninth Corps imder General Reno (Gen- 
 eral Reno leading) will take the road from Catletts station to Greenwich, 
 so as to reach there to-night, or early in the morning. Major-General 
 Reno wUl immediately communicate with General McDowell and his- 
 command, as well as that of General Heintzelman, will support General 
 McDowell in any operations against the enemy. General Porter will 
 remain at Warrenton Junction till he is relieved by General Banks, when 
 he will immediately push forward with his corps in the direction of 
 Greenwich and Gainesville, to assist the operations on the right wing. 
 Major-General Banks, as soon as he arrives at Warrenton Junction, will 
 assume the charge of the trains and cover their movements toward 
 Manassas Junction. * * * The general headquarters will be with 
 "the corps of General Heintzelman until further notice." Reserve Divis- 
 
89 
 
 ion moved on morning of the 27th toward Wa.shington on the Warren- 
 ton Pike and went into camp tliat evening a little wtst of Biickland'» 
 Mills, together with McDowell's Corps and part of Sigel's. During the 
 day we heard of Jackson's raid upon the Orange and Alexandria Rail- 
 road at Bri&toe Station, and we received our first order to " bag Jack- 
 son." When first received we thought we had some chance to do this, 
 and were in consequence highly elated and marched cheerfully to the 
 rear, a direction our judgment told us was the proper one, wherever 
 Jackson might be. We hoped to cut in two Lee's long line, which we 
 knew extended from the upper Rappahannock to Bristoe via Thorough- 
 fare Gap. The Reserve Division broke camp early on 28th and marched 
 to the Warrenton Pike, where we were halted to wait for a wagon train 
 to pass (we were told it was Sigel's). McDowell afterwards said it was 
 Reynolds'. A4 our division had no wagons, unless the emi)ty train here- 
 tofore spoken of could be classed as belonging to our division, McDowell 
 was in error. That empty train, although attempted to be put on us, 
 was not properly ours, nor did we see it again after it was parked in 
 front of Warrenton. 
 
 This delay was our first dif-appointment of tliis unlucky day. We 
 could not see why our division could not pass the wagons, as the road 
 was bordered by open country. After at least two hours' delay, our 
 division moved north on the Warrenton Pike. It had followed Sigel's 
 Corps. Sigel's troops now, about 10 a. m., disapj)eared. They had turned 
 off on a road leading to the right along the Manassas Gap Railroad. 
 The head of our division had just crossed a small stream (General 
 McDowell with his stafifwas riding ahead), when a Confederate battery 
 opened on our column from our left front. Our column stopped and 
 Ransom's battery was hurried forward, whose guns (twelve pounds) not 
 being able to reach the enemy. Cooper's battery of rifle pieces was sent 
 up. The enemy's artillery fire at the first discharge killed and wounded 
 some men in the Eighth Reserves. General McDowell and staff rode 
 hastily off to the right to some high ground. We saw this hasty retreat 
 of tlie corps headquarters, and would have thought no more about it 
 except as a joke on McDowell and staff to have to " skedaddle " in 
 presence of a division newly attached to the corps ; but it happened that 
 our division did not see or hear from McDowell that day, nor so far as 
 the writer is concerned till the morning of August 30th. After our bat- 
 tery had fired a few rounds, skirmishers were sent out to the right 
 front, south of the pike, not in the direction of the enemy who had fired 
 
90 
 
 on us. This caused remarks at the time. An oflBcer or two rode off in 
 the direction of the firing, the onlj- effort that was made to find out 
 what the enemy was. 
 
 After an hour or more our division was formed in line of battle on 
 the right of the pike, and advanced diagonally to the right front, about 
 parallel with the direction of the Manassas Gap Railroad (but the writer 
 does not recollect any such railroad, wasn't it torn up and rails and 
 ties all gone at this time ?). The division continued this advance in line 
 over a very rough coimtry, through woods, over old fields, across c'ry 
 runs, etc, for at least two hours ; it seemed a week. The day was hot, 
 and no water to drink. After the entire command was about used up, 
 the division was halted, and waited for orders. General Reynolds 
 w^ent off to find McDowell or Pope for orders. He couldn't find McDow- 
 ell ; he went to Manassas Junction, where he met General Pope, who 
 ordered him to move his division towards CenterviUe. 
 
 The division was started in that direction, but had not advanced far 
 when, by General Pope's orders, it was moved towards Gainesville, the 
 opposite direction from which it had moved in line of battle. There was 
 no enemy, nor any Union troops in sight or hearing, at any time after 
 the division left the Warrenton Pike in the morning. Towards night 
 firing could be heard toward our front, in the direction of Gainesville. 
 General Reynolds went off again to get orders, or at least to find some 
 neighboring troops. When night overtook the division it was com- 
 pletely isolated and practically lost. The division now, at dark, was 
 bivouacked in an old field ; no water could be found. Pickets were 
 thrown out in all directions. Never before or afterwards did the division 
 get into such a predicament. It is feared this state of affairs did not 
 cause the division to acqvure any additional confidence in either General 
 Pope or General McDowell. We concluded we wouldn't " bag Jackson " 
 that evening if he would "let us off" in the morning. The division 
 rested quietly, very quietly, until daylight, when it moved, under com- 
 mand of General Meade, in the direction of the firing, which began very 
 early on our right front. General Meade, who also went after orders, 
 got back during the night, but General Reynolds did not find us till we 
 were moving to meet Sigel, whose firing we had heard. 
 
 About 7 A. M. the division reached the small stream flowing between 
 the Henry House and Bald Hil], where it halted. In the meantime 
 General Reynolds, going in the direction of tiie firing to the left front, 
 had found Gibbon's Brigade of King's Division, which was having a 
 
91 
 
 hard fight. Gibbon, in his report, sajs : " General Doubledav, of King's 
 Division, only upon the urgent solicitation of General Reynolds, sent me 
 two regiments." General Reynolds remained here until Rickett's Divis- 
 ion had reached King's position, or at least until he got news of Rick- 
 ett's Division falling back on King's, and heard that King was going to 
 fall back on Manassas ; then General Reynolds started out (about 9.80 
 p. M.), to find his own division, which he reached soon after daylight, 
 wliile on its way to Sigel's position. 
 
 The movements of the remainder of the Union and Confederate 
 forces on the 27th and 28th were about as follows : The regiment sent 
 out towards Bristoe Station by General Heintzelman discovered that the 
 enemy was in force in their front. General Hooker's Division was sent 
 on 27th east on the Orange and Alexandria Railroad ; this met Ewell's 
 Division of Confederates and, after a sharp fight, Ewell's troops fell back 
 to Manassas Junction, where Jackson's main force was. Jackson during 
 the night of the 27th-28th retreated toward the Warrenton Pike, his main 
 body going directly west and taking position from Sudley Springs to an 
 imfinished railroad track northwest of Groveton, a part of his force 
 going to Centerville and then joining his left. Hooker halted between 
 Bristoe and Manassas Junction. The morning of the 28th he moved to 
 Manassas Junction, and then followed towards Centerville the part of 
 Jackson's force which had fallen back in that direction. Kearney and 
 Reno moved toward Greenwich on 27th, then followed Hooker's move- 
 ments on 28th, supporting him, Kearney passing to the froiit towards 
 evening. 
 
 Longstreet, with General Lee's headquarters, followed during the 
 26tli, 27th and 28th, the route of Jackson, a part of his command getting 
 east of Thoroughfare Gap late on 28th. He was delayed somewhat by 
 the inovements of Buford's cavalry. 
 
 General Sigel, after crossing the Manassas Gap Railroad, moved 
 southerly towards Manassas Junction ; when near this junction he, not 
 being able to find General McDowell, sent to General Pope for orders, 
 who directed him. to move toward Centerville. He moved a short dis- 
 tance in that direction, when he received orders from General Pope to 
 move toward the Warrenton Pike along the Sudley Springs Road. In 
 the morning of the 28th General Sigel had reported to General McDowell 
 that from information derived from his scouts and other sources he 
 thought the enemy was in force on the west (or north) side of the War- 
 renton Pike. This information, and the firing upon our division, failed 
 
92 
 
 to cause General McDowell to make any effort to find out if the enemy- 
 was in force west of the pike. He, on the contrary, in face of this 
 information, obeyed to the letter an order he had received from General 
 Pope, dated hours before and founded upon the presumption that Jack- 
 son would remain at Manassas Junction. Late in the morning of the 
 28th, Ricketts received orders to take his division to Thoroughfare Gap. 
 He went there, where he met Longstreefs force, wliich he kept from 
 passing through till after dark. 
 
 King's Division remained near its camp of the night of 27th until 
 lute in the afternoon of 28th, when, in obedience to General Pope's 
 order to concentrate the army at Centerville, this division started along 
 the pike to Centerville. King was not informed of General Pope's change 
 of plan to concentrate at Groveton, nor was he informed that Sigel's 
 scouts had located the enemy in force west of the Warrenton Pike. 
 Hatch's Brigade led, with skirmishers out to the east of the road ; Hatch 
 passed the right of the Confederate position without seeing any enemy. 
 Patrick's Brigade foUowed Hatch's ; when it came opposite the Confed- 
 erate right it was fired on. Gibbon, whose brigade foUowed Patrick's, 
 sent out to see what was there ; his men ran into Taliaferro's Confed- 
 erate division. Gibbon sustained his skirmishers and a most bloody 
 contest ensued betw^een Gibbon's Brigade and two regiments of Double- 
 day's Brigade on the Union side and Taliaferro's Division and two 
 additional brigades on the Confederate side. King commanding his 
 division would not support Gibbon. Doubleday, as we have seen, at 
 Reynolds' request, sent two regiments to help Gibbon. 
 
 At dark, Ricketts, finding himself without support, the enemj 
 forcing both of his flanks, and hearing a severe engagement going on ia 
 his rear, very properly fell back on King's Division. Upon consulting 
 together — King being the senior — the whereabouts of the army and 
 corps commanders as well as the location of any other Union troops 
 being unknown to them, King and Ricketts decided to fall back on the 
 Orange and Alexandria Railroad. No one who was not with us at this 
 time can properly criticise the action of isolated commanders. It is 
 seldom in war that division commanders are so isolated as they were at 
 this time. 
 
 Porter, with Fifth Corps, moved at 3 A. M. on 28th from near War- 
 renton Junction, instead of 1 A. M. as ordered ; arrived at Bristoe Station 
 about 10 A. M., where he remained all day without orders. Banks 
 moved on 27th and 28th along the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, in. 
 
93 
 
 charge of the army trains, towards Manassas Junction. We frequently 
 heard during the 28th that we were about to " bag Jackson." Officers 
 and orderlies were ridmg about in every direction giving orders and 
 reporting news. Meantime, as seen, General Pope's army was getting 
 scattered to the four winds, and every member of it was losing con- 
 fidence in the army commander. General McDowell's conduct this day 
 (28th) is inexpUcable to the writer, who admits that General McDowell's 
 conduct in his presence during this campaign was such as to leave a bad 
 impression upon him. but he thinks the true history of this campaign 
 should be written, and one of the causes of the failure of General Pope's 
 campaign is here given. General Pope has been hardly treated by all 
 writers upon his campaign, and General Porter was dismissed. The 
 writer's theory of this campaign would relieve General Pope of some of 
 the burden for its failure and would show that Porter's actions, what- 
 ever they were, had little or no efifect upon the campaign. 
 
 About 9 A. M., August 29th, the Reserve Division was advanced on 
 the left of the Warrenton Pike, southerly, to support Sigel's left, Meade's 
 First Brigade on the right, Seymour's Second Brigade in centre, and 
 Jackson's Third Brigade on left. The First Brigade was sent more 
 to the right to support Cooper's battery, and it had some sharp fighting, 
 but the Second and Third brigades were not then engaged. The division 
 was not advanced far before it was stopped, and the whole division fell 
 back a short distance. Again, about 11 a. m., the division advanced in 
 line of battle, Tliird Brigade on left, with skirmishers in front ; this 
 advance continued tmtil the division was about one mile south of Grove- 
 ton. When the advance began the skirmishers covered the division 
 front and extended beyond the left, but when the division was halted it 
 was closed in mass by regiment ; it was then moved by the left flank, 
 probably a quarter of a mile. The Twelfth Regiment was on the 
 extreme left. The skirmishers did not follow tliis movement by the left 
 flank, and thus, when the division halted, there were no skirmishers 
 covering the left. Jxist before halting the Twelfth Regiment crossed a 
 fence, which was bordered by brush and trees ; the regiment being 
 closed in mass became somewhat disordered crossing this fence ; the 
 regiment came out beyond the fence into an open field, where it was 
 being reorganized, when a Confederate battery was run up to the crest 
 of a hill to the left rear of the regiment, not more than one or two 
 hundred yards distant, and fired one round; fortunately for the Twelfth 
 Regiment the aim was high, the men instinctively dropped, and the 
 
94 
 
 charge struck only the right front corner of tlie regiment, kiUing and 
 wounding a small number. Command was instantly given to deploy to- 
 the rear, and steps were taken to open fire or charge the battery, when 
 orders were received to retire, at the same time the battery limbered up 
 and galloped off. Tlie division then moved back to the rear, over 
 ground a little south of that it had advanced over, the regiments in 
 retiring being deployed at company distance. Soon after the division 
 started to the rear the Confederate battery returned to its position and 
 commenced firing again. This movement to the rear continued for a 
 half mile or more, when the division was halted and here remained some 
 time. 
 
 Tlie brigades were moved about during the remainder of the after- 
 noon in various directions, but did not again come under fire until about 
 sunset. About half an hour before sunset the division advanced in line 
 of battle over part of the ground it had been over in the morning, 
 Second Brigade on the left. Third Brigade on the right, the First Brigade 
 in rear of Third in reserve. When the division approached the enemy's 
 position skirmishers were thrown out, and after some little time 
 advanced with sharp firing. The division followed. The Third Brigade 
 in the latter part of the advance moved down through a com field (tlie 
 corn standing) till it reached the bed of a dry run. The enemy were 
 visible beyond the rvm. The brigade moved rapidly dovvTi to the run, 
 receiving only skirmishers' fire. On the enemy's side of the run the 
 bank was steep near the run, and then a gentle slope which continued 
 up in open ground to a fence which ran along the front of an extensive 
 woods. The division formed in the dry run, then advanced up the 
 enemy's side of the run till it came to the crest of the steep part of the 
 bank, where it came face to face with the Confederate line of battle. 
 In front of the Third Brigade line were two batteries and three lines of 
 infantry, one behind the other, all evidently waiting for our troops to 
 endeavor to cross the grassy slope, about two hundred feet wide, which 
 separated the forces. The division halted before the enemy fired. It 
 was evident to every one that there was no chance with a single line of 
 battle of carrying this triple line. The men needed no order to lie down, 
 but dropped at once on seeing the enemy's lines of infantry behind the 
 fence. There was no firing except by skirmishers till our troops reached 
 the crest, when the enemy's artillery opened. General Sej mour rode 
 ui) on the crest in plain view of the enemy ; one of their batteries sent a 
 volley at him, but he remained until he had taken a good view of the 
 
95 
 
 enemy's position, when he rode leisurely down tlie hill. One of the 
 enemy's guns got a kind of enfilade fire ag.ainst the right of the Twelfth 
 Regiment ; one shot undermined a tree against whicli Colonel Hardin 
 was leaning, and he fell part way down the hill. This enfilade fire 
 becoming serious some of the men endeavored to slip away down the 
 hill, whereupon the officers walked up and down the line, thereby 
 becoming targets for the enemy's sharpshooters. One shot scraped the 
 ear of the Colonel of the Twelfth Regiment. Captain Lucas, of ''C" 
 company, evidently saw the sharpshooter who fired this shot, for a 
 moment later he cried out " duck. Colonel, duck." The Colonel ducked, 
 but not quite soon enough ; the shot hit him in the head, cut away half 
 his hat rim and sent the Colonel to gi-ass. 
 
 Seeing there was no chance, with our small force, of carrying the 
 enemy's position and hearing nothing of the expected attack of 
 Porter's Corps on our left, orders were given to retire, one regiment 
 at a time. 
 
 The Sixth Regiment, Colonel Sinclair commanding, moved back in 
 beautiful order, by company front; as it retired the enemy's shells made 
 an ugly lane through it. The Twelfth Regiment followed the Sixth in 
 same manner. The Twelfth had better ground to retire on at first, but 
 when it reached the com field the enemy's infantry joined his artillery 
 " in letting U9 have it." The regiment walked back, but not at a slow 
 walk. The division moved back to the rear of a country road which led. 
 from Bald Hill east to a small farm house ; went into camp here just at 
 dark. Camp fires had scarcely been lighted when a Confederate battery 
 opened on our camp from the vicinity of the little farm house on our 
 left. Fires were at once extinguished, but the enemy's battery having- 
 got the range continued to fire for an hour or more. This artillery fire 
 was very destructive, and the colonel of Twelfth Regiment, wliose 
 command was on the left, went over to headquarters of the division, 
 which was in the woods near Bald Hill, to endeavor to get his camp 
 moved, or to have the enemy's battery looked after. General Reynolds 
 was absept after orders. (It would ajipear to have been the principal 
 business of a division commander in this campaign to be looking for 
 some one to give orders!) The colonel of Twelfth Regiment, in returning 
 to his regiment, got between the hostile pickets, but the Egyptian dark- 
 ness of the night enabled him to get safely within friendly lines. Thus 
 this second unfortunate day ended, as it had begun, by the enemy's 
 artillery surprising our left. All our movements this day seemed to be 
 
96 
 
 without design, and a study of the official reports seem to confirm the 
 opinion then expressed. 
 
 The movements of the other divisions of the Union army were (on 
 39th) about as follows: King's division fell back to Manassas Junction, 
 and about 7 A. M,, in the absence of General McDowell, was ordered by 
 General Pope to join General Porter, who had arrived there about the 
 same time from Bristoe Station, and who was ordered to advance toward 
 Centerville, Later, King's Division was ordered by General Pope to go 
 with General Porter towards Gainesville. General McDowell joined this 
 division between 10 A. M. and 12 M. and continued towards Gainesville 
 with General Porter. Whilst Generals Porter and McDowell were 
 together the noted " joint order " was received. General McDowell had 
 come from the direction of Manassas Junction ; he brought with him a 
 despatch from General Buford, stating " That seventeen regiments and 
 500 cavalry passed Gainesville going east at 8.45 a. m," wliich he showed 
 to General Porter. Tliis is satisfactory evidence that the head of Long- 
 street's command joined Jackson by 9 A. M., and that Longstreet's entire 
 command could have joined by noon. After the receipt of the " joint 
 order " Generals McDowell and Porter consulted as to what they should 
 do under the terms of the order. "Whilst the consultation was taking 
 place General McDowell turned suddenly away and took King's 
 Division with •"him. General Porter, his staff and generals, understood 
 that General McDowell went off with King's Division to make the con- 
 nection between Porter's and Sigel's forces. General McDowell left 
 General Porter not later than 3 p. M. He reached Sigel's rear about 
 sunset (7 p. M.), about five hoiu's going five miles, all the time in hearing 
 of the battle near Groveton. King's Division, under command of General 
 Hatch, just at dusk advanced along the WaiTenton Road and attacked 
 Hood's troops, who were coming in the opposite direction. A bloody 
 contest ensued without advantage to either side. 
 
 If General McDowell had moved promptly with King's Division and 
 joined Reynolds' Division (which was attached to his corps) he could 
 liave made the connection which Porter expected, the military necessity 
 of which was so obvious that it was the topic of conversation all this 
 day in Reynolds' Division. Yet, General McDowell, a learned soldier, 
 made no effort to make this connection. General McDowell's actions 
 this day are inexplicable. General Sigel in his report and testimony 
 only stated what was commoji talk in the army. 
 
 Rickettrf' Division having retreated from Thoroughfare Gap, and 
 
97 
 
 afterwards from the place where King s Division liadthe fighi (of 28th), 
 fell back to tlie Orange and Alexandria Railroad at Bristoe, having 
 taken this roimdabovit route so as not to interfere with King's Division, 
 which retired on the direct road to Manassas Junction. This movement 
 of Ricketts threw his division entirely out for the battle of the 29th, and 
 left Longstreet and Jackson together. Ricketts' Division moved slowly 
 along the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, and finally took the Sudley 
 Springs Road, or a road to the east of it, reaching tlie rear of Sigel's 
 position late at night. Kearney's Division advanced (29tli) from Center- 
 ville, and came in on Sigel's right, attacking several times unsuccess- 
 fully with sev'ere loss. Hooker's Division attacked near Kearney's. 
 Reno's command attacked near Sigel's centre. Sigel, early on the 291 h, 
 advanced against Jackson's position, attacking it at first with his own 
 corps; his loft having been outflanked, Reynold's Division was sent to 
 this part of the line. Later in the day Kearney, Hooker and Reno came 
 to his assistance. Most of the Union attacks were made against that 
 part of the Confederate line which rested on tl e unfinished railroad. 
 Kearney late in the day attacked the Confederate left, which for ,a time 
 "was driven back. 
 
 Banks' Corps, moved along with the trains, was never brought to the 
 fighting front. Tlie oflicial (Confederate) reports show that Longstreet's 
 troops began to join Jackson at 9 a. m. , and continued arriving until 
 noon or a little later. 
 
 The morning of the 30th the Reserve Division was entirely out of 
 rations; it was early moved north on the Sudley Springs Road to the 
 Warrenton Pike, west on this pike a short distance, then moved up the 
 face of Bald Hill, then back on this hill to the woods. About 9 A. M. an 
 advance of a part of the division was made, and skirmishers were 
 pushed well out on the left side of the pike in the woods, and, being 
 reinforced, carried the edge of Groveton; then this advanced part of 
 the division was marched back again to Bald Hill, where the division 
 remained until noon. 
 
 Shortly after noon the division was formed in column, First 
 Brigade leading, and advanced in beautiful shape over the ground 
 immediately on the left of the Warrenton Pike, right resting on the pike. 
 As we had seen the enemy's batteries throughout the morning, strimg 
 along their edge of the woods near Groveton, and extending around to 
 their left as far as the open ground extended, and as these batteries had 
 a perfectly open and enfilade fire on our division, as it advanced, we 
 
were certainly astonished at our movement. The enemy watched us, 
 but evidently thinking it was a ruse on our part, did not fire. The 
 division was soon withdrawn ; the now rear brigade fell back into the 
 woods, whilst Cooper's battery was left out in the open ground and 
 soon began firing. It was replied to. This movement of the Reserve 
 Division appears to have been made to draw attention from Porter's 
 attack, which was at tliis time preparing. 
 
 Longstreet held too good a position and was too old a Eoldier to be 
 deceived by this movement. IMoreover, he was playing a ruse on his 
 part. He was forming his division behind the woods south of Groveton, 
 screened by cavalry, preparing for attack on his part. Our skirmishers 
 detected his ruse, and told General Reynolds, who went in person and 
 verified their reports. He immediately I'ode to General Pope and told 
 him that tlie enemy, instead of retreating (as some of General Pope's 
 people had thought), was preparing to attack from his right. General 
 Pope immediately ordered General Reynolds to post his division to meet 
 this attack, and oi'dered General Sigel to send batteries and infantry to 
 assist Reynolds. Reynolds posted his division in line of battle in front 
 of Bald Hill, extending it to the left. Several of Sigel's batteries were 
 sent to Reynokis' left, and McLean's Brigade of Sigel's Corps was placed 
 on Reynolds' right, near the "Warreutou Pike. The position was a good 
 one with open ground several hundred yards wide in front, woods 
 in rear. 
 
 Whilst the division was taking up this new position, General Porter, 
 commanding his own corps and two brigades of King's Division, was pre- 
 paring to attack Jackson's force along the unfinished railroad, where 
 80 many Union attacks had already failed. The withdrawal of t'.ie 
 Reserve Division from the advanced position it had taken on the left of 
 the "Warrenton Pike leaving Porter's left exposed, he sent Warren's 
 Brigade (Fifth and Tenth New York) to occupy this position. Porter 
 formed Morrell's Division with its left resting on the pike and its right 
 extending into the strip of woods in front of the unfinished railroad, as 
 his front line of attack, with Sykes' Division immediately in rear as a 
 reserve line. Bang's two brigades were placed on right of Morrell's 
 Division. Kearney was to have attacked immediately on King's right, 
 but he refused to assault this position, which he had seen attacked so 
 often, and moved his division off to the extreme right. Kearney's 
 movements caused some delay, but between 3 and 4 p. Ji. Porter's front 
 line was advanced. It made a gallant struggle against th;s strong 
 
99 
 
 position ; so strong was the assault that Jackson called on Longstreet 
 for assistance. 
 
 From our position in front of Bald Hill we could see Porter's left 
 brigade. It moved out of the strip of timber and formed a deep column 
 fronting Groveton, and advanced rapid'y toward that point. As soon as 
 it was clear of tlie woods the Confederate batteries above the unfinished 
 railroad, and those along the edge of the woods north of Groveton, 
 opened on it, taking it in front and flank. The destruction was terrible, 
 but the brigade moved bravely on, even after all organization vas 
 destroyed by its losses. Nothing human could reach that timber against 
 that front and flank fire. When about midway of the distance from the 
 strip of woods from which it started to the woods north of Groveton this 
 doomed brigade stopped; it seemed at first as if all had been destroyed, 
 but soon the remnants began moving to the rear. Jui-t as this occurred 
 the men who had attacked the Confederates near the unfinished rail- 
 road through the woods to tlie right, and who had failed to carry the 
 position, began to come straggling out of the woods to tlie rear. At the 
 same time a force of the enemy, about a brigade, charged in return 
 over the same open ground where Porter's left brigade had failed. 
 And, at first, it seemed as if this Confederate force would reach the 
 strip of woods on our side, the Confederates followed Porter's retreating 
 men so closely. 
 
 From our position we could not see what we had in tlie strip of 
 woods to oppose the advancing enemy. We could only see one section 
 and one battery on our side posted on the crests of the small hills near 
 the Warrenton Pike, opposite the strip of woods. When the last of Por- 
 ter's retreating men entered the woods and the enemy's advance was 
 very near it matters were apparently serious in front of our centre, but 
 at this moment the Union guns near the pike opened, every shot mak- 
 ing a lane through the Confederate column; still they came on, the rear 
 in disarray. The front entered the strip of woods, where it mt t a sheet 
 of flame, Sykes' division having been placed here by Porter to meet this 
 very case. In a moment the Confederate yell ceased and the column 
 stopped, then swayed, then those not disabled started to the rear, and 
 this fine brigade, as had the Union on the same ground, left its bravest 
 and best dead or dying. 
 
 We were just congratulating ourselves upon the defeat of this return 
 attack when orders were received to go to the assistance of Porter's and 
 King's troops, many of whom wei*e rapidly moving to the rear on north 
 
100 
 
 side of the pike. We demurred to this order, as from our position we 
 could see thousands of infantry and many batteries to our right rear, 
 north of the pike, who could certainly stop any force coming across the 
 wide open space in their front. Whilst we knew our division was 
 posted to meet Longstreet's expected attack. General McDowell (who 
 was present with us and who was the most excited officer the writer ever 
 .saw on a battle field) when he saw Porter's troops retreating ordered 
 our division across the pike to cover Porter's withdrawal. As above 
 shown, this was unnecessary, Sykes' Division having repulsed the enemy, 
 and our division held a position which completely flanked any advance 
 the enemy could make immediately north of the pike. Moreover, there 
 was the large Union force above mentioned posted immediately north 
 of the pike. 
 
 This order of General McDowell's (if General Pope gave the order it 
 must have been at General McDowell's request) was not only fatal and 
 caused the loss of the battle, but was a great military (tactical) blunder. 
 This blunder was seen by us and commented on at the time. 
 
 About the time the division commander received this order to move, 
 Lieutenant Chamberlain, aide to General Jackson, commanding the 
 Third Brigade, rode up to Colonel Hardin, then in command of the 
 Twelfth Regiment, and told hiji that General Jackson had been taken 
 suddenly ill. and that General Reyuo.ds desired him to take command 
 of the Third Brigade. The division moved off to the right, the First and 
 Second brigades, then the division batteries, then the Third Brigade- 
 Just as the last battery (Kerns') reached the road, sharp firing was heard 
 near Groveton south of the pike. 
 
 Cap'ain Kerns and Colonel Hardin rode rapidly to the crest of a 
 small hill south of the pike to see what it was. They both saw Warren's 
 men firing sharply and retreating. They agreed at once that Longstreet's 
 expected attack was commencing. Kerns said be would bring his bat- 
 tery back to the spot where we stood. He did so. Colonel Hardin gal- 
 loped backward to the Third Brigade, which was then moving down 
 the slope toward the pike, gave the command " Left into line, wheel !'' 
 and moved the brigade up to the crest on the left of Kerns' battery, two 
 regiments being on the crest and two about one hundred feet in rear. 
 Kerns' battery opened on the enemy at once, but WaiTen's retreating 
 men, Fifth and Tenth New York (Fifth were Zouaves and could be very 
 distinctly seen) interfered with the fire of the brigade. It was, there- 
 fore, not as effective at first as it otherwise might have been. The enemy 
 
101 
 
 advanced in line down the slope of the next hill west of the Third Bri- 
 gade's position. A small strip of woods extended from the larger woods 
 on the left at the foot of the hill, between the opposing forces, nearly to 
 the pike. 
 
 The enemy advanced without firing till he reached the foot of the 
 hill, where he was checked by Kerns' battery, when he moved by his 
 right flank to the strip of woods and commenced firing. The enemy's 
 fire began slowly to move around towards the left of the Third Brigade. 
 He found he could not take the battery in frot.t. His reinforcements 
 could be seen moving to liis right. The tiring soon became so hot on 
 the left that the left regiment of front line was partly moved to face it ; 
 then the second line was ordered to join the first. 
 
 About this time Colonel Warren appeared and placed his retreating 
 men in the firing line. The enemy's fire now, both on the front and left 
 of the brigade, was terrific. Captain Kerns was killed, and the entire 
 personnel of his battery disabled. Colonel Hardin, whilst urging the 
 men to hold oa till reinforcements, which he saw coming, could reach 
 them, was struck down. The remainder of the battle to the writer is 
 pretty much a blank, except he remembers, whilst being carried to the 
 rear, meeting Lieutenant Lamborne, cf General Rej'nolds' staff, near 
 the pike, not far from the Third Brigade. He gave the writer his small 
 flask of brandy (a gift that probably saved his life), which Avould show 
 how promptly General Reynolds came to the rescue of the left. The 
 Twelfth Regiment came under command of Colonel Baldy , the Third Bri- 
 gade came under, first. Colonel Kirk, of the Tenth, who was soon woimded, 
 then under Colonel Anderson, of the Ninth (who was so often afterwards 
 to bri:^g this brigade out of battle). The Third Brigade, with some of 
 Warren's men, held on here till a position was secured to their left rear. 
 Milroy's, Towers and other brigades were hurried to the support of the 
 Third Brigade. Kerns' battery and the Third Brigade of Reserve divis- 
 ion literally threw themselves into the breach without orders. Kerns 
 and many noble men sacrificed their lives, and many more of us will go 
 maimed to our graves, by reason of a military mistake wdiich ought not 
 to have been made. 
 
 No doubt General McDowell promised General Reynolds to replace 
 his division, and did try to do so, but time is valuable in the face of the 
 enemy and a general must keep his wits in battle. Sigel had no trouble 
 in holding his front, and he put nearly his whole force on the left of the 
 pike. As they i-eturned to the left rear Reynolds and Meade saw that the 
 
103 
 
 enemy was checked near clie south side of the pike, and they knew he 
 would push around to the south side of Bald Hill. Thev, therefore, 
 hurried their commands along the Sudley Springs Road, back of Bald 
 Hill, and met the advancing enemy, as expected. 
 
 When the ammunition of First and Second Brigades, Reynolds' 
 Division, was expended they were relieved by Sykes' Division. The 
 enemy succeeded in turning Bald Hill, but met such resistance from 
 Reynolds' and Sykes' commands near the Henry House as to check his 
 farther advance. Night closed the contest. 
 
 This battle was fought mainly by the men under Porters command, 
 aided l)y Sigel's. A gallant assault was made by Porter's command upon 
 a position that had been so frequently assaulted without success that it 
 was a military error to assaidt it again. (Kearney refused ?) Then a most 
 bloody and desperate resistance was successfully made to a thoroughly 
 prepared assault by more than half of the Confederate army under their 
 ablest fighting corps commander. An assavdt that had been foreseen by 
 Reynolds, whose careful preparations to meet it were destroyed by 
 McDowell. Yet Porter was dismissed and his command abused, Sigel 
 and his command abused, whilst McDowell became a major-general in 
 the regular army. However, " The mills of the gods grind slowly, but 
 they grind exceeding fine.'' History is rectifyirg these matters. Por- 
 ter made a long but successful fight, not only for himself but for the 
 noble dead of his abused command. The writer has elaborated on this 
 campaign for the reason that he hopes political or book generals will 
 never in future be given preference over those who have had experience 
 in the field. The bickerings and ill feelings which no doubt existed in 
 Pope's command should teach this lesson, namely : not to injure the 
 feelings of an army, although its commanding general fails to satisfy the 
 powers that be. Under no circumstances allow the new commanding 
 general to cast reflections upon the troops who are to come under his 
 command. 
 
 Heintzelman's Corps, supported by Reno, attacked on the Union 
 right, but wliilst assaulting gallantly the enemy held his lef f. During 
 the night the Union army was ordered to retire on Centervilie. 
 
 The Reserve Division got together during the night of the oOth on 
 the Warrenton Pike whilst en route toCenterville, but not until morning 
 did most of the men find their regiments. 
 
 The Confederate army's movements were about as follows : General 
 Lee eays : "The victory of Cedar Run efiejtually checked the progress 
 
108 
 
 of the enemy for the time, but it soon becamo apparent that Lis army- 
 was being largely increased. The corns of General Burnside from North 
 Caroina, which had reached Fredericksburg, was reported to have moved 
 up the Rappahannock a few days after the battle, to unite with General 
 Pope, and a part of McClellan's army was believed to have left Westover 
 (Harrison's Landing) for the same purpose. It, therefore, seemed that 
 active operations on the James were no longer contemplated, and that 
 the most effectual way to reheve Richmond from any danger of attack 
 from that quarter would be to reinforce General Jackson and advance 
 upon Pope. Accordingly, on August 15th, General Longstreet, with 
 his division and two brigades under General Hood, were ordered to pro- 
 ceed to Gordonsville. At the same lime General Stuart was directed to 
 move with the main body of his cavalry to that point, leaving a suffi- 
 cient force to observe the enemy still remaining in Fredericksburg and 
 tj guard the railroad. General R. H. Anderson was also directed to 
 leave his position on James River and follow Longstreet. On the 16lh 
 the troops began to move from the vicinity of Gordonsville toward 
 the Rapidan, on the north side of which, extending along the Orange 
 and Alexandria Railroad in the direction of Culpeper Court House, the 
 Federal army lay in grrat force. It was determint d with the cavalry to 
 destroy the railroad bridge over the Rappahannock, in rear of the enemy, 
 while Longstreet and Jackson crossed the Rapidan and attacked his flank. 
 The movement * * * was appointed for August 18th. * * * Its 
 execution was postponed to the 20th. In the interval the enemy, being 
 apprised of our design, hastily retired beyond the Rappahannock. Gen- 
 eral Lcngstreet crossed the Rapidan at Raccoon Ford and preceded by 
 General Fitz Lee's cavalry brigade, arrived early in the afternoon near 
 K'lly's Ford on the Rappahannock, where Lee had a sharp skirmish 
 with the rear guard of the enemy, who held the north side of the liver 
 in strong force. Jackson passed the Rapidan at Somerville Ford and 
 moved toward Brandy Station; a large body of the enemy's cavalry was 
 encountered. * * * General Jackson halted for the night at Stevens- 
 burg, and on the morning of the 21st moved upon Beverly Ford on tho 
 Rappahannock. * * * As our positions on the south bank of the Rap- 
 pahannock were commanded by those of the enemy, who guarded all 
 the fords, it was determined to seek a more favorable place to cross 
 higher up the river, and thus gain the enemy's right. Accordingly Gen- 
 eral Longstreet was directed to leave Kelly's Ford on the 21st and take 
 the position in front of the enemy in the vicinity of Beverly Ford and 
 
104 
 
 the Orange and Alexandria Railroad bridge, then held by Jackson, in 
 order to mayk the movement of the latter, who was instructed to ascend 
 the river. On 22d Jackson crossed Hazel Run at Welford's Mill and 
 proceeded up the Rappahannock, leaving Trimble's Brigade near 
 Freeman's Ford, to protect his trains. In the afternoon Longstreet 
 sent Hood, with his own and Whiting's brigade, under Colonel Law, to 
 relieve Trimble. Hood had just reached the position when he and 
 Trimble were attacked by a considerable force which had crossed at 
 Freeman's Ford " CBuford aided by Sigel). "* * * General Jackson 
 arrived at the Warrenton Springs Ford in the afternoon and immedi- 
 ately began to cross his troops to the north side, occupying the springs 
 and neighboring heights. * * * He was interrupted by rain and 
 ordered to withdraw. 
 
 " * * * General Stuart, who had been directed to eut the railroad 
 in the rear of General Pope's army, crossed the Rappahannock on the 
 morning of the 22d, about six miles above the springs, with parts of 
 Lee's and Robinson's brigades. Passing through Warrenton he reached 
 Catletfs Station at night, but was prevented from destroying the rail- 
 road bridge at that point by the same storm that had arrested Jackson's 
 movements. * * * He retired after firing the enemy's camp, and 
 recrossed the Rappahannock at Warrenton Springs. * » * The rise 
 of the river rendering the lower fords impassable enabled the enemy 
 to concentrate his main body oppDsite Jackson, and Longstreet on the 
 24th was ordered to proceed to his support. * * * He (Longstreet) 
 reached Jeflersonton in the afternoon. * * * The enemy was massed 
 between Warrenton and the springs. * * * The army of McClellan 
 had left Westover ; part of it it had already marched to join General 
 Pope, and it was rei)orted the rest would soon follow. 
 
 The captured correspondence of General Pope confirmed this infor- 
 mation and also disclosed the fact that the greater part of the army of 
 General Cox had been withdrawn from the Kanawha Valley for the 
 sime i^urj^ose." (Lee tlius knew he was safe in resting his rear on 
 the Shenandoah Valley.) "Two brigades of General D. H. Hill's 
 Division under General Ripley had already been ordered from Richmond, 
 and the remainder under General D. H. Hill in person with the division 
 of General McLaws, two brigades under General Walker and Hampton's 
 Brigade of cavalry, were now directed to join tliis army and were now 
 approaching. 
 
 In pursuance of the plan of operations determined upon JacksorL 
 
105 
 
 was directed on the 25th to cross above Waterloo and move around the 
 enemy's right, so as to strike the Orange and Alexandria Railroad in his 
 rear. Longstreet * * * was to divert liis attention by threatening 
 him in front, and to follow Jackson as soon as the latter should be suffi- 
 ciently advanced. Jackson crossed the Rappahannock at Hinsou's Mill, 
 about four miles above Waterloo, and passing through Orleans encamped 
 on night of 2oth, near Salem, after a long and fatiguing marcb. 
 
 The next morning, continuing his route with his accustomed vigor 
 and celerity, he passed the Bull Run Mountains at Thoroughfare Gap 
 and proceeding by the way of Gainesville, reached the railroad at Bris- 
 toe Station after sunset. At Gainesville he was joined by General Stuart 
 with the brigades of Robertson and Lee, who continued with him dur- 
 ing the rest of his operations, vigilantly and effectually guarding both 
 his flanks. 
 
 Thus far no considerable force of the enemy had been encountered, 
 and he did not appear to be aware of his situation. * * * General 
 Trimble volunteered to proceed at once (on 26th) to that place " (Manas- 
 sas Junction), "with Twenty-First North Carolina and Twenty-First 
 Georgia. * * * 
 
 ^ General Stuart was ordered to accompany him with part of his 
 cavalry and to take command. * * * About midnight the place 
 (Manassas Junction) was taken. * * * 
 
 General Jackson left Ewoll's Division with Fifth Virginia Cavalry 
 at Bristoe Station, and with the rest of the command proceeded to the 
 junction, where he arrived early in the mornmg. Soon afterwards a 
 considerable force of the enemy under General Taylor approached 
 from the direction of Alexandria and pushed forward boldly to recap- 
 ture the stores that had been lost. After a sharp engagement the enemy 
 was routed and driven back, leaving his killed and wounded on the 
 field. General Taylor being himself mortally wounded during the pur- 
 suit. The troops remained at Manassas the rest of the day, supplying 
 themselves with everything they reciuired from the captured stores. 
 
 In the afternoon the enemy " (Hooker's Division) "'advanced upon 
 General Ewell at Bristoe from the direction of Warrentown Junction. 
 They were attacked by three regiments and the batteries of Ewell's 
 Division, and two columns of not less than a brigade each were broken 
 and repulsed. Their places were soon supplied by fresh troops, and it 
 was apparent that the Federal commander had now become aware of 
 the situation of affairs, and had turned upon Jackson with his whole 
 
106 
 
 force." (Hooker's attack created a strong impression.) "* * * Ewell 
 withdrew his comniaud * * * aud rejoined Jackson at Manassas 
 Junction, first destroying the railroad bridge over Broad Run. The 
 enemy halted at Bri^toe. General Jackson's force being much inferior 
 to that of General Pope, it became necessary for him to withdraw from 
 Manassas and take a position west of the turnpike road from Warrenton 
 to Alexandria, where he could more readily unite with the approaching 
 column of Longstreet. * * * Taliaferro's Division moved during the 
 night by the road to Sudley, and, crossing the turnpike near Groveton, 
 halted on the west side, near the battlefield of July 21, 1861, where it 
 was joined on 28th by divisions of Hill and Ewell. Perceiving, during 
 the afternoon (28th), that the enemy approaching from the direction of 
 Warrenton was moving down the pike toward Alexandria, thus expos- 
 ing his left flank. General Jackson advanced to attack him. A fierce 
 and sangTiinary conflict ensued, which continued until about 9 P. M., 
 when the enemy slowly fell back and left us in possession of the field. 
 The loss on both sides was heavy, and among our wounded were Major- 
 General Ewell and Brigadier-General Talliaferro, the former severely. 
 The next morning (29th) the enemy had taken a position to inter- 
 pose his army between General Jackson and Alexandria, and about 10 
 A. M." (about daylight?) "opened with artillery on right of Jackson's 
 line. The troops of the latter were disposed in rear of Groveton, along 
 the line of the unfinished branch of the Manassas Gap Railroad, and 
 extended from a point a short distance west of the turnpike toward 
 Sudley Mill, Jackson's Division, under General Starke, being on the 
 right; Swell's, under Lawton, in the centre, and A. P. Hill's on the left. 
 The Federal army was evidently concentra' ing upon Jackson, with the 
 design of overwhelming him before the arrival of Longstreet. 
 
 The latter oflicer left his position opj^osite Warrenton Springs ou 
 '26th, being relieved by General R. H. Anderson's Division, and marched 
 to join Jackson. He crossed at Hinson's Mills in the afternoon and 
 encamped near Orleans that night. The next day he reached the White 
 Plains; his march was retarded for want of cavalry to ascertain mean- 
 ing of certain movements of the enemy " (Buford's cavalry), "from the 
 direction of Warrenton, which seemed to menace the right flank of Ms 
 column. On 28th, arriving at Thoroughfare Gap, he found, the enemy 
 prepared to dispute his passage. * * * The enemy held the eastern 
 extremity of the pass in large force" (Rickett's Division). '•» * * Hood, 
 with two brigades, and Wilcox, with three, were ordered to turn the ene- 
 
107 
 
 my's riglit, the former moving over the mountain by a narrow path to 
 he left of the pass, and the latter farther to the north by Hopewell Gap. 
 * * * He (the enemy) kept up an active artillery fire until dark, and 
 then retired. General Jones (with his division) and Wilcox bivouacked 
 that night east of the mountains, and on the morning of the 29th the 
 whole command resumed the march, the sound of cannon at Manassas 
 announcing that Jackson was already engaged. 
 
 Longsfcreet entered the pike near Gainesville, and, moving down 
 toward Groveton, the head of his column came upon the field in rear of 
 the enemy's left. * * ^- He immediately placed some of his batteries 
 in position. * * * Longstreet took j)osition on the r'ght of Jackson, 
 Hoods two brigades, supported by Evans, being deployed across the 
 turnpike and at right angles to it. Thesa troops were supported on the 
 left by three brigades under Wilcox and by a like force on the right 
 under Kemper. D. R. Jones' Division formed the extreme right of the 
 line, resting on the Manassas Gap Railroad. The cavalry guarded our 
 right and Ic ft flanks, that on the right under General Stuart in person. 
 After the arrival of Longstreet the enemy changed his position and 
 began to concentrate opi'osite Jackson's left. * * * Colonel Walton 
 placed a part of his artillery upon a commanding position between the 
 lines of Generals Longstreet and Jackson by the order of tlie former 
 and engaged the enemy vigorously for several hours." (These batteries 
 or those that replaced them repulsed the left of Porter's attack on 
 30th.) * * * 
 
 '• Soon afterward General Stuart reported the approach of a large 
 force from the direction of Bristoe Station, threatening Longstreet's 
 right. The brigades under General Wilcox were sent to reinforce 
 General Jones, but no serious attack was made, and after firing a few 
 shots the enemy withdrew. While this demonstration was being made 
 on our riglit a large force advanced to assail left of Jackson's position 
 occupied by the division of A. P. Hill. * * * The enemy "' (Kearney) 
 " was repeatedly repulsed, but again pressed on to the attack with fresh 
 troops. Once he succeeded in penetrating an interval between General 
 Gregg's Brigade, on the exneme left, and General Thomas", but was 
 quickly driven back. * * * The contest was close and obstinate, tlie 
 combatar.ts sometimes delivering their fire at ten paces. While the 
 battle was raging on Jackson's .'eft. General Longstreet ordered Hood 
 and Evans to advance; but, before the order could be obeyed, Hood was 
 liimself attacked. * ■* * General Wilcox was recalled from the 
 
108 
 
 right and ordered to advance on Hood's left. * * * The enemy was? 
 repulsed after a severe contest." (Hatch's, late King's, Division attack 
 at sunset.) " * * * Our lo^s was severe m this engagement. 
 
 * * * On the morning of the 3flth the enemy again advanced, and 
 skirmishing began along the line. The trooiis of Jackson and Long- 
 street maintained their positions of the previous day. 
 
 * * * R. H. Anderson's Division, which arrived during the fore- 
 noon, was held in reserve near the turnpike. The batteries of Colonel 
 S. D. Lee took the position occupied the day before by Colonel Walton 
 and engaged the enemy actively until noon, when firing ceased and all 
 was quiet for several hours. About 3 p. M. the enemy, having massed 
 his troops in front of Jackson, advanced against his position in strong 
 force. His front line pushed forward until engaged at close quarters by 
 Jackson's troops, when its progress was checked and a fierce and bloody 
 struggle ensued, A second and third line of great strength was moved 
 up to support the first, but in doing so came within easy range of a 
 position a little in advance of Longstreet's left. He immediately 
 ordered up two batteries, and two others being thrown forward about 
 the same time by Colonel Lee, under their well-directed and destructive 
 fire the supporting lines were broken and fell back in confusion. 
 
 * * * General Longstreet, anticipating the order for a general 
 advance, now threw his whole command against the Federal centre 
 and left. Hood's Brigade, closely followed I y Evans', led the attack, 
 R. H. Anderson's Division came gallantly to the support of Hood, while 
 the three brigades under Wilcox moved forward on his left and those 
 of Kemper on his right. D. R. Jones advanced on the extreme right, 
 and the whole line swept steadily on, driving the enemy with great 
 courage from each successive position until 10 P. M., when darkness put 
 an end to the battle and the pursuit. During the latter part of the 
 engagement General Wilcox, with his own brigade, was ordered to the 
 right, where the resistance of the enemy was most obstinate. * * * 
 The obscurity of night and the uncertainty of the fords of Bull Run ren- 
 dered it necessary to suspend operations until morning, when the cav- 
 alry * * * discovered that the enemy had escaped to the strong 
 position of Centerville. * * * 
 
 Longstreet remained on the battlefield to engage the attention of 
 the enemy, * * * while Jackson jiroceeded by Sudley Ford to the 
 Little River Turnpike to turn the enemy's right and interrupt his retreat 
 to Washington. * * * He reached Little River Turnpike in the 
 
109 
 
 evening, and the uext day (September 1) advanced by that road 
 toward Fah-fax Court House. The enemy, in the meantime, was falling 
 back rapidly toward Washington, and had thrown out a strong force 
 to Germantown. * * * The advance of Jackson's column encoun- 
 tered the enemy at Ox Hill, near Germantown, about 5 P. M. Line of 
 battle was formed at once, and two brigades of A. P. Hill's Division 
 * * * were thrown forward to attack. * * * Tliey were subse- 
 quently supported by the brigades of Gregg, Tliomas and Pender, all 
 of Hill's Division, which, with part of Ewell's, became engaged. The 
 contest was obstinately maintained until dark. * * * Longsti-eet 
 arrived after the action was over. * * * Our army rested during 
 the 2d, near Chantilly. * * * In the series of engagements on the 
 plains of Manassas 7,000 prisoners were taken, in addition to about 
 2,000 wounded left in our hands. Thirty pieces of artillery, upwards of 
 20,000 small arms, etc., were captured." 
 
 General Pope in his report says : " The attack of Porter" (on 30th) 
 *' was neither vigorous nor persistent, and his ti'oops soon retired in 
 considerable confusion." 
 
 The following is from the report of the Board ordered to examine 
 the Porter case (Generals Schofield, Terry and Getty) : " As Longstreet's 
 army pressed forward to sti'ike Pope's exjwsed left wing and flank, 
 Warren, with his little brigade, sprang into the gap and breasted the 
 storm until but a handful of brave men were left alive." (Our Third 
 Brigade and Kerns' battery supported Warren without orders.) "Then 
 Sykes with his disciplined regulars, and Reynolds with his gallant 
 Pennsylvania Reserves, seized the commanding ground in the rear, and, 
 like a rock, withstood the advance of the victorious enemy and saved 
 the Union army from rout." The above, as well as the long extracts 
 from General Lee's report, are given in answer to General Pope's 
 remark in his report of the campaign, derogatory to the fighting of 
 Porter's command. 
 
 " Early in the night of the battle the Reserve Corps marched toward 
 Centervi le and bivouacked on the east bank of Cub Run, and on the 
 following morning it proceeded to Centerville. Never were the men of 
 this division in more straitened circumstances. There had been no 
 proper and full rations issued since the 24th of the month. * * * 
 For two days the men had subsisted on green fruit and herbs snatched 
 by the wayside, and had been sustained more by the fierce excitement 
 of battle than by physical strength. At 10 A. M. (}he division was led 
 
110 
 
 down the pike two milts from Centerville, where the regiments were 
 halted and a small quantity of (lofTee and hard bread were distributed. 
 
 * * * In the afternoon the division marched back to Centerville, and 
 there received rations of salt beef. It then marched back to Cub Run 
 to relieve Reno's troops, who were guarding the crossing of this stream. 
 
 * * * A heavy rain set in and the night was dark and dreary." 
 
 The further movements of the army are given in General Pope's 
 report as follows: "The enemy during Monday again began to work 
 slowly around to our right fc^r the purpose of passing Fairfax Court 
 House, and thus turnin.;^ our rear. Couch's Division and one brigade 
 of Sumner's had been left there, and I sent over Hooker on ]\Ionday 
 afternoon to take command and to post them at or in front of German- 
 town, at the same time directing McDowell to take position along the 
 turnpike from Centerville to Fairfax Court House, about two miles 
 west of the latter place. Hetntzelman was directed to post himself in 
 rear and support Reno, who was pushed north of the road, at a point 
 two and a half miles east of Centerville, to cover the turnpike. * * * 
 Late in the afternoon of Monday the enemy made his demonstrations 
 upon Germautown, but was met by Hooker at that place, and by Reno, 
 reinforced by Kearney, farthtr west. The battle was very severe, 
 though short. * * * Kearney and Stevens killed. By morning the 
 whole of my command was massed behind Difficult Creek, between 
 Flint Hill and the Warrenton Turni)ike, with the advance under Hooker 
 at Germantown." 
 
 Sypher says: "The retirement of the troops was commenced on 
 the afternoon of the 2d, and by sundown of the 4th the combined forces 
 of the three armies were posted behind the defences around the Capitol. 
 
 Retiring with McDowell's Corps, General Reynolds marched his 
 division on the evening of the 2d on Alexandria and Columbia Pike, to 
 the vicinity of Hunter's Chapel and Arlington, and on the afternoon of 
 the 4th encamped north of Munson's Hill." 
 
 Casualties in Twelfth Regiment — Captain Schelling and Lieutenant 
 Weber and Colonel Hardin wounded ; 5 men kUled, 35 men wounded; 
 Lieutenant Cloyd and 23 men missing. 
 
 Wherever the Twelfth Regiment is not specially mentioned its 
 movements were the same as the Third Brigade or the division. It did 
 its bhare of picket duty and skirmishing during the campaign, but the 
 lack of a daily diary prevents the writer from attempting to give the 
 daily duties of the regiment. Part of it under Captain Gustin rein- 
 
Ill 
 
 forced the Bucktails on skirmish south of Groveton the morning of 
 August 30. These skirmishers had great difficulty in returning to the 
 command — probably some were taken prisoners. 
 
CHAPTER X. 
 
 SOUTH MOUNTAIN, ANTIETAM AND FREDERICKSBURGH. 
 
 Whilst the Reserve Division rested at Munson's Hill many men, 
 who had been absent for various causes from the division during Pope's 
 campaign rejoined, and thus the division started in this campaign 
 stronger than it was when it joined Pope's army. 
 
 On the 7th day of September the Reserve Corps, as a division of the 
 First Army Corps, General Reynolds commanding the division. General 
 Hooker the corps, and General McClellan the re-organized army, 
 marched from its camp near Munson's Hill, crossed the Potomac on 
 Long Bridge, and thence marching through the streets of Washing- 
 ton encamped on Meridian Hill. On the following day, new clothes 
 and a fresh supply of rations were issued to the men, and the divi- 
 sion moved forward to a point near Brookville, in Maryland, where 
 it encamped for two days. From Bi-ooKvUle it marched on the road 
 towards Frederick, and on the night of the 12th encamped beyond 
 New Market, near Monccacy Creek. Govei-nor Curtin, believing the 
 enemy would invade Pennyslvania, called out 75,000 militia. General 
 Reynolds was, at the request of the Governor, assigned to command of 
 the Pennsylania militia; he was succeeded in command of the division 
 by General Meade, the First Brigade being commanded by Colonel Magil- 
 ton, the Second by General Seymour, and the Third by Colonel Gal- 
 lagher, of the Eleventh; Third Brigade, composed of Ninth, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Anderson; Tenth, Colonel Warner; Eleventh, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Jackson ; and Twelfth, Captain Gustin. 
 
 On the 13th the division crossed the Monocacy, and during the 
 afternoon camped on the western bank. 
 
 The movements of the army of the Potomac after McClellan 
 relieved Pope were, as described by McClellan, as follows : 
 
 " Having made the necessary arrangements for the defence of the 
 city (Washington) in the new condition of things, I pushed forward 
 the First and Ninth Corps, under Hooker and Reno, forming the right 
 

113 
 
 wing, under General Burnside, to Leesborough on the 5th ; thence the 
 First Corps by Brookville, Cooksville, acd Ridgeville, to Frederick ; and 
 the ^^inth Coi-ps by Damascus, on New Market and Frederick ; the 
 Second Corps and tlie Eleventh (Twelfth) under General Sumner and 
 Williams, on the 6th were moved from Tennallytown to Rcckville, 
 thei.ce by Middietown and Urbana on Frederick, the Eleventh (Twelfth) 
 moving by a lateral road between Urbana and New Market, thus main- 
 taining the communications between the centre and right wing, as well 
 as covering the direct road to Washington. The Sixth Corps, under 
 General Franklin, was moved to Darnstown nn the Gth, thence by 
 Dawsonville and Barnsville on Buckeyestown, covering the road from 
 the mouth of the Monccacy to Rockville, and being in position to con- 
 nect with and support the centre should it have been necessary (as was 
 supposed) to force the line of the Monocacy. Couch's Division was thrown 
 forward to Offuts Cross Roads and Poolesville by the River Road, thus 
 covering that approach, watching the fords of tlie Potomac, and ulti- 
 mately following and supporting the Sixth Corps. 
 
 The object cf these movements was to feel the enemy, to compel 
 him to develop his intentions at the same time that the troops were in 
 position to cover Washington, or Baltimore, to attack him should he 
 hold the line of the Monccacy, or to follow him into Pennsylvania if 
 necessary."' 
 
 On the 12th a portion of the right wing entered Frederick, after a 
 brisk skirmish at the outskirts of the city and in its streets. On the 
 13th the main bodies of the right wing and centre passed through 
 Frederick. On the 13th the advance, consisting of Pleasanton's cav- 
 alry and horse artillery, after some skirmishing, cleared the passage 
 over the Cotoctin Hills, leaving no serious obstruction to the the move- 
 ment of the main body, until the base of the South Mountain range was 
 reached. On the afternoon of the 13th General McClellan obtained 
 General Lee's order of march, which, it is supposed, was lost by one of his 
 generals, being found in an abandoned camp. At first General McClel- 
 lan may have thought this order was a trick to get him far away from 
 Washington, and thus enable Lee to get between his army and Wash- 
 ington, south of the Potomac, this move on Lee's part being greatly 
 apprehended by General Halleck. A few hours after obtaining this 
 order, the cavalry reports confirming the movements of the enemy 
 directed by it, McClellan concluded to act upon the information thus 
 obtained. His orders were correct, except that he did not require the 
 
114 
 
 movements to be made at once, deferring all movements until the next 
 day. McClellan might by a niglit march have prevented the battle cf 
 South Mountain from taking place, and have caused Lee's left wing to 
 hasten over the river to join Jackson, but with Lee's fine body of cav- 
 alry, so ably commanded, there was little chance for so large an army 
 as McClellan's to have reached any part of Lee's main force without his 
 being prepared for it. Military cri ics who think McClellan ought to 
 have captured or destroyed a large part of the Confederate army at 
 this time, write without due consideration of the conditions of the two 
 armies. In fact, it never was pos-ible for either the Army of Northern 
 Virginia, when strongest, as during the seven days on the Peninsula, 
 or the Army of the Potomac, when nearly, if not quite double the 
 strength of the Confederate, as it was under Grant, to capture or des- 
 troy its opponent. 
 
 It is believed that any army acting on the defensive, armed with 
 modern weapons, if properly handled and fought, can hold its own 
 against one of very nearly, if not quite double, its strength. 
 
 McClellan's orders after receiving Lee's order were for Franklin to 
 move at daylight of the 14th by Jeffersonton and Burkettsville, upon 
 the road to Rohrersville, to cut off McLaw's Conf^ derate Division ; the 
 whole of Burnside's command was ordered to march the evening of the 
 13th and early on the 14th, to be followed by the corps of Sumner and 
 Banks and Sykes' Division on Boonesborough, to carry that position. 
 General Franklin's advance arrived at Burkettsville about noon, to find' 
 Crampton's Pass held by the enemy. Slocum's Division of Franklin's 
 command was formed on the right of the road and Smith's on the left. 
 Bartlett's and Torbert's brigades, supported by Newton, advanced 
 steadily, the enemy was driven from his position at the base cf the 
 Mountain, where he was protected by a stone wall, and forced back iip 
 the slope until he reached his battery, pcsted in the road, well up the 
 Mountain. He made a stand here, but was forced to retire, which he 
 did by retiring his artillery in echelon and contesting the ground to the 
 crest. Brooke's and Irwin's brigades, of Smith's Division covering 
 Slocum's flank, moved up the Mountain on the left of the road, driving 
 the enemy before them until the crest was reached. Four hundred (400) 
 prisoners from seventeen organizations, one piece of artillery and three 
 colors were cap*ured in this brilliant advance. Franklin's commnnd 
 continued to advance until it reached Pleasant Valley, being within 
 four miles of Maryland Heights that night, where lie could have con- 
 
115 
 
 nectcd with the Union force at these heights had it not been previously 
 withdrawn. While the events which have just l)een described were 
 taking place at Cranipton's Gap, the troops of the centre and right wing 
 were contending for the possession of Turner's Gap. 
 
 " On the morning of the 13th General Pleasanton was ordered to 
 send McReynokls' Brigade and a section of artillery in the direction of 
 Gettysburgh," (it will be seen that this was a noticeable point) "and 
 Rush's Regiment toward Jefferson to communicate with Franklin, and 
 (Pleasanton) was to proceed with the remainder of his force in the direc- 
 tion of Middletovvn. He reached Turner's Gap of the South Mountain 
 ill the afternoon, and found the enemy in force. 
 
 He sent back for infantry to General Burnside, who had been 
 directed to support him. * * * The South Mountain is at this point 
 about one thousand feet high, and its general direction is from north- 
 east to southwest. The National Road from Frederick to Hagtrstown 
 crosses it neaily at right angles at Turner's Gap, a depression seme four 
 hundred feet deep. The Mountain on the north side of the pike is^ 
 divieled into two crests or ridges by a narrow valley, which, though 
 deep at the pass, becomes a slight depression at about a mile to the 
 north. 
 
 There are two country roads, one to the right of the pike, the other 
 i<) the left, which give accefs to the crests overlooking the main road. 
 The oi-e on the left, called ' The Old Sharpsburgh Road,' is nearly 
 parallel to and about a half-mile distance from the pike, until it 
 reaches the crest of the Mountain, where it leads off to the left. Tlie 
 other road, called ' The Old Hagerstown Read,' passes up a ravine in 
 the Mountain, about a mile from the pike, and leading to the left over 
 and along the crest, enters the pike at the Mountain House, near the 
 summit of the pass. 
 
 * * * On the 14th General Pleasanton continued his reconnois- 
 sance ; Gibson's battery, and afterwards Benjamin's, of Reno's Corps, 
 was placed on high grounel on the left of the pike, and obtained a 
 direct fire on the enemy in the Gap. 
 
 Cox's Division, which had been ordered up to support Pleasanton , 
 left its bivouac near Middletown, at 6 a. m. The First Brigade reached 
 the scene of action about 9 a. m. , an el was sent on the old Sharpsburgh 
 Road by General Pleasanton to feel the enemy, and ascertain if he held 
 the crest on that side in strong force. This was soon found to be the 
 case, and General Cox having an-iveel with the other brij^ade, and infeir- 
 
116 
 
 mation having been received from General Reno that the column vi'ould 
 be supported by the whole corps, the division was ordered to 
 assault the position. Two twenty-pounders of Simmon's battery, and 
 two sections of McMullins' were Itf t in rear near the i^ike, and did good 
 service all day. Colonel Scammon s Brigade was deployed, moved up 
 the slope to the left of the road, with object of turning the enemy's 
 right. It gained the crest and, supported by Crook's Brigade, retained 
 its position against repeated assaults until noon. 
 
 There was now a lull for t^vo hours, wliilst Union troops continued 
 arriving. "Wilcox's Division came up first; it was moved about to 
 several positions, and finally put on right of the old Sharpsburgh 
 Road. Crook had moved up some guns near the cresi ; as Wilcox was 
 coming into position, the enemy opened with a battery close to his 
 right, creating a sort of panic there and alnost took Crook's guns, but 
 the Seventy-]^ inth New York and Seventeenth Michigan rallied to their 
 defence. Burnside now directed Rcr.o to move upSturgis' and Rod- 
 man's divisions to support Cox and Wilcox. Sturgis' Division arrived 
 at 3.30 P. M., and was formed in rear of Wilcox ; Rodman's was divided, 
 Colonel Fairchild's Brigade was placed on the extreme left and Colonel 
 Harland's on the right. 
 
 After it was ascertained that General Hooker's command on right 
 of the main road was well advanced, a general advance on the left of 
 the main road was ordered. The enemy made a desperate resistance, 
 counter charging the Union lines, but were everywhere driven back. 
 The fighting on the left of main road continued till 9 to 10 P. M. 
 General Reno was killed in this advance. Wilcox's Division suffered 
 the principal loss. 
 
 Hooker's Corps reached the Cotoctin about 1 P. M., having left 
 the vicinity of the Monocacy that morning. 
 
 About 1 P.M. General Meade's Division (the Reserves) was ordered to 
 make a diversion in favor of Reno, in accordance with the following 
 order ; " General Hooker; General Reno requests that a division of 
 your's may move up on the right of the main road. General McClellan 
 desires you to comply with this request, holding your whole corps in 
 readiness to support the movement, and taking charge of it yourself. 
 Sumner's and Bank's corps have commenced arriving. Let General 
 McClellan be informed as soon as you commence your movement." 
 
 Meade's Division (the Reserves) left Cotoctin Creek about 2 p. M., and 
 turned off to the right from the main road on tlie old Hagerstown 
 
117 
 
 Road leading to IMotiut Tabor Church, where General Hooker was, and 
 deploye 1 a short distance in advance, its rij^hfc renting about one and a 
 half miles from the pike. The enemy fired a few shots from a battery on 
 the Mountain side, but did no considerable dama-e. Cooper's battery 
 was placed in position on high ground about 3.30 p. m., and fire^ at the 
 enemy on the slope, but soon ceased, by order of General Hooker, and 
 the position of our lines prevented any further use of artillery on this 
 part of the field. The First Massachusetts Cavah-y was sent up the val- 
 ley to the right to observe the movements of the enemy in that direc- 
 tion, and one of Meade's regiments was posted to watch a road coming 
 in the same direction. The other divisions of Hooker's Corps were 
 deployed as they came up, Hatch's to the left, and Ricketts', which 
 arrived at 5 P. M., in rear. "Gibbon's Brigade was detached from 
 Hatch's Division by General Burnside, for the purpose of making a 
 demonstration on the enemy's centre up the main road, as soon as the 
 movements on the right and left had sufficiently progressed." 
 
 The First Pennsylvania Rifles (Bucktails), of Seymour's Brigade, 
 were sent forward as skirmishers to feel the enemy ; it was found he 
 was in force. Meade was then directed to advance his division to the 
 right of the road (old llagerstown Road) so as to outflank him, if possible, 
 and then to move forward and attack, while Hatch was directed to take 
 with his division the crest on the left of the old Hagerstown Road, 
 Rickett's Division lo be held in reserve. Seymour's Brigade was sent up 
 to the top of the slope on the right of the ravine through which the 
 road runs ; it then moved along the summit parallel to the road, while 
 Colonel Gallagher's and Colonel Magilton's brigades moved in the same 
 direction along the slope and in the ravine. The ground was of the most 
 difficult character for the movements of troops, the hillside very steep 
 and rocky, and obstructed by stone walls and timber. The enemy was 
 very soon encountered, and in a short time the action became general 
 along the whole front of the division. The Ime advanced steadily up the 
 Mountain side where the enemy was posted behind trees and rocks, from 
 which he was gradually dislodged. During this advance Colonel Gal- 
 lagher, of Eleventh, commanding the Third Brigade, was severely 
 wounded, and the command devolved upon Lieutenant-Colonel Ander- 
 son. 
 
 General Hooker, reporting this action, says : "In front of us was 
 South Mountain, the crest of the spiral ridge of which was held by the 
 enemy in considerable force. Its slopes were precipitous, rugged, and 
 
118 
 
 wooded, and difficult of ascent to an infantry in force, even in the 
 absence of a foe in front. The National Pike crosses the summit of this 
 range through a gentle depression, and near this point a spur projects 
 from the body of the ridge, and running nearly i-arallel with it about a 
 mile, when it is abruptly cut by a rivulet from the main ridge, and 
 rising again and extends far to the northward. At and to the north of 
 the pike this spur is separated from the main ridge by a narrow valley, 
 with cultivated fields extending well up the gentle slope of the hUl on 
 each side. Here the enemy had a strong infantry force posted, and a 
 few pieces of artillery. Through the break in the spur at the base of 
 the principal ridge were o her cleared fields, occupied by the enemy. 
 * * * 
 
 As soon as these dispositions were made," (heretofore described) 
 " and from my observations," (General Hooker being on a good point to 
 see the whole field of battle) " anticipating no important sequence from 
 the attack to the touth cf the pike, it was resolved to move to the assault 
 at once, which was commenced with throwing forward a heavy body of 
 skirmishers along my whole line, and directions were given for Meade 
 and Hatch to support them with their divisions. Meade moved forward 
 with great vigor, and scon became engaged, driving everything before 
 him ; every step of his advance was resisted stubbornly by a numerous 
 enemy, and, besides, he had great natural obstacles to overcome, which 
 impeded his advance but did not check it. From its great elevation and 
 the dense smoke which rose over the top of the forest, the progress of 
 the battle on this part of the field was watched with anxious interest 
 for miles around, and while it elicited the applause of the spectators, 
 they could not fail to admire the steadintss, resolution and courage of 
 the brave officers and men engaged." (Hooker evidently regrets his 
 remarks about this division on the Peninsula). '' Ar tliis moment 
 word was received that the enemy were attempting to turn Meade's 
 right, when Duryea's Brigade of Ricketts' Division was dispatched to 
 thwart it, and reached there in good time to render substantial aid in 
 this, and also to assist their comrades in crowning the summit with our 
 arms. This was taken possession of in fine style between sundown and 
 dark, * * * the battle was won. From liere we threatened the 
 retreat of the rebels posted between the main ridge and the spur of the 
 mountain, while it commanded the pike on both sides of the mountain. 
 On reaching the summit, Meade was ordered to hold it until further 
 orders." 
 
119 
 
 McClellaa's report of same action says : "General Meade speaks 
 tighly of General Seymour's skiJ iu handling his brigade on the right. 
 * " * While General Meade was gallantly driving the enemy on the 
 right, General Hatch's Division was engaged in a severe contest for the 
 possession of the crest on the loft of the ravine. It moved up t!ie moun- 
 tain in the following order : two regiments of Patrick's Brigade, dei)loyed 
 as skirmishers, Avith his other two regiments in support. Colonel Phelp's 
 Brigade in line of battalions in mass, and General Doubk day's Brigade 
 in same order in rear ; the Twenty-first New York (as skirmishers) hav- 
 ing gone straight up instead of around the slope, the Second New York, 
 as skirmishers, were sent in its j)lace." These three brigades, afterwards 
 reiuforced by Colonel Christian's Brigade of Ricketts' Division, 
 advanced well up tJie hill, under severe fire. Finally Hartsuff's Brigade 
 came up to fill an interval between Hatch's Division and Meade's, and 
 then the whole line held their position near the crest all night. 
 
 Late in the afternoon General Gibbon with his brigade and one sec- 
 tion of Gibbon's battery (B. 4, U. S.) was ordered to move up the main 
 road on the enemy's cen' re. He advanced a regiment on each side of 
 the road, preceded by skirmishers and followed by his other two regi- 
 ments in double column, the artillery in the road. Gibbon advanced 
 near to the crest under heavy fire, losing many men, but held his ground 
 until relieved by Gorman's Brigade. The Second and Twelfth Corps 
 reached their final positions sion after dark, Richardson's Division, near 
 Mt. Tabor Church, Twelfth Corps and Sedgwick's Division bivouacked 
 around Bolivar. Sykes' Division and the Artillery Reserve at Middle- 
 town, General Hatch was wounded in the last advance. At daylight 
 skirmishers were advanced, who found the enemy had retreated, leaving 
 Ms dead and severely wounded behind. 
 
 Cobb's, Semmes' and Mahone's brigades of McLaws' (Confederate) 
 Division held Crampton's Gap, whilst D, H. Hill's Division, consisting 
 of Garland's, Colquitt's, G. B. Anderson's and Ripley's brigades, and 
 Hosser'd command of cavalry and artillery, held Turner's Gap; this latter 
 appears to have been the force opposed to Burnside till about the time 
 of Hooker's attack on the right, when Longstreet's command had 
 arrived. D. R.Jones' division, consisting of brigadesof Pickett, Kemper, 
 Jenkins and Evans, were in Hooker's front. Hood's Division, consist- 
 of his own, Whiting's, Dayton's and D. R. Jones' (own) brigades were 
 on Confederate right, opposite to Burnside's command. 
 
 General Lee says: "The battle continued with great animation 
 
120 
 
 until night. On the south of the turnpike the enemy was driven back 
 some distance, and his attack on the centre repulsed with loss. His 
 grtat superiority iu numbers enabled him to extend beyond both our 
 flanks. By this means he succeeded in reaching the summit of the 
 mountain beyond our left, and, pressing upon us heavily from that 
 direction, gradually forced our troops back after an obstinante resist- 
 ance. Darkness put an end to the contest." Lee furtlier says in his 
 report : " It was determined to retire to Sharpsburgh, where we would 
 be upon the flank of the enemy should he move against McLaws, and 
 where we would more readily unite with the rest of the army." Lee 
 further says: " The attack oa the garrison (Harper's Ferry) began at 
 dawn (15th) ; * * * in about two hours the garrison, consisting of 
 more than 11,000 men, surrendered. * * * Leaving General A. P. 
 Hill to receive the surrender of the Federal troops and secure captured 
 property, General Jackson, with his two other divisions, set out at once 
 for Sharpsburgh, ordering Generals McLaws and Walker to follow with- 
 out delay. Official information of the fall of Harper's Ferrj' and the 
 approach of Jackson were received soon after the co.-ximands of Long- 
 street and D. H. Hill reached Sharpsburgh on the morning of the 15th ; 
 General Jackson arrived early on the 16th, and General Walker came 
 up in the afternoon. 
 
 The presence of the enemy in Crampton's Gap embarrassed the 
 movements of General McLaws. He retained the position taken dur- 
 ing the night of the 14th to oppose an advance towards Harper's Ferry 
 until the capitulation of that place, when, finding the enemy indis- 
 posed to at'ack, he gradually withdrew his command toward the 
 Potomac. Deeming the roads to Sharpsbui-gh on the north side 
 impracticable, he resolved to cross at Harper's Ferry and march by way 
 of Shepherdstown, his j^rogress was slow, and he did not reach the 
 battlefield at Sharpsburgh until some time after the engagement of the 
 17th began. 
 
 The CO I mands of Longstreet and D. H. Hill, on their arrival at 
 Sharpsburgh, were placed in position along the range of hills between 
 the town and the Antietam, nearly parallel to the course of that stream, 
 Longstreet on the right of tlxe road to Boonesboroui'jh, an 1 Hill on the 
 left. The advance of the enemy was delayed by Fitz Lee's cavalry, 
 and he did not appear on the opposite fide of the Antietam until 2 p.m. 
 During the afternoon the batteries on either side were slightly engaged." 
 It is said that " General McClellan expected to renew tlie battle" (of 
 
121 
 
 South Mountain) "in the morning, and hence during the night moved up 
 all his forces within easy supporting distance. The enemy, however^ 
 rapidly and quickly withdrew under cover of the night and retreated 
 across Antietam Creek in the direction of Sharpsburgh. When the 
 skirmishers advanced cautiously through the mist and gray dawn of the 
 morning, they discovered that the enemy had fled. The heavy fog 
 which had enveloped the mountain, and lay in impenetrable clouds 
 upon the valley, screened the movements of the enemy and delayed a 
 vigorous pursuit until after the middle of the afternoon." Fog and 
 mist, not Filz Lee's cavalry, delayed the Uaion advance. 
 
 The cavalry under Pleasanton, and three corps under Sumner, 
 Hooker and Mansfiexd pursued the enemy by ths National Turnpike in 
 direction of Booaesborough, the corps of Burnside and Sykes' 
 Division by the old Sharpsburgh Road. General Franklin was to move 
 into Pleasant Valley and endeavor to relieve Harpers' Ferry, The ces- 
 sation of firing at that post indicated it had fallen. McClellan had not 
 been given command of Harper's Ferry till all communication with that 
 post had been cut off. 
 
 Pleasanton's cavalry charged Fitz Lee's cavalry at Boonesborough 
 and captured 2d0 prisoners and two guns. Richardson's Division of 
 Second Corps and Sjkes' Div.sion pushed on through Keedysville and 
 found the enemy in force on the heights on west side of Antietam 
 Creek, his batteries overlooking our approach. This creek was deep 
 and crossed only at distant points by bridges. The army was gotten up 
 during the night and morning of 16th. Reconnaissances showed Lee's 
 army in position awaiting attack. This position extended from the 
 heights near the Potomac to the left of Sharpsburgh, running around in 
 a semi-circle in front of that town. General Hjoker with h"s (First) 
 Corps was ordered to cross Antietam Creek to the Union right, to be sup- 
 ported by t!ie Twelftli and Second Corps ; Hooker's Corps crossed the 
 creek about 3 p.m. on the IGtli ; the Twelfth Corps crossed the creek dtu-- 
 ing the night of the 16th. 
 
 McClellan says : " His plan for the impending engagement was to 
 attack the enemy's left with the corps of Hooker and Mansfield, sup- 
 ported by Sumner's, and, if necessary, by Franklin's, and as soon as 
 matters looked favorable there, to move the corps of Burnside against 
 the enemy's extreme right, upon the ridge running to the south and 
 rear of Sharpsburgh, and having carried that position, to press alo:igtIie 
 crest toward our right, and whenever either of these flank movements 
 
123 
 
 should be successful, to advance our centre with all the forces then dis- 
 posable. * * * On reaching the vicinity of the enemy's left, a sharp 
 contest commenced with the Pennsylvania Reserves, the advance of 
 Hookers Corps, near the house of D. Miller. The enemy was driven 
 from a strip of wojd^, where he was first met. The firing lasted until 
 dark, when General Hooker's Corps rested on their arms on ground won 
 froi:i the enemy. * * * A.t daylight on the 17th the action was com- 
 menced by the skirmishers of the Pennsylvania Reserves." 
 
 General Meade says in his report : " The division left the mountain 
 gap on the morning of the 15th and marched beyond Keedysville, 
 bivouacking in the forks of the little and big Antietam. On the 
 afternoon of the 16th, about 2 o'clock, the division constituting the 
 advance of Hooker's Corps moved * * * on tlie road to Williams- 
 port, when, after crossing the bridge over the main Antietam, the head 
 of the column was moved to the left across the country, advancing on 
 wliat was understood to be the enemy s left flank. Soon after leaving 
 the road the cavalry * * * reported having been fired upon, when 
 * * * the regiment of rifles was advanced as skirmishers to a piece 
 of woods on our left, and four companies of the Third Regiment were 
 deploye 1 as skirmishers and sent into a piece of woods on our right. 
 
 The main column, formed of battalions in mass, division front, with 
 the artillery, moved over the ground towards a high ridge in front. 
 The Bucktail skirmishers findlDg the enemy. General Seymour with his 
 brigad'i was directed to advance to their support. This was promptly 
 done, and soon Seymour was closely engaged with the enemy's infantry 
 and artillery, Coopers battery being posted by Seymour to reply to the 
 enemy's artillery. 
 
 In the meantime I had gained the crest with the head of the column, 
 and entered a piece of woods, which proved to be in its direction per- 
 pendicular to tlie line along which Seymour had advanced. On entering 
 these woods the enemy's battery could be plainly seen in a cornfield 
 playing on Seymour's column in the front, the inasses of his infantry 
 deployed around the battery. The fact that only one regiment, the head 
 of our column, was depl yel, deterred me from endeavoring to capture 
 the battery by a charge. Ordered up Ransom's battery and caused the 
 enemy to withdraw his guns to an eminence in the rear, from whence ho 
 commenced shelling the woods we occupied, and the ridge immediately 
 l>ehind it. 
 
 In the meantime, Magiltoa's and Ander.son's brigades came up and 
 
123 
 
 •were deployed ia liii^i of battle to support Ratjsom's battery. After 
 -driving: the enemy from the woods, Seymour held his own, and d irkaess 
 intervening the contest closed for the night. Seymour holding tiie 
 woods immeJiately in front of the enemy and Anderson and Magiltou 
 the woods on their flank, Ransom was withdrawn to the rear ; Cooper 
 remained in the position occupied in the commencement of the action ; 
 and Simpson's battery of howitzers, which had been jwsted on the ridge 
 to the rear, replying to the enemy's battery in its second position, also 
 remained there. 
 
 Dm-iug the night the enemy made two attacks on Seymour's pickets, 
 in both of which he was repulsed with, it is beleived, severe loss. At 
 early daylight on the 17th, the contest was warmly renewed by Seymour, 
 the enemy atracking him with vigor. The general commanding the 
 <;orp3 had sent Ricketts' Division to Seymour's support, and had advanced 
 Doubleday's Division along the woods occupied by Magilton's aud 
 Anderson's Brigades. These brigades were formed ia columns of battal- 
 ions in mass, and moved forward in rear of Doubleday. Seymour and 
 Ricketts advancing through one piece of woods and Doubleday on their 
 right advancing along the Hagerstown Pike, left an open space between 
 them, in which was a ploughed field and an orchard ; beyond this was a 
 corn field, the possession of which the enemy warmly disputed. Ran- 
 som's battery was advanced into the open ground between the two 
 advancing columns and played with great effect on the enemy's infantry 
 and batteries. 
 
 The brigades of Anderson and Magilton, on reaching the corn field, 
 were moved in a ravine extending up to the pike. Soon after forming, 
 I saw the enemy were driving our men from the corn field; I immediately 
 deployed both brigades, and formed line of battle along the fence bor- 
 dering the corn field, for the purpose of covering the withdrawal of our 
 people and resisting the further advance of the enemy. Just as this 
 line of battle was formed, I received an order of the general command- 
 ing the corps to detach a brigade to reinforce our troops in the woods 
 on the left; I directed Magilton's Brigade to move in that direction, 
 which order was promptly executed, notwithstanding the brigade, mov- 
 ing by the flank, was subjected to a warm fire from the corn field. 
 Anderson's Brigade still held the fence on the right, but the gap made 
 by the withdrawal of Magflton's Brigade was soon filled by the enemy, 
 whose infantry advanced boldly through the corn field to the woods; 
 seeing this,, I rode up to Ransom's battery aud directed his guns on their 
 
124 
 
 advancing columns, which fire, together with the arrival of Magilton's 
 Brigade, in connection with Seymour an 1 Ricketts, drove the enemy 
 back, who as they retreated were enfiladed by Anderson, who eventually 
 gained the crest of the ridge in the corn field. 
 
 At this time, about 10 A. m. , my division had been engaged about 
 five hours, and their ammunition was being exhausted ; I, therefore, 
 welcomed the arrival of Bank's Corps, the left column of which, com- 
 manded by the gallant Mansfield, moved up to our support in the woods 
 on the left, and a column under General Williams moved up to the 
 woods on the right of the turnpike. * * * The Tenth Regiment, 
 Lieutenant Colonel AVarner, was detached to the right of the road, was 
 put in action by General Gibbon aad did good service, * * * also 
 Cooper's and Simpson's batteries were early in the morning posted on 
 the crest of the ridge we occupied the evening previous, from whence 
 they had a command of the enemy's left flank, * * * doing good 
 service. * * * Between 11 and 12 M. Mansfield's and Sumner's 
 corps arrived. * * * 
 
 General Hooker being wounded, I was directed to take command of 
 the corps. I directed the various divisions to be withdrawn as soon as 
 they were relieved and to be assembled and reorganized on the ridge in 
 our rear. 
 
 By 2 P. M. the Pennsylvania Reserve Division, commanded by 
 General Seymour, was organized on tliis ridge, supplied with ammuni- 
 tion and held in readiness to repel an attack of the enemy should he 
 attempt one on our right flank, or assist in any advance we might 
 make."' 
 
 The Twelfth Corps, General Mansfield commanding, was brought 
 up between 7 and 8 a. m. to assist the First Corps. The First Division 
 of Twelfth Corps, General Williams commanding, was deployed to the 
 right, its right resting on the Hagerstown Pike ; the Second Division, 
 General Greene, on the left, extending as far as the burnt building to the 
 northeast of the white church on the pike. During the deployment of the 
 corps General Mansfield was killed. The attack of this (Twelfth) Corps 
 was begun by Knaps, Pa. Co' brans N. Y. and Hamptons Pa. batteries. 
 The attack of tliis corps continued about two hours, the enemy working 
 around west of the pike, when the Second Corps (General Sumner com- 
 manding the right wing after the wounding of General Hooker) came 
 up, Sedgwick's Division leading, and coming on to the p:round held by 
 the Twelfth Corps. Sedgwick's Division advanced to the west of the 
 
125 
 
 pike, but being attacked in the front and on left flank by the enemy it 
 was forced back, General Sedgwick and about the same time General 
 Hooker, being wounded, about 11 a. M. 
 
 Batteries were now (General Sumner commanding) collected to stop 
 the enemy's advance upon Sedgwick's repulse, and the Union attack 
 practically ceased on the right. General French's Divison of Second 
 Corps came in more to tlie left near Union centre, near to the houses 
 on Roulette's farm. The enemy counter-charged several times ; the 
 fighting here was alternately in favor of one and then of the other. 
 General French captured several hundred prisoners and several flags. 
 The Confederates considered this the critical point of the day ; they had 
 concentrated so much to their left, this part of their line was weak. 
 
 Richardson's Division came in still farther to the left ; Meagher's 
 Brigade getting up to Roulette's house, it was relieved by Caldwell's 
 Brigade, near the crest overlooking Piper's house. Colonel Barlow, with 
 Sixty-First and Sixty-Fourth New York flanked a part of the enemy's 
 force in a sunken road and took prisoners and colors. Also Colonel 
 Cross, with Fifth New Hampshire and Eighty-First Pennsylvania, per- 
 formed a brilliant and gallant feat in counter-charging. Piper's house 
 was ultimately gained. 
 
 A section of Robertson's battery under Lieutenant Vincent and 
 Graham's Battery, First U. S., assisted- to hold the position. General 
 Richardson was killed and General Hancock came into command of the 
 division. This part of the Union line was held by assistance of batteries 
 from the cavalry and artillery reserve. About 1 P. M. Franklin's Corps 
 came up on the right; its arrival was timely, as the enemy were begin- 
 ning a return attack all along the left. Franklin was about to attack 
 the position near Dunker Church when General Sumner ordered a post- 
 ponement. Porter's Fifth Corps held the centre of the main line of 
 battle, being posted on the left (east) bank of Antietam Creek. He sent 
 during the day portions of his force to assistance of Richardson and 
 Burnside. 
 
 Burnside with his corps and the Kanahwa Division was about 8 a. m. 
 ordered to carry the stone bridge and cross the Antietam. Crooks 
 Brigade of the Kanahwa Division was sent first, but not knowing the 
 location of the bridge, struck the stream above it ; the first attempt to 
 carry the bridge was unsuccessful and Colonel Kingsbury, a most prom- 
 ising yoimg officer, was killed. Later in the day the Fifty-First New 
 York and Fifty-First Pennsylvania, being supported by troops above and 
 
136 
 
 below the bridge, carried it. The enemy holding the bridge, learning- 
 that his flanks were threatened by Crook above and by Rodman's Divi- 
 sion below the bridge, retreated to the heights on his side of the stream. 
 After crossing their command Burnside and Cox (both appear to 
 have commanded the same troops) were slow in forming for attack, but 
 their troops wlen ordered to advance, about 3.30 P. M., advanced most 
 gallantly to the first crest; here being reformed and reinforced, the 
 entire command pushed on to the edge of Sharpsburgh. Just as Burn- 
 side's command was entering Sharpsburgh (Burnside had moved up 
 Rodman's Division from his left to the front, leaving his left uncov- 
 ered), A. P. Hill's Division arrived upon the field coming from Harper's 
 Ferry. Hill's command at once attacked the Union left and left rear 
 and forced the whole line back to the crest near the Antietam. Both 
 sides now being completely exhausted the battle ceased. 
 
 It was the hardest and best fought battle by both sides, of the war. 
 McClellan had 87,000 men for duty, probably 70,000 la the action. Lee 
 claimed he had only 40,000 muskets, but he held a chosen position with 
 ample time to prepare it; this advantage with modern arms, fully coun- 
 terbiilanced McClellau's superior numbers. Moreover, McCle.lan had 
 to retain one-fourth of his command practically idle to liold the connec- 
 tion between his widely separated wings. McCIellan's attack on his 
 right was too much by piecemeal, and made without sufficient artillery. 
 Tht se were faults too common throughout the war. OrAy at Gettysburg 
 was artillery used properly on both sides. The attack on the left was 
 badly managed; was especially too slow after it was begun. 
 
 General Lee of this campaign in his report says : ' ' The war was 
 thus (by Pope's campaign) transferred from the interior to the frontier, 
 and the supplies of rich and productive districts made accessible to our 
 armj. To prolong a state of affairs in every way desirable, and not to 
 permit the season of active operations to pass without endeavoring to 
 inflict further injury on the enemy. (* * * It was hoped military 
 success might afl"ord us an opportunity to aid the citizens of Maryland 
 in any efforts they migiit be disposed to make to recover their liberties.) 
 * * * The army, though not equipped for invasion, was transferred 
 into Maryland. 
 
 It liatl been supposed that the advance upon Frederickstown would 
 have led to the evacuation of Martinsburg and Harper's Ferry, thus 
 open'ng the line of communication throurh the valley. This not having 
 occurred. General Jackson was directed lo proceed with liis command 
 
to Martinsburg, and pfter driving the enemy from that place, to move 
 down the south side of the Potomac to Harper's Ferry. McLaws, with 
 his own and R. H. Anderson's Division, was ordered to seize Maryland 
 Heights, on the north side of the Potomac opposite Harper's Ferry, and 
 General Walker to take possession of Loudon Heights, east of the' She- 
 nandoah. These commands, after reducing Harper's Ferry and clearing 
 the valley of tlie enemy, were to join the rest of the army ar, Boonesboro 
 or Hagerstown. The march of the troops began on 10th; remainder 
 of Longstreet's command and D. H. Hill's Division crossed South 
 Mountain and moved towards Boonesboro. General Stuart remained 
 east of the mountains to watch the enemy and to retard his advance. 
 Longstreet went to Hagerstown and D. H. Hill tc^ Boonesboro. * » * 
 It had not been intended to oppose passage of the Federal army through 
 South Mountain. General Jackson crossed tlie Potomac near Williams- 
 port on 11th; sent A. P. Hill to Martinsburg. Martinsburg was 
 evacuated on the 11th, troops (Federal) going to Harper's Ferry. Gen- 
 eral Walker took possession of Loudon Heights on 13th. McLaws 
 encountered more opposition, but carried Maryland Heights at 4.30 
 on 13th; Harpers Ferry was fully invested on 14th and surrendered 
 at 8 A. M. on 15tli. Hearing of McClellan's advance, the troops were 
 returned as before described to South Mountain. 
 
 Longstreet was posted^' (at Sharpsburg) " on the right of the road to- 
 Boonesboro, and D. H. Hill on the left. Hood's two brigades were 
 transferred from the right on 16th to left, between D. If. Hill and 
 Hagerstown Road, in anticipation of a movement against Cv.nfeder- 
 ate left. Jackson was posted on Hood's left, his right on Hagerstown 
 Road, left toward the Potomac, with Stuarts cavalry on his left. Gen- 
 eral Walker with his two brigades was posted on Longstreet's right. At 
 10 P. M. (16th) Hood's troops were relieved by Lawton's and Trimble's, 
 brigades of Ewell's Division : Jackson's own division on Lawton's left, 
 supported by remaining brigades of Ewell's Division. 
 
 At early dawn (ITtli) artillery opened. * * * Under cover of 
 their fire Union troops attacked Jackson ; * * * f^^ several hours 
 the conflict raged with great fury and alternate success. * « * Gen- 
 eral Starke was killed, General Lawton w^ounded. * * * Qut 
 
 ti-oops slowly yielded to overwhelming numbers and fell back. * * ♦ 
 Hood returned to the Held and relieved the brigades of Trimble Law- 
 ton and Hays. * * * General Early, who succeeded to (he command 
 of Ewell's Division, was ordered to move with his brigade to take the 
 
128 
 
 place of Jackson's Division withdrawn, a part of the latter remaining 
 with Early, also portions of Trimble's, I^awton's and Hays' brigades. 
 Hood was reinforced by brigades of Ripley, Colquitt and Garland of 
 D. H. Hill's Division, and afterwards by D. U. Jones' Brigade. * * * 
 
 The desperate rtsistance they (the enemy) encountered delayed 
 their progress until the troops of McLaws arrived, and those of General 
 Walker were brought from the right. * * * Hood's Brigade was 
 relieved by Walker's command, who immediately attacked and drove 
 the enemy back. * * * Colonel Manny, commanding Walker's 
 Brigade, pursued until he was stopped by a strong fence, behind which 
 were posted a large force of infantry" (Third Brigade of Reserves-) 
 ■" and several batteries ; Colonel Manny was wounded and his command 
 fell back. * * * Upon the arrival of reinforcement<^ under 
 McLaws, General Early attacked ; McLaws advanced at the same time, 
 -* * * beyond the position occupied at the beginning of the engage- 
 ment. The attack on the left was speedily followed by one in the 
 •centre ; this was met by part of Walker's Division and brigades of G. B. 
 Anderson and Rodes, of D. H. Hill's command, assisted by artillery. 
 General R. H. Anderson's Division came to General D. H. IZiU's sup- 
 port.* * * * At this time, by a mistake of orders, Rodes' Brigade was 
 withdrawn ; * * * the enemy pressed through this gap and G. B. 
 Anderson's Brigade was broken and retired ; General G. B. Anderson 
 was killed, Major-General R. H. Anderson and General Wright 
 wounded. * * * While the attack on the centre and left was in 
 progress the enemy made repeated efforts to force the passage of the 
 bridge over the Antietam defended by Second and Twentieth Georgia 
 and General D. R. Jones' batteries ; General Jones had about 2,000 men ; 
 * * * he was reinforced by General A. P. Hill's command , it having 
 left Harper's Ferry at 7.30 A. M." 
 
 The Reserve Division, already reduced by losses in battle on the 
 Peninsula and in Pope's campaign, and by absentees with and without 
 authority, went into the South Mountain and Antietam battles much 
 reduced in numbers. The losses in these two last battles being so veiy 
 heavy, the division, as it came out of them, was not larger than a brig- 
 ade. Regiments were commanded by captains and companies by non- 
 commissioned officers. Governor Curtin, September 30th, wrote to 
 President Lincoln requesting that the division might be sent to tlie State 
 to be recrui'ed. This was refused, as it was hoped by the authorities 
 that the Army of the Potomac would make another advance toward 
 
129 
 
 llichmond before the bad weather set ia. This was not accom- 
 plished as the army did not begin to move till October 26th on 
 whicli day, Sunday, in a severe rain storm, the division broke camp 
 near Sharpsburg, marched southeasterly and encamped at night in 
 Pleasant Valley, at the base of South Mountain. The division, General 
 .leade commanding, crossed the Potomac at Berlin October 30th and 
 marched beyond LovettsviUe and remained here until November 1st The 
 mam army advanced along the east side of the mountains till it reached 
 Warrenton. The Reserve Division passed through Waterford, PennviUe 
 UmonandMiddleburg, and encamped south of Warrenton November 
 6th; General McClellan was relieved of command of the Army of the 
 Potomac November 7th, and General Burnside immediately assumed 
 command. 
 
 That McClellan ought to have advanced against the Confederate 
 army sooner than he did is not now doubted, although his demands for 
 necessary horses, shoes and other supplies were not promptly supplied 
 
 l(et It was a great military error to relieve McClellan at the time 
 ne was relieved. 
 
 THE BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG 
 When McClellan was relieved the Army of the Potomac was located 
 about as follows: The First, Second and Fifth Corps, Reserve artillery and 
 army headquarters were at Warrenton, the Ninth Corps on the Rappahan- 
 nock, at Waterloo; Sixth Corps at New Baltimore; Eleventh Corps at 
 Gamesvzlle and Thoroughfare Gap; Sickles' Division of Third Corps on 
 Orange and Alexandria Railroad; Pleasonton, with his cavalry opposite 
 Longstreet, who was at Culpeper; Bayard's cavalry near Rappahan- 
 nock Station. The Confederate GeneralJackson, with about half the ' 
 Confederate army, was west of the mountains. General Seymour was 
 relieved about this time, and General Jackson retm-ned to duty. Colo- 
 nel Sinclair, of the Sixth, commanded the First Brigade. Colonel Magil- 
 ton the Second, and General Jackson the Third. The One Hundred and 
 Twenty First Pennsylvania was attached to the First Brigade, and One 
 Hundred and Forty-Secmd Pennsylvania to the Second. Tlie Twelfth 
 Regiment was commanded by Captain Gustin. 
 
 Burnside's plan of campaign, as approved by General Halleck, carried 
 the army to Falmouth, where it was rapidly marched, arriving between 
 the 18th and 21st. Thepontoon bridges to cross the Rappahannock River ' 
 havmgbeen delayed the Confederate army concentrated at Fredericks- 
 
130 
 
 burg before the Union army could be crossed. General Burnside formed 
 the Army of the Potomac, which at this time was very strong, into three 
 grand divisions : The Right Grand Division consisting of the Second and 
 Ninth Coriis, under General Sumner ; the centre, of the Third and Fifth 
 Corps under General Hooker ; the left, of the First and Sixth Corps, 
 under General Franklin. The Eleventh Corps under General Sigel was 
 held as a reserve. 
 
 The army was ordered to cross the Rappahannock, on the 10th; Frank- 
 lin's Grand Division crossed without opposition on the 11th and 13th. 
 The Reserves, commanded by General Meade, constituted a division of 
 the First Corps, which was commanded by General Reynolds. The centre 
 and right of the army were opposed by sharpshooters, and only after 
 pontoon boats filled with infantry , at the suggestion of General Hunt, 
 Chief of Artillery, had crossed and driven off the enemy's skirmishers, 
 were the engineers able to place bridges for the centre and right. The 
 First Corps, with the Reserve Division on the left of the corps, was on 
 the extreme left of the army, the Sixth Corps supported the First. The 
 evening of the 11th, Howard's Divibion of Second Corps occupied the 
 town of Fredericksburg, the balance of the Second Corps and the Ninth 
 Corps crossed during the night and next morning. Hooker's Grand 
 Division followed Sumner's. 
 
 Lor.gstreet"s Confederate Corps held the heights on Lee's left, D, H. 
 Hill's Division the right centre and Jackson's Corps the right. Jackson 
 had been watching the lower Rappahannock. 
 
 It would apptar that Burnside's original plan of attack was for 
 Franklin to commence the attack on the Union left with his whole 
 force and endeavor to turn Lee's right, and while this was being done, 
 the Union right to a<tack in force Lee's left. But the order of attack as 
 acted upon, both by Franklin and Sumner, was to attack with one divi- 
 sion and to follow this attack up, Franklin *' to keep his main command 
 in readines for a rapid movement along the dd Richmond Road." The 
 attack was made on the left 1 y the Reserve Division, supported by 
 Gibbon's Division on its right and by Doubleday's Division first in reserve 
 and afterwards on its left. 
 
 General Meade describes the Reserves' attack as follows: "First 
 Brigade, Colonel Sinclair commanding, Sixth, First Rifles, Fii-st and 
 Second Regiments of Reserves, One Hundred and Twenty-first Pennsyl- 
 vania ; Second Brigade, Colonel Magilton, of Fourth, commanding. 
 Third. Fuurih, Seventh and Eighth Reserves and One Hundred aind 
 
131 
 
 Forty-Seoond Pennsylvania ; Third Brigade, General Jackson command- 
 ing, Fifth, Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh and Twelfth Regiments Pennsylvania 
 Reserves. Attached to this division were four batteries of four guns 
 each, commanded by Captain Ransom, Third United States, and Lieu- 
 tenant T. G. Simpson, Captain Cooper, and Captain Amsden of First 
 Pennsylvania Artillery. 
 
 On the 11th instant the division moved from the camp near White 
 Oak Church to the vicinity of the point on the Rappahannock River 
 selected for the crossing of the Left Grand Division. The previous 
 evening Captain Amsden's battery of rifled guns liad been detached 
 and ordered to report to Captain DeRussy, U. S. A., for service on the 
 river bank. General Jackson's Brigade, together with Ransom's and 
 Simpson's batteries, were also detached and sent down diiring the night 
 of the 10th, and posted on the river bank to protect the crossing, which 
 duty was successfully accomplished without loss, although there was 
 considerable firing between our sharpshooters and those of the enemy 
 posted on the opposite bank. 
 
 The bridges being completed, the division crossed the river on the 
 morning of the 12th, and was posted on the plateau, on the left of the 
 Hue of battle formed by the Left Grand Division. The following was 
 the formation of the division : The First Brigade in line of battle, irs left 
 resting on the river bank, and the line extending in a northwesterly 
 direction, along and in rear of the ravine at Smithfield, the right 
 connecting with the left of Gibbon's Division. Two regiments of this 
 bri-ade, tbo i'irst Rifles and Second Infantry were detached, the former 
 for picliet duty, the latter to occupy the bmldings and outhouses at Smi h- 
 field, and to hold the bridge across the ravine at its debouche into the 
 river. The batteries were posted in front of the First Brigade, on the 
 edge of the ravme, where they had complete command of the front and 
 of the approach by the Bowling Green Read. 
 
 The Second Brigade was formed in line of battle three hundred 
 paces in rear of the first and parallel to it ; and the Third Brigade along 
 the river bank in column of regiments, the head of the column being one 
 hundred paces in rear of the left of the Second Brigade. This position 
 was occupied by 3 p. m. without any serious opposition from the enemy, 
 but with occasional skirmishes with the pickets in front. 
 
 Early on the morning of the 13th I accompanied the general com- 
 manding the corps to the headquarters of the Left Grand Division, whore 
 the Commanding General indicated the point he was instructed to 
 
132 
 
 attack ; and I was informed that my division had been selected to make 
 the attack. The point indicated was on the ridge, or rather range of 
 heights, extending from the Rappahannock in rear of Fredericksburg, 
 to the Massaponax, and was situated near tlie left of this ridge, where 
 it terminated in the Massaponax Valley. 
 
 Between the heights to be attacked and the plateau on which the 
 Left Grand Division was posted, there was a depression or hollow of 
 several hundred yards in width, through which, and close to the foot of 
 the heights, the Richmond Railroad ran. The heights along the east 
 were wooded. The slope to the railroad from the extreme left, for the 
 space of three or four hundred yards, was clear. Beyond this it was 
 wooded, the woods extending across the hollows and in front of the 
 railroad. The plateau on our side was level and cultivated ground up 
 to the crest of the hollow, where there was quite a fall to the railroad. 
 The enemy occupied the wooded heights, the line of the railroad and 
 the woods in front. Owing to the woods, nothing could be seen of 
 them, while all our movements on the cleared ground were exposed to 
 their view. 
 
 Immediately on receiving orders, the division was moved forward, 
 across the Smilhfield ravine, advancing down the river some seven or 
 eight hundred yards, when it turned sliai'p to the right and crossed the 
 Bowling Green Road, which here runs in a parallel direction with the 
 railroad. Some time was consumed in removing the hedge fences on 
 this road and bridging the the drains on each side for the passage of 
 artillery. Between 9 and 10 a. m. the column of attack was formed as 
 follows : The First Brigade in line of battle on the crest of the hollow 
 and facing the railroad, with the Sixth Regiment deployed as skir- 
 mishers ; the Second Brigade in rear of the First three hundred paces ; 
 the Third Brigade by the flank, its right flank being a few yards to the 
 rear of the First Brigade, having the Ninth Regiment deployed on its 
 flank as skirmishers and flankers ; the batteries between the First and 
 Second brigades. 
 
 This disposition had scarcely been made when the enemy opened a 
 brisk fire from a battery posted on the Bowling Green Road, tlie shot 
 from which took the command from the left to rear. Apprehending an 
 attack from that quarter, the Third Brigade was faced to the left (thus 
 forming with the First two sides of a square). Simpson's battery was 
 advanced to the front and left of the Third Brigade, and Cooper's and 
 Ransom's batteries moved to a knoll on the left of the First Brigade. 
 
133 
 
 These batteriesimmediately opened fire on the enemy's hatt/^ry and in 
 conjunction with some of Doubledays batteries in our rear, on the other 
 side of Bowling Green Road, after some tv^enty minutes firing, silenced 
 and compelled the withdrawal of the guns. 
 
 During the artillery duel the enemy advanced a body of sharp- 
 shooters along the Bowling Green Road and under cover of the hedges 
 and trees at the road side. General Jackson promptly sent out two 
 companies of marksmen from his brigade, who drove the enemy back 
 No further demonstration on our left and rear being made, the advance 
 wasagam determined on. Previous to pushing forward the infanti-v 
 the batteries were directed to shell the heights and the woods in front' 
 For this purpose, and to protect our lines in case of fallmg back 
 Ransom's battery was moved to the right and front of the First Brigade 
 and Amsden's battery, which had just rejoined from detached duty 
 was posted on tlie right of Cooper. 
 
 During tliis operation, by order of the general commanding the 
 First Corps, the Third Brigade, changed front and formed in line of 
 battle on the left of the First Brigade, its left extending so as to be 
 nearly opposite to the end of the ridge to be attacked. The formation 
 was barely executed before the enemy opened a sharp fire from a 
 battery posted on the heights to our extreme left. Cooper's, Amsden's 
 and Riinsom's batteries were immediately turned on it, and after about 
 thirty minutes rapid fire the enemy abandoned his guns, having had 
 two of his limbers or caissons blown up, the explosions from which 
 were plainly visible. As soon as the enemy's guns were silenced the 
 line of infantry was advanced to the attack. The First Bri^^ade to the 
 right advanced several hundred yards over cleared ground, drivmg the 
 enemy's skirmishers before them, till they reached the woods previously 
 described as being in front of the railroad, which they entered driving 
 the enemy out of them to the railroad, where they were found strongly 
 posted in ditches and behind temporary defences. 
 
 The brigade (First) drove tliem from there and up the heights in 
 their front. Owing to a heavy fire being received on their ri-^ht"flank 
 they obUqued over to that side, but continued forcing the enemy back 
 till they had crowned the crest of the hill, crossed a main road which 
 runs along the crest and reached open ground on the other side where 
 they were assailed by a very severe fire from a large force in their front 
 and at the same time the enemy opened a battery which completely 
 enfiladed them from the right flank. After holding tlieir ground for 
 
134 
 
 some time, axid no support arriving, they were compelled to fall back to 
 the railroad. 
 
 The Second Brigade, which advanced in rear of the First, after 
 reaching the railroad, had so severe a fire on then- right flank that the 
 Fourth Regiment halted and formed, faced to the right, to repel this 
 attack. The other regiments in passing through the vi^oods, being 
 assaded from the left, inclined to that direction and ascended the heights, 
 the Thh-d going up as the One Hundred and Twenty-First Peimsylvania, 
 of the Frst Brigade, was retiring. The Third continued to advance and 
 read ed nearly the same point as the First Brigade, but was compelled 
 to withdraw for the same reason. The Seventh Regiment engaged the 
 enemy to the left, capturing many prisoners and a standard, driving 
 them from their rifle pits and temporary defences, and continuing the 
 pursuit till, encountering the enemy's reinforcements, they were in turn 
 driven back. The Third Brigade had net advanced over one hundred 
 yards when the battery on the height on its left was re-manned, and 
 poured a destructive fire into its ranks. 
 
 Perceiving this, I dispatched my aide-de-camp. Lieutenant Dehon, 
 with orders for General Jackson to move by the right flank till he could 
 clear the open ground in front of the battery and then, ascending the 
 heights through the woods, sweep around to the left and take the bat- 
 tery. Unfortunately, Lieutenant Dehon fell iiist as he reached General 
 Jackson, and a short time after the latter ofiicer was killed. The regi- 
 ments did, however, partially execute the movement by obliquing to the 
 right, and advanced across the railroad, a portion ascending the heights 
 in the front. The loss of their commander and the severity of the fire, 
 from both artillery and infantry, to which they were subjected, com- 
 pelled them to withdraw when those on their right withdrew. 
 
 It will be seen from the foregoing tliat the attack was for a time j)er- 
 fectly successful. The enemy Avas driven from the railroad, his rifle pits 
 and breastworks for over have a mile, over two hundred prisoners were 
 taken and several standards, when the advanced line encountered the 
 heavy reinforcements of the enemy, who, recovering from the effects of 
 our assault, and perceiving both our flanks unprotected, poured in such 
 a destructive fire from all directions as to compel the line to fall back, 
 which was conducted without confusion. 
 
 Perceiving the danger of too great penetration of my line witliout 
 support, I dispatched several staff oflicers both to General Gibbon's 
 command and to General Birney's (whose division had replaced mine at 
 
135 
 
 the batteries from whence we advanced), urging au advance to my sup- 
 port, the cue on my right, the other to tha left. A brigade of Birney's 
 advanced to our relief, just as my men were withdrawn from the woods, 
 and (Jibbon's Division advanced into tlie woods on our right in time to 
 assist materially in the safe withdrawal of my broken line. An unsuc- 
 cessful effort was made to reform the division in tlie hollow in front of 
 the^batteries. Failing in this, the command was reformed beyond the 
 Bowling Green Road and marched to the ground occupied the nigh.t 
 before, where it was held in reserve till the night of the 15th, wheti we 
 recrossed the river. 
 
 Accompanying this report is a list giving the names of the killed, 
 wounded and missing, amounting in the aggregate to 1,760. When I 
 report that 4,500 men is a liberal estimate of the strength of the division 
 taken into action " (this includes two new regiments, One Hundred and 
 Twenty-First and One Hundred and Forty-Second Pennsylvania, say 
 1,000) "this large los^ being nearly 40 per cent, will fully bear rne 
 out in tlie expression of my satisfaction at the go )d conduct of both 
 officers and men. While I deeply regi-et the inabCity of the division, 
 after having successfully penetrated the enemy's line, to remain and 
 hold what it had secured, at the same time I deem their witlidrawal a 
 matter of necessity. With one brigade commander killed, another 
 wounded, nearly half their number hors de combat, with regiments 
 separated from Irigades, and companies from regiments, and all the 
 confusion and disaster incidental to the advance of an extended line 
 through woods and other obstructions, assailed by a heavy fire, not 
 only of infantry, but of artillery, not only in front but on both flanks, 
 the best troops would be justified in withdrawing without loss of honor. 
 * * * My thanks are due to Colonel Sinclair, of Sixth Regiment, and 
 Colonel MagUton, of Fourth, for the manner in which they handled tlieir 
 commands. To Colonel Sinclair particularly, who had command of the 
 advance during the whole day, and who was severely wounded, I desire 
 to express my obligation for the assistance rendered me. 
 
 * * * The loss of Lieutenant Arthur Dehon, Twelfth Regiment, 
 my aide, is greatly to be deplored. * * * The public service has rdso 
 to mourn the loss of Brigadier-General Jackson, an officer of merit and 
 reputation, who owed liis position to his gallantry and good conduct in 
 previous actions. * * * " 
 
 Swinton in his history of the Army of the Potomac says : " Meade 
 advanced across the plain, but had not proceeded far before he was 
 
136 
 
 compelled to stop and silence a battery that Stuart had posted on the 
 Port Royal Road, and which had a flank fire on his left. This done he 
 pushed on, his line preceded by a cloud of skirmishers and his batteries 
 A'igorously shelling the heights and woods in his front. This caused con- 
 siderable loss to nill, who held Jackson's line; but the Confederates con- 
 cealed in the woods made no reply from artillery or infantry until Mead& 
 reached within point blank rangp, when, suddenly opening, shell and 
 canister were poured in from the long silent Confederate batteries. Yet 
 tliis did not stay him ; and the line advanced so boldly that the three 
 Confederate batteries, posted in advance of the railroad, had to be hastily 
 withdrawn. The division of A. P. Hill, which held Jackson's advance 
 line, was thus disposed : The brigades of Archer, Lane and Pender, from 
 right to left, with Gregg's in rear of the interval between Archer and 
 Lane, and Thomas' iarear of that, between Lane and Pender. Meade 
 pushed forward his line impetuously, drove back Lane through the 
 woods, and tlien wedged in between Lane and the brigade on his right, 
 swept back the right flank of the one and the left flank cf the other, 
 capturing above two hundred prisoners and several standards, crossed 
 the railroad, pushed up the crest and reached Gregg's position on a new 
 military road which Lee had made for the purpose of connecting his two- 
 wings," Meade met Gregg's Brigade at the military road, and while 
 contending with it Early's Division came up and attacked both his 
 flanks, compelling Meade by overwhelming numbers to retire. Swinton 
 farther says : " Gibbon advanced on the right of Meade, and though he 
 did not push on as far as the latter, he helped stem the hostile return, 
 and assisted iu the withdrawal of Meade's shattered line." Birney's 
 Division came up too Jate to assist the attack, but in time to render valu- 
 able assistance to Meade's and Gibbon's retiring troops. 
 
 " At the time the attack en the left was fully developed, Sumner, on 
 the right, was instructed to assail the height back of Fredericksburg. 
 He was ordered to make tlie attack with a single division, supported by 
 another. * * * Couch's Second Corps occupied the town. Wilcox's 
 Ninth Corps the interval between Couch and Franklin. * * * 
 Couch ordered forward French's Division from the town at noon, to be 
 followed and supported by Hancock's Division. French * * * 
 moved out on the plank and telegraph roads, and, crossing the canal, 
 found a ris? of ground, under cover of which he deployed his troops 
 * * * with brigade front, Kimble in front, Andrew's and Palmer's 
 (brigades) following. Hancock followed, in fame formation, with 
 
137 
 
 Zook's, Meagher's and Caldwell's brigades." These divisions made a 
 gallant assault, but failed to reach Longstreet's line. Howard's Division , 
 then Sturges' and Getty's attacked with same ill success. Finally, 
 Humphreys' Division assaulted against the advice of General Hooker, 
 and failed as had the other divisions, all with terrible losses. 
 
 "The losses in some of the commands," (says Mulholland, in his 
 account of this battle) " were unusually severe. The Eleventh Reserves 
 lost six color bearers inside of a few minutes, and Company ' E ' of that 
 regiment had but three men left unhurt. Company ' C ' Twelfth Regi- 
 ment lost forty of the forty-nine present, and among the wounded was 
 the Captain, H. S. Lucas." During the night of the 15th the army was 
 withdrawn and recrossed the Rappahannock. 
 
 This battle showed most conclusively the advantages of the defence 
 with modern weapons. Even a temporarily fortified position can 
 only be taken under favorable circumstances for the offence, such as 
 dense woods near enemy's position, fog, darkness and the like. Twelfth 
 Regiment lost in this action : Killed thirteen ; wounded, five officers and 
 sixty-six men ; missing two officers and thirty-one men ; total one 
 hundred and twenty-two, about one half (he number taken into 
 action. The losses in the Reserve Division had been so great in the 
 battle of Fredericksburg, it was necessary to reorganize it and fill it 
 up or to break it up. Its conduct had been so brilliant in this battle 
 even the Secretary of War could not but see it would be best to retain 
 the organization. 
 
 Colonel Hardin, of Twelfth, returned to the command the latter 
 part of December and was assigned to command of the Third Brigade, 
 but was not yet sufficiently recovered from wounds received at Second 
 Bull Run battle to remain in the wet and cold camp at Belle Plain. On 
 the 8th of January the Twelfth Regiment left BeUe Plain on transports 
 for Alexandria, arrived on 9th, camped near Fairfax Seminary two days, 
 from whence it was moved to Union Hill. The Reserves had been trans- 
 ferred to the Department of Washington to give them rest, but the 
 guerrilla, Mosby, was so active, the picket duty here became more ardu- 
 ous than it was with the Army of the Potomac, and altogether the duties 
 were no lighter nor the quarters any better than they were in the active 
 army. The command failed to obtam the rest it required, and conse- 
 quently the slightly wounded and sick absentees were ia no hurry to 
 rejoin their command. The object of retiring the division, that is, 
 giving the men rest and filling up the ranks, was not accomplished. 
 
138 
 
 Many sick men who could be of no further service were discharged, 
 and many commissioned officers, whose wounds or other injuries ren- 
 dered them unfit for further service, were permitted to resign, or they 
 were transferred to the Invalid Corps. Some sick were returned to the 
 regiments. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Bailey resigned February 15th, 1863, also Dr. 
 Taylor and Chaplain Miller resigned and Captain Horn of Company D, 
 who had been severely wounded on tlie Peninsula, was honoral)]y 
 discharged. 
 
 The 20th day of April, 1863, tlie Third Brigade, commanded by 
 Colonel Fisher, was ordered to the City of Washington to guard Confed- 
 erate prisoners and to do Provost duty. The Ninth and Twelfth Regi- 
 ments, both under command of Colonel Plardin, were assigned to Car- 
 roll Barracks on Capitol Hill, where details were made to guard prison- 
 ers and Government property. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 GETTYSBURG CAMPAIGN. 
 
 The Gettysburg campaign on the Union side began with the battle of 
 Beverly Ford, one of the results of which was the knowledge that Lee's 
 army was moving northwestward. This action "was the mrst import- 
 ant, as well as the most severe, the cavalry of the Army cf the Potomac 
 had fought. By it tlie Union cavalry not only developed General Lee's 
 plan of campaign, but also learned its equality with the Confederate 
 ■cavalry. 
 
 As soon as General Hooker received certain information that Lee 
 had extended his army from Fredericksburg to the Shenandoah Valley, 
 he proposed to General Ilalleck to attack Lee's rear at Fredericksburg; 
 this movement was disapproved. General Hooker then gave orders 
 preparatory to meeting General Lee's army in its northwestward move- 
 ment. 
 
 There was some delay due to instructions from General Halleck, 
 but in a few days the Army of the Potomac moved between the Confed- 
 erate army and Washington, with the main body of its cavalry on its 
 left (west) flank. The cavalry covered the Union army most thor- 
 oughly. It never performed its duty toward that army in a more scien- 
 tific (military) manner. The fighting about Aldie, Upperville and Mid- 
 dleburg, Virginia, was admitted by the Confederates to have been the 
 best the Union cavalry had done, except at Beverly Ford. The cavalry 
 was supported by a small force of infantry, both at Beverly Ford and in 
 the actions near Middleburg. A German officer. Major Von Bo'cke 
 (who was with the Confederates), and others state that General Stuart's 
 Confederate cavalry was never more numerous (Von Borcke estimated 
 it at 12,000 and twenty-four guns) and never in better condition. Con- 
 sidering this, we can Ihe better appreciate the fine work done by the 
 Union cavalry on this advance northward. The Confederate cavalry 
 considerably outnumbered the Union up to the time that General 
 Stahl's Cavalry Division, from the defences of "Washington, joined the 
 army. The management of the cavalry, whilst en route to Gettysburg, 
 was only surpassed when it was led by the indomitable will and mar- 
 velous skill of General Sheridan. 
 
140 
 
 The Army of the Potomac, moving slowly northwestward, crossed 
 the Potomac June 26 and 27. General Lee's main army had crossed 
 that river at or near Williamsport, Md., en 23d and 24th. When Gen- 
 eral Hooker reached the vicinity of Washington his army had been 
 much reduced by expirations of terms of service (Hooker said about 
 40,000). He now learned that there was a large number of troops 
 (about 37,000) in the defences of Washington. Inasmuch as the Union 
 army now covered Washington, he requested that some of these troops 
 be sent to reinforce his army. He was authorized to take Stahl's Cav- 
 alry Division and the Pennsylvania Reserve Division. He ordered the 
 latter division (June 24) to join his army. 
 
 When the Reserves heard that General Lee thre'itened to invade 
 Maryland and probably Pennsylvania, officers and men began to take on 
 the military air, which had been somewhat laid aside after Fredericks- 
 burg; and " talk'" of applying to rejoin their comrades of the Army of 
 the Potomac, on their march northward, became prevalent, and went 
 so far, in one case at least, as to be put in the form of a written petition. 
 Whatever the form, the feeling of the command, from drummer bey to 
 chaplain, was to take another turn at the "Johnnies," to go in for a 
 fight, if Lee's army went as far north as Pennsylvania. June 24, the 
 Twelfth Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin commanding, formed a 
 part of the Third Brigade. Colonel Fisher commanded the brigade. 
 General Crawford the division. The Third Brigade, consisting of the 
 Fifth, Lieutenant-Colonel Dare ; Ninth, Colonel Ar.derson ; Tenth, 
 Colonel Warner ; Eleventh, Colonel Jackson, and Twelfth, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Gustin, was at this date in camp at Minors' Hill. The First 
 Brigade, Colonel McCandless commanding, consisting of the First 
 Rifles (old Bucktails) and First, Second and Sixth Regiments, was 
 camped at Fairfax Court House. The Second Brigade, Colonel Sickel 
 commanding, consisting of the Third, Fourth, Seventh and Eighth 
 Regiments, was on provost duty in Alexandria, Va. 
 
 In accordance with instructions from General Hooker, General 
 Crawford ordered the three brigades of the Pennsylvania Reserve 
 Division to march on the 25th. The First and Third Brigades moved 
 accordingly, but the Second Brigade was detained by General Slough, 
 Military Governor of Alexandria. He thought a veteran brigade neces- 
 sary to keep convalescents in camp ! In violation of all mi'itary piin- 
 ciples he retained this splendid body of veterans against their will and 
 in disobedience of General Hooker's orders. 
 
141 
 
 However, he was sustained by the action of the military " coterie" 
 which surrounded our noble President. This -'coterie" never forgave 
 General Hooker for his first dispatch upon assuming command of the 
 Army of the P( tomac, namely, requesting that General Stone be made 
 chief of his staff. Not only did they refuse to entertain General 
 Hooker's charges against General Slough, but they refused him control 
 of the large force at Maryland Heights, and ultimately forced him to 
 throw up the command of the army. Few persons are acquainted with, 
 and still fewer willing to acknowledge, the great difficulties of Mr. 
 Lincoln's position, due principally to influential poUticians and news- 
 paper editors wishing to conduct the war, and jealous generals giving 
 opposing counsels. The writer believes with Colonel Scott (compiler of 
 •' Eebellion Records "), " that Mr. Lincoln acquired a very great knowl- 
 edge of the art of war," and that, if he had been permitted to act as he saw 
 fit, many misfortunes would have been spared the Union forces. The 
 Twelth Regiment moved with the Third Brigade, in a rain storm, on 
 the 26th of June, marching to Goose Creek, Va., that day. The 
 division had been delayed two days waiting for transportation. The 
 First Brigade joined the Third en route ; the two brigades, about 3,417 
 strong camped together at Goose Creek. On the 37th the division 
 moved at daylight along the Leesburg Pike. It was much delayed by 
 the Army of the Potomac trains and by its own train. 
 
 General Crawford telegraphed General Meade, commanding the 
 Fifth Corps : " On the Monocacy, June S7th, 4.15 p. M. General: I have 
 received orders from headquarters. Army of the Potomac, to join your 
 corps. I am on my way and just in from the rear ; to-night I will 
 encamp above the mouth of the Monocacy, as I find my train, which is 
 entirely new, cannot go further ; have two brigades, second detached at 
 Alexandria. If I receive no instructions to the contrary, I shall move 
 at daylight to overtake, if possible, your command." 
 
 The division crossed the Potomac at Edward's Ferry on pontoon 
 bridge and camped at night at the mouth of the Monocacy. Colonel 
 Hardm, of Twelfth, joined en route. The 28th, Sunday, was clear and 
 pleasant ; the division moved at daylight and soon crossed the aqueduct 
 of the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal at the Monocacy and, passing through 
 Buckeyestown, bivouacked on Ballinger's Creek about two miles from 
 Frederick. Here joined Fifth Corps. 
 
 General Meade was this day assigned to command of the Army of 
 the Potomac, General Sykes to Fifth Corps. 
 
142 
 
 General Hooker advanced a portion of his army through the south 
 mountain passes, with the view of cutting General Lee's communica- 
 tions, but this movement vvas disapproved at Washington and the corps 
 advanced tlirough the mountain passes were ordered back to Frederick, 
 and directed to proceed up the east base of these mountains. This latter 
 movement was taking place when the Reserve Division joined the 
 army. The greater part of the Union army at this time rested near 
 Frederick. 
 
 At this da*e, June 28th, General Lee's army was stretched from 
 Hagerstown to the Susquehanna, near Harrisburg, and to York, Penn.; 
 Ewell's Corps at Carlisle and York. General Lee's headquarters with 
 Longstreet's and Hill's Corps near Chambersburg. General Lee was 
 preparing to cross the Susquehanna, but that night, he says, he learned 
 from a scout that the Union army had crossed the Potomac and was 
 threatening his communications at South Mountain. It was resolved, 
 he says, to concentrate the army east of the moiintains. 
 
 General Meade states : " That he had no special plan but to move 
 northward until he made Lee let go Lis hold of the Susquehanna." 
 General Meade learned on the 30th that General Lee was moving with 
 his main force to the east side of the mountains, and he decided to con- 
 centrate his army on Pike Creek. The Army of the Potomac moved on 
 the 29th as follows : Headquarters to Middleburg; First and Eleventh 
 corps to Emmittsburg; Second Corps to Uniontown ; Third Corps to 
 Taney town; Fifth Corps, via Frederick and Moimt Pleasant, to Liberty; 
 Sixth Corps to New Windsor; Twelfth Corps to Taney town and Bruce- 
 ville; Gamble's and Deven's brigades of Buford's Cavalry Division via 
 Boonsboro, Cavetown and Monterey Springs to near Fairfield; Merritt's 
 Brigade of Buford's Division to Mechanic st own; Gregg's Division of 
 cavalry to New Windsor; Kilpalrick's Cavalry Division to Littletown, 
 the Artillery Reserve to Bruceville. There were combats at Muddy 
 Branch and Westminster, Md., and at McConnelbburg and near Oyster 
 Point, Penn. 
 
 There was an assemblage of officers of the Reserve Division whilst 
 it was camped near Frederick, looking over maps of the country and 
 guessing at the future movements of the Union and Confederate armies. 
 Colonel Warner, of the Tenth, and ihe writer agreed that the chances 
 were in favor of a fight at or near Gettysburg, the next good crossing 
 place in the mountains north of our then position, as shown by the maps 
 we had. 
 
143 
 
 The morning of the 29th the writer visited Frederick and conversed 
 veith officers of General Reynolds' command, Fii-st and Eleventh corps. 
 They thought they were going to Gettysburg, or spoke of that place as 
 their ultimate destination. Returning towards camp the writer met the 
 division en route to Frederick ; it had left Ballinger's Creek about noon ; 
 it marched but a short distance from Frederick when it was halted to 
 permit other troops to take precedence. The division remained in this 
 posiiion several liours ; it then followed the Artillery Reserve. The 
 writer, during this delay, visittd his old friend, Lieutenant "Cog" 
 Hazlet.who was commanding Battery "D," Fifth United States Artillery. 
 The weather was very warm ; Lieutenant Hazlet wore a small wliite 
 hat. Ab the writer left him to rejoin his command he called back, 
 " ' Cog,' we are going to have a fight soon : don't wear that white hat 
 into battle 1" 
 
 " At 7 p. M. we crossed the Monocacy Bridge on the Baltimore Pike, 
 and turnf d up the banks of the stream, heading north ; soon after we 
 waded the stream and struck across the fields, and at about 10 p. k. 
 bivouacked in a wood, having made a tiresome day's march of ten 
 miles." The long delay before mentioned caused our division to get far 
 behind the other divisions of the corps. We had to rush along well 
 into the night to reach the corps camp, where the leading divisions 
 had arrived early in the evening and in good order. Having arrived in 
 camp late, and it being very dark, we made a bivouac, whilst we saw 
 the other divisions of I he Fifth Corps in a regular camp. Most of us 
 ■were 60 hot and tired we dropped down and went to sleep without even 
 making coffee. A bad beginning for a long march. 
 
 June 30th the Union army moved as follows : Headquarters to 
 Taney town; First and Eleventh Corps, to Marsh Run; Third Corps, to 
 Bridgeport; Fifth Corps, via Johnsville, Union Bridge and Union, to 
 Union Mills ; Sixth Corps, to Manchester ; Twelfth Corps, to Littles- 
 town ; Second Corps, to Uniontown ; Gamble's and Devin's brigades, 
 via Emmittsburg, to Gettysburg ; Gregg's Division, via Westminster, to 
 Manchester ; Kilpatrick's Division, to Hanover ; Artillery Reserve, to 
 Taneytown. Action at Hanover, Penn. ; skirmishes at Westminster, 
 Md., and at Fairfield and Sporting Hill, Penn. 
 
 Stuart's Confederate Cavalry Divi- ion had crossed the Potomac, east 
 of the Union army, and moved north, between it and Washington. 
 Gregg's and Kilpatrick's divisions were watching Stuart and guarding 
 the Union trains. " The morning of the 30th we started early, passing^ 
 
144 
 
 tlu'ough Liberty, Uuion Bridge and Unic^ntown (a poutoou train accom- 
 panied us tliis day) ; marched twenty miles and bivouacked near dark ; 
 were mustered two miles beyond Union town." The marching all the 
 forenoon was very slow, with many stops ; but in the afternoon we 
 were rushed along. This march was the cause of a great injustice done 
 our division, in that it was reported to the Army Commander that our 
 division cuuld not march as fast as the other divisions of the corps. It 
 will be noted that these other divisions had clear roads, no trains to fol- 
 low, early start, no forced delays ; in short, nothing to prevent them 
 making their marches in time. 
 
 July 1st the Union army moved as follows : First, Eleventh and 
 Third corps, to Gettysburg ; Second Corps, to near Gettysburg ; Fifth 
 Corps, via Hanover and McSherrystown, to Boroughtown ; Sixth Corps, 
 en route to Gettysburg ; Twelfth Corps, via Two Taverns, to near 
 Gettysburg ; Gregg's Division, to Hanover Junction ; Mcintosh's and 
 J. I. Gregg's brigades, to Hanover ; Henry's Brigade returned to Man- 
 chester ; Kilpatrick's Division, from Hanover, via Abbottsville, to Ber- 
 lin; Artillery Reserve (Ransom's and Fitzhugh's brigades), to Gettysburg. 
 First day's battle of Gettysburg. 
 
 General Meade's order on the expected battle was read to us before 
 we started. The division left camp two miles beyond Uniontown at 
 5 A.M. (July 1st). Hearing of Confederate cavalry, skirmishers and 
 flankers were thrown out; the division moved thus several miles. About 
 2 P. M. were halted on the Pennsylvania State line ; at 3 p.m. were 
 addressed by General Crawford. We then moved on till we came to a 
 line open woods, where we rested till dark. All day we gathered 
 (cherries from the overloaded trees along the road side. The turnpikes 
 along which we marched the greater part of the day were white, hot 
 and dusty. We passed Kilpatrick's battlefield at Hanover in afternoon. 
 At dark we resumed the march, which we continued without halt till 
 tiawn, when, utterly exhausted, we dropped down, compelling a halt of 
 the division. After resting an hour we again took up the march and 
 (continued it mostly across country untU 12.30 p.m., when we arrived on 
 the battlefield, on the Baltimore Pike, in rear of the centre of the armj-. 
 Our division, in very hot weather, marched in the worst possible manner, 
 accomplished nearly seventy miles in three and a half days, and on the 
 afternoon and evening of the fourth day weut to the top of Big Round 
 Top. 
 
 In the meantime, General Buford left Middleburg, Md., on 29th, 
 
145 
 
 arrived at Gettysburg on 30th ; passin- througli Gettysburg at uooa 
 (June 30), he reconnoitered west and north of that town. He aiw the 
 advantages of the Gettysburg position and he determined to Lold it 
 until he was driven away or reUeved by infantry. The night of June JJOth 
 he notified General Reynolds, "That HilFs Confederate corps Ma.s 
 camped nine miles west of Gettjsburg and I.ongstreet's behind Hill's ; 
 that no Confederate force had yet passed through the mountains from 
 the north toward Gettysburg, but that such force would soon be at 
 Heidlersburg." This information was subsequently shown to be 
 correct. 
 
 General Meade had directed General Reynolds, " That if he ha.s to 
 fall back, to do so on Emmitsburg ; that the Third and Twelfth corps 
 will come to the assistance there of his and the Eleventh Coqjs." When 
 General Reynolds reached Gettysbui-g at 8.35 a.m., July 1st, General 
 Buford was with his artUIery and dismounted skirmishers "standing off " 
 Hill's troops. General Reynolds joined General Buford in the Seminary 
 tower, and as old companions in arms, with perfect confidence in eacli 
 other, they discussed the position and the n ilitaty situation. General 
 Reynolds decided at once to support General Buford. He saw that, if 
 his troops were brought up promptly to this position, General Lee 
 could be made to take the offensive, or be compelled to faU back with 
 his whole force without fighting, and thus, if a battle took place here, 
 the Union army would be enabled to fight on the defensive. 
 
 General Buford promised to hold on until General Reynolds' infan- 
 try and batteries could get up. General Reynolds felt sure that his 
 corps with the Eleventh could hold this position until the Tliird and 
 Twelfth could reinforce him. The information he had of the Confeder- 
 ate army showed that it was as badly scattered as was the Union. 
 Four corps of the Union army could reach this gi-ound by the early 
 afternoon, and the Second Corps by sundown-force sufficient with 
 proper management and good fightmg to withstand General Lee's army 
 commg up from several directions until the whole Union army could 
 be assembled. 
 
 It was most fortunate for the Union side that it had sucii intelli- 
 gent and energetic generals in advance as Reynolds and Buford, and 
 generals who had the confidence of the Army Commander. General 
 Meade's giving General Reynolds (a fighting general) his advance with 
 three corps proved to that general, as to the world, that General Meade 
 was not attempting to avoid a battle. He was only anxious that the 
 
146 
 
 fight which must take place should be a defensive one on his side, if 
 possible. 
 
 Shortly after his arrival, as soon as he had taken a look at the 
 ground from the Seminary tower and had had a few minutes' conversation 
 with Ger.eral Buford, General Reynods (who was a most accomplished 
 artilleryman), seeing what fine ground lay in every direction to the front 
 for artillery (the arm well known to preponderate in the Army of the 
 Potomac— more powerful and more numerous than Lte's — the only arm 
 in which it was believed the Union army was superior), a battlefield to 
 make an artilleryman grow enthusiastic, requested General Buford to 
 hold on till his (Reynolds) Latteries and infantry could get up. 
 
 He sent off in hot haste several officers for his own and the Eleventh- 
 Corps batteries, and to hurry up his own and General Howards infan- 
 try. He then went to select positions for his batteries (he had brought up 
 with him Captian Hall, Chief of Artillery of his leading division), so that 
 no time would be lost (General Reynolds thus anticipated the present 
 German instructions for battle). In a few minutes Captain Hall's bat- 
 tery arrived ; it was immediately posted near General Bufoi'd's batteries. 
 Soon after, the first division of Reynolds' Corps came up and was 
 posted to support the First Corps and Buford's batteries. In expecta- 
 tion of the early arrival of the Eleventh Corps batteries. General Rey- 
 nolds now went to select a position for them. Whilst doing so he was 
 struck down by a sharpshooter. He had already seized this good posi- 
 tion and had given such un impetus to his command that it went on 
 without a break in carrying out his designs under his able successor. 
 General Doubleday. 
 
 General Reynolds had planted the advance of the Union army in 
 General Lee's route. He had secured a position across all the roads lead- 
 ing east of the mountains at tli is point, where the Confederate army must 
 assemble if it united east of the mountains. 
 
 General Reynolds might have had three corps at Gettysburg earlier 
 in the day, but he would not run the risk of throwing his whole force 
 against Lee's main army, which might be at Gettysburg at the same 
 time. He thus showed proper prudence. But when he arrived there 
 in person and was satisfied that the information received from General 
 Buford during the past night was correct, and that the Confederate 
 army was sti.l en route to assemble at this point, he acted as the prompt 
 and intelligent soldier that he was. 
 
 General Buford's batteries and dismounted cavalry skirmishers sue- 
 
147 
 
 ceeded ia liolding the enemy on the west side of Willouby Run till 
 Wadsworth's Division arrived. Captain Hall, commaridinglheaitillery 
 of this division, had preceded the infantry, and had posted his own bat- 
 tery in aid of Buford's batteries, which were doing heroic service 
 on the Chambersburg Road. As soon as it arrived, Cutler's Brigade 
 was posted on either side ( f the Chambersburg Road, and across an old 
 railroad cut, to support these batteries. Meredith's (Iron Brigadt ) was 
 sent to the left of the road to occupy a piece of woods, which Hill's Con- 
 federate troops were entering. The Confederate General Heth attacked 
 with four of his brigades the position held by General Reynolds' force. 
 The thiee right regiments of Cutler's Brigade were forced back, and 
 General Reynolds ordered Meredith's Brigade to at ack across the front 
 of the Confederate force. This attack was successful. The Confederate 
 General Archer and many of his men were captured. These disposi- 
 tions were just completed, in which his two brigades had defeated and 
 almost destroyed two brigades of the enemy, when this most skillful and 
 heroic general was killed. The falling back of Cutler's right left Hall"s 
 battery exposed, but the Fourteenth Brooklyn, Ninety-Fifth New York,, 
 and Sixth Wisconsin changed front and charged the Mississippi troops- 
 attacking Hall, and captured two ML sissippi regiments ia the old rail- 
 road cut. Hill's other two brigades ] ressing the Union left, Rowley's 
 Division was put in here. Robinson's Division was held in reserve on 
 Seminary Hill. 
 
 Soon Rodes' Division of Ewell's Corps attacked from the direction 
 of Carlisle, and Robinson's Division was advanced to meet it. Baxters 
 Brigade went in on the right of Cutler and afterwards took Cutler's 
 position. General Paul's Biigade wei.t in on the light cf Baxter. 
 Robinson's Division resisted well Rodes' attack and captured three North 
 Carolina regiments. So far the Fii st Corps had more than held its own. 
 " If the Eleventh Corps had been as well handled and fought, the day 
 would probably have seen no reverse." General Howard spread his two 
 divisions (Barlow's and Schurz's) to the right of the First Cerps, but did 
 not make strong connection with it. The Confederates seized Oak Hill, 
 a prominent point between the Union corps, and charging from this 
 point, turned the right of the First Corps and left of the Eleventh. 
 Fortunately, General Howard had placed cue of his divisioi;s, Steiu- 
 metz's, in reserve on Cemetery Hill, and the left of the First Corps fell 
 back in ordt r and covered the retreat « f the artillery and ambulances, 
 but near 5,000 piisoners were left in the enemy's handi!. 
 
148 
 
 General Reynolds had, early in the day, sent word to General Meade 
 ihat the enemy was in force near Cashtown and advancing on Gettys- 
 burg, and that he would endeavor to Iiold Gettysburg until rtinforced. 
 Soon after General Reynolds was killed the cool-headed Buford thought 
 matters were not being conducted very well, and he sent a dispatch to 
 the eflfect that " there seemed to be no head," and requested that some 
 one be sent forward to command. It may have been in answer to this 
 request that General Hancock was sent forward to take supreme com- 
 mand. When he arrived matters looked badly, so much so that he, at 
 first, thought the part of the army here would have to be moved back. 
 Soon, however, the Union batteries got into position on the left of the 
 town, and Stemmetz'd Division, with the Eleventh Corps batteries, 
 shoM-ed a good front on the right, and the advantages of the position 
 were explained to him, when he saw that General Lee would have to 
 continue to attack, so that it was only a question whether the Union 
 army could, at this point, hold its position. By sundown all was ready 
 to meet an attack. 
 
 The Umon position at this time appeared so strong that General Lee 
 and his corps commanders concluded they could not assault it that 
 evening with success. Thus two Union corps, even with the loss of 
 their commander, had been sufficiently strong to hold the Confederate 
 army for an entire day. How much easier and with how much le^s 
 loss it could have been done had General Reynolds lived and been in 
 command of three corps. Success is the best assurance of good general- 
 ship. 
 
 The morning of the 3d the Union force was disposed as follows : 
 Twelfth Corps, Slocum, on Gulps Hill on the right ; Eleventh Cori)s, 
 Howard, on Cemetery Hill, supported by Robinson's and Doubleday's 
 divisions of the First Corps ; Wadsworth's Division of the First Coi-ps on 
 the left cf the Twelfth Corps, on Gulp's Hill ; Second Corps, Hancock, 
 to the left of the Eleventh, on Cemetery Ridge ; Third Corps, Sickles', 
 massed on left cf Second, in low ground between Cemetery Ridge 
 and Little Round Top ; Fifth Corps, Sykes', on Baltimore Pike, in 
 reserve ; Sixth Corps, Sedgwick, coming up on Baltimore Pike, arriving 
 late in the afternoon, in reserve. 
 
 General Lee's troojjs were disposed on Seminary Ridge about one 
 mile from the Union line and parallel to it. Longstreet's two divisions 
 (Hood's and McLaws') at first in rear of Hill, afterwards on extreme 
 right. A. P. Hill's Corps (Anderson's, Heth's and Pender's divisions) in 
 
149 
 
 centre ; Ewell's Corps (Early's, Rodes' and Johnson's divisions) on left 
 The Confederate line was about five miles long, concave to the Union 
 line, which was only about three miles long. 
 
 It seems to have been intended by the Confederates that Ewell's 
 Corps should attack early on the 2J. It was thought that Longstrect 
 would also be in position to attack by 9 a. m. Such was no doubt the 
 understanding when the senior generals (except Longstreet) separated 
 for the night of the 1st. When morning came, and the formidable posi- 
 tion crowned with earthworks and artillery was seen by General Lee 
 and General Ewell, General Lee (who went early to Ewell's front) hesi- 
 tated to order an assault until he could have thorough reconnaisauces 
 made, and imt'.l Longstreet's Corps should be up. 
 
 General Meade, no' icing the movements of Ewell's Corps, and being 
 strong himself on that flank, early in the morning ordered an attack on 
 his right by the Twelfth and Fifth corps to be supported by the Sixth. 
 But Slocum, commanding the Twelfth, and General Warren, Chief 
 Engineer of the Army, reported the groimd unfavorable. Also, the 
 Fifth Corps did not come up in good shape to attack before noon, and 
 the Sixth was then far off. There has been much controversy between 
 the Confederate generals since the battle as to when Longstreet ought 
 to have been ready to attack, also as to time, EweU should have sup- 
 ported Longstreet's attack. It would appear that General Lee sent one 
 of his staff (Johnson?) early in the day to reconnoitre in front of the 
 Union left. This officer went over the ground about the Peach Orchard. 
 When he returned he told General Lee that this was favorable ground 
 on which to make an attack. At this time the Union Third Corps was 
 massed on the left of the Second. The ground on Confederate right 
 consisted principally of open fields. Longstreet's command was sent in 
 a roundabout way to get to the Peach Orchard position, so as not to be 
 seen by the Union signal officer on Little Round Top. 
 
 Longstreet himself was in no hurry, as he did not wish to attack 
 without his third (Picket's) division. Moreover, he states that the 
 agreement, on beginning tln3 invasion, was that there should be no 
 offensive battle delivered by their army. If this is true General 
 Reynolds is entitled to credit for making General Lee change his plan. 
 Whilst Longsti-eet was moving around to the Union left Sickles was 
 moving out his corps, and taking position on the Union side of the 
 Peach Orchard. 
 
 The controver.-'y between Generals Meade and Sickles in regard to 
 
150 
 
 this movement is well known. It seems to the writer that the matter 
 btanUa about as follows : General Meade had been all the morning 
 studying his right, with a view to attacking or receiving an attack 
 there ; no report had reached him that Confederate troops, in force, 
 were threatening his left. General Meado supposed his cavalry, which 
 had covered itself with honor the day before, and which had been 
 directed to watch that flank, vrould be able to give him early warning 
 of any extensive movement of Confederate troops in that direction. 
 
 Early in the afternoon, upon request from General Sickles to have 
 ground selected for his corps to occupy. General Hunt, Chief of Artillery 
 of the Army, was sent to assist General Sickles in selecting a position. 
 Sickles and Hunt could not find any good line in this region vrithout 
 going out very far to General Sickles' front. It is now well known 
 that the ground in front of Little Round Top is a mo-t difficult region 
 in which to select a line of battle. Artillery could be of little use on 
 the Little Round Top line, and how far the woods and difficult country 
 extended to the left front nei her Hunt nor Sickles knew. Taking into 
 consideration the short time they had to select a position in so difficult 
 a country, it was probably as well done as it could have been. 
 
 Between 2 and 3 p. M. the signal officer on Little Round Top and 
 the skirmishers of Sickles' command detected Longstreet's movements. 
 At General Sickles' urgent request General Meade went to his left, 
 about 3.30 p. m., to look up ground for Sickles' Corps. The fact seems 
 to be, General Meade did not believe he would be attacked on the left. 
 He thought his cavalry would certainly give him ample notice of any 
 threatened attack on that front, so that he would have time to prei)are 
 for it. For some reason, at this critical moment of the day there was 
 no Union cavalry on the left f lont. 
 
 General Meado arrived on his left Just as Longstreet's attack was 
 beginning, and, as Sickles line was very far out in advance of Hancock, 
 being ignorant of the n gion, Meade thought Sickles had moved his line 
 unnecessarily far out. However, when Sickles and Hunt told him what 
 a tangled place the ground was in front of Little Round Top, he con- 
 cluded to reinforce Sickles where he was. Moreover, there wjis now 
 no time left in which to select a new line. The subsequent loss of the 
 Third Corps position was due to the fact that the Fifth and Sixth Corps 
 were not brought up soon enough, the one to Sickels' support, the other 
 to form a second line on the Little Round Top ritlgc. If Meade had 
 been notified by his calvary of Longstreet's movement, he would cer- 
 
151 
 
 tainly have had the Fifth and Sixth Corps in place to meet this attack. 
 Upon what small matters may turn the fate of a battle ! TJie new 
 position of Sickles brought Iluraphrey's Division several hundred yards 
 to the left front of the Second Corps, and posted on the Emmittsburg 
 road, (Graham's Brigade of Birney's Division on the same road, on 
 Humphrey's left, reaching to the Peach Orchard; Ward's r:nd 
 De Trobriand's brigades stretched back to the rear at right angles 
 t.i Graham's Brigade, in front respectively of the Wheatfield and 
 Devil's Den. 
 
 Longstreet's attack (with infantry) began about 4 p. m. He conceu- 
 ti-ated his artillery opposite the angle of Sickles' Cjrps at the Peach 
 Orchard and opened such a concentrated fire on the Union artilleiy at 
 this point as to overwhelm it. He then began his attack with his infan- 
 try, on his right, with Hood's Division, which pushed into the woods 
 and outflanked the Third Corps on its left. Law's Brigade cf Hood's 
 Division, on extreme Confederate right, went over Big Round Top, 
 coming out upon Union ambulances, but Law's Brigade had moved too 
 far to its right, had lost connection with balance of Hood's command, 
 and it was ordered to move to its left. Hood's other brigades broke 
 through the left of De Trobriand's line and began to pass up and around 
 Little Round Top. 
 
 The Union left being thus flanked and beginning to give way, 
 McLaws' Division was pushed in on Hood's left, carrying the centre of 
 tlie Third Corps' position. This corps was too weak to hold so long 
 a line. The Union troops M^r.uld now have had to fall back but that 
 reinforcements began to arrive just as the Confederates reached the 
 Union position. Humplu-eys, who was not at first attacked, sent 
 Burling's Brigade to Birney's assistance. The whole Fifth Corps was 
 ordered up to the support of Birney's line ; Barnes' First Division arrived 
 first, Tilton's and Sweitzer's brigades going in near the Peach Orchard; 
 Vincent's Brigade, at the request of General Warren, Chief Engineer, 
 to Little Round Top. Then came Caldwell's Division of the Second 
 Corps to the Wheatfield, where its right was turned, and then two 
 brigades of the Second Division of Fifth Corps to the Wheatfield, 
 where they had scarcely arrived wlien their right was turned and tliey 
 retreated to the position from which they had started, on the right of 
 Little Round Top. 
 
 Soon McLaws' attack was supported by Anderson's Division of A. 
 P. Hill's Corps, and Humphreys, although aided by Graham's Brigade, 
 
152 
 
 was driven back from the Emmittsburg Road. Hancock sent two 
 regiments of Gibbon's Division and Willard's Brigade of Hay's Division 
 to assist Humphreys. General Sickles was here wounded, and Hancock, 
 assuming command of the Third Corpp, sent two additional regiments to 
 help Humphreys. Finally General Meade brought Tip Stannard's 
 Brigade, and a mmiber of batteries were posted on Hancock's line and 
 the Sixth Corps came up and took the position on the right of Tiifctle 
 Round Top, from wliich the Third Corps had moved out. 
 
 In the meantime, Hood's troops had made a desperate effort to 
 carry Little Round Top and the ravine between it and Big Round Top. 
 General "Warren, Chief Engineer, going early in the action to the signal 
 station on Little Round Top, had seen Hood's troops approaching that- 
 position. The Signal Service men were about leaving when Warren 
 arrived. He ordered them to remain, and he hurried off for troops to 
 put on Little Round Top. The Fifth Corps was coming up, and as he 
 had formerly served most gallantly in command of a brigade of that 
 corps, his request for a brigade was immediately answered by .General 
 Bam&«i, who sent Vincent's' Brigade, which, moving at a double quick, 
 beat the Texans of Hood's command to the top of Little Round Top. 
 The fighting for this hill was fierce, Law's Brigade pushing through 
 between Little and Big Round Top contended with Vincent for this 
 ravine. Vincent was soon supported by Weed's Brigade of Second 
 Division, Fiftfj Corps, and Hazlett's battery was carried to the top of 
 Li'.tle Round Top. When the ammunition of Vincent's and Weed's 
 brigades was expended (both these brigade commanders being killed) 
 Fisher's Third Brigade, P. R. V. C, was hurried to their support. By 
 this time the Confederates had become exhausted, and those who had 
 not fallen back were captured. 
 
 Upon arriving on the battlefield, about 13.80 p. M., the Twelfth 
 Regiment, as the entire division of Reserves, was given time to rest and 
 make a full meal, the first since leaving Frederick, Md. As soon as we 
 had feasted many of the mounted ofl&cers of the division started cut to 
 see the line of battle. We rode up to the rear of the town of Gettys- 
 burg, then moved along the line of battle to General Meade's head- 
 quarters, where we had a conversation with some ofiicers, then startc d 
 to ride down General Hancock's line, when we heard the commence- 
 ment of Sickles' fight. 
 
 We galloped over to our camp, where we fovmd the Fifth Corps 
 moving off to Sickles' support. The First Division of the corps led, fol- 
 
153 
 
 lowed by the Second Division. Tlien came oi:r division, Third Brigade 
 leading, which at this time was well filled and closed up. We moved 
 westerly along a wood road, and foon came to a part where the road 
 was narrow and corduroyed, a fence on one side and brush on the 
 other, woods on both sides. As we advanced we began to meet 
 wounded men returning. Soon the road was so encumbered with 
 wounded walking to the rear and ambulances going the same way, we 
 had to take to the woods along side of the road. This caused some 
 delay. Advancing by so mar y wounded we felt there was serious work 
 ahead for us. We filed up on the north side of the ridge to the right of 
 Little Round Top. The ground here was n cky and covered with thick 
 brush. Some little time was taken in getting into position. Eventually 
 we got into line by brigade froni, Third Brigade in front. 
 
 We then advanced to the crest of the ridge. As we reached the 
 crest we got our first view of the battle on the left; it was not a reassur- 
 ing sight. The whoTe valley between us and the ridge opposite, about a 
 third of a mile off, was filled with our retreating soldiers and batteries, 
 thousands of the soldiers wounded and all the batteries disabled. Some 
 of the men, especially toward the left front, were retreating at a run. 
 The enemy's line was only visible by the white puffs of smoke at the 
 crest of the opposite ridge. Very few of our men were firing ; a man 
 now and then would stop and take a shot. This great mass of thous- 
 ands in the valley was moving sullenly to the rear at a walk. There 
 seemed no organized force, a mere mass of men, officers and men inex- 
 tricably mixed — all seeking safety behind the ridge upon which we 
 stood. A battery was making its way into position in the imderbrush 
 on our right, and a few guns in position on the ridge to our left (since 
 known as Little Round Top) were firing slowly at the enemy in the 
 woods beyond the opposite ridge. 
 
 As soon as the division got into position, there being a luU in the 
 action at this time, the writer rode up the ridge to the left to get a look 
 at the ( nemy's position. When near the top he met a i)arty of officers 
 and men carrying General Weed, who was mortally wounded ; the 
 writer, who knew the (xeneral personally, stopped to see if lie covild be 
 of any service ; whilst conversing here another party came along, 
 bringing back his old friend. Lieutenant "Cog" Hazlet, who in the haste 
 of going into action had forgotten that fatal white hat. He was shot 
 through the head, probably by the same sharpshooter who had killed 
 General Weed. 
 
154 
 
 Finding he could see little more here than at the position the division 
 occupied, the writer started down ; he met the Twelfth Regiment com- 
 ing up wi:h the Third Brigade, except the Eleventh Regiment. We 
 scramhled up and over Little Round Top and moved down the left front, 
 going to the assistance of Vincent's Brigade. As the Third Brigade 
 mov«d away the First Brigade was ordered to advance to the front. 
 The Eleventh Regiment being still on the ground when the First Brigade 
 came up to the front line, joined that brigade and advanced with it. 
 We saw the First Brigade and Eleventh Regiment make their gallant 
 advance tlirough the retreating multitude, as we clambered over the 
 rocks on top of Little Round Top. We joined in their cheer and started 
 at a double quick down the left front of Little Round Top, ^tumbling 
 over rocks and the numerous dead of Vincent's and Weed's gallant 
 brigades. As we advanced a few scattering shots came from tlie retiring 
 enemy. Our advance was most fortunate, as Vincent's and Weed's 
 brigades had expended all their ammunition. The Confederates (several 
 hundred) remaining between Big and Little Round Top, seeing and 
 hearing our advance, laid down their arms and became prisoners to the 
 brigades which were so well entitled to receive them. 
 
 Darkness ended the contest. Thus our small division, coming on the 
 field in the nick of time, and advancing boldly, turned the tide of 8ucc^.s8 
 on the left, and the enemy's great efforts on this front were rendered 
 entirely futile. • 
 
 About 9 P. M. Colonel Fisher, commanding Third Brigade Pennsyl- 
 vania Reserves Division, with the consent of the Division Commander, 
 ordered an advance up Big Round Top. The Twentieth Maine deployed 
 as skirmishers ; the Fifth and Twelfth Reserves followed in support in 
 line of battle. The skirmishers started promptly, but on account of the 
 darkness and difficulty of deploying into line in this rough place, it was 
 some minutes after they started before the line of the Fifth and 
 Twelfth followed. 
 
 The skirmishers went promptly to the top of the mountain ; only 
 an occasional shot was fired by the Cofederates. The Fifth and 
 Twelfth advanced at the word. of command, given in Colonel Fisher's 
 stentorian tones. The line upon advancing, in utter darkness, was 
 almost immediately broken, and became confused by the rocky, precipi- 
 tous and difficult ground. Officers became separated from their men, 
 but all pushed on up the mountain ; when about one-tliird Avay up all 
 order was lost. Officers and men of different companies and even of 
 
155 
 
 the different regiments became intermingled. The commanding oflBcera 
 of the brigade and regiments began caUing (o each other ; the rocks and 
 woods resoimded witli their cries. It is said, and no doubt with good 
 reason, that the Confederate troops stationed at this lime on the moun- 
 tain, hearing all this noise, and knowing that the Sixth Corps had 
 lately arriv^ed, believing that whole corj^s was about taking station on 
 Big Round Top, hastily retreated down their side of the mountain. The 
 confusion was so great that officers and men of Fifth and Twelfth con- 
 cluded to return to the position they had started from, the valley 
 between Little Round Top and Big Round Top. 
 
 In making this ascent a number of Confederate prisoners fell into 
 the possession of members of Fifth and Twelfth regiments. A squad of 
 officers and men (about seventy) in which the writer found himself, 
 upon first descending to the foot of the mountain, sent forward two men 
 to investigate the first camp fires seen. These scouts were answered by 
 members of the Fifteenth Alabama. Our party then, after discussion, 
 concluded to move around the mountain side toward the left or south, 
 in which direction we were sure of finding the Sixth Corps pickets. 
 We in this way, after an hour's very hard march, foimd the Vermont 
 Brigade pickets, and went at once to our starting point. In the mean- 
 time, about all the members of the Fifth and Twelfth had found their 
 way back to the same place. The Twentieth Maine skirmishers, finding 
 themselves unsupported, had returned to this starting point. 
 
 The writer now suggested that our brigade march up the mountain 
 by the flank, the Twentieth Maine skirmishers leading as before; this 
 plan was adopted. Advancing in this manner all soon reachtd the top 
 in good order. The Twelfth on the crest, the Fifth on its right; the 
 Twentieth Maine skirmishers remained out as pickets toward the left 
 front. The Fifth and Twelfth regiments threw out pickets in their front 
 and to connect with the troops on the right. The Ninth and Tenth 
 Resei-ve 5 had been left in line across the ravine between Little and Big 
 Round Tops. Two regiments of Vincent's Brigade were posted in the 
 interval between the right of the Fifth Reserves and the Ninth and Tenth 
 Reserves, but almost at right angles to the general line. (As shown by 
 map accompanying Vincent's Brigade Coinmander's report.) The line 
 remained thus till daylight, when a regular connected line was made 
 from the top of Big Round Top to and across the ravine between Little 
 and Big Round Tops, and stone breastworks were thrown up (which 
 still stand, 1888, as we left them). There was some sharpshooting on 
 
156 
 
 both Bidea. Jiily 3d Frank H. Hencli, Compaiiy " A," was killed, and 
 Private James Aikens, Company " (!," wounded, in the Twelfth Regi- 
 ment. 
 
 A member of the Twelfth writes : "On the ir.orning of the 5th a 
 skirmish line, a detail of the Twelfth and Fifth, was sent out to feel for 
 the enemy. I was one of the members. I have a very vivid recollec- 
 tion of what we saw, antl how cautiously we approached the stone 
 walls, the earthworks and entered the woods. We found no enemy, 
 however, except a Georgian , sleeping by a tree in the wc ods. He was 
 somewhat surprised when he awoke and found himself surrounded by 
 Yankees. Going a little farther we met some Sisters of Charity in an 
 ambulance coming to the battlefield. They told us that the enemy 
 were in full retreat and eight miles away. We then returned to the 
 regiments." 
 
 The Confederates on their right at dark (2d) slowly withdrevsr to the 
 line the Third Union Corps had held. Ewell began his attack on Conftd- 
 erate left about sunset. He found the Union line stripped on its left. 
 There was nothing 1 ut Green's Brigade of Twelfth Corps on Union right. 
 Early attacked Cemetery Hill and Johnson, Gulp's Hill, Early's attack 
 was gallantly made, but failed. Johnson carried the Union works on 
 his left, and remained in possession there. The result of the day's fight- 
 ing has been described as follows: " Longstreet had carried the whole 
 front, on which the Third Corps had been drawn. Ewell's left was 
 thrust within the breastworks on the Union right, in a position which, 
 if held by liim, would enable him to take Meade's entire line in reverse, 
 and the Union loss in the two day's combat had already reached the 
 frightful aggregate of upwards of twenty thousand. But the army 
 and corps commanders on Union side that night were unanimous for 
 fighting it out here." 
 
 If this is a just summary of the result of the two days' fighting, was 
 not General Lee justified in ordering the assault on the Union centre ? 
 If that had yielded at all, would not Longstreet's two divisions on Con- 
 federate right, and Ewell's w hole corps on the left have followed up the 
 success and overwhelmed the Union army ? We now know that an attack, 
 made in broad daylight, over open ground, against good troops, armed 
 with modern weapons, although made strictly in accordance with tlie 
 battle tactics of Frederick II. or Napoleon, must fail, as witness this 
 grand attack and many made by General Grant's aimy whilst en route 
 to Eichmond. In this third day's magnificent assault and heroic defence 
 
our regiment was only a deeply interested spectator. The grand scene 
 was clearly in view to any member of the regiment who would chance 
 his life against the deadly sharpshooter by raising his head above the 
 stone breastworks. 
 
 The First Brigade of the Reserves, under command of Colonel 
 McCandless, advanced late in the afternoon of the 3d, and by its bold 
 and skillful movements defeated a force more than twice its strength, 
 and recovered all the groimd lost by the Union army on the 2a. The 
 Third Brigade remained in the breastworks on Big Round Top until 
 the morning of the 5th, when it moved off with the Fifth Corps toward 
 Emmettsbm-g. The enemy withdrew the night of the 8d and morning 
 of the 4th. Their absence being soon detected, many of us took advan- 
 tage of this opportunity to visit the battlefield on the left and centre. 
 
 The criticism of General Meade for not attacking the Confederates 
 after Gettysburg was refuted by subsequent events. 
 
 What chance had General Meade, with a force no larger than the 
 enemy's, when General Grant with double the enemy's force in his 
 repeated assaults (whilst en route to Petersburg) suffered such heavy 
 losses and accomplished so Uttle. 
 
 General Lee's concave position enabled him to utilize his large 
 reserve artillery, both for connecting his wings and to crush tliat of 
 tlie Union army. The artillery of Union army had to be concentrated 
 too much. (On the third day on Cemetery Hill the guns were only a 
 yard apart). The defects of General Lee's position were such that he 
 was unable to make his troops, on so long a line, act together, and to 
 reinforce either wing promjitly. These defects had much to do with 
 the failure of liis attacks. If he had entrenched his centre and one of 
 his flanks (wings) and had used his main army on his other wing, he 
 might have succeeded in dislodgiog the Union army. 
 
 The numbers actually engaged were nearly equal. The Confeder- 
 ates were the stronger the first day, the two sides about equal the 
 second day, the Union force stronger the third day. The losses, July 
 1-S(by A. G. O.) were: "Union 23,003; Confederate 20,451. Note.— 
 Confederate prisoners by name, wounded and unwounded, 12,227. Medi- 
 cal Director A. P. reported 6,802 Confederates wounded." 
 
 The latest estimate of the numbers actually engaged is : 69,000 Con- 
 federates, with 250 guns ; 80',000 Union, with 350 guns. 
 
 In this estimate not sufficient allowance has been made for the 
 filling up of the Confederate regiments with drafted men and couvales- 
 
158 
 
 cents. Tlie Alabama regiments received many such ; the Fifteenth Ala- 
 bama had 700 men present ; the Maryland regiments were quite strong,, 
 one company had ninety men, etc. Moreover, the Conftderates could 
 have few stragglers, as they were in an enemy's country, and two corps 
 made very easy marches to the battlefield, whereas the Fifth and Sixth, 
 two cf the largest of the Union Corps, made very hard, forced marches 
 to reach the battlefield. Still farther, the Confederates had always 
 fewer men, proportionately, on extra and daily duty than the Union 
 army, consequently they had more muskets in fine in proportion to 
 number of men present. For these reasons the writer thinks the above 
 estimate decidedly in favor of the Confederates. 
 
 Extracts from Pennsylvania Reserve Division records as follows : 
 "Headquarters Pennsylvania Reserves, July 2, 1863, on the field near 
 Gettysburg, 3 p. m. Colonel; brigade commanders will hold their com- 
 mands in readiness for an immediate movement. In case of an attack 
 upon our left, we will be called upon to resist it, and they wUl make the 
 dispositions now. The Third Brigade will take tlie right; keep the men 
 in camp, let them rest. Towards evening the command will be 
 marched by the left flank to the field on the left to a point to be indi- 
 cated by a staff officer who will be sent. Very respectfully, your obedi- 
 ent servant, 
 
 S. W. Crawford, Brigadier-General Commanding." 
 
 "Headquarters Pennsylvania Reserves, on the field near Gettys- 
 burg, July 2, 1863, 10 P. M. General : I have the honor to report to you 
 that I have just come in from the line of skirmishers in my front. We 
 
 hold the field in advance of the woods beyond the ; our hne is 
 
 diagonal; we hold all the woods on the right and half the woods on the 
 left. I have no troops on either flank, and hold my advance position 
 without assistance. My skirmishers report that they hear the enemy 
 beyond. The battery in the road directly in front was withdrawn at 
 simdown. I pushed my men into the woods beyond, but they were 
 fired on. I would also report to you that I sent two regiments from 
 Third Brigade of my division to take the high grounds on the left; they 
 now hold the position. From a heutenaut of Georgia troops who was 
 captured, having come into the lines while I was in front, I hear that 
 the force that we have been fighting to-day is under Longstreet, also 
 that General Lee is with the Rebel army. I respectfully ask instruc- 
 tions what to do witli tlie brigade of niy division now in front. Its 
 flanks are not protected, and its position very exposed. The niunber of 
 
159 
 
 "wotinded belonging to the First and Hecond divisions of this corps is 
 large; they are lying uncared for. Very respectfully, your obedient 
 servant, 
 
 S. W, Ckawford, Brigadier-General Commanding Division." 
 '* July 4, 1863. Near Gettysburg. Report of arms captured : First 
 Brigade, 3,072 ; Third Brigade, 600 ; total, 3,673. Also one Napoleon 
 p,un and three caissons." 
 
 Extracts from General Cravi^ford's report: "The Third Brigade, 
 under Colonel Fisher, was detailed and moved at once (' to the left of 
 Barnes' Division on the crest of the ridge '). The firing in front was 
 heavy and incessant. The enemy concentrated his forces oppo ite the 
 It ft of our line, was throwing them in heavy masses upon our troope, 
 and was advancing. Our troops in front, after a determined resistance, 
 unable to withstand the force of the enemy, fell back, and some finally 
 gave away. The plain to my front was covered with fugitives from all 
 divisions, who rushed through my lines and along the road to the 
 rear. 
 
 Fragments of regiments came back in disorder and without their 
 arms, and for a moment all seemed lost. The enemy's skirmishers 
 had reached the foot of the rocky ridge; his cohunns w^ere following 
 rapidly. 
 
 My command was forn«ed in two lines, the second massed upon the 
 first. The Sixth Regiment, Colonel Ent, on the right, the First, Colonel 
 Talley, on the left, and the Eleventh Regiment of Fisher's Brigade, 
 under Colonel Jackson, in the centre. The second line, consisting of 
 the Firet Riles (Bucktails), Colonel Taylor, and the Second Regiment, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Woodward ; Colonel McCandless commanded the 
 whole. Not a moment was to be lost ; uncovering our front, I ordered 
 our immediate advance. The command advanced gallantly with loud 
 cheers. Two well directed volleys were delivered upon the advancing 
 masses of the enemy, when the whole column charged at a run down 
 the slope, driving the enemy lack across the space beyond and across 
 the stone wall, for the possession of which there was a short but 
 determined struggle. 
 
 The enemy retired to the Wheatfield and the woods. The second 
 line was immedieately deployed to the left. The First Rifles (Bucktails), 
 under their gallant I ader. Colonel Tayl( r, gaining the Cank and dashing 
 upon the enemy, who endeavoring for a moment to make a s'and, 
 finally broke and fltd in disorder across the field, leaving Lis dead and 
 
160 
 
 wounded in our hands. As night was approaohmg and my flanks were 
 unprotected, I directed Colonel McCandless to hold the line of the stone 
 wall and the woods on the right. Heavy lines of skirmishers were 
 thrown out and the ground firmly and permanently held. 
 
 I then rode to the left, towards Fiaher s Brigade. Upon ascending 
 the crest of the ridge I found, from the report of that officer as wdl as 
 from Colonel Rice, of Barnes' Division, that the Round Top was still in 
 possession of the enemy's skirmishers, who were firing upon cur men. 
 It was important to hold tliis hill, as from its position it commanded 
 that part of our line. I directed Colonel Fisher to occupy it at once. 
 He immediately detached the Twelfth, under Colonel Hardin, and the 
 Fifth, under Lieutenant-Colonel Dare, and the Twentieth Maine, under 
 Colonel Chamberlain, who advanced promptly, driving the enemy before 
 them, capturing over tliirty prisoners. 
 
 During the night the division commanded by General Bartlett, of 
 Sixth Corps, was moved up to my support. At 5 o'clock on the 3d I 
 received orders * * * to advance that portion of my command 
 which was holding the ground retaken on the left, and which stUl held 
 the line of the stone wall in front, to enter the woods, and if possible 
 drive out the enemy. It was supposed the enemy had evacuated the 
 position. I proceeded at once to the spot, and directed the movement 
 to be made. 
 
 McCandless' Brigade, with the Eleventh Regiment, under Colonel 
 Jackson, were ordered to advance, throwing out skirmishers toward the 
 right, in the direction of a battery established by the enemy about noon, 
 and which was plainly visible. I requested General Bartlett to move 
 up one of his regiments to the stone wall from w-hich I advanced, and 
 also to throw a force towards my right to protect that flank. The men 
 of his command moved promptly into position and rendered eflScient 
 service. The movement had hardly begun before this battery opened 
 with grape and canister. The woods on the right were soon cleared. 
 As soon as our skirmishers approached the battery it ceased firing and 
 fled. The line was then formed, and under the immediate direction of 
 Colonel McCandless, dashed across the Wheatfield and into the upper 
 end of the woods. The enemy's skirmishers were driven back as he 
 advanced, and the upper end of the woods was now cleared. The com- 
 mand then changed front and charged through the entire length of the 
 woods. 
 
 One brigade of the enemy, commanded by General Anderson, and 
 
161 
 
 composed of Georgia troops, were encountered. It had taken position 
 beJiind a stone wall running through the woods, and which they had 
 made stronger by rails and logs. We fell upon their flank, comnlelely 
 routing them, taking over 200 prisoners, and one stand of colors! The 
 colors were taken by Sergeant John B. Thompson, Company - G," First 
 Rifles. Another brigade, under General Robertson, and composed of 
 Texas troops, which lay concealed beyond the woods, and near the foot 
 of the ridge, ran, as reported by the prisoners, without firing a sliot. 
 ■" * * They (the enemy at tliis point) greatly outnumbered us ; but 
 the rapidity of the movement and the gallant dash of my men com- 
 pletely surprised and routed them. They fell back, nearly a mile to a 
 second ridge and entrenched themselves. By this charge of McCandless' 
 Brigade and the Eleventh Regiment, Colonel Jackson, the whole of the 
 ground lost the previous day was retaken, together with aU of our 
 wounded, who, mingled with those of the rebels, were lying uncared 
 for. The dead of both sides lay in lines in every direction, and the 
 large number of our own men showed how fierce had been the struggle 
 and how faithfully and how persistently they had contested the field 
 agamst the superior masses of the e-.emy. 
 
 The result of this movement was the recovery of all the ground lost 
 by our troops, one twelve-pounder Napoleon gun and three caissons and 
 upwards of 7,000 stand of arms ; large piles of these arms were found on 
 brush heaps ready to be burned. * * * Colonel Taylor, the gallant 
 and brave leader of the Bucktails, fell while leading his regiment to the 
 charge. * * * ^^reat credit is due to Colonel McCandless, command- 
 ing the First Brigade, for his management of his brigade and the prompt 
 and faithful execution of the order given him in face of a gallin'^ fire 
 on the 2d, and for the rapid and sucnessful dash upon the enemy on the 
 3d, and I recommend him especially to the notice of the Major-General 
 commanding the corps. 
 
 To Colonel Fisher, commanding Third Brigade, great credit is due 
 m early realizing the importance of the occupation of Round Top and in 
 promptly and successfully occupying it. The enemy would have 
 undou'ited'y occupied it durmg the night." 
 
 Extracts from report of Colonel Fi.her, commanding Third Bri^^ade • 
 •' * * ^"-a^-^'hed my brigade to the left of General Sykes-Corp^ 
 bemg the extreme left of the Army of the Potomac, and at once 
 engaged the enemy, although very shortly afterwards he retired leav- 
 ing large numbers of his killed .nd wounded on the field. Soon after 
 
163 
 
 the close of the fight of the 2d, I discovered in my immediate front 
 a hill called Round Top, from the summit of which the enemy was doing 
 us great damage. I thought it highly important that we should at once 
 occupy it. I accordingly took two regiments of my brigade, viz. , Fifth, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Dare, end Twelfth, Colonel Hardin, and the Twen- 
 titth Maine, commanded by Colonel Chamberlain, and at 10 p. m. 
 ascended the hill, which was occupied by a fi'll brigade of the enemy. 
 "We went up steadily in line of battle" (?) " taking over thirty prisoners 
 in our ascent. In the morning I discovered that the hill was of 
 inamense importance to us, * * * I beg leave to call attention to the 
 conduct of Colonel Hardin, of Twelfth Ke-iment, who was still suffer- 
 ing from wounds received at (second) Bull Run ; Lieutenant-Colonel D;ire 
 of the Fifth Regiment, who was also wounded at Fredericksburg ; 
 * * * Colonel Warner, of the Tenth Regiment, who is still so lame 
 from wounds received at Antietara as to te unable to walk wiihout 
 support, * * * and Lieutenant-Colonel Snodgrass of the Ninth Regi- 
 ment • * * * while all the subordinate field officers are deserving 
 of special mention, especially Major Larrimer, of Fifth, who, suffering 
 from acute rheumatism, refused to remain out of the ba tie. * * « 
 The members of my staff, Lieutenant Wiight, A. A. G. ; Captain 
 Howard, Inspector ; Lieutenant Chamberlain and Lieutenant Kerns, 
 aides. * * * My brigade captured and turned in to the proper 
 officer.s over 1,000 stand of arms, brought off over 200 wounded Rebels 
 and buried eighty of their dead. * * * " 
 
 AFTER GETTYSBURG. 
 
 "Woodward says : " At 5 P. M. , July 5th, we moved off in a south- 
 westerly direction, over exceedingly bad roads, and at midnight bivou- 
 acked in an opi n fit Id. The next morning, about 11, we marched to 
 the State line, where General Meade's congratulatory address was read 
 to us, and we bivouacked." "W^e moved at 4 o'clock the next morning, 
 passed near Emmettsburg, and continuing along the base cf the South 
 Mountain, marching in fields skirting the pike, passed through Grace- 
 ham and Cregarstown, bivouacked, at dark, six miles from Fred, rick, 
 having made twenty-one miles, over very bad roads. March( d at 6 
 A. M. on 8th, heading neaily west ; passed over the Cotoctin Mountains 
 and through Middletown, and camped about one mile south of the latt r 
 place. The next morning marched i.t 6, and soon after he;ud heavy 
 cannonading. Passed near KeedysvUle and La Roy : we struck Antie am 
 
163 
 
 Greek, at Delamont Mill«, where the enemy had been that momingj 
 .leaving behind a cavahy picket. We halted here and threw out 
 skirmishers, who forced the enemy back to the Potomac. 
 
 The Fif h Corps followed its skirmishers slowly and bivouacked on 
 top of the hill on west side of the Antietam. We thought our corps 
 commander displayed little energy in finding the enemy or in following 
 his skirmibhers. We thought our part of the army could have reached 
 the Potomac easily that afternoon if its commander so desired. It 
 began to look as t ough it were intended that Lee fchould be allowed to 
 cross the Potomac w ithout another fight, if he wished. On the morn- 
 ing of the 11th our corx)s moved forward near to Sharpsburgh and Hagers- 
 town Pike, where our division was deployed in line of battle, and rested 
 until 4 P. M., at which time the division moved forward, in co'umns of 
 companies, with regiments at deploying diotarce, with skirmishers in 
 front and the pioneers pulling down fences. Having advanced about 
 two mile?, we halted aLd bivouacked. The 12th and 13tli, the division 
 made slight changes in position. The night of the 13th the Confederates 
 retreated across the Potomac. The Union army followed, on 14th, to 
 Falling Waters. Some of the rear guard of the Confederate army was 
 capturtd, but main force crossed safely. 
 
 It is not b. heved any great effort was made on Union side to stop 
 the Confederate army from crossing the Potomac, nor is it believed 
 that any attack by the Union army at this time and place would have 
 had any favorable result. 
 
 On the 15th of July our division (which was now near Williams- 
 port) marched; ret acing our steps, passed near Delamont and over 
 Antietam battlefield, and encamped near eastern base of South Moun- 
 tains. Moved at 5 a. m. on IGJi, skirting along the base of South 
 Mountain through Burkettsville and PetersalFs and halted about two 
 miles from B^^rlin. Our wagons came up and we had the first change of 
 clothing since leaving Washington. It rained all night until 4 P. M. on 
 17th, wlien we moved to the Potomac and cro-sed at Berlin and bivou- 
 acked three mJes beyond Lovettsville, being the first infantry that had 
 crossed. On 18th marched to Wheatland, on 19th marched t ) Purcell- 
 ville, o 1 20th moved at 4 A. M. ; marched almost o^er the same ground 
 that we did 'ast year under McClellan, passing by PhilamontanJ our old 
 camp n. ; r UnioJtown, and encamped at noon near Goose Creek (near 
 Upperviile). 
 
 On 2:J»1 marched to Rector town, on 23d to Manasses Gap (one of the 
 
164 
 
 longest and hardest of our marches). On 24th, at 7 A. M., marched up 
 the Manassas Gap Railroad, and moving to the right formed in columns 
 of divisions, and moved in by the right flank and advanced uj) the side 
 of a steep mountain covered with timber and brush, acting as a reserve 
 in the battle of Wapping Heights. Whilst the division was moving 
 over some open ground where the tiring between a part of the Third 
 Corps and the enemy could be seen on the mountain side far in our 
 front, a soldier near the head of our column broke suddenly out of 
 ranks and rushed at full speed to the rear; his. headlong speed carried 
 him through several of tiie advancing lines before he could be stopped. 
 He had become fairly a maniac from fear. He was placed under 
 close guard and taken along with the command. Upon inquiry it was 
 learned that this soldier had been specially noted for courage in former 
 battles, that he had been wounded in the last one he was in. He had 
 since Gettysburg returned to duty with his company. It was so singu- 
 lar a case it was deemed best to return him to duty without trial (his 
 trial would have been fatal to him); he redeemed his character with his 
 life's blood in a subsequent battle. 
 
 " On 25th, reveille at 3 a. m., moved at 6 a. M. ; retraced our steps ; 
 were so short of provisions the men were living on blackberries. On 
 26th marched at 5 A. M. ; at noon halted in a clover field, having made 
 a march of thirteen miles, with a halt of but fifteen minutes. General 
 Crawford was saluted with cry of * crackers.' At 4 P. M. marched 
 again, passing to the west of Warrenton, and encamped in a low open 
 field, where we were troubled with mosquitoes for the first time during 
 the war. The next morning, at 5, marched towards Fayetteville, near 
 which we halted. On 28th moved one mUe for water. On 1st AugiLst 
 marched toward Warrenton and bivouacked. Considerable cannon- 
 ading in direction of Sulphur Springs. On 3d moved at 8 A. M. about 
 three miles to our old bivouac of 26th ulfc. Weather so hot some men 
 were sunstruck. We remained here till dark, when we marched to our 
 old bivouac of 28th, where we laid two hours, when we marched, cir- 
 cuitously, eight miles and camped within two miles of our last bivouac, 
 on our old c.imp ground of November last. On 8th marched early, and 
 at noon arrived at Rappahannock Station, where formed regular camp. 
 These (latter) movements were made to deceive the enemy while we 
 sent off troops to suppress the riot in New York." 
 
 We remained in camp, near Rappahannock Station till September 
 16th. Dug wells, made screened sinks, placed brush over the shelter 
 
165 
 
 tents, built bough arbors and made ourselves as comfortable as possible. 
 Clothing and full rations were issued. Sutlers, wiih full supplies, joined 
 their commands. Daily papers received, bathing in Rappahannock, 
 daily drills and camp amusements filled up the time. This camp and 
 the next below Culpeper, were the most agreeable we had during our 
 term of service. The writer was unfortunately absent at the " Meade 
 Sword Presentation," which was one of the most interesting events 
 (August 28, 1863) in the history of the Reserves. He heard the " boys" 
 had a good time. 
 
 Orders were issued on the loth of September to march ; moved 
 at 8 A. M. on 16th, crossed the Rappahannock at Beverly Ford and moved 
 to Mountain Run. Early next morning marched and passed through 
 Culpeper Court House and camped four miles beyond. Remained 
 here till October 10th ; made same kind of camps as last on the Rappa- 
 hannock. Added to our former amusements that of horseback riding, 
 "cutting heads," sabre exercises, etc., and had brigade drills. The 
 Second Corps, General Warren commanding, was located near us. 
 Some of his officers and many from the cavalry came to the riding 
 exerc ses. At every exercise one rider at least suddenly and unex- 
 pectedly dismounted, to the amusement of the spectators. The cavalry 
 officers were no more proficient either in riding or sabre exercises than 
 the other mounted officers. 
 
 :P--'>^ 
 
CHAPTER XII 
 
 BRISTOE STATION, RAPPAHANNOCK STATION AND 
 MINE RUN. 
 
 On October 10th the division moved at 2 A. M. toward Culpeper 
 Court House, and then turning to the left marched around Pony 
 Mountain and bivouacked at Raccoon Ford, where we remained until 
 2 A. M., 11th, when we mai'ched back to our old camp. 
 
 Soon after returning to camp t"he division moved as rear guard to 
 the army; passing through Culpeper Court House, continued in direction 
 of Rappahannock Station. Upon our arrival opposite the station the 
 division was drawn up in line of battle, in which position it remained 
 until night, when it crossed the river, and we bivouacked in our old 
 camp of August and September last. Early in the morning of the 12 th 
 we recrossed the Rappahannock at Beverly Ford, formed line of battle 
 and remained here until near sunset, when we advanced to Brandy 
 Station, 
 
 Our cavalry commenced skirmishing in our front about 10 A. M. 
 The cavalry fighting was in plain view most of the day. Our division 
 advance was a part of that of the whole army, which moved in grand 
 array in line of battle, stretching for miles to the right and left, offering 
 battle to the enemy. 
 
 The latter, however, was hastening to turn the right of the Army of 
 the Potomac via Warrenton. At midnight our division marched for the 
 river again. In the night it became separated from the rest of the 
 corps and did not reach our old camp until 3 A.M. on 13th. At 7 A. M. 
 started again, moved some distance toward Warrenton, then inclining 
 to the right marched for Catlett's Station, near which we bivouacked. 
 At 4 A.M. on 14th we took up our march, moving nearly abreast i f the 
 Second Corps; the corps (Fifth) halted to rest after crossing Broad Run 
 at the point where the road which runs north of and parallel to the rail- 
 road crosses that stream. 
 
 This point is about one-third of a mile north of the railroad; the 
 woods extend from the south up to the stream; a large open field extends 
 for half a mile on north side of the stream. After remaining here about 
 an hour (near half-past 1 P. M.), General Sykes commanding, the corps. 
 
167 
 
 starieJ off towards Manassas, followed by the First and Second divisiona 
 of his corps. Tlies j were followed by the corps batteries. Our division, 
 for some unknown reason, did not start to follow the rest of the corps 
 till the batteries had disappeared in the woods on the farther ciJe of the 
 open ground. About 2 p. M. our division was drawn out on the road 
 leading to Manassas Junction, the Tliird brigade, commanded by Colonel 
 Hardin, leading. The liead cf t is brigade was near the woods where 
 the other troops of the crops had disappeared, when the enemy opened 
 firo from a batttry posted just across Broad Run, to the left rear of the 
 position our division had lately occupied when resting. Several officers 
 and men of the Tlu:d Brigade were struck by the first fire of the 
 enemy's battery, which fired directly down the marching line < f the 
 brigade. The brigade was brought from column into line, halted and 
 faced toward the enemy. 
 
 The First Brigade, at the first volley of the enemy's battery, had 
 moved into a clump of woods on its right. This brigade was f orm> d in 
 line on the edge of this woods, and the Third Brigade moved up 
 (toward the enemy) to tho right of the First Brigade. The instant after 
 receiving the first fire of the enemy's battery the commaoder of the 
 Third Brigade sent an officer towards Manassas for one of the corps bat- 
 teries to return and answer the enemy's battery. A hasty gonsultation 
 took place between the division and brigade commanders (the division 
 was under orders to follow the balance of the corps), and it was decided 
 to remain where we were for the present. The division had scarcely 
 been formed in line of battle when the enemy's infantry attack on the 
 Second Corps, stationed on the heights near Bristoe Station, could be 
 seen from the right of our position. No battery of the Fifth Corps com- 
 ing up as soon as expected, and the attack of the enemy on the Second 
 Corps teeming to grow in force, several messengers were sent back 
 for a battery, the commander of the Third Bi-igade sending to 
 the commander of the regular battery his personal wish that he would 
 come back. This battery eventually returned, and came into battery 
 on the right of the division. Its position was such as to enfilade the 
 enemy's battery, which was now pngaged with the Second Corps' bat- 
 teries. The enemy's batteries had at this time ceased firing in our direc- 
 tion. 
 
 The Reserve Division and battery were about 4 p. M. ordered by the 
 ^-^rps commander to retire and rejoin the remainder of the corps at 
 Manassas Junction. This movement was begun, but soon arrested, and 
 
• 168 
 
 the whole Fifth Corps returned to the position where it had rested near 
 noon. In the meantime a portion of the Second Corps was engaged 
 with a portion of Hill's Corps near the railroad. 
 
 The Union army retired along the Orange and Alexandria Rail- 
 road; I he Second Corps, General Warren commanding, acting as rear 
 guard, moved close to the railroad ; the Fifth Corps, Sjkes command- 
 ing, on left front of Second Corps, the Third Corps in front of the Fifth, 
 each corps being ordered to keep in communication with the other. 
 General Warren was informed by General Meade that the road was 
 clear for the Third and Fifth corps ; that the Fifth Corps would remain 
 near Bristoe (where the enemy might attack) until the Second Corps 
 came up. General Sykes, commanding the Fifth Corps whilst his corps 
 was resting in the fields north of Broad Rim, was informed, about 1.30 
 P. M. , that the head of the Second Corps was up. Ue then started his 
 corps for Manassas Junction. As before mentioned, just as the Reserve 
 Division, the rear of the Fifth Corps, was drawn out, the Confederates 
 came up and opened fire with artillery on our division. At this time 
 Webb's Division of the Second Corps was approaching Broad Run from 
 the south, by the road \he Fifth Corps had passed over. 
 
 General Lee's plan was to attack the Union army at Bristoe, and 
 endeavor to cut it in two whilst it was on the march. In pursuance of 
 this plan, Heth's Division of Hill's Corps began an attack, first against 
 the Reserve Division, with artillery; then Hill advanced his infantry to 
 take possession of Bristoe Station. The fire of Hill's artillery notified 
 the Second Corps of Hill's presence, and General Webb immediately 
 threw out skirmishers on his left; these at once met Hill's skirmishers 
 thrown out from his right. Webb fell back to his right rear, to the 
 railroad embankment, to connect with his corps and to take possession 
 of the railroad crossing of Broad Run. General Warren now came up, 
 and personally knowing the ground well, ordered Hay's Brigade and 
 his corps batteries to make all speed to get possession of the heights and 
 railroad embankment near the Station. Warren got a part of bis corps 
 into this strong position before the Confederates, who immediately made 
 a determined efl'ort to carry this position. They were repulsed with 
 severe loss in guns, killed, wounded and prisoners. The action of the 
 Second Corps at this time was most brilliant, infantry and artillery 
 vieing with each other in dash and courage. 
 
 The Second Corps was soon established strongly at the railroad 
 crossing. The Confederate generals seeing this, and also seeing the 
 
169 
 
 Reserve Division with artillery on their left, delayed any further attack 
 until Hill's entire corps and Ewell's command could come up. Only 
 skirmishing occurred after 4 P. M. No further attack being made by the 
 Confederates, the Union forces retired duriug the night. Our divisioi; 
 crossed Bull Run by fording at 3 A. M. on IHtli, and then stopped to rest. 
 Neither the Eeserve Division nor its commander ever received any 
 credit for their action in this battle. A study of the ground, the circum- 
 stances of the action and of the Confederate reports, proves conclusively 
 that it was the presence of oui- division and the battery which j lined it 
 that delayed or, rather, prevented an overwhelming attack on the Second 
 Corps. It is not intended to detract from the skillful handling of the 
 Second Corps, its divisions, brigades and batteries, and the splendid 
 fighting of the r^nk and file, but the enemy had treble the Union force 
 near this point all the afternoon, which for some reason he failed to 
 use. Of course, the Confederates supposed our division was supported 
 by the remainder of its corps and other troops, whereas we were more 
 justified than General Warren in saying that the Fifth Corps "had 
 deserted us." 
 
 RAPPAHANNOCK STATION, NOVEMBER 7, 1863. 
 
 " At 9 A. M. on 15th of October, we moved again (from north bank of 
 Bull Run) passing through Centreville to Fairfax Court House, where we 
 bivouacked in the woods near the town and remained until the 17th, when 
 we advanced once more to Centreville and remained there all night. 
 The next morning we returned to Fairfax Court House. On 19th, at 4 
 A. M., moved towards Centreville, fording Bull Run, and that night slept 
 on battlefield of Second Bull Run, where we found our dead mostly as 
 they had fallen, and we laid down and slept among the bones of our 
 comrades." 
 
 The next morning we moved at 6 o'clock, passing through Gaines- 
 ville and halting near New Baltimore, where we remained until the 
 26th. On this (26th) day's march the head of the corps came to a small 
 stream, which was flooded from recent rains ; it looked quite formida- 
 ble, and without testing its depth or, in fact, doing anything towards 
 making a crossing, the corps was halted and a pontoon bridge sent for. 
 After a halt of an hour or more a bateau was brought up and put in 
 the stream ; it was two short to reach across ; it was hauled out and the 
 command continued to rest for several hours. One of the regular 
 battery commanders (think it was Lieutenant Elder) asked authority to 
 
170 
 
 try to take hia battery across ; ho was allowed to make the attempt. 
 Fii-st trying the ford by riding through it, he then started bis I attery a 
 little above the ford, he pushed his iiorses across, they had to swim in 
 tlie middle of the stream, tut wht n the guns readied the deep part the 
 horses had good footing and immediately i assed up the farther bank. 
 The infantry cheered lustily and, not to be outdone, seme men called for 
 axes and in a few minutes a large tree near the bank was felled across 
 the stream, men ran across this and cut other trees on the farther bank, 
 making them fall across the first tree felled, in a few minutes the 
 infantry was crossing. 
 
 On the 30th marched to Warrenton and remained there until 
 November 7th. 
 
 November 7th the Reserve Division, being Third Division of Fifth 
 Corps, General Crawford conamanding (Colon 1 Hardin commanding 
 Third Brigade, Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin the Twelfth Regiment), 
 moved from Warrenton across the Orange and Alexandria Railroad, 
 arrived south of the railroad and within two milts of Rappahannock 
 Station about 11 A. M. The Confederates held the north bank of the 
 Rappahannock River with two brigades of infantry and a battery in a 
 fortified position at Rappahannock Station, with a strong line of skir- 
 mishers in rifle pits extending about a thousand yards above and some 
 distance below the station. 
 
 The First, Second and Third Corps of Union army, under commatid 
 of General French, were directed to carry Kelley's Ford, and the Fifth 
 and Sixth Corps, under command of General Sedgwick, were directed to 
 attack Rappahannock Station. It was thought the movement of 
 General French would cause the Confederates to evacuate Rappahan- 
 nock Station, but it did not. 
 
 A strong skirmish line was formed to cover the advance of the 
 Fifth and Sixth Corps. The Fifth Corps was to advance south of the 
 railroad, the Sixth Corps north of it. The skirmishers of the Sixth 
 corps drove back the enemy's skirmishers to the Rappahannock River 
 and held the north bank near to Rappahannock Station. The skir- 
 mishers of the Fifth Corps, about 900 strong, taken from the three 
 divisions of the corps (seven ol3icers and about 300 men (part being from 
 the 13th), were taken from the Reserves), under command of General K. 
 Garrard, covered the Fifth Corps advance. General Garrard in his 
 report says : ' ' The line was posted in front of the corps on the south 
 side of the railroad, and about 3 p. M. I received orders to form my 
 
171 
 
 whole force as skirmishers, to advance with my right on the raihruad, 
 and to establish the picket line on the Rappahannock River, driving in 
 the enemy which was in front. The river was about one and a half miles 
 to the front. 
 
 At 3.30 P. M. the advance was made, and in an hour or less the line 
 was on the river on my left" (Third Division skirmishers on the left), 
 " and up near to the railroad, wliere it bent back, owing to the opposition 
 offered from an earthwork of the enemy near the river and on the north- 
 west side of the railroad. My orders required me to regulate with the 
 skirmishers of the Sixth Corps on the other side of the railroad, and in 
 keeping up tliis connection a portion of the First Division, on the right 
 of my line, crossed the railroad, and, at the time of tl;e charge, entered 
 the fort together with the Sixth Corps. * * * Being unacquainted 
 with the officers and men who had composed my temporary command, 
 I am unable to report in detail in regard to their conduct. * * * " 
 
 General French found no serious opposition beyond severe skirmish- 
 ing, and by night had taken possession of both banks of the Rappahan- 
 nock at Kelly's Ford. 
 
 Bartlett's First Division, Fifth Corps, supported Garrard skirmish- 
 ers, but was only under artillery fire. Artillery was posted on the 
 right of the Sixth Corps and in front of the Fifth Corps, so as to liave a 
 cross fire on the enemy's earthwork. Late in the evening General 
 Russell, commanding a dtvison of the Sixth Corps, was ordered to 
 assault the work with Upton'j and Elmaker's brigades of his division. 
 The assault was gallantly made, being led by General Russell and 
 Colonels Upton and Elmaker, and the enemy's work carried, with a loss 
 to him of 1,700 prisoners, four guns and a pontoon bridge. 
 
 On the 8th marched to Kelley's Ford and crossed the river there 
 about 1 p. M., and then massed in column of divisions, rested a while 
 and then advanced about two miles, when we reached some cabins built 
 by A. P. Hill's Confederate troops. These cabins, made of logs, had 
 large fireplaces and good large chunneys, with shingle roofs. We cap- 
 tured in this camp about 3,000 pairs of drawers and other clothing, 
 some harness, a few muskets and some odds and ends. It had evidently 
 been the intention of the Confederates to winter here. Marched on 
 10th to Mountain Run, where we again fovmd Confederate quarters; 
 remained here until the 24th. Colonel Hardin, commanding Third 
 Brigade, had brigade drills. He tried division drill with batteries 
 attached to infantry, but found tactics very ixicomplete. 
 
172 
 
 MINE EUN. 
 
 The army Etarted on 24tli to cross the Rapidun, but a severe rain 
 etorm coming on, the troops were sent back to their camps. The army 
 started again on 26th ; crossed at Lower Fords, the Fifth Corps, to 
 which the Reserve Division was attached, crossing at Culpeper Mine 
 Ford. The roads were muddy and the bridges were too short (their 
 lengths liaving been estimated on a lower stage of water). The right 
 wing of the army was delayed by this error of the engineers, and the 
 Third Corps moved very slowly after crossing, possibly through ignorance 
 of the proper reads to move on. General Lee moved promptly upon 
 learning the movement of the Army of the Potomac. He made no 
 effort to prevent the crossing, but took up a strong position behind 
 Mine Run, and with a part of liis force attacked the Third Corps, thus 
 stopping it and preventing its rapid and effective junction with the rest 
 of the army. He then withdrew his entire force behind Mine Run. 
 
 The Army of the Potomac was now moved up to this position, 
 which for three days it threatened to assault, but finding it too strong 
 the Union army was withdrawn and fell back beliind the Rapidan. 
 The regiments of the Reserve Division "left their camps on Broad 
 Moimtain Run at 5 p. m. on 26th November. Marched to the Rapidan, 
 crossed at Culpeper Mine Ford and moved down the Fredericksburg 
 Plank Road to a i)oint four miles west of Chanc* llorsville and bivouacked. 
 On morning of the 27th the line was formed with the Sixth Corps on 
 the right, Third and Fifth in the centre, First and Second on the 
 left. * * * The Reserves were sent forward to support Gregg's 
 Division of Cavalry. They marched from their bivouac at 6 a.m., 
 moving in a southerly direction over a road which entered the Orange 
 Court House Plank Road at Parker's Store ; the troops then marched 
 westward on the Plank Road to New Hope Church, where they found 
 the cavalry engaging the enemy. The division was here ordered to 
 form and support the cavalry. The enemy was posted in an abandoned 
 railroad cut and easily withstood the attack of the cavalry. The 
 division was now deployed to dislodge the enemy and skirmishers were 
 sent in advance. These moved rapidly and drove the Coi federate force, 
 which consisted of cavaliy and artillery, supported by a brigade of 
 infantry, beyond the railroad cut." 
 
 Colonel Hardin commanded the skirmishers on left of the road, 
 where the enemy's skirmishers made the greatest resistance, they being 
 supported here by a battery. A shell burst under Colonel Hardin's 
 
173 
 
 horse, upsetting horse and rider withou*^^ doiug ei;! -Air any serious dam- 
 age. General Sykes for onoe was complimentary to the Reserve skir- 
 mishers. 
 
 " On 28th the division moved forvs^ard to the riglit, and bivouacked 
 at Robertson's Tavern. Next day the troops advanced two miles west- 
 ward on the road from the tavern and formed in line of battle on the 
 west bank of Mine Run. On Monday, 30th, moved to tlie right four 
 miles and prepared to storm enemy's position." Lieutenant Rahn, of 
 "C" company, Twelfth Regiment, and a picked party were sent out 
 between the lines to find out the enemy's position, t3 learn how strong 
 it was and if possible to find a crossing of Mine Ran. The Lieutenant 
 was highly comphmented for his services on this occasion, 
 
 A cold rain had faUen, and the weather turned very cold, so that 
 lying in line of battle without fires officers and men suffered terribly. 
 Some men were frozen to death. The division was moved from one 
 position to another in front of the enemy until the night of December 
 1st, when it relieved the Third Corps, which retired. The division 
 started to the rear just after dark on December 1st, passed Robertson's 
 Tavern and crossed the Rapidan at Raccoon Ford, 
 
 On this retreat, which was very quietly and rapidly made, a bridge 
 was broken down, causing a delay of the artillery. No one from the 
 Fifth Corps appeared to order it repaired, but General Sedgwick, whose 
 command, Sixth Corps, was in rear, came up and superintended the 
 repairs, working with his own hands to make men hasten the work. 
 
 After the Army of the Potomac returned from Mine Run expedi- 
 tion it was posted along the Orange and Alexandria Railroad in Winter 
 quarters and in such positions as t) guard this line of eupplies. The 
 Firth Corjis, to which the Reserve Division was attached, was ordered to 
 guard the line of railroad from the Rappahannock River to vicinity of 
 Washington. The Reserves guarded tlie line from Bristoe Station to 
 Alexandria; Third Brigade headquarters, Colonel Fisher commanding, at 
 Manassas. The Fifth and Twelfth Regiments and a detachment of 
 cavalry, under command of Colonel Hardin, were posted £.t Catlett's 
 Station. The duty of the command was to guard the raJroad from 
 cavalry and guerrilla raids. 
 
 Colonel Fisher with a detachment of cavalry dispersed a guerrilla 
 party and captured a Captain Lee, their commander. Instead of being 
 tried by court martial for being in our unif rm, this Captain Lee, upon 
 a telegram from the War Department, was sent to Washington, 
 
174 
 
 where, it wuh said, lie was the next day seen walking the street* 
 on parole I 
 
 Soou after this Captain Lee was let off, a party of our officers and men 
 were a:nbuscaded, and ssveral of the men kided and woundod. Decem- 
 ber 14th, Colonel Ilardin, accompanied by Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin 
 and a mounted orderly, was riuing the line of pickets which Avas 
 posted along the railroad, selecting sites for block houses, when he 
 encountered a party of five horsemen; supposing it to be a Union cavalry 
 patrol. Colonel Ilardia rode up to the ofUcer who was riding in front 
 (the entire party wore black slouch hats, Union overcoats and top bjots), 
 and had just asked: ""Where are you going?'' when the whole five 
 raised their revo'vers (which they haJ concealed behind their right legs) 
 and fired. One sliot struck Colonel Ilardin in his cripple! left arm (It ' 
 was paralyze-d from the wound received at Second Bull Run), one struck 
 Colonel Gustin in his right hand, two struck Colonel Hardin's horse^ 
 which sprang forward a few paces and fell dead within the limits of an 
 infantry picket post. The guerrillas after firing turned off into the 
 brush and were seen co more. This party had passed a Union sentinel 
 on post only a minute before Colonel Ilardin addressed it, which proves 
 conclusively that it was fully disguised in Union uniform. If that ii 
 fair warfare the writer h unable to understand what is unfa r. Sub- 
 sequently, Colonel Ilardin was recognized by the man Paine, who 
 attempted to assassinate Mr. Seward. Paine tcld General Ilartranft 
 that he was one of the men who shot at Colonel Ilardin. Only a few 
 months since the writer was told a preacher (God save tlie mark!) 
 boasted that he shot Colonel Hardin. He and Paine were fit com- 
 panions. 
 
 February 16, 1864, Major Larrimer, Inspector of our division, was 
 killed by guerrillas. 
 
 As the terms of service of the Reserve regiments were about to 
 expire, great efTorts were made to get the men, iu a body, to re-enlist. 
 Applications were made to the "War Department to give the division a 
 furlough. General Crawford urged the matter very forcibly, using for 
 the first time the argument that "seasoned" soldiers, as the remainder 
 of the Reserves then were, were ro very far superior to new levies. 
 Also stating that the men were mostly jourg and the be?t inat( rial for 
 soldiers. ^Ve were soon to loarn how valuable were "seasoned'' soldiers, 
 Buch as formed the bulk of General Lee's army. 
 
 March 24i.h, 1864, General Warren assimicd command of the Fifth 
 
175 
 
 Corps. Its divisions were commanded as follows : First, by General 
 Griffin ; Second, by General Robinson ; Tliird (the Reserves), by General 
 Crawford ; Fourth, by General Wadsworlh. The men of the Ninth 
 Reserves, whose tirno was not out tae first of May, were transfened to 
 the Twelfth Regiment. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 GRANT'S CAMP A.IGN— WILDERNESS AND SPOTTSYLVANIA. 
 
 The Army of the Potomac was reorganized in the Spring of 1864 ; 
 ■corps and divisions consoliflated, so tliat there were only three corps — 
 the Second, General Hancock commanding ; the Fifth, General Warren, 
 and the Sixth, General Sedgwick. An independent army of hetero- 
 geneous materials was formed, under command of General Burnsidej^ 
 which joined in the Wilderness. General Grant, who had been made a 
 Lieu tenant-General, and assigned to command of all the Union armies, 
 decided to make his headquarters in the field with the Army of the 
 Potomac, " for the reason that the principal Confederate army lay in 
 its front." 
 
 General Grant assumed command of the Army of the Potomac 
 March 27, 1864. 
 
 It is thought that General Grant believed that, in a scientific (mili- 
 tary) point of view, the campaign should be made by the Peninsula 
 route ; but there was such opposition by the authorities in Washington 
 to this plan, he concluded to adopt the overland route, with a co-operat- 
 ing force of considerable strength moving up the Peninsula by water. 
 At the same time, to cover his right flank and to draw off somewhat 
 from the enemy's main army, he formed Crook's and Sigel's armies, to 
 operate in the valley of the Shenandoah and in West Virginia. 
 
 On the 29th of April, 1864, the Reserve Division broke camp on the 
 Orange and Alexandria Railroad, and marched near to Warrenton 
 Junction; the next day it crossed the Rappahannock and camped near 
 Culpeper Court House. It was attached to the Fifth Corps as its Third 
 Division. On the 4th of May crossed the Rapidan about 11 A. M. at 
 Germanna Ford, and bivouacked on the Lacy Farm. The Sixth Corps 
 followed the Fifth; the Second Corps crossed at Ely's Ford, six 
 miles below. Wilson's Cavalry Division preceded the Fifth Corps, and 
 bivouacked at the old Wilderness Tavern. 
 
 The Second Coi-ps, preceded by Gregg's Cavalry Division, moved to 
 Chancellorsville. Lee's army extended from Raccoon Ford to Gordons- 
 ville. Ewell's Corps on Lee's right, Hill's in centre and Long-street's at 
 Gordonsville. General Grant's order for the Fifth says : " First — Major- 
 
177 
 
 ■General Sheridan, commanding the Cavahy Corps, will move with 
 Gregg's and Torbert's divisions against the enemy's cavahy in the direc- 
 tion of Hamilton's Crossing. General ^Yilson with the Third Cavalry- 
 Division will move at 5 A. m. to Craig's Meeting House, on the Catharpin 
 K' ad. He will keep out parties on the Orange Court House Pike and 
 Plank Road, the Catharpin Road, Pamunky Road (road to Orange 
 Springs), and in the direction of "VVayman's Store and Andrews' Store or 
 Good Hope Church. Second — Major-General Hancock, commanding 
 the Second Corps, will move at 5 A. M. to Shady Grove Church, and 
 extend his right toward the Fifth Corps at Parker's Store. Third — 
 Major-General Warren, commanding the Fifth Corps, will move at 5 
 A. M. to Parker's Store on the Orange Court House Plank Road, and 
 extend his right toward the Sixth Corps, at old Wilderness Tavern. 
 Fourth — Major-General Sedgwick, commanding the Sixth Corps, will 
 move to old Wilderness Tavern, on the Orange Court House Pike, as 
 soon as the road is clear. * * * " 
 
 The Army of the Potomac moved in accordance with this order 
 and General Grant expected to get his army beyond the Wilderness 
 before Lee's army could be assembled, and he expected himself to attack 
 the Confederate army. General Lee, knowing thoroughly the Wilder- 
 ness (a region of dense undergrowth, ditches and other obstruc- 
 tions with very few roads through it), and that by moving down the 
 Orange and Fredericksburg Plank Road and Turnpike he would strike 
 the Army of the Potomac in flank in its movement, advanced liis army 
 rapidly to the attack. Ewell's Corps on the Old Turnpike and Hill'f on 
 the Plank Road. Swinton says: "In this thick chaparral, through 
 which no artillery could play, Grant's masses would lose their force of 
 impact, while the Confederate marksmen, with an almost Indian skill 
 in woodcraft, could lie unseen in their grey array amid these dun 
 woods and deal death to the assailants." 
 
 Wilson's cavalry, which had preceded the Fifth Corps on the Old 
 Turnpike, was withdrawn and sent to Parker's Store; thus there was no 
 cavalry to indicate Ewell's movement. Grif3Sn's Division of the Fifth 
 Corps met Ewell's advance, and Crawford, commanding the Reserves, 
 says: "Led the advance of the Fifth Corps at 5 a.m., with orders 
 to proceed to Parker's Store; * * * took the wood road from 
 the Lacy House and pushed on till reaching the open space about one 
 mile from Parker's Store. The cavalry had become engaged with the 
 enemy. * ^ *^ They sent back for support. I deployed the Buck- 
 
tails at once to the front and they advanced just in time to resist aa 
 attack of infantry that had just arrived. Took up a position, and at 
 8.30 A. M. received an order from General Warren, stating that the 
 movement had been suspended, and that Griffin and Wadsworth v^'ould 
 attack on the Turnpike." Griffin's Division advanced on the Old 
 Turrpke about noon, Wadsworth on Griffin's left and Robinson's 
 Division in reserve ; drove back Johnson's Division of Ewell's Corps, 
 but Wright's Division of the Sixth Corps not finding the right of 
 Griffin's, Ewell's other divisions coming up, struck Griffin's right, the 
 Regular Brigade, and then Bartlet's Brigade, and drove them back; also 
 struck Wadsworth's Division on its left and drove it back, the whole of 
 the Fifth Corps falling back to the point it held when it began its 
 attack. 
 
 In the meantime, the Reserve Division remained in position till 
 afternoon, when McCandless, commanding the First Brigade, was sent 
 to support Wadsworth's left ; advancing without his flanks pro- 
 tected, he was compelled to retreat after the loss of nearly the whole 
 of the Seventh Regiment. The gallantry of the Eleventh Regiment 
 saved it from capture. It charged right through the Confederate inter- 
 cepting force. The Third Brigade, Colonel Fisher commanding, was on 
 picket ; the enemy showing on both flanks, General Crawford hastily 
 withdrew th se pickets and moved back to his position of the morning. 
 Getty's Divisicn of the Sixth Corps had been sent early to hold the 
 junction of the Brock and Plank Roads. Hancock's movement towards 
 Shady Grove Church was suspended about 11 A. M. and he was ordered 
 to move up the Brock Road to join the rest of the army. 
 
 Hill's Confederate Corps, which the Reserve Division struck on the 
 Plank Road early in the morning continued on till it met Getty's Divis- 
 ion. Getty held on till the Second Corps arrived about 3 p. m., when 
 Getty and the Second Corps were ordered to drive Hill back. The 
 attack began about 4.30 p. M., on both sides of the Plank Road, but Hill's 
 troops could not be forced back ; the fighting was perfectly terrific. 
 Wadt w( rth's Division of Fifth Corps was sent through the woods to 
 cover Hancock's right ; it got lost in the woods and bivouacked in con- 
 tact with Hill's skirmishers. It was a drawn battle with Burnside and 
 Longstrect comi g up. 
 
 The Sixth Corps was moved up on right of the Fifth Corps. Both 
 tlie Second and Sixth corps were ordered to attack at 5 a. m. the 
 next day. Confederate Gtneral Ewell anticipated Sedgwick, and tlie 
 
179 
 
 contest on Union right continued for an hour or more, when the Coo- 
 federates were repulsed. This attack by the Confederates was made 
 to gain time for Anderson's Division of Hill's Corps, and Longsfreet's 
 Corps to get up. The Second Corps, with Getty's Division of Sixth, 
 advancing at 5 A. M., drove back Wilcox's and Ileth's divisions of 
 Hill's Corps as far as the Confederate headquarters. Here hahing to 
 reform his Hne, Hancock met Anderson's Division of Hill's Corps and 
 soon a part of Longstreet's Corps. Hancock, who had under his com- 
 mand half the army, could advance no farther. 
 
 There was now a cessation of fighting for several hours. During 
 this time Longstreet had gotten up his whole corps, extending it well 
 to his right, when he attacked ; first forced back Hancock's left and 
 then his whole line, as far back as the Brock Road. In the meantime, 
 the Sixth Corps repeatedly assaulted Ewell's position (which the latter 
 had entrenched) unsuccessfully. Two divisions of the Fifth Corps sup- 
 porting Hancock, the other two divisions— the Reserves and Griffin's— 
 could only attack with skirmishers. The Ninth Corps was ord. red to 
 attack in the interval, between the Fifth and Second corps, on HancocVi 
 right. With the exception of Leasure's Brigade, tlie Ninth Corps, after 
 moving all over the field and accomplishing nothing, fell back and 
 entrenched. About 4 P. M. Lee attacked Hancock's position on the 
 Brock Road. By reason of a fire in Hancock's parapets the Confederates 
 carried a portion of Hancock's line, but they were soon driven out of 
 this position by Carroll's Brigade. 
 
 The Reserve DivLsion was held in reserve most of the day, and 
 at night it returned to its position at the Lacy House. When the 
 right of the Sixth Corps was attacked, and Seymour's and Shaler's 
 brigades fell back, the Reserve Division went at double quick to 
 their support, but the line of battle was restored by other troops of the 
 Sixth Corps. Finding General Lee's army entrenched, General Grant 
 decided to make a flank movement to Spottsylvania Court House. 
 His order of march was in part as follows: '<* * * Sixth— At 
 8.30 P. M., Major-General Warren commanding Fifth Corps, will 
 move to Spottsylvania Court House by way of Brock Road and 
 Todd's Tavern. Seventh— At 8.30 p. m., Major-General Sedgwick, 
 commanding Sixth Corps, will move by the Plank and Pike Road 
 to Chancellorsville, where he wi:i be joined by the authorized trains 
 of his own and the Fifth Corps ; thence by way of Aldricli's and 
 Piney Branch Church to Spottsylvania Court House and the road 
 
180 
 
 from Alsop's to Block House. Eighth— Major-General Hancock, com- 
 manding Second Corps, ^vill move to Todd's Tavern, by the Brock Road, 
 following the Fifth Cori)s closely. Ninth— Headquarters during the 
 movement ■will be along the route of the Fifth and Second Corps, at the 
 close of the movement near the Sixth Corps. Tenth — The pickets of 
 the Fifth and Sixth Corps will be withdrawn at 1 A, M. and those of the 
 Second Corps at 2 A. M, * * * Thirteenth— Major-General Sheridan, 
 commanding the Cavalry Corps, will have a sufficient force, on the 
 approaches from the right, to keei^ the corps commanders advised in 
 time of the appearance of the enemy. Fourteenth — It is understood 
 tliat General Burnside's command will follow the Sixth Corjis." 
 
 The Fifth Corps started at 9 p. M.; was delayed one and a half 
 hours at Todd's Tavern by General Meade's cavalry escort blocking the 
 way. At two miles beyond was detained by Merritt's Cavalry Division, 
 who had been and still were fighting Stuart's Cavalry. At 6 A. M. the 
 cavalry moved out of the way and the infantry pushed on. The road 
 was obstructed and some pioneers were killed removing obstacles. At 
 8 A. M. of the 8th the column emerged from the woods into a clearing 
 two miles north of Spottsylvania Court House. Robinson's Division 
 of the Fifth Corps deployed and advanced over the field. At the crest 
 of a ridge it met Anderson's Division of Longstreet's Corps and was 
 repulsed. 
 
 Anderson had moved the night before at 8 P. M. Having orders to 
 start the morning of the 8th he had anticipated the movement of tlie 
 Union army. No doubt he learned from his cavalry and scouts that the 
 Union army had already started on a flank movement. He says he con- 
 cluded to leave at night and get to the high ground about Spottsylvania 
 by a night march. He reached his position about daylight. Griffin's 
 Division advanced on the right of Robinson's and was also repulsed. 
 The Reserve Division came up last, having been double-quicked to the 
 field; it went in with a rush and drove the enemy out of the woods on 
 Griffin's left. Wadsworth's Division came up on the right; a line was 
 formed and the men began entrenching without orders. No other 
 troops coming up till late, the attack was delayed till the Sixth Corps 
 arrived. 
 
 The principal attack was made by the Reserves, who formed in two 
 lines ; First Brigade, Colonel Talley commanding, in front ; Third 
 Brigade, Colonel Baily commanding, in rear ; a third line commanded 
 by Colonel Herring. The attack of the Reserve Division was very success- 
 
181 
 
 ful, but it was not supported, and there was no adequate result from 
 their brilliant charge. Colonel Talley was captured. The division was 
 commanded by Colonel McCoy, A. A. G. (General Crawford having been 
 injured). The division was withdrawn by Colonel Jackson, of the 
 Eleventh. " The troops held the line in front of the enemy during the 
 night of the 8th ; rations were issued at midnight, and early on Monday 
 morning the forces were rearranged for a renewal of the battle. The 
 Reserves were moved a short distance to the right to relieve a portion of 
 the Sixth Corps, where they laid down in the entrenchments until late 
 in the afternoon. During the day the First Brigade made a reconnais- 
 Bance to the Po River on the right." 
 
 The Second Corps had been stopped at Todd's Tavern on the 8th to 
 watch the enemy, to guard against an attack on the rear. On the 9th 
 the whole army was brought up; the Sixth Corps ou the left of the 
 Fifth, the Ninth Corps on the left of Sixth, and Second Corps on right 
 of Fifth, on the Po River. 
 
 Late in the afternoon Barlow's Division of Second Corps crossed the 
 Po River, but before it could be supported the rest of the Corps was 
 ordered to support the attack of the Fifth and Sixth corps. The attack 
 of the Second, Fifth and Sixth corps was against Laurel Hill; the 
 brigades of Webb and Carroll, of Gibbon's Division, had assaulted this 
 position at 11 A. M., and Cutler's and the Reserve divisions at 3 p. M., 
 without success. Now a grand assault was made, after 5 p. M. , by the 
 Fifth and Sixth corps, wliich failed after heavy losses. General Rice, 
 of Fifth Corps, was killed. Upton's Brigade of the Sixth Corps car- 
 ried the entrenchments, but it was not supported. 
 
 May 11th was given up to rest and to moving the Second Corps to the 
 left of the army to make an assault there. May 12th Hancock made his 
 grand successful assault on " the Bloody Angle." 
 
 In regard to the controversy as to who was to blame for the failure 
 of the Union army to get to Spottsy Ivania Court House before the Con- 
 federates, General Humphreys (Chief of Staff) says: "Their (Confeder- 
 ate's) route was about three miles shorter than Warren's, who, when he 
 arrived at General Merritt's headquarters at 3.30 a. m., had marched as 
 far as they had when arriving at the point where their leading troops 
 met those of General Warren between 9 and 10 A. M. * * * The 
 Confederates had a clear route, no obstructions; they had time to rest 
 and breakfast before arrival of Fifth Corps. * * * The presence of 
 Fitz Lee's Cavalry on the Brock Road, Hampton's Cavalry and Long- 
 
182 
 
 street's Corps on the Shady Grove Road, settled the question as to who 
 should first hold the Court House with infantry." 
 
 Of the labors of the Union army at this time it has been written : 
 *'No mere general statement can give any idea of the enormous 
 amount of labor, suffering and privation that befel the troops in these 
 continual shif Lings of the corps from point to point of the long line. 
 May 13th, the battle of the 12th having ended in Lee's retirement to an 
 inner and shorter line, it was resolved to attempt to turn his right flank. 
 With this view the Ffth Corps during the night of the 13th was 
 ordered to march from its position on the extreme right, to take post on 
 the extreme left, to the left of Burnside's command, and assault in con- 
 nection with that command at 4 P. M. on 14th. The march was begun 
 at IQ P. M. The wet weather had, however, badly broken up the roads, 
 and the night being one of Egyptian darkness, the move was made with 
 immense difficulty. The route of march was past the Landrum House 
 to the Ny River, which had to be waded. Across the Ny the route fol- 
 lowed no road but traversed the fields and a piece of woods where a 
 track had been cut. Here, midway of the journey, a dense fog arose 
 and covered the ground, so that not even the numerous fires that had 
 been built to guide the column could be seen. 
 
 The men, exhausted with wading through the mud knee deep and 
 in darkness, fell asleep all along the way. In addition to this, the 
 locality where the troops were to take position was quite unknown, and 
 at broad daylight, when the head of the column got to the left of Burn- 
 side's Corps, near the Fredericksburg Turnpike, the only troops on hand 
 with which to execute the meditated assault were 1,200 fagged out men 
 of Griffin's Division. It was 7 A. M. before Cutler got 1,300 men up." 
 
 May 14th, Jet House was occupied, abandoned and reoccupied. The 
 Sixth Corps had followed the Fifth Corps, so that on the 15th and 16th 
 Bimey's Division of Second Corps was on the right, then Burnside, then 
 Fifth Corps. On 17th the Second Corps, assisted by the Sixth and 
 Ninth, was ordered to return to the scene of its assault and make 
 another attack. The attack was made at 4 A. M. on the 18th, but the 
 enemy was found entrenched and attack failed. The Fifth Corps on 
 the 18th held the greater portion of the line of the Union entrench- 
 ments. Wari'en opened with his batteries to cover the attack. 
 ; During the artillery firing a number of picked men, mostly Buck- 
 tails, were advanced close to the enemy's line in f I'ont of the First Brigade 
 of the Reserve Division (Colonel Hardin having reported for duty on 
 
183 
 
 18tli was assigned to command the First Brigade), and strongly sup- 
 ported by skirmishers. It was hoped this good position could be held, 
 from which an attack could be made the next mornin.!?. The First 
 Brigade of the Reserves was relieved just before dark by Colonel Coul- 
 ter's Brigade; his men were warned to expect the enemy to try to drive in 
 this advanced picket line. When the enemy's expected attack was made, 
 two of Colonel Coulter's regiments made little resistance. "Whilst rein- 
 forcing his line and displaying his usual boldness, Colonel Coulter was 
 wounded, and the advance line lost. 
 
 The 19th was set for the next turning movement, but Ewell 
 attacked Tyler's Division of new troops on the road to Fredericksburg, 
 and delayed it. The Reserve Division was double quicked to the right 
 two or more miles. It passed by the lines of knapsacks left by Tyler's 
 men, and came up behind the left of his line of battle; his men were 
 standing up in line of bat.le and every few minutes blazing away at 
 nothing, unless a shot from a straggling Confederate could be called 
 something. It seemed impossible to stop this firing. The First Brigade 
 was ordered to advance in front of Tyler's left to see what was there. 
 The command, on accoimt of this unsteadiness of Tyler's troops, could 
 not be sent directly to the front; the brigade was fiied off to the left and 
 halted, where a skirmish line of the Bucktails was formed, and advanced 
 into the woods in front. The enemy had already retired. The Buck- 
 tails remained on picket all night. The next morning the writer rode 
 the picket line; finding all the pickets' shelter tents and blankets on the 
 enemy's side of large trees, he naturally inquired the reason of this 
 extraordinary state of affairs. The pickets said they received a blizzard 
 every little while from the Union line, and only an occasional shot from 
 the enemy's side. Yet these new troops had shown good pluck in resist- 
 ing E well's reconnaissance. Lee's veterans were surely as two to one of 
 such troops, however courageous. The division returned to its old 
 camp the next day. 
 
 In the meantime General Sheridan, with the greater part of the 
 mounted force, had gone on his raid in the rear of Lee's army, during 
 which the battle of Yellow Tavern occurred, and the famous Confeder- 
 ate cavalry leader. General Stuart, was killed. As a raid, this move- 
 ment of the Union cavalry was a success (Sheridan was the kind of 
 leader to make successes), but as a military movement, leaving the main 
 army short of cavalry at this supreme time, it was a military error. 
 The principal reason why the infantry was marched hither and thither 
 
184 
 
 was to find out positions which the cavalry would have found for it. 
 The infantry was so much exhausted by marching, especially at night 
 and in rain, it had little stomach f(ir a fight when the attacks were 
 ordered. 
 
 The night of the 20th the Second Corps moved from the right of the 
 army in rear of the entire line to Massaponax Church, and next day, 
 preceded by Torbert's Cavalry, passed Milford Station, on the Freder- 
 icksburg and Richmond Railroad. The Second Corps reached Bowling 
 Green that evening and remained there till the 23d. The Fifth Corps 
 started on the morning of the 21st, followed in the afternoon by Burn- 
 side's command. In the night the Sixth Corps left its position. Lee 
 learned on 20th of tliis movement and sent Longstreet's Corps to head 
 off the Second Corps. Ewell's followed Longstreet's. Hill attacked 
 the Sixth Corps, which had been left to cover the rear of the army; Hill 
 was repulsed. 
 
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CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 NORTH ANNA AND BETHESDA CHURCH. 
 
 Tlie Reserve Division broke camp at Spottsylvania Court House, 
 at 12 M. on 2Ist, being on left of the Corps; marching rapidly it arrived 
 at Gurney's Station at 6 p. m. A small furce of the enemy's cavalry was 
 driven from the station by the Sixth Regiment and Bucktails. Captain 
 Pattee, in charge of the division pioneers, with men from the Tenth and 
 Bucktail regiments, captured Gatewood House on morning of 23d. 
 Colonel Gates, commanding Baxter's Brigade, reconnoitered on 22d 
 three miles beyond Gurney's Station, and saw the enemy moving south 
 in force. 
 
 The whole of Grant's army now pushed rapidly on toward the North 
 Anna. At 1 1 a. m. on 22d the Fifth Corps moved from Gurney's Station, 
 and marched down the telegraph road to Bowling Green, near which 
 place it bivouacked. The Reserve Division was in advance, having skir- 
 mishers covering its front; these latter searched houses and sought 
 information as well as guarded against a surprise. 
 
 The Fifth Corps moved early on 23d, passed the Second Corps at 
 Milford, and advanced to Jericho Ford on North Anna, where it crossed. 
 The Second Corps came up in the afternoon and took position to the left 
 of Fifth Coi-ps on the railroad. Advancing along the railroad it stormed 
 the Chesterfield or County bridge above railroad bridge. Thus the 
 Fifth and Second Corps crossed the North Anna at the points designated 
 for them. Between them was a space of three to four miles, which 
 Burnside's command was to occupy, and it was to cross at Quarles Mill 
 about half way between the crossings of Fifth and Second Corps. 
 But this command came up slowly and stopped on the left bank, mak- 
 no effort to cross. This enabled the Confederates to seize a point on 
 the river below Quarles Mill which they entrenched and held. 
 
 Griffin's Divis:ion, the head of the Fifth Corps, reached the North 
 Anna at 1 P. M., and before 2 p. m. was crossing. The river here has a 
 rocky bed and steep banks. It was difficult to make approaches for a 
 pontoon bridge. The water ran rapidly, and was about waist deep. 
 The men waded across. Griffin's Division was promptly formed on 
 the right bank, and advanced to the woods about half a mile from the 
 
river, where it formed line of battle. The Reserve Division crossed and 
 advanced, and formed line on Griffin's left. Cutler was to come up ou 
 Griffin's right. Before he could get into position, the enemy, under 
 Wilcox, attacked Griffin; a fierce infantry fight now ensued. The 
 enemy were forcing Griffin s left back and about to gain an interval 
 which existed between Griffin's left and the First Brigade of the Reserve 
 Division. One regiment of First Brigade had been thrown to the rear 
 -and faced to the right, when two regiments of Cutler's Division, coming 
 from the rear, looking for their division, at the request of Colont 1 Har- 
 din, advanced to cover the interval above mentioned. They soon got 
 into the hot infantry fight on Griffin's left. They were of the right 
 material, and went in with a will; they forced the enemy back, and this 
 part of the line was fully restored. 
 
 The Reserve Division was in open ground; the First Brigade on the 
 right, Third on the left. The enemy opened about thirty pieces of 
 artillery on the division. As the division had not had time to entrench, 
 the men were under about as warm artillery fire as they ever had in the 
 open. Division Headquarters was driven back to the river for shelter. 
 The First Brigade Headquarters seized an icehouse, which was imfortu- 
 nately directly in rear of a farm house, which appeared to be the Con- 
 federate target. The ice house was blown up. About the same time 
 Colonel Hardin's horse was struck by a piece of shell. Soon after, 
 while posting Cutler's regiments. Colonel Hardin was himself struck by 
 a piece of shell. 
 
 The Bucktails, under Major Hartshorn, were sent out to take a 
 house in front of the division. They made a brilliant advance, captur- 
 ing the house and forcing the enemy to change the location of his 
 artillery. 
 
 In the meantime Cutler was attacked as he was coming into 
 position ou the right of Griffin, and a part of his command thrown into 
 confusion ; but the Eighty-Third Pennsylvania, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 McCoy commanding, struck Brown's Confederate Brigade in flank, 
 capturing Colonel Brown and several hundred men. This, and the good 
 work done on Griffin's front and by the BucktaUs, caused the Confed- 
 erates to cease the attack and to retire. 
 
 Early in the morning of the 24th the Fifth Regiment, Lieutenant- 
 Colonel Smith, and the Sixth, Colonel Ent, reconnoitered to the railroad 
 in front, captured some prisoners, and learned the enemy had left the 
 front of the Fifth Corps. The First Regiment, Lieutenant-Colonel Stewart, 
 
187 
 
 ^rt, was sent early in the morning along the right bank of the river to 
 connect with Burnside's command. Colonel Stewart was informed that 
 Burnside's troops had crossed at Quarles Ford. Colonel Stewart 
 advanced until he came opposite to Burnside's command, who were 
 inclined to treat him as an enemy. They would not join him, so the 
 Reserve Division was ordered to go to Colonel Stewart's support and 
 hold the right bank for Burnside's command to cross behind them. 
 
 The division, advancing cautiously, succeeded in getting some dis- 
 tance below Colonel Stewart's position ; here it halted and entrenched 
 expecting every moment to be attacked. Burnside's troops now came 
 down to the river and went to washing, bathing and swimming, at the 
 same time halloomg and making all the noise they could as though 
 there were no enemy within miles. The writer was never so indignant 
 m his life. His troops were then in peril of their lives, and had been in 
 the utmost danger of capture since early in the morning, holding an 
 uncovered position on the right of the river within sight of the whole 
 Confederate army. 
 
 It took about six hours to get one of Burnside's Divisions over the 
 river and in position to attack. We all said then we would be better off 
 without Burnside's army, as it was then commanded. The enemy came 
 close up to our front and entrenched, whilst Ihis division of Burnside's 
 was getting over and into position. And when it attacked, as it did 
 about sundown, with considerable spirit, it struck entrenchments, lost 
 heavily, and gained nothing. General Meade was perfectly justified in 
 demanding that Burnside should be put under him, and his troops made 
 a, corps of the Army of the Potomac. 
 
 The withdrawal from the North Anna was begun at dark on 26th, 
 when the Second, Fifth and Sixth corps withdrew to the North bank! 
 The army moved east and south for the Pamunky. The Sixth Corps', 
 preceeded by two divisions of cavalry under General Sheridan, took the 
 advance the night of 26th, and on morning of 27th crossed the Pamunky 
 at Hanovertown. The Fifth and Ninth corps followed. The Second 
 Corps covered the rear. 
 
 The Reserves bivouacked on Mrs. Orman's plantation Friday 
 night: resumed the march next morning early, passing Hanovertown, 
 crossed the Pamunky, advanced two miles on the Mechanicsville Pike, 
 were formed in line of battle on extreme left of the army, and threw up 
 entrenchments facing southward. Late in the day the division changed 
 front and constructed rifle pits facing westward. By night the whole 
 
188 
 
 army had formed line, facing westward, stretching from the Pamunky 
 across the Tolopotomoy, to a point near Coal Harbor. During the day 
 the cavalry fought at Hawes' Shop. 
 
 During the 29th (Sunday) the whole army advanced toward the 
 Chickahominy; only a skirmish line of the enemy found. On Monday 
 morning, 30th, Fifth Corps crossed the Tolopotomoy; Griffin's division 
 was ordered to advance on the direct road leading from Hanover Court 
 House to Richmond ; Crawford's Division to move forward on the 
 Mechanicsville Pike and to connect with Griffin's left. This latter 
 road was held by the enemy's cavalry, and in rear of this advance 
 guard was Rodes' Division of Ewell's Corps. The Reserve (Crawford's) 
 Division (now composed of First and Third brigades of the Reserves 
 and Kitching's Brigade of new troops) was about one-half mile north 
 of Bethesda Church. A wood (country) road led south from position of 
 Crawford's Division to the Mechanicsville Pike. 
 
 The enemy's cavalry was supported by artillery, which early in the 
 day opened on the position of the Reserve Division. The Fifth Regi- 
 ment, being on picket, was ordered to advance and take a strip of 
 woods in its front which crossed the wood road. This regiment, being 
 armed with smooth-bore muskets, was unable to dislodge the enemy 
 from the strip of woods. The Tenth Regiment was ordered to relieve 
 the Fifth. It did so, and was deployed as skirmishers on the left of the 
 wood road, and tried to advance, but could not carry the strip of woods, 
 which by this time was strongly held by Confederate infantry skir- 
 mishers. 
 
 Directions were now received for the First Brigade (about 5 P. M.) 
 to advance in line and take this strip of woods. The Bucktails were 
 immediately deployed as skirmishers on the right of the wood road, and 
 the other regiments of the First Brigade formed in line of battle to sup- 
 port the line of skirmishers. The Bucktails, led by Major Hartshorn, 
 began to work across an old corn field, which lay between the woods on 
 one side and the strip of timber before mentioned, in a manner to excite 
 the admiration of friend and foe. Being deployed at our edge of the 
 timber, they made a rush into the open, which drew the enemy's fire. 
 The instant this fire began the Bucktails dropped. As soon as tho 
 enemy's fire slackened the Bucktails rcse and delivered a rapid fire of 
 three to five shots a piece from their breechloaders, advancing at the same 
 time. As soon as the enemy had loaded he began firing again : in an 
 instant the Bucktails literally disappeared. The enemy's fire diminish- 
 
189 
 
 ing, the Bucktails again rose, delivered three to five shots in rapid suc- 
 cession, and ran for the enemys strii) of woods, which they cairied, the 
 enemy falling back to a houte where he made a short stand, but was 
 soon driven out and back to his main line, which the Bucktails dis- 
 covered to be about a quarter cf a mile beyond Bethesda Church. In 
 the meantime the First Brigade followed the skirmishers, and was soon 
 on the Mechanicsville Pike at Bethesda Church. The men were ordered 
 to tear down the fences and make a breastwork, and word was sent 
 back to the division commander that the enemy's skirmishers had been 
 driven back to his entrenched line, that reinforcements should be sent 
 up at once, or the First Brigade, which was half a mUe or more beyond 
 any support, having accomplished the object of its reconnaissance, 
 should be withdrawn. 
 
 The answer was to hold on where the brigade was, but no rein- 
 forcements came up. Soon the enemy formed a column of attack, con- 
 sisting of Rodes' Division; each brigade of it formed in line. This 
 column, five or six times the strength of the First Brigade, came down 
 the Mechanicsville Pike at a run, its left resting on the pike, and its 
 front extended off to the right. There had been only time for the First 
 Brigade of Reserves to pile up some fence rails and lay down behind 
 them, when this column came rushing over them. The volley cr two 
 delivered by our feeble force made no impression on the enemy; he ran 
 over and around the piles of rails, and his division headquarters' arrived 
 amidst the headquarters of the First Brigade before the latter could 
 extricate itself. The enemy was so confident of his ultimate success, he 
 did not stop to secure the First Brigade prisoners, but continued on'liis 
 charge down the pike. 
 
 The Confederate Headquartf rs and the First Brigade Headquarters 
 came together on the pike near Bethesda Church. Officers and men of 
 the First Brigade began at once to slip back by the wood road, and just 
 as the last of them had gotten clear of the enemy's rear, the Third Bri- 
 gade, Colonel Fisher commanding, came up by the flank on the Wood 
 Road. The disorganized but undismayed First Brigade immediately 
 joined the Third Brigade. About this time Colonel Kitcliing formed his 
 brigade on the ridge, opposite the point of the strip of woods heretofore 
 mentioned, and commenced firing on the Confederate column, which 
 still continued down the Mechanicsville Pike. 
 
 The Confederates, at last, finding they were moving in the wrong 
 direction, to wit, parallel to the Union line, halted and changed front. 
 
190 
 
 In the meantime their rear had thrown out skirmishers along the pike, 
 who kept up a sharp fire on tlie First and Third Brigades and on Kitch- 
 ing's command. Colonel Hardin's command (the First Brigade) hav- 
 ing formed in with the Third Brigade, and it being plainly seen that the 
 enemy's division was charging front to charge us, he sent word to 
 Colonel Fisher to f.dl back to our line of battle, whilst he 
 would go to Kitching's command (near which he had arrived in 
 extricating himself and his headquarters from the Confederate column). 
 Kitching's men were standing up on the crest firing as fast as possible ; 
 Colonel Hardin went up to this line and tried his best to get the men to 
 lie down, as the skirmish fire (the only fire of the enemy) was dealing 
 destruction amongst them. No amount of persuasion nor orders could 
 make the men lie down ; Colonel Hardin then asked Colonel Kitching 
 to move his brigade back to his former position in the general line of 
 battle. 
 
 From Colonel Kitching's position we could now plainly see the 
 enemy forming to charge in our direction. Colonel Kitching now 
 ordered his command back, and Colonel Hardin hastened to the position 
 from which the First Brigade had started in making its reconnais=ance. 
 Every effort was now made by Colonel Fisher, Colonel Kitching and 
 Colonel Hardin to get a connected line formed to meet the expected 
 attack. A battery of artillery was posted so as to reach the open ground, 
 A slight breastwork which had been begun earlier in the day across the 
 wood road was finished. There was an interval between the right of 
 the Reserve Division and Griffin's Division. The Bucktails were placed 
 as a skirmish line to cover this interval. Whilst these were being placed y. 
 General Griffin rode up and, as there was now no firing and no enemy 
 in sight, he asked what we were making such preparations for. He 
 was requested to ride with the writer to the crest of the ridge at the 
 point of the strip of woods before mentioned, which he did or started to 
 do. Just after crossing the wood road we came face to face with the 
 same Confederate Headquarters, those of General Ramseur (an old army 
 acquaintance) commanding Rodes' Division, that the writer had lately 
 encountered. General Griffin called out, "I'm satisfied," and galloped 
 off to prepare his own division to receive the attack. 
 
 The Confederates charged apparently in column of brigade front, five 
 or six brigades deep. They succeeded in getting within fifty feet of our 
 lines, but were repulsed with very severe loss, whilst the loss to the 
 Reserve Division in tliis final attack was very slight. Part of the 
 
191 
 
 eueniy's attack was against the ground held by the Bucktails, whose 
 fire seemed fairly continuous. 
 
 After the enemy was reptilsed, General Crawford got on the breast- 
 works and ordered a charge, but it was now dark, and the enemy had 
 withdrawn, leaving their killed and severely wounded behind. If the 
 enemy had advanced in the proper dirtction, as it was natural to sup- 
 pose he would, the First Brigade would have been destroyed or cap- 
 tured. 
 
 However, "all's well that ends well," and the Reserves in their last 
 battle, so near their first on the Peninsula, escaped with a compara- 
 tively small loss, and caused as large a loss proportionately to the enemy 
 as at ]\Iechanicsville. The Reserves then were about ten thousand 
 strong, and attacked by about twenty thousand. At Bethesda Church, 
 the Reserves were about two thousand five hundred, and attacked by 
 more than double their number. 
 
 General Grant, ordering an advance after the Battle of the Wilder- 
 ness, and especially after the misfortune on his right late in the evening, 
 (his communications were beliind his right) proved him to be superior in 
 generalship to any prior commander of the army of the Potomac. This 
 movement discouraged the Confederate rank and file, the Confederate 
 civil authorities, and the people from whom recruits for the Confederate 
 army were to be obtained. 
 
 The failure of the attacks of General Grant's armies in this cam- 
 paign, and the terrible losses in these attacks, were principally due to the 
 advantage the defensive has with modern weapons when the defensive 
 is properly conducted. General Lee's campaign is a model well worthy 
 of study. Other causes of these great losses were: that a large part of 
 General Grant's armies was composed of new troops, extremely brave, 
 but unable to cope fairly with Lee's veteran's in such a region as the 
 Wilderness and Uke country, through which this campaign was con- 
 ducted ; and, that General Lee had more experienced corps, division 
 and brigade commanders, 
 
 The writer would reinforce his opinion by such examples as: Burn- 
 side's failure at Fredericksburg; the failure of General Lee's grand 
 assault on third day at Gettysburg; the failure of General Sherman's 
 assault on Kenesaw Mountain— in fact, the real success of Sherman's 
 campaign began when his enemy, under General Hood, assumed the 
 offensive. 
 
 On May 31st the Reserve Corps was relieved from duty with the 
 
192 
 
 Army of the Potomac; took leave of General Warren, commanding 
 Fifth Corps, and prepared for its departure to Harrisburg, Pennsyl- 
 vania, to be mustered out. About one thousand two hundred officers 
 and men returned to the State, and one thou- and seven himdred and 
 fifty-nine re-enlisted and formed the One Hundred and Ninetieth and 
 One Hundred and Ninety -First Pennsylvania regiments. 
 
 The veterans of the Twelfth Regiment went to the One Hundred and 
 Ninetieth Pennsylvania, Colonel Hartshorn. 
 
 On the 1st of June, General Crawford issued a farewell address to 
 the Corps. 
 
 "The Reserves marched down the North bank of the Pamunky, hav- 
 ing in charge six hundred Rebel prisoners, and a long train of ambu- 
 lances and wagons, carrying wounded soldiers to the transports at 
 Wliite House. The Reserves embarked there on the 3d, and sailed for 
 Washington, where they arrived on the following day. They went from 
 Washington to Harrisburg by rail, arriving at the latter city on the 6th. 
 
 There was a review for the Governor (Curtin), reception by the citi- 
 zens, much speech-making, and they were mustered out on the 11th of 
 June, 1864. 
 
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CHAPTER XV. 
 
 BIOGRAPHIES AND MISCELLANEOUS PAPERS. 
 
 GENERAL MARTIN D. HARDIN 
 Was born at Jacksonville, Morgan County, Illinois, June 26, 1837. 
 He is a descendant of martial ancestry. His great-grandfather was 
 General John Hardin, of Kentucky, who commanded a company of 
 troops in Colonel Morgan's celebrated regiment of riflemen at the battle 
 of Saratoga, and was present at the capture of the British army under 
 General Burgoyne on 17th October, 1777. He subsequently distinguished 
 himself in the Indian wars, and finally fell a victim to their barbarous 
 treachery while negotiating a treaty of peace. His grandfather was 
 General Martin D. Hardiu, of Kentucky, who served with honor with 
 General Harrison in the war of 1812. His father was General John J. 
 Hardin, of Illinois, whose mother was a daughter of the distinguished 
 General Logan, of Kentucky. General John J. Hardin served in the 
 Black Hawk war in Illinois. Was a general of militia at the time of 
 the Mormon troubles in Illinois, represented his district (the one in which 
 the lamented Lincoln resided), in Congress, and raised the First 
 Illinois Volunteers and went to Mexico as its Colonel. He was killed 
 whilst gallantly leading his regiment at the battle of Buena Vista. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was appointed a Cadet at Large to the 
 West Point Military Academy in 1854, graduated in the artillery in 
 
 1859. His class was the first five year class at that academy. 
 Was breveted a second lieutenant in the Third United States Artillery 
 July 1, 1859, and ordered to report in September following at the 
 Artillery School at Fortress Monroe, Va. Served at this post until March, 
 
 1860. Accompanied a command from Fort Monroe, Va., to Harpers 
 Ferry to recapture the arsenal at that point, which had been seized by 
 John Brown and his followers. Served as Aid-de-Camp (temporary) 
 to Lieutenant-Colonel R. E. Lee, commanding regular troops at Har- 
 per's Ferry. Made a reconnaissance and official report of method of 
 defence of Harper's Ferry. Voluntei'red to join and joined a command 
 which was to endeavor to cross from the headwaters of the Missouri to 
 
194 
 
 the headwaters of the Columbia River under command of Major Blake, 
 Left St. Louis, Mo., May 3, 1860; arrived at Fort Vancouver iu October 
 following. Joined Company " L," Third Artillery, at Fort Umpqua, 
 Oregon, October, 1861, having been promoted Second Lieutenant 
 (January 2d) in that company. Commanded Fort Umpqua, Oregon, 
 from Winter, 1860-61 to October, 1861. Returned to "States" with 
 light battery " C " of regiment (Third Artillerj-) Fall of 1861. In Camp 
 Barry, east of Capitol, November, 1861, to December 25, 1861. Promoted 
 First Lieutenant Company "H"May 14, 1861. Crossed the Potomac 
 with that company, Captain J. Stewart commanding, and served with 
 McCall's Division (Pennsylvania Reserves) Winter 1801-62. Company 
 " H " having been ordered March, 1862, to California, he requested 
 to remain East, and was ordered to report to Colonel 11. J. Hunt, ro:n- 
 manding Artillery Reserve as Aid-de-Camp. Served with Artillery 
 Reserve until July 8th, 1862. Was elected Lieutenant-Colonel Twelfth 
 Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves April 1st, 1862. Present at Yorktown, 
 Absent sick with swamp fever from the first of May to first of June, 
 Rejoined Army Potomac on Cnickahominy about June 12th, 1802. 
 Present in Seven Day's battles. Promoted Colonel Twelfth Regiment 
 Pennsylvania Reserves July 8th, 1862, and ordered by General McClel- 
 lan, commanding Army Potomac, to assume command of that regi- 
 ment. Assumed command July 8th, 1862. 
 
 Present in Greneral Pope's campaign. Was slightly wounded in 
 head, August 29, whilst commanding regimf-nt. Was assigned to com- 
 mand of Third Brigade Pennsylvania Reserve Division (Greneral Jackson, 
 the permanent commander, being sick) on afternoon of Au'^ust 30, 1862. 
 Was severely wounded in left breast whilst commanding said Third 
 Brigade, about 5 p.m. August 30, 1862 (battle of second Bull Run), 
 Absent on account of wounds from August 30, 1862, to December 18, 
 1862. Commanding Third Brigade Pennsylvania Reserves, December 1 8, 
 1862, to January 12, 1863. Absent, sick on account of wounds, January 
 12, 1863, to March 11, 1863, On Provost and Court Martial duty in 
 defences of Washington, March 11, 1863, to May 31, 1863. On 
 leave. May 31, 1863, to June 25, 1863. Rejoined regiment whil.-t 
 en route to Gettysburg. Commanded regiment at Battle of 
 Gettysburg. Commanding regiment at " Falling Waters." Com- 
 manded Third Brigade Pennsylvania Reserves in Rapidan Cam- 
 paign, September to December, 1863. Present at combat of Bristoe 
 Station, October 14, 1863. Rappahannock Station, November 7, 1863, 
 
195 
 
 and Mine Run campaign, November 26 to December 3, 1863. In 
 command of two regiments of infantry and a squadron of cavalry 
 guarding Orange and Alexandria Railroad, December 3-14, 18G3. 
 Severely wounded by guerrillas, wliilst inspecting line of railroad, 
 December 14, 1833, losing left arm. Absent, sick on account of wounds, 
 December 14, 1833, to January 10, 1864. On Court Martial and Military 
 Commission in New York City and Boston, Mass., January 10 to Marck 
 26, 1864. • In command of draft Rendezvous at Pittsburg, Pa., March 26 
 to May 14 (?) 1864. Applied to rejoin regiment in field, joined May 
 18, 1864. Assigned to command of First Brigade Crawford's 
 Division (Pennsylvania Reserves) Fifth Corps, present at Battle of Spott- 
 sylvania, May 18-20, 1884; battle of North Anna, May 23, 1361, where 
 he was shghtly wounded by piece of shell; Battle of Talopotomoy, May 
 28, 1864 ; Battle of Bethesda Church, May 30, 1834. Mustered out with 
 the regiment, June 11, 1864. Oa sick leave on account of wounds, June 
 11, 1864, to July 8, 1331. Promoted Brigadier-General, July 2, 1863. 
 Assigned to command of defences of Washington, north of the Potomac, 
 July 8, 1864. Engaged in defence of the Capitol against General Early's 
 army, July 10-12, 1864. Relieved from command of the defences of 
 Washington, north of the Potomac, August 4, 1865. In command of 
 district of Raleigh, N. C, August 15, 1835, to January 15, 1866. On 
 leave of absence, January 15, 1868, to April 4, 1836. Mustered out as 
 Brigadier-General Volunteers, January 15, 1886. On recruiting service 
 at Chicago, III., April 4, 1833, to October 5, 1833. Pi'omoted Major 
 Forty -third U. S. Infantry, July 28, 1863. Superintendent of regimental 
 recruiting service, Detrioc, Mich., November 4, 1833, to Winter of 1863-7. 
 Acting Judge- Advocate Headquarters Department of the Lakes, Detroit, 
 Mich., Spring of 1867. On leave abroad, 1837-8. June, 1868. to April, 
 1869, on duty at Headquarters jf Department or commanding Fort 
 Wayne, Michigtn. Transferred to First U. S. Infantry, April, 1869. 
 Commandmg Fort Porter, Buffalo, N. Y., April, l'-69, to August, 1870. 
 Commanding Fort Gratiot, Michigan, August, 1870, to December 15, 1870. 
 
 Retired as Brigadier-General, December 15, 1870. 
 
 Brevet Captain, August 29. h, 1832, for gallant and meritorious 
 services at the battle of Grove ton, Va. 
 
 Brevet Major, August 30lh, 1863, for gallant and meritorious ser- 
 vices at the battle of Manassas, Va. 
 
 Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel, December 14th, 1863, for gallant and 
 meritorious services in an encoiinter with a band of guerrillas. 
 
196 
 
 Brevet Colonel, May 23d, 1864, for gallant ami meritorious services 
 at the battle of North Anna. 
 
 Brevet Brigadier-General, March 13th, I860, for gallant and meri- 
 torious services in the field during the Rebellion. 
 
 After he was retired General Hardin made his home in Cliicago, 
 111. Having read law in various oliices, (in Chicago, in Scammon, 
 McCogg & Fuller's) he was admitted to the bar in 1871, and practiced 
 law in Chicago actively for twelve years, although several times having 
 to take a rest on account of chills and fever which he had contracted at 
 Yorktown, Va. He married November 15th, 1864, Estelle Graham, 
 second daughter of IMajor James Graham, of San Francisco, California. 
 Has passed nine Winters in St. Augustine, Florida, at first on account 
 of severe attack of ague, afterward on account of the delicate health of 
 his wife, who died at Highland Falls, near West Poiat, N. Y., August 
 24th, 1890. Mrs. Hardin was one of the most beautiful and intellectual 
 women, and one of tlie loveliest characters of her day. She was remark- 
 ably well read, and by means of her extraordinary memory was never 
 amiss on a quotation or a work of art. Although so unusually well 
 informed, on account of her gentle, modest and retiring nature, few but 
 her friends (all who knew her were her friends) were aware of her 
 accomplishments. General and Mrs. Hardin had no children. The loss 
 of his beloved companion was a terrible blow to the survivor. General 
 Hardin was for a long time an active member of the Chicago Literary 
 Club; he has written many articles for societies to n-hich he belongs, for the 
 magazines, etc. He is also an accomplished horseman, a good shot, an 
 ardent and successful fisherman, and an excellent swimmer even since he 
 lost his arm ; is passionately fond of small boat sailing and of mountain 
 cUmbing. He is a professed Christian of the Roman Catholic faith. 
 
 JOHN HENRY TAGGART. 
 Colonel John H. Taggart, editor and senior proprietor of Taggarts' 
 Times, of Philadelphia, was born in Georgetown, Kent County, Md., on 
 the 22d of January, 1821. His father and mother were both Maryland- 
 ers, the former being a native of Cecil, and the latter of Kent County, 
 on the eastern shore of the Chesapeake Bay. After the death of his 
 father, Henry L. Taggart, he came to Philadelphia, in 1829, with his 
 mother and sister, where he resided up to the breaking out of the 
 Rebellion in 1861. In May, 1844, he married Miss Elizabeth Graham, a 
 
197 
 
 native of Philadelphia, by whoi:i he had six sons and four daughters, of 
 whom only four, two sons and two daugliters, are now living (1888). 
 
 He is a practical printer, and began setting type when only ten 
 years old, on the old National Gazette, published by William Fry. After 
 it ceased publication, about 1840, he became a compositor on the Public 
 Ledger, and, except abou*^^ six months in the latter part of 1849, when he 
 published a weekly military papi-r, called the Pennsylvania Volunteer^ 
 he remained on the Public Ledger, setting type until 1858, when he 
 accepted a position as a reporter on the Sunday Mercury; next he w^as 
 employed as a reporter on the Puhlic Ledger for about a year; then on 
 Forney's Press, till the early part of 1860. At tliat time he bought a 
 half interest in the Sunday Mercury, and it was then published by Jones 
 & Taggart, the senior partner being George W. Jones. 
 
 Colonel Taggart had a taste for military exercises, and was for 
 many years connected with the Washington Blues, Captain William C. 
 Patterson, of Philadelphia, and carried a musket in defence of the civil 
 authorities in the Kensington and Southwark riots of 1844. After the 
 attack on Fort Sumter, in 1861, he raised a company of one hundred 
 and two men in Philadelphia, called the Wayne Guards, which was 
 accepted by Governor Curtin as part of the Pennsylvania Reserve 
 Volunteer Corps. Captain Taggart marched his company to Harrisburg 
 on the 7th of June, 1861, and remained in Camp Curtin for several 
 weeks in command of it and the camp, until the 25th of July of that 
 year, the day on which the Twelfth Regiment of the Reserve Corps was 
 organized, when he was elected Colonel, and placed in command of the 
 regiment. During this lime he rendered efficient service in preventing 
 a serious riot on the return of the three months' enlisted men, who were 
 discharged in Harrisburg before being paid off, and great dissatisfaction 
 existed at the delay of the paymasters, who were threatened with per- 
 sonal violence. For his prudence on this trying occasion Colonel Tag- 
 gart received the warm commendation of Governor Curtin. Soon after 
 this, the regiment was ordered to Washington, and formed part of the 
 division of Pennsylvania Reserves, under command of Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral George A. McCall. Colonel Taggart's regiment was assigned to 
 the Third Brigade, commanded by Brigadier-General E. O. C. Ord. 
 Colonel Taggart, in command of his regiment, took part in the battle of 
 Dranesville, December 20, 1861, and for his gallantry in action was 
 recommended for Brevet Brigadier-General by General E. O. C. Ord, 
 who commanded the Tliird Brigade in that brilliant engagement, which 
 
198 
 
 was the first Union success after the first disastrous battle of Bull Run 
 and the massacre at Ball's Bluff in the Fall of 1861. Colonel Taggart 
 was also highly complimented by General George A. McCall, in his offi- 
 cial report of the battle of Mechanics ville, in the first of the seven days' 
 battles in front of Richmond, Va., for gallantly defending EUersons 
 Mill against an overwhelming force of the enemy. 
 
 Colonel Taggart also commanded his regiment in the battles of 
 Gaines' Mill, New Market Cross Roads and Malvern Hill in the Seven 
 Days' Battles. He resigned his commission as Colonel July 8, 1863, and, 
 after the dissolution of the partnership with Mr. Jones, Colonel Taggart 
 again returned to the army as a war correspondent for the Philadelphia 
 Inquirer, and in that capacity was at the first battle of Fredericksburg, 
 of Gettysburg and other engagements. 
 
 In the beginning of 1864 he was selected by the Supervisory Com- 
 mittee for Recruiting Colored Troops in Pliiladelphia as Chief Preceptor 
 of the " Free Military School for Applicants for the Command of Col- 
 ored Troops," which proved a great success, as upwards of one thousand 
 of the students passed General Silas Casey's examination board in 
 "Washington, and more than five hundred were commissioned as officers 
 in the Union army to command colored troops. This school was organ- 
 ized under the authority of Secretary of War E. M. Stanton, and was 
 supported by the contributions of the patriotic citizens of Philadelphia. 
 
 After the close of the War of tlieRebelhon, Colonel Taggart, in 1865, 
 was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for the First District of 
 Pennsylvania, one of the largest in the State. He held this position for 
 nearly a year, and afterwards removed to Washington City, where he 
 became a correspondent for the Inquirer, Evening Telegraph, Evening 
 Bulletin, and Sunday Dispatch, of Philadelphia, Cincinnati Times and 
 Chicago Repuhlica7i. He remained in Washington till the fall of 1869, 
 when he removed his family to Philadelphia, and in November of that 
 year bought the Sunday Horning Times, published by Robert C. Smith 
 & Co. This was enlarged several times, and now enjoys a large and 
 prosperous share of business. Colonel Taggart is a vigorous and 
 aggressive editorial writer, devoting much attention to the reform of 
 local abuses, by which he has established for his paper a reputation of 
 fearless independence and as a staunch advocate of the rights of the 
 people. In 1871 he associated with him his eldest son, Harry L. Tag- 
 gart, under the firm style of John U. Taggart & Son. In October, 1873, 
 the publication office was removed from the northeast corner of Third 
 
199 
 
 and Dock streets to 819 Walnut street, where they afterwards erected a 
 handsome and spacious building, expresbly designed as a newspaper 
 office, with extensive back buildings containing the press-room, stereo- 
 typing and composing rooms. The name of the paper has been changed 
 from tlie Sunday Morning Times to Taggarrg Times, by which it is 
 known far and wide. Colonel Taggart is the editor-in-chief ; Harry L. 
 Taggart, managing editor ; and William M. Taggart, business manager. 
 At the Presidential election in 18SS, Colonel Taggart was chosen as a 
 Republican elector for the First Congressional District of Penasylvania, 
 and in January, 1889, voted for Harrison and Morton in the Electoral 
 College, which met at Harridburg. 
 
 COLONEL RICHARD GUSTIN 
 Was born at Frankford, Sussex County, New Jersey, July 5, 1827. His 
 father was William Gustin ; mother, Mary Gustin, Colonel Gustin's 
 parents were wealthy, and he had the best means of being educated. 
 Attended school in Sussex County, New Jersey, and afterwards iu New 
 York City. S on after finishing his schooling, his father, through com- 
 mercial misfortune, lost his wealth ; he moved to Bradford County, 
 Pennsylvania, in 1844. Young Richard went into his uncle's store ; not 
 liking this bu iness he learned photography (probably to take daguer- 
 reotypes), a business not so easily learned then as now. He taught 
 school a short time. After perfecting himself in the photographic busi- 
 ness he went to Topeka, Kansas, where he invested Lis savings iu real 
 estate. He also contracted for buildings and took part pay in real 
 estate. The Kansas troubles coming on he took the Free State side 
 against the so-called Border Ruffians. Was Captain of a company. 
 When the Free State party was overcome he left Kansas and returned 
 to Pennsylvania (1858), and took up his residence near Troy, Bradford 
 County, where he married Emily Stull, of Elmira, New York. She 
 lived only six months. In May, 1861, he raised the Troy Guards and 
 was elected Captain. 
 
 Colonel Gustin's military career was so extensive, and his services 
 so numerous and useful to his country, they can only be described by a 
 history of the command with which he served. He was never absent 
 from du y. He led his company in every engagement until his rank as 
 Senior Captain of his regiment entitled him to lead his regiment. As 
 Lieutenant- Colonel of his regiment, he commanded the regiment a great 
 part of the time, and occasionally the brigade. He was ever the most 
 
200 
 
 conspicuous member of his command when the fighting was going on. 
 He was one of the few men who seemed born without fear. He was 
 repeatedly selected to lead the skirmishers— in short, he was one of the 
 fightii-.g fiekl officers of the famous Tliird Brigade, Pennsylvania 
 Reserves. 
 
 After the war he went to Topeka, Kansas, but could recover only 
 about thirty-one lots out of much real estate to which he had claims. 
 
 He was married a second time, August 1, 1864, to Maria H. AVliite, 
 who survives him. He lived in Troy four years, then purchased a farm 
 in the town of Jackson, Tioga County, Pennsylvania, and lived there 
 until his unfortunate death, which occurred April 12, 1877. He had four 
 children, George H. and Richard, and two daughters. The eldest 
 
 daughter married , and lives in Philadelphia. Hi» 
 
 eldest son is studying medicine. 
 
 Colonel Gustin's death is described by an Elmira newspaper as follows: 
 " Colonel Richard Gustin, of the town of Jackson, Tioga County, Penn., 
 met wilh a fearful death in Elmira at the Water street crossi-g at half- 
 past two o'clock yesterday afternoon. He was driving a spirited team 
 of horses when they became frightened at a man throwing dirt out of a 
 ditch. They sprang out of the control of Colonel Gustin and ran down 
 the street at a furious rate. A freight train was passing down the 
 track and the horses ran furiously into it, upsetting the wagon and 
 throwing Colonel Gustin tlierefrom under the wheels of the cars. Before 
 help could come to him fully three cars passed over him, crushing his 
 left leg and lower part of his body in a fearful manner. He was 
 carried to the office of Dr. J. M. Flood, and an attempt made to relieve 
 him. He was past human help. * * * He lived but a few moments 
 after arriving at the office.'' 
 
 Colonel Gustin, like many excellent officers, retired from the exciting- 
 scenes of the war to the quiet but more useful life of a farmer. That he 
 succeeded ia this business as he had as a soldier is shown by the fol- 
 lowing " Interesting Memorial Services ": 
 
 "Agreeably to a resolution passed and noticed in last week's Advocate, 
 a goodly number of the members of Millerlon Grange, No. 377, met at 
 the house of widow Gustin, Saturday afternoon, June 3d. Worthy 
 Master Tilliughast, assisted by Worthy Overseer Hamilton, planted a 
 beautiful tree (Norway Spruce) in memory of Colonel Gustin, late 
 Worthy Master of said Grange. A hymn, 'We will Gather at the 
 River,' was sung, prayer offered by Rev. A. Ensign, and appropriate 
 
201 
 
 and feeling remarks were made by Rev. A. J. Blanchard. The Rev. A. 
 Ensign, being called, spoke partly as follows: ' * * * In assembling 
 here to-day to plant this tree in memory of Colonel Richard Gustin, late 
 Master of Millerton Grange, No. 377, we do all — yea, more than has been 
 described. At the first call of his country he hastened to the front. 
 Knowing no fear, he met hand to hand and foot to foot conflict with 
 the enraged foe, canopied by the sulphurous cloud. Often faint, starved 
 and weary, under the broiling sun, bent by the howling storm, he firmly 
 stood for one country and one flag. But his career of usefulness stopped 
 not as the clarion's sound of war ceased to vibrate the air of his native 
 land. As the banner of his counti-y draped its fokls in pi-ace, he 
 unfurled the patron's flag, beat his sword into the ploughshare that 
 marked his battle lines; Lis spear into the pruning hook, and turned his 
 great genius and mature judgment, like Cincinnatus of o'd, into the 
 noble, God-planned work of the husbandman. Here his constant 
 excelling, his honest mien, his high social qualities, his deep devotion to 
 the best interests of his fellow men, his cheerfulness, like sunbeams of 
 midsummer, warmed and enlivened all upon whom they fell. His deeds 
 of kindness were scattered to all with a princely hand.' " * * * 
 
 Colonel Gustin was a noble specimen of the American character. 
 A kind and loving husband and father, a courageous and skillful soldier 
 and a useful and successful citizen, whose death created a great void in 
 his neighborhood, and whose memory will ever be cherished by his 
 family and friends. 
 
 GENERAL CHARLES W. DIVEN 
 Was the son of Thomas N. and Evelina (Barton) Diven ; was bom in 
 Huntingdon County, Penn., July 27th, 1831. At sixteen he went to 
 Mexico and served through the entire contest in Geary's regiment. In 
 May, 1861, came out with "Bailey's Invincibles" as First Lieutenant, 
 afterward Company " G " Twelfth Regiment. Served in command of 
 thii company through Peninsular and Pope's campaigns, and in the 
 battles of South Mountain, Antietam and Fredericksburg, in Gettys- 
 burg battle and succeeding campaign, promoted Major for gallant and 
 meritorious services in the field, and served as such through Grant's 
 campaign to muster out of the regiment. After the muster out of the 
 Twelfth Regiment, Pennsylvania Reserves, General Diven raised the 
 Two Hundredth Pennsylvania Regiment and joined Grant's army before 
 Petersburg. This regiment contained many men who had served in the 
 
203 
 
 Twelfth Reserves, who so leavened the spirit of the regiment that it stootl 
 like a veteran regiment at the battle of Fort Steadman, where Colonel 
 Diven was wounded by explosion of a shell. For his distinguished ser- 
 -vices at this bat' le Colonel Diven was breveted Brigadier-General. After 
 the war General Diven was prominent in the politics of the State, holding 
 for a number of yeai-s the office of Custodian of the State Arsenal. 
 General Devin was noted for his " coolness and calmness in battle." He 
 had a gentle and most kindly disposition. He was a great sufferer in 
 his last years. His children were very delicate, and one by one passed 
 away, so that now that our dear friend has himself passed to the homo 
 of the good and the noble, there remains only his greatly bereaved 
 widow and his many friends to mourn for him. 
 
 O. H. MILLER, CHAPLAIN, 
 "Was born June 22, 1822, near Murraysville, Westmoreland County, 
 Penn., hard by the place where the original Murraysville gas well was 
 drilled. His parents, Joseph Miller and Mary Newton Miller, were of 
 Scotch-Irish extraction and had five sons in the army. He was educated 
 at and graduated from Washington and Jefferson colleges, 1843, and 
 the Western Theological Seminary, 1846. He was licensed to preach in 
 1846 and ordained in 1847. His first charge was in Ligonier Valley, 
 Westmoreland Covmty, Penn. His second pastorate, from 1848 to 1858, 
 was in Lebenon Presbyterian Church, Allegheny County, Penn., near 
 Pittsburgh. After two years' missionary service in Iowa he returned to 
 New Florence, Westmoreland County, Penn,, where he was settled as 
 a pastor when the war broke out. Many of Company " II," Twelfth 
 Regiment, P. R. V. C, were from his congregation in Indiana County, 
 and in due time he found himself Chaplain of the regiment. After the 
 war he was settled as pastor of the church in West Newton during five 
 years. In 186!) he became connected with the State School Department, 
 where in his third year of service he was appointed by Governor Gerry 
 State Librarian for a term of three years, and was re-appointed for a 
 like term by Governor Hartranft, From Harrisburg he returned to 
 Pittsburgh and soon was elected Chaplain of the Allpghany County 
 Workhouse. After serving over five years he was disabled by an attack 
 of catarrh, which necessitated his retirement to a fruit farm overlooking 
 the Alleghany, and on the lino of the A. V. R. R., eighteen miles above 
 Pittsburgh, near Arnold Station, but a little above Parnassas. He 
 writes : *' If you will call and see me I will show you the largest variety 
 
203 
 
 of apples, peaches, pears, quinces, plums, apricots, nectarines, English 
 walnuts, Japan and American chestnuts, with the various small fruits, 
 hennery, apiary, etc., etc. 
 
 These are not all yet of bearing age, but many of them are." 
 
 He has two sons, J. Kerwin Miller and J. Wilson IMiller, dealers in 
 wall paper, 543 Smithfield street, Pitt^burgh. 
 
 Four daughters, one a graduate of the Pittsburgh Female College, 
 and one a graduate of the School of Design. 
 
 Still preaches occasionally. His health has entirely recovered as a 
 result of out door life. 
 
 MAJOR HENRY S. LUCAS 
 Was born in Wells Township, Bradford County, Pennsylvania, January 
 3, 1S35. His parents were of sturdy stock, his ancesters on his father's 
 side being Scotch-Irish. Traces of them are first found in Chemung 
 County, New York, while that county was yet a wilderness. The 
 mother of Major Lucas, Lucy H. Potter, traces her ancestry back to 
 the Plymouth Colony. Uriah Lucas, the father of Henry, was a fron- 
 tiersman in the truest sense, whose rough but healthful life was spent 
 in felling the timber and cleai'ing the land which formed his homestead 
 in Wells Township, Bradford County, Penn. Here, amid these surround- 
 ings of incredible hardships and toil, Henry S. Lucas was born, and here 
 he spent the years of his boyhood in helping to hew a home out of the 
 wilderness and provide a living for a rapidly increasing family. For 
 about two months each Winter, until bis thirteenth year, he attended 
 school, usually presided over by a lady. He then left the old log school 
 house, which had served the double purpose of a school hou59 and a 
 place of worship on Sunday for the Methodists. With such schooling as 
 he had received, and the assistance rendered by his mother at home, he 
 had become able to read well, though without having made any special 
 literary progress, his surroundings having been better calculated to 
 develop the perceptive faculties and muscular powers than his scholas- 
 tic abilities. During the next five years he was employed at home, and 
 among the neighboring farmers at farm labor, manfully performing his 
 share of the work, and becoming inured to all the duties of seed time 
 and harvest. At the age of eighteen years he apprenticpd himself to 
 a saddle and harness manufacturer, and was duly initiated into the mys- 
 teries of that business. Three years of incessant toil by day, and of 
 study by night, brought him to the age of which all young men are so 
 
2U4 
 
 delighted to reach, and found him an expert in his chosen business, as 
 well as with his stock of knowledge in all the common branches very 
 much increased. Five years later, viz., April 20, 1861, found him at his 
 bench in the same shop where he commenced to learn his trade. He 
 then enlisted as a private, and was subsequently elected First Lieutenant 
 of a company which proceeded to Harrisburg, Penn. , and became Com- 
 pany " C " of the Twelfth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves. He was 
 appointed adjutant of Camp Curtin by the commander. Captain Tar- 
 button, and served in that capacity until the regiment was sent to the 
 front, after the first Battle of Bull Run. He also acted as Adjutant of 
 the regiment until the Fall of 1861. 
 
 While lying in Camp Pierpont, Virginia, Lieutenant Lucas was 
 taken suddenly ill with camp fever, and was delirious for some days, 
 but he did not leave camp. With his regiment he participated in the 
 battle of Dranesville, and in the seven days' battles in front of Richmond, 
 being wounded and captured at the battle of Glendale, June 30th, 1862. 
 He was promoted to Captain July 8th, 1862, and exchanged about 
 August 20th, 1862. 
 
 He immediately joined his command, participating in the battles of 
 Groveton, second Bull Run, South Mountain, and Antietam, where he 
 was slightly wounded but did not leave his command. He marched 
 with the regiment into Virginia and led his company in the charge at 
 Fredericksburg, where he lost over 75 per cent, of his force and was 
 again severely wounded. He recovered and rejoined the r» giment in 
 time to take i^art in the muddy march under Burnside. Later, he led 
 his company at Gettsyburg, Williamsport, Wapping Heights, Bristoe 
 Station, Mine Run, Wilderness, and Spottsylvania Court House, where 
 (in the latter engagement) he was again severely wounded and taken 
 from the field. He was mustered out June 11th, 1864, at Harrisburg, 
 Penn. Was breveted Major, March 13th, 1865, for meritorious con- 
 duct at the battle of Antietam. As an ofiicer and soldier, he won the 
 respect and confidence of his superiors. His love of country, his pru- 
 dence and coolness under the most trying circumstances, his watchful 
 care for his soldiers, as well as his personal purity and integrity, are 
 traits which his comrades will never overlook or forget. 
 
 Upon his return from the army he located at Williamsport, Penn. , and 
 commenced the manufacture of harness in all its various branches, and 
 in January, 1865, was married to Miss Maitha E. Pinkham, of Tioga 
 County, Penn. 
 
205 
 
 About April 1st, 1876, he retired from active business, since which 
 time he has been variously occupied in clerical positions, having served 
 as Deputy Prothonotary, Deputy Sheriff, and in other clerical positions 
 about the Court House. He recently held the position of Bookkeeper at 
 the United States Court House and Post Office, now being erected at 
 Williamsport. Since 1871 he has held the position of Oil Inspector, 
 under appointment of the State. 
 
 IQ the poHtical field, Major Lucas has always been active and pro- 
 mment in his county, having served as Chairman of his party's City and 
 County Committees. He has also served three terms as a member of 
 Common Council for the city. In politics he is a Democrat, and, like 
 all Democrats reared in his native county, a stiff one. 
 
 • During the Hancock campaign he was a member of the State 
 Veteran Executive Committee. He is a man of positive convictions 
 aud shows his Scotch blood in the persistency with which he maintains 
 an opinion or a position where he thinks he is right. The Major has 
 not forgotten how to use the rifle, even in civil hfe, and is an expert at 
 bringing down large game. He was for several years president of a 
 fish and game club for the protection of game. 
 
 Although he bears upon his person the scars of wounds received in 
 preserving the Republic, the Major retains his fine appearance of physi- 
 cal strength, and is as erect and soldierly lookmg as ever; he goes in and 
 out among his fellow men quietly, serenely and unostentatiously, never 
 showing undue excitement, and never loosing his balance; he stiU shows 
 signs of having a large reserve force. He is a man who bears close 
 acquaintance, a man who is instinctively accorded respect by aU who 
 meet him. A man, in brief, among men. It needs but a casual 
 acquaintance with him to discover that he possesses all the qualities to 
 make him a political or military leader. 
 
 CAPTAIN SCHELLING. 
 His father was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, in 1800 or 1801 
 Came to Philadelphia about 1815, in which city he followed the trade of 
 shoemaker. About 1828 married Miss Mary Piral, of Bethlehem, Pa. 
 who came from the old Moravian stock. From this union nine children 
 were born. Captain Schelling being the eldest. He was born May 7th, 
 1829, at Philadelphia. His parents had little of this world's goods' 
 therefore they could give their children only a common school educa- 
 tion. Four brothers served in the late war. One was killed at 
 
206 
 
 Fredericksburg. Captain Schelling remained with his parents, and 
 served bis time as apprtnt ce at house and bign painting. February 9th, 
 1847, he enlisted as a private in Eleventh U. S. Infantry, and 
 was sent with a detachment to Fort McIIcniy, Baltimore ; remained 
 there with SCO officers and men for three weeks, when embarked on 
 bark Paoila for Vera Cruz, Maxico. 
 
 The enlistment was for three years or the war ; he was assigned to 
 Company " II," Eleventh United States Infantry, commanded by 
 Captain F. Fippen, regiment commanded by Colonel Graham. 
 
 Landed at Vera Cruz after the city had been captured by General 
 Scott; remained there till 9th or lOih of April, when he continued with 
 his command to city of Mexico. " After a good deal of fighting with the 
 enemy, this command reached the city and captured it." Colonel Gra- 
 ham was killed at Molino del Key. The war being over, on the 9th 
 February, 1848, his regiment returned to Vera Cruz, and then 
 embarked on ship American and arrived at Fort Ilamilton, N. Y., and 
 was mustered out of United States army, August 15th, 1848, receiving 
 honorable discharge and pay. Went back to Easton, Penn., and 
 followed liis occupation of painter. Married Miss Sarah Snyder, of 
 Eastor, Penn., September 2, 1849. Has Lad nine children ; three sons, 
 six daughters, all living except one son. 
 
 Belonged to military company of Easton, called "Citizen's Artil- 
 lery." Followed occupation of painting till breaking out of the late 
 war. With Major Baldy, helped to raise " Easton Guards." This 
 company offered its services to the State, May 6th, 1861. May 14th, 
 1861, company accepted and left for Harrisburg, and went into Camp 
 Curtln and became " E" Company, Color Company Twelfth R serves. 
 
 Captain Schelling served in command of "E" Company until 
 August 30, 18C2, when he was severely wounded. Returned to duty 
 before Gettysburg and served in command of his company till Septem- 
 ber 1, 1863, when he was transferred to Veteran Reserve Corps. Reported 
 to Colonel Rush ; was sent out to Fourteenth street, Washington, D. C, 
 to organize five companies of men from the field and from the hospitals 
 of Washington, D. C, to arm and equip them and forward them to the 
 different provost marshals in diffeient States. Was ordered to report 
 to Colonel Bomford at Harrisburg, Penn., who assigned Captain Schell- 
 ing to " D" Company, Sixteenth United States Veteran Reserves, com- 
 manded by Charles M. Provcst, formerly of One Hundred and Eighteenth 
 Pennsylvania (Corn Exchange Regiment). All men from "D" 
 
207 
 
 Company were from the front and had been wounded, but were able to 
 carry muskets ; were well drilled and disciplined and did excellent and 
 hard work. They were from Massachusetts, Illinois, Michigan, Penn- 
 sylvania and Vermont regiments. Commanded this company to 
 end of his service. On G, C. M. here, then ordered to Chambersburg, 
 Penn. ; arrived October 3, 1863, under orders of General Couch ; did 
 provost duty taking prisoners to Fort Delaware, etc.; was ordered to 
 Elmira, N. Y. , December 25. A. banquet given his command at Cham- 
 bersburg. Joined Sixteenth United States Veteran Regiment at Elmira ; 
 l^erformed provost duty and had charge t f camp here for deserters and 
 bounty jumpers ; remained six months, when company and its ofiBcers 
 ordered to report to General Pitcher, Provost Marshal of Vermont, at 
 Brattleboro. "Whilst here Captain Sclielling applied to Secretary of War 
 to join his eld regiment in the field ; was refused. Received a commis- 
 sion from President Lincoln ; remained here three months, then ordered 
 back to regiment at Elmira with Company " D." There was a prison 
 camp of 21, COO rebel prisoners here; remained six months, then 
 ordered with company to Ilarrisburg ; remained here one month ; com- 
 pany then split up and sent to different places. Headquarters of com- 
 pany at HoUidaysburg. Were acting as provost guard along the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad. With company ordered to escort body of Mr. 
 Lincoln from depot to House of Representatives at Harrisburg. Acted 
 as guard of honor as far as Albany, N. Y. Returned to Harrisburg ; 
 then to HoIUdaysburg, and then with company to Braddock's Fields, 
 near Pittsburg, where West Pennsylvania Volunteers were mustered 
 out, Major Morehead, being mustering officer, had charge of Govem- 
 men property, ordnance, camp and garrison equipage, etc. 
 
 Was here mustered out September 13, 1866. Residence, 151 Rose 
 street, Easton, Penn. 
 
 COLONEL CHILL. W. HAZZARD, 
 
 DEPARTMENT COMMANDER G. A. R, PERSONAL SKETCH OP TEOS 
 
 DISTINGUISHED OFFICER AND CIVILIAN. 
 
 Yesterday's session of the Grand Encampment of the Grand Army of 
 the Republic of the Department of Pennsylvania was occupied in ballot- 
 ing for Department Commander, Senior Vice-Department Commander, 
 Medical Director, Council of Administration and delegates t o the National 
 Encampment. Colonel Chill, W. Hazzard, of Post 60, Monongahela 
 
208 
 
 City, was elected Department Commander, the vote being as follows : 
 Hazzard, 153 ; William A. Stone, of Post 88, Allegheny City, 145. 
 
 Colonel C. W. Hazzard, of Monongahela City, Washington County, 
 is a volunteer army officer of high reputation, and one of the best known 
 members of the Grand Army of the Republic in the Union. He was 
 among the original number who organized the society under the leader- 
 ship of United States Senator John A. Logan, of Illinois, some twelve 
 years ago, and has been actively engaged in the work ever since. He 
 has never before held any department office, though he was frequently 
 named for different positions of trust, because he invariably declined to 
 allow the use of his name. He was, however, a delegate to the National 
 Encampment during the years 1878 and 1879, held at Albany, New 
 York, and Springfield, Massachusetts, respectively. He permitted his 
 name to be used for the first time at this session for Department Com- 
 mander, and though his chief competitor, William A. Stone, Esq., of 
 Allegheny City, came to the Encampment with the united support of liis 
 city, Pittsburg, the county and the earnest aid of numbers of individual 
 members, Colonel Hazzard was elected. The result is more than an 
 ordinary compliment, because the votes for both candidates were unsol- 
 icited, and are therefore the ^ oluntary expression of a general senti- 
 ment which carefully measui-ed the two men and then decided. Mr. 
 Stone is the rising young lawyer at the Western Pennsylvania bar, an 
 able practitioner and in a large and and lucratvie practice. 
 hazzard's military record. 
 
 Hazzard entered the volunteer service as a private in Company " F," 
 Twelfth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserves, the Forty-First of the line, 
 in May, 1861, and the regiment was mustered into the State service for 
 three years. On August 10, 1861, the Twelfth Regiment was mustered 
 into the United States service. Private Hazzard was promoted to Lieu- 
 tenant, September 10, and to Captain, Company " I," April 20, 1863, and 
 was breveted March 13, 1864. As Captain, he w^as transferred to the 
 staff as miistering officer, and served in tliis capacity with General S. 
 W. Crawford and General William McCandless. He received his brevet 
 as Major for gallant and meritorious conduct in the Battle of the Wilder- 
 ness, in 1864, at the hands of General George G. Meade. Since the war 
 closed he has been connected with the National Guard of Pennsylvania. 
 He was Adjutant-General of the Eighth Division under the old regime, 
 commanded by General Gallagher. On the reorganization and con- 
 solidation of the National Guard under Major-General Hartranft, he 
 
209 
 
 was made Inspector-General of the Fourth Brigade, commanded by 
 General James A. Beaver, with the rank of Colonel. 
 
 HIS CAREER AS A CIVILIAN. 
 
 Colonel Hazzard is the editor of the Moiiongahela RepuNican, Wash- 
 ington County ; lias been in the office for twenty -six years, and has been 
 the owner for the past fifteen years. He is also Secretary of the Penn- 
 sylvania, Ohio and West Virginia Press Association, to which position 
 he has been unanimously elected for the past six years. He is President 
 of the Washington County Veteran Association, having been elected 
 three times, and Secretary of the Pennsylvania Reserve Association, a 
 position he has held for the past eight years. By the partiality of his 
 fellow citizens and approval of the President, he enjoys the emoluments 
 and honor of the Postmastership of Monongahela City. In tlie height 
 of the Junior P. O. S. of A. furor he published and edited the Junior's 
 Friend and presided over the first State Convention of the Juniors at 
 Altoona. He continues a member of the P. O. S. of A., and is promi- 
 nently connected with the Masonic order. 
 
 Personally, Colonel Hazzard is a man of fine appearance, tall, broad- 
 shouldered, has a well-knit frame, and looks every inch a soldier. His 
 career shows laim to possess a high order of administrative ability, 
 tenacity of purpose and superior judgment. While exhibiting a suavity 
 of manner, combined with an attractive personal address, he maintains 
 an agreeable dignity, indicative of a mental reserve power which gives 
 weight to his opinions. There is no more captivating speaker in the 
 order, and he numbers his friends by legions. His elevation to the 
 ofiice of Department Commander is an honor he has richly deserved by 
 years of faithful devotion, and the Department is to be congratulated 
 upon its choice. Where Hazzard leads every member of the Order may 
 foUow. 
 
 CAPTAIN JAMES BAKER, "l" COMPANY, 
 Was bom and raised on a farm adjoining my (Lieutenant F. D. Stevens) 
 father's farm in Huntingdon County, Penn. He followed the trade of 
 stone mason for several years. At time he entered the service he was 
 proprietor of an hotel in Orbisonia. He died at Harrison's Landing, 
 Virginia, August 7th, 1862. Seven brothers were in the army, three of 
 whom died of disease while in the service; one of them in a Rebel pri- 
 son. One died very soon after being discharged for disability; one wa» 
 wounded in battle. Only one of the seven is now living. 
 
_ . . 210 
 
 LIEUTENANT FRANK D. STEVENS 
 Was born March 13, 1841, in Huntingdon County, Penn. His father's 
 name was Benedict Stevens, his mother's maiden name was Eve Orr; his 
 father was a farmer. When he was seventeen his father quit the farm 
 and engaged in mercantile business, and he was placed as an apprentice 
 at house carpentry. Two years later he determined to have an educa- 
 tion. Having had a fair common school training, he entered a semin- 
 ary. Spring of 1860. ^Taught the following Winter. Spring of 1861, 
 enlisted as a private in three month's service ; went with company 
 eighteen miles to Mount Union, where expected to get transportation 
 to Harrisburg, but were too late, the call having been filled, and were 
 compelled to return to their homes. Returned to school during Summer, 
 and taught again following Winter. In February, 1862, he again 
 enlisted, and on March 13, the day he was twenty-one, he left his home 
 with the company. Some time in April they joined the Twelfth Regi- 
 ment as Company " I." In May he was promoted from private to 
 Orderly Sergeant. Was engaged in firht and second days' batth s on 
 Peninsula. On second day was taken prisoner and confined in Rich- 
 mond. Being sick for several days previous to the battle, he grew 
 worse until four weeks after his capture, when he was paroled, barely 
 in time to escape with his life. In hospital several months, and then in 
 Camp Parole. 
 
 About December 1, 1862, he, with others, was sent to his regiment. 
 There arising some doubt about Ms exchange, it was decided not to 
 place him on duty. But, at his request, he went on duty Docember 10, 
 and on December 13 went into Fredericksburg battle, where he received 
 two wounds ; one serious, on head, other slight, on arm. Sent to 
 Alexandria Ho-pital, thence, later, to Rhode Island. In March, 1863, 
 was ready for duty, and joined the regiment. A few weeks later was 
 commissioned Second Lieutenant, to date July 18, 1862, and was 
 mustered in. Was with company and on duty in every battle with the 
 regiment from thattima until re^^i nent left the field for muster out, May 
 31, 1864, except tme battle, at which time he was off duty on account of 
 sickness. He commanded company from abotit July (soon after Gettys- 
 burg) until May 31, 1864, Captain and First Lieutenant being on detached 
 service. On the 8th of May, 1864, his brother, David W. Stevens, who 
 was a Sergeant in his company, was kUIed in ba tie. The following day lie 
 •wrapped his body in his own blanket and was placing him in his grave just 
 at the moment that General Sedgwick fell a few rodp from the spot. 
 
211 
 
 On Miy 31 his company was made Company "D," One Hundred and 
 Ninetietli Regiment Veteran Volunteers, and he was placed in command 
 of company. In June he was commissioned First Lieutenant. On June 
 13, while his corps was moving to cross the James, his regiment was 
 left back, and liis company was placed on skirmish line, balance of regi- 
 ment being on reserve. In the evening of the same day his command 
 charge! by battle line, and he, v.ith a part of the company, several 
 cavalry men and two guns of artillery, were captured. He says: " I 
 cannot describe my horror at being a prisoner a second time. I was 
 robbed of hat, money and watch. Being the only commissioned officer 
 among the prisoners, I was taken before Confederate General Wright, 
 who tried every possiLlc way to obtain information from me concerning 
 the movements of our army. Failing in this, he became enraged, and 
 addressed the guard in these words : ' Take him away, and if he don't 
 be'iave himself run your bayonet through him.' I had to accompany 
 the guard alone thiou.h a thicket of about one half mile, and not with- 
 out some fear. Was confined one week in Libby, then sent to Macon, Ga. 
 
 About August 1 we were moved to Savannah, Ga. While here I, 
 in company with a large number of fellow prisoners, attempted an 
 escape through a tunnel, but the evening before we had arranged for 
 our departure a cow on the outside of the stockade, walking over the 
 mouth of our tunnel, broke through, and when the first man reached the 
 outer end he found a rebel guard stationed there. For this the authori- 
 ties threatened to take our tents from us, as our tunnel was started 
 under a bunk in one of our tents. About September 10 we were removed 
 to Charleston, S. C, and placed in the city jail yard. Here we were 
 exposed to the fire of our guns on Morris Island. We had no quarters 
 of any kind ; were exposed to the hot rays of tlie sun without any pro- 
 tection. The yard was alive with lice, having been used for a length of 
 time as a prison pen. This was the most filthy place of all, and the suf- 
 fering with heat by day and cold at night was by no means easily endured. 
 
 During October we were sent to Columbii, S. C. S^me said the 
 reason of our removal was tliat the Federal Government had placed 
 Rebel i^risoners on Morris Island under fire of tlieir own guns, in retalia- 
 tion. Others said it was because of yellow fever, which had broken out 
 among the Rebel soldiers, the Captain in charge of us having died of the 
 disease. At Columbia we were placed in an old opea field witliout a 
 stockade, a heavy guard line and an inner dead line. Here we spent 
 most of the Winter without any shelter whatever, and we wei e com- 
 
312 
 
 pelled to dig down and live in tlie ground with, perhaps, some briiJi to 
 cover us. While in this camp I and five comrades attempted to escape 
 one dark night by running the guard, "We were fired upon, one of our 
 number being shot in the arm, causing amputation. We were driven 
 back, and thus another attempt to escape found a failure. I do not want 
 to say much, but I want to assure you, General, that during my 
 imprisonment I learned what hunger was, and what real suffering was. 
 I knew what it was to lie all night not able to sleep a wink because of 
 the cold. I came from prison in March, 1805, more loyal and more 
 willing to fight than ever before. 
 
 April 17, 18G5, I was honoi'ably discharged at Camp Parole by 
 special order. Two or three days later I had the sad privilege of join- 
 ing tlie procession that followed the remains of our dear President from 
 the "White House to the Capitol. "We were five brothers in the Army 
 of the Potomac, serving respectively from two to over three years. 
 Four of us are living to-day, two of whom passed through the war 
 unhurt, one fell in battle, one was totally disabled in right arm, being 
 shot through above and below elbow." After the war he graduated at 
 Iron City Commercial College, Pittsburg, Penn., after which he was 
 a teacher in that college for six months. He resigned his position there, 
 and in March, 1867, engaged in the hai'dware business in Mount Union, 
 Penn., in which business he remained until October, 1884, when he sold 
 out his business and moved to California. In October, 1885, he engaged 
 in the hardware business in Pasadena, where he now is the senior mem- 
 ber of The Stevens Hardware Company. He was married to Miss Annie 
 A. Bush, of Orbisonia, Penn., July, 1867. In April, 1881, she died, leav- 
 ing four children. In December, 1883, he was married to Miss Annie 
 Hiney, of Mount Union. The following year he sold out his business 
 and brought her an invalid to South California, but disease was rap- 
 idly doing its work and in a few months slie died. In October, 1887, he 
 married Miss Dora M. Bucher, of Philadelphia, Penn, 
 
 His father and mother had fifteen children. They lived together 
 nearly sixty -one years, and died within a period of nine months. At 
 the time of their death they had living and dead 128 children, grand- 
 children and gi-eat-grandchUdren. 
 
 FIRST LIEUTENANT P. O. ETCHISON, "i" COMPANY, 
 "Was a resident of Shirleysburg, Huntingdon County, Penn. He died 
 soon after he resigned. 
 
213 
 
 SECOND LIEUTENANT SAMUEL J. CLOYD, "l" COMPANY, 
 Was born and raised on a farm near Orbisonia, Huntingdon County, 
 Penn, He was wounded at Antietam, losing his right arm. Since the 
 war he has served a term of three years as County Treasurer of Hunt- 
 ingdon County. He now resides in a retired way on the old farm place. 
 
 SERGEANT FRANCIS FISH, "C" COMPANY, 
 Was born in Bristol, K. I., March 5, 18:J6; moved with liis parents to 
 Troy, Bradford Coimty, Penn., in 1838, living in and near Troy. 
 Attending school, working on a farm, and at the butcher business, etc., 
 until the war. Was the first one to put his name to the roll in (Troy 
 Guards) Company "C," Twelfth Regiment Pennsylvania Reserve Volun- 
 teer Corps. A pril 17th, 1861, was elected Sergeant; was a good and faith- 
 ful soldier, and became Sergeant of the Regimental Pione* rs cr Sappers 
 and Miners. Was wounded in the leg below the knee at the last battle 
 of Bull Run. Was discharged on account of said wound, April 16th, 
 1863. 
 
 Returning to Troy, and soon after engaged in the livery business, 
 then at his old trade, the butcher business. Married, and at his death 
 left wife, one daughter and one son. Without any doubt his wound 
 shorteneil his dayr, as he carried the bullet in his leg nearly twenty 
 years before it Avorked out. 
 
 Wag a member of Gustin Post, No, 154, Department of Pennsyl- 
 vania, G. A. R., at his death. 
 
 ORDERLY-SERGEANT JAMES JOHNSON, "E" COMPANY, 
 'Wasbornin Easton, Penn., September 9, 1841; son of James John- 
 son and EKzabeth Christian Johnson. Went to public school till ten 
 years old, then, on account of death of his mother, was taken from 
 school and put to work to earn his living. Worked in a bottling estab- 
 lishment, then on a farm, then drove mules on a canal, then on a farm, 
 then in woods getting out lumber, Lark and railroad ties, and assisted 
 down the river to market these ; then drove team, and delivered ties 
 and lumber. Made a short trip with a circus ; left that very quick (did 
 not suit him). After the war, was on the river, then went to work for 
 Bil. Del. Railroad Company, under the old Camden and Amboy Rail- 
 road, in 1886. On March 6 went to work for the Lehigh Valley Rail- 
 road as station baggage master. In 1870, was promoted to be a passen- 
 ger train conductor, and been in employ of company ever since as such„ 
 running every day and sometimes on Sunday. 
 
314 
 
 Sprgeant Johnsou's coniuct in rescuing the regiaiental flag is 
 described by Lieutenant Fackenthal, commanding Company " E," as 
 follows: "The salvation of our old battle flag by Orderly-Sergeant 
 James C, Johnson, of Company ' E,' Color Company of Twelfth Regi- 
 ment, at the Battle of Laurel Hill, Va., on the 10th of May, 1804. On 
 the day above mentioned the regiment occupied an entrenched position 
 at tlie edge of a woods, while the Confederates were just as nicely fixed 
 on the opposite side of the woods, about a half a mile distant, with an 
 open field in their front and bat eries in position to harrow and cross 
 harrow the ground at the same time. Late in the day we received 
 notice that a grand charge, all along the line, would be made about 
 sundown. Forty rounds extra amunition were issued, and a hasty meal 
 of hard-tack and salt pork jjartaken of. WhUe eating, my messmate, 
 George Ketledge, was instantly killed by a shell from Rebeldom burst- 
 ing over us. Our orders were : ' Still charga and cold steel '; and just 
 as the sun kissed the tops of the trees upon the hill ia our rear; where 
 General Sedgwick was killed the day before. Grant gave the signal 
 forward. The Twelfth advanced by division, Companies 'E' and ' F' 
 forming centre division, and having in charge the colors. Before 
 leaving the woods the troops on our right commenced to yell, giving 
 the enemy timely notice of our approach, and he replied vigorously 
 with shot, sheU, grape and canister. The rear of cannon and 
 rattle of musketry was deafening, and when we reached the clearing 
 those follows who yelled so lustily in the start broke and ran for 
 dear life, and no power on earth could stop them, and Hhe jig 
 was up.' 
 
 Color-Sergeant William H. Weaver, of the Twelfth, was hit by a 
 grape and fell upon his flag. The regiment was swept back like chaff 
 before a hurricane, and the rout was complete. Sergeant Johnson, see- 
 ing the colors drop, ran to Weaver and pulled the flag from under him, 
 and vainly attempted to rally the men, but it was too hot. Waving the 
 old tatteri d and torn flag in their teeth, he gave them three bucks and a 
 ball and skedaddled for our side of the woods with the Johnnies close 
 upon his heels. In the meantime (and a mean time it was) our boys got 
 home, and seeing Johnson coming through the brush, mistook him for 
 a Rebel sergeant, and, of course, opened fire on him. Seeing the dan- 
 ger, he dodged behiut' a tree until the shower passed, aud the next 
 minute was safe within our works. The division on our right did not 
 stop behind their works, but continued their flight far to the rear. The 
 
215 
 
 Reserve Division not only occupied their own front that night, but alao 
 the grouQd of the division on our right. 
 
 Johnson had bravely saved oar old battle flag, and if the Lieutenant 
 in command did then and there kiss him under a scordiing fire of 8hot 
 and shell, what of it; it is the only recognition he has ever received for 
 the gallant act, notwitlistanding m3mber3 of Congress have been 
 informed of the facts and a suitable reward requested." 
 
 GEORGE H. MASON, "C" COMPANY 
 Bom March 10, 1833. Son of Georgs Mason aud Fidelia Hitt. Brou-ht 
 up on a farm near Troy, Pena., goiag t. school three months in Summer 
 and three months in Winter. At.seventeen went to work for lii;nself • 
 worked on a farm; voted for Abraham Lincoln; joined Troy Guards April 
 80, 1861 ; Corporal August 7, 1862. August 10. 1833, Third Brigade ord- 
 ered across the Potomac to picket. February 15, 1363, detailed wiUi part 
 of Company " C," Lieutena it Luca^ commanJing. to go to Chain Brid-e 
 to do guard duty ; remamed there till March 11, 1863, when were reUeved 
 andstarted to rejoin command. Upon arriving a',. Camp Pierpont found 
 army gone ; overtook regiment at Hunter's Mills ; badly wounded at 
 Soutii Mountain. Mason writes : " Was helped off the field by Lieu- 
 tenant Jewell, Comrades Spence, James Peters and others ; was carried 
 back to an old log hou^e ; no one being at home but the lady of the house 
 my wound was here examined, an I . ur Regimental Sargeon said the 
 bullet was where he could not extract it, but would have to remain in 
 the body. 
 
 Wliile laying on the floor in the evening of the day I was wounded 
 a little incident occured t'lat I stiU remember. It was, as I lay there 
 with my eyes closed, and, of course, a little weak from tlxa effects of * 
 the wound, I distinctly saw a new made grave with dirt thrown oat in 
 a pile, and a box there ready for use; aLo distinctly heard a voice say 
 that was for me, and my answer was you do not get ma into that hole 
 yet, and opened my eyes with a strong determination, God willin-, I 
 would not go into that hole at present ; it is most twenty-seven yeare, 
 and have not fallen in it yet. After getting t>/his house I thought I 
 would Hke some rations to eat ; our haversacks were empty, or nearly 
 80, and the best the lady of the hoas3 could afford was some sour thick 
 milk; her cows had been scared or driveii away by the racket about the 
 place, so she could not furnish any sweet milk, but the boys t.)ok the 
 thick milk, put some sugar in it, and scraped off some crumbs of hard- 
 
216 
 
 tack for my supper; it, of course, was no j quite so nice as toast and sweet 
 cream, yet it answered the same purpose. Comrade Cyrus Spence, who 
 stayed over night witli me, the next day went back to the company, 
 and on the 17th, in the battle of Antietam, was shot through and 
 through the Iieart and instantly killed ; was a nohle, brave young man; 
 all that knew him loved him. I was taken back to the Novitiate Hos- 
 pital in Frederick, Md, , September 19 ; the bullet showed itself and the 
 surgeon cut and extracted it, and I still keep it as a reminder of other- 
 days * * *." 
 
 May 1st, 1861, found my brother, Daniel J., at work in a saw mill 
 at Corning, N. Y. I wrote liim from Troy, Penn., that I had enlisted, 
 and he immediately came to Troy and joined the Troy " Guards," and 
 went with us, and remained with the company, as one of its best men, 
 till the battle of Fredericksburg, when, in the fatal charge, and with a 
 few men well in advance, was known to be wounded, but nothing more 
 could ever be seen or heard of him, and was reported as woimded 
 and missing. My brother William G. volunteered early in the war, and 
 went from Minnesota, where he was living, served tlu*ee years, and. 
 returned to Minnesota, all broken up by injuries and exposures." 
 
 SOLDIER'S MEDITATION. 
 G. II. Mason, Dear Comrade : 
 
 I am sitting to-day in my new home, 
 
 The sun is running high. 
 And thinking, dear Jack, of the comrades 
 That we messed with in days gone by. 
 
 'Twas many a time we stood on picket, 
 
 All the dirk and weary night. 
 And watched for the dawning morrow. 
 
 And dreamed of the coming fight. 
 
 As I sit and think, dear Jack, 
 
 Other forms I see. 
 That stood in line of battle. 
 
 By the side of you and me. 
 
 The Troy Guards met the foe on many fields^ 
 
 And did their duty well ; 
 But naught is left to mark the spot, 
 
 Where many of the Troy Guards fell. 
 
V* 217 
 
 No camp fire burns to-day, dear Jack, 
 
 Along Virginia's shore ; 
 No picket keeps his weary watch, 
 T As in those days of yore. 
 
 But in that land where war is unknown, 
 
 Where strifes never come, 
 May you and I, with them at last, 
 
 Find our eternal home. 
 
 As we gathered around the.camp fire, 
 
 "We thought of the days to come. 
 When we could stack our guns 
 
 And return to our dear home. 
 
 Now we think of the reunion, dear Jack, 
 
 The one that is to come ; 
 We long for the time, dear Jack, 
 In Troy, where the boys will beat the drum. 
 Yours inF. C. L., 
 Central City, Neb., June 18, 1884. Cyrus D. Chapman, 
 
 WILLIAM W. WOODS, "l" COMPANY. 
 SKETCH FROM THE EDITOR'S NOTE BOOK. 
 
 About the middle of last February a man entered my office, and, 
 speaking casually, took a seat. I did not recognize him readily, but 
 soon he turned his head, and I saw the profile of a face known twenty- 
 five years ago. Gray hairs did not hide the features of William W. 
 Woods, once the handsome young First Sergeant, who had trudged by my 
 side many a long mile down in Virginia, back in the sixties. One day 
 a bit of lead tore out the corner of hi -> eye, and that organ went bUnd. 
 Since the war, he told me, he had studied medicine, and was then in 
 active practice. His one eye gone out, he had replaced with a glass eye, 
 and went on with his profession, to which he was devotedly attached. 
 He was called to Pittsburg to have the remaining eye treatei by a 
 skilled optician, for symptoms of pain darting t'.irough it hke a flash of 
 torture told his professional mind that tbe windows of his soul were 
 soon both to be closed, and that entire blindness was to shut out the 
 light of Heaven, the smUe of wife, the faces of children and friends, and 
 the chrism of Ufe. It is a terribly sad thing to go blind for ever ! The 
 
318 
 
 Pittsburg physician confirmed his worst suspicions. The verdict was 
 sealed. 
 
 This was the story he told me, and it was a sad one. We "visited" 
 together, and away into the night recalled stories of march and bivouac, 
 and the memory of friends in the old Twelfth Reserves. Next day, 
 when he went away, the doctor said, as he tremulously pressed my 
 hand, "Good bye. Chill, old boy, I am going blind. I wanted to see 
 you once more before that happened to me, and tliis good bye means 
 more to me than you can ever understand. " Then he grasped my hand 
 warmly, this gallant soldier, who had faced a thousand deaths without 
 tremor, and stepping into the car, was gone. I choked back a lump in 
 my throat, and hoped it might not be so bad. Alas, it was to be more 
 than true. 
 
 Yesterday came a letter from his dear wife, which told a sad story. 
 The Sergeant had been mustered out — he was dead. The darkness waa 
 crowding down upon him, but an angel had taken him by the hand and 
 led his soul up into the light. Gentle fellow, how he must have suf- 
 fered. C. W. H. 
 
 WILSON C. FOX 
 Was bom at Newville, Cumberland County, Penn., July 34, 1844 ; par- 
 ents, Henry C. Fox and Martha E. Fox ; schooling was meagre tmlil 
 two years prior to the war. Up to that time had bven with his father, 
 who was engaged in the woolen manufacture. After his term expired 
 he spent one Winter in the Academy. From that he went to railroad- 
 ing, and rose from freight brakeman to baggage master. He traveled 
 three years for the Grim and Baker Sewing Machine Company, 
 then entered the employ of the Harrisburg Mill Company, Senator 
 J. Don Cameron, treasurer, as bookkeeper and paymaster for the 
 next eleven years, at which time the mill changed hands and he 
 accepted a clerkship in post office; the next year appointed Chief of 
 PoUce, from which he resigned to accept the management of the Har- 
 risburg Photo. Copying House. At the expiration of two years, and 
 the death of the proprietor, he bought this studio fi'om the widow. 
 Politically he is a Republican, having served seven years aa secretary of j 
 the best Young Mens Republican Club in the city or State. ' 
 
 His father entered the service in August, 1863, as Commissary } 
 Sergeant, Company " C," Third Heavy Artillery; promoted Second 
 and First Ldeuttuant, afterwards commanded Company " K," One Hun- 
 
319 
 
 dred and Eighty-Eighth Regiment Pennsylvania Volunteers, aa Cap- 
 tain; Appointed Chief of Ambulance on Staff of General Butler; par- 
 ents reside in the city. His family consists of wife, two boys and 
 two girls, W, Stewart, Ella M. (Dale Edgar and Daisy Edna — 
 twins). 
 
 JAMES P. GILES, "l" COMPANY, 
 Was bom at Lewiston, Penn., September 29, 1844. Educated at public 
 schools and academy. Occupation for a long time, teaching. Elected 
 member of Pennsylvania Legislature from Huntingdon County in 1884. 
 At present (1889) Statistical Clerk in State Department of Public 
 Instruction. Served with " I " Company till muster out of Twelfth 
 Reserves, when became a member of " D" Company, One Hundred and 
 Ninetieth Pennsylvania. Most of this company was captured August 
 19, 1864, at Weldon Railroad, Va. Was confined for about six montlis 
 in Libby Prison, Belle Island and Saulsbury. He writes : " Most of 
 those captured died in prison or afterwards from the effects of prison 
 Ufe." 
 
 SUMMARY OF BIOGRAPHY. • 
 
 The writer regrets his inability to give the personal history in civil 
 life, as well as in the regiment, of all the officers, and of those non-com- 
 missioned officers and privates who specially distinguished themselves. 
 He has made strenuous efforts to get such information, but partly 
 through his inability to reach them, and partly through the indifference 
 of those who have received his letters and circulars, he is obliged to 
 publish the history of the Regiment with this most interesting part very 
 incomplete. 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS. 
 
 It was proposed to erect a Memorial Hall for the Reserves at Gettys- 
 burg. A bill for this purpose passed the Legislature, but it was vetoed 
 by Governor Beaver. • 
 
 The State Monuments for the reserve regiments were deidicated iu' 
 September, 1890. 
 
 The writer has been able to attend but one of the annual meetings 
 of the Reserve Division Association, but he is informed they are invari> 
 ably successful and quite fully attended. 
 
 "C" Company keeps up annual meetings, etc. 
 
220 
 
 " War Department, A. G. O. ) 
 Washington, November 18, 1889. ) 
 
 Colonel J. P. Nicholson, Secretary Pennsylvania Board of Commia- 
 sioners on Gettysburg Monuments, Philadelphia, Penn. 
 Sir: In complying with your request of 5th ult., I have the honor 
 to furnish from the records of this office the following information 
 relative to the Twelfth Reserves, namely: Muster in May 30 to July 3, 
 1861; mustered out June 11, 1864. Strength at Gettysburg, return for 
 June 30, 1863, reports twenty-six officers and two hundred and ninety- 
 four men present for duty; the number taken into action is not of 
 record. Losses at Gettysburg, one man killed, one wounded. Total 
 
 losses in action: 
 
 Officers. Men. Total. 
 
 Killed 1 60 61 
 
 Wounded 15 263 378 
 
 Captured or missing 2 95 97 
 
 18 418 437 j 
 
 total deaths. I 
 
 Officers. Men. Total { 
 
 Killed in action 1 60 61 ; 
 
 « Wounds received in action 52 52 
 
 Of disease 1 65 66 
 
 Other causes 4 4 
 
 2 181 183 
 
 Total enrollment 1,100. 
 Approximate estimate (only men in United States service). 
 
 BATTLES, etc. 
 
 Dranesville, Gaines Mill, Glendale or New Market Cross Roads, 
 Malvern Hill, Groveton, Bull Rim (second). South Mountain, Antietam, 
 Fredericksburg, Gettysbiu-g, Bristoe Station, Rappahanmock Station, 
 Mine Run, Wilderness, Spottsylvania , North Anna, Toloptomoy, Bethesda 
 Church. Very respectfully, 
 
 C. McKeever, a. a. G." 
 
 Note. — No record of officers and men who were wounded or 
 captured more than once. 
 
FROM OFFICIAL RECORDS FOR TWELFTH REGIMENT. 
 
 Total 
 Killed. Wol-nded. MissiNa. K.W.M. 
 Offs. Men. Offs. Men. Offs. Men. Otfrt. Men. 
 
 Dranesville 
 
 Mechanicsville 
 
 Gaines Mill 
 
 New Market C ross Roads 1 
 
 Second Bull Run 
 
 South Mountain 
 
 Antietam 
 
 Fredericksburg 
 
 Gettysburg 
 
 Wilderness 
 
 Spottsylvania 
 
 North Anna 
 
 Bethesda Church 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 *1 
 
 *12 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 36 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 35 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 44 
 
 Id 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 
 16 
 
 "i 
 
 T) 
 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 65 
 
 23 
 
 • >• 
 
 66 
 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 59 
 
 "2 
 
 7 
 
 110 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 Seven days 1 
 
 * Captured. 
 
 12 
 
 58 
 
 87 
 
 14 399 
 
ABSTRACT FROM RETURNS TWELFTH REGIMENT P. R. V. C. 
 
 Present for 
 Duty. 
 
 1861. Offs. Men. 
 
 August 28 741 
 
 September 27 701 
 
 October 28 694 
 
 November 26 295 
 
 December 23 677 
 
 1862. 
 
 January 26 706 
 
 February 28 681 
 
 March 21 681 
 
 April 24 682 
 
 May 33 726 
 
 June 27 587 
 
 July 19 538 
 
 No August 
 
 September 12 324 
 
 October 12 351 
 
 November 16 351 
 
 December 9 263 
 
 1863. 
 
 January 10 280 
 
 February 10 299 
 
 March 13 301 
 
 April 24 329 
 
 May 26 350 
 
 June 26 294 
 
 July 22 260 
 
 August 18 254 
 
 September 22 275 
 
 October 19 279 
 
 November 16 283 
 
 December 12 290 
 
 1864. 
 
 January 17 227 
 
 February 22 265 
 
 March 16 306 
 
 April 19 320 
 
 
 Aggregj 
 
 ate 
 
 Aggre- 
 
 Present 
 
 gate 
 
 and 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 Absent 
 
 , 
 
 831 
 
 843 
 
 
 823 
 
 849 
 
 Last return 861. 
 
 808 
 
 859 
 
 
 817 
 
 864 
 
 Last return 860. 
 Error 
 
 797 
 
 849 
 
 Last return 863. 
 
 777 
 
 830 
 
 
 751 
 
 804 
 
 
 740 
 
 803 
 
 
 730 
 
 893 
 
 Gain of "I" Co. 
 
 810 
 
 885 
 
 
 717 
 
 831 
 
 Agg. last ret. 884. 
 
 685 
 
 796 
 
 
 421 
 
 735 
 
 
 408 
 
 695 
 
 
 413 
 
 659 
 
 
 324 
 
 575 
 
 
 335 
 
 563 
 
 
 360 
 
 548 
 
 On daily 
 
 378 
 
 528 
 
 Extra 
 
 413 
 
 546 
 
 Duty. Sick. 
 
 436 
 
 549 
 
 Offs. Men. Offs. Men 
 
 370 
 
 546 
 
 1 38 1 10 
 
 333 
 
 538 
 
 
 323 
 
 515 
 
 
 328 
 
 508 
 
 
 330 
 
 483 
 
 
 345 
 
 487 
 
 
 348 
 
 481 
 
 
 287 
 
 468 
 
 
 319 
 
 461 
 
 
 403 
 
 475 
 
 
 437 
 
 493 
 
 
223 
 
 COMMANDERS OF THIRD BRIGADE P. R. V. C. 
 Colonel McCalmont, from Organization to November, 1861. 
 General Ord, from November, 1861, to June 18, 1862. 
 General Seymour, from June 18 to June 30, 1862. 
 General C. F. Jackson, from June 30 to August 21, 1862, A. P. 
 
 General C. F. Jackson, from August 21 to August 3), 1862, Pope's 
 Army. 
 
 Hardin, Kirk (Tenth) and Anderson (Ninth), August 30, 1862 (battle 
 Second Bull Run). 
 
 Lieufenant-Colonel Anderson (Ninth), from August 30 to September 
 6, 1862. 
 
 Colonel Gallagher, from September 6 to September 14, 1862. 
 
 Colonel Anderson (Ninth), from September 14 to , 1862. 
 
 General Jackson, from to December 13, 1862. 
 
 Tolonel Jackson (Eleventh), from Dtcember 13 to December, 1862. 
 
 Colonel Hardin, from December, 1862, to January, 1863. 
 
 Colonel Fisher (P'if th), from January to August 10, 1863. 
 
 Colonel Hardin, from August 10 to August 13, 1863. 
 
 Colonel Jackson (Eleventh), from August 13 to August 15, 1863. 
 
 Colonel Fisher, from August 15 to September 17, 1863. 
 
 Colonel Hardin, from September 17 to September 19, 1863. 
 
 Colonel Fisher, from September 19 to September 20, 1863. 
 
 Colonel Hardin, from September 20 to December 4, 1863. 
 
 Colonel Fishf r, from December 4, 1863, to January 27, 1864. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Dare, from January 27 to January 30, 1864. 
 
 Colonel Fisher, from January 30 to February 25, 1864. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin, from January 25 to February 26, 1864. 
 
 Colonel Fisher, from February 26 to February 27, 1864. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin (Twelfth), from February 27 to Febniarv 2a 
 1864. ' ' 
 
 Colonel Fisher, from February 28 to March 29, 1864. 
 
 Lieutenant-Colonel Gustin, from March 29 to March 30, 1864. 
 
 Colonel Fisher, from March 30 to June 11, 1864. 
 
234 
 
 DIVISION COMMANDERS P. R. V. C. 
 Greneral McCall, from Organization to June 30, 1863. 
 General Seymour, from June 30 to August 21, 1862, 
 General Rt ynolds, from August 21 to September 12, 1863. 
 General Meade, from September 13 to September 17, 1862. 
 General Seymour, from September 17 to September 29, 1862. 
 General Meade, from September 29 to December 25, 1862. 
 General Doubleday, from December 25, 1862, to January 18, 1863. 
 Colonel Sickel (Third), from January 18 to February 9, 1863. 
 Colonels McCandless and Sickel, from February 9 to June 3, 1863. 
 General Crawford, from June 3 to August 28, 1863. 
 Colonel McCandless, from August 28 to November 1, 1863. 
 General Crawford, from November 1 to December 7, 1863. 
 Colonel McCandless, from December 7 to December 12, 1863. 
 General Crawford, from December 12, 1863, to February 20, 1864. 
 Colonel McCandless, from February 20 to May 1, 1864. 
 General Crawford, from May 1 to May 31, 1864. 
 Colonel McCandless, from May 31 to June 11, 1864. 
 
 CORPS DIVISION OF P. R. V. C. SERVED IN 
 
 First Corps (McDowell's) part of May and June, 1862, near Freder- 
 icksburg. 
 
 Fifth Corps (A. P.) Porters, part of June, July to August 13, 1862. 
 
 Ninth, Burnside's, near Falmouth, August 13 to August 24, 1862. 
 
 Third Corps. A. N. Va. (McDowell), August 25, 1862, nearWar- 
 renton. 
 
 First Corps (Hooker) Bumside's grand division, Ninth and First 
 Corps, September 6 to 17, 1862; through South Mountain and Antietam 
 campaigns — Hooker or Meade commanding corps. After Antietam, 
 Reynolds Commanding First Corps, until February 10, 1863, when 
 division moved to Washington. 
 
 Department of Washington, Twenty-Third A. C. (Heintzelman), 
 February 10 to June 23, 1863. 
 
 Fifth A. C. A. P. (Sykes), June 28, 1863 to end of service. 
 
 Sykes relieved by Warren March 33, 1864. 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF FIELD AND STAFF AND NON- 
 COMMISSIONED STAFF. 
 
 NAME AND RANK. 
 
 Colonels. 
 John H. Taggart Colonel. 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Martin D. Hardin. 
 
 Lt. Colonels. 
 
 Daniel N. Bailey 
 
 Peter Baldy 
 
 Richard Gustiu 
 
 Majors. 
 Charles W. Diven . . . 
 
 Andrew J. Bolar 
 
 Surgeons. 
 
 Wm. H. Thome 
 
 Iiaac J. Clark 
 
 Ass't Surgeons. 
 
 James B. Crawford.. . 
 
 Henry A, Grim 
 
 James M. Shearer 
 
 Wm. Taylor .. 
 
 David R. Beaver 
 
 Adjutant. 
 Theo. McMurtrie 
 
 Chaplains. 
 
 W. B. Holt 
 
 Obadiah H. Miller. . . 
 
 Quartermasters. 
 
 Kliene D. Rpid 
 
 James T. Woodall ... 
 
 Sergeant Majors. 
 Charles Thompson . . . 
 
 Wm. Myers 
 
 Joseph W. Eckley 
 
 QuarternVr Sergeants. 
 Charles T. Harvey 
 
 Charles W. Cioas'daie 
 
 James Loan 
 
 Hospital Steivards. 
 
 T-e Moyne 
 
 John Evans 
 
 Surgeon's Mate. 
 
 Thomas R. Williams.. 
 
 Commissary Serg''ts. 
 
 Henry D. J. Bell 
 
 Henry W. L. Drips... 
 Henry W. Dean 
 
 Henry Krafft 
 
 Drum Majors. 
 Lew. . o. Ivliiler 
 
 Jacob Eppley 
 
 John B. Bckart '. 
 
 Lt.-Col. 
 
 Lt.-Col.. 
 Major... 
 Captain. 
 
 Captain. 
 Captain. 
 
 Surgeon.. 
 As. Sur.. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Aug. 10, 
 July 8, 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 Resigned July 
 Exp. service.., 
 
 8, '62. 
 
 Mar. 4, '62 
 
 rfesigned Feb. 
 Exp. service. . 
 
 15, '63. 
 
 Adjutant 
 Chaplain. 
 
 Q'master 
 Corporal. 
 
 Sgt. Maj 
 Private... 
 Pi'ivate... 
 
 Q'm Sgt.. 
 'Jorporal. 
 
 Private... 
 
 FI. St'd.. 
 Sergeant 
 
 Private... 
 
 1st Sgt... 
 Corporal. 
 
 Musician, 
 
 Corporal. 
 Private... 
 
 June 21. '62 
 Oct. 6, '62.. 
 Apr. 11, '63 
 Aug, 2, '63. 
 Apr. b, '64.. 
 
 Dec. 5, '61.. 
 
 Dec. 11, '61. 
 J.iU. 18, '62. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 For w'ds, July 30, '63. 
 
 Bv promotion. 
 Exp. service... 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Reinstated by order Sec. War Aug IQ 
 '02; dischargtd Sept. 2.3, '62. * 
 
 Com'd Col. July 8. '62; Col. Sept, 1. '62- 
 w d GrMVeton, Va , Aug. 29. '62; 2d B 
 Run, Aug. 30, '02; near Catlett's St'n. 
 )^«-'P^c. 13, '63; North Anna May 23. 
 '64 ; Bng.-Gen. Vol. July 2, '64. 
 
 How discharged unknown. 
 
 ^-TT-I^y*"*^'- ■^P''- 6' '6'^; B'^-'t Col. for 
 }\ilderness; vv,i by Gu-rn.las near 
 Catlett's 8fn Dec. U '(4 
 
 P. Apr. 19, '64; Col 200th Pa.; w'd at Ft. 
 Steadman.Va ; B'v't Brig-Gen 
 
 Com'd Major July 8, '62. 
 
 P. Britr. Surgeon Apr. 2S, '62. 
 K\^"L?.?'" Apr. 28, '62; B v't Lt.-CoL 
 tor M licernt'ss. 
 
 Discharged Sept. 18, '62 
 
 By promotion 
 
 DischaruPd Aug 18. '63 
 Resigned Dec. 20, '62 
 Exp. service 
 
 By transfer to I Corps. 
 
 Never joined. ... 
 Resigned June 9, '63. 
 
 By promotion. 
 Exp. service.. . 
 
 By promotion. 
 Re-enlist Vet.. 
 
 By transfer 
 
 By promotion. 
 
 Exp. service... 
 
 P. Surgeon 5th Reserves April 15, '64. 
 
 rrs. to Invalid Corps Oct 18 '63 • w'd 
 &cap'd at Fredricksburg ; B'v't Mai 
 for Fredricksburg. 
 
 By promotion. 
 Exp. service... 
 
 By transfer. 
 
 By promotion 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Exp. service. 
 By transfer.. 
 
 P. Captain A. C. S. Sept. 22 '62 
 
 P. Q'm-Sgt Feb., '62; Qm Nov 2-3, '62- 
 
 remained back with 190th Pa., apptM 
 
 Brig. -Q'm. ^ 
 
 P. Elected l.^^t Lt. A Co. Dec. T, '61- res 
 
 July 11 '62; probably nev<-r mustered.' 
 
 Vpfn-2'%.'''^'^-''''^^'^^'^^-^^'- 
 
 ^ .^^^,t--Major May 1, '63; re-enl. vet. in 
 i^ Co.; see record in F Co. 
 
 Dropped and sent to Co. B Dec. '61 
 
 \^''^:^?i- ^'o^- '' '62; 1st Lt. A Co. 
 May 1. '63. 
 P. Q'm-Sgt. May 1, '63. 
 
 P. made Medical Cadet Oct. 1. •6^ 
 P. Hospital Steward Nov. 8, '61. 
 
 P. Surg.-mate Aug. 31, '61; returned to 
 A Co. Oct. 1, '61. 
 
 P. Com-y-Sgt. Aug. 31, '61; 2d Lt. F Co. 
 
 Sept. lu, 'Gl. 
 P. Com'y-Sgt. Feb. '62; ret'd to Co H 
 P. Com'y-Sgt. Mar. 21, '62; ret'd to Co". 
 
 B June, '62. 
 P. Com'y-Sgt. June, '62. 
 
 ^Mar 2^^}i''^- ^' '^^' ""^'^ *° ^«- 
 
 „ . P- DrumMaj. Mar. 22,'f2TefdtoCo a 
 
 E^P- service P. Drum Maj. Aug.'4, '62 princip^i 
 
 musician Aug., '68. 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF ''A" COMPANY, 
 
 NAME AND RANK. 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 •REMARKS 
 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 Captains. 
 
 Henry B. Whisner 
 
 Frank Daniels 
 
 Captain.. 
 Sergeant. 
 
 1st Lieut. 
 Corporal. 
 Sgt. Maj. 
 
 •2d Lieut.. 
 Sergeant. 
 
 Corporal. 
 
 Sergeant. 
 Corporal. 
 
 Sergeant. 
 
 Corporal. 
 
 Private... 
 
 Musician. 
 
 Recruit . 
 Private... 
 
 Corporal. 
 
 Private.. . 
 
 Recruit.. 
 Private... 
 
 Recruit.. 
 Private... 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Sept. 12, '61 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Feb. 19, '63. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Mar. 26, '63. 
 Aug, 10, '61. 
 
 Nov. .3, "63.. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Resigned Dec. 4, '61... 
 
 P. 1st Sgt. Oct. 11, '61; elec. 1st Lt Oct 
 
 1st Lieutenants. 
 La Fayette Palmer 
 
 Charles W. Croasdale. 
 
 Resigned Oct. 8, "61. . . . 
 Exp. service 
 
 11, '61; Cap'tDec. 4,'61; u'r mustered. 
 
 Enlisted as private in this Co. Mar. 4, '62; 
 
 see sub. record. 
 P. Sgt. Oct. 11, '61; Q'm-Sgt. Nov 1 , 62; 
 
 Charles Thompson. . . . 
 
 2d Lieutenants. 
 
 Georgre W. Montony.. 
 
 Joseph B Vallee 
 
 Frank Quautin 
 
 1st Sergeants. 
 
 Charles Dausjherty . . . . 
 Henry B. Bayne 
 
 Sergeants. 
 
 Jos W Killinffsworth. 
 
 Resigned July 11, '62.. 
 
 Resigned Oct. 8, '61.... 
 Resigned Nov. 13, '63. . 
 Exp. service — 
 
 Disability Dec. 18, '61.. 
 Killed in action 
 
 1st Lt. May 1, '63. 
 P. Elected 1st Lt. Dec. 7, '61. 
 
 Re-e. as pvt ; killed in a.; see sub. rec'd 
 P. 1st Sgt. Aug. 31, 61; 2d Lt. Oct. 11, '61. 
 P. Ist Sgt. Dec. 18, '61; 2d Lt. May 1, '63. 
 
 P. 1st Sgt. Oct. 11, '61. 
 P. 1st Sgt. May 1, '63; re-enlisted Vet; 
 killed in Wilderness. 
 
 James M. Allen 
 
 Re-ealist Vet 
 
 Wd. Antietam; tr. " H " 190; pr. Aug. 19, 
 
 Luther D. Middlekauf . 
 
 Samuel Simon . . 
 
 Wm. H. Ellis 
 
 Disability Sept. 15, '62. 
 Killed in action 
 
 "64; dcd. June 13, '65; reported died 
 
 at SauLsbury. 
 Pr. N. M. Xrds.; tr. fr. "K" Co.; to 
 
 " H •' 190 (Sgt.); pr. Aug. 19, '64; dcd. 
 
 June 2S, '6.5. 
 Name spelled Simpson on M-in roll. 
 Wd. Fred'b'g; re-enlisted Vet.; killed 
 
 Corporals. 
 John T Rowlett 
 
 in Wilderness. 
 
 Wm E Lowther 
 
 
 
 JohnC. Cooper 
 
 Wm. Albright 
 
 Disability Dec. 18, '62. . 
 By transfer 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Wd. and pr. N. M. X roads. 
 
 Pr. N. M. X rds.; tr. to 190 Pa. (no reo. 
 
 John Kelly 
 
 in 190); surv. war. 
 Ab. sick at M-o. Wd. May 12, '64. J 
 
 
 
 Mathias Lauderback . 
 .A.leY , Mf^Di 'laid 
 
 Re-enlist Vet '.'. 
 
 Wd. 2d B. Run. 
 
 (Joined by re-enl. Aug. '61, M. R.) to 190; 
 
 Headley Pannett 
 
 Dan'l C. Odenbauer. . 
 
 Musician. 
 Charles Daiigherty 
 
 Privates. 
 Jesse K Allen 
 
 Disability Apr. 18, '64. . 
 Killed in action 
 
 Deserted Dec. 11, '61.. 
 
 By transfer 
 
 dis. June 28, '65. 
 Tr. fr. '• K " Co. 
 Killed at Antittam. 
 
 Tr. to 190 (no record in 190). 
 
 James Allison 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Re-enlist Vet...!.!!... 
 
 Disability date nnk 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Killed at Antietam. 
 
 Leander Arndt 
 
 George W. Barnitts. . . 
 
 Ebenizer Beech 
 
 Joseph Blair 
 
 Robert C. Bridges 
 
 Thomas Brady 
 
 Killed at Antietam; from "K." 
 
 Tr. fr. " K " ; to " B " 190; pr. Aug, 19, 
 
 '64; dcd. June 5, '65. 
 Wd. Antietam. 
 Ab. sick at il-o. 
 
 Deserted date unk. . . . 
 Exp. service 
 
 
 Benj. F. Brown 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 By transfer 
 
 To 190 (no red. in 190); tr.fr. "K"; surv.w 
 To 190 (no record in 190;. 
 
 Richard A. Carr 
 
 Anderson Callahan.... 
 Benj. F. Cochran 
 
 Peter Collins 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Disability Jan. 9, '63 . . 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Deserved date ank. . . 
 Disability Jan. 16, '63. . 
 
 KUled at N. M. X roads. 
 
 To 190 (no red. in 190); died Dec. 12, '64, 
 at Saulsbury. 
 
 Samupl L. ("ooper 
 
 James C. Cunningham 
 
 James J. Cunningham 
 John Curren 
 
 Wd. N. M. X roads. 
 
 Pr. Aug. 28, '62; to " B " 190; pr. May 8, 
 
 Disability Dec. 20, '62. . 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Deserted Mar. 5, '64.... 
 Disability Dec. 16, '61.. 
 nesertedMar. 5, '63... 
 Disability Sept. 15, '62. 
 Disability Aug. 2, '62. . 
 By transfer 
 
 '64, to Aug. 2-4, '64; dcd. June 24, '65. 
 Dtd. to Vet. R. Corps; ab. at M-o. 
 
 Wm. H. Davison 
 
 John Dallaway 
 
 Wm. Doan 
 
 
 Henry Buddy 
 
 Robert Duddy 
 
 Wd. N. M. X roads. 
 
 
 To 190 (no record in 190V 
 
 Joseph Elllngsworth . . 
 Andrew Elliott 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Disability Dec. 24, '62. . 
 Disability Mar. 28, '6.3. . 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Disability Jan. 6, '63. . . 
 
 Pr. May 8, '62; to " B " 190 (no red In 190); 
 died at Saulsbury, Feb. 15, '65. 
 
 Georee W. F. Fleming 
 Joseph S. Fry 
 
 Fr. " K " ; to 190 (no record in i90). 
 Wd. South Mountain. 
 
 i 
 
 NoTB. — Many men were transferred from "K"' Company of 
 veterans were transferred to 190 Penn. Vols.— M. D. H. 
 
 12th to other companies of 12th. All 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "A" COMFA-^Y— Continued. 
 
 NAME AND RANK. 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Privates. 
 
 Wm. A. Fry 'Corporal 
 
 MichaelJ. Gillan Private.. 
 
 John E. Goshart ! " 
 
 George P. Gumpper, 
 
 Henry Hacking 
 
 NoelJ. Hail 
 
 James Hardy 
 
 Charles G. Hankins. 
 George A. Hanky... 
 Frank II. Hench.... 
 Nicholas J. Hench. . 
 
 John Hoover 
 
 Peter Ilaney 
 
 Alfred ilyneman 
 
 Joseph Jeffrie^ 
 
 Thomas Junes 
 
 Daniel C. Kane 
 
 Edward Lamb 
 
 Stanley Lane 
 
 Henry Lavyrence 
 
 Wm. A. Leach 
 
 Daniel McCarty 
 
 John M.'AIaguire 
 
 Henry McMauomy 
 
 Samuel McKargue 
 
 Joseph A. Malmesoury 
 
 Ellis Mackey 
 
 Robert E. Marshall.. .. 
 
 Wm. A. Mead 
 
 Stephen Mellott 
 
 Corporal. 
 Private 
 
 Recruit. 
 Private.. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Aug. 10, 'Gl 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 Died Nov. 2, '63., 
 Exp. service 
 
 ivilled in action . 
 
 Deserted date unk . . . 
 
 Ke-enlist Vet 
 
 li.Kp. service 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability Sept. 15, '62 
 
 Ke-enlist Vet 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 .\ug, 16, '6] . 
 Aug. 10, 'bl. 
 
 Deserted June 8, '62. . 
 
 Killed in aciion 
 
 Died Sept. 8, '61 
 
 Ke-enlist Vet 
 
 Richard A. Miles 
 
 John A. .Miller 
 
 George S. Moore 
 
 George W. Montony. 
 
 George M. Morris. . . 
 
 Jacob E. Moyer 
 
 La Fayette Palmer. . 
 
 Wilson R. Pelkington. 
 
 Daniel Price 
 
 Wm. Quinu 
 
 John M. Koss 
 
 Wm. H. Rowlett 
 
 John Ryan 
 
 George W. Sharp 
 
 John Short 
 
 Francis A. Smith 
 
 James Smith 
 
 Patrick ytai r 
 
 Edward Strohman.. 
 
 Joshua S weeger 
 
 August Swenson 
 
 Robert Trayford 
 
 Ezra Toomey 
 
 James Turnbull 
 
 Charles Valiant... . 
 
 John Wallace 
 
 Wm. Walker 
 
 Joseph Watson 
 
 Thomas R. Williams 
 
 David Williams 
 
 John Weber 
 
 Thomas Wilson 
 
 James E. White 
 
 Thomas White 
 
 Peter Woods 
 
 Washington Yates.. 
 
 Benj. Yarnall 
 
 Wm. P. Zeigler 
 
 Recruit. . 
 
 Private... 
 Recruit.. 
 
 Sergeant. 
 Private... 
 
 r?ecruit., 
 Private... 
 
 Recruit. 
 
 Mar. 14, '62. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 Mar. 10, m. 
 Mar. 14, '62. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Oct. 6, '63. . 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 July 27, '63. 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Promoted Nov. 28, '61 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability Aug. 2, '62.. 
 Deserted Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability Jan. 26, '63 . 
 Deserted Mar. 5, '63. . . 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Deserted Aug. 10, 'f.2. . 
 " June 1, '63., 
 Disability Feb. 26, '63. . 
 Killed in action 
 
 Private.. . Aug. 10, '61 
 
 Recruit.. 
 Private.. 
 Recruit.. 
 Private.. 
 
 Jan. 1, 'Gl , 
 Aug. 10, 'GI, 
 July 27, 'G3. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Deserted Aug. 10, '62. . 
 
 By traijsie- 
 
 To Vet. Res. Corps 
 
 Killed in action. . . .. 
 
 Ke-eniisc Vet 
 
 Disability Dec. 80, '62.. 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Disability Jan. 20, '62. . 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Disability May 30, '62. . 
 Deserted Aug. 10, '61 
 Disability Jan. 16, '63 
 Deserted Dec. 7, '63. 
 
 Ke-enlist Vet 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Died Aug. 20. '62 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability date unk. . 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Re-euiist Vet 
 
 Exp. .service 
 
 By tra'isfer 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Hy transfer 
 
 Disability Dec. 11, '62. 
 Exp. ^'ervice 
 
 From "K." 
 
 A d. Wilderness May 5, '64. 
 Pr. Fred'b'g; ab. sick at M-o. 
 Tr. to Ver. H. C'orps. date unknown. 
 Missing N. M. X roads. 
 Wd. 2d B. Run; tr. fr. 'K"; re-enl. Vet.; 
 killed in Wilderness. 
 
 To 190; disc'd at end of war. 
 
 Killed at Gettysburg; tr. fr. "K" Co. 
 Tr. from " K." 
 
 To 190 (no rec. in 190); disc'd end of war 
 Wd. North Anna May 23, '64. 
 
 Re-enlist Vet.; killed in Wilderness. 
 
 Wd. & pr. N. M. X roads; to 190 (noreo. 
 
 in 190); surv. war. 
 To 190(iioiec.inl90);dis.atend of war. 
 Killed at Fredericksburg. 
 Pr. Catleti 's St'n date unk & in Wild'n's 
 Unknown how promoted. 
 
 Wd. Fredericksburg. 
 
 Wd. N. M. X roads; tr. from "K." 
 
 Fr. "K"; wd. N. M. X roads; to "B" 190: 
 disc'd July 15, '65. 
 
 Fr. "K." 
 
 Killed at N. M. X roads; formerly a 
 Lieut, in this Co. 
 
 To 190 (no record in 190). 
 
 Wd. & pr. N. M. X rouds; tr. to Vet. 
 
 Res. Lorps Sept. 1, '63. 
 Killed at S. Mountain; tr. fr. "K" Co. 
 To 190; diedpr. atSaulsbury. 
 Wd. Antietam. 
 Fr. "K"; to 190 (no rec. in 190); surv. war. 
 
 To 190 (no rec. in 190); d 'c'd at end of war 
 To 190 (no record in 190). 
 Wd. June 27, '62; killeu at 2d B. Run. 
 Pr. May 8," 62. 
 
 Fr. "K"; to 190 (no record in 190). 
 
 To 190 (no record in 190). 
 
 At Philadelphia. 
 
 Fr. "K"; ab. sick at M-o, 
 
 Ab. at M-o. 
 
 To 190 (no record in 190); surv. war 
 
 To 190 (no rec. in 190); disc'd at end war 
 
 P. i^urg.-mate Aug. 31. 61, to Oc. 1, '61. 
 
 To 190 ^no record in 190). 
 
 To 190 (no record in 190); surv. war. 
 
 Pr. N. M. X roads. 
 Pr. June 27, '62. 
 
 By transfer Detached to Navy Feb. 18, '62. 
 
 JExp. service! .' '.'.'.'.'.'.'. Tr. fr. " K " Co. 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF ''B" COMPANY, 
 
 NAME AND RA:M. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 Davi \ N. Matthews'^'i] 
 Siiuoa H. BrigKS 
 
 Is*. Lieutenants. 
 
 Jawes B. Harding 
 John F. Uoadley .... 
 
 2d Lieutenants. 
 
 Arthur M. Phillip.'^. . . . 
 rbiletus U. Reynolds 
 
 1st Sergeants. 
 
 Andrew F. Ely 
 
 Martin N. Reynolds.. 
 
 Sergeants. 
 
 Porter Squiers 
 
 Mason Parker 
 
 Henry W. Dean 
 
 George Moore 
 
 Oscar H Benjamin .... 
 Samuel A. Danuer — 
 
 Charles John^son 
 
 Charles A. Meeker . . 
 
 Corjwrals. 
 
 Merrlt S. Harding.... 
 Alexander Morgan — 
 
 Jacob May nan 1 
 
 Levi B. Knowles 
 
 George Fitzger 
 
 James C. K ■eney. 
 Aaron H. Wintermute 
 
 Milton Moyer 
 
 Jeremiah C. Peynolds 
 John Shiugler 
 
 Musicians. 
 
 Frederick Waugh 
 
 Christian C. Kekart. . . 
 John C. Eckart .. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Lewis C. Miller 
 
 Privoites. 
 William Andrews — 
 
 Christian L. Arnold.. 
 
 Samuel Arnold 
 
 Silas Aumick 
 
 Leander V. Armstrong 
 
 James Bailey 
 
 John Banno 
 
 Warren Barber. 
 
 Alonzo H. Beebe 
 
 Chancey C. Beuinger. 
 
 Robert Blakeslee 
 
 Charles L. Card 
 
 Asher Cook 
 
 Captain. . 
 Sergeant 
 
 '•^t Lieut. 
 Sergeant, 
 
 Jd lieut. 
 Corporal. 
 
 1st Sergt. 
 L'orporal. 
 
 Sergeant. 
 Corporal. 
 
 Recruit. 
 Private . 
 
 Corporal. 
 
 Private . 
 
 Musician 
 Private . . 
 Musician 
 
 Private . 
 
 Recruit . 
 Private . 
 
 Unk. ... 
 Recruit . 
 
 Date. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Harvey Corby 
 
 Absalom Crawford . . . 
 
 William Croop 
 
 John H Davis 
 
 Thomas Davis 
 
 Joseph Delliiiger 
 
 John Dressier 
 
 Elihu Dvmond 
 
 Isaiah Evans 
 
 James B. Fisk 
 
 Squires B. Fi.sk 
 
 Sydney Freeman — 
 Lvmaa J. Freeman.. 
 
 William Fox 
 
 Patrick Gannon 
 
 Edwin J. Gardner 
 
 James Gillespie 
 
 Dec. 
 Aug. 
 
 1862 
 10,'61 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Tuly 31. '62.. 
 ^xp. service. 
 
 Boari ex.. Mar. 4, '62. 
 Sxp service 
 
 Resigned July 21, '62 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability Feb. 21, '6-2. 
 Sxp. service 
 
 Disability Jan. 1. '62 
 D^c. 30, '61 
 Killed in action , 
 
 Exp service. 
 
 Died May 6. 'o3.. 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Died Oct. 30, '62. 
 
 Disability Feb 27, '63 
 
 Died Dec. 3, '61 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability Jan. 28, '63, 
 
 Died July 22, '6i 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Deserted Aug. 10, '61. 
 Exp. service 
 
 Private 
 
 Recruit. 
 Private . 
 
 Recruit 
 
 Nov. 13. '61 
 Mar. 3, '64 
 
 Aug. 10,'61 
 
 Unknown. . 
 
 Nov. 7, '61. 
 Mar. 17, '64. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61 
 
 Mar. 31, '64. 
 Nov. 21. '61. 
 Aug. 10, '61 . 
 
 Nov. 21, '61 
 Feb. 7, '62. 
 
 Re-enlist Vet. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability May 20, '62 
 " Deo. 15 '62 
 
 Sxp. service 
 
 Di-dDec. 1, '62 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Re-enlist Vet. 
 
 TIow disr'ha'-ged unknown. 
 
 I^ l>t Sm. Jan. 1. '02: 1-t Lt. Mar. 1<» '62; 
 Com'd Capt. Julv31, '62; Capt. April 
 21, '03; Brevet Major, Mar. 13, '62; 
 wounded Fredericiisbu-g. 
 
 P. com'd 1st Lt. July 31, '62; 1st Lt. 
 April 20, '63; wounded Antietam. 
 
 P. onm'd. 2d Lt. July 31, '62; 2d L». April 
 10, '63. 
 
 ?. 1st Sgt.; pr. Mechanicsville. 
 
 P. Sgt.; eom'y Sgt. Mar. 21. '62; ret'd to 
 Co. June, '62; killed South Mountain. 
 P. Sergeant. 
 
 Pr. Gaines Mill; died at Wash'g'n, D.C. 
 To 190 (no record in 190) . 
 Wd. Antietam. 
 
 Wd. 2d B. Run; disc'd for wds. 
 
 Killed at Antietam. 
 
 To Battery "A" 43 Penn. April 6, '62. 
 Wd. &pr. Fred'b'g; discharged for wds 
 Died at Harrison's Ldg. 
 
 P. Musician. 
 
 Tr. fr. " K " Co. to Staff as Prin. Mus. 
 
 July 31, '63. 
 P. Drum-Major Nov. 22, '61; ret'd. to 
 
 Co. Mar. 22, 62; wd. Fredericksburg 
 
 To "H " 190; pr.; died at Saulsb'y, Jan 
 30, '65. 
 
 Disability Dec. 15, '62. 
 
 Rxp. service 
 
 Disability date uak.. 
 By transfer 
 
 fCxp. service 
 
 Died of wounds 
 
 Disability March 6, '63. 
 Exp. ser\-ice 
 
 Killed inaction 
 
 Disability Apil 21, '6 i. 
 Disability Jan. 1, '63 
 
 By t'--inster 
 
 Disability May 24, '62. 
 Exp. service 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability Feb. 2, '62. 
 
 Died Aprils, '62 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Wd. South Mountain; disc'd. for wds. 
 Tr. fr. "K "Co.; wd. 2d B. Run. 
 Died at Acquia Creek. 
 To 190 (no record in 190); died at Sauls 
 
 burv Jan. 6 '65. 
 To'H" 190; pr. Aug. 19. '64; disc'd. 
 
 June 28, '65. 
 
 Tr. to Vet. Res. Co.; ab. M-o. 
 
 To 2d U. S. Cav'y May 31, '64. 
 To 190 (qo record in 190); disc'd. Mar. 
 30, '65. 
 
 Pr. Gaines Mill and Fredericksburg. 
 Wd. Antietam and Fredericksburg. 
 Wounded Fredericksburg. 
 
 Died of wds ; pr. and wd. N. M. X r'ds 
 To 190 (no rec. in 190); disc"d June 2^, '65 
 
 To 5th U. S. Arty. Nov. 24, '62. 
 
 Died at Philadelphia. 
 
 To " H " 190; pr. d'd at Sauls. Dec. 18, '6^ 
 
 I 
 
]\IUSTER-OUT ROLL OF " B " COMPANY.-Con^m? 
 
 NAME AND RANK. 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 Privates. 
 James C. Hastings. . . 
 
 John Hastings 
 
 William Hastings 
 
 Charles T. Harvey... 
 
 James Hedden 
 
 James N. Herbert... 
 
 Joseph Hess 
 
 Fredericlc Hiiililey... 
 
 Oran Hinkley 
 
 Jasper Hoadley 
 
 Albert Hot) sell 
 
 Edward House 
 
 Fuller A. Johnson 
 
 James Jones 
 
 John H. Jacquis. . . . 
 
 George Labarr 
 
 Francis J. Lathrop... 
 
 Wm. Langiey 
 
 Francis J. I.eppn 
 
 James C. Linthurst.. 
 TheoH. Lackey 
 
 DavtdF. Lurch... 
 
 Tbomas May 
 
 John McCord 
 
 Reuben McSherer. 
 
 Calvin Moore 
 
 Marti i Morgan... 
 
 Jacob M'.yer 
 
 John Moyer 
 
 Miner Moyer 
 
 Rank. 
 
 John n. MuKison. . 
 
 Harrison Noel 
 
 Thomas O^terhaut. 
 
 Mason Parker 
 
 Warren Parrish 
 
 Harrison Pdtrick . . 
 
 Marvin Potter 
 
 FredfTick K. Puckner 
 
 Worden Reynolds 
 
 Alexander Rogan 
 
 Rensel la^ r Ross 
 
 Patrick Rowan 
 
 Wm. H. Sanders ... 
 
 Sidney Schooley 
 
 James Schaeffer 
 
 Jacob R. tvhotwell .. 
 
 Daniel Shumber 
 
 C^rus Smeed 
 
 John Sly 
 
 John H. Snyder 
 
 Floyd T. Sprague 
 
 Joseph B. Sprague. . . . 
 
 Norman Sprague 
 
 Wm. Stager 
 
 Wm. E. btark 
 
 Wm. Stonier 
 
 Wm. Story 
 
 TruxtonT. Stansbury 
 Perrer L. Taylor, 
 
 James Taylor 
 
 Charles Terry 
 
 Harvey Tiffany 
 
 Charles A. Thompson 
 George K. Thompson. 
 
 Wm. Thomp.-on 
 
 Mori is Toomy 
 
 Edward Vanamaker. . 
 George W. Wagoner. 
 Sanford Wandall 
 
 Private.. 
 
 Recruit. 
 
 Q.M. Sgt 
 Private... 
 Recruit 
 Private . 
 
 Recruit. 
 Private 
 
 Recruit. 
 Private. 
 
 Recruit. 
 Private. 
 
 Recruit. 
 Private.. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Aug. 2, '62 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Aug. 10, 'R2 
 .A.ug. 10, '61. 
 
 Nov. 1.3, -61. 
 .Mar. 19. '64. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Mar. 29, '64. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 Re-enlist. Vet. 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability Feb. 4, '62 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Bv t-ansfer 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Disability Oct. 15, '63 
 
 ^xp. service 
 
 l)i-abilitv Cct 11, '62 
 Esp. service 
 
 By transfer. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Mar. 19, '64 
 Aug. 10,'61. 
 
 Dl.sability Feb. 23, '63. 
 Disability May 2!, '62. 
 
 Ekp. set vice 
 
 Disability Sept. 20, '61 ! 
 Disabirity Ap il 9, '63 
 By transfer 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Deserted J -n. 15, '62 
 
 Exp. service . 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Killed in acti n. 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Deserti d -July 2, '62. 
 i i-.xp. service. 
 
 Wd. N. M. X roads: to "H" 190; killed 
 
 at Petersburg June 17, '(4. 
 To 190; discharged June 27. "65. 
 To 190: discharged June 2, 65 
 Q'm Sgt. til Dec. '61. 
 Killed at New Market Cross Roads. 
 To 190; discharged June 2, "tiS. 
 Killed at Spottsylvania, May 8, '64. 
 
 To Vet. Res. Corps, Feb. 19, '64. 
 
 To 190; died at Phila. Sep^ 12,'64,ofwda, 
 
 Wounded Mechanicsville. 
 
 Wd. Antiftam; d. of wds ; tr. fr-'^K.** 
 To 190 (no rec. in 190); died at ..rlington 
 
 Feb 2, '6.5. ^ 
 
 To 190; never reported; tr. fr. " K " Co. 
 
 Tr. to Vet. Rps. Corps. 
 
 To 6 IT. S. Cav'yNov. 2. '02 
 
 Wounded New Market Cross Roads. 
 
 Killed at Frederic'asburg. 
 
 To 190; discharged June 28, "65 
 
 To-H'' 190; pr. from Au- 19. '64, to 
 
 Mar. 2, '65; discharged Jii"e 28, '65 
 To ' H " 190; pr. June 13, '64; disc'd Juiio 
 
 26, 65. 
 
 Conrad Weismiller. . . 
 
 Almuda Wilbur 
 
 James Wilson *. . 
 
 Thomas C. Woods... 
 Orland Wright 
 
 Recruit . 
 
 Unk 
 
 Wagoner 
 Private 
 
 Recruit 
 Private.. 
 
 Recruit.. 
 
 Private. 
 
 Recruit. 
 
 Private . 
 Recruit.. 
 Private... 
 
 Mar. 25, '64.' 3y transfer To 190 ; disr-harged Mar 15 '65 
 
 Aug. 10, '61 . Died Ftb. 10, '6J Died i^t Geo- getown, D: C 
 
 Nov. 7, '61 . 
 Unknown., 
 -^ug. 10, '61. 
 
 Mar. 31, '64 
 Aug. 10,'61 
 
 Mar. 10. '64 
 Mar. 18. 'Ci. 
 Nov. 21, '61 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Mar. 2. '64. 
 Mar. 31, '64 
 Nov. 21, '61 
 Aug. 10, 'CI. 
 Mar. 18, '64 
 Aug 10, '61 
 
 Missing in action 
 
 Died of wounds 
 
 Deserted Sept. 28, '62 
 
 '•xp. service 
 
 Disability Nov. 24, '62. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Deserted May 12. '63. . 
 
 Disability July 18, '62. 
 
 " Jan. 15, '62. 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Re-enlist Vet. 
 By transfer... 
 
 Died of wounds 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Died Nov. 18, '61 
 
 " Nov. 21, '61. 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability Oct. 27. '62 
 Ue.-eitea Juiy 2, '63... 
 
 '<y transfer 
 
 Died Nov. 3, '61 
 
 Disability Sept. 24, '62 
 N v. 22, '6J 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 De.seited Aug. 10, '61 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Prisoner at M-o 
 
 Pr. N. M X roads. Fred'bg and SpotU 
 sylvania May 9, '64. "v^t** 
 
 Wd. New Market Cross Roads. 
 
 Wounded South Mountain. 
 
 To 190; discharged June 28, *65. 
 
 To "H " 190; pr. Aag. 19, '64; tr.fr, "K.» 
 To 190; disc'd June 28. '65. 
 
 To " H " 190; disc'd June 28, '65. 
 Wounded Mechanicsville. 
 
 Died at Camp Pierpont. 
 
 To 190; pr.. died at Saulsb'y Vec. 13, '64, 
 " aisoharged for disa. March 9, '6{^ 
 
 Died of wounds 
 
 I"xp. serv ce 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 j Exp. service 
 
 Lisability Feb. 9, "03. 
 
 To 190; discharged June 28, '65. 
 Died at Camp Pierpont. 
 
 Wounded Mechanicsville. 
 
 To " H"190; d'd at Saulsb'y Dec. 12, '6i. 
 
 To 5 U. S. Art'y. Nov. 24, '62. 
 
 Pr. 2d B. Run; pr. April 8 to May, '64; 
 
 discharged June 11, '6». 
 Tr. fr. "K"Co ; wounded Fred'b'g. 
 Detatched to artiller . 
 To 190, never reported; tr. fr. " K " Co. 
 
 Pr. Fred'bg: discharged for wounds.-, 
 
 IV 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "C" COMPANY. 
 
 NA^lE AND RANK. 
 
 Ca2Jtains. 
 
 Richard Gustin 
 
 Heury S. Lucas 
 
 1st Lieutenant. 
 
 Daniel II. Jewell .. 
 
 2d Lieutenants. 
 
 Jacob J. Orautier. . 
 Johu G. Ruliu 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 1st Sergeants. 
 
 Wm. Russell 
 
 Wilde E. Kiug 
 
 Sergeants. 
 
 Frank Fish 
 
 Wm. Daggett 
 
 Lvman Douglas. ., 
 Ellis A. Foster.... 
 
 Joshua H. Graves 
 
 Corporals. 
 
 Henry M. Richardson. 
 
 Edwin D. Benedict 
 
 Wm. A. Corzatt 
 
 Samuel Bryan 
 
 John H. Snow 
 
 George H. Mason. 
 David Walter 
 
 Daniel J. Mason... 
 
 John F. Gerald 
 
 George M. Pardoe. 
 Miller W. Barnes... 
 
 Musicians. 
 
 Cyrus J. Spencer . . 
 Robert E. Jacobs. . . 
 John H. Harris 
 
 Privates. 
 
 Frank Adams 
 
 Joseph Bailey 
 
 James Barnes 
 
 Lemuel Barnes 
 
 Wm. H. Benizel 
 
 Henry H. Bennett. 
 
 Duncan Black 
 
 Jerome Blauce . 
 
 George S. Borden.. 
 
 John Bossinger 
 
 Lewis BcjughtoH. . . . 
 James Burke . 
 
 Thomas Bush 
 
 David Bryan 
 
 John T. c;aless — 
 Wm. Carnochan... 
 Cyrus D. Chapman. 
 
 Miles M. Cooper 
 
 George D. Comfort 
 
 Michael C inningham 
 
 Calvin L. Davis 
 
 Charles Davis 
 
 George Davis 
 
 Lewis Davis 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Captain . . 
 1st Ueut. 
 
 Corporal. 
 
 Sergeant. 
 Pi-ivat 
 
 1st Serg.. 
 Sergeant. 
 
 rporal, 
 
 Private. 
 
 Corporal. 
 
 Musician 
 Private... 
 Musician 
 
 Private. 
 
 Recruit . 
 Private . 
 
 Date. 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61 By Promotion 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Resigned Aug. 11, '62. 
 Fxp. service 
 
 Disability Apr. 16, '63 
 Feb. 21, 'o2. 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability Mar. 24, '64 
 
 BySec.War, May 23, '6; 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability Nov. 13, '62 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Disability Jan. 6, '6i. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability Oct. 26, '61 
 
 P.Lt.-Col. Apr.6, 63. See Field and Staff. 
 
 P. Capt. April 6. '63; Bvt. Maj. for An- 
 tietam; pr. H. M. X rds.; wd. Antie- 
 tam and Fredericksburg, and May, '64. 
 
 P. Sgt.; fir-t Sit. Aug. 30. '62; 1st Lt. 
 May 14, 63; pr. FredericksDurg. 
 
 P. 2dLt. Sept. 10, 1861. 
 P. 2d Lt. May 1, '63; Bvt. 1st Lt. sp. gal. 
 Mine Run; tr. from "K" Co. 
 
 Tr to Vet. R. C. Nov. 1.5, 1863. 
 ?. IstSgt.; wd. Spottsylvania. 
 
 vVd. 2d Bull Run. 
 
 P. Sgt.; wl. Fredericksburg. 
 
 P. Sgt ; wd. N. M. X rds., Antietam and 
 
 Fredericksburtr. 
 P. Sgt.; wd. and pr. Fredericksburg. 
 
 Pr. Mays, 1862. 
 
 Pr. Mechaniosville. 
 
 vVd. Antietam. 
 
 P. Corp'l; wd. N. M. X rds. and Antie- 
 tam; pr. tYedericksou-tr. 
 
 P. Corp'l; wd. 6. M. & F'b'g; fr. "K" Co. 
 
 P. Corp'l; wd. S. Mt'n. 
 
 P. Corp'l. wd. Fredericksburg; tr. to 
 190; died pr at Petersburg. 
 
 P. Corp'l; killed at Fredericksburg. 
 
 P. Corp'l; wd. Antietam. 
 
 P. Corp'l; pr. Fredericksburg. 
 
 Recruit . 
 Private. 
 
 Wm. Divis 
 
 Timothy Fellon... 
 Edgar F. Funton.. 
 Horace Fenton... 
 Elbridge Fenton.. 
 
 Newtim Ford 
 
 John W . Garrison . 
 
 Samuel C. Griffin. 
 
 Abe Grover 
 
 John Haines 
 
 Wm. Hardy... 
 Joseph llagar 
 
 Recruit.. 
 Private.. 
 
 Sergeant 
 Private.. 
 
 Mar. 18, 
 Aug. 10, 
 
 .Inly 10, 
 Aug. 10, 
 
 Oct. 23, 
 Aug. 10, 
 
 Killed in action Killed Antietam. 
 
 Exp. service Wd.; time and place unk; fr. "K" Co. 
 
 Wd. Wilderness. 
 
 By transfer , 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Disability Feb. 4, '63. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Ivilled inaction 
 
 Exp. service , 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service. .. 
 
 Disability Oct. 29, '62. 
 BySec.War, June 9, '62. 
 Disability Feb. 17 '63. 
 Exp. s-rvice 
 
 D. of wds., Jan. 20, '63 
 iy transfer 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Detached 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability Jan. 4, '62. 
 
 By transfer 
 
 lle-eulisD Vet 
 
 Died Oct. ?5, 1882.... 
 Disability Jan. 15, '63 
 PrLsouer at M-o. .. . 
 
 Exp . soi'vioe 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Deserted May 4, '63.. . 
 Disability Jan. 2, '64. 
 Exp. service 
 
 Deserted Aug. 29, "62 
 
 Wd. N. M. X rds.; tr. to V. R. C; ab at 
 
 M-o. 
 To 2d U . S Art. July 18, 1862 
 Killed at Antietam. 
 Wd. South Mountain. 
 Tr. f r. " K " Co. ; wd. Ant'm and F'b'g. 
 Killed at Fredericksburg 
 Wd. Gaines Mill; ab. at >i-o. 
 Wd. and pr. N. M. X rds.; k. Antietam. 
 
 Wd. Bethesda Ch.; tr. from " K " Co. 
 
 Wd. Mechanicsville. 
 
 Pr. Mav8, 186'. 
 
 Wd Antietam. 
 
 Wd Mechanicsville June 27, 1862. 
 
 Wd. Fredericksburg. 
 
 Wd. Fredericksburg 
 
 To Battery "A" 4.3d Pa. July 20, 1862; 
 
 wd. N M. X rds. 
 Gaines Mill 
 Wd Fredericksbui'g 
 Det'd J'ruv. M. Off. 3d Div, 5t,h C. 
 Tr. to 6th U. S. Cav. Nov. 10. 16 .2. 
 
 To 2d U. S Art. July 18. 186'. 
 
 Wd. N.M.X rds. and F'b'g; tr. to 190; pr. 
 
 Peter.sbiirg; discharged end of war. 
 At Washington D. C. 
 Wd. South ivlountain. 
 Wd. Antirtfam; released Sept. 19, '04 (?). 
 Wd Antietam and F'b'g; ab. sick at M-o 
 Pr. F'b'g; tr. to V. R. C. Sept 1, 1863. 
 Killed G'aines Mill . • 
 Wd. Mec!iaui?Bvile June Z~. 1862, S. 
 
 Mt'n; wd. and pr. Fredericksburg. 
 Tr from "K " Co.; wd. Fred'l)urg. 
 Wd. Mechanicsville and Fred'burg. 
 Tr. from "K "Co.; wd. Groveton April 
 
 29, 1862, and Fredericksburg. 
 Ab. sick at M-o. 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "C" COMPA^NY— Continued. 
 
 NAME AND RANK. 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 DISCH.\RGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 Rank . 
 
 Date. 
 
 Privates. 
 
 Jacob Hockersmith . . 
 Isaac Holly 
 
 Private . 
 
 Recruit.. 
 Private . . 
 
 Recruit . . 
 Private.. 
 
 Recruit . . 
 Private. 
 
 Recruit.. 
 Private.. 
 
 Wagoner 
 Private... 
 Sergeant 
 Private. . 
 
 Aug. 10, '61 
 
 Jan. 30, '62 
 Aug. 10, '61 
 
 Feb., '62 . 
 .\ug. 10, '61 
 
 Dec. 21, '63 
 -Vug. 10, '61 
 
 Mar. 25, '64 
 Aug. 10, '61 
 
 By G. C. M 
 
 Exp. service. 
 
 Disability Jan. 17, '63. . 
 Deserted Sept 12, "62 
 By transfer 
 
 Austin Horton 
 
 Franklin S. Howard . . 
 Peter B. Humel 
 
 Joseph W. Inscho 
 
 Wm. E. Jones 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Ue-enlist Vet 
 
 Lester 0. Kent 
 
 Henry M . Knox 
 
 Wm.Kuh 
 
 Exp . service 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Augusta Laud 
 
 Volney M. Levally 
 
 Deserted June 30, '62. 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 James Loan 
 
 By transfer 
 
 George Matson 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Wm. McDougall 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Frank Mclntyre 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Frederick Mellott 
 
 Henry J. Mentzel 
 
 Wash'ton Musselman. 
 
 Died of wounds 
 
 Deserted Sept. 25, '62 . 
 DisabilitvMay 18, '63 . 
 Disability Oct. 16, '62. 
 By transfer 
 
 Edward F. Newell 
 
 Anthony Novitcky... 
 
 John S. f'sler 
 
 John Ogara 
 
 EbinR. Packard 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Disability Mar. 18, '62. 
 
 Died of wounds 
 
 by transfer 
 
 John Pa tton 
 
 James Peters 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability Mar. 18. '62.. 
 Disability Aug. 16, '62. 
 Deserted July 12, '6-!.. 
 Exp. s-^rvice 
 
 Phillip Petty 
 
 Peter W. Poland 
 
 Isaac Read jay 
 
 Wm. A. Rice 
 
 Nelson H. Robbins 
 
 Thos. T. Shillem 
 
 David Short 
 
 Edmund W. Snell 
 
 Eugene Smith 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Deserted Dec. 1, '62... 
 Exp. service .... ... 
 
 Frederick M. Smith. . , 
 Daniel Stewart 
 
 Died Nov. 25, 3861 
 
 James Sturdivant 
 
 
 John B. Vanard 
 
 Herman A. Vaughan . . 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 ile-enlist Vet 
 
 Richard J. Watts 
 
 
 Abner Williams 
 
 Oscar Williams 
 
 Seely Williams 
 
 Aaron Wilson 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Disability July 17.' '62! 
 
 June 28, '63. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Henry D. Witmer 
 
 Charles K. Wright... 
 Richard Woods 
 
 Frisby T. Wiant 
 
 
 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Tr. from '-K" Co. 
 
 Wd. 21 Bull Run; pr. Fredericksburg. 
 
 Wd. N. M. X roads. 
 
 To Battery " A " 4.3d Pa., July 20. 1863; 
 
 wd. Fredericksburg. 
 Killed at N. M. X roads. 
 Wd. Fre'lericksburg; to"E" 190; pr. 
 
 Petersburg; died en route home. 
 
 Wd. N. M. X roads.; killed Fred'hnrg. 
 Tr. fr. "K " Co ; pr. Fredericksbui^. 
 Wd. N. M. X roads. 
 ^M. Groveton; to "E" 190; pr. Aug. 
 
 19, '64, dNeharged J-^ne 2. '65. 
 Tr. fr. •K" Co.; P Q'm-ijergeant 
 
 May 1, 1863; (see staff). 
 Wd. Antietam; to '• E ' 190; discharged 
 
 end of war. 
 Tr.fr. "K"Co.; wd. Malvern Hill. 
 Wd. S. M 'fn; to 190; dis'd end of var. 
 Wd. S. M'tn; died Oct. 1, '62; t.. fr. 
 
 "K"Co. 
 
 Pr. May 8, '62; pr Fredericksburg. 
 Tr. fr. "K "Co.; wd. 2d Bull Run. 
 I'o 190; discharged 1865. 
 Killed Fredericksburg. 
 
 Wd. Fred'hurg; died Jan. 4, '63. 
 
 Wii. Fredburir; tr. to Battery " A " 43d 
 
 Pa. July 20, '63. 
 Wd. Mech'ville; pr. Fredericksburg. 
 To 190; pr. '64; dis'il end 01 war. 
 Wd. South Mountain. 
 Wd. Gaines Mill. 
 Pr. Fredericksburg. 
 
 Wd . & pr. N.M.X rds; to 190; dis. end war 
 Pr. Fredericksburg. 
 
 . -'Wd. South Mountain. 
 
 At Washington D. C 
 
 To 190; k. at Petersburg, June 17, '64 
 
 Wd. 2d Bull Run. 
 
 Tr. fr. "K " Co.; killed Fred'burg. 
 
 Wd. Fred'burg; to 190; dis. end of war. 
 
 Wd. N. M. X ids. and pr. Fred'burg; to 
 
 190; surv. war. 
 Killed N. M. X roads. 
 Killed N. M. X roads. 
 
 Tr. fr. "K "C■^.; tr. to V. R. C. 
 
 Pr. Fredericksburg 
 
 Wd. N. M. X rds.; tr. fr. "K"Co.: tr. 
 
 to Vet. R C. 
 Wd. Fredericksburg; ab. at M-o. 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF ^' D " COMPANY. 
 
 NAME AND RANK. 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Captains. 
 Samuel Wilt 
 
 Captain. . 
 Jd Lieut. 
 
 Sergeant 
 
 1st Lieut, 
 1st Sergt. 
 
 Sergeant. 
 
 Corporal. 
 
 Sergeant. 
 Private . . 
 
 Corporal 
 Private... 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Unknown . 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Unknown. 
 Feb. 14, '64. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 April, '64. 
 
 Disability Nov. 5, '61 . 
 Exp. service 
 
 
 Wm. H. Weaver 
 
 P. 1st Lt. Nov. 15, '61; Capt. May 1, '63; 
 
 wd. 2d Bull Run. 
 P. Capt Jan. 13, '62; wd. and pr. N. M. 
 
 X roads. 
 
 Thomas D. Horn 
 
 1st Lieutenants. 
 Henry Mather 
 
 Disability Feb. 10, '6.3.. 
 
 Nov. 5, '61; cause unk. 
 Exp, service 
 
 Edward B. Snyder 
 
 2d Lieutenant. 
 
 Wm. R. Peacv)ck 
 
 1st Sergeant. 
 
 P. 2d Lt. Nov. 5, '61; 1st Lt. May 1, '63; 
 Bvt. Capt. for Gettysburg; wa. F'b'g. 
 
 P. Cora'd 2d Lt. Feb. 10, '63; (not must'd); 
 
 2d Lt. aud 1st L'.. "E" 190; dis'd June 
 
 28, '65. 
 ''. 1st Sgt ■ 1st Sgt "E" 190' rd Lt "E" 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Sergeants. 
 Wm H Woodall 
 
 3v transfer 
 
 190 isei t. 19, '64; i r. Aug. 19, '64; dis'd 
 June 5, '65. 
 Vr. to Signal Corps Aug. 29, '01. 
 
 
 E.xp. service 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 
 P. Corp'J, !-gt.; wd. 2d Bull Run and 
 F'b'g; to "E" 190; died in pr. Feb. 20, '65 
 
 Cor2:>orals. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Benj. Biightbill 
 
 Aaron T-. Burke 
 
 Henry Krafft 
 
 James T. WordalL 
 
 Henry H. Hoppel 
 
 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Killed 2d Bull Run. 
 P. Com'y Sgt; (see staff). 
 P. Q'm-Sgt Regimental Q'm;(-ee staff). 
 Killed South Mountain. 
 Wd. FredericksbUig. 
 P. Corporal. 
 
 P. Corporal; wd. andpr Fredericksb'g. 
 P. Corp'l; wd & pr. N. M. Xrds.; to "E" 
 191; wd. &pr. July8,'64;d'dendofwar 
 P. Corp'l; dr. in Pamunkey River. 
 P. Corporal. 
 
 John Good 
 
 Disability Nov. 5, '63. . 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 John A. Walker 
 
 James M. Allen 
 
 Richard Fleming 
 
 Musicians. 
 
 Drowned June 4, '64.. 
 Disability Dec. 15, '62.. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 John Irlam 
 
 Wagoner. 
 Wm. Hock . .... 
 
 Wagoner 
 Private... 
 
 Unk.. .. 
 Private... 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private.. 
 
 Unk 
 
 itecruit. . 
 Private.. . 
 
 Recruit . . 
 
 Disability Jan. 27, '62 . 
 Ssp. service 
 
 P. Corporal. 
 
 Privates. 
 
 
 
 Wm. P Austin 
 
 Deserted June 1, '63. . 
 By G. C. M. Feb. 20, '64 
 Disability Feb. 22, '62.. 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Disability July 21, '63. 
 
 Wd. and pr. Mechanlcsville. 
 Wd. South Mountain. 
 
 Wm. H. Barnes 
 
 John Bates 
 
 
 John Beat ty 
 
 Wd. and pr. N. M. X roads. 
 
 George F. Black 
 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Deserted date unk 
 
 Disability Nov 5.63.. 
 Deserted Oct. 1, '62... 
 Deserted date unk.. 
 
 To " E " 190; died of wds. Sept. 11, '64. 
 
 Wd. Fredicksb'g; tr. to Vet. V. Corps. 
 
 Tr. to Vet. R. Corps. 
 
 Wd and pr. F'd'g; to 190; d'd tad of war 
 
 Lewis Boston 
 
 Isaac Bumburgh 
 
 Lemuel Burbaker 
 
 John Bryan 
 
 David Campbell 
 
 David H. Carpenter. . 
 John Clunghart, 
 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Wd. AntiPtam; to 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; 
 dis'd end of war. 
 
 George Carter. . . . 
 
 Disability date unk. . . 
 
 
 To "E" 190; pr. '64; detached. 
 
 " pr. Aug. 19,'64; d'd end war 
 Wd and pr. F'd'g; to "E" .90; died in 
 pr. Nov. 16, "64. 
 
 John A De Wolf 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 
 
 John Donohue 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Christian Frankhouser 
 
 "^e-en^stVet 
 
 To"H"190;pr.Aug.l9,'64;d'dJune21,'65 
 Wd. 2dB. Run; died of wds. May 13, '64. 
 
 Edward Fuller 
 
 Wm. Fulton 
 
 Dfserted June 1, '63... 
 Died May 13, '64. . .. 
 Deserted June 1, '63.. . 
 Disability Dec. 15, '62. . 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 He-enlist Vet 
 
 Disability Feb. 28, '62. . 
 Disability Oct. 24, '62.. 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Died of wds. May 11, '64 
 
 George Fetterman. . . . 
 Richard Fleming 
 
 Killed Fredericksburg. 
 
 To 190 (Adam Garnee of "H" 190, killed 
 
 
 George Gorman 
 
 Henry Gorman 
 
 Aug. 13, '64). 
 
 Dis'd by Order War Department. 
 Tr. fr. "K" Co.; killed Fredericksb'g, 
 Wd. Wilderness May 6, '64. 
 
 John Gurtner 
 
 1 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "D" COMFA:<iY.— Continued. 
 
 NAME AND RANK. 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 DISCHAEGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 Frtvates. 
 
 George Gurtler 
 
 Robert Hall 
 
 Recruit.. 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private.. . 
 
 Unk .... 
 Private . . 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private... 
 
 Recruit.. 
 Private... 
 
 Recruit.. 
 
 Private... 
 Recruit.. 
 Private . . 
 
 .\pril, '64.. 
 Unknown. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Unknown . 
 Aug. 10, "61. 
 Unknown.. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Aug. 29, '61 
 Aug. 10, "61 
 
 Feb. 11, '64. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 Feb 29, '64. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Deserted date unk 
 
 Deserted July 10, '62.. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Deserted date unk 
 Disability Sept. l."63.. 
 Deserted date unk 
 Disability July 18, '62. 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 ^y transfer 
 
 Exp. service ... 
 
 To "E" 190; died in prison. 
 
 Thomas Hdll 
 
 
 John Holt 
 
 
 Charles U=iines 
 
 John E. Harnes 
 
 James Helbert 
 
 Peter H^-nseler 
 
 Wd. 2d B. Run; pr. May 8, '64; to "K" 
 
 190; Burv. war. 
 To Signal Corps Aug. 29, '61. 
 Detached. 
 
 John Hudgeon 
 
 Richard Hughes 
 
 
 
 
 
 Died Dec. 10, '61 
 
 Bv transfer 
 
 Deserted Oct. 1, '62... 
 Exp. service 
 
 Died at Georgetown, D. C. 
 To An,'y July 18, '63. 
 
 Wd. and pr. Mechanicsvlle. 
 Wd. N M X roads. 
 
 Nicholas Krouse 
 
 George Kugler . . 
 
 Samucl Lessly 
 
 Alex Leibv 
 
 
 Henry G. Lewis 
 
 Jo-eph W Long 
 
 Edward Lyons 
 Francis F. Mann 
 
 By Sec. War Nov. 26, "ee 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 To 190; died at Goldsboro, N. C. (?). 
 
 John Mahrters 
 
 Exp. service. ... 
 
 
 Harri-on McTabe 
 
 Thomas >U-Cord 
 
 Hugh Mc'Joy 
 
 Samuel McDaniels 
 
 Rest'd fr. deser 
 
 Died of wounds 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Tr. to 190; deser. from 190 Aui? 1.5, '64. 
 Wd. 2d B. Run; diedi.t Al. x. Sept. 18, '62 
 Wd. N. .M. X roads; killed 2d B. Run. 
 To Art'y Aug. 1, '62. 
 
 Wm. McF,.rland 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Missing SoutTi ounta'n. 
 
 George Mi-Lain 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Wd. and pr. Fiederick^burg. 
 
 John McLeister 
 
 
 
 
 Disability Nov. i, '61 ! 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Wd. and pr. Fredericksburg. 
 
 To "E " 190; disc'd Tune 5, '6.5; rr. '64. 
 
 Edward Miller 
 
 George M lltr. 
 
 christian Moorhead... 
 John Murptu' 
 
 Killed by accident 
 
 Disability May 23, '62.. 
 
 Kihed by companion Sept. 25, '61. 
 
 John Quinn. .. 
 Valenuue Quenzler. . . 
 
 Wd. and pr. Fred'b'g; tr. to V R C. 
 Wd. and pr. Fred'b'g; to 190; disc'd end 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Thomas Ray 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 of war. 
 To "E " 190; disc'd for wds. June 8, 65; 
 
 Samuel Eedfern 
 
 pr. '64. 
 Detached. 
 
 Samuel Keichert 
 
 By transfer 
 
 To 190; disc'd end of war. 
 
 Robert Simpson 
 
 Kiled in action 
 
 Missing in action 
 
 Deserted date unk. . , . 
 Disability Den. 3, '62. . . 
 
 Deserted date unk 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Sec. War Oct. 24, '62.. 
 Disability Feb. 17, '63.. 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Killed Gaines Mills. 
 
 Missing Bristoe Station Oct. 14, '6.3. 
 
 Det'd to Signal Corps Aug. 29, 61. 
 
 Killed Fredericksburg. 
 Wd 2d BuURu . 
 
 James Shieffer 
 
 George Shoemaker 
 
 Thomas Skidmore... 
 
 Edward Stevens 
 
 Adam Strauser 
 
 Theodore Spaulding.. 
 Richard L. Tell 
 
 
 Re-enlist Vet.... 
 
 To " E" 190; died pr. date unknown. 
 
 Philip Weaver 
 
 Charles Woodall 
 
 Disability Oct. 14, '62.. 
 Disability Oct. 22, '62 
 
 To U. S. Art'y Nov. 25, '62. 
 
 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "E" COMPANY. 
 
 MA.ME AKD RANK. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 John J. riorn 
 
 Francis Schelling. . 
 
 1st Lieutenants. 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 Eanli. 
 
 Edward Keily 
 
 James C. Faclienthal. 
 
 2d Lieutenant. 
 
 Wm. Lind 
 
 1st Sergeants. 
 
 John Haggerty 
 
 James Johnson 
 
 Wm. R. Kidd 
 
 Sergeants. 
 
 Theodre Hance 
 
 William Kuch 
 
 John Herp 
 
 Wm. F. Keller. 
 
 Reuben L. Miller.. 
 
 Henry Hess 
 
 James Cummiskey. 
 John Williams 
 
 Corporals. 
 
 Captain. . 
 1st Lieut. 
 
 2d Lieut. 
 Sergeant, 
 
 1st Serg.. 
 Corporal. 
 Sergeant. 
 
 Corporal 
 
 Private . 
 
 Corporal. 
 
 Private.. 
 
 Aug. 10. '61 
 
 James Taylor 
 
 Chr. F. < estrincher. 
 
 Wm. I. Keuhner 
 
 Jesse Koseberry 
 
 David Campbell 
 
 James H. Coffin 
 
 Samuel Tolan 
 
 Daniel H. Laubach. . . 
 
 Aaron Rossler 
 
 Geo . Derhammer — 
 George Ketchledge . . . 
 
 Jackson H. Messinger . 
 
 Wm. H. Weaver I Recruit. 
 
 Date. 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Resigned Feb. 17, '62 
 
 Esp. service P. Caot. Mar. 10, '62; wd. 2d Ball Run; 
 
 tr. to Y. R. Corps Sept. 1, '63. 
 
 Musicians. 
 
 Thomas Duffin.. 
 John A. Wolf... 
 
 Wagoner. 
 Aaron E. Bsisel . . . 
 
 Privates. 
 Robert G. Barnes. 
 
 Joseph Barros.. 
 John Barry — 
 Lackboli Beck. 
 
 Max Bertrand 
 
 Joseph Bird 
 
 Wm. H. Bodley — 
 
 John H. Buran 
 
 Daniel Biownell... 
 Jacob M. Buchter. 
 
 Ramsay Case 
 
 Hoffman Connor. . . 
 Chatles Custard... 
 James Devine 
 
 Wm. Dice 
 
 Casper E'^helsteiu. . . 
 
 Daniel Eli 
 
 Josiah Etileman — 
 San-lers Everett — 
 
 Adam Fisher 
 
 PaulH Fishel 
 
 Wm Frederick 
 
 Jarvis Gould 
 
 David H. Graham... 
 
 Math iVf Haase 
 
 Wm. Handwork — 
 Wm. F. Uandwoik. . 
 
 Musician 
 
 Wagoner 
 
 Privat^e... 
 
 May 18, 
 \ug. 10, 
 
 Disability Jan. 17, '6-3. 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability Dec. 23, '63. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Dis. wds., Dec. 15, '62. 
 
 P. 1st Lt. Mar. 14. '62; wd. Antietam. (?) 
 P. 2d Lt. Mar. 14, '62; 1st Sgt. Oct., '61; 
 
 1st Lt. May 1, '63; Bvt. Capt. for 
 
 G-^ttvsburg. 
 P. 1st Sgt Jan. 1, '63; 2d Lt. May 1,'63. 
 
 Detatched. 
 
 P. 1st sgt.; pr. Gaines Mill. 
 
 P. 1st Sgt. Apr., '62; wd. 2d Bull Run. 
 
 '61 
 
 Disability Apr. 24, '62.. 
 Exp. service 
 
 Deserted Sept. 30, '6 . 
 Exp. service 
 
 Missing in action 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Died Nov. 1, 1861 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Dis wds. Dec.'l5, '62.. 
 
 Oied Dec. 20, '63 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Died of wds. Oct. 16, '62 
 Jy transfer 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 U.ed Dec. 27, '63 
 
 Exp. service. 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Deserted Sept. 24, '61 . 
 
 25, '62. 
 
 Re-en'ist Vet 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Deserted Oct. 5, '61.. . 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Dis;^bilicy Apr. 12, '63 
 Deserie 1 June 1, '63. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Deserted Aug. 21, '62 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Desert' d Feb. 3, '63. . 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Died Sept. 7, '62 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Deserted Aug. 24, '61. 
 Disability Mar. 3, '63 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 P. Sgt. Sept 1, "63; wd. Mechan'ville, 
 
 Antietam, Bristoe Station and Spott- 
 
 sylvania; ab. atM-o. 
 P. Sergeant. 
 P. S.:t.; wd 2d Bull Run; to V. R. Corps 
 
 Sept 1, '63. 
 P. Sgt.; wd. and pr. Fredericksburg. 
 P Sgt. Jan. 1, '63. 
 P. Sgt.; prisoner; date unknown. 
 P. Corp'I and Sgt.; wd. Antietam and 
 
 Fredericksburg . 
 
 'Ussing at Gaines Mill. 
 I'o Signal Corps Sept. 15, '63. 
 Died at Camp Pierpont. ' 
 
 P. Corporal. 
 
 P. Corporal. 
 
 P. Corporal. 
 
 P. Curporal; wd. 2d Bull Run. 
 
 P. Corp'I; died at Warrington Junction. 
 
 P. Corporal; killed at Antietam. 
 
 P. Lorp'l; killed at Spottsylvania May 
 
 11, '64. 
 P. Corporal; wd 2d Bull Run 
 To 190; p. Corporal; died, date unkn. 
 
 Killed at Gaines Mill, 
 etached; died at Washington, D. C. 
 
 P. Mus. and Corp'I; tr. to V. R. Corps 
 Feb. 19, '64. 
 
 To " A " 190; died pr. at Saulsburv Jan- 
 £6, '65. 
 
 Wd. Mechanics ville; to 190 (no record 
 in 190); surv. war. 
 
 To 6th U. S Cavalry Deo. T, '62. 
 Tr. from "K" Co. 
 
 Wd. Fredericksburg; ab. at M-o. 
 
 KiUedat2dBullRun. 
 
 Tr. fr. "K" Co.; wd. Spottsylvania 
 
 Mav It, '64; ab. at M-o. 
 Killed at 2d Bull Run. 
 
 Wd. Antietam; died May, '64. 
 Ki led Mechanicsville. 
 Wd. 2d Bull Run; died of wounds. 
 Trans to P. M.; date unknown 
 
 Tr. fr. " K " Co.; killed ai Antietam. 
 Killed at Gaines Mill. 
 Killed at Fredoricksburg. 
 Wd. 2d Bull Run. 
 
MUSTER-OUT FIOLL OF "E" COMPANY— Cojitimied. 
 
 NAME AND RANK. 
 
 Privates. 
 
 Wm. natden 
 
 John }i . Uuinmel 
 
 Win. Ivy 
 
 Warren H. Joliae... 
 Edward Kimble. . . . 
 Josiah Kirkendall. . . 
 
 Sidney Kucliuer 
 
 Jeremiah Kleiu 
 
 John W. Leffel 
 
 Edward Leidy 
 
 Jacob Leidy 
 
 Barney Maloy 
 
 John May 
 
 Thomas McCormick. 
 
 Jacob Moyer . ... 
 
 Jacob Muffly 
 
 Amadus Miller 
 
 Georgre A . Miller 
 
 Fort \y. Nicholas 
 
 Robert Nolf 
 
 John Nuunemacher. 
 
 Michael O'Brien 
 
 Sullivan Otto 
 
 Isaac Peifer 
 
 James Pilkington... 
 
 Wm. Raub 
 
 Calvin Heed 
 
 George Retzler 
 
 Lewis Roth 
 
 Paul Roth 
 
 Thomas Ruth 
 
 Wm. H. Santee 
 
 Lewis H. Sassaman. 
 
 Lewis Schenk 
 
 Wm. Schooley 
 
 Philip Seagler 
 
 Patr'ck Shine 
 
 Stephen Sholes 
 
 Christian F. Smith.. 
 
 Joseph Sny<ier 
 
 Peter S. Snyder. ... 
 
 Urias Stahr 
 
 Lewis Stein 
 
 Robert W. Surrlll... 
 
 Benj Tallman 
 
 Charles R. Teelin... 
 
 Samuel Traugh 
 
 Wm. Traugh 
 
 Joseph Trexler . . , . . . 
 
 Benj.Troxell 
 
 George Troxell 
 
 John P. Troxell 
 
 George Walls 
 
 Robert Warner 
 
 John Waucht 
 
 John B.Wilson. 
 
 Albert Wi=e 
 
 Robert White 
 
 John Worman 
 
 John Younkins 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Private . 
 
 Recruit. 
 
 Private . 
 
 Recruit . 
 Priva.e. 
 
 Recruit. 
 Piivaie. 
 
 Recuit 
 tTivate . 
 
 Recruit. 
 
 Pr»vaie . 
 
 Recruit, 
 .^rivate. 
 
 Recruit, 
 r'rivate . 
 
 Recruit. 
 Private. 
 
 Recruit. 
 Private . 
 
 Recruit. 
 
 Private. 
 Recruit. 
 
 Private . 
 
 Recruit . 
 
 Date. 
 
 r.Ug. 10,'61. 
 
 July 22, '64. 
 Aug. 6, '(53. 
 Aug. 10, '61 
 
 Feb. 15,'64. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Jan 22, '64. 
 Aug. 10.'61. 
 
 Jan. 22, '64. 
 Aug. 10,'61. 
 
 Jan. 25, '64 
 Aug. lu,'61 
 
 Jan. 22,'65 
 xug 10, 61 
 
 reb. 8, '64. 
 -A-ug. 10, '6 1 
 
 Jan. 18, 64. 
 Feb. 22, '64. 
 Aug. 10,'ul. 
 
 Jan. 22, '64 
 Aug. 10,'61 
 
 Feb. 6, '64. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 May 18, '64 
 
 Aug. 10. '61 
 
 Feb. 8, '64. 
 
 Deserted June 1, '63.. 
 
 Exp . service 
 
 Desert d Aug 11, '01. 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Deserted Nov. 27, 't3. 
 
 iJy transfer 
 
 Disability Mar. 22, 'G4. 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Died Oct. 2, '62 
 
 Reenlist Vet 
 
 Kxp. service 
 
 Disability Oct. 6, '62. 
 Disability Dec. 6, '02.. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability Jan. 1, '62. 
 Jan. 2, '64.. 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Disabilicv Jan. 21, '62. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Killed inaction 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability Aug. 1, '03. 
 Deserted Sept. 5, '62. . 
 By transfer 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 How and M'hen. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Died D c. 15, "62. 
 Killed in action . 
 
 Exp. service. . 
 Re-enlist Vet. 
 
 Deserted Sept. 5, '62. . . 
 
 By transfer. 
 
 Disability Oct. 15, '02. 
 
 lixp. service 
 
 Died June 14, 1862 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Deserted Oct. 1, 'o2 
 
 Exp. seivice 
 
 Disaoility Mar. 26, 'C3, 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Re-en'ist Vet 
 
 Deserted Aug. 21, '62 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Killed in action 
 By transfer . 
 
 Deserted July 26, '62. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 By transfer 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Detached to Artillery. 
 
 To 190; discharged by Sec'y of War. 
 
 To Navy Feb. 6, '64. 
 
 (Troveloti Aug. 29, 'C2. 
 
 to 190; discharged by Sec'y of War. 
 
 Detached to Navy. 
 
 To " A " 190; discharged June 28, '65. 
 
 Wd. Mechanicsville and 2d Bull Run, 
 
 Killed at Fredericksburg. 
 
 r'o 190; discharged by Sec'y of War. 
 
 Wd. at Fredericksburg. 
 
 issing at Fred'Ksburg ; tr. fr. "K"' Co. 
 To 190; discharged by Seo'y of War. 
 
 To 190; discharged by Sec'y of War. 
 To Bat. " a " 2d U. S. Art'y Oct. 24, '62. 
 
 Wd. 2d B. R. and S. M'tn; died of wda. 
 
 Xilled at r rederioksburg. 
 
 Allied at Todds Tavern. 
 
 vVd.. date unknown; tr. to V. R. Corps 
 
 Sept. 1, '63. 
 To "A" 190; di-ehareed June 21, '65. 
 Co 190; (no recora in 190;. 
 
 To 190; discharged by Sec'y of War. 
 Wd. at Mech'ville; discharged for was. 
 Detached. 
 
 Detacned to Signal Corps. 
 L'o 19 '; discharged by Sec'y of War. 
 To 190; discharged by Sec'y of War. 
 
 Wd. Fredericksburg; discharged for 
 
 wds.; tr. fr "K" Co. 
 To '• A " 190; pr.; died Jan. 12, '65. 
 tr fr. "K " » o.; ab. in arrest at M-o. 
 To 190; discharged by Sec'y of War. 
 Died Jan. 27, '64. 
 
 To " A " 190; discharged June 28, '65. 
 
 l'o " A " 190; v,-d. Mech'ville; pr. Aug. 
 19, '64; discharged June 7, '65. 
 
 Tr. to Vet Res. Corps Mar. 5, '64. 
 
 Killed at 2d Hull Run. 
 
 L'o '-A" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; dis- 
 charged June 6, '65. 
 
 To Bat "B " Second U. S. Oct. 24. '62 
 
 To 190; (no record in 190); discharged 
 by cecreiary of War. 
 
 To Vet. Res. Corps Sept. 15, '63. 
 l'o Navy Feb. 6, '64. 
 
 To •■ A" 190; died in pr. Jan. 21, '64, at 
 Sau.sbury. 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF ^'F" COMPANY. 
 
 NAME AND RANK. 
 
 Captain. 
 
 Andrew G. Oliver.. 
 
 Ist Lieutenants. 
 
 John W. Kress 
 
 Chill W. Hazzard... 
 
 Thomas Linn 
 
 2d Lieutenants, 
 
 Henry D. J. Bell,... 
 Johti P Thomas.... 
 
 1st Sergeant. 
 
 Watson Muse 
 
 Captain. . 
 
 Ist Lieut. 
 2d Lieut. 
 
 Sergeants. 
 
 Wm. Fox 
 
 John Car-i()ti 
 
 James M. Davis 
 
 Augustus E. Hessler. . 
 
 Alex. Bayne 
 
 Joseph M. Ecliley. 
 
 Abram Gross, 
 John Urich... 
 
 1st Sergt. 
 Sergeant 
 
 Private.. 
 
 Sergeant. 
 Corporal. 
 
 Private,, 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private. 
 
 Corporals, 
 
 George A. Campbell, , . 
 
 John C. Sykes 
 
 Eben G. !?mith 
 
 Daniel Coughenour... . 
 
 Wm. D. Jones 
 
 Nelson Mathews 
 
 George H. Baer 
 
 Wm. Billett .. 
 
 Theod .re Campbell. . . 
 
 Christopher Neff, 
 Musicians. 
 
 Augustus Fox. 
 Wm. Smith 
 
 Privates. 
 
 Robert Axton 
 
 Eli Applegate 
 
 Samuel Applegate. 
 
 Vincent Applegate . . . 
 
 Calvin Baer 
 
 Jacob Baldwin 
 
 Hugh Bayne 
 
 Jeremiari Brubaeker. 
 
 Allen Campbell. 
 
 John Campbell 
 
 Humphrey Carson., . 
 
 James Caull 
 
 James ( hapman 
 
 Samuel W. Collins.. 
 
 James Collins 
 
 John M. C. Cravens. 
 
 Samuel Cravens 
 
 Jacob Culp 
 
 Oliver 'ulp 
 
 John W. Dutton 
 
 Henry Eisle 
 
 George Kvans 
 
 Joshua Fillmore 
 
 Finlej Foster 
 
 William Foster 
 
 John W. Fex 
 
 Louis Ghems 
 
 James Halfin 
 
 John Henderson 
 
 Theodore Hoogh 
 
 John Hoover 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Unk. 
 
 Date. 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Aug. 10. '61. Exp. service JAb. D. S. at M-o ; wd. Mechanicsville. 
 
 " (Resigned Sept. 10, '61.. 
 
 " jBy transfer 1st Lt. Sept. 10. '61 ; Capt "1" Co. April 
 
 i 20, 'OH; wd. Fr>-derifksburtr. 
 Unknown.. Resigned July 31, "63. 1st Sgt.; 1st Lt. Apr, 20, '63; wd. F'd'b'g. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. Resigned Nov. 15, '62. . jcom'y Sgt. Aug. 31, '61; 2d Lt. Sept, 10,'61 
 " Exp. service ;2d Lt. April 20, '63, 
 
 Corporal. 
 Private.. 
 
 Recruit. 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private. 
 
 Recruit. 
 Private . 
 
 Recruit. 
 Private . 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Disability May 7, '62.. 
 Disability July 8, '63. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Re-enlibtVet 
 
 Disability Sept., '62 ., 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Killed in action. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Killed in action. 
 Exp. service 
 
 . '64. 
 
 nLTinown . 
 Aug, 10, '61, 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Disabi ity Jan. 13, '63, 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Exp, service. 
 
 Re-enlist Vet . 
 
 Disability Feb. 28, '63. . 
 Died of wds. date unk 
 Re-enlist Vet , 
 
 Exp. service , 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Disability Feb. 1.3, '63 . 
 Disability Dec 30, '61 . . 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability date unk.. 
 Disability Jan. 16, '63, 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Feb. 22, '64 . By transfer 
 Aug. 10, '61. Unknown 
 
 Deserted July 1.5, 'f3.. 
 'Deserted Dec. 17, '6'.. 
 iDeserted Jan. 20, '62. . 
 Disability Nov. 29, '63. 
 By transfer 
 
 Killed In action 
 
 lRe-°nlisr Vet 
 
 [Disability April 3, '63. 
 i By transfer 
 
 Aug. 2.3, '61. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Killed in action. 
 
 1st Sgt. April 20, '63. 
 
 Wd. N. M. X roads. 
 
 Wd. Antietam; to 190 (no record in 190); 
 
 surv. war. 
 Pr. Aug. 28, '63, 
 Sgt.-Maj.Apr. 20, '63; to "G" 190: 2d Lt. 
 
 Sept 19, '64; never mus'd; pr. Aug. 19, 
 
 '64: disc'd June 28, '65. 
 Corp'l "G" 190; ab. s at M.-o; fr. 190, 
 Sgt. -'K'' and "B" 190 (no rec. in 190), 
 
 Wd. Gaines Mill; killed Antietam, 
 
 Pr. and wd. Fredeiicksbuig. 
 
 Killed Fredericksburg; P. Sergeant. 
 
 Wd 2d Bull Run, 
 Killed N A. X roads, 
 Pr. .Aug. v8, '62. 
 
 Tu"G"l90:pr.Aug.l9,'64;d'dJune28,'65 
 To "G" 190; disc'd June 28, '65; wd, N, 
 
 M. X roads. 
 Wd, Fredericksburg. 
 
 To "G" 190; disc'd June 28, '65. 
 
 To 190; disc'd June 28, 65; tr. fr, "K" Co. 
 
 Wd. N.'VT.x roads. 
 
 To "G" 190; pr. Aug. 19,'C4; disc'd June 
 
 1.3, '65. 
 Wd. 2d Bull Run; detached. 
 Killed Antietam. 
 
 Wd,N,M.Xrds., Antietam and F'd'b'e; 
 
 to "G"' 190; pr, Aug. 19, '64; disc'd 
 
 June 28, '65. 
 Wd. Antietam; to "G" 190; pr. Aug, 19, 
 
 "64; disc'd June 28, "65. 
 To 190; disc'd by Sec. War. 
 
 Wd.N. M. X r^ads. 
 
 To "G" 190; disc'd June 28, '65. 
 
 To 190; di=c'd by Sec. War. 
 Not on Muster-out Roll, 
 
 To U. S. Cavalry Oct. 28, '62. 
 
 To "B ' Fifth U. S. Ait'y Aug. 1, '62. 
 
 Killed N. M. Xr^ ads. 
 
 To "G" 190; disc'd June 28, '65. 
 
 Wd. 2d Bull Run. 
 
 To Sixth U. S. Cav"v Oct. 28. '62. 
 
 To Second U S. Art'y Dec. 9, '62. 
 
 To 190; di-c'd by Sec. War. 
 
 To Second US. Art'y Dec. 9, '62. 
 
 To "G" 190; disc'd June 28, '65, 
 
 Killed N. M. X roads. 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "F" COMPANY.— Continued, 
 
 NAME AXD R \NK. 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 T? EM \RKS 
 
 
 R:ink. 
 
 1 Date. 
 
 
 Privates. 
 Thomas Househalder.. 
 
 Private.. . 
 
 Recruit.. 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private... 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private . . 
 
 Recruit.. 
 Private.. . 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private.. 
 Recruic. 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private... 
 
 Unk 
 
 Recruit . . 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private.. 
 
 Recruit.. 
 Private.. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 , '64.... 
 
 Unknown. . 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 Unknown . 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Aug. 21, '61. 
 Aug. 10, '01. 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Aug 10, '61. 
 Aug. 23, '61. 
 Unknown.. 
 .\ug. 10,'61. 
 Unknown.. 
 Sept. 1. '61. 
 Feb 2, '64.. 
 Unknown.. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Feb. 17, '64. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 By transfe'" 
 
 To Second U. S. Art'y Dec. 9, '02. 
 
 Killed Spott'y'a May 11, '64; re-enl. Vet. 
 Killed Antietim. 
 
 James Howard 
 
 Alfred Hurst 
 
 Disability Dee. 30, '01.. 
 Killed in action 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Cliarles Jones 
 
 Tlieophilus Jones 
 
 To "B' Fifth U. S. Aug. 1. '62. 
 To Second U. S. Art'y Dec. 9, '62. 
 To "G" 190: pr. died of wds. at Peters- 
 burg Aug. 7, '64. 
 
 Wd. 2d Bull Run. 
 
 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 George Kleinshirts . . . 
 
 Disability Jan. 31, '63. . 
 UisibilityNov. 3, '62., 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 James Lyons. . 
 
 To "G" 190; pr. June, '64; surv. war. 
 To "'G" 19ii; disc'd June 28 '03" wd 
 
 
 
 Samuel Malone 
 
 Disability Sept. 26, '63. 
 DisabilityMar. 10, '63.. 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Gaines Mill. 
 Wd. and pr. N. M. X roads. 
 
 Clifford Mattox 
 
 To 190 (no rec. in 190): (A Clifford Mattox 
 on Roll of Honor May 22, '64); sup. to 
 have surv. war. 
 
 To I'jO; disc'd by Sec. War. 
 
 
 
 Wm. McAndrey 
 
 vVm. McCready 
 
 John McCrolus 
 
 Died date unknown. . . 
 Deserted Jan. 30, '63... 
 Disability Aug. 13, '62.. 
 Exp. service 
 
 Wd. Fredericksburg. 
 
 To 190; disc'd June 28 '65 
 
 Joseph McPeely 
 
 John E. Mclntyre 
 
 A'lam E. McKelvy 
 
 Robert McKelyy 
 
 Wm. McQuancy 
 
 lie-enlist Vet 
 
 By transfer 
 
 To 19 i; disc'd by Sec. War. 
 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Died Dec. 14, '61 
 
 Exp. service .. 
 
 Deserted date unk 
 
 Dec. 30. '62 
 
 Wd. Antietam; to "G" 190; pr. .lUg. 19, 
 
 '64; disc'd June 28, '65. 
 \t Camp Pierpont. 
 Wd. South Mountain. 
 
 Charles Morrow 
 
 George Murry 
 
 Cause of disc, unk ; wd 2d B Run. 
 
 Emanuel Neff, Sr 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 To "G" 190; disc'd June 2S, '65. 
 
 
 By transfer 
 
 To Sixth U. S. Com'y Oct. 28, '62. 
 
 John Neff 
 
 
 
 John Oble 
 
 Died date unknown, . . 
 Disability Feb. 14, '63.. 
 liy transfer 
 
 
 John Orelly 
 
 
 Wm. Painter 
 
 To 190; ab. s. at M-o. 
 
 Wm Pamler 
 
 
 Disc'd by Sec. War date unknown. 
 
 
 Exp . service 
 
 Detached to Art'y. 
 
 Abram Pennman 
 
 John Prescott . . . 
 
 Suicided Aug., '62 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 
 James Redmond 
 
 Robert Russell 
 
 Died of wds. Oct. 6, '62. 
 
 Exp. service. 
 
 Re-eiillst Vet 
 
 Wd 2d Bull Run. 
 
 Wd. Fredb'g; to V. R. C; ab. at M-o. 
 
 To "G" 190; disc'd June 2S, '6j. 
 
 Samuel Sloan 
 
 Disability Feb. 4, '63. . 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 
 George Soles . . 
 
 To "G" 190; disc'd June 28, '65. 
 
 Nelson Soles 
 
 Disability date unk... 
 For wds. Jan 6, '63... 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Diedofwds. Feb. 12,'63 
 Deserted date unk . . 
 
 Wd. Antietam. 
 
 John Steiss 
 
 To 190; disc'd bv Sec. War. 
 
 John Stoneman 
 
 George Strohm 
 
 Benjamin Tipton 
 
 John Tyler 
 
 Wd. Fredericksburg. 
 
 Wd. 2d Bull Run; died May 4, '64. 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Died of wds. Dec. 27, '63 
 
 Killed Antietam. 
 
 J )hn Umberger 
 
 Wd. Fredericksburg. 
 
 Tr. to 43d Penn. April, '6i. 
 
 George Webster 
 
 Eli Wilson 
 
 Disability June 2, '62.. 
 
 Died Jan. 22, '6? 
 
 Died Dec. 14, '6: 
 
 Died at Richmond; pr. Fredericksburg. 
 Died ac C amp Pierp ut. 
 
 Robert Whigham 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "G" COMPANY. 
 
 NAME AND RANK. 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 Captains. 
 Charles W. Diven..... 
 
 Captain. . 
 
 1st Lieut. 
 ~M Lieut. 
 Sergeant. 
 
 1st Set. 
 Sergeant. 
 
 Corporal. 
 
 Private . . 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private.. 
 
 Corporal. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Unknown. . 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Oct. 18,'61. 
 Aug. 10,'61. 
 
 " 
 
 Feb. 27, '64. 
 Mar. 1, '64. 
 Aug. i0,'61. 
 
 Feb. 15, '64. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 By promotion 
 
 Major Apr. 19, '64; Col. 200 Penn.; Bvt. 
 Brigadier-General. 
 
 Killed N. M.X rds; 1st Lieut. Sept. 1 '61, 
 2d Lieut. Sept. 1,'61; Ist Lieut. May 1,'63. 
 
 1st Sgt. Oct. 10, '62; 2d Lieut. May 1,'63; 
 wounded N. M. X roads and Fred'b'g. 
 
 Wd . N. M. X roads and Antietam. 
 P. 1st Sergeant. 
 
 Ut. Lie^itenants. 
 
 James K. Miller 
 
 Wm. W. Arnold 
 
 George Huber 
 
 2d Lieutenants. 
 
 Nathan Carman 
 
 Ist Sergeants. 
 
 James L. McClure — 
 George W. Ebaugh .. 
 
 Sergeants. 
 
 Henry Gise 
 
 Res. Sept. 1. '61 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Diedof wds Oct. 9, '62 
 Exp. service 
 
 Re-enlist. Vet 
 
 
 John Conway 
 
 George C. Bush 
 
 Isaac D. Cullemeny. . 
 
 Corporals. 
 
 Charles Palmer 
 
 Hiram Kendig 
 
 P. Sgt.; wd. Spottsylvania May 8. '64. 
 Wd. Fred'b'g; to " F " 190; died of wds. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability May 26, '62. 
 
 May 21, '62. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 date unknown. 
 Wounded May 8, '64. 
 
 Wd. N. M. X roads and Fred'b'g. 
 
 Augustus L. Hursh. 
 
 Henry Balsi 
 
 John D. Campbell — 
 Ambrose Ensminger.. 
 
 Jacob Shannon 
 
 Daniel D. Bailey 
 
 Christians. Wagner.. 
 
 George Writer 
 
 Eli Harnish 
 
 Di.sability Mar. 4, '63. 
 
 Ke-enlistVet 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Wd. Au?. 27, '62; ab. at M-o. 
 
 
 
 Died of ■wd8.'Oct.'8,'62. 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Wd.'& pr. Gaines Mill; tr. fr. "K"Co. 
 Killed bouth Mountain. 
 
 Disability Feb. 20, '63 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability Mar. 4, '63.. 
 
 Mar. 80, '64. 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Wounded South Mountain. 
 
 
 Wd. and pr. N. M. X roads. 
 
 
 P. Drum-Major Mar. 22, '62. 
 
 Musicians. 
 
 
 Daniel Kepman . . . . 
 
 Wagoners, 
 
 William Gibbs 
 
 William Wetzel 
 
 Privates. 
 
 George Albert 
 
 Paris W. Albert 
 
 Private.. 
 Wagoner 
 
 Private... 
 
 Recruit.. 
 Private.. 
 
 Recruit.. 
 Private . . 
 
 To 190 (no record in 190). 
 
 Disability Oct. 20, '62 
 Mar. 15,'63. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Dii^abilityJan. 26, '63. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability Feb. 20, '63. 
 Unknown. . 
 
 Wounded Gettysburg. 
 
 Wash. Alexander 
 
 
 William Bettinger 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability f)ct. 10, '63. 
 
 Feb. 2;^ '63. 
 
 July 18, '62 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Wd. and pr. N.M. X roads; ab. at M-O. 
 
 Eredericli Bongey 
 
 Samuel Breneman... 
 
 George B.Brown 
 
 Michael , Burger 
 
 Wounded, date unknown. 
 
 Ft " K " Co. to "F"' 190; pr. Aug. 1,'64. 
 Wounded Fredericksburg. 
 
 Dibubility Jan 23, '63.. 
 
 
 Amas Day 
 
 John A. buffleld 
 
 Winfleld J. Duffleld... 
 
 William Eaton 
 
 William K. Eaton.... 
 
 David Ehrman 
 
 Wilsi.n Everall 
 
 James Eiltenberger. . . 
 
 Wilson (*. Fox 
 
 William R. Fox 
 
 John B. Fry 
 
 To " F " 190; discharged June 28. '65. 
 
 
 To 190 (no record in I'JO); wounded '64. 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Fr. "K" Co.to "P" 190; died pr. at 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability Aug. 10, '61. 
 Aug. 29, '61. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 He enlist Vet 
 
 Saulsbury Nov. 12, '64. 
 To Vet. Res. Corps. 
 
 Died. 
 
 To 190 (no record in 190). 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Died of wds Oct. 2.'62. 
 
 Exp. Fervice 
 
 Di.«ability Sept. 7. '62. 
 D'dof wds. Sept. 18, '62 
 Disability July 18, '62. 
 Deserted Oct. 21. '62.. 
 Disability Feb. 20, '63 
 By transfer 
 
 Fr. " K " Co.; deta'-hed. 
 Wd. Antietam; fr. " K " Co. 
 
 Arthur E. Fulton 
 
 Henry Gable 
 
 Pr. Gaines Mill. 
 Wounded Antietam. 
 
 John Gantz 
 
 Moses Gardner 
 
 Arnum Gegler 
 
 To " F " 190; disc'd June 28, '6V 
 
 Michael Haley 
 
 Solomon C. Hampson 
 Jacob Hanefins 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Dis^abihty JulylS, '63.. 
 Deserted Aug. 10, '61. 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 To " F " 190; disc'd June 28, '65; pr. '64. 
 To "F "190; disc'd; June 28. '65. 
 
 Henry Harman 
 
 Nicholas B. Heim 
 
 D'dof wds. Oct. 3, '62. 
 
 Wounded Antietam. 
 
 Fr. " K " Co.; wd. Fredericksburg. 
 
 
 
 i 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF " G " COUFA'NY.— Continued. 
 
 NAME AND RANK. 
 
 Privates. 
 
 Cornelius Hoover . . 
 Frederick Ingles.. . 
 
 James Isenberg 
 
 Jacob Kaylor 
 
 George Kenny 
 
 Andrew Kiuter 
 
 Washington Laird. . 
 Christian C . Leib . . . 
 George W. Lowe... 
 
 Ira E. Lowe 
 
 Tolbert Lowe 
 
 Edward Mackinson 
 
 John A. Marks 
 
 James Martoe 
 
 Wesley McCleary.. 
 Archibald McMonagle 
 Wm. M 'ntzbeiger... 
 
 George Messmore 
 
 Charles Montgomery. 
 
 James Morrison 
 
 Charles Moyer, 
 
 Wm. H. Myers 
 
 James Osborn 
 
 Jeremiah Parison 
 
 James Quimberg. 
 
 John Rorabough 
 
 Sawin 
 
 Orlando Simpson 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Augustus Shaeflfer. . . 
 
 Joseph Shaeffer 
 
 David Shirk 
 
 Samuel SKipt«er 
 
 George W. Smith 
 
 Henry Smith 
 
 Richard Sneath , 
 
 George F. Steading.. 
 
 James Stevenson 
 
 Robert Stevenson 
 
 Charles Stewart 
 
 John Tennis 
 
 David Torbert 
 
 Adam Waltemeyer . . . 
 
 John Waltemeyer 
 
 Lewis Waltemeyer 
 
 Peter Whalen . 
 
 Thomas H.White 
 
 Washington Williams . 
 
 John Wisser 
 
 Henry Zorger 
 
 Private., 
 
 Recruit. 
 Private. 
 
 Recruit. 
 Private. 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private. 
 
 Date. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Deo. 30,'63. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Jan. 15, '62. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Aug' 10,'61. 
 
 Recruit . 
 Private.. 
 Recruit. 
 Private. 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Deserted June 26, '63, , 
 D'dofwds.Dec. 13,'6a 
 
 Exp . service 
 
 D'clofwds. Oct. 1, •62. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 D'dofwds. Oct. 28,'62 
 Re-enlibt Vet 
 
 Deserted June 1, '63. 
 
 Sept. 24, '63 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Deserted Dec. 31, '63. 
 Exp. service 
 
 Died Nov. 3, '63 
 
 Disability Mar. 20, '6i 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability Dec. 27, '62. 
 
 Died July 4, '63 
 
 Disability May 21, '62 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Re-enhst Vet 
 
 Died, date unknown. 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Exp. service. 
 
 Disability Sept. 23, '62. 
 Disability Oct. 15. '62.. 
 Disability Mar. 6, '63.. 
 Disability Feb. 20, '63 
 D'dof wds. July 26, '62 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Feb. 15, '64. 
 .\ug. 10, '61. 
 Unknown.. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private . 
 
 Unknown . 
 
 D'sability Oct. 32, '62. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 D'dof wds. Dec. 13,'f:2 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability Apr. 28, '63. 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Disability June 19, '63. 
 Jan. 18, '62. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Aug. 10,'61. Exp. service. 
 
 To " F " 190; pr. '64; disc'd June 88. '05. 
 
 Wd. Mechanicsville; wd. & pr. Fred'b'g. 
 
 Wounded at Antietam. 
 
 Prisoner Aug. 28, '62. 
 
 To 190 (no record in 190). 
 
 To " F " 100; disc'd June 28, '65. 
 
 Prisoner Fredericksburg. 
 
 To 190 (no recoKl in 190). 
 Wounded New Market Cross roads. 
 Pr. N. M. X roads; wd. South Mountain. 
 
 Wd. Fred'b'g; to "F" 190; d'd pr. Not. 
 
 22, '64 at Saulsbury. 
 Wounded Fredericksburg. 
 To 190 (no record in 190). 
 
 To " P " 190; died pr. Feb. 15, '65; pr. 
 at Saulsbury. 
 
 Corporal; pr. New Market Cross roads. 
 Died. 
 
 Wounded Aug. 38, '62 (?). 
 To"F^'190;pr. d. Nov. 19,'64atSanlsb'y. 
 To "F" 190; pr. d. Nov. 2,'&4 at Saulsb'y. 
 
 Wounded Fredericksburg. 
 
 Wounded and prisoner Fredericksburg. 
 
 To 190; discharged June 28, '65. 
 
 Killed Spottsylvania May 10, '64. 
 
 Died; wounded Mechanicsville. 
 
 Died. 
 
 Prisoner Spottsylvania May 10, '64. 
 
 Killed Fredericksburg. 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "H" COMPANY. 
 
 MA.ME AND R\.NK 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 DISCHARGED 
 How and When. 
 
 REMARKS 
 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Date. 
 
 
 Ca2)tains. 
 Andrew J. Bolar 
 
 Samuel L. Elder 
 
 1st Lieutenants. 
 Wm. H. H. Kern 
 
 Captain. . 
 1st Lieut. 
 
 2d Lieut. 
 1st Lieut. 
 
 1st Sergt. 
 
 Sergeant. 
 
 Corporal. 
 Private... 
 
 Corporal. 
 
 Private .. 
 
 Musician 
 Recruit . . 
 
 Wagoner 
 
 Private. . . 
 
 Recruit.. 
 Private . . 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private . . 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private . . 
 Recruit.. 
 Private . . 
 Recruit.. 
 Private . . 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private . . 
 
 Aug. 10. 61, 
 
 Oct. 16, '61. 
 Aug. 10,'61. 
 
 a 
 
 Aprll,^ '68.. 
 Aug.^l0,'61. 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Aug. 10, "61. 
 
 Unknown . 
 Aug. 10. '61. 
 April, '62 
 Aug. 10,'61. 
 April, '62.. 
 Aug.^l0.'61. 
 
 Unknown.. 
 Aug.^l0,'61. 
 
 Disability for wounds 
 
 Jan. 30, '64. 
 Exp. service 
 
 April28, '64 
 
 Com. Maj. July 8, '62 (N. M.); wd. and 
 
 pr. Fredericksburg, 
 Com. Capt. July 8, '62; Capt.'Feb. 6, '64; 
 
 iivt. Maj. for Wilderness. 
 
 How dis. unkn : Com. 1st Lt. July 8,'62; 
 
 1st Lt. Mar. 22, '64; wd. G.M. and F'b'g. 
 
 Not on M-iu roll on return for Aug., '61. 
 
 Com. 2d Lt. July 8, '62; not m't'd; pr. 
 ijraines Mill. 
 
 P. H>sp. Stew'd Nov. 8, '61; (see staff). 
 Wounded May 8, '64. 
 
 Wd. and pr. N. M. X roads. 
 Wounded at Fredericksburg. 
 Wounded at Fredericksburg. 
 Wd. at Bristoe St'n; to 190; pr. Aug. 19, 
 
 "64; discharged at end of war. 
 Killed at Fredericksburg. 
 
 Tr. to Vet . Res. Corps May 1 '64 
 
 James T. Kelly 
 
 2d Lieutenant. 
 Franklin Harner 
 
 Resigned Aug. 3, '63 . . 
 Exp. service 
 
 Sergeants. 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Thomas W. Dick 
 
 Mowry T. Moorehead. 
 Watson R. Bracken . . . 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability Oct. 31, '62. 
 Died of wds. ; date unk. 
 Exp. service 
 
 
 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 John P. Griffith 
 
 Corporals. 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 John C. Lardin 
 
 DisabiUcy Deo. 13, '62 . 
 Exp. 'Service 
 
 Prisoner Aug. 29, '62. 
 
 Wd. 2d BuU Run; wd. and pr. F'burg. 
 
 
 
 Samuel Cunningham.. 
 George W Robertson 
 Henry W. L. Drips.... 
 
 Disability Dec. 26, '62. 
 
 May 7, '63... 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 For wds.; wd. 2d Bull Run. 
 
 For wda.; wd. N. M. X rds. and F'burg. 
 
 To 190; (no record in 190); dis end of 
 
 By promotion 
 
 war; Com Sergt; (see staff;. 
 P. Sgt Maj. and 1st Lt. "I" Co.; (see 
 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 "l"Co.). 
 
 iSamuel H. McNett .... 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Wounded N. M. X roads. 
 
 To 190; d. pr. Jan. 17, '65, at Saulsbury. 
 
 Wd. 2d BuU Run; pr. Fredericksburg. 
 
 To 190; discharged at end of war. 
 
 James D. Goal 
 
 Musicians. 
 
 James Sponevberger . . 
 
 Samuel W. Drips 
 
 Wm Wetzel 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Deserted Aug. '61 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability Feb, 25, '62. 
 
 Dis. wds. Sept. 29, '62.. 
 Dis. wds. Jan. 23, '63. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 To 190; discharged Got. 16, '64. 
 
 Wagoner. 
 
 Edward Stephens 
 
 Privates. 
 
 Wm Altimus 
 
 Wm W. Altimus 
 
 Benjamin F. Angus... 
 David W Barkley 
 
 Wd. Mechanicsville and Gaines Mill. 
 Wounded at South Mountain. 
 
 Killed at Fredericksburg. 
 Detached. 
 
 
 Disabil . ; date unkn . . . 
 
 
 Joseph Barry 
 
 Valentine Barry 
 
 Enoch Benson 
 
 Foster Bracken 
 
 To " E " 190; pr. ; d. at S'b'v Feb. 30, '65. 
 
 
 To"R"190;pr; d in pr ;"<iatft nnkp , 
 
 D. of wds. Nov. 12,'62. 
 Disability June 20, '62. 
 
 Wounded at Antietam." 
 
 Wd. at Fredericksburg; detached. 
 
 John N. Cameron 
 
 JohnW. Campbell — 
 
 Wm. M. Campbell 
 
 John M. Carpenter. . . 
 Timothy Connelly — 
 George G. Cribbs 
 
 Disability Aug. 22,"'62. 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Detached. 
 
 Prom "K" Co. 
 
 To 190; died nr ; date unknown. 
 
 Tr. from "K " Co.; detached. 
 
 Disability Oct. 15, '63.. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability Mar 11. '62. 
 Diedof wds. Jan.5,'63. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Killed in action.... .. . 
 
 Disability for wounds. 
 Exp service 
 
 Detached . 
 
 To " E " 190; died April 1, '65, at Camp 
 
 Albert S. Devlin 
 
 George W. Dick 
 
 Thompson Dick 
 
 Andrew J. Duncan 
 
 A. Evans 
 
 Parole, Aimapulis. 
 Died at Camp Pierpont. 
 Wounded at Fredericksbuig. 
 Detached. 
 
 Killed at 2d Bull Run. 
 Date of discharge unknown. 
 
 
 
 Robert C. Edlebute . . 
 
 Joseph Falcon 
 
 Samuel J. Ferguson.. 
 
 Dis. wds. Nov. 10, '63 . 
 Exp. service 
 
 Wounded at South Mountain. 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 To 100; discharged at end of war. 
 Wf'Uuded at Fredeiicksburg. 
 
 Wd. 2d B. R.; to " E " 190; dis. end war. 
 
 Wm. H. Gamble 
 
 Disabilitv Dec. 30, '61. 
 
 Jedidiah Grover 
 
 John J. Grossmire. .. 
 Jacob Grumbling 
 
 nisabilityDsc. 28, '61 
 
 Bv transfer 
 
 Disability Dec 31. '62. 
 
 To Fifty-first Penn. Oct. 29, 61. 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "H" COMPANY— Con/m?<e<i. 
 
 NAME AND RANK. 
 
 Privates. 
 
 Wm. Grumbling... 
 Wm. M. Heddeu. . . 
 Isaac J. Hamliu 
 
 Alex. N. Hart 
 
 Joseph D. Henderson. 
 JapnerD. Hildebrand 
 
 Thomas Hogan 
 
 Wm. Junkius 
 
 John Lawson 
 
 Wm. Makin 
 
 James Mardis 
 
 George Martin 
 
 Calvin Martin 
 
 Benjamin May 
 
 James McClure 
 
 James McDonald . . . 
 Michael McLau;rhlin 
 Alex. R. McMillen., 
 
 Joseph Mentzger 
 
 Stohler Mentzger 
 
 Wm. Mentzger 
 
 Steward Meredith . . . 
 
 George Murritts 
 
 Henry Murritts 
 
 Archibald Miller. .. 
 David H. Oberdorf.. 
 Francis Oberdorf... 
 Harvey Oberdorf... 
 Henry Painter 
 
 Thomas Painter .... 
 
 Alex. Ream 
 
 Wm. Ream 
 
 Wm. Reckord 
 
 Bennet Rode 
 
 Jeremiah H. Rode. . . 
 Archibald M. Rodgers 
 David S. Simpson. 
 Bemadine B. Sherman 
 Henry Sherman . , . . 
 Wm. B. Somers... 
 
 Oliver Sproul 
 
 George W. Stouteagle 
 
 James S. Stewart. . . 
 Robert B. Stewart . 
 
 Robert Stunkard 
 
 John Swarts waller. . 
 James E. Thomas . . 
 
 James F . Tomb 
 
 Henry Waliemeyer. 
 
 Wm. Waltemeyer. . . 
 John W . Williams . 
 Joseph Williams ... 
 Sanfnrd Williams... 
 AbelnegoB. Wilson 
 Andrew Wolf 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 Eank. 
 
 Privat" . 
 {ecruit. 
 Private. 
 
 Private . 
 
 Recru't 
 Piiva.e. 
 
 Recruit . 
 Private 
 
 Recruit . 
 Private. 
 
 Recruit. 
 Private . 
 
 Recruit . 
 Private . 
 
 Recruit. 
 Private . 
 
 Date. 
 
 Aug. 10.'61. 
 \pril, '62.. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 .\ug. 10, '61 
 
 April, '62. 
 Aug. 10, '61 
 
 April, '68., 
 .^ug. 10, '61 
 
 April. '62.. 
 Aug 10, '61, 
 
 Oct., '62 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 
 April, '62.. 
 Mar. 19,'62. 
 Aug. 10,'61 
 
 Feb. 13,'64. 
 Aug. 10. '61 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability April 1, '68 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability Dec. 5, '62. . 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Deserted July 15, '63. 
 Exp . service 
 
 Killed in action . 
 Exp. service . . . 
 Killed in action . 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Disability Dec. 23, '61. 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Diedof wds. July6,'62, 
 Disability April 12, '63 
 Died of wds.May 16. '64 
 Disability Oct. 8, '62. . 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability Oct. 15, '62 
 KiUed in action 
 Disability Dec. 24, '61. 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Re-en'.ist Vet 
 
 Dis. wds. Jan. 28, '63. 
 Dis. wds. Oct. 22, 'o2. 
 Di -ability date unkn. 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Dis. wds. Feb. 20, '63. 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Dis. wds. May 16, '63. 
 Exp. service. ... . 
 
 Disability Oct. 13, '64 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 Died Mar. 21, '62 . . . 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 Dis. wds. Oct. 13, '63. 
 Exp. service 
 
 Re-enlist Vet 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Wd. Mechanicsvllle and Gaines Mill; to 
 190; discharged at end of war. 
 
 Pr. Fredericksburg; wd. May 8, '64. 
 
 Wounded at Fredericksburg. 
 Killed at 2d Bull Rue 
 
 Wd. Anti'^tam; killed Spottsylvania, 
 
 Mav 12, '64. 
 To 190; (no record in 190). 
 
 To " F " 190; (deserted). 
 Wounded June, '62. 
 
 Killed at N. M. X roads. 
 To 190; discharged at end of war. 
 Wounded at N. M. X roads. 
 Prisoner N. M. X mads. 
 Wounded May 10, '64; re-enlist Vet. 
 
 Wd. Mays, '62; absent sickatM-o. 
 
 Wd. and pr. N.M.X rds.; k. Antietam. 
 
 Killed at N. M. X roads. 
 
 To 190; pr. Aug 19, '64; discharged at 
 
 end of war. 
 Wounded at Antietam. 
 
 Wounded at Fredericksbu'-g. 
 
 Pr. Fredericksburg; k. Spottsylvania. 
 
 Wounded 2d Bull Run. 
 
 Wd. N. M. X rds. and Fredericksburg. 
 
 To " E " 193; died pr., date unknown. 
 
 Killed at South Mountain . 
 
 Wounded at Fredericksburg. 
 
 KiUed at South Mountain. 
 
 Ft. "K" Co.; to 190; died Nov. 19, '64; 
 
 prisoner at Saulsbury. 
 Wounded at Antietam . 
 Wounded at Fredericksburg. 
 Died at Georgetown. 
 Wd. N.M. X rds.; k. at Spottsylvania. 
 .^t Camp Pierpont. 
 
 Wounded and prisoner at Pred'burg. 
 To 190; prisoner Aug. 19,'64: discharged 
 
 at end of war. 
 To 190; pr.; how discharged unkown. 
 To 190; (no rec. in 190); dis. end of war. 
 Groveton, Aug. 29, '62. 
 From "K" Co.; prisoner at Fred'burg. 
 
 To "E" 190; prisoner Aug. 19, '64; dis- 
 charged Juue 1, 'C5. 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "1" COMPANY. 
 
 NAME AND RANK. 
 
 Captains. 
 
 James C. Baker 
 
 Chill W. Hazzard.... 
 
 1st Lieutenants. 
 
 Perry O. Etcheson... 
 Wm. H. Myers 
 
 2d Lieutenants. 
 
 Samuel J. Cloyd 
 
 Frank D. Stevens 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 1st Sergeants. 
 
 Wm. W. Woods.. 
 Joseph R. Duffield. 
 
 Andrew J. Demming 
 
 Sergeants. 
 Wm. D. Hancock 
 
 David W. Stevens. 
 
 David Long 
 
 James M. Davis. . . 
 John Rinker 
 
 Corporals. 
 
 Abraham D. Long. 
 Wm. Copenhauer.. 
 
 Benj. R. Martin... 
 Joseph A . Thomas . 
 
 John P. Butts 
 
 Joseph Beers 
 
 John B. Chilcoat... 
 Wm. H. Harris.... 
 EUas B. Wilson.... 
 
 Musicians. 
 
 John Harvey 
 
 George Weigiit... 
 
 Wagoner. 
 John Gluck 
 
 Privates. 
 Henry Albert 
 
 Seth Alexander 
 
 Robert J. Allen 
 
 Robert Y. Asken. . . . 
 
 George S. Baker 
 
 Josiah Baker 
 
 Adam Berg 
 
 Herman Beyf us 
 
 John Black 
 
 George B. Bowman. 
 
 John Briggs 
 
 Wm. H. Caro there. 
 
 Thomas O. Cloyd. . 
 
 John Cornelius 
 
 Robert C. Davis 
 
 John C. De Armit. . . 
 Isaac H. Durboran. . 
 
 James A. Elliott 
 
 George W. Fleik 
 
 James P. Giles 
 
 Pe^er Hammon 
 
 Aquilla lliiiK-ock 
 
 Jeremiah Hancock. . . 
 
 Wm. Harvey 
 
 Thomas Hicks 
 
 Augustus B. Hudson. 
 Jaroes H. Huntsman. 
 
 John E. Johns 
 
 Alfred Kelly 
 
 T. D. Kelly 
 
 Thomas M. Kelly 
 
 Captain. . 
 •id Lieut. 
 
 1st Lieut 
 Private. . 
 
 1st Sergt 
 Private. . 
 
 Sergeant. 
 Private.. 
 
 Corporal 
 Private.. 
 
 Date. 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 How and When. 
 
 April 7, '62. Died Aug. 7, '62. 
 Aug. 10. '6t. Exp. service 
 
 Musician 
 Private.. 
 
 Wagoner 
 
 Private . 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private. 
 
 April 7, '62. 
 .\ug. 10, '61. 
 
 April 7, '62. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 April?, '62. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 April 7, '6^. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 At Harrison's Landing. 
 Wd. Fred'burg; Capt. April 20, '63; tr. 
 fr. "F" Co. 
 
 Resigned July 18, '62. 
 
 Exp. service Tr.fr. Staff; 1st Lt. "I" Co. Apr. 20, '63. 
 
 Disa'y wds. Jan. 7, '63 
 By transfer 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Killed in action 
 
 ,1862 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability date unk . 
 
 June 26, 1862. 
 By transfer.. 
 
 Aug. 10, 
 April 7, 
 
 Wd. Antietam (lost right arm); 2d Lt. 
 
 April 14, '6-,'. 
 1st Sgt. Apr. 14, '62; 2d Lt. Apr. 20, '63; pr. 
 
 Gaines Mill; wd. F'd'b'g; to "D" 190; 
 
 1st Lt.; n'rm.; pr. Jime 13, '64. disc'd 
 
 June 2,«, '65. 
 Fr. *'K" Co.; wd. date unknown. 
 Fr. 1st Sgt. "K" Co.; 1st Sgt. 'T' Co. 
 
 April 20, '63. 
 To 190; pr. Aug. 19,'64 (no further rec). 
 
 To 190; wd. N. M. X rds.; wd. at Peters- 
 burg, '64; disc'd Mar. 28, '65. 
 Wd. F'd'b'g; k. SpottsylvaniaMay8,'64. 
 How disc'd unk. ; wd. N. M. X roads. 
 Tr. to "F"Co.; wd. N. M. X roads. 
 Died in hospital at Alexandra. 
 
 How disc'd unknown. 
 
 C'orp'l 'D" 190;pr. Jimel3,'64;dieddate 
 
 unknown. 
 Wd. Mechanicsville 
 To 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; date of dis. unk. 
 Fr. "K" Co. 
 ToCorp'l "D" 190; surv. war. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Disabilitj date unk 
 
 By transfer To 190; disc'd May 16, '65 
 
 Disability date unk. 
 
 iDied Aug. 30, '62. 
 iBy transfer 
 
 Unknown.. 
 April 7, '62. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 April 7, '62. 
 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 April 7, '62. 
 Aug. 10, '61. 
 April 7, '62. 
 
 Disability date unk. . . 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability , '62 
 
 Died Aug. 26, '62 
 
 Disability date unk. . . 
 
 Disability , '62. . . . 
 
 Disability May 20, '62. . 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Died , '63 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Unknowji 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Unknown 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Exp. service 
 
 Disability April 24, '63. 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability date unk . . . 
 Killed at Fred"burtr. . . 
 Disability date unk . . . 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Missing 
 
 Deserted date unk 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability date unk. . . 
 Died in hos'l date unk . 
 Disability , '62 
 
 To "D" 190; disc'd June 28, '65. 
 
 To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; diflo'd Mar. 
 
 28, '65. 
 
 In hospital. 
 
 To "D" 190: killed in action Jime 18,'64. 
 In hospital at Alexandra. 
 To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19,'64Cd'd date unk. 
 Fr. "K" Co. 
 
 To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; disc'd May 
 
 15, '65. 
 On detached hos'l duty; disc'd end war. 
 To "D" 190; pr. died at Saulsbuxy. 
 Pr. N. M. X roads. 
 
 To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; d. at Saulsb'y 
 Fr. "K" Co. 
 
 To "D" 190; disc'd, '65; pr. '64. 
 To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, 'W; diso'd May 
 4, '65, to date Mar. 24, '65. 
 
 Wd. Mechanicsville. 
 
 In Pope's Campaign. 
 
 To 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; surv. war. 
 
MUSTER-OUT ROLL OF "I" COM.F ANY .—Continued. 
 
 NAME AND RANK. 
 
 Privates. 
 
 Janaes Knobb.. 
 Adam Leerd — 
 
 George Leerd 
 
 Benj. F. Liveringhouse 
 John C. Liveringhouse 
 
 Daniel Lock 
 
 Jonathan Lock 
 
 Michael Lynch 
 
 Oliver C. Madden. 
 Wm. Mai one 
 
 Wm. A. McCallister. 
 
 John McMullen 
 
 Jacob Montgomery. . 
 
 John J. Myers 
 
 Isaac Naugle 
 
 George M. Need 
 
 George Neflf 
 
 Peter Neflf 
 
 Henry O'Neal 
 
 La Fayette Palmer. . . 
 
 Austin Ramsay 
 
 Rob't Ramsay 
 
 Thomas Ramsay, Jr. 
 
 John Riley 
 
 Wm. Reichert 
 
 Alfred Rutten.. 
 
 EUsha Rut' en. . 
 Daniel Roberts. 
 
 David Roberts 
 
 Ed. H. ShaefPer, . . 
 (Jeorge F. Shaeffer. 
 
 Henry Shaeffer. 
 John J. Sneath. 
 W. C. Sneath.. 
 
 Muster-in. 
 
 Rank. 
 
 Date. 
 
 April 7, '62. 
 
 Disability — 
 iJy transfer. 
 
 Aug. 10, 
 April 7, 
 
 Aug. 10, 
 April 7, 
 
 Aug. 10, '61 
 April 7, '62 
 
 Jesse Smith 
 
 Ellis Snyder 
 
 James A. Speaker... 
 
 Simon Staubs 
 
 Daniel Swartz 
 
 Geo. P-. Taylor 
 
 Thomas Vaughan 
 
 Wm. Walls 
 
 Unk.. .. 
 Private. 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private. 
 
 Henry C. Weight... 
 
 John A. Whitman. 
 
 Anthony Yohn 
 
 George Toung 
 
 Jacob A. Young... 
 
 Unk 
 
 Private. 
 
 DISCHARGED. 
 
 How and When. 
 
 -, '62 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Disability, '62. 
 By transfer 
 
 To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; di.sc'd May 
 
 or June, '65; wd. 2d Bull Run. 
 To"D"]90;pr.Aug. 19,'64;d'dJunel4.'65 
 ;To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; d. at Saulsb'y 
 
 'To "D" 190; disc'd at end of service. 
 To '"D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; died at 
 
 Saulsbury . 
 To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; (no further 
 
 record); tr. fr. "K" Co. 
 
 To 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; disc'd June 9, 
 
 '65; wd. Gettysburg (?). 
 Tr. fr. "K" Co. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Deserted, '62 (?) .... 
 Disability date unk. 
 
 Unknown 
 
 By transfer To 190; pr. at Saulsb'y; (no further rec.) 
 
 Re-enlist Vet [Fr. "K" Co. to 190; disc'd end war. 
 
 Exp. service iFr. "K" Co. 
 
 Deserted April 8, '62. . 
 
 By transfer 'To "A" Co . 
 
 " ITo "D" 190; disc'd end of term. 
 
 Disability date unk — | 
 
 'Died date unknown. . . ;Buried at Alexandria . 
 
 iBv transfer ITo "D" 190 (no rec. in 190). 
 
 Died date unknown. . . Died in hospital at Alexandria; Injured 
 
 I unloading wagon. 
 Disability date unk . . . | 
 Unknown 
 
 Unknown. 
 April 7, 'ti2 
 
 JBy transfer — 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Deserted April 23, '62. 
 By transfer 
 
 LTnknown.. 
 April 7, '6;i. 
 
 Unknown . 
 April 7, '0.1, 
 
 Aug. 10, '61 
 April 7, '62 
 
 Disability '62 
 
 Disability date unK.. . 
 
 By transfer 
 
 Disability date uuk.. . 
 
 Deserted '62 . 
 
 Deserted date unk . . . 
 By transfer 
 
 Unknown 
 
 Died May 19, '63. 
 
 To "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; disc'd April 
 27, '65. 
 
 To "D" 190; wd. Five Forks April 1,'65; 
 
 disc'd June 25, '65. 
 To Corp'l "D" 19C; disc'd Mar. 28, '65; 
 
 wd. May 8. '64. 
 Pr. Gaines Mill; wd. F'd'b'g; to *'D" 
 
 190; pr. Aug. 19, '64; disc'd April, '65. 
 To "D" 190; disc'd Mar. 29, '65; wd. 
 
 Spottsylvania. 
 
 To "D" 190 (no record in 190). 
 
 To "D" 190: disc'd end of war; wd. 
 
 Mechanicsville. 
 Injured Jan. 1, '62; pr. June 27, '62; to 
 
 "D" 190; pr. Aug. 19,'64; d'd end war. 
 
 Tr. fr. "K" Co.; d'd in bosp'l May 19,'63. 
 jDied Sept. 22, ''t;2. .'..'.'. {Buried at Alexandria, Va. 
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