UNITED STATES OF AMErFcA. History of the United States. 3?^?'/^' Geammae-School Histoet UNITED STATES; FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE PRESENT TIME. J. S. BLACKBURN, riincipal of " Alexandria High Soliool," Virginia. AND w. K Mcdonald, a. m., Principal of "Male High School," of Louisville, Kenlucity. BALTIMORE: W. J. C. DULANY & CO., 332 W. BALTIMORE STREET. 1871. "" Entered (iccordliis to Act of Conprrrss, In tho rear 1S7'., by .J. S. IlLACKl'.UKN AM) \V. N. AlcDONAI.l), In the UlUco of lliu Ltbrariau of Congress, at Wasliiiij^toD. y ^-.^- PREFACE. At the request of mary educators "who have been using the " New School History of the United States," and who think it desirable that a History suitable for younL,er pupils should be offered in connection with the above-mentioned History, the authors have prepared the following " Grammar-School History of the United States." This is ihejirst and only one that has been prepared by Southern writers. As in their former History, it has been the endeavor of the authors, in the present one, to present to teachers a School His- tory of the United States free from sectional views and partisan statements, and yet giving the history of the Southern Colonies and the Southern States a greater prominence than has been accorded by the authors of Northern Histories. It has been par- ticularly their aim to relieve their section from the false statements and misrepresentations that fill the Northern Histories. They have, however, studiously avoided thrusting into the narrative any peisonal opinions. They have limited themselves to narrating the actual FACTS in connection with the history of our country, feel- ing confident that the mere statement of them will do full justice to the South. The events of the History have been narrated continuously, rather than in chronological order: deeming this the best plan to secure the attention of the young student. 1* VI p HE fa.uk. Fic(iiunl Mat-Qukstions are given in order to enalile the pupil to trace the movements of armies during the wars in wbicli tlic United States has been engaged. The Review Questions appended to eacli Part will be found exhaustive of the text, and are topical in their churactcr, thus compelling the pupil to recall the leading events of thell istory and to group them methodically. At the close of the book will be found the Declaration of Inde- pendence ; the Constitution of the United Slates, with questions thereon ; a Chronological Record of Events; a Pronouncing Vocabulary ; and numerous Tables containing matter of interest in connection with the history of the country. A^ril 11, 1871. contents: INTRODUCTION. PAGK The Indians xi fj^:rt I. FRO:\r THE DISCOVERT OF A^IKRICA TO THE AMERICAN REV- OLUTION. Chapter I.— Discovert and Early Coloi^ization of Ahiep.ica. SECTION. 1. Columbus 1 2. Discovery of America aud Early Explorations 4 3. French and Spanish Discoveries 7 4. Ferdinand de Soto, and Sir Walter Ealeigh 10 Chapter II.— Virginia. 1. Settlement at Jamestown 14 3. History of the Settlement (continued) IS 3. History of the Settlement (continued) 21 4. History of the Settlement (continued) 21 5. History of the Settlement (continued) 28 Chapter III —New England. 1. Settlement of the Puritans 32 2, Settlement of Rhode Island aud other Eastern States 35 Chapter IV.— Maryland and New York. 1. Colonization of Maryland 3S 2. Colonization 6f New York 41 3. Colonization of New York (continued) 44 Chapter V.— Pennsylvania and Delaware , 46 Chapter VI.— The Carolinas and Geop.gia. 1. Colonization of North Carolina 48 2. Colonization of South Carolina 51 3. Colonization of Georgia 54 Chapter VII.— New England 57 YlU VO.STKMS. PAOK Chapter VIII.— The Mississippi and Ohio Valleys. 1. Settlement of Lou.siaim 01 8. The Prelniic to the French War W Chapteb IX.— Tue Fhencii and Indian War. 1. Brnddock'e Cnnipnign Cd 2. Events of 1758 and 1759 (ill 3. Indian Wars „ 72 I>-A.E/T II. FltOM THE AMERICAN UEVOLUTION TO THE ESTAnUSlIMENT OF THE UNITED STATES. Chapter I.— Cause and Commencement op the Revolution. SECTION. 1. Resistance to Taxation .^ 77 2. First Battles of the War 80 Chapter II.— Revolution (continued). 1. Invasion of Canada. Evacuation of Boston. Attack on Fort Moultrie SI 2. Capture of New York. Battles in New Jersey. Capture of Philadelphia 88 Chapter III.— Revolutios (continued). 1. Biirgoync'8 Invasion Di 2. Alliance with Franco. Battle of Monmouth. Expedition of Massachusetts !»(! Chapter IV.— Revolution (co.vTfNUtD). 1. War in the South. Arnold's Treason 100 2. Surrender of Cornwallis. Peace declared. Exploits of John Paul Jones lOCi 3. Convention of 1787. Provieions of the Cout^titution Ill F-A-ItT III. FUOM THE ESTABLISTI.MENT OF THE UNITED STATES TO THK GKEAT SECTIONAL WAU. Chapter I.— Administrations of Washington. Adams, and Jefkkuson. SKCTION. 1780-1800 iir> 1. Washington's Administration. Early history of Kentucky and Teiincssco ll.") 3. AdmiuistratiouB of Adams and Jofl'orsou. War with Tripoli 131 CONTENTS. IX PAGE Chapteb II.— Madison's ADMiNiexRATiorr, and the V/ak with Geeat Britain 123 1. Causes of the war. Campaign of 1813 123 2. Campaign of lbl3. llarrisou's operations 126 Chapter III.— Madison's Administration, and the war with Great Britain continued 130 1. Campaign of 1813 ou New York frontier. Cockbiiru's deiircdatious 130 2. Creek war. Campaign of 1811 on New York frontier. Captarc of Washington. Bombardment of Fort Mclienry 133 Chapter IV.— Madison's Adsiinistdation, and the War with Great Britain continued 138 1. Conduct of New Euglauders. Battle of New Orleans 138 2. Naval battles of war of 1819. Mississippi 140 Chapter V.— From Monroe to Polk, 1817- '.845 141 Chapter VI. — Administration of James K. Polk, and the Mexican War 149 1. Taylor's CampfvigQ. CoDquest of California 149 2. Scott's Campaign. Treaty of Peace with Mexico 154 Chapter VII.— A-djiinistrations of Taylor, Fillmore, Pierck, and Buchanan , 158 HISTORY OF THE GllEAT SECTIONAL WAR AND THE i'EMtS ENSUING. Chapter I.— Sectional War 104 section. 1. Signs of War. Formation of Confederate States. Fall of Fort Sumter. Secession of Border States 1(;4 2. War in Virginia. War iu Missouri 1G7 3. Naval Expcdiaous War in West Virginia War in Kentucky 171 4. War in Kentucky. Baltleof Shiloh. Fall of New Orleans. Capture of Roanoke Island. Naval battle near Norfolk 174 5. McClellan's Campaign against Eichmond. Stonewall Jackson'.s Valley Campaign. Invasion of Maryland 177 6. Invasion of Kentucky. Battles of Fredericksburg and Murfreesboro. Emancipa:iou Proclamation ISl 7 Battle of Chaucellorsville. Invasion of Pennsylvania 183 8. Fall of Vicksbnrg and Port Hudson. Cavalry Kaids. Siege of Charleston. Battles of Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge. Coiiditiou of North and South Igg CONTENTS. PAGE Chapter II.— Campakjnb or 18G4 and 18G5 189 BECTION. 1. Banks' Red Uivcr Expedltiou. Grant's ndvftnce to Pctercburg 189 2. Sigerp, and Iluiifers advance. Early's Valley campaign. The Ahthama eunk 193 8. Capture of Atlanta, llood'8 advance to Nashville. Sherman's ad- vance to Kaleigh. Capture of Richmond. Surrender at Appo- mattox 19t) Chapter III.— Jounson'b Administbatioh 201 Declaration of Indipendenco 200 Constitution of United States 210 Chronological Record 22S Table I. Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the United States 235 II. Settlement, admission, population, &c., of the States and Ter- ritories 230 III. Showing progress of the United States 238 rV. Showing value of Federal and Confederate paper money during the Great Sectional War 238 Pronouncing Vocabulary 240 HISTOEY OF THE UNITED STATES. INTRODUCTION. i AaiERiCAN Aborigines. 1. America, when discovered by the white man, was peopled with a new and strange race. Their origin is unknown. They had no knowledge of the art of writ- ing, and their traditions are vague and contradictory. They were called Indians because the first discovered land (San Salvador) was thought to be one of the East Indies. It is probable that they came from Asia. The Mexicans lived in cities and had many of the arts of civilized life : but the Indian tribes found in the present limits of the United States were barbarous. Of these only we shall now speak. Indian Races. 3. The principal stocks were: I. The Algonquins; II. the Iroquois ; III. the Appalachians ; IV. the Che- rokees; V. the Dacotahs; VI. the Chicoras. The Algonquins included those tribes found in the country extending from the Ohio and Mississippi eastward to 1. Why were the ahorigines of this couutry called Indians ? Whence did they come ? Why do we know nothing of their past ? Were the Mexicans barbarous ? 2. What are the principal stocks? What country did the Algouquina occupy? What, the Iroquois ? What, the Appalachians ? What, the Cnero kees ? The Dacotahs ? The Tuscaroras ? Xii TUJii JJ/DJAMd. the Atlantic, nortlnvard beyond the lakes, and Bouth- ward along the seaboard to Cape Fear river. The Iroquois occupied the western parts of New York and Pennsylvania, and were surrounded by the Algonquins; the Appalachians, the country bounded by the rivers Savannah, Sabine and Ohio ; the Cherokees, the rich valleys of the Tennessee and Cumberland rivers; the Dacotahs, the valleys of the Arkansas and Missouri; the Tuscaroras, the Caroliuas. Mode of Life, Religion, and GoverNiMent. 3. The Indians lived scattered in villages of wig- wams. For a subsistence they hunted and fished, some- times cultivating patches of corn. The squaws did all the work. The business of the men was to hunt and fight. To this end, the education of the youth was directed. They believed in one supremo God; but from fear often worshipped inferior deities. Heaven to them was a happy hunting ground, the home of the brave. At death, a warrior's weapons and most prized goods were buried with him. There was no one in authority except the CJiief and Medicine Man. The power of the Chief depended upon his valor and eloquence ; that of the Medicine Man upon his skill in juggling and the art of healing. 3. llnw did the Indians snbpisl? Wlifit was tlic occnpation of the Dif-n ! Who (lid nil tho worlt? Wlmi wwh the nlisjion of the Indians? Who wtrt the ouly pcruoub iu authority umou^' them Tt HiSTOKY OF THE UNITED STATES. PART I. FROM THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. CHAPTER I. DISCOVERY AND EAELY COLONIZATION OF AMEEICA. SECTION I. Who Discovered America? 1, One may learn from history a great deal about the different races of people, which, from time imme- morial, have dwelt in the countries of the eastern hemi- sphere : but concerning those which have occupied America, history goes no further back than the year 1492. It is true that an Icelandic historian claims for his own countrymen the credit of having discovered and colonized America about 1004; and it is certain that Greenland was settled by this people about this time; but there is no proof that any European ever knew of the existence of America before its discovery by Columbus. 1. What may one learn from history concerning the inhahitants of the Eastern Hemisphere? What concerning those of America? What is claimed by an Icelandic historiau ? When and by whom was Greenland settled ? cy 2 bistort of the united states. [1193. Early Lii'E op Columbus. 2, CiiRiSToriiER Columbus, the discoverer of the New World, was born in Genoa, 1435. He was a stu- dious boy ; but his father was too poor to let bim de- vote much time to his books. Ho nevertheless got a fair knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, and geo- graphy. At the age of fourteen be went to sea, and soon became a great traveller. Ho visited Madeira and the Canaries. He also wont to Iceland, and explored the waters just beyond it. Hb Conceives the Idea op a " "Western World." 3, The great object of mercantile onteq>ri8e at this time was to find a new and near way to India ; for this land of luxuries enriched all who shared its commerce. Columbus caught the desire of his age, and bent all the energies of his genius to gi*atify it. The prevailing notion then was, that India would bo most easily reached by going around Africa. Columbus thought that a westward route would bo nearer. But who would dare attempt it? He thought there must bo land in the western hemisphere j and fron^ what he had noticed in his voyages to jwints on the western con- fines of the known world, he was led to think that this land was peopled. After much reflection he resolved to go in search of it. But how could ho? Men and money were necessary, and he had neither. 2. Whon and whoro wns Columbus born ? Oivo an arcoiint of his early life. When did he go to acii ':• \Vh;il ntri\ni,'e countrii-s did he visit!' .1. What WH9 the frreat object of mercantile enterprise nt this time? Why? Whiit did Colr.nibusi think abont the noarortl roun? to Indift ? Did ho thiiik there wiiB land iu the Western llemi»nliuroT Why? What did ho rt'iiolve lo do 'r 1493.] voyage of columbus. 3 His Efforts to Obtain Aid. 4r. He first asked aid of his home government in Genoa, and was refused. He next applied to John II. of Portugal, and was again refused. He now sent Bar- tholomew, his brother, to get assistance from Henry VII. of England. But Bartholomew was captured by pirates. Eight years longer he tried before succeed- ing. At last, Isabella, Queen of Spain, was persuaded by his eloquence to furnish him with three vessels and ninety men : though, to do this, she had to part with some of her jewels. The fleet, consisting of the Santa Maria, the Pinta, and the Nina, was supplied with a year's provisions, and, in addition to the crew, carried about thirty adventurers. The Yoyage of Discovery. 5. Solemnizing their departure with religious ser- vices, Columbus and his companions left Palos, August 3d, 1492. Stopping at the Canaries for nearly three weeks, from that point they sailed westward, leaving the known world behind. Columbus was now nearly sixty years of age. For this moment he had waited long and patiently. His hopes were soon to be real- ized, or else dashed to earth forever. Confident in his judgment, he did not doubt as to the result. His com- panions were pei'haps not so calm ; and, as the land faded from their view, no doubt they watched with trembling hearts the western face of the deep. For 4. To whom did he first apply for aid, and with what sncceps? To whom next *? Who finally gave him assistance ? With what did she I'uruish him ? 'J'o do this, with what did she have to part ? 5. When did Colnmbus leave Palos? Where did he stop? How old was Oohimbus at this time? Was he confident of success? Howloni? be- fore the sailors threatened to mutiny? How did Columbus quiet them? 4 HISTORY OF THE U SITED STATES. [1492. two weekH they murmured but little ; but when, at the end of twenty days, no land appeared, they threatened to mutiny if Columbus did not return. Their murmurs continuing to increase, he promised them that, if in three days land was not seen, he would return. SECTION IL Land. 1. On the night of the llth of October, Columbus saw a light in the distance ; and it was moving. Now hope filled every breast. At three o'clock a gun from the Pinta, followed by a shout of joy, announced the discovery of land. As day broke, they saw before them a beautiful green island. Red men, naked and beard- less, with long black hair, stood along the shore, and, ■with awestruck faces, gazed at the new-comers. The ships they took for large sea-birds; while they regarded the Spaniards as visitors from the skies. On the morn- ing of the 12th of October, Columbus, richly attired and with sword in hand, was the first to go ashore. As soon as he reached the beach, he knelt and kissed it, returning thanks to God. His men, closely following, rendered him homage as viceroy, and implored his pardon for the trouljlo they had caused him. This first- discovered land was one of the Bahama Island.s, and was called b}- Columbus St. Salvador. 1. When was land flrBt pecn ? Under what circumPtanccB f What wae the appuarnnce of the natives foiinrt ihcro ? How did tht-y regard the new- cuiutTt) ? What laud watt it 1 What did Columbus call it f 1498.] voyages of columbvs. 6 Other .Discoveries. 2. From this point, sailing southward, he discovered the islands of Cuba and Hayti. These were supposed to he a part of the East Indies, and hence were after- wards called the West Indies. On the 1st of January, 1493, having left thirty-five of his men as a colony at Hayti, Columbus set sail for Spain. On the homeward passage a violent storm threatened to destroy the fleet. Columbus enclosed in a cake of wax a hasty account of his discoveries, and, putting it in a cask, threw it over- board. The vessels weathered the gale and reached Spain in safety. Columbus was gladly received by the king and queen of Spain, and was loaded with honors by them. In the three other voyages made by Colum- bus to the Now World, his attention seems to have been confined to the islands lying between North and South America. Most of these were discovered by him ; and, at Hayti, he erected a fort and established a colony. This occurred during his second voyage, made in the latter part of 1493. Persecution and Death of Columbus. 3. In 1498, Columbus made his third voyage and dis- covered the continent at the mouth of the river Orinoco, in South America. From the size of the stream he thought he had touched a continent, and that it was 2. What islauds did he nest discover ? Why are they called the " West Indies " ? When did he start on his return ? Give an account of the home- ward passage. How was he received by the kiug and queen ? To what was his attention particularly directed in his three other voyages ? Where and when did he erect a fort and establish a colony ? .?. When did Columbus make his third voyage? What did he discover? Why did he think he had found a continent!' What troubles now b;'sct him? How was he treated by his friends aud cuemica ? When and where did he die ? 6 JIISTORY UF TUK UMTKD STATKH. [1497. Asia, llis fourth and last voyage was made in 1502, in company with his brother Bartholomew, and his son Ferdinand, during which ho examined tlie coast of Darien. In the meantime, he had to contend with ill- fortuno. His followers, disappointed at not finding in the Xcw World a land of gold, accused him to the home government of gross mismanagement. Many, jealous of his fame, readily listened to these stories. During his absence, envy was busy attacking his char- acter ; hence the latter part of his life was rendered miserable by the neglect of his friends and the perse- cution of his foes. He died at Yalladolid, in the sevent}'- first year of his ago. (150G.) John Cabot and nis son Sebastian. 4. Columbus, as we have seen, did not come in sight of the continent of America until 1498. Fourteen months before this, on the 24th of June, 1497, it Avas discovered by John Cabot and his son Sebastian, along the coast of Labrador. They wei*e Venitians who had been sent out by Henry VII. of England " to search for countries hitherto unseen by Christian people," and were the first to reach the mainland. This is the dis- covery that established England's priority of title to North America, and helps to explain how the English language, laws, and customs, now prevail on this conti- nent. Not long after this, Sebastian Cabot embarked in the spring-timo with throe hundred men, with the intention of exjjloring tiic North Seas. He came to a point where, in the month of July, the light of daj' was 4. When wns tho continent of America flrpt dii»eoverefi T Br whom? Why 1h this fnct iiiniort-iiil ? (iive nii iiccDnnt of the vii.v;i,'c of Sch.isiifvn Cabot to till' Ndiili Sell!'. Wlijit (lid he report ou Uin ruiuni? What in lUo origin of tliu imnie " Anu'iica " t 1521.] FRENCH JDISVVVMilES. 7 almost continual. The numerous icebergs made him turn his course southward. Coasting along as for as Albemai"le Sound, he took possession in the King's name. On reaching home, he reported that the nations in the north wore clad in skins, and understood the use of copper. Two years after the discovery of the conti- nent by John Cabot, it was visited by a Florentine named Amerigo Vespucci, who, upon his return, pub- lished a map of the coast. From this the country was called America. French Discoveries, 5. Adventurers from all parts of Europe now flocked to the New World. Their main object was gold. The monarchs of Europe strove who should get the largest part of the territory ; so, enterprise in that direction was greatly encouraged. The fisheries of Newfound- land had been a source of wealth to the inhabitants of northwest France for twenty years before the French crown turned its attention to America. lu 1524, Ver- azzini, a Florentine, was employed by Francis I. to make a voyage of discovery to the new regions. He first reached the coast of North Carolina ; from there he sailed northward to Nova Scotia, and thence home to France. SECTION III. Discovery of the St. Lawrence. 1, Jacques Cartier was, however, the mariner whose voyages guided the attention of France to the region 5. With what object did adventnrers now flock to the New World ? Why- was enterprise iu that direction eucoura£;ed by the European monarchs? Whom did Francis I. send out to the newcouutry ? When and with what purpose ? Give an account of his voyajre. 1. What mariner directed the attention of France to the region of the St. Lawrence? Give an account of his second voyase. What induced others to attempt a settlement on the St. Lawrence? With what success? When and by whom was the first permanent settlement made iu America by the French ? 8 HISTORY OF Tim UNITED STATES. [1G05. of the St. Lawrence, In his second voyage, ho reached New Foundland, May, 1534. On St. Lawrence day he discovered the gulf of that name, and tlio Pume name has gradually extended to the river. IIo explored the latter as far as the island of Hochelaya. Upon this, at the foot of a mountain, was an Indian village. To the mountain ho gavo tho name of Mont-real, and this name has since been transferred to the island. Here he spent a severe winter. At the approach of spring ho solemnly erected a cross, and left suspended upon it a shield with an inscription declaring tho country to be- long to the crown of France. He then returned homo without having made any settlement. His account of the size and magnificence of tho river induced others, from hopes of gain and conquest, to attempt a settle- ment. But it was not until tho year 1G05 that the first permanent settlement was made by the French in America. This was effected by Do Montz, a Huguenot, at Port Eoyal, Nova Scotia, two years before James Eivcr was discovered. Spanish Enterprisk. 2. As Spain had been the first to listen to Colnmbus, so she kept tho load in making discoveries in the New World. Tho Spaniards, daring and avaricious, hastened to the conquest of a country which their heated imag- inations pictured full of untold treasures. Mines of gold, valleys of diamonds, rivers with banks of rubies, and springs whose waters contained tho elixir of life, wero in this enchanted land to be tho prizes of tho 2. WImt conntry of Europe took the lend in exploring tho New World? Why did the Spauuirds lunku haste to couquer It? 1513.] SPANISH DISCOYEEIES. 9 brave. Hence, at first, there was a continuous stream of adventurers from Spain to the New World. Ponce de Leon. 3. Florida was discovered in 1512 by Ponce De Leon. He was an aged and rich Spaniard ; and, believing a tale of a fairy region where was a fountain of youth- giving waters, he went in search of it. He visited the Bahamas and other places with this object. On Easter Sunday, which the Spaniards call Pascua Florida, March 23d, he discovered an unknown land. From the name of the day and the flowery prospect, they called it Florida. Going ashore, he searched in vain for the mystic fountain, and finally abandoned the at- tempt, an older and not a younger man. Nine j^ears afterward he returned and was mortally wounded by the Indians. Discovery op the Pacific Ocean. 4. The first permanent settlement on the American continent was made on the Isthmus of Darien. In 1513, Balboa, the governor of this, discovered from a neigh- boring mountain the Pacific Ocean. Descending to the seashore, he took possession of the country in the name of the king of Spain. This was the first proof of America being a continent distinct from Asia. CORTEZ AND CaBEZA DE YaCA. 5. The reports of the great wealth of the people living in Mexico induced Yelasquez, Governor of Cuba, 3. When was Florida discovered? By whom? Uuder what eircnm- etanccs? What is the origin of its name ? What became of De Leon ? 4. When and by whom was the Pacific Occao discovered ? Of what was this the first proof? 2* 10 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1.139. to send Fernando Cortez with six buiulrcd men to conquer the country. In 1519, the expedition landed, and, before the lapse cf two years, Cortez, by means of valor and cunning, had completed the conquest. The treasure obtained by the conquerors was immense, and accounts of it inflamed the ambition and avarice of others. In the regions north of the Gulf of Mexico, then called by the Spaniards Florida, it was thought there were cities as full of gold as those of Mexico. Accord- ingly an attempt was made by Narvaez in 152S to find them. Ho was lo.st, and of his three luuulred followers but four returned. These four, of whom Cabeza do Vaca was chief, wandered through Alabama and Ten- nessee, crossed the Mississippi, traced the course of the Arkansas, and continued westward until the Pacific Ocean was reached in May, 153 >. From this point they joined the Spaniards in Mexico, and gave a glowing account of the countries they had seen. SECTION IV. Ferdinand de Soto. 1. No one was more willing to believe in tlic riclics of Florida than Ferdinand de Soto, lie had won wealth and fame in the conquest of Peru, and hoped by conquering this new land to outshine even Cortez. Jn 1539, he landed on the coast with six hundred men. 5 Who connncrrrt Mpxirof How long did U tnko him ? What did lio And then"? W hut did tliu Spaniards c.ill tlio country north of Mexico? Wli'i went thiTi! in l.W'^"/ With wliat difk'n? W h:a wao accoiiii»ii.-liid ? Wliiit .nnnlrifs were explored by Ciiluzi de V-iCii ? . ,. i i I. Wlio was Ferdinand de Solo? Wliat did he attempt ? What did he do? What became of him? What bccamo of his followers? 1565.] SPANISE DISCOVERIES. 11 He was prepared for a long march, having brought with him a forge, a drove of hogs, chains for captives, bloodhounds, and packs of cards. With these he entered the wilderness and wandered for more than a year through Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, look- ing for the land of gold. In 1541, he crossed the Mis- sissippi, and explored portions of Arkansas and Missouri. At last, worn out by fatigue and disappointment, De Soto fell sick and died (1542). His body was wrapped in a mantle, and sunk at midnight in the middle of the Mississippi. His followers, after vainly attempting to go by land to Mexico, returned to the Mississippi. Here, building some frail boats, they descended the river, and finally reached Mexico. Massacre of French Colonists in Florida. 2. Floi'ida, which in Spanish geography embraced the United States and Canada, was for a time aban- doned by the Spaniards. In 156 1, a settlement was made on St. John's river by some French Protestants who had fled thither from persecution at home. They called their fort Carolina, in honor of Charles IX,, King of France, and thus gave a name to that region a cen- tury before it was colonized by the English. Philip II., king of Spain, determined to break up this settle- ment. For this purpose ho sent (1565) Melandez, a bloodthirsty fanatic, with a large force against it. The latter reached the coast on St. Augustine's day, and gave the name of that saint to the river up which 2, What settlement was made In Florida by the French, and when f Whence came the name of Caiolinat Who deiermined to break up this French Fetilemeut ? Who was feiit to do this? Give an account of tlie exjiedition of Melaudcz Bow did he treat his captives? How was this atrocity aveugcd, and when? 12 HISTUUr OF THE VNJTED STATICS. [I5«>7. lie snilcd, and to tho town which he founded upon its banks. In a short time Mclandez approached the French fort. John Ribault, its commander, went out with most of his men in ships to flight him at sea, A storm arose, wrecking the French fleet and driving the Spaniards ashore. Mclandez now assailed the fort by land and easily took it, cruelly bntcl)ering all of the garrison and most of the women and children. The French also who had survived the wreck of their ships were induced to surrender, and were then slain. To avenge this atrocity, Chevalier Gourges, in 1507, with one hundred and fifty men, attacked the Spaniards in Florida. After taking two forts and hanging the garrisons, he returned to France. The Spanish colo- nies, thus originating in jealous bigotry, were tho first permanently established in the United States. Sia Walter RALEian. 3, While Spain was thus conquering and colonizing in the New World, England had not yet gained a foot- hold there. Many attempts were made by Englishmen in the ICth century to establish colonies in America, but without success. From tho time of Elizabeth, lib- eral patents were granted to tho enterprising ; many lives and much treasure were expended ; but it was not till 1G07 that a permanent English settlement was made in America. Foremost among those who directed the attention of the English to America was Siii Walter Raleigh. lie was a poet, statesman and soldier, and a Wcro any ftttompts mndo by tho Eiiglioh to cotnblUh colonics In AmVricft in the ICtli cciiturv ? Willi wbiit fucccss f From wjiosc time wcro lihcrnl imtcntH -ranted? Who was Sir Wali.r Halciu-by \\\m cxpcaition did he mild out in 1JW4? What was done by Uf What in the origiu of tho uauie Vinjiniaf 1587.] VIRGINIA. 13 clearly discerned the importance of England's gaining possessions in the New "World. In 1584, he sent out Amidas and Barlow in two vessels, instructing them to incline towards the south. Keaching Carolina the same year, in midsummer, they were so carried away with the beauty of the country that they came home loud in their praise of the new land. Elizabeth was so highly pleased with the account of what seemed en- chanted regions that she named them Yirginia, as a memorial of her virgin state. Sir Eichard Greenville and Captain White. 4. Ealeigh fitted out two more expeditions, "but neither succeeded in making a permanent settlement. Sir Eichard Greenville, who conducted the first, landed, in 1585, on the Carolina coast, and attempted to estab- lish a colony. The men he left there became discon- tented and returned to England. Another party of fifteen colonists left by him in the following year were never heard of afterwards. The second was conducted by Captain White. In 1587, he reached Carolina, and established a colony on Eoanoke Island, He had brought with him his family, and, soon after landino-, his daughter, the wife of one of the assistants, gave birth to a female child. The infant, the first offspring of English parents on American soil, was called Yirginia Dare. In a short time, Captain White returned to England for reinforcements and supplies, leaving one hundred and eight souls on the island. He was s;one 4, Give an account of the expedition under Sir Richard Greenville Give an account of the one under Captain White. What was the name of the first Kuglish child boru in America? Were White's colonists ever heard of after his departure? 14 niSTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1606. three years, and when he came back, not a trace could be found of the colonists. Five several times aftcr- ■svards did Ealcigh send, at his own expense, to search for the lost colonists. Nothing was ever heard of them afterwards. CHAPTER IL VIUGINIA. SECTION L The Founding op Jamestown (ITxn May, 1G07). li The importance of colonizing America becoming every day more and more apparent, King James en- couraged the organization of companies for this purpose. In IGOG, he granted to the "London Company" the exclu- Bive right to plant colonies on the American coast be- tween the 38th and 34th degrees of north latitude. Acting under this charter, the "London Companj'" sent out a colony of one hundred and five persons under the leadership of Captain Newport. The fleet of three vessels was driven by a storm past Roanoke Island into Chesapeake Bay. To the headlands of this Bay they gave in passing the names they now bear, Cape llenrj' and Cape Charles, after the sons of the King; and the northern point within, whore they anchored in "good comfort," they named Point Comfort. They soon en- tered a noble river, which they called James, after the Kinn-; and about fifty miles from the mouth they landed, and founded the city of Jamestown. 1. Whnt dirt KiiiR James prnnt to the London rompnny in IfiOd? Who conducHil tliii first colony? CJive an account of the voyii-o ami llm pomtj imnud by the coloni-^te. Whiit \o the oriirin of the name I'oint ( onifori? How fai "from the month of the river did they laud? 1579.] VIRGINIA. 15 Captain John Smith assumes the Leadership. 2. At this juncture Wingficld was deposed, and Eatcliffe elected president. He was lazy and wanting in judgment, and there was soon much disorder. The control of affairs now fell into the hands of Captain John Smith, who, on a charge of sedition, had, for a while, been denied his place in the Council. He was, however, restored without a trial, and now, by his ad- dress and energy, saved the infant colony. His Life and Adventures. 3. This remarkable man, though not yet thirty years of age, was ali-eady famous for his wonderful ad- ventures. He was born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1579. At the age of fifteen he ran away from a mer- chant to whom he had been apprenticed, and went to Holland. Here he enlisted as a soldier, and fought for the independence of the Batavian Eepublic. Thence he travelled over most of Europe. Finding his way to Austria, he enlisted as a soldier in the war against the Turks. In this war he distinguished himself by glorious feats of arras, fighting three single combats with Turk- ish champions, and, in each, cutting off the head of his antagonist. He was finally wounded and captured, and sold as a slave. After suffering much and doing many wonderful things, he found his way back to England, and was chosen one of the Yirginia Council. 2. At first, who was elected presirtent? Into whose hands did the con- trol of afl'iUrs 800U fall ? How had Captain Smith at first bteu treated ? 3. When and where waa Smith born ? Give au account of his life before reaching America. 16 UISTUliY OF THE VMTKD STATES. 11607. Smith Restores Order. 4. Smith, driven as it were by the necessities of the colony to assume command, soon succeeded in restoring order. His firmness intimidated the evil-disposed and encouraged the faint-hearted. lie inspired the Indians ■with respect and confidence, and not only gained their good will, but obtained from them large supplies of provisions. A YoYAQE OP Discovery Contemplated. 6. As soon as peace and plenty reigned. Smith de- termined to go on a voyage of discovery up the James and its tributaries. The companj^ had expressly in- structed the Council to seek a communication with the South Sea by ascending some stream which flowed from the northwest. This arose from an idea that the rivers flowing into the Chesapeake Bay connected with, or nearly ajiproached the South Sea. Smith is Captured by the Indians. 6. For the purpose of obeying the instructions of his employees, Smith determined to explore the Chick- ahomin}', which is a branch of the James flowing from the northwest. Ascending this river for a considerable distance in a barge, he took four men with him, leaving the others in the boat, with instructions not to land in liis absence. Proceeding with these four men in canoes, he, after a while, became separated from them in his 4. ITow did SmUh rrplorc order? What did he obtain from the Tndlann? 5. Wliy did lie doUMiuine to t;o ou u voyage of disicovery? Wliere was the Soull'i M'a llicil Hlippos'cd to l)e ? «. Wliat river did Sinllli attempt to explore? Oivc an account of liis capture. How wan lie treated by the ludiausf What use did lie malic of hit) pocket-conipaea ? 1607.] VIRGINIA. eager search for game. The Indians, who were watch- ing him all the time, having first slain his men, who had landed contrary to his orders, now attacked him. Captain Smith killed three, and would probably have escaped, if, in his retreat, he had not become entangled in a marsh, where, unable to resist any longer, he sur- rendered. They carried him before their chief, Ope- chancanough, the brother of Powhatan. Death seemed certain, but Smith did not despair. He presented the chief with his pocket-compass, and, through an Indian interpreter, explained to him that the world was round, and how that little instrument enabled a man to travel all over it. They believed him, and could not find it in their hearts to kill so wise a man. They took him to Powhatan, and led him around from one tribe to another. The sorcerers were emploj'ed for three days in determining whether it would not bring down ven- geance on their heads to kill such a superior being. At last, the decision of his fate was referred to Powhatan. Is Condemned to Death, but Saved by Pocahontas. 7. That venerable king of savages granted him all the honor of a formal trial, and condemned him to be beaten to death with war-clubs. The captive was bound, and placed with his head upon two stones. The executioners were ready with their clubs. Poca- hontas, the beautiful daughter of the king, entreated her father to spare the prisoner. Afraid of his people, he dared not consent. Her tears and prayers were of no avail; and it was not until, kneeling beside the victim, she laid her head upon his and clung to his 7. What was the sentence of his jnclges? How was he ?avccl ? Who was Pocahoutas 1 What use did Smith make of hie time while a captive ? 18 UlSTURl' OF Tilt: VMTKD STATES. ll«07, neck, that her father relented. Smith remained with the Indians some time, and made such good use of his leisure while a jjrisoner, studying their modes of war- fare, habits, and language, that his captivity proved the means of afterwards saving the colony. SECTION n. Smith's Eeturn. 1, Smith sta^'ed with the Indians about seven weeks. lie was then allowed to go to Jamestown, upon his promising to send back by his guards two cannon, and a grindstone. These, upon reaching homo, he otfered to his guards, but they thought them too heavy and were glad enough to take instead some toys and trinkets. Upon his return, Smith found the colony greatly reduced by sickness, and the strongest of them about to escape in the pinnace. This attempt at deser- tion ho put down, though at the risk of his life. Shortly afterward Newport arrived from England with supplies and a reinforcement of one hundred and twenty persons, and the spirits of the colonists once more revived. The Gold Mania. 2, Many of the new emigrants were vagabond gen- tlemen and goldsmiths, who had come to look for gold. Not long after their arrival glittering earth was found on the river-side, which was thought to contain the pre- cious metal. " There was now no talk, no hope, no 1. Upon what conditions wnn Smith nllowod to rctnrn to .IfimeBtown ? Did lie fiilflli tliein ? lu wluit condition did ho find tho colony? How did he \)tu down the nitempt (ii di't«Ttlou7 WImt did Newport brin^? 2. Wliat was the gold mania? What pat an end to it ? 1608.] VIUGINIA. 19 work, but dig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold." Most of the colonists quitted work, and went to digging the new found treasure. Newport loaded his ships with it and embarked for England. In a short time ho re- returned and brought the news that the precious earth was worthless, and then the gold mania died out. Smith's Yoyages of Discovery. 3. In the meantime Smith, disgusted with the follies of the colonists, undertook to explore the Chesapeake and its tributaries. To do this, he made two voyages in an open boat with a few companions. He was gone about three months, and during that time travelled nearly three thousand miles. He went up the Chesapeake to the mouth of the Susquehanna. He discovered and explored the Patapsco, and probably entered the harbor of Baltimore. He ascended the Potomac to the falls above Georgetown, and wherever he went, established, friendly relations with the native tribes. Of the coun- tries explored he prepared a map. It is still extant, and far more coi'rect than those made by other ex- plorers for seventy-five years afterwards. Newport's Second Supply. 4. Being chosen president of the council shortly after his return to Jamestovrn, Smith strained every nerve to revive order and industry in the colony. About this time (1608), Newport arrived, bringing more settlers. S What dirl Smith determine to explore ? How long was he absent, and how far did he travel up the Chesapeake and Potomac? What sort of rciatiouB did be establish with the natives wherever he went? 4. When was Smith nhoseu president? When did Newport arrive with his second supply? What was the character of the emigrants he brought with him ? 20 mSTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. tl«09. Of tlicsc, two -were females, the first who had 3'et come. Most of tlic others were men unaccustomed to toil. Smith wrote to the Company to send no more such, asking for thirty mechanics rather than a thousand idlers. The New Charter. 6. The company, having thus far failed to reap any gains from their outlay in Virginia, asked the king for a new and more liberal charter. This was granted (1G09). Under it, the Council in England was to bo independent of the monarch, while the Governor of the colony was clothed with almost absolute powers. Lord dc La Ware was chosen Governor, and three Commis- sioners, Newport, Gates, and Somers, were authorized to administer affairs until his arrival. The Commis- sioners set out with nine vessels and five hundred men. In a storm, near the Bermudas, the vessel containing the Commissioners was sti*anded, another perished, and only seven ships reached Virginia. More Distress. 6. The arrival of the new-comers increased the troubles of the colony. There was now a now charter, and the officers ai)pointed under it were sujiposed to bo lost. There was no lawful authority, and many felt at libei'ty to do as they pleased. Provisions became scarce, and the Indians, exasperated b}' the conduct of some of the whites, threatened a war of extermination. 5. Why was a now charter asked for T How did it diffi-r from the old one? VA lu) was n|i])oiiited Governor under ii ? Wlio were tlic Coniniis- Bioiicrwf Give an nccoiint of tlicir voy«;,'e acroHS the Atlaiillc. «. Jlow did tlic arrival of the iic\vciiniert< luako more trouble? Who came to the rescue? How did he rcetoro order? 1610,] VIRGIJ^JA. 21 The genius of Smith once more rescued the colony from ruin. Assuming his old authority, he forced the idle and turbulent to behave. Some he impi-isoned, othei'S he sent off to plant new colonies in Yirginia. SECTION III. Smith's Departure. 1, Order was with difficulty thus preserved, when an accidental explosion of gunpowder so injured Smith that he was obliged to go to England. Subsequently he came back to America, but never revisited James- town. For what he had done he received nothing, not even the house he himself had built. He was the leader of the English race in America and the founder of Yirginia. He died in 1631, and was buried in Shrews- bury Church, London. Not many years ago the floor of the church was covered with a fresh cement, and the slab which marks the spot of his grave was thus hidden from view. The Brink op Kuin Eeached. 2. After Smith's departure the colony soon went to ruin. There was no work, no care, and no order. Quarrels with the Indians were frequent, and the forag- ing parties of whites were cut off. Soon the supply of provisions was exhausted, and famine was followed by violence and disease. A band of thirty seized a ship 1. What compelled Smith to go to England? Did he ever return to Jamestown? How was he rewarded for his works? When did he die, and where is he hnried? 3. What followed the departure of Smith ? In six months what took place? What would have taken place had relief been delayed? 22 HISTORY OF TBS UNITED STATES. [1610. and turned pirates. In six months the number was reduced from four hundred and ninety to sixty, and these would have perished if relief had been delayed ten days longer. Jamestown Abandoned. 3. Just at this time, Gates arrived. As we have seen, his ship had been wrecked on the rocks of the Bermudas. He and his companions having built two new vessels from the cedars which they felled and from the wrecks of the old one, had come in them to join the colonists. All now embarked with Gates, resolved to abandon forever the place of their suffering. Some, out of spite, wanted to burn the town, but Gates, who was the last to embark, would not permit it. With the tide they dropped down the stream. The next morning, just as they neared the mouth of the river, they met Lord Delaware with ships, men, and supplies. Hope revived, and turning back, they reached Jamestown that night (8th Juno, 1610). The Colony Eestored. 4. On the 10th of Juno, 1610, with religious exer- cises, the foundation of Virginia was relaid. The col- onists, many of whom had been snatched from the jaws of famine and shipwreck, showed a deep sense of the power and mercy of God. Said they, " God will raise our State and build his Church in this excel 3. Who arrived at this time, and where did ho come from? What did the coloiiir.tB nil rcgolvc to do ? Whom did they meet on their way t What did they do then ? ■1. Under what circnmptances was the colony re-established ? Why were the coloiiiHts im|)ressed with the mercy of QoAt After thin, how often did they meet in their little church? How many hours a day did tliev workV What became of thi'ir (iovernor? What did Oatcf brinir "illi liini / About tbiBtime, what chaugo tooli place which proved benellcial to the colony? 1613.] VIRGINIA. 23 lent clime." Daily they met in the little rugged church, "which was kept neatly trimmed with wild flowers," and invoked the blessing of the Most High. Six hours a day they worked in common. Thus, in- dustrious and devout, under the mild yet firm sway of Lord Delaware, peace and plenty returned. Their Governor, however, soon lost his health and went back to England. He was succeeded by Sir Thomas Dale, who brought with him liberal supplies for the colony. Still the colony was small and weak. In August, 1611, Gates, the ever sure friend in need, arrived with six ships and three hundred emigrants. He brought with him also cows, hogs, and goats. Mox'e arrivals followed, and the population soon reached seven hundred. About this time the colonists ceased to work in com- mon, and to every man was allotted a certain amount of land for his own use. This was a Avise measure. There was now order, abundance, and peace. Marriage and Death or Pocahontas. 5. In 1613, Capt. Argall stole Pocahontas, and re- fused to give her up without a ransom. Powhatan, her father, was preparing to come and take her. A bloody Indian war seemed about to occur, and was only prevented by John Eolfe, " an honest and discreet young Englishman." Falling in love with the lovely Indian captive, he persuaded her to become first a Christian, and then his wife. The old chief, her father, consented, and the marriage was celebrated with much pomp. It was followed by a confirmed peace with the Indians; and thus Pocahontas, who had more than 5 . Give an accouut of the marriage of Pocahontas. What good result did it produce? How was Pocahontas receiveJ in England? Has she any descendants in Virginia ? 24 mSTUUY OF TUE U SITED STATES. [1619. once been the means of saving the colony, became now tl>e link of friendship between the white and red men. She lias descendunt-s now living in Virginia. SECTION IV. First IIouse of BunaESSES* 1. In July, 1619, there met at Jamestown the first popular Assembly of the Western hemisphere. It was composed of representatives from the cloven boroughs, and hence was called the House of Burgesses. " This was the happy dawn of legislative liberty in America," and the colonists, proud of their freedom, went to work with renewed energy, " felling timber and building houses." Few women had as yet dared to cross the ocean. Now that the colonists were prosperous and greatly in need of wives, ninety women were persuaded by the company to emigrate. They were soon married, and their husbands willingly paid tho cost of their passage. This, at first, was one hundred pounds of to- bacco, but the demand increasing, one hundred and fifty pounds was the price asked. In a shoi't time, sixty more "maidens of a virtuous education " arrived, whoso expenses were defrayed by their new-found husbands. Negro Slavery. 2. "Slavery and the slave trade are older than the records oi' human society ; and with tho cxcei)tion of 1. Wlicn (Ikl the flrsit llonsc of BiirjrcsBca mcnt? Of what did it consist T ilow were \viv(^t< oblaiiu'd for tho colonists ? What did tlioy cost ? •2. How old \% sliivcry ? To what portions of the filohc, has it extended ? What i» Haid of Us existence among tho Greeks r The Honiansy The SnxonK. Gerniaiit>, &c. V Till what time were slavcsexported from Enirlnnd t When did the ne-^ro slave trade commence in Europe? Upon the diseovery of America what wa«i done with the captured Indians? Who was Sir John Hnwlvins? When and whenlalu? 1649.] VIHGINIA. 27 Virginians and received the cordial support of all. Many abases were now reformed. Religion was pro- vided for; the law about land titles adjusted; taxes more justly assessed, and industry encoui-aged. The great prosperity of the colony excited the jealousy of the Indians. In 1644-, its total destruction was again attempted. The onset was begun upon the frontier settlements, and three hundred persons were killed be- fore the savages were driven back into the wilderness. A fierce war raged, and the Indians were terribly pun- ished. Opechancanough, the old enemy of the whites, was taken, and peace was again established. The Loyalty of Yirginia. 5. About this time, a civil war broke out in England between the King and his Parliament. The Yirginians throughout the struggle adhered to their monarch, and after he had been taken and executed on the scaffold, they espoused the cause of his exiled son (1649). Charles II., a fugitive from England, reigned in Yir- ginia, and there his royal banner still proudly waved. The exiled Cavaliers, the friends of the royal cause, found a warm welcome in the houses of the Yirginians. "Men of consideration among the nobility, gentry, and clergy," sought refuge along the shores of the Chesa- peake, "where every house was for them a hostelry and every planter a friend." 5. In the Englisb civil war, to what Bide did Virginia adhere? Who found a warm wulcome in Virgiuia f 28 ulstory of tue ua'ited states. [1650. Loyalty's Eeward. 6. In 1050, Parliament, incensed at the open defiance of Virginia, forbade all persons to trade with hci-, and despatched an armed force to reduce her to obedience. The commissioners with the army were instructed if pardon was refused by the Virginians, to resort to every mode of warfare, and even to arm the slaves against their masters. Massachusetts, instead of sym- pathizing with her sister colony in distress, passed a law prohibiting all intercourse with her. In 1G51, the hostile fleet entered the Chesapeake. Berkeley made ready to oppose it. The odds were much against him, but his gallant display secured him favorable terms of surrender. It was stipulated that " the Virginians should have all the rights of free-born Englishmen, and that they should not bo taxed without the consent of their owu Assembly." SECTION V. Tub Ekvolt of Virginia. 1. During the rule of Cromwell in England, Cava- liers, flying from persecution, continued to seek refuge in Virginia. They brought with them a hatred of the Protector and an undying love for their exiled king. Hence the feeling of loyalty grew daily stronger. In 6. What did Pnrliiuntnt, do In 1050? Wlint were the instructions of the roiiiinissioiRTB? Uiii UciktU^ resisl? Wimt j,'"od did liU j,'""i>"t dicplny do? 1. Wiint nindo tlic fccliii.: nf loyalty incronse in Virtjinin? Wlien did tlrnt colony rt'voU auaiiist tlu' iiiiilimiiy of I'arlianu'ut ? Wliat prcvculcd tlio homc'governniunl from puuisliing licrf 1673.] VIRGINIA. 29 1658, Matthews, the Governor, died ; the people rose and boldly erected the royal standards About this time Cromwell died, and, happily for the colonists, the dis- ti'actions that ensued in England prevented her rulers from punishing Virginia. Not long afterwards Charles was restored, and the Virginians could truly say that " they were the last to renounce and the first to resume their allegiance to the crown." In honor of his loyal Virginians, Charles wore at his coronation a robe of Virginia silk, and since that time Virginia has been often called " The Old Dominion." Nathaniel Bacon. 2. Upon the restoration of monarchy, oppressive laws were passed by the home government. The King granted away lai'ge portions of the colonial territory. The Northern Neck was granted to Culpepper (1669). In 1673, the whole of Virginia was granted to Culpepper and Arlington. The pressure of these grievances soon began to excite open discontent. Even Berkeley be came unpopular. The dissatisfaction was artfully pro- moted by Nathaniel Bacon, an ambitious and designing young demagogue. A native of England, he had come to the colony three years before. He was implicated in a plot of the preceding year, had been imprisoned and pardoned by the Governor. He was bold, hand- some, eloquent, crafty and unscrupulous. With skill, he fed the spirit of discontent until there only wanted an occasion to start an open rebellion. 2. What followed the restoration of mocnrohy? What grants did Charles make? Who was Bacon? What was his previous Jiistory aud character ? 30 nisrouY of the united states. liotg. Bacon goes to Jamestown for his Commission. 3. This was farnishod by the Indian outrages on the border. A war having broken out with tiio Susque- hannahs, they were ravaging the whole frontier from the Potomac to the James. The people rose in arms and chose Bacon as their leader. He assured them that ho would redress all their wrongs. lie applied to the Governor for a commission, and oflfercd to go at onco against the Indians. Berkeley, mistrusting his motives, refused. Thereupon, at the head of five hundred men. Bacon marched to Jamestown. The Governor defied him. The Council then in session, intimidated, com- missioned him Captain-General of all the forces of Virginia. The Governor was persuaded to sign it. No sooner, however, had the rebels departed than tlie commission was annulled. Bacon and his men returned. Berkeley aud the Council fled, and civil war commenced (1670). Civil Wae. 4. To legalize his acts, Bacon summoned a conven- tion of the principal planters and secured their support, lie now marched against the Indians. After defeating them, he returned to fight the loyalists. Berkeley was not idle. He had grown gray in the service of Virginia, and had many friends. The hostile forces met, and civil war with all its horrors raged. Estates were pillaged, plantations laid waste, and Janu-stown was S. What fnruiehcd a pretext for rebellion? Why did tlic Governor rcfufc to grant a comnii!i))o were diesenlfri*? 1. W lieu and hy whom did New En-jlnnd receive its namef Who flret BClllcd ii ? iji whose grunt was the country included? 1623.] NEW ENGLAND. 33 the coast of New England and gave it that name. In 1620, James I. granted to a company of foi'ty persons all the land between 40° and 48°. Before anything was done by these, the fii'st permanent settlement w^as made by a body of Puritans without charter or authority. The First Settlement. 2. The Puritans were a religious sect in England, and were so called from their affected purity of manners. They objected to all forms and refused to commune with every church unlike their own. Laws were passed requiring them to attend public worship in the parochial churches or to leave the countr3\ Preferring exile, many emigrated to Holland. In 1620, a portion of these re- turned to Southampton, where they took ship for Amer- ica. After a rough passage, they reached the coast (9th Nov., 1620). John Carver was elected Governor. After exploring the coast, it was determined to settle at Plymouth Eock. On the twenty-first of December they landed, and the next day commenced building houses. The colony at first numbered one hundred and two persons. Before spring, more than one-half of these, including the Governor, perished from hunger and disease. Indeed, for years there was much suffer- ing. In 1623, it is said they had but a pint of corn to divide. This was because, like the Jamestown colonists, they worked in common. The following yeai', every man had his own farm. After that, corn was abundant. 2. Who were the Puritans? Why did they leave Fiijjlaud? Where did they first sail from for America? Where, after examining the coast, did they determine to settle ? What was the number of the tirst^colooists ? L)id they have to eufter much? Why? What change brought ahuudauce ? When was a reprcseutative system of govcrnmcut adopted? 3* 34 niSTOUY OF THE VHITED STATES. [1031. In 1G24, more emigrants arrived, bringing cattle, hogs, and poiiltr}', and the colony now contained one hundred and eighty inhabitants. In 1627, their landa were purchased by the colonists of the Plymouth Company for eighteen hundred pounds, and a patent was obtained. In 1G39, they adopted a representative system of gov- ernment. Massachusetts Bay Colony. 3. In 1622, a settlement was made at Weymouth, Mass. In 1628, John Endicott, with one hundred emi- grants, settled at Salem. Others followed, and Charles- town, Eoxbury, and Boston were founded. These set- tlements were incorporated, in 1629, under the name of "The Colony of Massachusetts Bay." At first, the government of the colony was conducted in London, but in 1629, it was transferred to Massachusetts. John Winthrop was chosen Governor, and brought over with him, in 1630, eleven ships with eight hundred emigrants, lie also brought with him a charter, which was kept till the uiiion of the colonics, Plymouth and Massa- chusetts, in 1691. Under this cliarter, the colony was to be governed by the Governor and his assistants, and all the freemen. In 1631, a law was passed allowing none but members of the Church to vote. As this dis franchised three-fourths of the people, there was mu(;h complaint. The government was now thrown into the hands of comparatively a few persons, and they were controlled by the clergy. The presence of every man at public worship was now required by law. 3. What ectUcmonfn dirt the colonyof MnppachnscttB Bay inclndo? When \v:>t< the ilrst f<)uii(icd ? When dirt Wintlirop arrive? What dirt he brin-r with biin ? What law was pasBcd in liiai ? \\ liiit was the eUcct of tliis law 1 1622.] NEW E A GLAND. 35 SECTION III. Settlement of Ehode Island. L EoGER Williams, a bold young preacher, dared to teach that every man had the right to worship God according to the dictates of his own conscience. This was resented by the Boston authorities, and the young zealot continuing intractable, he was ordered to be sent back to England. He fled for safety to the Indians^ and for a long time wandered " not knowing what bread or bed did mean." At last, (1636), he, with five com- panions, selected a spot for their new home, and called it Providence. "I desired," said he, "it might be for a shelter for persons distressed for conscience." In the course of two years he was joined by others fleeing like him from persecution, and, in 1638, he obtained an Indian deed from the chief of the Narragansetts for an extensive domain. Among those who joined him was Mrs. Ann Hutchinson. She had been denounced in Boston for being " like Eoger Williams or worse," and on this account had been exiled from the territory of Massachusetts as " unfit for the society of its citizens." She, with some of her friends, settled on the ishmd of Ehodes, in Narragansett Bay. From these two settle- ments sprang the State of Rhode Island. Colonization of Maine and New Habipshire. 2. Sir Ferdinand Gorges and John Mason, in 1622, obtained a grant of the territory between the Kennebec ■J. Who was Roger Williams? Why did he fly from Boston? When? Wlici'c did he fonnd a coUmy ? What did he obtain from the chief of ihe KatraErimsettt' ? Who was Mrs. Auu IliUchiusou? Why was Mrs, Hutchin- Eon diiveu from Massachusetts? From what two settlements sprang the Slate of Khodo Island? 2. Under what grant were Maine and New Hampshire colonized ? When was New Hampshire annexed to Massachusetts ? Uow long did the uuiun last? What is said of Maine? 36 niSTORY OF THE U SITED STATES. [1630. and Merrimac rivers. Under this u;rant New Ilamp- Bhire and Maine were colonized. The first settloinent in Now Hampshire was made in 1623. In 1G41, it was annexed to Massachusetts. The union continued till 1680. In 1652, Maine was also annexed to Massachu- setts, and continued a8 a part of the same until 1820, when it became a State. Connecticut. 3. In 1614, the Dutch discovered the ConJ^ecticut river, and established a trading post on its banks. For some time they held undisturbed possession of the countr3^ In 1635, a fort was built at the mouth of the river, and named Sayhrook by the English. In the meantime parties of emigrants from the Massachusetts colonies had entered the country in spite of the attcmj)ts of the Dutch to drive them away. The fii-st English settlement on the Connecticut was made in 1633 at Windsor. Others followed, and Hartford and Wethers- field were settled. In 1636, a largo body of emigrants crossed the wilderness from the vicinity of Boston, led by Thomas Hooker, "the light of the western Churches." The Pequod War. 4, The infant towns on the Connecticut were pnon harassed bj' the neighboring Indians, the Fcrjuods. This savage tribe could muster seven hundred warriors. They courted the alliance of the Narragansctts, ko 3. Who dlBCOvcrcd the Conncctirnt livcr? Pitl they ocrnpy thccnnnfry? When, ■where, and by wlioiu was Fort t^aybrook built? VS'lieii was llie fiict Knirlish settlemeut made ou the Comiecticut ? Where? What occurred in 4. What tribe harassed the colony? Why did they court an nllinncc with the Narrairanci-tts? Who pri'v.'iitcd it f How? Give an acK.iini "f the expedition led by Ma«on. How were the defeated liidinns* trcalcd? How niiiiiy were flaiii? What wan done with the reft? When were the lictllcuicula of £iuw llavuu aud Cuuuecticut uuitcd uuder ouc govcruuient? 1668.] NEW ENGLAND. 37 that, With a united blow, the English might be swept from the ancient " hunting grounds." Eoger Williams, at the risk of his life, met the Pequod ambassadors around the council-fires of the Narragan setts, and pre- vented the union. The Pequods were undaunted and continued to harass the settlers. A force of whites was organized, and, with two hundred and fifty Indian allies, were led by Captain Mason against the foe. At earl}^ dawn they attacked the principal Pequod fort on the river Thames. The Indians fought bravely, and victory hung in the balance. " We must burn them," shouted Mason, and he cast a fire-brand among the light mats of the wigwams. The encampment was soon all in a blaze. The English encompassed it and killed all who attempted to escape. About six hundred Indians, men, women and children, perished, most of them in the fire. Another body of three hundred was soon afterwards de- feated. The rest of the tribe were pursued into their hiding-places and nearly all of them slain. Two hundred surrendered and were either dispersed among other tribes or sold into slavery. In 1668, the Connecticut settlements were united with New Haven under one government. For this purpose a charter had been granted by the King. 38 UISTORY OF THE VNITED STATES. [1633. CHAPTER IV. MARYLAND AND NEW YOEIL SECTION I. Colonization of Maryland. 1, Sir George Calvert, aftcrwarda Lord Balti- more, a Roman Catholic, conceived the project of foiitui- irii; in America a comtnonwcalth for his persecuted re- ligious brethren. For this he persuaded Cliarles I. to give him all that part of Virginia lying north of the Potomac river. In compliment to the Queen, he called his province Maryland. Baltimore died before the completion of the patent, and the grant was made to his son, Cecilius, in 1G32. In the royal charter the Proprietary was to be independent of the King, but the religious and political liberty of the colonists was guar- anteed. The first emigrants, numbering about two hundred, sailed with Leonard Calvert in a vessel called the Ark and the Dove. They landed near the mouth of the Potomac (1633). BujMng from the savages a large district in which an Indian town was included, they occupied the same, calling it St. Mary's. Within two years after their arrival they exported to New Eng- land ten thousand bushels of corn. The news of their o-ood fortune induced others to join them. To every immigrant was given fifty acres of land. The Indians were friendly, liberty and land were given to all, and the colony prospered greatly. 1. Who was Sir Oeoriio CnlvortT Wtint »'*• SECTION III. Condition op the Puovince (1G78). 1, At this time, New York city had a population of >ivbout 4000. Fifteen vessels traded there yearly, ex- changing manufactured products for beef, lumber, tobacco, poultry, &c. The value of all the estates in the province was $750,000. There were no beggars, and few paupers. The armj'' of defence consisted of 2000 militia, 1-iO of whom were mounted. Treaty with Virginia and the Five Nations. 2, In 1683, Colonel Dougan, the Governor, organized a free government. It was during his rule that the celebrated treaty for mutual defence against the French between Virginia, New York, and the Five Nations, was formed. In 1G85, the Duke of York became King of England. The colony, expecting a confirmation of its liberties, was rejoiced. But James forgot his promises to grant a new Constitution. Ho even took away old liberties, and, in 1G88, insulted the colonists by appointing Andros Governor of New York and New England. Leisler's Eebellion. ,3, The tyranny of Andros excited a rebellion. In 1G88, news of the abdication of James II. reached the colony. The Governor was absent. His deputy flrd. Jacob Leisler headed a rising of the people, and, seizing the fort, assumed the government. For several years 1, What was tho population of Now York nt this time ? Wtiat is paid of hcr'coniiiK'iocf Ot ii-;U oslati".' Of wli'it did tliu iinn ■ coiiiiisf.' 2. \Vlmt occurred iu Kls'J? IiiKiS'i? How did .laiiii » treat tin- i-oIoiiii'tH ? s! Wliai excited a rel)ellioii iu IdtftJ? Wiio headed the iusiirreciiou ? What (lid iio do? How louj; did hie power last ? What became of him? 1701.] JVEW YOliK. 45 he maintained his power. In 1601, a new Governor, appointed by King William III,, arrived. Leisler was taken, tried for treason, condemned, and executed. Massacre of Schenectady. 4. During the rule of Leisler (1689), a body of French and Indians went on an expedition against New York. They got lost in the snow, and came suddenly at night upon Schenectady. Falling upon the sleeping inhabitants, they slew men, women, and children. A few escaped, and their stories of the mas- sacre roused the fiercest resentment. Expeditions were set on foot against both Montreal and Quebec, but nothing was accomplished. Captain Kidd. 5. In 1696, piracy had become a crying evil in the colonies. Not a few piratical vessels were said to have sailed from New York, and Fletcher, the Governor, was suspected of being interested in the bloody busi- ness. Bellamont, the next Governor, was ordered to root out the evil. For this purpose he employed Cap- tain Kidd ; but he, being a leading cut-throat, only made matters worse. He was finally caught and hung (1701). 4. Give an acconnt of the Massacre of Schenectady? Was any eflFort made to avenge the atrocity? 5. What had become a great evil In 16flC? Of what was Fletcher accused? Who was Kidd? What was he employed to do ? What did he prove to be? 46 UlSTOItY OF TIIK UNITED STATKS. \\aHl. CHAPTER V. PES'NSYLVANIA AND DELAWARE, ^YILLIAM PeNN. 1. Pennsylvania was founded by "William Penn, a Quaker, and for the benefit of Quakers. Penn was boru in 1044. At seventeen he was expelled from the University of Oxford for non-conformity. This so enraged his father that the boy was driven with blows from the house. On reaching manhood, ho became a Quaker preacher. For this he was often imprisoned. His brethren were also much persecuted. Wishing to get a secure retreat for them, ho obtained (1681) from Charles II. the grant of Pennsylvania. The charter constituted William Penn and his heirs " true and absolute proprietaries of the province of Pennsyl- vania, saving to the Crown their allegiance and the sovereignty." lie and his deputies, with the consent of the freemen, were to make the laws. Peace and Liberty. 2. Penn sent over his first colony in 1G81. They settled on the Delaware, just above the mouth, of the Schuylkill. The Swedish and Dutch settlers on the west bank of the Delaware were assured that their 1. By whom was Pennsylvania founded? With what deBiirn? Give an account of Penn. Wlicu did he obtain hie grant from fharles II.? Whaidid it counlitute him and Inn heirs? 2. When and where did the flr(li«li? What is i»aid of the condi- tion of the colony in KiW? When did I'enn brinj; over a new charter? How wa^ it received t What occurred iu 1101? 1651.] F£JVNSYLVA]VJA AND DELAWARE. 47 rights would be respected, wHile words of peace and kindness were sent to the Indians. In 1682, Penn with one hundred emigrants landed at New Castle. Soon afterwards he made known in an assembly of the peoj)le his intentions to institute a government perfectly free. This caused much joy. With the Indians he made a treaty under an elm-tree at Kensington. It was entered into without oath, and remained long un- broken. In 1683, he founded his capital, and called it Philadelphia {brotherly love). Thus blessed with peace, the land of Penn grew so rapidly that, in 1685, the province contained twenty settlements, and Philadelphia two thousand inhabitants. In 1684, Penn went -away to England and did not return until 1699. In the mean- time he had suffered much from persecution. He brought with him a new charter for his people. It was gladly received by all but those occupying the then lower counties on the Delaware, who chose fi'om this time to have an independent government of their own (1701). Settlement op Delaware. 3, The first permanent settlement in Delaware was made by some Swedes under Peter Minuits (1638). They bought a tract of land and built Fort Christiana, near the present site of Wilmington. The Dutch, on Manhattan, viewed this settlement with jealousy. In 1651, they built a fort within five miles of Christiana, This was soon attacked and destroyed by the Swedes. A war now broke out between the two colonies, and it :i. Where and when wae the first permanent settlement made in Dela- ware ? Who were jealons of this colony ? What occurred iu Kiul ? What was the result of the war? Into whose hands did the colony pass in 1(564 ? Into whose in 1GS2? 48 HISTORY OF TUE UNITED STATES. [10«:i. ended in the conipleto conquest of the Swedes (1654). Ten years afterwards (16G4), it passed with the Nether- lands into the hands of tlie Duke of York, who in 1682 rele:i!?ed to Penn his claim to it. Mason and Dixon's Line. 4, For a long time disputes arose about the dividing line between Maryland and Pennsylvania. This was at length determined by Mason and Dixon, two sur- veyors chosen for the purpose. The line they run is celebrated as being the division line of what were once known as the Free and Slave States. Penn's example of moderation was followed by his people, and Pennsyl- vania increased rapidly in wealth and population. CHAPTER VI. THE CAROLINAS AND GEOitaiA. SECTION I. Settlement op North Carolina. 1, The French under Coligny and the English under Raleigh made no permanent settlement in the Caro- LiNAs. About 1G45, a party of Virginians settled in the region north of Albemarle Sound. There, governing themselves, they lived in peace and ^^lenty. In 1663, •I. By whom \v(ib the boinidnry lino between Marylnnd and Pennsylvania ran? Of wlmt StuirH wiin iliis uftiTWiirdH the division line? Wub Pcun's exniuplf fullowi'd l>v liir. ixuplc 'f With what result? 1. What occurred in Kiisy What Kraut was olilaincd from the Kiiicr in Ifiti.'!? liy whom? TliroUL'li thin diartur wliat did tlic ProjirietiirleH claim y What did Itcrkelevdo? Why did the colouifie hrcak oiii in open revolt^ When WUH the tlrk Ae^'i'inhly convoked? Uy wliom? Wliat is taid ot Locke's CouBlltutionl' What other county was formed now? 1683.] NORTH CAROLINA. 49 Lord Clarendon and others obtained from the Kino- a grant of the region between the 31st and 36th degrees of north latitude. By virtue of this charter, the Pro- prietai'ies claimed jurisdiction over the settlers on Albe- marle Sound. William Berkeley, one of the patentees, Governor of Virginia, was authorized to take care of them. He visited the colony, and, instituting a civil government, put William Drummond at the head of it. The colonists wanted to hold their lands on the same tenure as they w^ere held in Virginia. This was at first refused by the Proprietaries, and the people broke out in open revolt. This state of things continuing for two years, their petition was granted, and a new Constitu- tion given them. In 1669, Governor Stephens convoked the first Assembly under this Constitution. Shortly after this, another Constitution, framed by Locke, the philosopher, was sent over. It was found totally in- applicable, and was soon abandoned. Meantime, some settlers on Cape Fear river were formed into a separate county, called Clarendon, and North Carolina was divided into two counties. Civil Discord. 2. In 1677, the people, dissatisfied with the Govern- ment, rose in revolt and imprisoned the Proprietaiy officers. John Culpepper, the leader of the rebels, con- trolled aff'airs for two years. At the end of that time he was sent to England and tried for high treason, but was acquitted. For several years the colony governed itself In 1683, Seth Sothel, one of the proprietors, 2. When and why did the people rise in revolt? Who now controlled affairs? Wh.at became of him? Give an account of the rule of bothcl. When was he banished? 50 niSTORT OF TUE UNITED STATES. [1712:. was apjx)intcd Governor, He pillaged the colonists and cheated his proprietary associates. After six yeai'S of suftering, the people again rose and deposed him. At his own request ho was tried by the Assembly, and banished forever (1G88). Condition op Early Settlers. 3. North Carolina was settled by the "freest of the free," Careless of sects, colleges, or lawyers, they en- joyed liberty of conscience and personal independence. Without cities or townships, without roads, the early settlers lived scattered in lonely farms ; but with- out care and without restraint. The first church was built in 1705, the first court-house in 1722, and the first printing-press was established in 1754. War with the Tuscaroras. 4, Sothol was succeeded by Philip Ludwell. The colony grew ; and in 1712 its great prosperity excited the jealous fears of the Tuscarora Indians. A general massacre was plotted, and twelve hundred warriors en- tered into a secret league to execute it. At the ap- pointed time, the savages entered the houses of the planters, and slew men, women, and children. At Ro- anoke alone, one hundred and thirty-seven of the set- tlers were butchered. Some escaping spread the alarm, and the remaining settlements prepared for defence. To the appeal for aid, the colony of South Carolina S. What waB thn character of the early ecttlors? What was thelrmodo of life? When wan the liict chnroh built? The first coiirt-hoHBC? 4. Who succeeded Sotliel? What wat* the cause of the war with the Tupcarorasf Give an aecount of the aUempt at a ucncral macnacro. Who bron^'ht aid from South L'aruliua ? What did he do ? What bvcamo of the TuccaroraB? 1670.] SOUTH CAROLINA. 51 quickly responded. Colonel Barnwell, with six hun- dred militia and three hundred and sixty Indians (1712), came to their relief. Chasing the savages for two hun- dred miles through the wilderness, he overtook them and inflicted a bloody defeat. Shortly afterwards, they suffered another defeat. Disheartened, the Tuscaroras migrated northwards, and united with the Five Nations, making the sixth of that confederacy. The Colony Becomes a Koyal Province. S, Until 1729, North and South Carolina remained under the same Proprietaries, but with different govern- ments. In 1729, the Proprietaries sold their rights to the King. After that, the colonies were completely separated. The first Eoyal Governor of North Caro- lina was George Barrington. At first, from civil discord, the colony grew slowly. In 1694, there were only seven hundred and eighty-nine names on the list of taxable inhabitants. In 1710, the whole population was six thousand. Debts wei'e generally paid in hides, tallow, and other productions. In 1775, the number of inhabitants was estimated at two hundred and fifty thousand. SECTION II. South Carolina : First Settlement (1670.) 1. The first permanent settlement in South Carolina was made under the conduct of Eobert Sayle, in 1670, 5. Until what time were the Carolinas nnder the same Proprietaries? "What occurred then? Who was the first Eoyal Governor ? What was the condition of the colony in 1094? In 1710? In 17J5? 1. When, where, and by whom was the first permanent settlement made in South Carolina? Who was the John Smith of the colony? What plan of government did they at first adopt ? With what success ? 52 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. [1673. at Port Eoyal. With Sayle camo Joseph West, who was the Jolni Smith of the colony. The colonists were disposed to give the grand model of Locke a fair trial. They brought it with them and tried liard to thrive ac- cording to the plan it marked out, but they soon had to abandon it. Spanish IIostility. 2. In 1G71, settlers along the banks of the Ashley and Cooper rivers had old Charleston as their trading centre. In 1G80, the capital was removed to the site of the present city of Cuauleston. The prosperity of the colony excited the jealous hostility of the Span- iards at St. Augustine. They tampered with the ser- vants and stirred up the neighboring Indians to murder. The activity of their emissaries was not in vain. An insurrection broke out, and the Indians apprmuhcd in strength. The Spaniards hastened to lend a helping hand. Accident and the promptness of the Governor saved the infixnt State. A war at home stopped the Indians, while the Spanish column, hearing that a force was coming to meet it, beat a hasty retreat Immigration from New Netherlands and France, 3, The conquest of New Netherlands by the English caused many of the ]Iollanders to emigrate. In 1G73, several companies of Dutch immigrants arrived in South Carolina; and in a few years quite a settlement of 2. What settloinpnts hnd old Charleston as their trade centre In IfiTl ? When wan the cniiitiil removed y What excited the hostility of the Span- iards? What did they do to make trouble? Wlial did tluy effect? Dow was* tlie iiieiirrectioii Hiipprei'i'id? :t. What eaiiced niaiiv Ilollaiidern to emitrrato from New Netherlands? What occurnd in W'W^ Wliat followed the revoaition of the Kdiet of NanttB ? Mow were they received? What won for Iheoi the goodwill of the EnKliab? 1702. SOVTR CAROLINA. 53 them was established on the Ashley river. The revoca- tion of the "Edict of Nantes " (1685) caused many of the French Protestants to emigrate to Carolina. The numbers and wealth of the strangers excited the envy of the colonists. For some time they were denied the rights of free-born Englishmen. Soon, their mildness and patience won the good-will of all, and they were admitted to a share of the franchises of the other planters. Yemasee War. 4r. In 1715, the Yemasee attacked the settlements. At the first onset, ninety persons were massacred. The Carawbas, Cherokees and Creeks now took part in the contest, and fully seven thousand Indian braves threat- ened the colony. Governor Craven, with a force of one thousand two hundred men, advanced to meet them. A battle was fought, the Indians were defeated, and the survivors driven into Florida. Condition of the Colony. 5. South Carolina now gradually increased in wealth and population. For awhile, her settlements were near the seaboard. When the fertility of her interior lands was discovered, immigration poured in from the more northern provinces. Rice was introduced in 1698, and its culture soon became a great source of wealth. Cotton was planted as early as 1702 ; but not much at- tention was paid to it till the invention of the eotton- 4. What occurred in 1715 ? What tribes took part iu the contest? By whom were they defeated, and what hccanie of tlie tnrvivore ? 5. Wliat part of the territory was first settled? Wlten did immigrants s.0 into the interior? When was rice introduced? When was cotton planted ? When was much attention given to it ? 64 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES 11738. gin. In 1776, the population of the colony reached 248,000. SECTION III. Georgia : First Settlement (1733). 1, Georgia was settled long after the Carolinas. The Spaniards of Florida, who claimed the country, were BO near, and the native Indians bo warlike, that emi- grants were afraid to go there. The first settlement was made under the leadership of General Ogle- thorpe, at Savannah, in 1733. Oglethorpe was an accomplished soldier and statesman, and a sincere friend of humanity. To him and other trustees, George II. had granted, for a term of j^ears, the region between the Savannah and Altamaha rivers. AYith the design of securing homes for the suffering English poor, the grant had been ol)lained ; and, to cany out the project, money had been raised by contribution in England. Treaty with the Indians. 2. After landing, and building a fort, Oglethorpe set to work to win the good-will of the Indians. Ho told them he canic, not to take, but to buy, homes for liis people. The Creek Indians, pleased with his modera- tion, entered into a treaty with him, and became his fiist friends. Soon after the conclusion of this treaty, Oglethorpe returned to England, taking witii him the King and Queen of the Creeks. 1. Why was It eo long before Georgia wns seltled ? Who was Oglethorpe? What did ho do? What wan granted to him and other trustees by Gcorgo III ? For what purpose ? 2. What did 0;,'k'thorpc flrpt do? What kind of a treaty with the Indiana did he inaku ': 8742.3 9B0R0IA. 55 More Immigrants Arrive. 3. In the following year, more English paupers ar- rived. It began to appear that a different kind of population was needed. In 1735, a large body of Ger- mans and Scotch Highlanders ari'ived. In the following year came John Wesley, the celebrated Methodist divine ; about this time also GtEORGE Wiiitepield. Through his efforts, means were raised to build an Orphan Asylum at Savannah. The early settlers were indeed various. Among the wretched whom English charity sent over, there must, of course, have been many vicious persons. Wars with the Spaniards. 4. Oglethorpe built several forts along the banks of the Savannah. He feared the Spaniards. They sent him word to take his people north of St. Helena Sound. He refused, and went to England for advice and assist- ance. He returned in command of six hundred men for the frontier defence of Georgia and South Carolina. During his absence, the Spaniai'ds had tried to detach from him the Creeks, but without success. Ogle- thorpe was now ready, and he determined to strike the first blow. In 1740, with some force, he marched against St. Augustine. Two forts were taken, and St. Augustine was held for some time in a state of siege, but nothing was gained. In 1742, the Span- iards took the field with 3000 men. It was their inten- 3. What is' said of the pauper immigrants? Who came in 1735 ? What did Whitefield do? 4. Whj' did ttglethorpe bu'ld several forts ? Where did he get assistance? What Indians did the Spaniards try to detach from him? Give an accomit of his first campaign against ihem. What occurred in 1743? How was danger averted? Give an account of the subsequent life of Oglethorpe. 50 niSTORT OF THE UNITED STATES [17 H». tion, after destroying the settlements on the Savannah, to proceed against the Carolinas and Yiri^inia. The movement was so sudden that for a wliile the fate of Georgia hung in the balance. There was no time to get assistance from the Carolinas, and Oglethorpe had to rely upon his own resources. With seven hundred whites and a large body of Indian allies, ho advanced to meet the foe. By a most adroit stratagem he led the Spanish commander to think that if ho came up with him, the Spaniards would all bo taken. "Whereupon he set fire to the fort he occupied, and fled so hastily that a number of cannon fell into the hands of 0