168 28 PV 1 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS NO. 327 OFFICIAL SERIES NO. 99 APRIL 5, 1914 Manual Training in the High School BY O. A. HANSZEN Adjunct Professor of Manual Train in u AND Assistant Visitor of Schools Published by the University six times a month and entered aa second class matter at the postoffice at AUSTTN", TEXAS PUBLICATIONS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS PUBLICATIONS COMMITTEE: W. J. Battle Killis Campbell A. Caswell Ellis J. C. Townes F. W. Simonds R. A. Law W. S. Carter E. C. Barker J. A. Lomax The publications of the University of Texas are issued six times a month. They are irranged in the following series: Official Humanistic General Scientific Press Medical Extension Municipal Research For postal purposes the publications are numbered consecutively as bulletins without regard to the arrangement in series. With the exception of special numbers, any bulletin will be sent to a citizen of Texas free on request. All communications about Uni- versity publications should be addressed to the Editor of University Publications, University of Texas, Austin. 479-514-700-5640 BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS NO. 327 OFFICIAL SERIES NO. 99 APRIL 5, 1914 Manual Training in the High School BY O. A. HANSZEN Adjunct Professor of Manual Training and Assistant Visitor of Schools Published by the University six times a month and entered as second class matter at the postoffice at AUSTIN, TEXAS TTiS8 The benefits of education and of useful knowledge, generally diffused through a com- munity, are essential to the preservation of a free government. Sam Houston. Cultivated mind is the guardian genius of demociacy. ... It is the only dictator that freemen acknowledge and the only security that freemen desire. Mirabeau B. Lamar. a. ma/ ot Dm INTRODUCTION There is a widespread and growing demand, in this country, for manual training and industrial education. This demand is an effort to meet some of the fundamental educational needs of our school system and the social need for a larger number of intelli- gent trained workers for the industries. It has resulted in the teaching of a variety of the manual or mechanic arts and in the development of a number of systems of instruction. Almost all of the large cities in every State have spent large sums for build- ings and equipment in order to meet the demand. The Work in these centers is thoroughly organized, and the excellent results thus far attained have fully justified the large expenditures. Tn order to extend the benefits of instruction in manual train- ing to more schools, legislation to encourage and assist schools undertaking this work, has been enacted in many of the States. The Texas Legislature has aided the public schools, by appro- priating money to supplement the funds raised by local means. It has also provided for the training of teachers of manual training, in the higher educational institutions of the State. The Univer- sity of Texas is assisting in the spread and development of the work, not only by offering courses in manual training for teachers. but by granting entrance credits for the work done in the affiliated high schools. In many parts of the State plans arc being made for the introduction of manual training into the public school course, or for the extension and development of the work already started. But the lack of proper information makes it difficult for the superintendent and school hoards to plan wisely. The few well organized and successful large manual training high schools are taken as guides by many of the smaller schools introducing the work. Copying in detail the systems, the equipment, and the course of study of these large schools, does not avoid serious mis- takes, since careful adjustment to local conditions and to the need-: of the community must be made if this new part of the school work is to succeed. Some of the adjustments cannot be made until after the work is pretty well organized and in operation, hut some phases of the problem must be solved before the equipment is purchased, and in many cases this has to be done before n com- ■1 Bulletin of the University oj Texas petenl teacher can be secured. It is the purpose of this bulletin to supply such information concerning courses of study, equipment, space required, etc., as is needed by superintendents organizing departments of manual training; also to indicate the best lines along winch to develop and improve the course of study and instruction. COURSES OF STUDY In the organization of the manual training department in the high school, much care should be exercised in planning or in select- ing a course of study. Upon the course adopted will largely de- pend the amount and the shape of floor space, the number and character of rooms, the kind of equipment, the special training of the teacher, and other important elements. It is doubtful if there could be outlined, at this time, courses which would satisfactorily meet the needs of all schools in the State. These needs differ not only with different types and grades of schools, but with the particular locality and community. The following courses, it is believed, will serve as safe guides to a large majority of the public high schools. The course in Group I is recommended for rural high schools, those in Group II for high schools in medium sized cities having no extensive manufacturing industries, and the course in Group III for schools in large cities and for schools in manufacturing centers. GBOUP I. Two-Year Course. DRAWING. First Year. — Freehand projection sketches, from objects and from details of buildings and furniture. Use of instruments. Lettering. Geometric constructions. Working drawings. Second Year. — Working drawings of farm building details, fur- niture problems, or useful farm projects. Sketching of machine details from objects. Perspective sketches from projection draw- ings. SHOPWORK. First Year. — Bench woodwork. A., 1 to 6. Carpentry applied to concrete forms and frame buildings. D, 1 and 2a. Concrete construction. Second Year. — Carpentry applied to farm buildings, D, 2a and b, or benchwork, A. 5 to 9 and B, 1 to 3, and simple furniture 6 Bulletin of the University of Texas problems, C, 1 to 3. Forging, 1 to 9, 13. Simple sheet metal work, 1 to 3. Note. — The figures and letters following subjects refer to the detailed outlines and indicate the amount of work to use. GROUP II. Two-Year Course. DRAWING. First Year. — Freehand projection sketches from objects. Use of instruments. Geometric constructions. Scale working draw- ings. Freehand lettering. Tracing. Second Year. — Perspective sketches from projection drawings. Furniture details. Orthographic projections. Elementary archi- tectural drawings. Original cottage plans and elevations. SHOPWOEK. First Year. — Bench woodwork. Wood finishing. Second Year. — Advanced bench woodwork. Problems in furni- ture construction, 1 to 3. Three-Year Course. The first and second year of this course should be the same as the first and second year of the two-year course except that turning should be included in the second year's work. DRAWING. Third Year. — Intersections. Developments. Sketching of ma- chine parts. Geometric curves. Architectural or machine drawing. SHOPWORK. Third Year. — Forge work, 1 to 13. Sheet metal work. Ma- chine shop work, A to J). GROUP III. Four-Year Course. DRAWING. First Year. — Freehand projection sketches from objects. Use of instruments. Geometric constructions. Scale working draw- Manual Training in the High School 7 ings. Conventional representation of materials. Freehand letter- ing. Tracing. Principles of decorative design. Second Year. — Perspective sketching from orthographic projec- tions. Furniture details and working drawings. Orthographic projections. Use of water colors. Isometric and oblique drawing. Elementary architectural drawing. Original cottage plans and elevations. Third Year. — Intersections. Developments. Higher geometric curves. Architectural or machine details. Fourth Year. — Shades and shadows. Line shading. Perspective. Drawing for reproduction. Choice of architectural or machine drawing. SHOPWORK. First Year. — Bench woodwork. Problems in simple furniture construction, C, 1 to 2. Wood finishes. Second Year. — Turning. Choice of: Art metal work, A and C, and problems in furniture construction, 2 to 4 ; or, Pattern making and moulding. Third Year. — Forging. Choice of: Art metal and sheet metal work; or, Pattern making, moulding and foundry practice. Fourth Year. — Machine shop work. TIME REQUIRED. The amount of time that should be given to each of the subjects suggested in the preceding outlines of courses cannot be deter- mined except by trial in each particular school. The previous training and experience of the pupils, the standard of work de- manded by the teacher, and the character of the material used, will largely determine the apportionment of the time available for the work. As considerable time at the beginning of the laboratory period must be used in preparing for the work, and as considerable time at the clo^e of the period must be used in cleaning up and setting things in order, this extra time amounting in many cases to as much as fifteen minutes, each laboratory lesson should be given a double period, or about ninety minutes. Many of the most valuable problems require a number of hours for completion, and when this time is divided into short and scat- 8 Bulletin of the University of Texas tered periods the pupil's interest is sure to lag, and much of the instruction given is forgotten before it can be applied. It is there- fore recommended that at least two periods of 90 minutes each be devoted to shopwork and an equal amount to drawing each week. The University is offering -J or 1 unit of credit for manual train- ing (shopwork) and ^ or 1 unit of credit for drawing. In order to obtain one unit of credit in either of these subjects, the amount of time devoted to the subject must be at least five periods of 80 minutes each per week for thirty-six weeks, or the equivalent of this time may lie spread over two years of the high school. Table Xo. *.?, immediately following, is given to show how a few of the well organized schools have apportioned the time devoted to shopwork and drawing. Manual Training in the High School Table No. 2. Total number of hours devoted to drawing and to shopwork., and number of lessons for each topic : Column A gives the number of lessons. Column B gives the total number of hours. o o '£ ° mt/2 G ra.BP Hi „ o %™ w op 5 +J 00 fc £ o e o OJ3 E.SP X — < * "3 o ** DC A B A B A B A B A B A 10 10 24 45 36 72 "45 15 10 B 120 162 120 10 162 A 180 45 20 15 95 5 180 150 30 180 B FIRST YEAR. Drawing 90 135 "45 23 68 36 "6 15 15 54 9 23 23 90 24 12 12 24 135 90 15 50 15 150 "25 83 25 3 15 14 48 "5 23 21 135 34 15 11 71 4 Lettering.. 30 15 45 Conventional representations Shopwork 90 60 30 135 90 45 40 14 81 60 21 90 45 45 135 63 62 90 45 45 150 75 75 36 3 33 54 5 49 135 112 22 Furniture problems SECOND YEAR. Drawing Conventional representations 90 "45 15 15 135 68 23 23 36 5 31 54 8 .46 90 47 26 135 90 45 150 "75 " 6 64 "2 108 " 9 96 3 135 Working drawings Orthographic projections 45 "20 180 180 34 Isometric and oblique draw- ing 30 50 15 Shopwork Bench work and joinery Furniture problems 90 135 68 68 54 25 29 81 38 44 90 "90 135 135 90 "90 150 150 108 "54 54 162 81 81 108 108 "54 54 45 10 45 or 45 135 135 Turning 45 45 Pattern making and mould- THIRD YEAR. Drawing Intersections and develop- ments 90 30 60 135 45 "90 36 30 6 54 45 9 30 30 90 45 45 90 30 60 150 "50 100 72 72 120 180 90 10 135 67 8 Higher geometric curves Architectural drawing Machine drawing 162 120 180 180 180 Shopwork Forging. ... 90 90 135 135 54 81 "60 60 180 90 90 90 90 90 5 10 15 60 90 "90 150 150 150 8 17 25 100 150 150 108 100 8 72 "72 108 108 162 150 12 108 108 162 162 108 "5 20 20 45 or 45 108 135 Sheet metal work Pattern making and mould- ing Turning 54 81 135 FOURTH YEAR Drawing 90 135 36 54 90 5 40 20 25 or 25 ~90 "90 135 8 60 30 37 135 135 135 Line shading Shade and shadows 162 "20 160 Perspective.. Architectural drawing 90 135 36 54 81 81 15 120 Machine drawing... Shopwork 90 90 135 135 54 54 Pattern making Machine shop practice 10 Bulletin of the University of Texas EQUIPMENT Many factors enter into the selection of the hand tools, ma- chines, and furniture for the manual training laboratories. The course of study, the class unit, the available motive power, and the cost, are the important factors. Two types of equipment are suggested in the following list, one of very fine quality and elaborate enough to meet the most exact- ing demands, the other of medium quality and extensive enough to meet the demands of the small school. The equipments have been planned for class units small enough to make possible a high degree of efficiency. The prices given, except those marked "*." are from quotations made by the following firms: Walter Tips, Austin, Texas. Huey & Philp Hardware Co., Dallas, Texas. Behering & Cartes Hardware Co., Houston, Texas. Prices marked " ::: " are given by the manufacturer. All prices are for goods E. 0. B. point of shipment and are correct at the present date (1914). Prices in the first column are the lowest, and those in the second are the highest quoted. Orders for complete equipments are generally subject to special discounts, hence it is suggested that schools submit to these firms their lists of equipment for prices before ordering. EQUIPMENT FOE COURSES IN GROUP I. Minim hid Equipment for Woodwork for Class of 12. INDIVIDUAL TOOLS. 12 try-squares, 7| inches. Stanley's No. 20 $ 1.60 $ 2.29 12 two-foot rules. Stanley's No. 1, two fold 1.73 2.00 1 2 marking gauges, Stanley's No. 65 2.99 3 . 00 12 jack planes, 11 inches, Bailey's No. 5C, or Sargent's V. B. M. No. 14 19.80 22.64 6 tanged firmer chisels. \ inch. Buck Bros.' No. 30 2.40 2.50 6 tanged firmer chisels, 1 inch. Buck Bros.' No. 30 2 . 83 3.13 6 cabinet saws, Disston's No. 80, 11 inches 3.75 3.88 (I panel saws. 22 inches, 9 points, Disston's No. 8 6.35 7.15 1? spoke shaves. Stanley's No. 51 ■. *4.72 L72 Mu mini Training in the High School 11 6 hickory mallets, 1x3 inches .69 .88 6 bench dusting brushes, Bronrwell's Xo. 502, 8 inches 1.25 1.25 12 single work benches, No. 1, with Wilcox vise 230S, No. 1, see page 15, estimate 114.00 111.00 Or 6 double work benches, same structural de- sign as Xo. 1, estimated cost 120 . 00 120 . 00 $193.31 $197.61 GENERAL EQUIPMENT. 1 steel square, Sargent's Xo. 500, A T . G. R $ 1.20 $ 1.25 1 steel square, Sargent's Xo. 3, V. G. R *1 .00 1 .00 1 adjustable plumb and level, 24 inches, Stan- ley's Xo. 30, duplex 1 .05 1.10 2 metal T-bevel, 6 inches, Stanley's Xo. 18 65 .67 Or Sargent's Xo. 66, $1.10. 1 folding rule, 6 feet, Stanley's zigzag, Xo. 706 .23 .25 1 extension dividers, 10 inches, Sargent's Xo. 51 .52 .52 1 extension dividers, 6 inches, Sargent's Xo. 51 .39 .39 2 socket mortise chisels, ^ inch, Buck Bros.' Xo. 48 1.35 1.35 2 smoothing planes, Stanley's Bed Rock, Xo. 603 3 . 00 3 . 06 Or Sargent's Xo. 9. 1 fore plane, 20 inches, Stanley's Xo. 129 1.08 1.15 1 block plane, Stanley's Xo. 140 92 .94 2 drawing knives, 6 inches, D. R. Barton's Xo. 85 (or P.. S. W., $1.10) 1 . 80 1 . 80 1 shingle hatchet, Plum's Xo. 591 (or Sargent's Xo. 201. -90c) 55 .55 2 hand saws, 26 inches, 7 points,. Disston's Xo. 8 2.66 2.69 1 rip saw, 28 inches, 5 points, Disston's Xo. 8. . . 1 . 50 1 .53 1 rip saw, 26 inches, 6 points, Disston's Xo. 8. . . 1 .33 1.33 1 compass saw, 12 inches, 12 points, Disston's Xo. 2 28 .28 2 coping saws, Miller Falls Xo. 40 43 .50 1 miter box and saw, Xew Landon, Xo. 17 6.25 6.40 1 saw set, Monarch, Xo. 2, medium .75 .75 1 saw clamp, Disston's Xo. 1 .63 .75 12 Bulletin of the University of Texas 1 ratchet brace, 8-inch sweep, Barber's No. 733, or Stanley's No. 921 1.35 1 . 35 1 ratchet brace, 10-inch sweep, Barber's No. 732A (or Stanley's No. 921, $1.50) 1.75 1.75 9 auger bits, 3 each, ^ inch, f inch, ^ inch, B. Jennings 2.16 2 . 38 4 auger bits, 2 each, f inch, f inch, B. Jennings 1.45 1.52 2 anger bits, 1 each, f inch, 1 inch, B. Jennings .96 1.00 6 gimlet bits, 2 each, 4/32, 5/32, 6/32, Sargent's double cut .41 .41 1 Bose counter sink, Sargent's .10 .17 1 screwdriver bit, D. B. Barton's or Buck Bros.' .15 .20 1 expansion bit, Clark's No. 1 (or Sargent's No. 81, $1.00) 60 .75 1 set nail sets, Goodell's No. 90 84 .84 2 screwdrivers, 4 inches. Champion (or Sargent's No. 66, 50c) 33 .36 1 screwdriver, 6 inches, Champion, or Sargent's No. 66 25 .25 1 monkey wrench, 8 inches, S. B. & W. (or Sar- gent's No. 77, 25c) 42 .42 3 adze-eye claw hammers, Maydole or Stanley's No. 12, 13 ounces 1.14 1.38 4 India oil stones in iron box, No. 0, medium. . 4.40 4.40 4 steel oilers, B. W. Mfg. Co.'s No. 304, £ pint. .40 .45 1 pair steel bar adjustable clamps, 3 feet, Cin- cinnati Tool Co.'s Special Berfeetion *2.80 2.80 3 pairs, steel spindle, Beerless, hand screws, 10 inches, Oliver's No. 91 3 *2 . 16 2.16 1 Stanley dowling gig, No. 59 1 . 30 1.35 1 tool grinder, Bike Beerless Senior, No. 9 (or Bike Greyhound, No. 15, $9.00) 5 . 25 5 . 50 1 kerosene glue heater, 1 quart, Oliver Model S. 1 . (or electric glue heater, Oliver B. J., $14) *7 .00 7 . 00 $ 62.79 $ 64.70 Manual Training in the High School 13 Complete Equipment for Woodwork for Class of 12. INDIVIDUAL TOOLS. 12 try-squares, 8 inches, Disston's ISTo. 15 or Stanley's No. 10 $ 3.25 $ 5.50 12 two-foot rules, Stanley's No. 1, two fold. ... 1.73 2.00 12 marking gauges, Stanley's No. 77 5.50 5.60 12 jack planes, 14 inches, Stanley's Bed Book, No. G05, or Sargent's V. B. M., 14 22.80 23.40 12 tanged firmer chisels, 4 inch, hevel hack, Buck Bros.' No. 30 4.40 4.40 12 tanged firmer chisels, \ inch, bevel back, Buck Bros.' No. 30 4.80 5.00 12 tanged firmer chisels, 1 inch, bevel back, leather tipped handle, Buck Bros.' No. 30 . . . 5 . 65 6 . 25 12 cabinet saws, Disston's No. SO, 14 inches 7 . 50 7 . 75 12 panel saws, 22 inches, 9 points, Disston's No. 112 19.00 19.50 12 sloyd knives, 2| inches, Dexter D. or H. & S. Co/ ' 2.16 2.40 12 spoke shaves, Stanley's No. 54 4 . 70 4 . 70 12 India oil stones, No. 0, in iron boxes 13.20 13.20 12 maple bench hooks, Orr & Lockett *3 . 00 3.00 12 adze-eye claw hammers, 7 ounces, Maydole. . 4.25 5.00 12 lignumvitae mallets, No. 5, 3x5 inches.... 2.70 3.50 12 bench brushes, Bromwell's No. 402, 8 inches 7.00 7.25 12 single work benches, No. 2 (see page 16), estimate 192 . 00 200 . 00 Or Grand Rapids Hand Screw Co.'s bench, No. 96, $202. $303.64 $318.45 14 Bulletin of the University of Texas Work Bench No. 1. Work Bench No. 2. Manual Training in the High School 15 o o» 73 o > X r- pj 03 4>l<- m JL* z 1 o ! ^ : J.I 1 I 3 1 * i § 1 r i i i i i i i i i - i i i -j & i i i l ! 1 1 i i i 0o i - -X 1 < i i — i i 4 Hi 1 4 1 _4L '1 * K //— 16 Bulletin of the University of Texas ,.-£ o> ,***- •<*• Vm-i .$-z- Toi-i -*»* — .9 1 ■•» CsJ O z X -w u U_ 2: II u Ol* CD win;/, for Class of 12. 12 drawing board frames, one for each work bench, estimate $ 1.80 $ 3.00 12 drawing boards, fxl0x24 inches 8.40 10.80 12 pear wood T squares, 24 inches, K. & E., No. 2300 *2 . 52 2 . 52 Manual Training in the High School 23 12 sets drawing instruments, Frederick Post Co.'s No. 1084 *34.80 34.80 Or Keuffel & Esser Co.'s Excelsior, No. 9526F, at $2.(35 each. 12 transparent triangles, 45° 7", K. & E., Xylo- nite, No. 8802, or Frederick Post Co,'s No. 1748 *2.48 2.48 12 transparent triangles, 30x60° 9", K. & E., Xylonite, No. 8803, or Frederick Post Co.'s No. 1747B , *2 . 63 2.63 12 architect's triangular boxwood scales, No. 8881, 12 inches *3.50 3.50 1 teacher's drawing table, Keuffel & Esser Co/s No. 2599C *11.90 11.90 $ 68.03 $ 71.63 Complete Equipment for Mechanical Drawing, for Class of 12. 12 drawing tables, No. 4, page 24, estimate $114.00 $114.00 Or Grand Eapicls Hand Screw Co.'s No. 206, D. T., $15.54 each. 12 pear wood T squares, K. & E., No. 2310. . . 6.48 6.48 12 sets drawing instruments, Keuffel & Esser Co.'s Challenger, No. 9726F, with No. 802 and No. 804 pens *52 . 80 52 . 80 Or Frederick Post Co.'s No. 1084, $2.90 each. 12 transparent triangles, 45° 7", K. & E., Xylo- nite, or Frederick Post Co.'s X T o. 174SB *3.12 12 tranepaient triangles, 30x60° 9," K. & E., Xylonite, or Frederick Post Co.'s No. 1747B. *3.12 12 architect's triangular boxwood scales, 12 inches, white edges, K. & E., 1621W *14.40 4 transparent curves, K. & E., Xylonite, 1 each, 2, 13, 24. 27 *1 . 08 1 teacher's drawing table No. 3, page 24 20 . 00 3 .12 3 .12 14 .40 1 .08 20, . 00 $245 . 00 $245 . 00 24 Bulletin of the University of Texas Teacher's Drawing- Table Xo. 3. Drawing Table No. 4. Manual Training in the High School 25 The combined cost of the equipments listed and recommended for woodwork, concrete work, forging, sheet metal work, and me- chanical drawing, will be from $487.45 to $515.37 for the mini- mum equipment, and from $951.58 to $1002.66 for the maximum. When power is available, either a band-saw or a saw-table should be included in the general equipment. Either of these machines will enable the teacher and pupils to accomplish much more in the time set aside for the shopwork, for without this means of getting out stock too much time must be devoted to the rougher work. The following machines are recommended : Oliver Variety saw table, No. 32A, $120; Oliver band saw, No. 17, 30 inch, $120; Fay and Egan band saw, No. 155, $110, and No. 330 C Variety saw, $110. For lower priced tools the following are suggested: Crescent saw table, No. 2, $93.75; Crescent band saw, 32 inch, $78.75. The power required to drive either of the saw tables or either band saw will not exceed three horse power where no line shafting is used. The line shafting pulleys and belting will vary with the kind and location of the motor, but the cost will rarely exceed $25. Any of the following motors and gasoline engines will be found satisfactory: Westinghouse or General Electric Co.'s alternating current induction three phase motors; Wagoner Electric Co.'s or Century Co.'s alternating current induction single phase motors; Westinghouse or General Electric Co.'s direct current shunt wound 110 or 550 volt motors; Stover Engine Work's horizontal gasoline engines. The following prices of motors and engines will serve as guides in completing the estimate for the complete equipment: Alternating Induction Motors, Complete. H.P. Volts. Cycle. Phase. Speed. Price. 2 110 60 3 1700 to 1800 $55.00 3 110 60 3 1200 71.00 3 110 60 3 1700 to 1800 62 . 00 3 110 60 3 1200 82.00 5 110 60 3 1700 to 1800 72.00 26 Bulletin of the University of Texas Alternating Induction Single Phase Motors. H.P. Volts. Cycle. Speed. Price. 110 or 220 60 1750 $90.00 3 110 or 220 60 1750 110 . 00 5 110 or 220 60 1750 136 . 00 5 110 or 220 60 1165 171.00 5 110 or 220 60 870 208 . 00 Direct Current Shunt Wound Motors, Complete with Slide Pads, Rheostat and Pulley. H.P. Volts. Speed. Price. 2 110 1200 $92.00 2 110 1700 69.00 3 550 1350 98 . 00 2 550 2000 ,. 73.00 3 110 1150 113.00 3 110 1650 95.00 3 550 1800 98.00 3 550 1200 120.00 5 110 1800 113.00 5 110 1100 140.00 5 550 1800 125 . 00 5 550 1200 150.00 5 550 2000 121 . 00 5 550 1350 145 . 00 Prices of Gasoline Engines — Stover Horizontal Engines, 4-Cycle, with Water Tank and Muffler. 4 H. P $140 . 00 6 H. P ' 250.00 8 H. P 300 . 00 Manual Training In the High School 27 EQUIPMENT FOR COURSES IN GROUP II. The specifications of tools when not given may be found in the list of equipment for Group I. Minim mi) Equipment for Bench Woodwork — Individual Tools for Class of 16. 16 try-squares, No. 20 $ 2.15 $ 3.05 16 two-foot rules, No. 1 2 . 30 2 . 66 ] 6 marking gauges, No. 77 3.98 4.00 16 jackplanes, No. 5C, or V. B. M., 14 26.40 30.19 16 tanged firmer chisels, j inch, No. 30 5.85 5.85 16 tanged firmer chisels, -J- inch, No. 30 6.40 6.67 16 tanged firmer chisels, 1 inch, No. 30 7.53 8.33 16 cabinet saws, Disston's No. 80, 14 inches. . . 10.00 10.35 16 Maple bench hooks 4.00 4.00 3 6 bench dusting brushes, No. 502, 8 inches ... 3.34 3.34 16 single work benches, No. 1, with Wilcox rapid acting vise, 230S, No. 1, and Cincinnati Tool Co.'s bench stop 192 . 00 192 . 00 $263.95 $270.42 General Equipment. General equipment listed for Group I $ 62.79 $ 64.70 6 spoke shaves, No. 54 2.35 2.35 4 metal T bevels, No. 18 1 . 29 1 . 33 3 extension dividers, No. 51 1.17 1.17 1 hand saw, 26 inches, 7 points, No. 8 1 . 33 1.35 2 coping saws, No. 40 1.10 1 . J 1" ratchet brace, 8-inch sweep, Barber's No. 733 1.35 1.35 3 each of auger bits, | inch, -| inch, ± inch 2.16 3.38 8 adze-eye, bell-face claw hammers, Stanley or Maydole, 10 ounces 3 . 20 3 . GO 2 pairs steel bar clamps, 3 feet 5 . 60 5 . 60 4 pairs steel spindle band screws, 10 inches.. 2.88 2.88 $ 85.22 $ 88.81 28 Bulletin of the University of Texas Complete Equipment for Bench Woodwork, for Class of 16. INDIVIDUAL TOOLS. 16 each of tools listed in individual equipment for class of 12, Group I $404.85 $424. GO 16 block planes, Stanley's 9^, or Sargent's V. B. M., 5306 11.20 12.00 16 Champion screwdrivers, 6 inches 4.00 4.00 16 metal T bevels, No. 18 4.00 4.00 $424.05 $444.60 General Equipment. General equipment listed for Group I $112.41 $116.99 3 extension dividers, 6 inches 1 . 17 1.17 3 socket mortise chisels, g inch, No. 48 2.25 2.25 3 socket mortise chisels, \ inch, No. 48 2.50 2.50 1 joiner plane, No. 607 2 . 80 2 . 85 5 cabinet scrapers, 3x5 inches 1 . 00 1 . 00 4 hand saws, 26 inch, 7 point, Disston's No. 8. . 5.32 5.38 2 rip saws, 26 inch, 6 points, Disston's No. 8D. . 2.75 3.04 4 each i-ineh, f-inch, 1-inch socket firmer gouges, Buck Bros 7 . 00 7 . 80 2 ratchet braces, 8-inch sweep, Barber's No. 733A 3 . 00 3 . 00 1 set auger bits, Nos. 4 to 16 4 . 50 5.50 2 screwdriver bits .30 .40 4 pairs steel bar clamps, 2| feet 9 .80 9.80 4 pairs steel spindle hand screws, 10 inches, Oli- ver's Peerless *2 . 88 2 .88 8 carving sets, S. J. Addis' No. 13 *21 . 60 21 . 60 1 wood trimmer, Oliver's 1A *35.00 35.00 1 hand joiner, 6 inches round head, Oliver's 144B, with guard 85 . 00 85 . 00 1 wall tool case, estimated 40 . 00 40 . 00 $339.28 $347.16 Manual Training in the High School 29 Minimum Equipment for Wood Turning, for Class of 8. 8 Wells' manual training lathes, 12 inches by 4 feet, on long legs and with Idler under drive . *$460 . 80 $460 . 80 1 motor, 5 H. P., direct current 113.00 150.00 Or 5 H. P. induction motor, $72. 8 sets wood turner's tools, consist of 1 each, 1-inch straight gouge, f-inch turner's gouge, 1-ineh turner's gouge, 1-inch turner's skew chisel, ^-inch turner's skew chisel, f-inch round nosed chisel, f-inch cutting off chisel, Buck Bros.' or D. E. Barton's 29 . 00 32 .00 8 steel oilers, P. W. Mfg. Co.'s No. 304, \ pint .80 .90 8 pairs 6-inch outside calipers, Starrett's Xo. 26 3.20 4.00 8 pairs 6-inch inside calipers, Starrett's No. 27 3.20 4.00 8 hickory mallets, 3x5 inches .92 1.17 8 two-foot rules. Stanley's No. 1 1.16 1 . 34 8 bench dusting brushes, Bromwell's No. 502, 8 inches . . . . 1.67 1.67 $611.05 $655.88 Complete Equipment for Wood Turning. 8 motor drive turning lathes with A. C. motors, 12-inch swing, 36 inches between centers, F. E. Well- X- Son Co.'s *$891 . 20 $891 . 20 Or F. E. Peed Co.'s New Model. $140 each, or Oliver Co.'s No. 55, $138 each. S sets turner's tools, consisting of 1 each, 1-inch straight gouge, 11-inch skew chisel, 1-inch skew chisel, f-inch skew chisel, J-inch skew chisel, 14-inch turner's gouge, 1-inch turner's gouge, f-inch turner's gouge, f-inch nutting off chisel, f-inch round nosed chisel, Buck Bros.' or D. E. Barton Co.'s 45 . 00 50 .00 8 pairs 6-inch outside calipers, Starrett's Xo. 26 3.20 4.00 8 pairs 6-inch inside calipers, Starrett's No. 27 3.20 4.00 8 hickory mallets, 3x5 inches 92 1.17 8 two-foot rules, Stanley's No. 1 1.16 1 . 34 30 Bulletin of the University of Texas 8 bench dusting brushes, Bromwell's No. 502, 8 inches 1 • ( ; *> 1 • 67 8 steel oilers, P. W. Mfg. Co.'s No. 304, \ pint .80 .90 $946.65 $954.28 Minimum Equipment for Sheet Metal, Forging, and Machine Shopwork for a Class of 12. Equipment listed for "Shoot Metal and Forging, Group I" $265 . 36 $291 . 02 6 sets, individual tools, Starrett's No. 900 or No. 901 27.00 2) .90 1 swivel vise. 4-inch or 4|-inch jaws. Athol Ma- chine Co.'s No. 710. or Eeed Mfg. Co.'s No. 204-i 7 . 50 8 . 00 2 stationary base vises, 3|-inch jaw, Athol Ma- chine Co.'s No. 711 10.68 10.68 Or Eeed Mfg. Co.'s No. 1034, $4.50 each. 3 ball pein hammers, 14. pounds, Maydole or Stanley 1 . 06 1 . 20 1 Starrett's No. 202 micrometer 4. 13 4.50 1 Starrett's No. 1. screw pitch gauge .94 1 .00 1 Starrett's No. 155, screw pitch gauge 1.13 1.25 1 Starrett's !STo. 52, surface gauge 1.50 1.75 1 Starrett's No. 106 speed indicator 1 .13 1.25 Material for work bench to he made by pupils . . 10.00 15.00 1 engine lathe, 12 inches by 5 feet, with com- pound rest and spindle, with Morse taper, Eeed Prentice Co.'s *290 . 00 290 . 00 Or Champion Co.'s. 1 drill press, Eockford, 14 inches, power feed, fitted with No. 2 Morse taper sleeve *57.00 57.00 1 crank shaper, 16 inches, Stockbridge, single geared *325 . 00 325 .00 Or Eockford, 14 inches. 1 Detroit, No. 3, emery grinder 3? . 25 38 . 35 1 power hack saw. Miller Falls, No. 89 18.44 19.50 t breast drill and chain chuck. Miller Falls. No. 25 2.0(1 3.00 Manual Training in the High School 31 1 5-H. P. A. C. -motor, 3 phase or single phase *72.00 136.00 Pulleys, belting, etc 50 . 00 75 .00 1 Westcott's 10|-inch independent lathe chuck, with four jaws, with face plate casting *14.80 14.80 1 Westcott's 8-inch geared combination lathe chuck, three jaws, with face plate casting. ... 16.10 16.10 1 Little Giant drill chuck, No. 1, fitted to lathe spindle 6.65 6 . 65 1 set of Armstrong lathe tools, consisting of 1 each, straight shank No. IS, boring tool, No. 9, with bushing and ^-inch bar. Drill holder No. 2. Cut-off, No. 31E. Right hand side tool, No. 71R , 8.60 8.60 ] Armstrong planer tool, No. 401 *2.45 2.45 In addition io the above equipment, a large number of small special tools will be needed, but these should be selected by the teacher with special reference to the exercises and projects planned. These small tools will cost from $25 to $50, making the total for the complete equipment from $1256.32 to $1405.50. Minimum Equipment for Mechanical Drawing, for Class of 16. 16 drawing board frames $ 2 . 40 $ 4 . 00 16 drawing boards 11 .20 14.10 1 teacher's drawing table 11 • 90 11.90 $ 25.50 $ 30.30 Complete Equipment for Mechanical Drawing for Class of 16. 1 6 drawing tables, No. 4 $192 . 00 $192 . 00 48 drawing boards 33.60 43.20 1 teacher's drawing table 20 . 00 20 . 00 1 cabinet for materia] and for students' drawings 15.00 15.00 $260.60 $282.20 Pupils should furnish their own drawing instruments. The combined cost of the equipment recommended for wood- work, turning, sheet metal, forging, machine shopwork, and me- chanical drawing for schools in Group II will be from $2241 to 32 Bulletin of the University of Texas $245'0.90 for the minimum and from $3186.90 to $3433.75 for liic maximum. EQUIPMENT FOE THE MODERN MANUAL TRAINING HIGH SCHOOL. The selection of a complete equipment for the large city high school and the perfecting of plans for the proper installment of this equipment constitute a complicated engineering problem. This problem can be successfully solved only by an expert who is familiar with every factor that might affect the manual training depart- ment. The plan of the building, details of construction of the building, general organization of the school, course of study, and the size and schedule of proposed classes must be considered minutely. As almost all of the Large city high schools have fairly good equipment for shopwork and mechanical drawing, or have com- petent supervisors who can plan all changes and additions needed, no special list of equipment for these schools is given in this bulletin. The list of equipment given for "Group IP should be sufficient to guide any school just starting a manual training department. However, the University, through its visitor of schools, is ready at all times to assist any school dealing with this problem. LOCATION AND PLAN OF SHOPS. The efficiency of the manual training department of any school depends to a great extent upon the location of the laboratories in relation to other departments. If the shop is located so as to cause the noise incident to hand-tool and machine operations to disturb classes engaged in recitations, trouble is sure to arise, and some of the operations will have to he postponed until after school. The shape, size and character of the room are very important factors in the success or failure of the work. Toor arrangement of equipment, poor Light, poor ventilation, and lack of working -pace for each pupil are the causes of the had results found in many schools. Where rooms in an old building must he u^v<\ it is often very difficult to select the ones best suited to the needs of the manual Manual Training in the High School 33 training work. A consideration of the following requirements, however, will aid in the proper selection of rooms and in planning a satisfactory installation of the equipment. Location. — Machinery should he installed on the ground floor. This is necessary, generally, in order to have firm foundations for machines. If overhanging shafting is to he used and the huilding is of frame construction the shop should not he under a classroom. The vibration would be intolerable in the classroom. Partitions and floors between shops and classrooms should be thoroughly dead- ened to prevent the transmission of sound. Washrooms should be near the shops, otherwise each shop should lie provided with one or more wash basins conveniently located within the shop. The drawing room should he Located near the woodworking shop, hut need not be on the same floor. Lighting. — Abundant light is very essential for shopwork and for mechanical drawing. Exact mechanical work, such as sawing or cutting to knife lines, if attempted under any but the best- lighting conditions, is sure to result in poor work and badly strained eyes. It would be far better to use a poorly lighted room for Latin, or geometry classes than for pupils trying any form of fine mechanical operations. The light should come from in front of, and to the left, of the worker. If artificial light must be used, a drop light should he placed above the back left hand corner of each bench, as well as over every other station occupied by the workers. Windows should extend up close to the ceiling. North Light is especially desirable for the class in mechanical drawing. Ventilation. — The shops should lie well ventilated, as an abun- dance of fresh air is necessary to pupils engaged in vigorous exer- cise of mind and body. The working positions bring the pupils in close contai 1 with much finely divided dust, coming from the material worked upon. II is important to eliminate this dust as quickly as possible by a good circulation of fresh air. The shop should have good heating facilities, so that the tem- perature can be controlled without interfering with the proper ven- tilation. Moisl warm air should not lie admitted into a cold room where tools and machinery are kept, as the cold metal will become covered with moisture, which will cause the rusting of the iron and steel parts. Basements with floors that arc more than two feet below the 34 Bulletin of the University of Texas surface of the school ground should not he used for shops, as such rooms often become cooler than the outside atmosphere. t<— 48" an an an an u an an __£. D 25 L 0"X32'-0 SCALE gV The above plan shows a satisfactory arrangement of equipment for bench woodwork and mechanical drawing. The plan contem- plates the use of twelve (B) No. 1 or No. 2 single benches, pro- vided with drawing board frames to fit top of the benches; twelve (C) tablet arm chairs, one (A) teacher's drawing table, two (D) drawing board cabinets, one (F) saw table or hand saw, one (I) tool case, one (Gr) glue and paint table, and two (J) lumber racks. Floors. — AH shops except the forge shop and the foundry should have wooden floors. Such floors are far more comfortable than are concrete or brick floors, and cause less damage to tools thai may fall upon the floor. Manual Train in;/ in the High School 35 Space. — The amount and the shape of the floor space required for each laboratory and auxiliary room will depend upon the size of the class, the type of equipment, and the kind of work to be done. Eighteen by twenty-six feet. 22x22 feet, or 10x30 feet are dimen- sions of rooms suitable for shops for bench woodwork and me- chanical drawing for a class of twelve pupils. These small rooms would not afford sufficient demonstration space, or space fbr ma- chinery: 26x32 or 25x34 feet are dimensions of rooms suitable for bench woodwork and mechanical drawing, and provide space for demonstration and for a hand saw or a table saw. A room 24x38 feet, with windows on two sides and on one end, would afford excellent space and good arrangement for a class of twelve pupils in bench woodwork, mechanical drawing, carpentry, furniture making, and concrete work. It would also provide ample space for demonstrations and for a hand saw or table saw; 20x25 or 15x36 feet are dimensions suitable for a drawing room to accom- modate a class of twelve. A study of the lay-out shown in the plan on page 34 will give other detailed information, such as the spacing of equipment, needed in planning a shop for any size class. DETAILED OUTLINES OF SHOPWORK. The problems and the arrangement of the work given in the following outlines are merely suggestive. They may be altered by the teacher to meet local conditions and individual needs. The purpose has been to outline courses containing the fundamental elements and processes essential to every good course in shopwork. These courses are sufficiently organized to enable the trained teacher to secure definite, desirable results. The instruction and execution of the work should awaken and hold the interest of the pupil and cause him to acquire the following: (a) Skill in the correct practical use of tools and machines. (b) Knowledge of materials used; of tools and machines, their design, development, and use in the industries; of mechanical processes, principal operations, arrangement of operations, time required; of principles of decorative and structural design. (c) Ability to read and make working drawings. (d) Power of mechanical analysis. (e) Increase in initiative and inventive ability. 3G Bulletin of the University of Texas (f) Habits of neatness, accuracy, and industry. (g) Right appreciation of labor and of the works of indus- trial art. GROUP SYSTEM. The arrangement of the course with a number of similar prob- lems in each group, enables the teacher to give class instruction planned for in advance of the current lesson. This makes it pos- sible to give better prepared demonstrations, and avoids the need- less repetition so common to other systems. The apt pupil will complete two or more problems of the group while the slow pupil may complete but one before the uexl class of work or group is taken up by the class. Of course, any problem not finished when the new group is taken up should be completed by the pupil before he starts a problem in the new group. It is important, however, that the instruction be applied, to some extent, soon after it is given: and the teacher should see that each pupil not ready to start a new model completes a small exercise before again proceeding with, the old model. By the careful use of exercises and selection of problems, the class can lie kept (dose together. STJBJECT-MATTEB AX1) RELATED [^FORMATION. In the outlines of shopwork the study of tools, processes, and principles -if construction is clearly indicated. The pupil is con- cerned with this subject-matter at once. He recognizes it as a means to his immediate end i— eh C X o hH V! 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Problems — Square or hexagonal tile, section of walk, stile block, chimney cap. (4) Casting hollow forms in wooden molds. Eeinforcing. Problems — Flower boxes, drinking and feed troughs, build- ing blocks. (5) Plaster molds for simple straight line and curved forms. Problems — Flower boxes, vases. Manual Training in the High School 47 % PQ o Pi Ph o E-t % Eh Ph W GO p 5 ° >>2 s o ; X! n 73 5 6 rt M tu £ 2 « =S C -£-0 v ° ofl m to o £■« so O +j o QOm £3 0) o 2^3 o o a> X w ° w £ to cS C 3 bo rt iK t* . O 0) « c fl « o X c^ £ O o v ^ — 33 p. 22 3 b w rt is c- be c C o o «-o o O S2 -2 P cc "O a* si s rt m r-j *q £ph « g- CO « CO a ■°^ o 2 w ^o & 2'^ •£'£ 2 fe u £ waft fi — o •c £ c 0<£ Oh 48 Bulletin of the University of Texas WOOD TURNING. Experiments recently made in several high schools show that the traditional wood turning course, while logically and well planned as to subject-matter, violates some of the principles of good teaching. The two principles, that work should proceed from the simple to the complex, and should proceed from the easy to the more difficult, are the principles violated. The experiments show that much of the face-plate work is less difficult than any of the spindle work, and the processes involved are simpler. The fol- lowing course, therefore, places the simple face-plate work first. This arrangement has the added advantages of permitting some useful models to he made early in the course, and of not requiring the exercises that demand great skill until after the pupil lias become familiar with the principle of tbe turning lathe and with the tools to be used. (A) Simple Face-plate Turning. (1) Producing cylindrical and plane surfaces, V grooves; use of center screw. New Tools — Large skew chisel, round nose chisel, outside calipers. Problems- — Exercise, coffee pot or flower pot stand, candlestick base. (2) Turning low forms having profiles with curved out- lines; use of face-plate screws-; polishing with boiled oil or with wax. New Tools — Inside calipers, templets. Problems — Exercises, desk trays. (B) Spindle Turning. (1) Turning plain cjdinders — single and in combina- tions. New Tools — Plain gouge, turner's gouge, cut-off tool. Problems — Exercise, towel roller, beam for marking gauge. (2) Turning tapers and V grooves. Problems — Exercise, molder's gate pins, dibble, mandrels. Manual Training in the High School 49 (3) Convex and bead cuts. Problems — Exercises. (4) Concave cuts. Problems — Exercises. (5) Concave and convex cuts with gouge, polishing. Problems — Exercises, chisel handles, candlesticks, Indian clubs, drawing forms, gavel heads. (C) Advanced Face-plate Work. (1) Use of cup chuck. New Tools — Inside calipers. Problems — Picture frame, towel ring, paper weight. (2) Boring, finishing on mandrel between centers or on pin chuck. Problems — Napkin rings, rope pulley. (3) Turning boxes and covers. Problems — Jewel box. collar box. SUGGESTIVE TREATMENT OF PROBLEMS. An even grained soft or hard wood may be used for the exer- cises. Some suitable hardwood or built up stock should be used for the other problems. All exercises suggested for spindle turn- ing should be required. PROBLEMS. (1) and (2) (b) (1), (2), (3) and (4) DRAWING AND DESIGN. Full size working drawings given to work from. Note-book sketches of simi- lar models applying princi- ples of design to turned forms. Working drawings made by pupil from models. Collection by class of illus- trations of forms of revo- lution showing good de- sign. RELATED TOPICS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION OR FOR HOME WORK. History and development of the turning lathe. How to figure speeds and sizes of pulleys. Lacing belts. The use of wood turning in pattern making, furniture making, and in mill work. 50 Bulletin of the University of Texas PROBLEMS. (5) (c) (1) and (2) (3) DRAWING AND DESIGN. Original designs and work- ing drawings made by pupil from statement of requirements. Working drawings given to work from. Original designs and work- ing drawings made by pupil. Other designs collected by pupil. RELATED TOPICS FOR CLASS DISCUSSION OR FOR HOME WORK. Different designs of turning lathes. Lathes for special purposes, as for turning handles, gun stocks, etc. Different methods of driving lathes. Variety lathe. Use of waste lumber. Observations concerning wood turning in the local industries visited. Methods used, kind and quality of work turned out, amount of work done by an experienced man. Cost of wood turning. SHEET METAL WORK. (1) Laying out pattern, cutting, punching, bending. New Tools — Square, scriber, dividers, punch, snips. Problems — Match safe, box corners. (2) Pattern drafting, riveting. New Tools — Tinner's stake, rivei set, rivet hammer. Problems — Flue thimble, taper pipe joint with side open- ing for square pipe. (3) Soldering. New Tools — Soldering iron, furnace or fire pot. Problem — Cake cutters, dus! trays, boxes. (4) Turning edges — burs, seams, wired edges. New Tools— Mallet. Hat stake, round stake. Problems — Funnel, measuring cup, square cake-pan. (5) Brazing. New Tools — Blow torch, tongs. Problems — Sheet iron ferrule. Manual Training in the High School 51 ART METAL WORK ( COPPER AND BRASS). (A) Flat Work. (1) Laying out. drilling, cutting, and sawing outline. New Tools — Hand drill, snips, jeweler's saw file. Problems — Escutcheons, hinge tails, watch fob. ( 2 ) Bending, folding. New Tools — Mallet, vise, hammer. Problem — Pad corners, box corners, hinges. (3) Soldering. New Tools — Soldering iron, blow pipe. Problems — Match safe, toothpick holder, stamp box, picture frame. (4) Eiveting. New Tools — Rivet set. Problem — Lamp shade, sconce, book rack. (B) Baised Forms. (1) Shallow forms. New Tools — Wooden blocks, sand bag, special stakes, raising and planishing hammers. Problems — Desk trays, reflector for sconce (A) (4), top of box. (2) Deep forms. New Tools — Special stakes. Problems — Small bowls. (C) Decorative Treatment of Surface of Models in (A) and (B). ( 1 ) Polishing. (a) By hand. (b) Cloth or felt buffing wheel. ( 2 ) Hammering. (3) Etching. (4) Embossing. (5) Coloring. (a) With sulphur. (b) With ammonia. (c) Copper plating on brass. (d) Silver solution. 52 Bull din of the University of Texas PATTERN MAKING. The prerequisites to this course are bench woodwork and wood turning. The work in elemental'}' pattern making, therefore, should consist of well chosen exercises planned to illustrate the requirements of patterns, principles of construction, and methods of molding. After these exercises are completed and after some knowledge of molding is gained, patterns for projects to be fin- ished in the machine shop should be required. (A) Elementary Pattern Making. (1) Draft and shrinkage. Problems — Straight line simple ribbed pattern, slot- ted block. (2) Double shrinkage and finish allowance. Problems — One-piece pattern for cone pulley, face plate. (3) Simple split pattern with core prints, core box. Problem — Flanged pipe fitting. (4) Pattern requiring three-part mold. Problem — Double flanged pulley. (5) Match board pattern. Problem — Ring, letters. (6) Loose piece pattern. Problem — Square column with projections. (B) Advanced Pattern Making. (1) Patterns for castings of small parts of machines (machine shop projects). (2) Patterns for large or complicated castings for ma- chines (machine shop projects), MOLDING AND FOUNDRY PRACTICE. It is necessary that this work be very closely correlated with the pattern making, as each is dependent upon the other. Molds should be made of all completed patterns soon after the finishing coats are dry, in order to test the patterns. (A) Molding. (1) Molds in half of two-part flash. Problems — Slotted block, face plate. Manual Training in the High School 53 (2) Coping out drag. Problems — King, wrench. (3) Core making, use of cores. Problems — Flanged pipe fitting. (4) Three-part mold. Problem — Double flanged pulley. (5) Use of match board. Problem — Pattern making problem (5). (6) Molds of patterns having loose parts. Problems — Pattern making problem (6). (7) Making molds by use of sweeps. Problems — Large ring of square cross section. (8) Molding machine shop projects. (B) Foundry Practice. ( 1 ) Eepairing and preparation of furnace and ladles. (2) Charging of furnace. (3) Drying molds. (4) Core baking. (5) Drawing off metal, pouring. (6) Cleaning castings by hand. (7) Use of tumbling barrels. (8) Grinding castings. In addition to pattern making exercises and foundry practice, there should be discussions, assigned readings, and written reports, on such related subjects as iron ore, preparation of ores; smelting — the reduction or blast furnace, fuels, fluxes, blasts, furnace designs ; classification of iron — pig iron, Bessemer iron, basic iron; refining of pig iron; steel — crucible steel, open hearth steel, Bessemer steel; effect of silicon, sulphur, phosphorus, carbon, etc., on cast iron; methods of making malleable and chilled castings, steel cast- ings, brass castings; machine molding. Commercial pattern shops and foundries should be visited, and the observations made should be discussed in class. OUTLINE OF FOEGE WORK. (1) Drawing out, squaring with hammer. New Tools — Forge, anvil, tongs, hammer, Hardy. Problems — Exercises in lead or in iron. 54 Bulletin of the University of Texas (2) Drawing out round, swaging. New Tools — Swage, sledge hammer. Problems — Exercises. (3) Pointing and bending. New Tools — Horn of anvil. Problem — Exercise, staple, meat hook. (4) Twisting and bending, cutting stock. Xew Tools — Blacksmith vise, cold chisel. Problem — Gate hook, poker. (5) Fullering, punching. New Tools — Fuller, punch. Problems — Eye bolt, hasp. (6) Drilling, riveting, brazing. New Tools — Center punch, drill and drilling machine, rivet set. Problems — Exercise, ornamental bracket. (7) Upsetting, forming. New Tools — Heading tool. Problem — Square bolt, hexagonal bolt. (8) Splitting. New Tools — Hot chisel. Problems — Oar lock, ice hatchet, fork. (9) Welding — Lap weld. Problems — Exercise, ring, chain. (10) Welding— Cleft weld. Problem — Exercise. (11) Case hardening. Problems — Bolt head, any small forging. (12) Tool forging. Problems — Punch, cold chisel, lathe tools. (13) Hardening and tempering. Problems — Metal working tools, woodworking tools, bush- ings, drills. (14) Eeview of processes in order to increase skill. Problems — Forge tongs, carpenter's pinchers, draw-knife, ornamental projects. (15) Repair of forge shop tools. Manual Training in the High School 55 In addition to the necessary class instruction and demonstrations dealing with tools, operations, processes, etc. 'there should be shop talks on related subjects. These talks should be supplemented by assigned reading. Visits to local iron working industries should also be arranged, and the observations made should be discussed in class or should be written in the note-book. The subjects of shop talks should include the manufacture of iron and steel, the use of iron and steel in the industries, commercial methods of pro- ducing forcings in large numbers, decorative design applied to wrought iron. MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE. As it is not practicable to equip the machine shop with individual equipment of machine tools, the work cannot be arranged in the same way that any of the other shop work is. Proper sequence, from an educational point of view, as to operations and processes, can be followed only to a limited extent. Well planned exercises afford the most efficient means of giving the pupil a working knowledge of the tools, machines, and operations and processes used in general machine shop work. As soon as the pupils understand the operation of all machines and have developed sufficient skill, through the exercises, to do the work with reasonable speed and accuracy, project^ should take the place of exercises. Better re- sults can generally be obtained by the use of the group project instead of the class project. This is because the teacher can easily adapt the work to a small group of pupils who have been carefully selected from the class. (a: mch Work. (1) Chipping, Filing, Scraping. Key seat exercise. Cast iron exercise. • (2) Fitting. (3) Assembling. (4) F~se of taps and dies.- — Exercise, 56 Bulletin of the University of Texas (B) Drilling and Boring. (1) Laying ont work, Drilling within circle, Guiding drill, Countersinking and counterboring. j (2) Special drills, special uses of drill press. — Demon- stration. (3) Methods of clamping work in drill press. — Demon- stration. (C) Lathe Work. (1) Plain cylindrical turning, ^ Taper turning, V Exercises. Eccentric turning. J (2) Thread cutting. — Exercises. (3) Face plate, ^ Angle plate, and chuck work, V Exercises. Boring. J (-1) Mandril work. (5) .Boring bar, use of steady rest, follower rest. (6) Running, shrinking, and pressing fit. — Exercise may be part of 1 or 3. ((D) Shaper Work. (1) Clamping and chucking work. — Demonstration. (.2) Plane surfaces at various angles. — Exercise. (3) Cutting key ways. — Exercise. (4) Special shaper work. — Demonstration.