QUESTIONS ON THE ESSENTIALS OF CLASSICAL GEOGEAPHY. FOK USE WITH ANY GOOD CLASSICAL MAPS. BY R. E." AVERY, A, M.' V.5 ^ 1 ^ poul^xey: FRISBIE AND HA^LES, PEIXTEES. mi. m^. n I QUESTIONS ox THE FOR I'SE WITE ANY GftOfi ilASSIfAl MAPS, . R. E. AVERY, A. M., IXSTRUOTOK IX GREEK AXD LATIN IX TROY CONFERENCE ACADEMY. poultney: FRISBIE AND HAYLES, PRINTERS. 1877. ir ifA PREFACE. These Questions have been prepared to meet a want experienced in the class-room. They are designed to give the amount of Ancient Geography which it is essential that a student of the Classics should know, at the smallest ex- pense of time. They may be employed with any of the atlases in common use. The parts marked I. are to be learned without exception ; those marked II. contain names less im- portant generally, and wanting in some maps. The standard atlases contain them, and it is recommended that they be learned when practicable, particularly those relating to Greece and Italy. To assist in assiffninoj lessons, numbers have been in- serted, making the divisions of labor as nearly equal as the subjects vtdll allow. Copyright, 1877, by R. E. Avery. CLASSICAL GEOGRAPHY, ASIA. I. Describe* the Tigris River ; the Euphrates. Beginning at the headwaters, name in order the countries touched by these riyers. What countries lay east of the Persian Gulf? What country included most of the tenitory be- tween the Euphrates and the Mediterranean? What two small countries south-west of Syria on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean ? Locate Arabia Petr^a and Arabia Felix. Cities and Towns. — Locate each. I. Nixus or Nineveh (the capital of the Assyrian Empire, destroyed B. C. 606); Babylon; Cunaxa (Cyrus the Younger being slain in battle, the Ten Thousand Greeks commence their retreat, B. C. 401) ; Arbela (near which Alexander gained his final victory over the Persians, B. C. 331); Edessa: SrsA ; Ecbatana ; Pasargadae ; Jerusa- lem; Tyrus; Sidox; Damascus; Antiochia ; Palmyra. * Describe a river by stating where it rises, and in what direction, and into what water it flows. ASIA MIS"OE. I. Beginning on the south, name in order the waters which bound Asia Minor. ISTame the divisions, and bound each. Which border on the Euxine ? on the Propontis ? on the JEgean? on the Mediterranean? Which have no sea- coast ? Represent the amount of territory in Asia Minor, by comparing it with a modern country. 3. Mountains. — Locate each. I. Taurus ; Ida (Paris here adjudged the prize of beauty to Venus, — said to have derived its name from the Cretan Mt. Ida) ; Tmolus (noted for its vineyards) ; Mycal^ (Per- sians defeated by the Greeks on the same day as at Plataaa, B. C. 479) ; Olympus (a range of mountains which must be distinguished from those in Cyprus and Europe) ; Diis^DYirus (on the frontier of Galatia, sacred to Cybele). Promontories. — Locate each. II. SiGEUM (according to Homer, the place of the Grecian capip during the seige of Troy); Lectum; Tm opium (the center of union for the states of Doris). Gulfs. — Locate each. I. Issicus or Issus ; Pamphylicus ; Cebamicus or Sinus DoRiDis; H-EMus or G. of Smyrna. Rivers. — Describe each. I. Halts; Sangaritjs; Meander; Gkanicus (the first of three victories by which Alexander overthrew the Persian empire, B. C. 334) ; Scamaxder or Xanthus (must be dis- tinguished from the Xanthus in Lycia) ; Simois ; Hermus (with its tributary, Pactolus, noted for its golden sands) ; Catstrus ^^^) (frequented by swans. Its valley was the "Asian Meadow") ; Eurymedon (Persians defeated by the Greeks under Ciraon, B. C. 469) ; Cydnus (on which Cleo- patra sailed with much magnificence to meet Antony). Island. — Cyprus. I. What is the length of this island ? Name and locate its mountains. Locate Paphos ; Citium ; Salamis. 4. Cities and Towns. — Locate each. I. Trapezus, Trehizond\ Ti^i.^ (Caesar announced the victory which he here gained over Pharnaces, in a letter to the Senate, consisting of the words, *' Yeni, Yidi, Yici,'' B. C. 47) ; SiNOPE ; Nictea (first oecumenical, A. D. 325) ; Nico- MEDiA; Chalcedon; Cyzicus (opposcd a celebrated and successful resistance to the siege of Mithridates, B. C. 75) ; Lampsacus; Abydos; Troja; Pergamum (^s) (noted for its library, and as the place where parchment was first used in writing) ; PhocuEa ; Smyrna; Colophon; Ephesus; Mag- nesia AD SiPYLUM (the Romans gained the battle which se- cured them the empire of the East, B. C. 190, — must be dis- tinguished from Magnesia ad Maeandrum) : Sardis; Miletus; Halicarnassus (birthplace of Herodotus and Dionysius, — contained the Mausoleum); Cnidus( Pisander, the Spartan, defeated by Conon, the Athenian, B. C. 394); Xanthus; Patara; Perga; Selucia; Tarsus (the birthplace of St. Paul, and. a famous seat of learning); Issus (second great victory of Alexander over the Persians, B. C. 333) ; Colos- si; Laodicea; Iconium ; Lystra; Derbe; Gordium. II. Cotyora; Amasia; Amisus; Themiscyra; Cytorus; Prusa ad Olympum; Heraclea Pontica; Dardanus; Adramyttium ; Teos; Clazomene; Telmes^^^); Phase- Lis; Attalia; Selga; Soli or Pompeiopolis; Coracesium (headquarters of the Cilician pirates, taken by Porapey, B. C. 66) ; Ipsus (battle between the generals of Alexander and death of Antigonus, B. C. 301) ; Pessinus (the chief seat of the worship of Cybele, whose image was taken hence to Rome, in obedience to an oracle of the Sibylline books) ; AxcYRA ; Tyana ; Cabira or Sebaste. 6. THEACE A]^D MACEDOISriA. I. Bound Thracia; Macedonia. Describe the Hebrus River; the Strymon. Name and locate four penmsulas pro- jecting from Macedonia. Name and locate the four gulfs on which they border. Locate H^mus Ms.; Athos M. (Zerxes cut a canal for his fleet between it and the mainland, traces of which are still visible). Cities and Towns. — Locate each I. Abdeka; (h) Adrianopolis; Byzantium, Co?? sf<:m^?';?op/e (made the capital of the Roman Empire, A. D. 330); Thes- salonica; Philippi; Sestos (Xerxes connected this with Abydos by a bridge of boats) ; ^gospotami ^^s) (tji^ cap- ture of the Athenian fleet here virtually decided the Pelo- ponesian War, B. C. 405) ; Olynthus. ■ GEEEOE. I. Represent the area of Greece by comparing it with some modern country. What is the character'of the surface? Be- ginning on the north-east, name in order the waters which bound it. Bound Epirus; Thessaly. Name the other di- visions north of the Isthmus of Corinth, and bound each. Name and bound each of the remaining^ divisions of Greece. What gulfs partially separate Central Greece or Hellas from Epirus and Thessaly? What from Peloponesus? 2 10 8. Mountains. — Locate each. I. PiNDUs; Cambunii; Cerauxii; Ossa; Pelion; Par- nassus (contained the Castalian fountain whose waters im- parted the spirit of poetry) ; HELicoisr (sacred to Apollo and the Muses); CiTii^ERox; Parxes; Pentelicus; Eryman- THus; Taygetus. Promontories. — Locate each. I. Sunium; Scyll^um; Malea; T^narum; Chelonates; AcTiuM (oiF this Augustus gained the victory over. Antony and Cleopatra, which gave him the Roman Empire, B. C. 31). Gulfs. — Describe* each. I. Pegas^us; Maliacus; Saronicus; Argolicus; La- coNicus; Messenicus; Cyparissus; Corinthiacus; Am- BRACIUS. 9. Rivers. — Describe each. I. Archelous; Sperchius; Peneus (in Thessaly); Eve- Nus; Cephisus; Peneus (in Elis) ; Alpheus; PamIsus; EuROTAs; Inachus (in Argolis). *Describe a gulf by telling from what water, and into what land It pro- jects. 11 Lakes. — Locate each. I. CoPAis ; Teichoxis ; Bcebeis : Sty.mphalis. Cities, Towns, &c. — Locate each. I. Larissa; Pharsalus (in the plain of Pharsalia Caesar gained his decisive victory over Pompey, B. C. 48) ; Tempe (a celebrated vale, extending about five miles along the River Peneus); Iolcus (the city from which the Argonauts sailed inquest of the Golden Fleece); Ambracia; Dodona (the seat of an oracle of Zeus, the most ancient in Greece) ; Ac- tium; Thermopyl^ (Leonidas with 300 Spartans fell in de- fending this pass against the army of Xerxes, B. C. 480) ; Delphi (the chief seat of the worship of Apollo, noted for its oracle, and as the place where the Pythian games were celebrated, and the Amphictyonic Council convened) ; Thebje; Orchomenus; Plat^a (by the \dctory gained here over Mardonius, and the battle of Mycale fought on the same day, Greece was delivered from the invasions of the Persians, B. C, 479); Coronea; Ch^roxea (three battles — the most important made Philip of Macedon master of Greece, B. C. 338); Tanagra; Eleusis; Marathox (Miltiades with 11,- 000 Greeks defeated 110,000 Persians, B. C. 490); Megara 10. ^gium; Elis; Olympia (on the River Alpheus — contained a grove sacred to Zeus, which was adorned with numerous temples, statues, and public buildings. The Olympian games occurred here once in four years) ; Py^los (there were two 12 towns of this name in Elis, and one in Messenia. The one in the sonth-west part of Elis is supposed to have been the city of Nestor) ; Ithome; Messeiste; Laced^mon or Sparta; Argos . Mycenae ; ISTemea (here Hercules slew the Nemean lion); Epidaurus; Troezexe; Mantiis^ea (Epaminondas killed while gaining his greatest victory over the Spartans and Mantineans, B.C. 362); Tegea; Megalopolis; Coe- iNTHFS ; Lech^eum ; Cenchre^e; Phlius; Sicyon. II. Cynocephal^e (second Macedonian war decided for the Romans by the defeat of Philip V., B. C. 197); Antic- YRA (two towns of this name — one in Phocis, the other in Thessaly, noted for their hellebore, the ancient remedy for madness): Demetrias; Pherje ; Lamia ; Buthrotum; Nicop- OLis (built by Augustus in honor of his victory at Actium) ; Thermum (place of meeting of the JEtolian Confederacy) ; Calydon; Amphissa; Opus; Elatea; Thespi^; Leuctea (victory of the Thebans under Epamindonas, B. C. 371) ; De- LTUM ; Haliartus ; AuLis ; Decelea ; Helice ; Patr^ ; Cyl- LENE ; Pisa ; Helos ; Sellasia ; Nauplia ; Hermione. 11. Athens. II. In what part of Attica was Athens ? How far from the sea ? How was it connected with its harbors ? What river east of the city ? What one west ? Locate each of the follow- ing : PiR^us ; MuNYCHiA ; Phalerum ; Lyceum ; Lyca- BETTUsM. ; AcADEMiA ; Ceramicus ; Museum ; Areopagus; Pnyx (here was the Bema, a portion of the native rock hewn 13 into a rectangular form, from which the orators addressed the Athenian multitude ;) Agora ; Acropolis ; Propyl^ea ; Erechtheum ; Parthenon ; Dionysiac Theatre ; Temple OF Theseus ; Temple of Jupiter Olympus. 12. Islands. — Locate each. I. Thapos (noted for its gold mines); Samothrace ; Imbros; Lemxos (sacred to Vulcan) ; Tenedos (near Troy — the hid- ing place of the Greeks on the night of the capture of that city) ; Lesbos (belonged to ^olis) ; Chios ; Samos (Chios and Samos belonged to Ionia) ; Cos ; Rhodes ; Carpathos (the last three belonged to Doris) ; Icaria ; Patmos (the place of St. John's banishment) ; Axdros ; Mycoj^os ; Delos (celebrated for the oracle and worship of Apollo, also as a political and commercial center) ; Naxos ; Paros (famed for its white marble — the birthplace of Phidias) ; Mslos ; Creta ; EuBOEA ; -^gina ; Salamis (great naval victory by the Greeks over Xerxes, B. C. 480) ; Scyros ; Cythera ; Strophades ; Zacynthus; Cepallenia ; Ithaca (the home of Ulysses) ; Leucadia ; Corcyra. The Cyclades include the islands which cluster around Delos. The scattered islets to the east and south-east of these were called Sporades. Insular Cities, &c. — Locate each. II. MiTYLEXE ; Cnossus ; GoRTYNA ; Ida M. ; Dicte M. ; Chalcis ; Artemisium ; Eretria. 14 13. AFEIOA. I. Tracing the coast of the Mediterranean from east to west, name the following divisions in the order in which they occur on the map : Numidia, Cyrenaica, 'Mauritania, Africa, Egyptfs. Which has the most seacoast? Locate Syrtis Major, Syrtis Minor, Atlas M, Mare Rubrum or Arabicus Sinus, Flumen Nilus, Gaetulia, Garnamantes. Cities, &c. — Locate each. I. Theb.e (the most ancient Egyptian capital. Its ruins are among the most magnificent in the world) ; Memphis ; Alexandria; Berenice; Syene; Heliopolis; Canopus ; Sais ; Pelusium ; Cyrene (a Greek city beautifully situated on high ground, eight miles from the sea) ; Leptis Magna ; Carthago ; Utica ; Zamia (Scipio defeated Hannibal and decided the second Punic war in favor of the Romans, B. C- 202) ; Hippo Regius ; Abyla and Calpe or Columns of Hercules. 14. ITALY. I. What is the length of Italy from the Alps to the south- ern extremity ? Represent its area by comparing it with some modern country.. Name in order the waters which bound it, beginning on the northeast. 15 Divisions. — Bound each. I. Etruria.; Umbria ; Picenum; Latium; Samnium; Campania; Apulia; Lucania ; Brutiltm. Locate the fol- lowing: Gallia Cisalpixa ; Vexetia; Ligu ria ; His- tria; SabIxum ; Calabria. Mountains. — Locate each. L Alpes; Apexnixus (greatest height 9521 feet) ; Ve- suvius. II. Sacer (the place to which the Plebeians retired in their secessions, — three miles from Rome) ; Albaxus ; Mas- sicus (noted for its wines); Vultur. 15. Promontories. — Locate each, L Gargaxum ; Iapygium ; Herculis ; Circeil Gulfs. — Locate each. I. Tergestixus or Tergeste; Tarextixus; P^sta- xus or P^stum; Cumanus or Crater; Ligusticus. XL Urias; Scylacius; Terix^us or TerIxa ; Laus, Rivers. — Describe each. I. Padus; Ticixus (Hannibal gained his first gTeat victory after crossing the Alps, B. C. 218); Trebia (HannibaFs 16. second victory) RubIco (celebrated on account of the pas- sage by wliich Caesar invaded the Republic, B. C. 49.) Me- TAURUS (Hasdriibal, the brother of Hannibal, defeated and slain, B. C 207.); Aufidus; Aenus; Tibkris or Tiber; Anio; Liris. 11. Tanarus ; AxHiisis; Claris ; Nar; Velinus; Yul- turnus ; SiLARUs ; Cremera ; Alia (victory of the Gauls, which opened Rome to them, B. C. 390). 16. Lakes. — Locate each. I. Trasimexus (Flaminius defeated by Hannibal, B. C. 217) ; FuciNus (drained by a channel cut by the Emperor Claudius, still nearly perfect) ; Albanus (drained by a chan nel cut durmg the seige of Veil, and still extant.) II. Verbaxus; Larius ; Benacus; SevInus; Yulsinien SIS; Regillus (final victory of the Romans over Tarquin and the Latins, B. C. 498) ; Avekxus. Cities and Towns. — Locate each. I. Mediolanum ; Cremona ; Maxtua (near here in the village of Andes, Yirgil was born, B. C. 70.) Mutika; Ravenna ; Campi Raudii (Marius defeated the Cimbri, B. C. 101.); Patavium; Aquileia; Pisa (*) ; Arretium ; Perusia; Clusium ; Falerii ; Yeii (the most formidable of the early rivals of Rome, taken by Camillus after a siege of ten years); Ariminum; Ancona; Asculum; Reate ; CORFINIUM. 17 17. OsTiA (tlie port of Rome); Laueextum ; Layixium; Aedea ; Ax'TiuM (deprived of its sliips for revolting, tlie beaks {i^ostra) of which were used to adorn the speaker's platform in the Fonmi) ; Alba Lox'GA ; Arpixum (the birth- place of Cicero and Marius); Tusculum; Pr^exeste; Cax- N^ (the Romans crushingly defeated by Hannibal, B. C. 216); Beuxdusium (passage to Greece Avas usually taken from this port); Caxusium ; Capua; Bai^ ; ISTeapolis; Heecclaxeu3i; Po3ipeii; Nola; Vexusia (the birthplace of Horace, B. C. 65); Taeextum; Metapoxtum; Heea- clea; Sybaeis; Ceotox (^**) (the seat of the school of Pythagoras, and the residence of the athlete jMilo) ; Locri Epizephyeii ; Rhegium; P^stum. 18, XL . Placextia ; Comum; Yeeoxa; Tergeste ; Pola ; F^suL^ (the headquarters of Cataline's army) ; Coetox^a; SextIxum (the scene of the self-immolation- of the younger Decius and the decisive victory over the Samnites and their allies, which established the supremacy of the Romans in Italy, B. C. 2&4) ; C^ee or Agylla ; Cuees ; Teeeacix'a or AxxuE ; Coeioli ; Laxlvium ; Luceeia, Roads. II. Trace Yia Appia to Brundusium ; Via LatIxa to Beneventum ; Via Flamix^ia et Emilia to Aqueleia ; Via AuEELiA to Forum Julii. 18 Roma. II. On the boundaries of what divisions was Rome? On which side of the Tiber? How far from the sea? Name in order the Seven Hills, beginning with the Capitoline and making the circuit toward the right. Locate Jajsticulitm, Campus Martius, the Foeum, Taepeian Rock, Colosseum, PANTHEOisr, Baths of Caeacalla, of Titus, of Diocletian, Circus Maximus, Castea Pe^toeia. Islands. — Locate each. I. SiciLiA.; Saedinia; Coesica; Ilva ; Melita. Name the three promontories at the angles of Sicily. What group of islands north west of Pelorum Pr.? What north-west of Lilybaeum Pr.? . Locate Syeacus^, AgeigentuMj Lilybjeum, Panoemus^ ^TNA M., Caealis. — — ^ai- 19, GALLIA. 1. Bound Gallia. How is it separated from Hispania? How from Italy? Name and locate its four divisions. Locate Cevennes or Cebenna M., Vosegus M., Lacus Lemanus. Rivers. — Describe each, I. Phenus, Hhine ; Sequana, Seine y' Ligee, Loire/ Gaeumna, Garonne j Rhodatstus, Mhone. Locate the MossELLA, the MosA, the Scaldis. 19 TowNS.^ — Locate each. I. Massilia (founded by Greeks from Asia Minor, B. C. 600, noted for its literature and commerce) ; Aqu^ Sexti^ (Marius defeated the Teutoni, B. C. 102); Geneva; Nemai- .sus, JVismes ; Narbo, JVccrbonne j Tolosa, Toulouse/ LuGDiTNUM, Lyons; Mediolanum; Vesoktio; Lutetia. Tribes. — Locate each. II. Allobeoges; Pictones; JEduii Boii; Helvetit; Sequani; Lingones ; Senones; Osismi; Remi; Tkeviei; MoRiNi ; Menapii. hispania. I. Name and locate its three divisions. Locate the Pity- US.E Insula, Baxeaeis Majoe, Baleaeis Mtnoe. Rivers. — Describe each. I. Tagus; Axas; Bjetis, Guadalquivir; Iberus, ^Jroy DuRius, Douro. Towns. — Locate each. I. Saguntum; Carthago Nova, Carthagena ; Numan- TiA; Gades, Cadiz ; Coedu^ba, Cordova (the birthplace of the two Senecas). 20 20. BRITANNIA* I. Locate each of the following : Divisions. — Valentia; Maxima Cjesariensis ; Flavia C/ESARiENSis ; Britannia Secunda; Britannia Prima. Seas. — Germanicus; Britannicus; Yerginius; Hiber- NiCUS. Islands. — Orcades, Orkneys; Ebudes, Hebrides /rim-L:E', MoNACEDA, Man; Mona, Anglesey; Vectis, Isle of Wight; HiBERNiA, Ireland. Towns. — LoNDiNiuM, Xo^f?o^y Verulanium, St. Alba?is; Eboracum, l^ork; Eblana, Dublin. Walls. — Name and locate two walls built by the Romans. Tribes. — IcENi; Trinobantes ; Cantii; Belg^e. Hivers. — Describe each: Tamesis, Thames; Sabrina, Severn; Abus, Humber. CENTRAL AND NORTHERN EUROPE. Divisions. — Bound each. I. Scandinavia; Germania; Sarmatia; Yindelicia; Rhetia; Noricum; Pannonia; Illyricum; Dacia; Mcesia. Towns. — Locate each I. SiNGiDUNUM, Belgrade; Yindobona, Vienna; Juva- vum, Salzburg; Augusta Yindelicorum, Augsburg. Rivers. — Describe each. I. Albis, Elbe; Yistula; Borysthenes, Z>?^^e;t)er/ Ister, Danube. ) LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ^ 019 699 148 7