CONNECTICUT HOUSES A List of Manuscript Histories of Early Connecticut Homes Presented to the Connecticut State Library BY THE CONNECTICUT SOCIETY COLONIAL DAMES ^/AMERICA Compiled by Mrs. Elford Parry Trowbridge Chairman Committee on Old Houses Hartford Connecticut State Library April 1916 CONNECTICUT HOUSES A List of Manuscript Histories of Early Connecticut Homes Presented to the Connecticut State Library BY THE CONNECTICUT SOCIETY COLONIAL DAMES < AMERICA Ha-Tiona-? SoCietj- ^-^ ^ th^ Coioh/a! Compiled by Mrs. Elford Parry Trowbridge Chairman Committee on Old Houses Hartford Connecticut State Library April 1916 F9S- BULLETINS OF THE CONNECTICUT STATE LIBRARY HARTFORD Niimhor 7 D. of D, [vlAR 23 1913 NOTE Through the Committee on Old Houses of the Connecticut Society of Colonial Dames the manuscript histories of two hundred and seventy-one early Connecticut houses have been compiled and permanently deposited in the Connecticut State Library. These histories, which usually represent the results of much time and research of the compiler, are written upon a special form prepared by the committee having this work in charge. Such questions are asked and such typical floor- plans are given as will enable the compiler to make his or her contribution more complete and uniform. The photographs which accompany these sketches and the family and commu- nity traditions often given will make this series relating to the homes of our fathers of increasing value and interest. The sketches have been uniformly bound in " Connecticut blue " imperial morocco cloth, plainly lettered in gold. The back and the front cover of each volume both bear the name of the house, date when built and the town in which it is located. The front cover also bears the name of the series and the seal of the society. Two series of histories have thus far been compiled. The first series known as " Colonial Houses of Connecticut " was compiled between the years 1902 and 1912 under the imme- diate direction of Mrs. Henry F. Ferguson and Miss Mary E. Beach respectively who served as chairmen of the Committee on Old Houses during this period. By vote of the Society these were presented to the State Library in 191 2. The second series known as " Old Houses of Connecticut " has been compiled since 1912 under the immediate direction of Mrs. Elford Parry Trowbridge, Chairman of the Committee on Old Houses, and have been presented to the State Library from time to time as the histories have been approved by the Committee. The publication of the material found in these volumes except that found upon the pages of the certificate, is reserved by the Connecticut Society of Colonial Dames of America. The following instructions which accompany each blank indicate something of the spirit and thoroughness with which the work of collecting the data for these histories has been undertaken. TO THE COMPILER OF THIS RECORD Your report will be placed in the State Library at Hart- ford, where it will be bound and carefully preserved, accessible to any one interested. Facts and anecdotes connected with the lives of early occu- pants of the House, extracts from old letters, diaries, wills, and land records, and photographs from family portraits or early furnishings, or any details of the building, will add both value and attraction to the Record. I. Most early Connecticut houses were built on one of two general plans, which are described under heading, Plan I or Plan H — later buildings may come under Plan HL If your house is one of these early ones, choose description No. I — if it has one great central chimney; or No. H, if it has two chimneys in the main building, or No. HI if, of an unusual or late type and in this last case describe as far as possible on the same general lines as given for Plans I and H. Then, if you will look first around the outside of the House, and afterwards through the inside, selecting details from pages 6 to II, as you go, you will find that they supply (with the exception of the locality, points of compass, and some minor details) a fairly complete description, covering what is abso- lutely necessary. The value of the paper will, however, be much enhanced if you can add the principal measurements of the house and of the apartments; or indicate them on plans. Also details of the framing, etc., which may be observed in the garret; the use of straw and brick to line the walls ; of clay, straw, shell or lime mortar in the masonry (determined by visiting the old cellar). These points are of much architectural value, and go far to prove the date of the building; but where it is impracti- cable to add them, we will welcome the record for its other and more generally enjovalile data. Kindly note in the printed description of the architecture the following terms : THE PLAN In the Plan I, the names given to the several parts are those given in old records ; thus, the entry into which the front door opens and which contains the stairway, is " The Porch." The room opening from it on the sunnier and warmer side is " The Hall." It was the general " Living-room," sometimes, also called " The Keeping Room," and in the earliest days, before The Leanto was added, the cooking was also done in it ; therefore the Cellar-stairs usually lead from it, under the front ones, down to the cellar, which generally extended only under " The Parlor," the room opening oft" the other side of the " Porch." OUTSIDE OF HOUSE AND ITS CONSTRUCTION After noting position of Chimney or Chimneys and the ground plan, observe on outside : THE ROOF A Plain Pitch Roof — tent-shaped, slopes from centre ridge down to front and back walls, alike both sides, unless after 1675 a " Leanto " was added, which gives the back part a long sweep down to within the height of the ceiling of the ground floor. This roof forms on each end-wall, a sharp Gable, which, with the lowering of pitch of roof in later houses, becomes lower and broader, until, in the classic or Georgian houses of 1800-40 it is a low pediment to support, at one end or both ends of building, large columns, and the building is turned to make this end front the street; sometimes the columns are across the front wing on one side or on both sides of the main struc- ture. Hip Roof slopes down to all four walls from a central point, or a small platform, above, as a centre. This is usually a nearly square house. It may only have two chimneys, or, when large, have one near each corner. Gambrel Roof — Half way up, the pitch is broken and partially flattened, making a double angle, one each side of the ridge, giving better rooms in the garret. The " plain pitch '' on a number of older houses has been altered into a gambrel. Eaves — Lower edge of roof — projecting over v^^all to pro- tect them — often very broad in old houses. THE WALLS Sill of Building — The heavy timber frame lying horizon- tally on the foundations, into which the posts and studs that make the outer walls are fastened. Plate — The corresponding frame into which the upper ends of the posts and studs are fastened, and which supports the roof. Posts — The heavy upright timbers that form the corners of the house, support the Summer, and form also the inside corners of the original rooms. They are a noticeable feature on the outside of the oldest houses, which have the broad Overhang with Drop or Bracket at lower end of the posts; and also on the inner walls of the rooms, not being hidden by the furring out of the walls for laths and plastering, as in modern buildings. Sometimes the walls of the earlier houses had few or no Studs, but upright boards were fastened from sill to plate, between the posts, and covered with shingles or clap- boards. Studs — The upright timbers between the posts. Rafters — Timbers from the top of walls to pole or centre above, to frame the roof. The Overhang — The walls of the upper story project over the one below. Almost universal across the front of all houses before i/OO, and common later; also more or less common on one or both ends of house, and not uncommon over 2nd. story in gables. Down to 1675 the Overhangs were made by framing the upper story broader than the one below — They are known as " framed overhangs." Later ones were made by hewing off the Front-side or outer-side of the great posts to the height of the 2nd floor — reducing the lower part of these posts from fifteen to seven inches square — ^ known as " hewn- overhangs." The Hewn-Overhang was early introduced into the New Haven Colony, and spread from there, later into our other colonies. Brackets — Used on the outer walls to support some of the earlier framed overhangs, especially in the Connecticut Colony. Drops — Large fancy carved or grooved corbels, balls, or acorn-shaped pieces of wood, hung under the oldest framed overhangs, with, or in place of, brackets, as outside ornaments, sometimes carved out of the lower end of the posts, oftener pieces fastened to them. Corner-Boards — Usually rather narrow boards fastened from base of wall to line of roof, on outside corners of the building, as a kind of frame to the wall, to protect the shingles or clapboards. Pilasters — ■ The corner-boards widened and ornamented by many vertical lines, grooved or fluted — found on front and sometimes on sides of a number of the large, handsome houses, built not earlier than 1800; often with hand-carved capitals on tops. Cornice — A similar board, carried across the front of wall, directly under the edge or eaves of roof, connecting the two corner-boards. When carved or ornamented in any way, it should, if possible, be described, drawn, or photograph of it added, as it is an unusual and handsome feature of the later period, though sometimes a late addition to an older house. Quoins — In place of one vertical corner-board, a frame up the sides is formed of a succession of wood-panels, or blocks of stone (on a brick house), of two lengths and used alternately — or turned, alternately, narrow side or broad-faced — to look like a pile made of two-sized boxes, or large bricks, first a long and then a short one, until the top is reached. Chemfered Timbers — ^ Grooved or fluted with a chisel, as on a pilaster, or on edges of Summer ; but the term sometimes applied to a simple beveled edge. Beveled Boards — The upper edges sloped back on an angle, — common on a heavy panel for interior wood work, adding much to its richness and beauty. Beaded Boards — Having a rounded edge. Beading is the reverse of chamfering, made by working the chisel with the roimd-side held out. Outside Porch — Over front and side entrances, not built (even if now found) on the oldest houses ; but a striking feature about 1800-30. May have pilasters against house wall ; two or four round pillars, or simply square posts ; a pediment above, either plain or carved, to support a flat or pitch roof — all worth description or photograph. Door — May open : 1. In one piece, i. e., a single door, hinged on one side; or 2. May have two leaves, i. e., open in the middle and hinged on both sides of doorway — a general feature in most of the larger houses, from about 1740, for the main entrance. 3. It may be a Hatchet, sometimes called a " Dutch Door," i. e., cut in halves, horizontally, that, if desired, the upper half can be separately opened; common form for the side or garden door and not uncommon for the front door. Dormers — Windows put out of sloping roofs, covered with small roofs of their own, to give sleeping chambers in the attic. Door and Window Pediments — The ornamental caps or w^ater-sheds over the lights at top of doorway and over the windows, found on almost all large old houses, and worthy of record. INSIDE OF HOUSE Newel or Newel-Post — The large post at foot of stairway to support hand-rail — may be turned, twisted, or carved ; like all the ornamental woodwork up to 1840 is hand-made. The Small Posts — Square, rounded, or twisted ; same size from bottom to top, or tapering. The Hand-Rail — Give its shape, and wood used for it, and all other finish. Stairs — Open ; or closed within walls, with door at bottom and at top. The Summer — The great beam which runs across the ceil- ing, usually parallel with the front wall and between the side wall and chimney in the earlier houses ; but occasionally runs in one or both front rooms, parallel with end walls, from front to back walls of room, and is then to be specially noted as a curiouslv interesting feature. Usually the Summer is in the centre, and divides the ceiling of the room into two equal parts : and when chamfered, or boarded by panels, is an es- pecially fine feature. 10 The Corner- Cupboard — Called a " Bofifit " (buffet) or " Court Cupboard ;" introduced into one of the front rooms when the kitchen was installed in the Lean-to. It held the best table furnishings, glass and china. The Flare — Seen in the enlarged size of the upright posts, which show in the corners of the room so made as a better support for the frame of the floor above ; sometimes, curiously, having the further support and ornament of separate brackets (uncommon). Plaster — On walls, introduced in some houses as early as 1640 in New Haven Colony; not common until after 1700. Boarding — An earlier finish on walls, and Ornamental Wood Panellings, in common use in later houses, especially fine from about 1740; worthy of note as to form, quality, and kind of wood. Also, hand-made mouldings on walls, etc., fire- places and their fittings, stair mouldings, doors, and curious inside window shutters, which sometimes open by being slid through the window casings into the walls, hand-wrought nails, wooden pegs, etc. No matter how plain and rude in workmanship these details may seem, a mention of any of them will be highly valued. It must be borne in mind that all will not be found in any one house, but they are here listed in the hope that we may call your attention to some points in the house you are to de- scribe which you might otherwise have overlooked. Please Notice — Plans I, II and III are paged with the same number, and only the plan you use will be bound. Do not write or paste photographs on the pages of the other two, which will be removed. Rule out with ink all printed matter which does not apply to the house you are describing. Any person compiling a paper will be given a form to fill out and to place in their town library, and also one for their own use on application to any member of the Old House Com- mittee. The Certificate page is to be filled in by the compiler of the history and signed. In case the compiler is a member of the committee, she should sign as compiler and as member of the Committee. It should also be signed bv the Chairman of the 11 Old House Committee and the Librarian of the Connecticut State Library. One copy of the certificate will be on file in the Connecti- cut State Library with the history and the duplicate copy of the certificate in the archives of the Connecticut Society of Colonial Dames of America. At a meeting of the Connecticut Chapter of the American Institute of Architects on ]\Iarch 29th. 1913, it was voted that their Committee on Public Information be designated as a Committee to which anv person, filHng out these records, could refer for information and assistance. Names of the Architects on this Committee may be had on application to the Committee on Old Houses. SERIES I Colonial Dames Series COLONIAL HOUSES OF CONNECTICUT Histories collected by Mrs. Henry F. Ferguson, Chairman and Miss Marv E. Beach, Chairman 1902-1912 Presented to the CONNECTICUT STATE LIBRARY — 1912 13 D 15 O 5 o <« c ^ S oO oOo'"^rt iii;o'2o'-5'-x:'-x:<4=;y=;ic5^ "^ >. 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