E159 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 0000370ET47 y^^^h. -^"-^^ ^ *c«o' .^^ 'a^^sii|;:j|s;ia o; p9;r\ll •iTo;:}OQ puB ouph le. •SHaAW'Ha QNY si!?»y be •^y O) p9:}U'BJj^AV pim ^i^pjo O) gpsrii p^jto 'padij^s uaui'3 'os|y -025 -o:^ 'saaAS.'BJQ; puB s^jor 'ouiJ9j^ :5||Tg ^sj9iqoJ9J|pu^fj 's5po]g 'sjJ'BOg Us -X9 pa}D9J9S SpOO-t) SS9JpUjQ pUB SS9JQ iC0UT?j[ irC er- •SaOOO DMIHSIMHUJ ^e- ich as pQAoaddB jno ui jgpjo 0; op^iu 'sj9uio]sno j;\re Joj s9^Bi A\o]; ;b 's9snoq ijsijSug; puc qou9j^re- UM0U51 ]|9Av 9qi uiojj 'sSui-^sg^Y pue S9j9unf)r- S9l.C;s aiqBuorqsT?^i 9q; IF " jo ^j^ SI^j^fXHOS-er^ eth 'SONTXS3A QNV Sa'SaWfOii 3 to- •SaOOO ONIHdSOb- Are» true as applicable to the pretended " Indian '> 2 ^ .',. i7nt!\l^HlNG WAREHOUSE, CENTLEMEN-S FASH.ONAHLE APl'AREL AND FUKM.HI. First corner east of ]5roadway. i m ^^ ^'^ it ikl31 1 WASHBURN & SEYMOUR, WHOLESiLE AND RETAIL NEW SPRING GOODS. i^^ CLOTHS, CASSIMERES AND VESTLN'GS, NOW O FEN INC. A FULL ASSORTMENT of all the Fashionable styles of Black and Coloured Cloths, Cassimcres and Veslings, from the well known ^ Mauufactories of Biolley, and other French and English houses, at low rates for ' Cash. Goods furnished by us for oi r customers, made to order in our approved style and workmaut'hip. GENTLEMEN'S FURNISHING GOODS. A full assortment of the Choicest Fancy Dress and Undress Goods selected ex- pressly for our city trade : Cravats, Scarfs, Stocks, Handkerchiefs, Silk Merino, \ Gauze Merino and Cotton Undershiiis and Drawers, &.c. &c. Also, Linen striped. \ Linen and Muslin Shirts on hand, and made to order, and warranted to fit. LADIES VESTS AND DRAWERS. Silk, Merino, Cotton Gauze, Merino and Cotton. Our Friend, and Strangers are imitedto visit this New Outfitting Establishment. i'AREL AND FURNISHING WAREHOUSE, ^y Nassau street, New York, east of Broadway. ers, H & SEYMOUR, not give satisfaction. 13 i^ IMPURITY OF THE BLOOD CAUS- ES pain, and occasions disease upon that part of the body which, from any cause, may be the weakest. Thus, in persons whose blood is im- pure, should they have a cold, the impure matter would settle upon the lungs, and consumption be the trouble ; so with other affections. All trouble is saved by using Brandreth's Pills, which cannot injure, and which cannot be overdone. Only use them in the commencement of any disease, use them in full doses, and you will be up and well, while those who are too wise to take such a simple medicine, are bed-ridden, or prematurely end their days. The Brandreth Pills are onlj'' beginning to be appreciated ; they are found never to deceive ; they are the only inter- nal medicine required in this climate. Be care- ful of pretended universal purgatives, which cannot be used without injury to the body, as Brandreth's Pills can. What are they ? Are they not imitations of the Brandreth's Pills, re- commended in advertisements stolen from Dr» Brandreth ? Were they not originally counter- feit pills, purporting to be the genuine Brandreth Pills.'' But in consequence of the new labels on the Brandreth Pill boxes, are they not obliged to • come out under other colors equally false ? Ob- serve the makers and travelling agents ! Are* they not men whom Dr. Brandreth has cast off— not for good conduct, truly ? Is not this true as applicable to the pretended " Indian/' i^ -k Fold-out aceholder 14 and in fact to nearly all the advertised pills of the day ? Shall the public trust their lives in the hands of those unprincipled men ? Surely not. The Brandreth Pills give strength for weakness : they are liked best by those who have taken the most of them. Dr. Brandreth can give personal reference to thousands who have been restored from a bed of sickness by their use, when every other means had proved entirely unavailing. Read — This is to certify that I was taken ill during the season of the cholera, in the year 1832, and continued thus until the Spring of 1842, during which time I was severely troubled with dyspepsia, and all its various train of suffer- ing. I became extremely emaciated, melancho- ly, and worn out with suffering, so that life itself seemed burthensome. I, in the meantime, ap- plied to a number of the best physicians, who prescribed for me, and many were the bitter doses of medicine that I took ; but without avail. At last I YIELDED TO DESPAIR. The idea of taking the prescriptions of the phy- sician longer was useless, and I was utterly op- posed to taking pills. My friends became alarm- ed ; often solicited me to try Brandreth's Pills, asserting that they had derived great benefit from their use. At last I was tempted to give them a trial, and it is but just to say, that after using them a short time, I began to recover, and soon was ENTIRELY RESTORED TO HEALTH, and I think it a duty which 1 owe to the world ih and to Dr. Brandreth, to make this public ac- knowledgment. N. Bliss. Bushwick, King's County, L I., March 1. The Brandreth's Pills are sold at twenty -five cents per box, at Dr. B. Brandreth's principal office, No. 241 Broadway, N. Y., and by one Agent in every town throughout the United States, and the Canadas. AN EXTRAORDINARY WORK, AND ONE WHICH SHOULD BE IN THE HANDS OF EVERY MARRIED PERSON. MORAL PHYSIOLOGY, or a plainly writ- ten Treatise on the Popular Question, b}' the Hon. R. D. Owen, with additions and altera- tions, by R. Glover, M. D. To every person of sound common sense, this work is one which will command the highest praise. It is true, a few ignorant people may condemn it, but the editor is fully persuaded that the high importance of the subject of which it treats will present itself so forcibly to reflect- ing minds, that it must command respect. Were this book carefully read by every married 16 person, and its advice strictly followed, we are persuaded that a different state of society from the present would exist. The terrors of poverty, and the prospect of a family of children which could be but poorly reared, prevent many prudent people from en- tering the matrimonial state ; but here is a work which will tell you important secrets, which may obviate all such objections to a happy connubial relation, and which thousands of married people would give all they possess to understand fully. The editor is not allowed to state in public the character of this work more in detail, but he knows that it is one which will meet with universal approbation the moment it becomes known among married people. Persons w^anting copies of this important Physiological work, by enclosing one dollar to Dr. R. Glover, No. 2 Ann st., or to box 1802, New York Post Office, will insure the sending of the work in question. Postage on the Book is five cents. JOHN M. DA VIES & JONES, 106 WILLIAM ST., (south-east corner of john,) IMPORTERS OF Merino Shirts, Gauze Shirts, Ladies' Gauze Vest, Brown and White Cotton Shirts, Merino 17 Drawers, Gauze Drawers, Brown Cotton Draw- ers, Merino Hose and half Hose, Brown and White Cotton half Hose, ribbed and plain, and all other kinds of Gentlemen's Hosiery, Gloves, Suspenders, Cravats, Scarfs, and Handkerchiefs. Also Importers and Manufacturers of Caps, Stocks, Collars, Bosoms, Shirts, Oiled Silks, Glazed Silks, Glazed Lawn, Glazed Muslin, and all kinds of Cap and Stock Trimmings. Self-adjusting Cravat, an entirely new and du- rable article. "Wholesale and Retail at very Low Prices. H. H. SCHIEFFELIN & CO., IMPORTERS AND WHOLESALE DRUGGISTS, 104 & 106 JOHN STREET, NEW YORK, Wish to call attention to their extensive and heavy assortment of Drugs, Medicines, Paints, Dye-stuffs, Glassware, Chemicals, Surgeons^ Instruments, Patent Medicines, Perfumeries, Window Glass, Shop Furniture, &c., &c., which they offer for sale very low, for cash or approved credit. Among other articles they offer White Lead, dry and in oil, at factory prices ; Madder, 2* 18 in casks, barrels, and kegs ; Logwood, Nicwood, Fustic, Camwood, Indigo, in cases, ceroons, and kegs, Copal, Coach, Japan, and Black Varnish- es, Copperas, Venetian Red, Yellow Ochre, Putty, Paint Brushes, Smalts, Bronzes, Frost- ings, Spts. Turpentine in barrels, at factory- prices, &c. Orders by mail will receive every attention. H. H. SCHIEFFELIN, & CO., 104 & 106 John Street, New York. A. B. & D. SANDS, WHOLESALE DRUGGISTS, 100 FULTON ST., Cor. WILLIAM, NEW YORK, Offer for sale, for Cash or on approved credit, at lowest market prices, a large and well select- ed assortment of Drugs, Medicines, Chemicals, Paints, Oils, Dye-stuffs, Window Glass, Surgi- cal Instruments, Trusses, Perfumery, Brushes, Druggists' Glass Ware, new Chemical Prepara- tions, and every other article usually kept in the Drug line. Leeches. — Also, constantly for sale, fresh im- ported Swedish and German Leeches, received direct from Europe, and of our importation. y will be repacked in the same manner in h they are imported, so as to be sent to 19 any part of the United States or Canadas with perfect safety. Saratoga Waters. — Arrangements have been made with the Proprietors of the different Springs, viz., "Congress," " Union," " Iodine," " Pavilion," to receive the water fresh every few days, and to supply it to the Trade at the lowest wholesale prices, by the dozen or gross. The water is packed in boxes containing either two dozen quarts, or four dozen pints. A. B. & D. S. are the Proprietors' wholesale agents for the following valuable preparations, which they will sell at the lowest wholesale prices : McMunn's Elixir of Opium, Peery's Vermi- fuge, or " Dead Shot," Cheeseman's Arabian Balsam, Wistar's Balsam of Wild Cherry, Mrs. Gardiner's Balsam Liverwort, Whittemore's Vegetable Sirup, Vegetable Pulmonary Balsam, Richardson's Sherry Wine Bitters, Thompson's Compound Sirup of Tar, Shaker Herbs, Ex- tracts, &c., Chinese Shaving Cream, Jayne's Hair Tonic, Jayne's Expectorant, Jayne's Sana- tive Pills, Jayne's Carminative Balsam, Scarpa's Acoustic Oil, Phinney's Pills, Payson's Indelible Ink, Indian's Panacea, Phelp's Tomato Pills. THE NATIONAL POLICE GAZETTE. (Circulation 20,000 Copies.) Published weekly at No. 27 Centre Street, containing the celebrated histories of famous criminals, known as the LIVES OF THE FELONS ; Illustrated with faithful likenesses of the charac- ters, and admirable descriptive engravings ; also all the current criminal news of the country, ob- tained by special and comprehensive arrangements with the various criminal departments ; faithful reports of all the exciting capital trials from all parts of the Union ; the substance of all informa- tions received in cases of felony ; the names and personal appearance of persons charged with of- fences, who are not iii custody^ S^'c, 8^c. ; and a complete list of deserters from the military service of the United States, published from the govern- ment records by special warrant of the War Office at Washington. Price Five cents per single number, or $2 . per annum — payable in advance. Advertising. — The large circulation of this popular sheet renders it the most desirable me- dium for advertising in the United States, as its extent of readers and circulation are already su- perior to any weekly periodical issued in this city. CAMP & WILKES, Editors and Proprietors, 27 Centre Street, New York. THE UNITED STATES STATISTICAL DIRECTORY OR MERCHANjTS' AND TRAVELLERS' GUIDE; WITH A WHOLESALE BUSINESS DIRECTORY OF NEW-YORK. BY LOOMIS, WHITE & CO. NEW-YORK : WILLIAM H. COLYER, PRINTER, No. 5 Hague-street. 1846. PREFACE A FEW words will explain the object of the Publishers. The design has been to give such information as is constantly needed by the American Traveller and Merchant in a con- densed form. We do not pretend to give all, but the most important, as much so as the por- table size of our work will admit. In the Business Directory features we have, of course, given also a limited number of houses. It will be seen that we represent the most useful departments. The bookholder can find a ready reference for almost any call he would like to make. So vast a field as we cover would re- quire volumes. We have, in this Compend, se- lected what we thought most useful. A BRIEF VIEW UNITED STATES The States of this Union embrace almost every variety of climate and consequently of produc- tion. From 1620 to 1S46, in a period of little over two hundred years, the whole fabric of government has been reared. The most sanguine cannot anticipate its future greatness and power. Among the nations of the earth, we now hold, in the actual elements of strength, if not the first position, at least the second or third. From 1775 to 1782 (the time of the Revolution) we had a population of some three millions. We were divided among ourselves as to the propriety of the measures pursued. Not more than three- fourths of the then population sustained cordially the provisional and preliminary action of the colo- nial governments. We were subjected to a bitter and powerful savage foe — without finances — without munitions of war, or military organi- zation ; when the mother country turned her armaments and batteries against us. She who disputed empire with the world, and made Europe tremble to its centre, struggled with us seven years, and was forced to yield to our 3 26 A BRIEF VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES- demand, which was a separate national exist- ence. This present year (1846) as a nation, we are but seventy years of age, we have now a population of some twenty-two millions, and spread over a section of the globe some 2500 miles long, and from 1000 to 1500 miles wide; including 2,500,000 square miles or 1,600,000,000 acres, making lor each man woman and child of our present population about eighty acres of land, that is a tract one- eighth of a mile wide and a mile long-. To a man and his wife, a half a mile wide and a mile long ; and to a family of four persons a mile square. When we reflect, that every acre well culti- vated will support a human being, and that one man may cultivate well some ten to fifteen acres ; we are forced to admit, that if want exists in the United States, it is not from necessity, but owing entirely to the misapplication of labor and mind. It is unnecessary to be exact in our computa- tions to be convinced of the fact that the Creator has assigned to us a prodigal inheritance, one abounding in all that we can use, and a vast annual surplus if farmed with ordinary industry and economy. The admission of Texas adds nearly 400,000 square miles more to the Union, making about two hundred and fifty millions of acres. A terri- tory of itself greater than either France or Spain, and larger than any of the European kingdoms except England and Russia. The Oregon terri- tory, which is now the absorbing topic of specu- A BRIEF VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 lation and discussion, contains, up to the forty- ninth degree, 218,500,000 acres, and to fifty-four degrees forty minutes 323,000,000, making the difference in territory between those two lines equal to about three states like New York. Thus, since the revolution, (at which time the Atlantic sea-boaid only constituted the settled territory,) we have spread out over the whole valley of the Mississippi with an active popula- tion : but now are we reaching out our arms to the Pacific. Oregon has now about twelve thou- sand regular settlers. The bulk of her popu- lation is made up of hunters and traders, the number of whom are unknown to us. Like our vast and diversified territory our population is made up of every variety of human character. All are here duly represented. Physical, Political, Religious, Irreligious, Moral and Immoral, are thrown promiscuously together, and held together by a popular, a free government : the will of the majority alone. The admission of Texas, when viewed as an extension of territory over which free institutions are to be established, as a terri- tory redeemed from the waste and folly of a weak and factious neighbor, for the better con- dition of wholesome laws and a wise political policy, must be regarded with pleasure by every friend of man. Much is undoubtedly gained, not to the Texans and the union only, but to the world, to man in his social and physical wants and necessities. But that she should have been admitted as a slave mart at this late day, a time when most men in the Union deprecate, if not 28 A BRIEF VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. existing slavery, at least, its extension, is very strange. Nothing can account for it in reason or the nature of the case. Ages may be required to undo this oversight. It is a real injury to Texas, and in direct hostility to the vv^ishes of a large preponderating number of the people of the United States, may we not safely say } The settlement of the Oregon boundary will be the epoch for a rapid settlement of that territory. Communication hitherto almost impossible by land, is known now to be not only possible, but for a long journey through an unsettled country not very difficult ; railroad and steamboat com- munication is perfectly feasible, and will in a few years, without doubt, be established, and then a journey to the mouth of the Columbia river will be a trip of from twelve to fifteen days. The gradual extension of our borders, we believe, are destined to spread to the w^hole Pacific coast. The hardy pioneers are moving steadily on ; what shall stop them ? The imaginary land-marks cannot do it. If they find themselves in a govern- ment congenial to their tastes it is all well enough ; if it is not so, they will remodel it, they will revolutionize ; Texas is a sample of what must follow. California is now spoken of and looked to as Texas was some few years since. The first settlement in the latter country by citizens from the United States was made in 1821, on the banks of the Brasos de Dios. In 1836 Texas declared herself independent of Mexico. In 1845 she was admitted into the Union and became a A BRIEF VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 sister state of the Republic. She has achieved this with a population which does not exceed 150,000, while her mother country (or Mexico) has a population of 7,000,000, or about fifty to one and has hotly opposed it. Americans have demonstrated to their own satisfaction the superiority and the practicabihty of a representative government. They feel at heart a sovereign contempt for those claims of monarchy which have hitherto governed the world, and wherever they go they will carry that spirit. It is the spirit of the people, the many against the few. It will engender itself and produce its own fruit, whether under the aegis of the Union or by a separate government, is quite immaterial to our argument ; they will have a government of the people. CHAPTER II. THE POLITICAL AND JUDICIAL POWERS OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. Each state in the Union is an independent sovereignty, so far as their local laws are con- cerned. The national government is a creature solely of the national constitution. It has no power outside of that instrument. It holds but this 3* 30 THE POLITICAL AND JUDICIAL POWERS check on the local action of the states, namely, to compel every state to give its citizens a re- publican form of government. Its enumerated powers are few, but important ; it has sole jurisdiction in all foreign relations, and regulates trade and commerce. It extends its laws to cases in which the citizens of one state seek legal redress against the citizens of another. It would be a much better, or at least a less complex State of affairs, if the laws of the states were uniform in all that pertains to dealings which are common between them. New York, for instance, sells her goods to every state in the Union, yet she encounters a great diversity of remedies in form, and quite material gener- ally, in fact. Stay laws in some, valuation laws in others, and again certain forms of contracts take precedence : a promissory note, that is, must be paid in preference to a book account ; a local or demand due in the state before one due to a citizen of another state. Hence, the merchant who sells has to encounter not only inevitable risks, those depending on the muta- tions of market, the frailty of human plans, and the recklessness and dishonesty of some of his customers, but the legislator, the impartial, the goddess who holds the scales to weigh justice and mete out to all alike, allows her local bal- ance to preponderate against him. The following shows the rates of interest in those states named, and may be taken as a specimen of the uniformity of legislative wisdom on the same subject. Usury has been in all OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 31 countries of Christendom a matter of legal re- striction. Legal Interest, &c. Maine. — 6 per cent. Punishment for usury, forfeit of the usury. New-Hampshire. — 6 per cent. Forfeit of three times the amount unlawfully taken. Vermont. — 6 per cent. Recovery in an ac- tion, with costs. Massachusetts. — 6 per cent. Forfeit of three- fold the usury. Rhode-Island. — 6 per cent. Forfeit of the usury and interest on the debt. Connecticut. — 6 per cent.. Forfeit of the whole debt. New-York.— 7 per cent. Usurious contracts void. ' New-Jersey. — 7 per cent. Forfeit of the whole debt. Pennsyhania. — 6 per cent. Forfeit of the whole debt. Delaware. — 6 per cent. Forfeit of the whole debt. Maryland. — 6, and on tobacco contracts 8 per cent. Usurious contracts void. Virginia. — 8 per cent. Forfeit double the usury. North- Carolina. — 6 per cent. Contracts for usury void — forfeit double the usury. South- Carolina. — 7 per cent Forfeit of in- terest and premium taken, with cost to debtors. 32 THE POLITICAL AND JUDICIAL POWERS, ETC. Georgia. — 8 per cent. Forfeit three times the usury and contracts void. Alabama. — 8 per cent. Forfeit of interest and usury. Mississippi. — 8 per cent. By contract as high as 10. Usury recoverable in an action for debt. Louisiana. — 5 per cent. Bank interest 6, and conventional as high as 18 — beyond that contracts void. Kentucky. — 6 per cent. Usury may be re- coverable with costs. Ohio. — 6 per cent. Usurious interest not collectible. Indiana. — 6 per cent. On written agreement may go as high as 10. Penalty of usury a fine of double the excess. Illinois. — 6, and by agreement as high as 12 per cent. Penalty, three fold the amount of the whole interest. Missouri. — 6, and by agreement as high as 10 per cent. — beyond that, forfeiture of the whole interest due and usury taken. Michigan. — 7 per cent. Forfeit of the usury taken and one fourth of the debt. Arkansas. — 6 per cent. By agreement, any rate not exceeding 10. Amount of usury not recoverable ; contract void. District of Columbia. — 6 per cent. Usurious contracts void. Florida. — 8 per cent. Forfeit of interest and excess in case of usury. COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 Wisconsin. — 7 per cent. By agreement, not over 12. Forfeit, treble the excess. Iowa. — The same as in Wisconsin. On debts or judgments in favor of the United States, interest is computed at the rate of 6 per cent, per annum. CHAPTER III. COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC PRODUCE — Fisheries — Dried fish or cod fisheries #803,353 Pickled fish or river fisheries, herring, mack- erel, &c 208,054 Whale and fish oil 1,520,464 Spermaceti oil 970,195 Whalebone 762,642 Spermaceti candles 236,917 Total $4,507,124 Forest — Skins and furs 1,248,355 Ginseng 177, 146 Produce of Wood — Staves, shingles, boards, hewn timber 1,953,222 Other lumber 369,501 Masts ahd spars 28,692 Oak bark and other dye 70,016 34 COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. All manufactures of wood.. 677,420 Naval stores — tar, pitch, rosin and turpentine 814,649 Ashes— pot and pearl 1,210,490 5,124,920 6,550,421 AGRICULTURE — Products of Animols — Beef, tallow, hides, horned cattle 1,920,809 Butter and cheese 878,865 Pork, (pickled) bacon, lard, live hogs --.-2,991,384 Horses and mules 385,488 Sheep 23,848 6,206,394 Vegetable Food — Wheat - 336,779 Flour 5,398,593 Indian corn 411,741 Indian meal ^- 641,532 Rye meal 112,908 Rye, oats and other small grain and pulse 177,953 Biscuit and ship bread 366,294 Potatoes 122,926 Apples 81,306 Rice 2,160,456 9,810,508 16,016,902 Tobacco 716,819 Cotton ..51,739,643 All other Agricultural Products — Flax seed 81,918 Hops 90,341 Brown sugar 11,107 Indigo 70 183,496 MANUFACTURES — Soap and tallow candles 623,936 COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 35 Leather boots and shoes . . . : 228,091 Household furniture 277,448 Coaches and other carriages 55,821 Hats 70,397 Saddlery 20,847 Wax 234,794 Spirits and grain 75,108 Beer, ale, porter and cider 69,583 Snufi' and lobacco 538,493 Linseed and Spirits of Turpentine 92,014 Cordage 55,010 Iron— Pig, bar and nails 77,699 Do. Castings 118,^48 Do. All manufactures of 649,100 Spirits from molasses 216,118 Susrar, refined 164,602 Chocolate ; 1,401 Gunpowder 122,599 Copper and brass 94,736 Medicinal drugs 212,877 -4,099,832 Cotta7i Piece Goods — Printed and colored 516,243 White 2,343,194 Nankeens 1,174,038 Twist, yarn and thread 14,376 All other manufactures of. . 280,164 4,327,923 Flax and Hemp — Bags, and all manufactures of 14,702 Wearing apparel 59,653 Combs and buttons 23,794 Brushes 2,206 Billiard tables and apparatus 1,551 Umbrellas and parasols 2,583 Leather and morocco skins, not sold 'P^-lb 16,263 Fire engines and apparatus 12,660 Printing presses and type 26,774 Musical instruments 18,209 36 COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. Books and maps 43,298 Paper and stationery 106,190 Paints and varnish 50,103 Vinegar - 14,375 Earthen and stone ware 7,393 Manufactures of Glass 9S,760 Do. Tin 10,114 ; Do. Pewter and lead 14,404 Do. Marble and stone 17,G2G Do. Gold and silver, and gold leaf 3,229 Gold and silver coin S44,44G Artificial flowers and jewelry 10,435 Molasses 20,771 Trunks 3,33(5 Bricks and lime 5,701 Domestic salt 45,151 " 5,804,977 Lead 342,646 Articles not enumerated — Manufactured 1 ,269,338 ' Other articles 1 ,315,578 2,.584,916 Total $99,299,776 Shipping. — The total number of ships entered during the past year in this country, has been 13,723, with a ton- nage of 2,S4G,049, and crews of 154,335 men and 3262 boys. Of these, the American vessels were in number 8133, with 2,025,486 tonnage, and crews of 99,020 men and 2562 boys. The clearances during the same time, were 13,780 ships, with a tonnage of 2,984,2-52, and 155,451 men and 3182 boys. Of these, the Americans had 8197 ships, with a tonnage of 2,053,977 and crews of 100,794 men and 2462 boys. 37 CHAPTER IV. PROPOSED AND PRESENT TARIFF The new Tariff as in the hands of the Com-' mittee of Ways and Means. PROPOSED AND PRESENT TARIFF OF THE UNITED STATES. Proposed Tariff. Present Tariff. Per Cent. Brandy and other spi- rituous liquors 75 60 cts. to $1 per gallon Cordials- 75 60 cts per gallon Wines of all kinds 30 6 cts to 65 cts per gallon Ready made clothing, and all articles worn by men, women, and children, hosiery, fee 30 50 per cent Oil cloth, all kinds 30 ISj to 35 cts per sq yard Iron and manufactures of iron 30 $11 to 25 per ton and 1 a Manufactures of gold, 1| cts per pound silver, copper, brass, and all other metals.. 30 Saddlery, coach and har- ness furniture 30 20 per cent Manufactures of leather, including boots, shoes, gloves, &c 30 15 cts to ^1 .50 per pair Fur caps, hats, muffs, tippets, and all manu- factures of furs 30 35 per cent Segars, snuff, manufac- tures of tobacco 30 10 to 40 cts per pound Tobacco manufactured. 30 20 per cent Manufactures of Marble. 30 30 per cent "" Jewelry and imitations. 30 20 to 25 per cent 4 38 PROPOSED AND PRESENT TARIFF, Clocks 30 Watches 10 Sugar 30 Molasses 30 Soap -...-30 Medicinal preparations. 30 Spices 30 Coal and coke 30 Almonds and other nuts.30 Raisins and other fruit.. 30 Manufactures of wool.. 25 " worsted.. 25 '< mohair.. 25 silk 25 Ingrain and other com- mon carpetiner 25 Brussels and other fine carpeting 30 Buttons, all kinds 25 Flannels, baises, and bookings 25 Manufactures of hemp. .20 " linen 20 " cotton... 20 Wool, unmanufactured -20 Hemp " 20 Flax " 20 Hair cloth and hair seat- ing 20 Leghorn and straw hats. 20 Raw silks 20 Sewing silks 20 Blankets costing under 75 cents 10 Blankets costing over 75 20 Glass tumblers, not cut. 20 Plate glass ana cut glass 20 Plaia window glass... .30 25 per cent Ih per cent 25 a 4 cts per pound 4h mills per pound 10 a 30 per cent 20 per cent 2 to 75 cents per pound ^'1.75 pr ton, 5 cts pr bush 1 to 3 cts per pound 1 to 3 cts per pound 40 per cent 30 per cent 20 per cent $1.50 to 2.50 per pound 30 per cent ~ 55 a 65 cts per sq yard 25 a 30 per cent 14 cts per sq yard 20 per cent 25 per cent 30 per cent 5 per ct, 3 cts per lb. and 30 per cent $25 a 40 per ton ^80 per ton 35 per cent 50 cts per pound [ $2 per pound 15 per cent 25 per cent 10 cts per pound 5 to 12 cents per sq foot, and 25 a 30 per cent 2 to 10 cts per sq foot j OF THE UNITED STATES. 39 Manufactures of glass. . . 30 Foolscap, letter, and other paper 20 Blank books 20 Printed books, all kinds 20 Lead in pigs, bars, or sheets 20 Leather of all kinds, and skins 20 Lins'd crhemps'd oil... 20 Linseed or hempseed.. Red and white lead 20 All other paints 20 Carbonates of soda 20 Acids, all kinds 20 Chocolate, beef, pork, wheat, and other pro- visions 20 Olive oil 20 Oranges and lemons 20 Ale, beer, and porier...20 Gums, crude or refined. 20 Balsams, essences, tinc- tures, perfumes, &c., for the toilet or medi- cinal purposes 30 Diamonds, rubies, and other precious stones. 10 Imitations thereof 10 Indigo, cochineal, &c. ..10 Soda, ash, barilla, kelp, natron 10 Gunny cloth 10 Tin plates 10 Copper ore, copper pigs, zinc, tin, brass, &c., unmanufactured 5 Tea, coffee, salt, and raw cotton .^.free 25 per cent 10 to 17 cts per pound 15 to 40 cts per pound 5 to 30 cents per pound and volume I5 to 4 cts per pound 6 a 8 cts per lb, 75 cts ta $5 per dozen 25 per cent 5 per cent 4 cts per pound 20 per cent 20 per cent 20 per cent 30 per cent 20 per cent 15 to 20 cents per gallon 15 to 25 per cent 25 pef cent 7 a 71 per cent 75 per cent 5 cents per pound 20 per cent 5 cts per sq yard 2k per cent 1 a 30 per cent Cotton 3 cts per lb, salt 8 cts per bushel, tea and coffee free A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE NAVIES CHAPTER V. A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE NAVIES AND COM- MERCE OF THE WORLD. ii 0^ ;5 England, France, U. States, 2,417,002 2,420,759 625,769 671 34S 76 6,242 8,816 7,352 Russia, 239,000 126 10,394 Denmark, 95,375 73 754 Sweden, 118,118 397 1,407 Holland, Turkey, Egypt, 214,284 132 31 20 1,544 1,902 1,460 ^ i 40,000 98 steamers 29,095 61 do 8,724 5 do C 8 steamers, < many con- ^ tracted for. at least 67 gunboats. C 2 steamers, at least < 337 gun- ^ boats. 132 gunboats. 3 steamers. England has 647 guns to each 100,000 tons of commerce, do « do 100,000 do do do 100,000 do do do 100,000 do do do 100,000 do do do 100,000 do France, U. States, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, Holland, 1,030 100 3,467 877 703 777 For the protection of every hundred thousand tons of commercial wealth, we have 100 guns ; England has 640 ; France has 1030 ; Russia has 3467; Denmark has 877; Sweden 703, and Holland 777. In other words, England has seven times as many guns as we to defend the same amount of commerce; France has ten AND COMMERCE OF THE WORLD. 41 times as many ; Russia has thirty-jive times as many ; Denmark eight times ; Sweden seven times, and Holland eight times as many. The pre.sent position of our foreign relations with England has called attention to our compa- rative strength. It will be seen that we have 100 guns to England's 640, that is, less than one to her six. But ihat our commerce is nearl}'^ equal to hers- Yet the power of the Union it should be remem- bered as 10 England is not measured by the com- parative number of naval muzzles. For in 1776 to 1781-2, during the Revolution, we had no navy, yet the result was one of success and tri- umph to American arms. And again, our navy could be quadrupled, if necessary, in one year. Besides, steam power. Ocean steam power, is destined to enact, doubtless, a principal character in future naval operations. And in this depart- ment both nations are in their infancy, so to speak. CHAPTER VI. NUMBER, CAPITAL AND CIRCULATION OF THE BANKS OF THE UNITED STATES- It is a received principle of political economy, that the prices of commodities depend in no small degree on the amount of what is called money ^ or in other words, the current circulating medium. 4* 42 NUMBER CAPITAL AND CIRCULATION In the United States, this money consists of both gold and silver coin and bank paper. The amount of money with which the people transact busi- ness, and which influences prices, is the amount of all the issues of coin and paper which is in actual circulation^ and also a certain portion of de puritesj which, though not in actual circula- tion, are subject to instant call, and constitute a part of money transactions in the form of checks. It is very difficult to arrive at the last item ; but the former may be told with a good deal of accuracy, and the latter estimated. TABLE I. Number and capital of Banks. states. Number. Capital. New York 105 $42,845,428 Massachusetts 104 30,970,000 Louisiana 6 17,663,000 Pennsylvania 48 16,984,000 South Carolina 14 11,431,000 Virginia 92 10,407,000 Rhode Island 61 10,175,790 Maryland 20 8,802,000 Connecticut 32 8,457,000 Tennessee 9 7,658,000 Kentucky 16 7,019,000 Ohio 31 6,511,000 Georgia 20 5,682,000 New Jersey 26 3,721,000 North Carolina 19 3,225,000 Maine 35 3,009,000 Indiana 13 2,087,894 OF THE BANKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 43 States. Number. Capital. District of Columbia 6 1,954,054 New Hampshire 17 1,630,000 Delaware 6 1,390,000 Missouri 6 1,200,000 Vermont 17 1,175,000 Michigan 6 Illinois Arkansas Mississippi Florida Total 649 $204,997,866 Mississippi, Illinois and Arkansas had banks which have become insolvent. In Iowa, Wis- consin and Florida, it is believed, there are now no banks. TABLE ir. Circulation and Specie of Banks. States. New York Massachusetts Louisiana Circulation. $21,375,000 14,339,686 3,068,316 Specie. $8,864,000 3,357,904 6,212,534 Rhode Island 2,560,000 296,000 Connecticut 4,102,000 453,000 Kentucky- Maine 5,383,000 2,216,000 2,577,308 205,000 Indiana Missouri North Carolina 3,527,351 2,195,840 2,954,518 1,079,367 1,453,614 1,261,071 $61,721,771 $25,759,798 44 NUMBIR CAPITAL AND CIRCULATION These ten states have made returns up to the first of January 1846. The circulation and specie of the other states having banks, may be estimated nearly as follows : Circulation. Specie. Thirteen States $38,500,000 $17,000,000 The general result of the bank circulation and deposits of specie is very nearly as follows : Circulation of bank notes $100,000,000 Specie in banks 42,000,000 If we deduct the specie thus locked up from the bank notes in circulation, we have active $58,000,000. The specie in the hands of individuals, in various ways may be estimated at $50,000,000. Of this about one-fifth is hoarded up, leaving active, $40,000,000. If the last estimate be correct, there is in the United States an active moneyed circulation of about one hundred millions of dollars. Dividing this sum by the population and we have at this time, about ^156 dollars in money to each indivi- dual to transact the business of society upon. It might be well to observe that the present amount of circulation is less, comparatively, than in former years. Whether the wants of the com- nmnity and business demands are sufficiently well served it remains to be seen. There is never too much money if it is money in fact. But depreciated paper, and insolvent banks, have been among the worst scourges of this country. OF THE BANKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 45 The present is by no means an hour of safety or of settled policy as to the currency question. The independent treasury is to be tried, the banking law of Ohio is an experiment, and the states generally are unsettled as to bank policy. This vexed question, it is to be hoped, will not be acted on by upstart political charlatans, but left to the wisdom of business men and the careful experience of the whole community ; we all have but one interest in the issue. CHAPTER VII. Railroads ] [N THE United States. states. Miles. Total Cost Maine 10 200,000 New Hampshire - - 29J 910,000 Massachusetts - 3651 13,535,000 Rhode Island - 47.1 2,500,000 Connecticut 152' 2,905,009 New York 1,317J 21,814,040 Pennsylvania - 850 J 23,112,000 New Jersey 196 5,647,000 Delaware 16 400,000 Maryland 749^ 23,000,000 Virginia 369 5,451,000 North Carolina 247 3,163,000 46 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. South Carolina 202 4,000,000 Georgia 6405 9,778,000 Florida 217 3,820,000 Alabama 432J 4,686,000 Louisian 248J 4,696,000= Mississippi 210^ 5,730,000 Tennessee. 1601 1,955,000 Kentucky- 97 2,107,000 Ohio 416 3,269,000 Indiana - 246 4,800,000 Michigan 738| 7,549,000 Illinois 1,421 17,10,000 Total, 9,3781 172,107,940 The foregoing table exhibits the number of miles of railroad undertaken in the year 1840, of which 3,342 miles were open and in use, 1,707 miles were granted and ready for the superstruc- ture ; and the total length of all the lines was 9,378J miles. The cost of construction, actual and computed, $172,107,040, gives an average of $18,351 per mile of road, including buildings and outfit. This exhibit is the best we can compile from the documents we have consulted. There may- be some new routes not given, but nothing to change the general view. CHAPTER VIII. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. FROM ALBANY. To New York bij Steam Boats. MlLK3. Coeymans, 1 3. Coxackie, 20. Hudson, 28. Cats- Icill, 34. (thence to Pine Orchard 14 miles.) Red Hook Landing:, 45. Kingston, 55. Hyde Park, 65. Poughkeepsie," 70. Newburg, 85. West Point, 93. Peekskill, 103. Singsing, 113. Phillipsburg, 129. New York, 145. To Boston by Railroad. Kinderhook, 16. Chatham four corners, 23. Rich- mond, 41. Pittsfield, 49. Dalton, 54. Washington, 62. Chester, 81. Springfield, 102. Palmer,^ 117. Warren, 127. Charlton, 143. Worcester, 156. Fra- mingham, 179. Boston, 200. To Utica by Rail-Road. Schenectady, 16. Amsterdam, 31. Caughnawaga, 40. Palatine Bridge, 52. Little Falls of Mohawk, 72. Herkimer, 79. Utica, 96. To Buffalo by Erie Canal. 1 Troy, 7. Junction, 9. Schenectady, 28. Amster- dam, 46. Schoharie Cr. 53. Caughnawaga, 57. Ca- najoharie, 69. Little Falls, 88. Herkimer, 95. Frank- fort, 100. Utica, 110. Whitesboro, 114. Rome, 125- New London, 132. Canistota, 146. New Boston, 150. 48 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. Miles. Chitteningo, 154. Manlius, 162. Syracuse, 171. Geddesburg, 173. Canton, 185. Jordan, 191. Weeds- port, 197. Montezuma, (Lake Port) 206. Clyde, 217. Lyons, 226. Lockville, 232. Palmyra, 24i. Fair- port, 252. Pittsford, 260. Rochester, 270. Ogden, 282. Adams, 285. Brockport, 290. Holly, 295. Albion, 305. Lockport, 333. Pendleton, 340. Ton- newanta, 352. Buffalo, 363. To Buffalo by Stage. Schenectady, by R. R. 16. Amsterdam, 32. Caugh- nawaga, 43. Palatine Bridge, 54. Manheim, 67. Little Falls, 74. Herkimer, 81. Utica, 96. Man- chester, 105. Vernon, 113. Lenox, 122. Sullivan, 130. Manlius, 136. West Hills, 148. Skaneateles, 162. Auburn, 169. Cayuga, 178. Waterloo, 186. Geneva, 192. Canandaigua, 208. Bloomfield, 217. Lima, 226. Avon, 233. Caledonia, 241. Leroy,247. Batavia, 257. Pembroke, 271 . Ransom's Grove, 279. Williamsville, 287. Buffalo, 297. To Ithaca, by Stage, Hamilton, 8. Duanesburg, 20. Esperance, 26. Beekmansville, 45. Cherry Valley, 52. Cooperstown, 64. Burlington, 74. Smyrna, 94. Deruyter, 115. Truxtun, 125. Cortlandt, 138. Ithaca, 159. To SackeVs Harbor, by Stage. Utica, 96. Rome, 112. Fish Creek, 123. Redfield, 143. Lorain, 159. Adams, 167. Sacket's Harbor, 177. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 49 • To BaUston and Saratoga by railroad. Milks. Schenectady, 16. Ballston, 30. Saratoga, 36, (thence to Lake George 32 miles.) ?(* To Whitehall, by Champlain Canal. Troy, 7. Junction, 9. Waterford, 1 1 . Mechanics- ville, 19. Stillwater, 23. Bemus Heights, 26. Schuy- iersville, 35. Fort Miller, 40. Fort Edward, 48. Kingsbury, 53. Fort Ann, 60. Narrows, 66. White- hall, 72. To Whitehall, by stage. Troy, 6. Lansingburg, 9. Waterford, 10. Mecha- nicsville, 18. Stillwater, 20. Schuylersville, 33. Northumberland, 35. Fort Miller, 38. Fort Edward, 46. Sandy Hill, 49. Kingsbury, 54. Fort Ann, 58. WhitehaU, 72. To Montreal, by stage and steamboat. ' Whitehall, as above, 72. [By Steam Boat. Ticonde- roga, 95. Crown Point, 109. Basin Haibor, 121. Essex, 130. Burlington, 145. S. Hero, 154. Platts- burg, 162. Chazy, 176. Isle au Noix, 191. St, Johns, 200.] La Prarie, by Stage, 217. Montreal, by- Steam Boat, 225. To Burlington, Vt. via Bennington, Middlebury,*^c^ by stage. [Sand Lake, 11. Berlin, 21.1 Warm ! Spring, 29. Pownal],33. Bennington, 41. Shaftsbury, 49. Sun- [5 . Ml DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. Miles. derland, 57. Manchester, 65. Tinmouth, 83. Rut- land, 100. Pittsford, 108. Brandon, 117. Middle- burv, 133. Vereennes, 117. Charlotte, 156. Burling- ton, 169. To Niagara Falls, Buffalo, ^c by railroad. Schenectady, 16. Glenville, 20. i^n^sterdam, 30- Tripe Hill, 37. Caughnewaga,41. Fonda, 42. Pala- tine, Bridge, 53. St. Johnsville, 62. Little Falls, 72. Herkimer, 79. Utica,93. Whitesboro, 96. Oriskany, 100. Rome, 107. Verona Centre, 115. Canestota, 126. Fayette, 142. Syracuse, 146. Camillu.s, 154. Elbridge, 162. Auburn, 172. Cayuga, 181. Bridge- port, 182. Waterloo, 191. Geneva, 200. Vienna, 209. Canandaigua, 223. Victor, 233. Rochester, 850. Churchviile, 264. Bergen, 272. Morganville, 278. Bafavia, 283. Attica, 293. Alden, 203. Lan- caster, 311. Buffalo, 323. Black Rock, 325. Tona- wanda, 334. Fort Schlosser, 345 Niagara Falls, 346. To Boston, by stage. Union, 11. Lebanon Spring, 25. Pittsfield, 32- Dalton, 37. Peru, 46. Worlhington, 55. Chester- field, 60. Northampton, 74. Hadley, 78. Bercher- town,88. Western, 102. Brookfield, 107. Spencer, 115. Worcester, 124. Farmington, 145. Brookline, 162. Boston, 166. FROM ALTON, ILL. To St. Louis, by steamboat. Missouri River, 3. Chatea'i Island, 12. St. Louis, 23. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 51 To New Orleans, by steamboat, MlLKt^ St. Louis, 23. Carondelet, 29. Harrison, 52. Her- culaneum, 53. St. Genevieve, 84. Bainbridge, 145. Cape Gerardeau, 155. Ohio River, 196. New Orleans, 1273. To Prairie du Chienne, by steamboat. Peasau Creek,9. Illinois River, 19. Cuivre River, 39. Ramsay's Creek, 67. Clarksville, 75. Louisiana, 87. Saverton, 105. Hannibal, 112. Wyaconda, 140. R. des Moines, 162. Fort Armstrong, 279. Prairie du Chienne, 428. Stage route to Vandalia. Upper Alton, 2. Cahokia River, 17. Shoal Creek, 37. Vandalia, 58. To Carlisle. Edwardsville, 13. Troy, 22. Clifton, 36. Shoal Creek, P. 0., 44. Carlisle, 53. To Springfield. Woodburn, 16. Carlinsville, 36. Girard, 48. Springfield, 74. To Carrollton. Lurton's, 12. Jersey ville, 19. Kane P. 0., 24. Carrollton, 33. ftl [ DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES- BALTIMORE THOROUGHFARES. To Philadelphia, by railroad, via Havre de Grace, Ifc^ -.... .- — MILES. Depot, 1. BackR.,5. Gunpowder R., 16. BushR., 23. Havre de Grace, 35. Charleston, 41. Northeast, 44. Elkton, .50. Newark Road, 56. Newport, 64. Wilmington, 68. Marcus Hook Road, 77. Chester, 81. Gray's Ferry Viaduct, 90. Philadelphia R. R-, 94. Philadelphia, 95. To Philadelphia, by steamboat and railroad. ^'^ Fort M'Henry, 3. Sparrows Pt., 9. North Pt, 12. Pool's Island, 25. Turkey Pt., 48. Frenchtown, 64. N. Castle, by R. R., 80. Chester, by steam boat, 97. Philadelphia, 115. To Philadelphia, by steamboat and canal. Turkey Pt., as above, 48. [By canal, Bohemia, 58. Deep cut, 63. St. Georges, 67. Delaware City, 72. New Castle, 78.] Philadelphia, 113. To Philadelphia, by stage. ^ Gunpowder V., 14. Abingdon, 24. Havre de Grace, 34. Elkton, 50. Wilmington, 70. Chester, 83. Philadelphia, 98. , To Washington, by stage. ^' Elkridge Landing:, 8. Waterloo, 13. Vansville, 23. Bladensburg, 31. "Washington, 37. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 53 To Washington^ by steamboat. MiLKf. Bodkin Pt., 13. Herring Bay, 45. Patuxent, 77. Pt. Lookout, 97. Washint^ton's B. P., 128. Mat- thew's Pt., 146. Cook's Ferry, 169. Mt. Vernon, 187. Alexandria, 196. Washington, 204. To Wheeling^ Va., by railroad and stage. [By rail road. Deep Cut, 2. Washington road, 5.' Still house run, 6. Patapsco river, 10. EUicott's, 12. Eagle Factory, 14. Crossing of Patapsco, 26. Sykes, 29. Gillets run, 35. Parrsville, 40. New Market, 46. Monocacy river, 55. Frederick, 59.] (Thence to the Point of Rocks, 11 miles.) Middletown, 68. Boonsboro, 75. (Thence to Hagerstown, 11 miles.) Williamsport, 87. Big Spring, 97. Hancock, 114. Prattsville, 132. [By National Road, Cumberland, 1 53. Mt. Pleasant, 163. Petersburg, 188. Smythfield, 192. Union, 213. Brownsville, 225. Hillsboro, 236. Washington, 248. W. Alexandria, 263. Wheeling,' 279.} 2b Frederick, by stage. Ellicotts, 10. Lisbon, 22. Poplar Spring, 27.' Parrsville, 31. New Market, 36. Frederick, 47. To Annapolis, by stage. Patapsco R., 7. Indian Landing, 21. Annapolis, 30.' To Gettysburg, Pa., by stage. Hookton, 6. Reisterstown, 17. Westminster, 29.' Petersburg, 44. Gettysburg, 54. 54 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. To York, Pa., by stage. Miles. Govanston, 5. Towsenton, 7. Golden Ho., 14. Hereford, 21. Wisebury, 23. Strasburg, 34. York, 48. To Washingtotiy D. C, by railroad. Carrolton Viaduct, 2. Elkridge, 8. Vansville, 23. Bladensburg, 32i. Washington, 38i BOSTON THOROUGHFARES. To Albany, by stage. Brookline, '4, Farmington, 21. Westboro, 3J. Worcester, 42. Spencer, 51. Brookfield, 59. Bel- cbertown, 78. Hadley, 88. Northampton, 92. Ches- terfield, 106. Peru, 120. Dalton, 129. Pittsfield, 134. Lebanon Springs, 141. Albany, 166. To Hartford, by stage. Brookline, 4. Dover, 15. Med way, 27. Mendon, 36. Douglass, 48. Thompson, 62. Ashford, 82. Willington, 84. Tolland, 91. Ellington, 96. Hart- ford, 110.; To Providence, by stage, and thence to New York, by steamboat. Roxbury, 5. Dedham, 10. Wrentham, 28. Attle- boro, 35. Pawtucket, 42. Providence, 45. Pawtuxet, 50. Newport, 70. Point Judith, 84. New London Harbor, 119. (Thence to New London, 4 miles.) Connecticut R., 1 33. Falkner's Is. , 1 52. New Haven Harbor, 164. (Thence to New Haven,^four miles.) DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 55 MiLe« Blackrock, 183. Southport, 188- Oldwell, 196. West Greenwich, 212. Throg's Point, 231. New York, 247. To Tauntorii by stage. Dorchester, 7. Bridgewater, 22. Taunton, 34. To Barnstable, by stage. Quincy, 9. Weymouth, 15. Hanover, 24. King- ston, 35. Plymouth, 41. Sandwich, 59. Barnstable, 72. To Rutland, Vt., by stage. Cambridge, 4. Concord, 18. Groton, 32. Town- send, 41. New Ipswich, 53. Keene, 80. Bellows Falls, 100. Chester, 113. Cavendish, 125. Rutland, 151. To Concord, N. H., and thence to Montpelicr, Vt., by stage. Medford, 6. Stoneham, 10. Andover, 21. Me- thuen, 25. Londonderry, 41. Hookset Falls, 60. Concord, GS. Boscawen, 78. Andover, Vt., 92.- Grantham, 114. Dartmouth Col., 125. Stratford,^141. Chelsea, 150. Barre, 165. Montpelier, 174. To Portland, Me., by stage. Saugus, 10. Danvers, 17. Topsfield, 23. Rowley, 31. Newbury port, 36. Hampton, 45. Portsmouth, 56 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. M1LB8. 58. York, 67. Wells, 82. Kennebunk Point, 88. Saco, 98. Portland, 114. To Newburypert, via Salem, by stage. Chelsea, 5. Lynn, 10. Salem, 15. Beverly, 17. Wenham, 21. Hamilton, 23. Ipswich, 28. New- buryport, 38. To Portland, by steamboat. Point Shirley, 4. Nahant, 10. Marblehead, 16. Salem Harbor, 19. (Thence to Salem, five miles.) Gloucester Harbor, 27. (Thence to Gloucester, four miles.) Cape Ann, 37. Newbury Harbor, 53. Boar's Head, 60. Portsmouth Harbor, 72. York Harbor, 77. Kennebunk H., 89. Fletcher's Neck, 101. Cape Elizabeth, 114. Portland, 124. Miscellaneous routes by steamboats. Fort Warren, 2. Fort Independence, 3. Long Island, 6. Point Alderton, 10. The Brewsters, 10. Route from Boston to Albany, by railroad. Framingham, 21. Worcester, 44. Charlton, 57. Warren, 73. Palmer, 83. Springfield, 98. Chester, 119. Pittsfield, 151. Kinderhook, 184. Albany, 200. From Boston, by railroad, to Providence, 41. New Bedford, 56. Lowell, 26, Concord, N. H., 44. Salem, 15. Portland, 74. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARIS. 57 FROM BUFFALO. To Albany, by the Erie Canal. M1LK8. Tonnewanta, 11. Pendleton, 23. Lockport, 30. Albion, 58. Holly, 68. Brockport, 73. Ogden, 81. Rochester, 93. Fairport. 111. Palmyra, 122. Ly- ons, 137. Montezuma, 157. Jordan, 172. Syra- cuse, 192. Manlius,201. New Boston, 213, Canis- tota, 217. Ptome, 238. Whitesboro, 249. Utica, 253. Herkimer, 268. Little Falls, 275. Canajoha- rie, 294. Caugnewaga, 306. Amsterdam, 319. Schenectady, 335. Troy, 356. Albany, 363. To Albajiy, by stage. Williamsville, 10. Ransoms, 18. Pembroke, 26. Batavia, 40. Leroy, 50. Avon, 64. Lima, 71. Bloomfield, 80. Canandaigua, 89. Geneva, 105. Cayuga, 119. Auburn, 128. Skaneateles, 135. Westhills, 149. Manlius, 161. Lenox, 175. Ver- non, 184. Utica, 201. Herkimer, 216. Little Falls, 223. Palatine Bridge, 243. Amsterdam, 265. Schenectady, 281. Albany by Railroad, 297. To Niagara Falls, by stage. Blackiock, 1. Chippewa, 17. Niagara Falls, 19- To Niagara Falls, by stage, via Manchester. Blackrock, 1. Tonnewanta, 9. Schlosser, 19. The Falls, 21. To Rochester, by stage. Batavia, as above, 40. Bergen, 53. Rochester, 70 58 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. To Erie, Pa., by stage. Miles. Hamburg, 11. Cattaraugus, 30. Dunkirk, 46. Westfield, 60. Burget's town, 76. Erie, 90. Tb Erie, and thence to Detroit, by steamboat. Cattaraugus, 28. Dunkirk, 41. Westfield, 56. Erie, 86. Fairport, 160. Cleveland, 190. Sandusky, 250. Detroit 325. To Hamilton, by stage. Hamburg, 11. Boston, 23. Springville, 23. Elli- cotville, 49. Hamilton, 69. To Ithica, by stage. Aurora, 15. Warsaw, 41. Perry, 49. Moscow, 56. Geneseo, 60. Dansville, 78. Conhocton, 86. Bath, 106. Jersey, 116. Salubria, 131. Ithica. 151. To Ithica, via Batavia and Cayuga Lake. Cayuga, as above, 119. Union, by steamboat. 125. Aurora, by steamboat, 132. Milton, by steamboat, 139. Ludlowsville by steamboat, 149. Ithica, by steamboat, 157. FROM CHARLESTON, S. C To Hamburg, by S. C. railroad. To Woodstock, 15. Summersville, 22. Branch- ville, 62. Midway, 72. Blacksville, 90. Aiken, 120, Hamburg, 136. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARKS. 59 4 To Columbia^ by stage. Mines. Dorchester, 20. Four Holes Swamp, 37. Kerrs, 51. Orangeburg, 76. Conheim, 101. Columbia, 114. To Savannafiy Ga.y by stage. Guerin's Ferry, 11. Parker's, 28. Pocatilago, 60. Coosawhatchie, QQ. Hoggstown, 83. Savannah, 106. To Savannah, by steamboat. Fort Moultrie, 4. Coffin Land, 10. Stono Inlet, 21 . So. Edistolnlet, 48. St. Helena So., 51. Truncard's Inlet, 72. Hilton Head, 76. Bloody Point, 94. Sa- vannah, 111. Oldtown, 176- Wilmington, 184. To FayettevUle, N. C, by stage. Quinby Br., 25. Santee R., 44. Black Cr., 59. Port's F., 93. L. Pedee R., 123. Lumberton, 156. Fayetteville, 189. FROM CINCINNATI. To Louisville, by steamboat. Lawrenceburg, 24. Aurora, ''28. Rising Sun, 35. Fredericksburg, 55. Vevay, 65. Fort William, 75- Madison, 88. Westport, 109. Jetfersonville, 131. Louisville, 132. Thence to New Orleans, 1448 miles. See Louisville. \ 60 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. To Pittsburg, hy steamboat. MiLlS, New Richmond, 21. Pt. Pleasant, 26. Moscow, 32. Mechanicsville, 35. Augusta, 41. Ripley, 50. Maysville, 57. Manchester, 67. Portsmouth, 103. Burlington, 144. Guvandot, 151. Gallipolis, 185. Pt. Pleasant, 188. Letart's Is., 217. Belville, 247. Parkersburg, 264. Marietta, 277. Newport, 293. Sistersville, 310. Elizabethtown, 345. Wheeling, 358. Warrentown, 366. Wellsburg, 372. Steuben- ville, 379. Fawcetstown, 401. Beaver, 420. Econ- omy, 429. Middletown,438. Pittsburg, 449. To Dayton, by canal. Reading, 12. Hamilton, 28. Middletown, 42. Franklin, 48. Miamisburg, 54. Dayton, 68. To Columbus, by stage. Reading, 10. Sharon, 15. Lebanon, 31. Waynes- ville, 40, Xenia, 55. Charleston, 73. London, 84. Georgesville, 96. Columbus, 109. Jo Greenville^ by stage. Mt. Pleasant, 11. Hamilton, 33. Newcomb, 41. Eaton, 49. Greenville, 77. To Indianapolis, by stage. Miami, 15.-, iHarrison, 23. Brookville, 40. Som- erset, 51. Rushville, 65. Indianapolis, 105. To Louisville, by stage. \ Lawrenceville, 23. Madison, 67. Louisville, 95. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 61 To Lexington, by stage. Miles. Newport, 1. Gaines, 13. Theobolds, 25. George- town, 54. Lexington, 67. '; To Ckilkothe, by stage. Newton, 8. Batavia, 53. Williamsburg, 31. Hillsboro, 59. Bainbridge, 81. Chillicothe, 99. FROM CLEVELAND, (OHIO.) ^ To Buffalo, by steamboat. Fairport,30. Erie, 104. Westlield, 134. Dunkirk, 1 49. Cattaraugus, 1 62. Buffalo, 190. To Detroit, by steamboat. Huron, 50. Sandusky, 60. Detroit, 135. To Portsmouth, by the Ohio canal. Ackou 37. New Portage, 47. Massillon, SS. Bo- lirai,80. New Philadelphia, 94. Guadenhutten, 107. Choshocton, 133. Newark," 173. Bloomfield, 225. Cercleville, 236. Chillicothe, 256. Piketon, 280. Portsmouth, 307. FROM COLUMBIA. To Charleston, by stage, via Orangeburg. Granby, 1. Conheim, 13. Orangeburg, 38. Kens, 63. * 6 ^2 SISTAKCXS ON TH0R0UGHFAR28. FROM COLUMBUS, (0.) To Cincinnati, by stage. Miles. Georgeville. 13. London. 25. Charleston. 36. Xenia, 54. Waynesville, 69. Lebanon, 78. Sharon, 94. Reading, 99. Cincinnati, 109. To Portsmouth, by stage. I Bloomfield, 17. Circleville, 26. Chillicothe, 45. Piketon, 64. Lucasville, 77. Portsmouth, 90. To Athens, by stage. Lythopolis, 21. Green Castle, 25. Lancaster, 32. Logan, 49. Nelsonville, 65. Millville, 69. Athens, 76. To Wheeling, Va. by the National Road. Hebron, 28. Zane,sville,55. Cambrid^^e, 80. Fair- view, 101. St. Clairsville, 125. Wheeling, 133. To Portland, by stage. Worthington, 9. Delaware, 26. Norton, 37- Bucy- ms, 63. Portland, 118. To Cleveland, by stage. Granville, 27. Mt. Vernon, 47. Loudonville, 71. Wooster, 93. Jackson, 105. Medina, 117r Cleve- land, 144. DIBTAKCES ON THOROUGHFARIS. 63 To Portsmouth, by canal. Miles. Junction, 10. Bloomfield, 17. Circleville, 28. Chillicothe, 48. Piketon, 72. Portsmouth, 99. To Cleveland, by canal. Hebron, 34. Newark, 44. Coshocton, 84. Gnaden- hutten, 110. Bolivar, 136. Massillon, 148. Akron, J 81. Cleveland, 218. FROM DETROIT. To Cincinnati, by stage. R. Rouge, 6. Brownstovs^n, 16. Monroe, 36. Perrysburg, 65. Finley, 105. Hardin, 136. Belle- fontaine, 158. West Liberty, 166. Urbana, 177. Springfield, 191. Yellow Springs, 200. Xenia, 209. Waynesville, 224. Lebanon, 233. Reading, 264. Cincinnati. 264. To Buffalo, by steamboat. ^ Sandwich, 3. Fighting Island, 8. GrosseLlS. Am- herstburg, 19. Middle Sister, 39. Bass I. 56. San- dusky, 75. Cleveland, 135. Fairport, 165. Erie, Pa. 239. Westfield, 269. Dunkirk, 284. Cattaraugus, 297. Buffalo, 325. To Chichago, by stage. "^ R.Rouge, 10. Ypsilanti, 28. Jackson, 39. Jonee- ville, 86. Factory, 102. Post 0. St. Joseph's River, 152. Edwardsville, 172. Calamic River, 253. Chi- cago, 267. 64 . DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARXS- To CkicagOy via Montcalm. Milks. " Schwartzburg, 20. Dexter, 49. Montcalm, 74. Kalmazoo, 137. Mouth of St. Joseph, 184. Chicago by steamboat, 248. To Chicago, by steamboat. ' Grants Pt. 12. Horsons I. 30. Cottrellville, 38. Palmer, 50. Bunceville, 56. Fort Gratiot, 63. White Rock, 105. Pt. au Barques, 140. Thunder Island, 170. Middle I. 195. Presque I. 255. Mackinaw, 310. Beaver I. 355. Manitou I. 390. Chicago, 640. To Ft. Howard, Green Bay, by steamboat. Beaver I. as above, 355. I. Brule, 385. G. Tra- verse, 395. Chambers I. 420. Green I. 435. Fort Howard, 475. To Saginaw, by stage. Pontiac,24. Indian Vil. 59. Saginaw, 93. To Fort Gratiot, by stage. • Mt. Clemens, 20. Palmer, 46. Bunceville, 52. Ft. Gratiot, 59. FROM GALENA, (ILL.) To St. Louis, by steamboat. Mississippi River, 4. Apple Creek, 18. Rash Creek, 26. Plum Creek, 36. Maradozia, 46. Fort DISTANCIS ON THOROUGHFARES. 66 Miles. Armstrong, 70. Copper Creek, 96. Fort Edwards, 196. Hannibal, 237. Louisiana, 262. Illinois River, 333. Missouri River, 351. St. Louis, 371. Jo Prairie du Chien. N. boundary of II. 17. L. Platte, Cr. 24. Grant, Cr. 30. Cassville, 44. Prairie du Chien, 68. To Fort Winnebago, by land. Gratiot's Grove, 15. Dodgeville, 45. Moundville, 59. Fort Winnebago, 113. To Chicago, by land, 169. To Vandalia, by land. Rock River, 65. Peoria, 141. Springfield, 206. Vandalia, 261. HARTFORD THOROUGHFARES. ■ To New Haven, by stage. Newington, 6. Worthington, 12. Meriden, 18. Wallingford, 22. North Haven, 31 . New Haven, 36. To New Haven, via Middletown, by stage. Stepney, 8. Middletown, 16. Durham, 23. North- ford, 3 1 . New Haven ,41. 6* 66 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARKS. To Boston, by stage. M1LC8. Ellington, 14. Tolland, 19. Willington, 26. Ash- ford, 28. Thompson, 48. Douglass, 62. Mendon, 74. Med way, 83. Dover, 95. Brooklyne, 106. Boston, 110. To Providence, by stage. Ashford, as above, 28. Pomfret, 42. Killingly, 48. Providence, 74. To JVew London, by stage. Glastenbury, 7. Marlboro, 18. Colchester, 26 New Salem, 33. Chesterfield, 39. New London, 46. To Springfield, by stage. Windsor, 7. Warehouse Pt. 14. Enfield, 18 Springfield, 28. To Worcester, by stage. Tolland, 19. Stafford Spr. 27. Stafford Ch. 29, Sturbridge, 52. Charlton, 62. Worcester, 72. To Salisbury, by stage. Northington, 9. Canton, 14. Winsted, 26. Nor- folk, 36. N. Canaan, 41. Salisbury, 48. To Litchfield, by stage. Farmington, 10. Burlington, 19. Harwinton, 26. Litchfield, 34. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARKS. 67 To Danbury, by stage. Miles. Farmington, 10. Bristol, 17. Plymouth, 23. Wa- tertown, 30. Woodbury, 37. Newtown, 52. Dan- bury, 61. _ FROM INDIANAPOLIS. To J^ew Albany, by stage. Franklin, 20. Edinburg, 30. Columbus, 42. Brownstown, 67. Vallona, 70. Salem, 89. Green- Tille, 113. N. Albany, 122. (Thence to Louisville, K. 3 miles.) To Cincinnati, by stage. Rushville, 40. Somerset, 54. Brookeville, 65. Harrison, 82. Miami, 90. Cincinnati, 105. To Vincennes, by stage. Port Royal, 16. Martin ville, 30. Spencer, 54. Bloomfield, 77. Vincennes, 122. To Vandalitty II. by stage. Belville, 20. Greencastle R. 37. Terrehaute, 70. Embarrass R. 115. Ewington, 140. Vandalia, 170. To Covington, by stage. JJrawfordsville, 50. Covington, 79. To Wayne, by stage. Connerstown, 17. Noblesville,21. Strawtown, 28. Wayne, 111. 68 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. To Columbus, O. hy stage. Miles. Greenfield, 20. Centreville, 64. Richmond, 70. Lewisburg, 87. York, 103. Springfield, 129. Colum- bus, 172. FROM LANCASTER. To Philadelphia, hy stage. Soudersburg, 8. Coatesville, 25. Downington, 32. Paoli, 44. Philadelphia, 64. To Philadelphia^ by railroad. Soudersburg, 9. Mine Ridge, 17. Coatesville, 29. Downingstown, 37. Schuylkill river, QQ. Philadel- phia, 69. To Harrisburg, by railroad. """■ Mountjoy, If. Elizabethtown, 19. Middletown, 26. Harrisburg, 35. To Pittsburg. Columbia, by railroad, 13. York, by railroad, 24. Abbolstown, by railroad, 39. Gettysburg, by rail- road, 53. Chambersburg, by Railroad, 78. M'Con- nellstown, 97. Bedford, 128. Stoystown, 156. Laughlintown, 172. Youngstown, 185. Greensburg, 195. Stuartsville, 208. Pittsburg, 227. To Reading, by stage. Ephrata. 13. Adams, 22. Reading, 31. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 69 FROM LEXINGTON. To Louisville, by railroad. MiLEl. ' ToElkhornR.,10. Franklin Co. line, 20. Frank- ford, 27. Shelby Co. line, 34. Ballardsville road, 62. Brownsboro, 74. Middletown, 80. Louisville, 94. To Louisville, by stage. Frankfort, 24. Shelbyville, 45. Middletown, 65. Louisville, 77. To Nashville, Penn. '' Shakertown, 2. Harrodsburg, 10. Perryville, 20. Lebanon, 37. New Market, 43. Summerville, 63. Glasgow, 94. Scottsville, 118. Gallatin, 151. Hays- boro, 170. Nashville, 176. To Cincinnati, 0. Georgetown, 12. Harrisons, 30. Theobalds, 41. Gaines, 54. Cincinnati, 66. FROM LITTLE ROCK, ARK. To the Mouth of the Arkansas, by steamboat. Candle Point, 50. Pine Bluff, 75. New Gascony, 92. Heccaloo, 117. Arkansas, 162. Mouth of the Arkansas, 206. To Fort Smith. Cadron, 34. Lewisburg, 47. Pt. Remove, 49. 70 DISTANCES OM THOROUGHFARES. Miles. Dardanelle, 62. Takatoka, 68. Scotia, 74. Spaldry Bluff, 89. Arkansas Ferry, 114. Crawford, C. H., 133. 'Fort Smith, 158. To Columbia- Cross Roads, 18. Des Arc, 35. L. Red R., 64. White River, 88. Rock, P. 0., 104. Strawberry, 116. Jackson, 133. Columbia, 148. To Memphis. Bayou Meteau, 12. Cache, P. 0., 66, Walnut Camp, 85. St. Francis, J 19. Marion, 149. Mem- phis, 159. FROM LOUISVILLE. To Lexington, by stage. Middletown, 1 2. ^ Shelby ville, 32. Frankfort, 53. Lexington, 77. To Nashville y Ten.^ by stage. West Point, 21. Elizabethtown, 43. Coombsville, 52. MunfordsvilJe, 73. Glasgow, 93. Scottsville, 117. Gallatin, 137. Nashville. 162. To Indianapolis, by stage. New Albany, 3. Greenville, 12. Salem, 36. Valona, 55. Brownstown, 58. Columbus, 83. Ed- inburg, 95. Franklin, 105. Indianapolis, 125. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 71 To VincenneSy by stage. MlUM- New Albany, 3. Greenville, 12. Fredericksburg, 27. Paoli, 45. Mt Pleasant, 70. Washington, 88. Vincennes, 108. To Cincinnati, by stage. Charleston, 13. Bethlehem, 26. New London, 34- Madison, 46. Aurora, 77. Lawrenceburg, 80. Cin- cinnati, 103. To Troy, by stage. New Albany, 3. Corydon, 19. Fredonia, 35. Troy, 63. To JlopkinsvUle, by stage. West Point, 21. Philadelphia, 37. Hardinsburg, 59. Hartford, 95. Greenville, 118. Hopkinsville, 145. To Lexington, by railroad. Middletown, 14. Brownsboro, 20. Ballardsville road, 32. Shelby Co. line, 60. Frankford. 67. Franklin Co. line, 74. So. Eikhorn R., 84. Lexing- ton, 94. To Springfield, by Stage. Shepardsville, 23. Bardstown, 41. Fredericks- burg, 61. Springfield, 59. To Pittsburg, by steamboat. West Point, 23. Madison, 44. Port William, 57. 72 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. Miles, Vevay, 67. Fredericksburg, 77. Lawrenceburg,108. Cincinnati, 132. New Richmond, 153. Point Pleas- ant, 158. Augusta, 173. Marysville, 189. Ports- mouth, 235. Burlington, 276. Gallipolis, 317. Letart's Rapids, 349. Belville, 379. Parkersburg, 396. Marietta, 409. Wheeling, 480. Steubenville, 511. Pittsburg, 581. To Neiu Orleans, by steamboat. Northampton, 42. Leavenworth, 59. Stephens- port, 92. Rockport, 145. Owensburg, 153. Evans- ville, 188. Henderson, 199. Mt. Vernon, 221. Car- thage, 233. Shawneetown, 252. Cave in Rock, 272. Cumberland R., 313. Tennessee R., 324. America, 360. Mouth of Ohio, 371. New Madrid, 436. Lit- tle Prairie, 460. Memphis, 585. Arkansas R., 757. Vicksburg, 1041. Natchez, 1144. St. Francisville, New Orleans, 1448. To St. Louis, by steamboat. Mouth of Ohio, as above, 371. Elk Island, 379. Dogtooth L, 387. Enghsh L, 401. Cape Girardeau, 412. Bainbridge, 422. Muddy river, 436. LaCour» 452. Mary's R., 466. Saline R., 475.. St. Gene- vieve, 483. Ft. Chartres, 495. Herculaneum, 514. Harrison, 519. Merrimac R., 526. Carondelet, 538. St. Louis, 544. FROM MEMPHIS. To Neio Orleans, by steamboat. Aikansas river, 172. Vicksburg, 456. Natchez, DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 73 Miles. 559. St. Francisville, 698. Baton Rouge, 732. New Orleans, 863. To Louisville, by steamboat. Greenock, 12. Randolph, 42. Fulton, 48. Little Prairie, 105. New Madrid, 141. Columbus, 185. Mouth of Ohio, 202. America, 213. Shawneetown, 321. Carthage,, 340. Mt. Vernon, 352. Henderson- ville, 374. Evansville, 385. Owensberg, 420. Rock- port, 428, Stephensport, 481. Leavenworth, 514. Northampton, 631. Louisville, 573. To Little Rock, Ark. Marion, 10. St. Francis, 40. Walnut Camp, 74. Cache P. 0., 93. Bayou Meteau, 147. Little Rock, 159, To Nashville. Summerville, 43. Bolivar, 67. Jackson, 95. Hun- tingdon, 133. Reynoldsburg, 162. Charlotte, 201. Nashville, 240. To Florence, Al. Raleigh, 9. Summerville, 43. Bolivar, 67. Purdy. 97. Savannah, 113. Florence, 163. FROM MOBILE. To New Orleans. Springhill, by stage, 6. Portersville, 30. (Thence to New Orleans by steamboat and railroad, 123 miles.) 7 74 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES, To Montgomery » by stage. Taltfiville, 35. Burnt Corn, 87. Fort Dale, 132. Montgomery, 180. To LeakesvUle, by stage. Escatappa R., 28. Chickasawhay R., 48. Leakes- ville, 59. To Tuscaloosa, by stage. Florida, 31. Dumfries, 46. St. Stephens, 70. Clarksville, 84. Choctaw corner, 112. Whitehall, 152. Greensboro, 177. Tuscaloosa, 208. To Tuscaloosa, by steamboat. Fort Stoddart, 47. Dumfries, 62. St. Stephens, 93. Coffeeville, 111. Demopolis, 198. Erie, 228. Tus- caloosa, 285. To Montgomery, by steamboat. Tomheckbee R., 51. Fort Mimms, 59. Claiborne, 104. Black Bluff, 130. Canton, 180. Portland, 194. Cahawba, 216. Selma, 231. Vernon, 275. Wash- ington, 29 1 . Montgomery, 301 . To Pensacola, by steamboat. Dog R., 10. Fowl R., 16. Fort Bowyer, 34. Perdido R., 64. Barancas, 79. Pensacola, 89. To Pensacola, ly stage, ^c. Blakely, by steamboat, 1 1 . Beliefontaine, by Btage, 37. Pensacola, 74. DISTANCIS ON THOROUGHFARES. 7& FROM MONTREAL. To QuebeCy by steamboat ; {the distances by land are nearly the same.) MiLCt. St. Sulpice, by stage, 27. La Valtrie, 32. La Noraye, 42. William Henry, 53. Three River, 96. Gentilly, 110. St. Anne, 125. Point aux Trembles, 163. Quebec, 180. To Albany, by steamboat and stage. La Prairie, by stage, 8. [By steamboat, St. John's^ 25. Isle au Tsoix, 34. Chazy, 49. Plattsburg, 63. S. Hero, 71. Burlington, 80. Essex, 95. Bason Harbor, 104. Crown Point, 116. Ticonderoga, 130. Whitehall, 153.] [By stage. Fort Ann, 167. Sandy Hill, 176. Fort Miller, 187. Stillwater, 205. Troy, 219. Albany, 225.] To Boston, by stage, via Burlington, Vt. St. Johns, 25. Phillipsburg, 48. St. Albans, 64. Milton, 77. Burlington, 89. Richmond, 103. Mont- pelier, 129. Chelsea, 153. Dartmouth Col., 178. Shaker's Vil., 189. Andover, 211. Concord, N. H., 235. Hookset Falls, 243. Londonderry, 262. An- dover, 282. Boston, 303. To the Falls of Niagara, by steamboat, !fc. La Chine, 8. Cascades, 24. Les Cedres, 31. Coteau du Lac, 38. Lake St. Francis, 42. Head of ditto, 64. Cornwall, 70. Long Saut I., 80. Chrys- ler's Field, 97. Hamilton, 98. Prescot, 116. Eliza- bethtown, 130. Kingston, 178. Oswego,' 236. Coburg, 310. Port Hope, 346. Toronto, (York,) 76 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. ,' wni" Miles. 412. Niagara Vil, 442. Queenston/ 449. Falls of Niagara, 455. FROM NASHVILLE. To Florence, Ala., by stage. Franklin, 18. "" Columbia, 41. Mt. Pleasant, 52. Lawrenceburg, 74. Florence, 115. To MemphiSy by stage. Charlotte, 39. Eeynoldsburg, 78. Huntingdon, 107. Jackson, 145. Bolivar, 173. Summerville, 197. Memphis, 240. To Knoxville, by stage. Lebanon, 28. Alexandria, 46. Liberty, 54. Sparta, 86. Crab Orchard, 124. Kingston, 144. Loveville, 167. Knoxville, 181. To Huntsville, by stage. Nolensville, 17. Gideonville, 38. Farmington, 50. Fayetteville, 77. Hazel Green, 94. Huntsville, 106. To Lexington, Ky., by stage. Haysboro, 6. Franklin, K., 35. Bowling green, 57. Monroe, 108. New Market, 139. Harrodsburg, 173. Lexington, 202. To New Orlerns, by steamboat. Hillsboro, 20. Ciarkesville, 69. Palmyra, 75. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 77 Miles. Dover, 107. Eddyville, 162. Ohio River, 203. America, 250. Memphis, 475. Vicksburg, 931. Natchez, 1034. New Orleans, 1338. To Louisville^ by steamboat. Ohio River, as above, 203. Rock Haven, 237. Shawneetown, 264. Carthage, 283. Mt. Vernon, 295. Hendersonville, 317. Rockport, 371. ^ Leaven- worth, 457. Louisville, 516. ROUTES FROM NEW YORK. To Albany, by steamboat. FortGansevort, 2. Hamilton's Monument, 4. Man- hattan ville, 7. Fort Lee, 10. Spuyten Duyvel Creek, 12. Phillipsburg, 16. Dobb's Ferry, 22. Tappan Landing, 25. Tarry town, 26. Nyack, on Tappan sea, 29. Sparta and State prison, 32. Tellers Point, 34. Haverstraw and Croton, 35. Stony Point, 38. Ver- plank's Point, 39. Peekskill,41. St. Anthony's nose, 43. Fort Clinton, 44. West Point, 51. [The High- lands, Crows Nest Mt, 55. Butter Hill, 56. Cald- well, 57. Canterbury, 58.] New Windsor, 59. New- burg, west side, 61. Fishkill landing, east side, 61. Hamburg, 67. Hampton, 68. Barnegat, 70. Pou- keepsie, 75. Hyde Park, 80. Pelham, 83. Walkill Or., 89. Rhinebeck, 90. Redhook, L. L., 96. Glas- gow, 99. Redhook, U. L., 100. Saugerties, 101. Bristol, 102. Catskill,lll. (Thence to Pine Orchard, 14 miles.) Hudson and Athens, 116. Columbiaville, 121. Coxsackie, 124. Kinderhook landing, 125. New Baltimore, 130. Coeymans, 132. Schodack, 134. Casaeton,135. Albany, 145. For routes from 7* 78 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. Miles. Albany, see article " Albany." The stage route from New York to Albany, does not difier materially from the above. To Boston, by steamboat. Newtown Creek, 4. Hell Gate, 9. Flushing Bay, 13. Throg's Point, 16. Cow Neck, 18. New Rochelle L., 24. West Greenwich, 35. Stamford, 43. Oldwell, 51. Southport, 59. Black rock, 64. Stratford Point, 71. New Haven harbor, 83. (Thence to New Haven, four miles.) Falkner's Is., 95. Ham- monasset Pt., 103. Connecticut river, 114. New London harbor, 128. (Thence to New London, four miles.) Fisher's Is., 133. Point Judith, 163. Beaver Tail, (Narraganset bay,) 172. Newport, 177. Bristol harbor, 187. Pawtuxet, 197. Providence, 202. JBoston, by land, 245. To Montauk Point, by stage. Jamaica, 11. Dix Hills, 29. Smithtown, 40. Carmeau, 58. Morriches, 68. Quag, 77. S. Hamp- ton, 91. B. Hampton, 98. Montauk Point, 121. To Philadelphia, via South Amboy, SfC. [By S. Bt., Castle Williams, 1. Bedlow's Island 2. Kills, 5. Ryers Ferry, 7. Newark bay, 8. Eliza- bethtown pt., 12. Rah way river, 16. Perth Amboy, 25. South Amboy, 27.] [By R. R., Spotswood, 36. West's, 40. Rocky Brook, 48. Centreville, 52. Bordentown, 61.] [By S. Bt., Bristol, 71. Burlington, 72. Point no point, 86. Philadelphia, 91.] To Philadelphia, by railroad, via Trenton. Jersey City, 1 . Hackensack river, 5. Newark, 10. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 79 Miles. Bound Brook, 13. Elizabethtown, 16. Rahway, 19. Matonc.hin, 25. New Brunswick, 30. Sand Hills, 39. Williamsburg, 46. Clarks,49. Trenton, 57. Tyburn, 60. Tullytown, 63. Bristol, 67. Dunksville, 71. Pennepack Creek, 75. Frankford, 79. R. R. Depot, 83i State H. Philadelphia, 85t To Philadelphia, via JVew Brunswick^ 8fc. [By S. Bt., Perth Amboy, 25. New Brunswick, 37.] (By stage, Kingston, 51. Princeton, 54. Trenton, 64.] (By S. Boat, Bordentown, 70. Philadelphia, 100.] T'o Philadelphia, hy stage. Newark, 10. Elizabethtown, 16. Rahway, 21. New Brunswick, 34. Kingston, 47. Princeton, 50. Trentpn, 60. Bristol, 71. Holmsburg, 82. Frank- lord, 86. Philadelphia, 91. To Easton, Pa.^ by stage. Newark, 10. Morristown, 29. Chester, 42. Schoo- ley's Mt. Springs, 50. Mansfield, 61. Easton, 76. ^ To Ithaca, JST. Y. Newark, 10. Pompton,31. Snufftown, 43. Deck- ertown, 55. Milford, 72. Wilsonville, 96. Rixes Gap, Pa., 111. Montrose, 145. [By R. R., Owego, 177. Ithaca, 207.] To J^ew Haven, Con. by stage. West Chester, 15. Mamaronec, 23. Rye, 29. West Greenwich, 31. Stamford, 38. Norwalk, 47. 9S^ DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. Miles. Saugatuck, 51. Southport, 55. Fairfield, 58. Bridge- port, 62. Stamford, 66. Milford, 71. New Haven, 82. Route from JSTew York to Boston, by steamboat to Sto- nington, and thence by railroad to Boston. Hell Gate, by S. Bt., 9. Flushing bay, 13. Throg's Point, 16. New Kochelle L., 24. Stamford, 41. Stratford Point, 67. New Haven, 80. Faulkner's Islands, 92. Connecticut river. 111. River Thames, 125. [By R. R., Stonington, 141. Kingston, 164. Providence, 188. Mansfield, 205. Boston, 229.] From JVew York to Boston, by steamboat to JVorunch, Conn., and thence to Boston by railroad. River Thames, 1 25. New London, 129. iNorwich, 145. Jewett's City, 154. Canterbury, 160. West- field, 172. Thompson, 184. Oxford, 194. Worces- ter, 204. Boston, 248. JVoTU JVew York to Boston, by steamboat to Bridgeport, Conn., and thence by railroad to Boston. Bridgeport, 60. Newtown, 80. New Milford, 96. Kent, 108. Cornwall, 120. Canaan Falls, 126. West Stockbridge, 154. Springfield, 216. Worcester, 270. Boston, 314. fVom JVew York to Hartford, by steamboat to JVew Haven, and thence by railroad to Hartford. New Haven, 80. Wallingford, 92. MerrideD, 9a. Hartford, 116. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARIS. 81 From New York to Albany, by steamboat to Bridgeport, and thence by railroad to Albany. Miles. Bridgeport, 60. West Stockbridge, 154. ' Albany, 195. From JVew York to Easton, Pa. by railroad to Morris- town, ani thence to Easton by stage. Newark, 10. Morristown, 30. Mendham, 37. Chester, 42. German Valley, 47. Schoooley's Mt'n. Springs, 50. Mansfield, 59, Easton, 74. JVew York to Passaic Falls, by railroad. Jersey City, 1. Bergen, 3. Acquackanonk, 12. Paterson and Falls, 17. From JVew York to Philadelphia, by railroad, via Tren- ton and Camden. Newark, 10. Elizabethtown, 16. Rah way, 19. Matouchin, 25." New Brunswick, 30. Princeton Depot, 46. Trenton, 57. Bordentown, 65. Burling- ton, 75. Camden, 95. Philadelphia, 96. FROM NEW HAVEN. To New York, by stage. Milford, 11. Stratford. 16. Black Rock, 22. Southport, 27. Saugatuck, 31. Norwalk, 35. Stamford, 44. West Greenwich, 51. Rye, 55. Mam- aroneck, 61 . West Chester, 69. New York, 84. To Net!) York, by steamboat. Black Rock, 23. Southport, 28. Oldwell, 36. $$ DISTAMCXS on THOROUGHFARES. Stamford Harbor, 44. West Greenwich, 52. New- York, 87. To Providence, by steamboat. Faulkner's Island, 16. Connecticut R., 35. New London Harbor, 49. (Thence to New London 4 miles.) Point Judith, 85. Newport, 98. Pawtuxet, 118. Providence, 123. To Danbury, by stage. Derby, 10. Housatonic Ferry, 13. New Strafford, 17. Newton, 25. Danbury, 34. To Granby, by canal East Plains, 6. Hamden,8. Cheshire, 16. South- ington, 32. Farmington, 33. Northington, 40. Simsbury, 47. Granby, 52. ' To Hartfordy by stage. North Haven, 5. Wallingford, 14. Meriden, 18. Worthington, 24. Newington, 30. Hartford, 36. To Hartford, via Middletown. '' Northford, 10. Durham, 18. Middletown, 26. Stepney, 33. Hartford, 41. 7o Kewpoiij by stage. Branford, 8. ^Guilford, 18. E. Guilford, 22. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 83 Milks. Westbiook, 31. Connecticut K., 37. New London, 54. Mystic, 62. Newport, 101. FROM NEW-ORLEANS. To Louisville, by steamboat. Arnaud's Point, 13. Red Church, 22. Destretch- €n's Pt., 34. Bonnet Q. Bend, 36. B. Quarre Church, 41. Cantrell's Church, 60. Bringlers, 68. Hamptons, 73. Doiialdsonville, 78. St. Gabriels, 102. Plaque- mine, 108. Baton Rouge, 126. Thomas Pt., 137. Thompson's Cr., 149. St. Francisville and Pt. Coupee, 159. Tunica, 186. Red River, 208, Fort Adams, 217. Homochilto R., 227. White Cliffs, 254. Natchez, 271. Coles Creek, 293. Rodney, 312. Bruinsburg, 316. Grand Gulf and Big Black River, 330. Point Pleasant, 340. Palmyra, 353. Warrenton, 367. Vicksburg, 377. Yazoo River, 389. Tompkins, 421. Providence, 447. Princeton, 455. Old River, 503. Pt. Chicot, 515. Arkansas R., 574. White R., 583. Helena, 643. St. Francis L, 657. 35 © N. Lat., 705. Noncona R., 715. Memphis, 719. Greenock, 731. 3d Chickasaw Bluff, 749. Randolph, 761. Fulton, 767. Plum Pt. 778. Needham's Cut-off, 804. Little Prairie, 824. Riddle's Pt. 847. New Madrid, 860. Mills Pt., 888. Columbus, 904. Mouth of Ohio, 921. America, 932. Tennessee R., 968. Cumberland R., 979. Rock Cave, 1020. Shawneetown, 1040. Carthage, 1059. Mt. Vernon, 1071. Hendersonville, 1093. Evansville, 1104. Owensburg, 1139. Rockport, 1147, Stephensport, 1200. Leavenworth, 1233. Northampton, 1250. Louisville, 1292. (Forcontinu- ation to Cincinnati, Pittsburg, &c., see Louisville.) 84 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. To St Louis, by steamboat. Miles. Mouth of Ohio, as above, 991. Tyawappita B., 950. Cape Girardeau, 963. Bainbridge, 972. Muddy JR., 985. Kaskaskia R., 1016. St. Genevieve, 1033. Chartierl., 1044. Herculaneum, 1063. MaramacR., 1074. Carondelet, 1086. St. Louis, 1090. l~ To Balize and Gulf of Mexico, by steamboat. Battle Ground, 5. English Turn, 11. Fort St. Leon, 16. Poverty Pt., 34. Grand Prairie, 61. Fort St. Philip, 70. S. W. Pass, 79. South Pass, 81. Passa'Loutre, 83. Balize, 87. Gulf, 92. Jo Natchitoches, by steamboat. Red River, as above, 208. Ouachita, 244. Bayou Saline, 264. Alexandria, 318.^ Bayou Cane, 378. Natchitotches, 402. • To Little Rock, by steamboat. *- Arkansas R., as above, 574. Arkansas, 601. Harrington's, 644. Vaugine's, 667. Little Rock, 748. To Mobile, by steamboat and stage. L. Ponchartrain, by railroad, 5. [By s. boat, Pt. Aux Herbes, 20. Ft. Coquilles, 27. L. Borgne, 38. Grand Island, 47. St. Joseph's Island, 51. W. Marianne, 57. E. Marianne, 62. Cat Island, 72. Deer Island, 89. Krebsville Harbor, 107. Portersville, 123.] Mobile, by stage, 153. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHrARES. 85 To St. Stephens by stage. Miles. Madisonville, 32. Jacksonville, 72. Leakesviile, 138. Chickasawhay R., 155. St. Stephens, 179. To Natchez. Madisonville, by steamboat, 32. Liberty, by stage. 101. Natchez, by stage, 151. To Berwick's Bay, and thence to Opelousas. Donaldsonville, 78. Veret Canal, 92. S. end Canal, 99. Lake Palouide, 112. Berwick's Bay, 122. Franklin, 143. Fausse Pt., 170. St. Martinsville, 178. Opelousas, 214. To Nashville by stage, via Florence, Ala. L Ponchartrain, 5. Madisonville, 32. Covington, 39. Jacksonville, 72. Columbia, 102. Ellisville, 150. Old Church, 197. Koomsha, 242. Columbus, 310. Pikeville, 374. Kusselville, 404. Florence, 426. Lawrenceburg, 467. Mt. Pleasant, 489. Co- lumbia, 500. Franklin, 523. Nashville, 541. FROM NIAGARA. To Montreal, via Lake Ontario, by steamboat, 8fc. Queenston,6. Niagara Vil., 13. Toronto, (York,) 43. Port Hope, 109. Coburg, 145. Oswego, 219- Duck's Island, 242. Kingston, 277. Elizabethtown, 325. Prescot, 339. Hamilton, 357. Long Saut L, 375. Cornwall, 383. Lake St. Francis, 391. Foot of do. 413. Coteau du Lac, 417. Les Cedres, 424. Cascades, 431. La Chine, 447. Montreal, 455. v8 86 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. To Lockporty by railroad. Cayuga Cr. 1 1 . Cambria, 1 4. Lockport, 20. Mi To Rochester, hy stage. Levristown, 7. Cambria, 22. Hartland, 33. Oak Orchard, 47. Gainesville, 54. Clarkson, 69. Parma, 76. Rochester, 87. To Buffalo, by stage, Canada side. Chippawa, 2. Waterloo, 17. Black rock, 18. Buf- falo, 19. To Buffalo, Am. side hy railroad. ' Schlosser, 2. Tomiewanta, 13. Black Rock, 22. Buflalo, 23. FROM PHILADELPHIA. To Pittsburg. [Rail Road. Fair Mount, 1. Viaduct over the Schuylkill, 3. Buck Tavern, 11. Spread Eagle, 16. Paoli, 21. Warren, 22. Valley Creek, 29. Down- ingtown, 32. Coatesville, 40. Gap Tavern, 51. Mine ridge, 52. Mill Creek, 57. Soudersburg, 60. Lancaster, 69. Mt. Pleasant, 77. Columbia,' 82.] Stage. York, 93. Abbotstown, 108. Gettysburg, 122. Chambersburg, 147. M'Connelstown, 166. Bedford, 197. Shellsburg, 206. Stoystown, 225. Laughlin- town, 241 . Greensburg, 264. Pittsburg, 296. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 87 To Pittsburgy via Harrisburg. ■T: Miles. [Rail Road. Lancaster, 69. Mountjoy,81. Middle- town, 96. Harrisburg, 105. Carlisle, 123. Stough's T. 136. Shippensburg, 143. Chambersburg, 154.] Pittsburg, as above, 301. To Pittsburg, by Pennsylvania railroad and canal. " Columbia, as above, 82. Canal, [Marietta, 85. Bainbridge, 91. Falmouth, 95. Middletov^rn, 99, Highspire, 102. Harrisburg, 108. Blue Mt. Gap, 113. Port Dauphin, 116. Duncan's Isd. 125. Newport, 135. Thompsontown, 146. Mexico, 153. Mifflintown, 157. Lewistown, 171. Waynesburg, 185. Augh- wich F's, 197. Huntingden, 214. Petersburg, 221. Alexandria, 228. Williamsburg, 240. Frankstown, 250. Hollidaysburg, 253.] Johnstown, by R. R. 290. [Canal, Laurel Hill, 297. Lockport, 307. Chesnut Hill, 312. Blairsville, 320. Saltzburg, 336. War- rentown, 348. Leechburg, 358. Allegheny aqua. 361. Logan's Ferry, 376. Pittsburg, 394. To Erie, Pa. by sia^e. Manayunk,'7. Norristown, 16. Trap, 25. Potts- town, 35. Warrensburg, 40. Exetertown, 45. Read- ing, 52. Hamburg, 67. Orwigsburg, 78. Pottsville, 86. Sunbury,122. New Berlin, 133. Milheim,158. Bellefonte, 1 79. Phillipsburg, 206. Curwinville, 225. Brookville, 262. Shippensville, 289. Franklin, 307. Meadville, 332. Wateriord, 355. Erie, 370. To Pottsville, by Schuylkill canal. Manayunk, 7. Flat Rock, 8. Spring Mills, 11. Norristown, 16. Phenixville, 28. Pottstown, 43. 88 DISTANCES ON THOROUOHFARES. MlBBE. Unionville, 46. Birdsboro, 52. Reading, 64. Ham- burg, 87. Port Clinton, 91. Tunnel, 98. Schuyl- kill Haven, 101. Mount Carbon, 105. Poltsville, 106. Port Carbon, 108. To Bethlehem^ Pa. by stage. Siinville, 3. Germantown, 6. Flowertown, 11. Spring, 17. Montgomery, 21. Lexington, 25. Sel- lersville, 32. Quakertown, 37. Fryburg, 43. Beth- lehem, 51. To Eastoriy by stage. Shoemakertown, 9. Jenkintown,10. Abington,ll. Willowgrove, 13. Newville, 20. Doylestown, 24. Ottsville, 39. Easton, 56. To JVeto York, by stage. Frankford, 5. Holmsbiirg, 9. Bristol, 20. Tren- ton, 31. Princeton, 41. Kingston, 44. New Bruns- wick, 57. Milton, 70. Elizabethtown,75. Newark, 81. New York, 91. To New York, by steamboat and stage. Burlington, by S. boat, 19. Bristol, do. 20. Borden- town, do. 30. Trenton, do. 36. Princeton, by Stage, 46. New Brunswick, do. 63. Perth Amboy, by S. Boat, 75. New York, do. 1 00. To JVewYorky by steamboat and railroad. Bordentown, by S, Boat, 30, Centreville, by Rail R. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARIS. 89 Miles. .39. Spotswood, 56. South Amboy, 64. Perth Am- boy, by S. Boat, 66. New York, 9 1 . To Baltimorey by railroad, via Wilmington, Sfc. Wilmington Rail Road, 1 . Gray's Ferry viaduct, 5. Chester, 14. Marcus H. Road, 18. Wilmington, 27. Newport, 31. Newark Road, 39. Elkton, 45. North- east, 51. Charleston, 54. Havre De Grace, 60. Bush River, 72. Gunpowder R. 79. Back River, 90. De- pot, 94. Baltimore, P. 0. 95. To Baltimore, hy steamboat and railroad. ' [Steamboat, Fort Mifflin, 8. Lazaretto, 13. Ches- ter, 18. Marcus Hook, 22. Christiana Cr. 30. New Castle, 35.] Frenchtown,by R, R. 51. Baltimore, by S. B. 120. To Baltimore, by stage. Darby, 6. Chester, 15. Wilmington,'28 ^Elkton, 48. Havre De Grace, 64. Baltimore, 98. To Baltimore, by steamboat and canal. New Castle, as above, by steamboat, 35. Delaware City, 41. St. George's, by Canal, 46. Deep Cut, do. 50. Bohemia, do. 55. Turkey Point, by S. boat, 65. Baltimore, do. 113. I To Cape May, by steamboat. Delaware City, as above, 41. Reedy Island, 46. 8* 90 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. Miles. Allaways Creek, 51. Bombay Hook, 63. Egg Island, 80. Light Ho. C. May, 100. Cape Island, 102. To Cape May, by stage. Woodbury, 9. Jonesboro, 19. Malaga, 29. Mill- ville, 42. Port Elizabeth, 48. Dennis Creek, 62. Goshen, 66. Cape May, C. H. 70. Cold Spring, 79. Cape Island, 81. To Tuckerton, JV. Jer. by stage. Pensauken Creek, 9. Hampton, F. 26. Washing- ton, 35. Tuckerton, 49. To Long Branch. Bordentown,by S. B. 30. AlIentown,by stage, 37. Monmouth, do. 55. Eaton, do. 65. Long Branch, do. 69. To Reading and Pottsville by railroad. Manayunk, 8. Morristown, 17. Trap, 26. Potts- town, 37. Warrensburg, 43. Exetertown, 48. Read- ing, 57. Hamburg. 78. Port Clinton, 82. Schuyl- kill Haven, 90. Pottsville, 95. To JVew York by railroad. Camden, 1. Burlington, 21. Bordentown, 31. Trenton, 39. Princeton Depot, 50. New Brunswick, 66. Matouchin, 71. Rah way, 77. Elizabethtown^ 80. Newark, 86. New York, 96. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHrARES. ^1 FROM PITTSBURG. To Cincinnati, O., hy steamboat. Milks. Middletown, 11. Beavertown, 29. Fawcetstown, 48. Steubenville, 70. Wellsburg, 77. Warrenton, 83. Wheeling, 91. Elizabeth town, 104. Sistersville, 139. Newport, 156. Marietta, 172. Parkersburg, 185. Bellville, 202. Letarfs rapids, 232 Point Plea- sant, 261. Gallipolis, 264. Guyan(iot,298 Burling- ton, 305. Portsmouth, 346. Manchester, 382. Mays- ville, 392. Ripley, 399. Augusta, 408. Point Plea- sant, 423. Cincinnati, 449. (See Cincinnati.) To Philadelphia i by stage, Sfc. East Liberty, 5. Wilkinsburg, 8. Hovvardsville, 1 1 Stewartsville, 19. Adamsburg, 25. Greensburg, 32 Youngstown, 42. Laughlin, 55. Stoystown, 71 Bedford,99. M'Connels T. 130. [By railroad. Cham bersburg, 149. Gettysburg, 174. York, 203. Colum bia, 214. Lancaster, 227. Downingtown, 264. Phi ladelphia, 296. To Philadelphia, by canal and railroad. Allegheny Aqueduct, 23. Blairsville, 74. Johns- town, 104. Hollidaysburg, R. R. 141. [By canal. Huntingdon, 180. Lewislown, 223. Duncan Island, 269. Middletown, 295. Columbia, 312.] Philadel- phia, by R. R. 394. To Erie, Pa. by stage. Woodville, 18. Butler, 27. Centreville, 45. Mer- cer, 60. Georgetown, 75. Meadville, 90. Water- ford, 113. Erie, 128. 92 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. To Wheeling, by stage. MiLEI. Findlaysville, 13. Washington, 24. Martinsburg, 29. Claysville, 31. W. Alexander, 39. Wheeling, 55. FROM PORTLAND. To Boston, by stage. Saco, 16. Kennebunk port, 26. Wells, 32. York, 47. Portsmouth, 56. Hampton Falls, 69. Newbury- port, 78. Rowley, 83. Topsfieid, 91. Danvers, 96. Sangus, 104. Boston, 114. To Boston via Salem, by stage. Rowley, as above, 83. Ipswich, 88. Hamilton, 93. Wenham, 95. Beveily, 99. Salem, 102. Lynn, 107. Boston, 117. To Eastport, by stage. Freeport, 18. Brunswick, 27. Bath, 34. Wlscasset, 49. Waldoboro, 67. Warren, 76. Thomastown, 80. Camden, 91. Belfast, 109. Castine, (by water,) 118. Bluebill, f28. Elsworth, 142. Franklin, 154. Cher- ryfield, 174. Columbia, 186. Machias,201. Whiting, 216. Eastport, 231. To Quebec, by stage. Brunswick, 27. Bodoinham, 40. Gardner, 51. Hallowell, 55. Augusta, 58. Waterville, 75. Nor- ridgwock, 91. Solon, 111. Moscow, 124. Ferry over Kennobeck river, 141. Monument, 189. St. Joseph, 243. St. Henry, 271. Quebec, 283. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 95 To Alfred. MlLM. Buxton, 15. Alfred, 29. To White Hills. Standish, 17. Hiram, 31. Boundary line, 41. Mt. Washington, 88. To Paris. Windham, 15. Raymond, 26. Olisfield, 37. Paris, 50. FROM RALEIGH. * To Richmond, Va., by stage. Louisburg, 35. Warrenlon, 58. Lawrenceville, 96. Petersburg, 146. Richmond, 167. To Edenton, by stage. Wakefield, 20. Tarboro, 66. Williamston, 100. Jamestown, 111. Plymouth, 124. Edenton, 138. To JVewbern, by stage. Smilhfield, 30. Waynesboro, 54. Kingston, 80. Newbern, 127. To Wilmington, by stage. Fayetteville, 58. Elizabeth, 97. Wilmington, 158. To Columbia, S C, by stage. Fayetteville, 58. Laurel Hill, 91. Cheraw, 119. 94 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. MiLEfi Evans Ford, 141. Lit. Lynches Cr., 162. Camden, 174. Columbia, 206. To Knoxvillcy T., by stage. Branthys, 16. Pittboro, 36. Ashboro, 70. Salis- bury, 102. Statesville, 129. Morgantown, 167. Ashville, 229. Warm Springs, 265. Newport T., 293. Dandridge T., 308. Knoxville T., 340., FROM READING. To Philadelphia, hy stage. Exetertown, 7. Warrenburg, 12. Pottstown, 17. Trap, 27. Norristown, 36. Manayunk, 45. Phila- delphia, 52. To Philadelphia, hy Schuylkill canal. Birdsboro, 12. Union ville, 18. Pottstown, 21. Phenixville, 36. Norristown, 48. Manayunk, 57. Philadelphia, 64. To Pottsville, by Schuylkill canal. Hamburg, 23. Port Clinton, 27. Schuylkill Haven, 37. Pottsville, 42. Port Carbon, 44. To Pottsville, by stage. Maiden Creek, 7. Hamburg, 15. Port Clinton, 20. Orwigsburg, 26. Pottsville. 34. To Middletown, by Union canal. Berneville, 15. Womelsdorf, 25. Stouchstovtrn, 28. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 95 Miles* Myerstown, 33. Lebanon, 41. Tunnel, 42. Swa- tara river, 49. QuittapahillaR., 60. Middletown, 79. To Lancaster, by stage. Adamstown, 9. Reamstown, 14. Ephrata, 18. Lancaster, 31. To Harrishurg, by stage. Sinking Spring, 4. Womelsdorf, 13. Myerstown, 20. Lebanon, 26. Millerstown, 31. Palmyra, 37. Hummelstown, 43. Harrisburg, 52. To Easton, by stage. Kutztown, 17. Trexlerstown, 26. Allentown, 34. Bethlehem, 40. Easton, 50. FROM RICHMOND. To Norfolk, by steamboat. Warwick, 7. Osborn, 17. Eppes Island, 39. Windmill Point, 50. Jamestown, 74. Burrell's Bay, 87. Newport News, 102. , Carney Island, 111. Norfolk, 117. To Baltimore, by steamboat Newport News, as above, 102. Fort Calhoun, 110. Old PL Comfort, 111. New Pt. Comfort, 134, Rap- pahannoc R., 156. Light Boat, 177. Cedar Point, 209. Sharp's Island, 234. Herring Bay, 244. Thomas' Point, 256. Bodkin Point, 276. North Pt., 279. ^Fort M'Henry, 286. Baltimore, 289. 96 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. To Washington City, by stage. MlLBI. Hanover, C. H., 19. Bowling-green, 42. Frede- ricksburg, 64. Stafford, C. H., 73. Aquia, 78. Dumfries, 87. Occoquan, 96. Alexandria, 113. Washington, 122. To Raleigh, N. C, by stage. Petersburg, 21. Notoway R., 53. Lawrenceville, 71. Roanoke R., 90. Warrenton, 109. Louisburg, 132. Raleigh, 167. To Naif oik, by stage. Petersburg, 21. Cabin Point, 47. Surrey, C. H., 61. Smithfield, 79. Nansemond R., 90. ^'o^folk, 115. To Knoxville, Tenn., by stage.' Powhatan C. H., 32. Cumberland C. H., 57. Lynchburg, 113. New London, 124. Liberty, 139. Big Lick, 167. Salem, 174. Christiansburg, 201. Newbern, 218. Evansham, 246. Mt. Airy, 161. Abingdon, 302. Blountsville, 326. Kingsport, 343, Rogersville, 369. Rutledge, 400. Knoxville, 432. To Guyandot, via Warm Springs, by stage. Goochland C. H., 29. Columbia, 48. Monticello, 65. Charlottesville and University of Virginia, 78. York. 97. Waynesboro, 103. Staunton, 115. Gap, 132. Warm Springs, 168. Hot Springs, 173. White Sulphur Springs, 211. Lewisbura:, 221. Salt Works, 303. Charleston, 307. Guyandot, 348. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 97 To Winchester, via Harrisonburg, by stage. Mile*. So. Anna R., 21. Louisa C. H., 51. Gordonsville, 66. Barboursville, 72. Stannardsville, 87. Ma- gaughey, T., 110. Harrisonburg, 121. Mt. Pleasant. 146. Woodstock, 159. Strasburg, 170. Newtown, 181. Winchester, 189. To Weldon, N. C, by railroad. Osborn, 18. Petersburg, 23. Stoney Creek, 40 Nottoway R., 50. Hicksford, 62. Weldon, 82. To Yorktown, thence to Old Point Comfort. Bottoms Bridge, 15. Cross Roads, 20. New Kent C. H., 29. Hackaday's Spring, 42 Williamsburg, 56. Yorktown^ 68. Hampton 88. Old Point, 91. To Harrisonburg. Louisa C. H., 51. Gordonsville, 66. Barbourville, 72. Stannardsville, 87. Magaugheytown, 109. Harrisonburg, 121. To Staunton, via Charlottesville. Scuffletown, 3. Tirckahoe creek, 12. Goochland C. H., 29. Columbia, 48. Monticello, 76. Char- lottesville, 79. York, 98. Rockfish Gap, 101. Waynesboro, 104. Staunton, 116. From Staunton to the White Sulphur Springs, is 95 miles, by the stage road. ^ To Lynchburg, by^ stage. Coal Mines, 13. Tower Hill, 27. Scottsville, 32. 98 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. MiLXt, Cartersville, 47. New Canton, 63. Maysville, 87. Lynchburg, 132. FROM ROCHESTER. To Albany, by Erie Canal. Pittsford, 10. Palmyra, 29. Newark, 37. Lyons, 44. Clyde, 53. Montezuma, 64. Jordan, 79. Syracuse, 99. Manilas, 108. Canistota, 124. Rome 145. Utica, 160. Ltttle Falls, 182. Canajoharie, 201. Amsterdam, 224. Schenectady, 240. Albany, 268. To Buffalo, by Erie Canal. Ogden, 12. Adam's Basin, 15. Brock port, 20. Holly, 25. Albion, 35. Wrightsville, 46. Middle- port, 55. Lockport, 64. Pendleton, 73. Tonne- wanta, 83. Bufialo, 95. To Niagara Falls.'^t Parma, by ridge road, 11. Clarkson, 18. Gaines- ville, 33. Oak Orchard, 40. Hartland, 54. Cambria, 66. Lewistown, 81. Niagara Falls, 87. To Utica. Pittsford, 8. Mendon,lo. Bloomfield, 20. Canan- daigua, 29. Geneva, 45. Cayuga, 59. Auburn, 68. West Hills, 89. Lenox, 1 1 5. Utica, 141 . DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 99 ; To Buffalo, by stage. '\ Miles. Bergen, 17. Batavia, 30. Pembroke, 44. Ran- aom'6 Grove, 52. Williamsville, 60. Buffalo, 70. FROM SARATOGA SPRINGS. To Albany, by railroad. ' Ballston Spa, 6. Schenectady, 20. Albany, 36. To Albany, via Waterford, Ballston Spa, 6. Waterford, 28, Troy, 32. Al- bany, 40. To Whitehall^ by stage. Northumberland, 4. Glenn's falls, and Sandy hill, 19. Fort Ann, 29. Whitehall, 41. FROM SAVANNAH. ' To Augusta, by steamboat. '" Arg;yle Island, 7. Isla I., 15. Purisburg, 31. Beck's Ferry, 36. Ebenezer, 46. Sister's Ferry, 65. Hudson's Ferry, 90. Blanket Point, 95. Brier Creek, 111. Burton's Ferry, 135. Lower 3 runs, 146. Steel Creek, 158. Limestone Bluff, 171. Dog Ferry, 174. Demairies Ferry, 185. Gray's Landing, 195. Wallicon's Ferry, 224. Augusta, 231. 100 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARIS. To Charleston y by steamboat. MlLEI. Fort Jackson, 3. Elba Island, 8. Long I,, ll. Bloody Point, 17. Hilton Head, 35. Trancard's In- let, 39. Fripp"s Inlet, 51. St. Helena Sound, 60. S. Edislo Inlet, 63. N. Edisto Inlet, 76. Stono Inlet, 90. Coffin I. L. House, 101. Fort Moultrie, 107. Charleston, 111. To Augusta, by stage. Abercorn, 17. Ebenezer, 25. Jacksonboro, 70. Augusta, 135. - TolMilledgeville, by stage. Gr. Ogeechee R., 20 Statesboro,49. Sandersville, 135. Milledgeville, 163. To St. Mary's, by stage. Bryan, old C. H., 17. Riceboro, 34. Barrington, 64. Buffalo Creek, 68. Scilla R., 78. Jefferson, 98. iSt. Mary's, 118. To Darien, by stage. Sunbury, 20. Sapelo, 36. Darien, 48. To Charleston, by stage. New River, 14. Hogtown, 23. Coosawatchie, 40 Pocotaligo, 46. Parker's Ferry, 78. Guerin's Ferry, 95. Charleston, 106. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 101 FROM ST. LOUIS. To New Orleans, by steamboat. Milks. Carondelet, 6. Harrison, 29. Herculaneum, 30. Fort Chartres, 49. St. Genevieve, 61. Bainbridge, 122. Cape Girardeau, 132. Mouth of Ohio, 173. New Madrid, 238. Little Prairie, 268. Memphis, 387. Arkansas river, 559. Vicksburg, 843. Natchez, 946. St. Francisville, 1085. Baton Kouge, 1119. New Orleans, 1250. To Prairie du Chien, by steamboat. Mouth of Missouri, 20. Alton, 23. Mouth of Illinois R., 37. Dardenne R., 47. Ramsay's Cr., 85. Clarksville, 93. Louisiana, 105. Saverton, 123. Hannibal, 130. Marion City, 139. Wyaconda, 158. Fort Edwards, 171. R. des Moines, 180. Hender- son's R., 232. Copper Cr., 271. Fort Armstrong, 297. Fever R., 363. Platte R., 397. Cass ville, 420. Wisconsin R., 444. Prairie du Chien, 448. To Peru, by steamboat. Mouth of Illinois R., 37. Macoupin R., 56. Apple Cr., 72. Montezuma, 86. Augusta, 91. Naples, 101. Meredosin, 108. Lagrange, 117. Beardstown, 124. Sangamon R., 131. Havana, 156. Pekin, 187. Peoria, 196. Little Detroit, 201. Rome, 212. Columbia, 226. Henry, 231. Hennepin, 243. Peru, 257. To Louisville, by steamboat. Mouth of Ohio, as above, 173. America, 184. Paducah, 220. Rock Cave, 272. Shawneetown, 292. Carthage, 311. Mount Vernon, 323. Hendersonville, 9* 102 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. MiLCf. 345. Evansville, 356. Owen sburg, 391. Kockport, 399. Slephensport, 452. Leavenworth, 485. North- ampton, 502. Louisville, 546. To Independence, Mo., by steamboat. Mouth of Illinois R., 37. Belle Fontaine, 40. St. Charles, 59. Pt. Look-off, 87. Newport, 106. Gris- wold and Pinkney, 112. Gasconade, 134. Osage, 162. City of Jefferson, 170. Marion, 185. Mount Vernon, 200. Rocheport, 209. Franklin andBoone- ville, 218. Chariton, 248. Jefferson, 253. Bruns- wick, 271. Lexington, 323. Camden, 337. Napo- leon, 342. Sibley, 349. Independence, 371. To City of Jefferson, by stage. Point Look-off, 35. Newport, 55. Griswold, 60. Gasconade, R., 80. Osage R., 106. City of Jefferson> 115. To Wyaconda, by stage. St. Charles, 20. Troy, 54. Alexandria, 60. Teu- ton's, 64. Bowling Green, 86. New London, 107. Palmyra, 125. Wyaconda, 145. To Potosi, by stage. Merrimec R., 16. Herculaneum, 30. Potosi, 63. ; To Vandalia, 11, by stage. Coliinsville, 14. Troy, 22. Hickory Grove, 42. Greenville, 52. Mulberry Grove, 60. Vandalia, 70. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 103 To Carrollton, by stage. Miles. Alton, 24. Linton's, 37. Jersey ville, 44. Kane P. O., 50. Carrollton, 59. To Springfield, by stage. Alton, 24. Woodburn,40. Carlin ville, 61. Girard, 73. Springfield, 99. To Carlisle, by stage. Illinois Town, 2. French Village, 7. Rock Spring, 20. Lebanon, 24. Shoal Cr. P. 6., 43. Carlisle, 52. To Shawneetown, by stage. Belleville, 14. Middleton Ferry, 34. Nashville, 52. Lit. Muddy JR. P. 0., 85. Frankfort, 100. Fancy Parm P. 0., 109. Equality, 136. Shawnee- town, 151. FROM TALLAHASSEE. To Fensacola. Salubrity, 10. Aspalaga,44. Chipola, 60. Choc- tawhatcheeR., 107. Anderson's, 165. Pensacola, 202. To St. Augustine. Gadsden, 16. Richardson, 45. Suwanee Ferry, 75. Dell'sP. 0., 129. Picolati, 184. St. Augustine, 206. 104 DISTANCIS ON THOROUGHFARES. MiLBS. To Lake lamony, 9. Lake Jackson, 4. St. Marks, 21. FROM TRENTON. To Philadelphia, by railroad. Tyburn, 3. Tullytown, 6. Bristol, 10. Dunks- ville, 14. Pennepack Cr. 18. Frankford, 22. Rail- road Depot, 261. State H. Philadelphia, 28|. To Philadelphia, by stage. Tullytown,?. Bristol, 11. Holmsburg, 22. Frank- ford, 26. Philadelphia, 31. To Philadelphia, by steamboat. Lamberton, 2. Bordentown, 6. Bristol, 15. Bur- lington, 16. Bridesburg, 32. Philadelphia, 35. To Easton, Pa. by stage. Penington,9. Ringoes, 19. Flemington,25. Pitts- town, 34. Hickorytovvn, 38. Bloomsbury, 43. Eas- ton, 51. To New York, by railroad. '■ Clarks, 8. Williamsburg, 11. Sand Hills, 18. New Brunswick, 27. Matouchin, 32. Rahway, 38. Elizabethtown, 41. Bonndbrook, 44. Newark, 47. Jersey City, 56. New York, 57. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARIS. 105 To New York, by stage. Miles. Princeton, 10. Kingston, 13. New Brunswick, 26. Milton, 39. Elizabethtown, 44. Newark, 50. New York, 60. To New York, by stage and steamboat. New Brunswick, as above, 26. Perth Amboy, 38. New York, 63. To Crosswicks, by stage. Bloomsbury, 1, White Horse, 4. Sand Hills, on C. & A. railroad, 6. Crosswicks, 9. To New Brunswick, by Delaware and Raritan Canal. Millham, 1. Williamsburg, 11. Kingston, 14. Rocky Hill, 16. Griggstown, 18. Blackwells, 22. Millstone, 25. Boundbrook, 30. New Brunswick, 37. To Bordentown, by Delaware and Raritan Canal. Bloomsbury,!. Lamberton, 2. Bordentown, 6. 7o Saxtonville, by canal. Yardleyville Ferry, 5. Jacobs Creek, 7. Titusville, 10. Belle Mt. 13. Lambertville and New Hope, 16. Prattsville, 21. Saxtonville, 24. FROM TROY. To Whitehall, by Champlain canal. Lansingburg, 4. Anthony's Kill, 14. Stillwater, 106 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. Miles. 17. Bemis' Heights, 21. Fort Miller, 43. Fort Ed- ward, 48. Sandy Hill, 50. Kingsbury, 54. Fort Ann, 58. Whitehall, 70. To Saratoga, by railroad. Waterford, 4. Anthony's Kill, 12. Round lake, 16. Ballston, 245. Saratoga, 30^. (For routes to Mon- treal, Utica, Buffalo, &c. see '« Routes from Albany.") ^ FROM UTICA. To Albany, by canal. Frankfort, 10. Herkimer, 15. Little Falls, 22. Canajoharie,41. Caughnawaga, 53. Amsterdam, 64. Schenectady, 82. Troy, 103. Albany, 110. To Albany^ by railroad. Herkimer, 17. Little Falls, 24. Palatine Bridge, 44. Caughnawaga, 56. Amsterdam, 65. Schenec- tady, 80. Albany, 96. To Rochester, by canal. Whitesboro, 4. Rome, 15. New London, 22. Ca- nistota, 36. New Boston, 40. Chitteningo, 44. Man- lius, 52. Syracuse, 61. Geddesburg, 63. Canton, 75. Jordan, 81. Montezuma, 96. Clyde, 107. Lyons, 116. Palmyra, 131. Pittsford, 150. Rochester, 1 60. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 107 KOUTES FROM VANDALIA. To Terre Haute. MiLEI. ' Ewington, 31. EmbarrasR. 59. Terre Haute, 105. To St. Louis, Mo. ' Greenville, 16. Edwardsville, 49. St. Louis, 69. To Vincennes. Maysville, 45. Lawrenceville, 87. Vincennes, 97. To Shawneetown. ' Salem, 25. Mt. Vernon, 49. M'Leansboro, 79. Shawneetown, 107. To America. ■ Salem, 25. Mt. Vernon, 49. Frankfort, 79. Vi- enna, 115. America, 140. To Kaskaskia. Carlyle, 28. Covington, 38. New Nashville, 46. Kaskaskia, 86. To Galena. Springfield, 70. Elk Hart Grove, 78. Athens, 88. Pekin, 128. Little Prairie, 137. Peoria, 138. .. Rock River, 214. Galena, 277. 108 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. FROM WASHINGTON, D. C. To Baltimore, by stage. MiLEi. Bladensburg, 6. Vansville, 14. Elkridge Landing, 29. Baltimore, 37. To Dover, Bel. Bladensburg, 6. Pawluxet R., 26. Annapolis, 40. Broad Cr. (by water,) 52. Sharktown, .56. Queens- town, 64. Centreville, 71. Georgetown, 96. Dover, 104. To Point Lookout. Welby, 7. Piscataway, 15. Port Tobacco, 29. Newport, 42. Chaytico, 52. Leonardlown, 57. Great Mills, 68. St. Inigoes, 75. Pt. Lookout, 85. To Richmond, Va.. Alexandria, 9. Oecoquan, 26. Dumfries, 35. Aquia, 44. Fredericksburg, 58. Bowlinggreen, 80. Hanover, C. H. 103. Richmond, 122. To Winchester, Va. Alexandria, 9. Fairfax C. H. 23. Aldie,47. Up- perville, 61. Millwood, 71. Winchester, 84. To Virginia Springs, by stage. Alexandria, 9. Fairfax C. H. 24. Centreville, 32. Bull Run, 35. Buckland Mills, 46. New Baltimore, 50. Warrenton, 6Q. Lee's Sulphur Springs, 6B. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHrARES. 109. MiLBf. Jefferson, 65. Fairfax C. H. 77. Cedar Mt. 83. Ra- pidan, 89. Orange, C. H. 95. (Thence to Montpelier, seat of Mr. Madison, 5 miles.) Gordonsviile, 104. Monticello, 120. Charlotlesville and University of Va. 123. York, 142, Waynesboro, 148. Staunton, 160. Jennings, N. Mt. 177. Cloverdale, 189. Green Val- ley, 200. Warm Springs, 213. Hot Springs, 218. Jackson River, 227. Calahan's, 238. White Sulphur Sp. 256. Sweet Sulphur Sp. 284. Salt Sulphur Sp. 285. Red Sulphur Spr. 299. To Frederick, Md. Simonsville, 7. Rockville, 14. Seneca, 21. Mid- dlebrook, 26. Hyattstown, 34. Frederick, 45. To Baltimore, by steamboat. Alexandria, 8. Mount Vernon, 17. Crane Island, 22. Cook's Ferry, 35. Boyd's Hole, 50. Mathew's point, 58. Cedar Pt. 65. Washington's Birth place, 76. Ragged Point, 91. Point Lookout, 107. Paw- tuxent R. 127. Sharp's Island, 149. Herring Bay, 159. Bodkin Pt. 191. Baltimore, 204. To Harper's Ferry, by canal. Great Falls, 13. Seneca Creek, 23. Peter's Quarry, 40. Monocacy R. 45. Cotoctin, Cr. 57. Harper's Ferry, 69. lo Port Tobacco, and thence to Point Lookout. Piscataway, 16. Port Tobacco, 32. Newport, 43. Leonardtown, 53. Point Lookout, 83. 10 110 DnXANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. To Pr. Frederick, via Benedict. MlL»> Piscataway, 16. Bryantown, 24. Benedict, 43. Pr. Frederick, 51. To Frederick, Md., and thence to Emmitsburg. Rockville, 1 6. Seneca Mills, 24. Middlebrook, 28. Clarksburg, 31. Frederick, 46. Georgetown, 58. Emmitsburg, 68. To Richmond, Va., by stage and railroad. Alexandria, 9. Occoquan, 26. Dumfries, 35. Aquia, 44. Fredericksburg, 58. Bowling Green, 70. Hanover C. H. 101. Richmond, 119. To Warrenton, Va. Alexandria, 9. Fairfax Court House, 23. Centre yille, 31. New Baltimore, 49. Warrenton, 55. To Winchester, by stage. 4 Alexandria, 9. Fairfax court house, 23. Aldie, 47. Middleburg, 52. Upperville, 60. 'Paris, 64. Shenan- doah river, 68. Millwood, 70. Winchester, 81. FROM WHEELING. To Baltimore, by the National road. W. Alexandria, Pa., 16. ClaysvUle, 22. Wash- DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. Ill Miles. ington, 31. Hillsboro, 43. Brownsville, 54. Union, 66. Smythfield, 87. Mt. Pleasant, Md.. 116. Cum- berland, 126. Prattsville, 147. Hancock, 165. Williamsport, 192. Boonsboro, 204. ' Frederick, 220. Baltimore, by railroad, 279. To Columbus y O., by the National road. St. Clairsville, 10. Morristown, 22. Fairview,34. Washington, 48. Cambridge, 55. Norwich, 70. Zanesville, 80. Hebron, 107. Columbus, 135. To Chilicothe. Zanesville, as above, 80. Union, 89. Somerset, 98. Rushville,]06. Lancaster, 116. Tarlton, 130. Kingston, 138. Chillicothe, 150.' To Wooster, 0. ' Harrisville, 13. Cadiz, 22 New Philadelphia, 55. Dover, on canal, 58. Paintville, 76. Wooster, 92. To Pittsburg. Washington, Pa., 31. Canonsburg,' 38. Birming- ham, 65. Pittsburg, 56. To Pittsburg, by steamboat. Warrenton,' 8 Wellsburg, 14. Steubenville, 21. Fawcetstown, 43. Beaver, 62. Economy, 71. Mid- dletown, 80. Pittsburg, 91. M^ DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. To Cincinnati by steamboat. MlLtt. Elizabethtown, 13. Sistersville, 48. Newport, 65. Marietta, 81. Parkersburg, 94. Belville, 111. Le- tart's Rapids, 141. Pt. Pleasant, Va., 170. Gallipolis, 173. Guyandot, 207. Burlington, 214. Portsmouth, 255. Manchester, 29 J. Maysville, 301. Ripley, 308. Augusta, 317. Point Pleasant, 0., 332. Cin- cinnati, 358. FROM THE WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. To Washington City. Callahan's, 18. Jackson river, 29. Hot Springs, 38. Warm Springs, 43. Green Valley, 56. Clover- dale, 67. Staunton, 96. Waynesboro, 108. York, 114. ^Charlottesville, 133. Monticello, 136. Gor- donsville, 152. Orange C. H., 160. Fairfax, C. H., 179. Jeflerson, 191. Lee's Sulphur Spring, 194. Warrenton, 200. New Baltimore, 206. Centreville, 224. Alexandria, 247. Washington City, 256. To Guyandot. Lewisburg, 10. Shrewsbury, 88. Charleston, 96. Barboursville, 132. Guyandot, 137. i , To Richmond. Callahan's. 18. Covington, 25. Colliertown, 50. Lexington, 58. Lynchburg, 98. Planterstown, 130. Cumberland C. H., 154. ScottsviUe, 179. Richmond, 2U. DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 113 To Winchester. Miles. Warm Spring, 43. Gap, 78. Spring, 85. Har- risonburg, 107. New Market, 125. Mt. Pleasant, 132. Woodstock, 145. Strasburg, 156. Winches- ter. 174. FROM WILMINGTON. To Philadelphia, by stage. Chester, 13. Darby, 22. Philadelphia, 28. To Philadelphia, by railroad. Marcus Hook road, 9. Chester, 13. Gray's Ferry. 22. Philadelphia R. R., 26. Philadelphia, 27. To Baltimore, by railroad. ' Newport, 4. Newark road, 12. Elkton, 18. Northeast, 24. Charleston, 27. Havre de Grace, 33. Bush River, 45. Gunpowder R., 52. Back River, 63. Depot, 67. Baltimore, 68. To Baltimore, by stage. Christiana, 9. Elkton, 20. Havre de Grace, 36. Hartford, 47. Gunpowder, 57. Baltimore, 72. To Dover, Del. Newcastle, 5. Red Lion, 12. St. George's, 15. Trap, 19. Cant well's, 23. Smyrna, 33. Hamsville, 40. Dover, 45. 10* ^ihk DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. To Philadelphm, by steamboat. Milks, Delaware R., 3. Marcus Hook, 11. Chester, 15. Lazaretto, ao. Fort Mifflin, 25. Gloucester Point, 30. Philadelphia, 33. Distance from New York to Oregon. From New York to St. Louis, shortest way, and not by the rivers, 1033 From St. Louis to Independence, 266 From Independence, Missouri, to Blue, at Burnett's Trace, 520 To Scott's Bluffs, 254 From Scott's Bluffs to the main divide of the Rocky Mountains, 266 From Rocky Mountains to Solomon Falls, 477 From Solomon Falls to Walla-walla, 283 From Walla- walla to Dallas, 120 From Dallas to Vancouver, 100 From Fort Vancouver to the mouth of the Colum- bia river, 120 J 3440 The above it will be seen makes the distance 3440 i miles, yet the distance which one would travel, by I taking rivers and eligible routes would be about 4000 ' miles It now takes about six months to perform this journey ; but suppose a steam communication the whole distance, and it will only require at the average rate of ten hours, sixteen days. But steam is from twelve to fifteen miles the hour; if we take the latter, it will require only ten or eleven days to make the trip to Oregon. That is about the time now required from New York to New Orleans ; so, after all Oregon is in the world. 115 CHAPTER IX. LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. The Bankrupt Law. The Bankrupt Law of Congress, passed in 1841 and repealed in 1843, as all know, turned out an unpopular measure. It gave the debtor the power of a voluntary declaration of Bank- ruptcy ! and was so loose and vague as to admit of palpable frauds. Passed for an emergency which was to sweep off the wholesale and hopeless insolvency of the thousands who from 1835 to 1840 plunged into speculations which resulted in irretrievable rum, this law had its work before it, and after accomplishing its mis- sion, was struck from the Statute-book. A general bankrupt law within the meaning and intent of the Constitution, is much needed, and could not fail to have a good effect. But, without discussing the subject, let us hope that if a future Congress should attempt to legislate such a one into existence, they will not make it a mongrel statute by blending the two fea- tures of a Bankrupt and Insolvent law together. A Bankrupt law moves solely on the application of creditors. An Insolvent law on that of debt^- ors. The one absolves and cancels absolutely the debts of the delinquent ; but the latter re- lieves only the person, without affecting the le* gal existence of the debt, or barring execution against subsequent property. 116 LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. What would be the view of the United States Supreme Court on the voluntary part of the late bankrupt law, remains yet to be seen. The question has not so far, we think, been present- ed. The certificates are but 2l prima facia bar, and may be avoided by proof of fraud ; by proof that the debt did not come within the meaning and intent of the Bankrupt law ; and lastly, by a decision of the Supreme Court that the law is unconstitutional, or such part or parts of it as the defendant claims the benefit of. Insolvent Laws. The laws of collection of the State of New York, and indeed most, if not all the States, have within a few years been modified. The old capias is mostly abolished, and the prevail- ing spirit of really pursuing the debtor quasi in rem, adopted ; that is, grasping for the property and not the body of the debtor. The arrest of the person is now for a disclosure only of his property. This throws the matter into a court for insolvents, and the proceedings are, in fact, under insolvent laws. These laws all proceed by affidavits on the part of the creditor or his agent, and are answered by the oath of the de- fendant. The laws provide for a receiver of the property for the benefit of the creditor, and operating on final hearing to discharge from custody the body of the debtor. The affidavits in most of the States are quite identical in sub- stance. They must show that the debt was LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. 117 fraudulently contracted, or the debtor is about to remove out of the jurisdiction of the court with intent to defraud, or that he is converting his property into money to put it out of the reach of his creditors, or that he has property which an execution at law cannot reach. Either of the above facts being established give the court jurisdiction for the insolvent proceedings. We have spoken elsewhere of the stay and valuation laws of many of the States. „ . ...J^ Laws of Contract. The law of contract, we have said elsewhere, is to be observed as in force when and where the contract is made. That is, the Lex loci con- tractus governs ; for instance, if an usurious con- tract made in New-York be sued in Ohio, the plea of usury there would make the contract ab- solutely void, although in Ohio the excess of in- terest over and above six per cent., according to Ohio law would be deducted, and judgment for the principal and six per cent, allowed. And this rule is universal with the exception of sealed contracts, as to real estate, when the con- tract will be construed by and governed accord- ing to the law of the State in which the land is located, and not by such as may exist where the contract is made and entered into. Letters of Credit and Guaranty, Letters of Credit, if unlimited, will bind of 118 LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. course for any amount, and a guaranty at the time of sale when the credit is in part or wholly given to the guarantor, binds the said guarantor. But if he guarantees the payment of a precedent debt it must be for some new consideration; that is, something of value, which is considered at the time of making the guarantee as of value to the debtor or the guarantor, and this must all be made in writing, and the consideration there- in clearly expressed in such a manner as to show that there was some fair reason for this under- taking on the part of the guarantor. These are imperative requisites. False Pretences. But again, the buyer is bound to make truth- ful statements, if any, to the vender, as to his own ability to pay. He becomes criminal under the statute for false pretences, if he state that he has property when he has not, if he represent that he is in a certain condition of trade and business which is untrue, or name resources which are unreal, he is guilty of false pretences, and by indictment liable to conviction for a penitentiary offence. Fraudulent Representation of Vendor. ■\ Again, if the vendor falsely represent to the i buyer the quality of his goods to be far better * than they are, and the goods are not where, or of a nature to be inspected by the vendee, it is a LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. 119 fraud and would annul any agreement as to a specific price. But a sound price does not im- ply a sound article in law ; there must be such a false statement as is calculated to mislead, and the circumstances such that a prudent buyer could not be presumed to do otherwise than be influenced by it. If the vendee have an equal chance to know of the quality and character of the article, although he may be ignorant as to value, it is his own look out, he must make his own side of the bargain when he is reasonably presumed to know the facts. If I sell a horse to you and warrant him to have ears, and you see him at the time of bargain, the warrantee, if it turned out that he had no ears, would be a dead letter ; because it is absurd to presume that you would not know the fact clearly your- self, but any warranty that goes to insure as to defects which might or might not be clearly and at all times visible, is good. So also if you did not see the animal, it would be binding in all particulars as expressed. Liability of Common Carriers and Inn-Keepers* In the shipment of goods the Bill of Lading is a contract and proof also of delivery. But proof that the goods were delivered to the common carrier, whether written or verbal, is sufficient, and his liability is the entire value of the goods, until delivered to the consignee. Nothing but the inevitable providences of God, such as de- struction by the dangers of the seas, or capture 120 LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. by an enemy in time of war, can exonerate or dis- charge him, and he can deliver to no one else but the consignee, if we except the right of the vendor to stop the goods inlransitUj in case of the failure or fraud of the vendee. And cards and placards, limiting his liability, amount to nothing unless he brings them home to the ship- per in such a w^ay as to make it a special agree- ment ; that is, that the shipper specialh'^ agreed to the exceptions and took the risk on himself. This as to goods shipped. As to travellers, the rule perhaps is less stringent when the passenger goes along with his baggage ; but if he put it in the care of the conductors, the rule is the same. If he keeps it with him it is presumed in per- sonal custody, or if it is in his state-room or birth he must take care of it at his own risk. So also as to hotels, they are liable for anything be- longing to the traveller, left by him in their care while he is a guest, and he has only to show that it was taken to the house, and prove the value of the same to recover. The inn- keeper in return has a right to detain baggage until his reasonable or regular bills are paid, without any legal process for the same. Personal Mortgages, A mortgage is a conditional agreement in writing, and called personal when given on per- sonal property, which means all kinds of posses- sions except real estate. Any form of words will constitute a mortgage, which obviously n LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. 121 show that the mortgagee intended to secure a debt due from the mortgager. If but this one feature be apparent, the instrument is in both law and equity a mortgage, and on proof of pay- ment of the debt becomes dead, and this is true although no defeasance is expressed. Still, a clear form in all respects is always best. The mortgage laws of the States are substan- tially the same as to real estate, but for personal property greatly differ. Some of the States treat a personal mortgage void, absolutely so, as against previous creditors or purchasers, with or without notice. Others again treat such instru- ments as void, unless the mortgagee takes and keeps possession of the mortgaged goods until his debt is paid. In New- York the law is, that a personal mortgage is good, and that the mort- gager can remain in possession ; that is, the pre- sumption of law makes it valid, and it is left for any one who seeks to avoid it to show that it is bad in fact, a mere covert operation to stave off creditors, and not, as it purports on its face, a security for a bona fide debt. Those who trace out legal principles to the elaborature of a practical statute, will see the difference in these personal mortgage laws to be, that some juris- dictions consider that they ought to be and are prima facie void, while in New- York they are prima facie good. Bill of Sale. The bill of sale is often used as a mortgage. 122 LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. The only difference is, that this instrument on its face is absolute. It is not a security, but an actual sale of the specific property, and is only used as a mortgage by a tacit understanding be- tween the parties which is outside of the instru- ment itself In those States which recognise the validit}^ of the mortgage, there is no necessi- ty for its adoption as such ; but in States which treat the mortgage as void, it may be sometimes necessarily called into use. In its simple form it is of course in constant use. In this instru- ment no set form of words are requisite. It must show a sale of goods, quantity, kind, and value, and a specific consideration to be paid, or which has been paid. In all cases of a Bill of Sale the possession of the vendor is the posses- sion of the purchaser on the complete execution of this agreement, and from the instant the seller becomes the bailer of him who has bought. Leases. Like all other contracts, bind according 4o their terms and the expressed intentions of the parties. There are, however, some legal pre- sumptions which obtain in such contracts, which are peculiar to them. The landlord has a right to distrain (in New-York) the goods and chat- tels of the tenant by a legal process, called a dis- tress warrant, which in effect gives him a prefer- ence over other creditors. He has also a sum- mary mode of ejecting the tenant under a war- rant for dispossession, in which he proceeds by LAWS OF COLLECTION AMD TRADE. 123 affidavit. If he establish three facts, namely, that the rent is due and unpaid, and the tenant has no goods or chattels on which he can levy by execution, the lease is determined. There is in this law a most absurd feature, it seems to us. How can an issue of the facts be made upon which a court and jury are to pass ? By a counter affidavit only of the tenant. This is the statute. Then we have the strange anomaly of an action at law, in which the declaration and plea, that is, what the parties think they shall be able to prove on trial actually, absolutely sworn to, in order to get into court ; and to cap the climax a trial had on these affidavits to ascertain whether the landlord or tenant has sworn to the truth. In all law suits we take it for granted one of the parties must lose and the other win. Nor can an issue be made up under this statute in which one of the two is not subjected to the charge of perjury, and in fact both may be ; for suppose in the three facts the landlord proves but one and fails on two, and the tenant estab- lishes those two and fails on the one, both are perjured according to law ; for it is not neces- sary that the whole statement should turn out false, but any material fact. This is a view which has been taken by the writer, and in truth it has been so construed and acted upon. And an indictment of this kind is now pending in the Criminal Court of New-York. We have passed in brief over some of the laws in daily use, giving some of them, but by no means all. All know from experience the 124 LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. difficulties to be encountered in legal proceed- ings. We have given these few legal principles in a shape to prevent litigation, but what pre- vents also cures. It is not the place here to suggest a remedy for the tedious proceedings in pursuing remedies, and the immense expenses incurred under our present jurisprudence. One thing, nothing short of a pruning-hook which cuts away root and branch of the present system, can accomplish much. A code of law, simple and clear, and condensed into a few hundred pages, would be the commencing point, and then a new mode of making up the issues for trials. It is now quite uncertain, not that one may have merits perhaps, but that he can get the declara- tion through to execution and final satisfaction. The fixed sciences of evSry kind for the last few years have been brought down to the com- prehension of a child, 3'et law is as confused as ever. If there is a possibility of reducing them to a science, a clear and demonstrative collect of maxims, then are we far from the true path. Much of beaut}^ and logical truth is contained in special pleadings as they now stand, and are practiced ; yet the hardships of law-suits and their uncertainty do but make the suiters dread the tribunals which all ought to respect and love. They should be the guardians, the foster- fathers of the people, before which the parties appear in friendship and honesty, to settle their differences, of whatever kind, by a higher equi- table rule than they themselves are able to de- monstrate and apply. Now the man of little tech- IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL POINTS. 125 nical quibbles is too often the able lawyer, the successful one, while he whose intellect grasps eternal principles feels disgusted at the jackstraw game, and, wrapt in moody silence, looks wdth indifferent contempt to the superficial farces which are enacted and called justice. Our crimmal laws are evaded in such a manner as to startle the dull senses of the comnnunity now and then, and we are forced to cry out that some- thing must be done to remedy the evil. Let us not think lightly of a loose and uncertain civil adjudication, in which dollars and cents, instead of life and liberty are involved, for we should remember that the support of life and family de- pendence, are often the real stakes instead of what appears on the face of the papers. CHAPTER X. IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL POINTS- Trade J its Character and Future Prospects ^ and its Evils. Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Charleston, Mobile, and New Orleans, consti- tute the Atlantic outlets of the Union, and the principal ports of entry. If the question arises as to which of these cities offer the greatest facilities of trade, it can in general terms be an- swered by a comparativ^e view of their size, 1^6 IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL POINTS. •which is nearly as follows : as often as Mobile^ is one, New York is twenty, Philadelphia ten, Boston five, Baltimore five, Charleston two, and New Orleans four. They are all, it will be borne in mind, commercial cities, built up by trade, and depending on it for their present and luture prosperity. Each may be, and is, in fact, a preferable mart for specific commodities, but the view we wish to elucidate is the gene- ral comparative. New York stands pre-eminent in the catalogue. It is the best market in the Union, the best but one in the world. A refe- rence to other chapters in this work will demon- strate this conclusion ; no city in the world, London excepted, has so large a commerce, and no city suifers such heavy annual losses. The great bulk of sales are on time, by which we mean that the merchant passes his goods over to the purchaser, and takes his obligation to pay. Now" in this he encounters twent3^-six to thirty different codes of law, different modes, in plain terms, of enforcing payment. A professional lawyer can only, by study of books, decide the necessary steps to pursue, that is, he has to con- sult the lex loci contracttis^ or the law where the contract was made, and also the law where the contract is to be enforced. The construc- tion or meaning of the parties on the face of an agreement to pay, is governed by the law where the bargain is made. The execution of the law according to the statute or custom of the resi- dence of the debtor. Every merchant in sell- ing should look to these things ; it is important. IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL POINTS. 1 2". In North Carolina, for instance, all debts due in the state are payable before the claim of a non-resident, and a note or obligation signed by the debtor before a book account. In Ohio the property of the debtor in execu- tion must be valued and sold for two-thirds at least its valuation ; if real estate the sale is void without the valuation. If personal property, the same, if the debtor makes the demand, and it is difficult in forced sales to sell for two-thirds the actual value ; in a high state of the money market, impossible. The sta}^ laws of Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, and Mississippi, are of this nature. In Louisiana the laws are sui generis as compared to those of the other states. Their radix is French, and few in this city of our business men- could give any idea of the modus operandi of their execution. The wife there may hold in her own right property which in New York would be vested in the husband, and as her'sit is not liable for his debts. The question of responsibility is settled by what a purchaser is worth, which is based, of course, on the ability of the vendor, in case of non-pay- ment, to apply the debtor's property by law to the satisfaction of his demand. The brief view here given does not give the requisite informa- tion, and our design is answered if we call at- tention sufficiently to this subject. The writer is preparing a work which will give the mer- chants correct information on this head, and em- brace all the states of the Union. Trade is very fluctuating in the United States ; why so ? 128 IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL POINTS. The history of the last fifteen years will answer. Owing to the fluctuating legislation of the states and the federal government, the currency and importations are creatures of law, and what has been law as it respects both, has been and is various. We have had within this time high tariffs and low ones ; we have had and now have, in currency, all sorts of paper and specie. Theories not merely as theories, but practical or impracticable facts are mixed up together. Now to encounter this state of things who is prepared.^ what man, when he invests his capital, can see w^ith any certainty a return of such investment ? We know that enterprise and mercantile skill does encounter all ; but fatally in many cases, we also know, and uncertain in all. The common desire now of merchants is, that we may have a settled state of things, and despair- ing of anything better, here stop, yet a change, that is, a chaos reduced to order must take place before such a desideratum can be realized, for it is the conflicting institutions out of which this confusion and irregularity grows, and the tree will always bear bitter fruit. The judicial systems of the states are one and all bundles of good and evil, being in some respects what law should be, the perfection of human reason, and in others being exactly what law should not be, ob- solete impracticabilities and absurd and charlatan experiments. We do not propose to do more than name this subject ; but what is the use of laws which only foil and entrap us when they should be our guides and bulwark of safety. They EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. 129 are not too recondite and profound to be under- stood, but they are too conflicting and intangible to reconcile to reason and reduce to safe practice. We are involved in litigious expenses, and when we seek legal redress we as often get a legal dressing out, not because of any defect in our claim or proofs, but because we are not lucky in all the sinuosities and twistings required to be taken from the summons till final sale on execu- tion. CHAPTER XL EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. It is usual, in a statistical work, to give the number and grade of literary and scientific insti- tutions, location, endowments, resources, number of professors, students, &c. But, a dry enume- ration of this kind is unnecessary. We have in the United States about 300 colleges ; of these we may say that but ten or twelve are eminent, either for the character of their professors or their course of study ; admitting that they graduate 3000 annually, and the liberally educated are one to every seven thousand of our population. Our common school systems, however, are the great Colleges of the people, and in the six eas- tern states, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachu- setts, Vermont, Connecticut and Rhode Island, and in New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 130 EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. Ohio and most of the western States, and some of the southern, afford the opportunity of a rudi- mental knowledge of English literature ; the mathematics of common arithmetic, penman- ship, general geography, and the definitions and nature of the most prominent natural sciences. Nothing, in our estimation is, more absurd than the continuance year after year of the old Latin and Greek jargon, and the roundabout syllogis- tical cut, and try, and rule, and line modes of in- struction ; we have some noble exceptions. There are individuals who really instruct in a pleasing and inductive manner, yet for the most part American education is but a straight jacket performance into which the youth is forcibly in- cased, tending rather to trammel and confine the powers of intellect, than to strengthen and en- large their scope. The poor child, whether male or female, con- siders the process as most excruciating torture ; and submits to it tamely just in proportion as he or she lack real spirit or native genius and talent. We would not say a word to lessen the efforts of any to spread and disseminate truth ; It is not the truth at which we strike the blow, but the very awkward (to use a mild term) system pur- sued in initiating the young mind into a set round of cabalistic mysteries. If this were edu- cation, then indeed might we look with some complacence on the process, but such is not the case. Why (we would ask) make not our schools the miniature theatres of actual life, and let the youth feel and see that he is learning to EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. 131 live and move in the world about him, that there is something tangible and practical in every step, something that he can use to his advantage and profit, and without which he would suffer incon- venience ? It appears to us that for a practical education common sagacity would dictate such a course- Now were each of our common schools furnished with apparatus for simple experiments as to the mechanical powers in natural philoso- phy, hydrastatics and hydraulics, &c. ; a cabinet of minerals, a limited chemical laboratory, steam- engine, and mill models ; another depot represent- ing articles of trade ; the pupils to constitute among themselves firms, joint stock companies, for banking, insurance and commerce, or any other deal, and now let the teachers who super- intend these departments see that all is carried on according to the most approved forms in use among the older children, that is as among men, and in as strict reference to the laws of the land as the latter must ever observe. This brings in another branch, the elements of civil and crimi- nal jurisprudence, a necessity of understanding which will be felt by the pupil from the nature of his previous studies. Then government, with its departments, legislative, executive and con- stitutional, may constitute a higher grade ; we do not here give by any means a system ; that is not our purpose. We have named this course only to show what should and might be taught in place of what now is. The still higher branches which we have not named ; those stu- dies which look into nature not merely to see a 132 EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. motion or a thing but a cause and traceable effect in everything, and that philosophy which studies man not only in his actions but his capabilities, would necessarily follow, shedding over all a light in which Grecian and Roman superstitions would stalk like the ghosts of departed monsters : the belief in which has settled down on the hu- man mind of the past like a deadly nightmare, revolting alike to reason, intelligence and revela- tion, and the nature and interests of man. What is the special use of the quids and gild's of the Latin to the young man who spends his two to three years to be able to ring their changes ? what their intrinsic value in his intercourse with the masses ? Let the thousands whose valuable time has been squandered in committing them to memory answer. If they are frank they will say that they are more than useless, they are an actual incumbrance. The people look with con- tempt on such gibberish, and distrust the man who uses it ; they write him down, it may be, as educated, but it is as an educated fool. We append the following on New York com- mon schools as worthy of deep consideration. It shows that the empire state has done enough for a rich, a precious harvest ; will she realise it ? We shall see. The general organization of the system is as follows : The head and centre of the system is the Se- cretary of Slate, who is, by virtue of that office, Superintendent of Common schools. T}«e other permanent administrative agents of COMMON SCHOOLS. 133 the s^'-stem, as constituted by law, are the Clerks and Treasurers of counties ; the Supervisors, School Commissioners, Inspectors, Clerks and Collectors of towns ; and the Trustees, Clerks and Collectors of school districts ; all of whom are elected by the people, except the Treasurers of counties, who are appointed by the county Boards of Supervisors. The Comptroller and the Treasurer of the State are associated with the financial action of the system. In the year next following each census of the State, whether taken under the authority of the State, or of the United States.^, that is, once in every five years, it is the duty of the State Su- perintendent to apportion the moneys arising fronrj the Common School Fund among the counties, and the quota of each county among the towns and cities therein, according to the ratio of the population in each, compared with that of the whole State. He then certifies such apportion- ment to the Comptroller, and sends notice there- of to each County Clerk, stating the day on which the moneys will be payable. That day is the 1st of February in each year, and the moneys are paid by the State Treasurer, on the warrants of the Comptroller, to the several Coun- ty Treasurers, who pay over the town quotas to the School Commissioners of the respective towns, to be distributed among the school dis- tricts. Each County Clerk, on receiving from the State Superintendent notice of the appointment, must give notice thereof to the Clerk of the Su- 12 134 COMMON SCHOOLS. pervisors, to be laid before their Board at their next meeting, and they must thereupon assess an equal amount upon the towns, to be collected by the town collectors, with legal fees, as they col- lect their other town taxes. The levy of this tax is the statutory condition on w^hich the School Fund money is distributed to the districts. These School Commissioners are three in number, elected annually in each town, and they are constituted by statute a corporation so far as to enable them to hold property for the use of the schools in the town, and to sue and be sued in their official capacity. They also set off, ar- range and modify the school districts ; and it is their duty annually, in July, to report in writing to the County Clerk, the number of districts in their town ; the time during which the schools have been kept therein by qualified teachers ; the amount of School Fund money received, as well as the amount received from the Town Collector ; the whole number of pupils actually attending school, distinguishing the number over five and under sixteen years of age ; and, in short, to report everything relating to their du- ties, and the general legal and educational con- dition of the schools. The three Inspectors in each town, together with the Commissioners, constitute a Board for ascertaining, by examination, the qualifications of teachers. Any two of the Board make a quo- rum, and their certificate of qualification is neces- sary to entitle a district to the actual receipt of its quota of the School Fund money. COMMON SCHOOLS. 135 The Trustees of the Districts are also a corpo- ration so far as to enable them to hold property for the use of the District. They take charge of the school houses, their erection and repair ; they make the contracts with the teachers, pro- vide fuel for the schools ; call meetings of the taxable inhabitants of the district, for levying whatever assessment may be necessary for dis- trict purposes, and apportion the assessments ; direct the manner in which the rate-bills for teacher's wages shall be made up, with authority to say who shall be exempted for poverty ; in short, they have charge of all the pecuniary con- cerns of the district, and they must make a re- port annually to the School Commissioners, who, as already stated, report to the County Clerk, and he to the State Superintendent, thus making the chain of accountability complete. In 1S38 and 1839 the District School Li- braries were established by acts of the Legis- lature empowering each school district to raise by tax $20 the first year, and $10 in every sub- sequent year, for the foundation and annual en- largement of a library for the special use and benefit of the district school ; and provision was made for the proper custody and circulation of the books. The property in the library was vested like other district property, in the district trustees — and in aid of these libraries it was also enacted that $55,000 from the annual income of the U. S. Deposit Fund should be distributed every year among the school districts, in the same manner as other school moneys, with the 136 COMMON SCHOOLS. proviso that at the end of five years the respec- tive quotas ot" the districts might be thencefor- ward applied either to the further enlargement of the libraries, or to the payment of teachers' wages, at the option of the several districts. In 1841 some important changes were made in the administrative agencies of the system. One of those changes was the creation ot a De- puty Superintendent General, with the au- thority to perform the duties of the State Super- intendent in case of the absence or temporary disability of the latter, or the vacation of his office. Another important modification introduced in 1841 was made by the enactment directing the Board of Supervisors in each county to appoint a County Superintendent, and in case of 200 or more school districts in a county, two such Su- perintendents, to hold office for two years, but removable for cause shown ; and it was made their duty to visit all schools within their respec- tive jurisdictions, to examine into all matters touching the condition and character of the schools, as well as the practical working of the entire system in all its parts, and to make full report thereon every year, to the State Superin- tendent. For every day of actual service in dis- charging the duties of his office such Superinten- dent is entitled to receive $2, but with the pro- viso that the whole pay should not exceed, in any one y?ar, $500 to any one Superintendent. In 1843 some further modifications were made in the organism of the system. The number of COMMON SCHOOLS. 137 school districts in a county prescribed as the con- dition for appointing two County Superinten- dents, was reduced from 200 to 150 ; the offices of School Commissioners and Inspectors in the towns, were abolished, and in their stead Town Superintendents were created, to be elected at the annual town-meetings, with the other town officers ; and in some further provisions relative to the election in each school district, of three trustees, a clerk, a collector, and a librarian for the district, it was enacted that the trustees should hold office three years, but classed so that one should go out and one be elected every year. Though these changes were made in relation to the functionaries of the system, yet the func- tions themselves, being abundantly ample and well defined, were left, under the act of 1843, very much the same as they were before ; it being the chief object of the act to secure greater activity, vigilance, and energy, in the exercise of those functions, and in the general administration of the system, by making a more judicious ar- rangement and application of the proper agencies, aud by a more efficient concentration of respon- sibilities. The wisdom of these modifications has already been evinced by the improvement in the actual working of the system and the rising condition of the schools. As the powers and duties of the Town Super- intendents, in their main scope and spirit, and even in their more important particulars, are es- sentially very much the same, under the act of 1843, as were those of the Commissioners and 21* 138 COMMON SCHOOLS. Inspectors under the previous laws, the general outline thereof, already presented, is sufficiently full and precise for the purposes of this sketch ; all that is further required for a correct idea of this portion of the system, as it now stands, being simply to substitute the words " Town Superin- tendents " for ^' Commissioners " and " Inspec- tors," whenever they occur in any of the pre- vious paragraphs. So in reference to the district trustees, the most important provision of the act of 1843 is the extension of their term to three years, but so classing them that one shall go out, and one be elected, every 3^ear. Their powers and duties, however, continue so essentially the same that no further specification than has already been given, is demanded for the purpose of this gene- ral sketch. The duties of the clerks, collectors, and libra- rians of the school districts, are sufRciently indi- cated by their official designations. All the moneys from every source intended for the benefit of the district schools, being brought together in the hands of the Town Superinten- dent, it is his duty, as early as the 1st Tuesday of April in each year to apportion them among the districts in the towns, which have made the annual reports required by law, according to the number o^ resident children between five and six- teen years of age. One fifth of the money goes to the benefit of the libraries and is called " libra- ry money," ; and if, in any district of fifty chil- dren, the library exceeds 125 volumes, or 100 COMMON SCHOOLS. 139 volumes in any smaller district, then such money- may be applied to the purchase of globes, maps, and other apparatus, by a vote of the district. The other three fifths of the money to be distri- buted must be applied to the payment of teach- ers' wages. To entitle a district to receive its quota of *' teachers' money," it must have had a school taught by a legal teacher, for at least four months during the preceeding year, and all such money received during that year, must have been actu- ally applied to the payment of a teacher ; nor can such quota be received by any district in which a school in all respects legal has not been taught for more than one month. In addition to the powers and duties of the County Superintendents relative to the examina- tion of teachers, the granting and revoking of their certificates, the inspection of the schools, and the supervision of the entire system in all its departments and details, within their respective jurisdictions, the act of 1843 further authorizes them to hear and determine appeals from the Town Superintendents, or the district authorities, on all questions arising under the school acts, in- stead of being required as formerly to make such appeals directly to the State Superintendent, to whom, however, cases may still be taken in the last resort, if notice thereof be served in fifteen days ; otherwise the decision of the County Su- perintendent is final. This appellate authority in the Count}'^ Superintendent saves a great deal of trouble, expense, and delay to the districts, and 140 NORMAL SCHOOL. to individuals, gives increased energy to the ad- ministration of the school system, and works well in all respects. Such is a general sketch of ihe frame work of the Common School System of this State, as modified by the act of 1843, and regarded as a distinct whole. In preparing this sketch, the main outlines of the system as formerly organiz- ed, have been retained, in the belief that the mo- difications would thus be better understood and the account be rendered more instructive and useful. NORMAL SCHOOL. This School was first opened in the city of Albany, on the ISth of December, 1844, in pur- suance of an act of the State Legislature passed at the next preceeding session, and as organized by a board called, " The Executive Com- mittee OF THE State Normal School," con- sisting of the Secretary of State as Superinten- dent General of Common Schools, made by the act member and chairman of the Committee by virtue of his oflace, and four other persons ap- pointed by the Regents of the University, with a Secretary appointed by the Committee. The more important permanent regulations of this school are the following : There are to be two terms in each year, one to commence on the second Wednesday in April and to continue twenty weeks, with two sessions in each secular day except Saturday ; the other ^. 1 NORMAL SCHOOL. 141 term to commence on the third Wednesday in October and to continue twenty-one weeks, with one regular dail}' session, and occasional extra sessions at the discretion of the Principal and the the Executive Committee. The branches of knowledge required by law to be taught in the District Schools, viz : ortho- graphy, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and English grammar, are to be taught with special care and thoroughness in the Normal School ; and in addition thereto, the following, viz : physiology, History of the United States, natural philosophy, algebra, geometry, survey- ing, application of science to the arts, use of globes, intellectual and moral philosophy, with such other branches as the Executive Committee may, from time to time direct. Meantime, ex- ercises in vocal music, drawing, and English composition are to be performed by all the pupils throughout the entire course of their studies at the Normal School. In the district-school portion of the aforesaid studies, instruction for the present, so far as the nature of those studies will allow, is to be given by topics, the pupils using such text-books as they may find most convenient. That is, the teacher is to exercise his pupils in these studies, without using any text-book himself, during the exercises, but by taking up the respective topics which they embrace and conducting his pupils through them, by a series of oral exercises and examinations, the pupils preparing themselves for the purpose, by the use of such books and 142 ^■ORMAL SCHOOL. Other apparatus as they may possess, or pre- fer. The State pupils^ (who are to be selected by the Boards of Supervisors in the several counties, or in their failure to act, by the County and Town Superintendents in joint meeting, and in the same ratio as Members of Assembly,) are to be admit- ted into the Normal Sohool at the commencement of a term, on presenting certificates from the proper county authorities. Volunteer pupils, in order to be admitted, must declare their intention to become teachers of district schools, must pre- sent satisfactory testimonials of good moral char- acter, from a County or Town Superintendent, and must be able to sustain a full and thorough examination by the Principal of the Normal School, in at least all district-school studies. The pupil's title to a certificate as a well-qua- lified teacher, on leaving the Normal School is to depend, not on the length of time he may have spent there, but on his attainments and his moral character, except that no pupil shall be entitled to such a certificate who shall not have remain- ed in the School at least one full term : and no certificate, except one of full qualifications, shall be given at all. The internal and disciplinary regulations of the school are placed in the discretion of the Principal, as circumstances may suggest them, subject, however, to the approval of the Execu- tive Committee before they can take effect. Since the close of the first term, which was chiefly tentative and experimental, the regula- NORMAL SCHCOL. 143 tions provide that an equal number of volunteer and state pupils may be received from each county ; and if any county fail to send its quota of pupils, the Executive Committee may, at their discretion, receive volunteers from other counties, till the whole number in the school shall reach 256. The Executive Committee allowed the State pupils during the first term, if females, $1,25, and if males $1 per week for board. Volunteer pupils have their tuition and text-books gratis ; but they must pay tor their own board and other expenses. The school opened with 29 pupils, and at the end of five weeks, (when the first and only re- port yet made was prepared, dated Jan. 29, 1845,) the number had increased to 93, of whom 67 were state pupils, and 26 volunteers. The same report states that the branch of the Normal School, to be called " the Experimental School," in which the pupils of the Normal School are to test their skill as teachers, by practising the art of teaching, was to be opened at the beginning of the first regular term, to com- mence on the 2d Wednesday of April then next. A donation to the Normal School to found an " Educational Library," has been made by the executors of the late James Wadsworth of Geneseo, from the proceeds of certain funds left by that eminent friend of popular education, to be disbursed in such manner as should be deem- ed best calculated to promote the well-being and efficiency of the schools of the people. 144 COMMON SCHOOLS. The Normal School act provides that the state pupils shall be selected, in the several counties, by the Board of Supervisors, from per- sons of both sexes, not less than 18 years old, if males, nor less than 16 years old, if females, nominated by the county superintendents ; the list of nominees to contain all the candidates for selection the counties can furnish, of whose fit- ness the superintendents can obtain reasonable certainty. The test of such fitness must be such attainments in knowledge, and such moral standing as would entitle the candidate to the legal certificate of competency as a district school teacher ; for it is not the purpose of the Normal School to impart elementary instruction in the district school studies, but to take persons already possessing those primary qualifications, and pre- pare them to become accomplished and efficient teachers^ not merely of those elementary branch- es, but of other and higher departments of sound learning, and above all, to discipline their minds in the knowledge, and form their habits to the practice of the most enlightened methods of in- tellectual culture and moral training. The state is divided into 10,990 school dis- tricts, averaging a little over four square miles each. This, supposing the school-houses to be, as they generally are, centrally situated, brings the remotest children of each district within about a mile of the school. The whole amount of the moneys applicable to the support of the Common Schools and dis- COMMON SCHOOLS. 145 trict libraries of the State, for the year ending Dec. 31st, 1844, was as follows : Apportioned by the State $275,000.00 Equal amount raised by Supervisors 275,000.00 Voluntarily raised by Towns 18,000.00 Raised in Cities under special laws 200,000.00 Proceeds of local funds 18,000.00 Total, $786,000.00 Of this sum, four-fifths, as already stated, go to the payment of teachers' wages, and the other one-fifth to the increase of the district libraries, or to the supply of these schools with maps, :^lobes, and other apparatus. The number of districts making reports ac- cording to law, for the year ending December Ust, i843, was 10,857, and in them, schools .vere maintained for an average period of eight nonths during the same year. The whole number of Common School chil- Iren, that is, children between the ages of 5 and 16 years, residing in the state, excluding the :ity of New-York, was 611,548 ; and the whole lumber attending school, during portions of the ■same year, again excluding the city of New- York, was 650,199. The number as reported attending the public schools in the city of New- York, during said year, was 58,257, which gives 709,156 as the whole number of children which attended school more or less during said year, in the entire state. This is rising 50,000 over the preceding year. Of the whole number nearly 20,000 attended the whole year j 30,000 13 14tf COMMON SCHOOLS. ■ for at least ten months ; 65,000 for at least eight months ; 150,000 for at least six months ; 284,000 for at least four months ; and 474,000 for at least two months ; leaving still about 235,000 who attended for less than two months. The statement also shows that of the number attending school during said year, excluding the city of New- York, 3,865 were not within the ages of 5 and 16 years. The whole number of pupils engaged in the study and practice of vocal music, increased during the year, from 10,220 in the winter time, to 47,618 ; and in the summer term from 17,632 to 43,243. " The introduction of this exercise has been attended by the happiest effects on the minds and morals of the pupils." During said year there has also been a gradual but obvious improvement in the school-houses, grounds, and appurtenances. Of the 9,038 schools visited during said year, 8,340 school- houses were of framed wood ; 566 of brick ; 523 of stone ; and 526 of logs ; showing an increase in the number of brick houses of 120 ; of framed wood, 650 ; and a diminution of log-built houses of 145, since the preceding annual report. There still remain, however, about 3,000 dis- tricts with school-houses unfit for their proper purposes, and more than double that number lamentably deficient in proper appurtenances. The whole amount of public money actually applied to the payment of the wages of teachers legally qualified, was $544,656,06 ; and to the purchase of books for the district libraries, COMMON SCHOOLS. 14T $94,950,54. The amount raised by rate-bills for teachers' wages, was 447,565,97, which, added to the public money applied to the same purpose, makes $992,222,03, as the aggregate amount of teachers' wages paid during the year. The average monthly wages of the male teachers varies but little from $14,00 ; while of the female teachers the average is about $7,00 ex- clusive of board. The whole amount of public money received and apportioned b}^ the Town Superintendents among all the districts, making the reports re- quired by law, was $732,559,51 — of which $539,069,32 were applicable to teachers' wages, and $94,647,10 to the increase of the libraries. In the city of New- York $90,597,05, and in Kings Co. (Brooklyn,) nearly $3,000 were ap- plied, under special enactments, to the purchase of sites, the building of school-houses, &c. The whole number of volumes in all the dis- trict libraries is 1,038,296 ; and the Superintend- ent states that he had taken measures to ascer- tain the extent of circulation of these volumes, as well as the general scope of their contents. Among the collateral aids of the Common School system, the Superintendent refers, in terms of commendation, to educational publications, lec- :ures, organized associations, occasional conven- tions of Superintendents, and espcially to ''Teachers' Institutes" for improvement in the art of teaching, and thus bearing, to some extent, the character of normal schools. tiS COMMON SCHOOLS. COMMON SCHOOL FUND. This fund is made up as follows, viz : bonds for state lands sold, and for loans of the fund moneys ; bank and state stocks in which moneys of the fund have been invested ; bonds for the old state loans of 1792 and 1808, and for loans in 1840 ; all which together constitute what is called the " productive fund." The amounts of the several items of this fund are as follows : Capital. Bonds for State lands sold, ,^975,711,18 " for Fund moneys loaned, - 338,561,87 " for State loans of 1792, 110,671,23 •* *♦ " 1808, 214,886,26 1840, 8,200,00 Shares in Merchant's bank, N. Y., 52,300,00 « Manhattan company, N. Y., 50,000,00 Certain stocks of this State, 23,200,96 Cash in State Treasury, 219,384,85 Total productive capital of Fund, #1,992,916,35 The unproductive portion of this fund consists of the remaining and unsold lands of the state, amounting to 358,000 acres lying chiefly in the northern, or fourth senate district, and estimated by the Surveyor-general at $179,000, or an average of fifty cents per acre. The receipts and disbursements of this fund for the year ending September 30, 1844, (the close of the fiscal year,) as gathered from the annual report of the comptroller dated January 20, 1845, were as follows : COMMON SCHOOLS. 149 Balance of revenue in hand, Sept. 30, 1843, $69,010,68 Int. on bonds for lands, $;60,541,16 on loans, 40,12.5,41 on loan of 1792, 6,097,13 *< «« 1808, 11,857,02 " *•' 1840, 2,533,41 Rents for lands leased, 328,07 Dividends on bank shares, 4,079,40 Interest on stock of the state, 1,360,04 Amount transferred from general fund for interest on money in the trea- sury belonging to the capital of Common School fund, 6,905,17 133,826,81 Appropriated from the income of U. S. deposit fund, 165,000,00 Total rec's for the year ending Sep. 30, 1844, ^367,837,49 DISBURSEMENTS. Amount of moneys apportioned and paid out to Common Schools, $275,000,00 Paid to the Shinnecock Indians, under chap. 148 of laws of 1841, 80,00 Amount transferred to Canal Fund, for interest on certain bonds up to the time of their transfer to Common School fund, 3,738,03 Total Disbursements, #278,818,03 This sum of $278,818,03 being deducted from the total receipts, say $367,837,49, leaves a balance in hand of $89,019,46, at the close of the fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1844. The strict revenue of the Common School Fund proper, excluding all receipts from any 13* is4 COMMON SCHOOLS. other source, is stated en page five of the Comp troller's annual report, dated January 20, 1845 at $133,826,51 ; and the productive capital c said fund at $1^,992,916,35, as already given ii this account. The CAPITAL of this Fund varies from year t( year, not only from new sales of lands of the fund, by v^hich means unproductive capital i^ converted into productive, but it varies also ir the form of investment, from the payment anc cancelling of bonds for lands and loans which had been drawing interest, and from the invest- ment of the proceeds of such payments, and oi other cash on hand, in new bonds, or other securities. This account, with th ccapital of the Fund for the fisca] year ending Sept. 30, 1844, shows the following results. Amount of new bonds for lands sold, $S,186,Sl *' invested in bonds for Canal Fund lands transferred to School Fund, 8,653,33 " new bonds from Commissioners of Canal Fund for moneys so invested, 23,143,15 *' rec'd for principal of bonds for lands, 65,845,0(5 for loans, 28,763,41 *' loan of 1792, 2,591,50 «' «' •« " 1808, 4,288,69 ** " " " 1840, 25,000,00 " for redemption of lands resold for non- payment of interest, 486,88 " for first payments on new sales of lands, 9,573,22 Of the above items, the first, or new bonds for lands, the amount received for redemption of lands, and the amount of first payments on lands COMMON SCHOOLS. 161 sold, making in all $18,249,91, go to increase the productive capital of the fund ; the small sum of $426,71 being a surplus on resale of land refunded to the person having the claim to said land, after paying the dues to the fund, is the only item of decrease, and being deducted leaves a nett increase of $17,823,20. All the other items only vary the form of investment. The total amount of the fund at the close of the fiscal year, Sept. 30, 1S42, was ^'1,976,093,15 To which add the real increase of 1844, 17,823,20 And it makes the productive capital on Sep. 30, 1844, as already stated, ^1,992,916,35 Though this closes the account of the Common School Fund, yet it will be convenient to have, in direct connection with it, a statement of the sums required by law to be raised by the people, for Common School purposes, as the condition of sharing in the distribution of the moneys of the Fund. These sums for 1844, together with the money apportioned from the Fund and other- wise by the State, were as follows : Amount of public moneys apportioned, $275,000,00 Equal amount raised by Supervisors, by town tax, 27-'),000,00 Amount voluntarily raised by towns, 18,000,00 Amounts raised in cities under special acts, 200,000,00 Proceeds of local funds, 18,000,00 Total sum for Schools and Libraries, for 1S44> $786,000,00 152 COMMON SCHOOLa, LITERATURE FUND. I This fund is devoted to the benefit of the in- corporated Academies of the State, as its main object ; and its income is annually apportioned among them by the Regents of the Universit}", to whose visitorial authority they are subject; the actual payment of the several quotas being restricted in each year, however, to such Acade- mies only as shall have made to the Regents the annual report of their affairs and management, as required by law. The capital of this Fund consists of the f»>Ilow- ing items, as stated in the Comptroller's annual report dated January 20, 1845. Capital Certain stocks of this State amounting in all to, $117,720,87 100 shares of $Q0 each in Albany In- surance Company, G,000,00 579 shares of #28 each in N. Y. State Bank, 16,212,00 23 shares of $20 each in Canal Bank Albany, 4G0,0D 2554 shares of $50 each in Merchant's Bank, N. Y., 127,700,0Q Money in the Treasury, 897,70 Total productive capital. #268,990,57 To this fund also belongs about 11,000 acres of land unsold, and therefore not yet productive ; when sold and converted into bonds it will be- gin to produce income. 1 COMMON SCHOOLS. 153 Revenue of Literature Fund for year ending September 30th, 1844. Balance on hand Sept. 30, 1843, ^17,525,60 Dividends from Bank and Insurance stock, 12,604,26 Interest on State stock, 5,880,08 Appropriation from income of (J. S. Deposit Fund, 28,000,00 Total income for year ending Sept. 30, 1844, $64,015,94 Disbursements for Literature Fund for same year. Apportioned to Academies, J $40,019,24 Paid for Books, 3,423,03 Paid to Normal School, 20,23 Contingent expenses of Regents' University, 639,51 Year's interest on #4,825 State stock held in trust for Delaware Academy,- 289,50 Total Disbursements for same year, $44,391,55 Balance on hand Sept. 30, 1844. $19,624,38 CHAPTER XII. ELIGIBILITY OF IMPORTANT ROUTES. • From New York westward, the traveller, if he wishes to go by the lakes, will take a Hudson river steamboat to Albany, and at Albany a rail- road car by the way of Utica, Rochester, and Syracuse to Buffalo ; from Buffalo (if he is bound 154 ELIGIBILITY OF IMPORTANT ROUTES. for the interior of Ohio or the Ohio river) to Cleveland, from Cleveland to Columbus, Ohio, and from Columbus to Cincinnati, which is on the Ohio river. The distances will be seen under the proper head. This is the great north- ern route to the Ohio river ; but should he seek to strike the Mississippi river, say at St. Louis, instead of leaving the lakes at Cleveland, he would continue by steamboat to Chicago and then take stage to Alton, Illinois, and then four- teen miles will bring him to the St. Louis ferry and to the city of St. Louis. In case of high water, which is not to be much depended on, he might strike for the head waters of the Illinois river, and thence by steamboat proceed to St. Louis, or he might strike the Wabash at Lafay- ette and thence by boating proceed to St. Louis. Yet if a traveller is destined for the last named city, he will find, first from here to Philadelphia by railroad, thence to Baltimore by railroad, thence to Cumberland by railroad, thence to Wheeling by stage, and thence to St. Louis by steamboat, not only his quickest but his best and cheapest route. If he is bound from here to New Orleans, and takes an interior line, the last named one would be followed, except thus at Wheeling he would take if possible a steamer direct, without going up to St. Louis, which, both ways from the mouth of the Ohio, would be something over four hundred miles out of his way. The usual practice is to take a boat at Wheeling to Cincinnati, and then if no boat is up for New Orleans, to proceed to Louisvillcj ELIGIBILITY OF IMPORTANT ROUTES. 155 where one can hardly fail of a direct convey- ance at any and all times for the lower coun- try. This route may be put down at about twelve days ; the Atlantic, or as it is sometimes called the great southern route, is about ten days. It is the mail route, and, as will be seen, some- what the quickest. But it is a very bad route ; the fatigue on the river route is nothing in com- parison, for with the exception of about thirty hours, the travel is altogether by steamboat; besides, the river route is the cheapest by at least fifty per cent. Nowhere in the world is travelling so cheap as on our western rivers ; the reason is, that there is no preconcertion among boat owners as to price, and there are almost as many different owners as boats, but to more than anything else probably is this owing that they are all freight boats. Freight is their chief dependence, and they take passengers inciden- tally. Provision or table supplies throughout this whole section of country, are also very cheap. A boat for freight, but carrying passengers, it seems to us would be on the Hudson river a profitable investment, built as on the Mississippi, with great power, so that her tonnage would but little retard her speed ; such a boat, by the expe- rienced traveller, would be preferred to one purely for passage, because she would run much steadier, and her cabins and state-rooms being above deck would be far more pleasant. The majority of merchants also generally, find many- packages which they would much prefer to take along with them on their return. 156 ELIGIBILITY OF IMPORTANT ROUTES. Little need be said as to eastern and northern routes, there is but little choice, and the traveller may take the one or the other without any material variation as to time and price. The thoroughfares of the United States are improving annually, and the facilities of railroad and steamboat travel are now^ to be found almost everywhere. They are not all, however, yet complete ; but the connecting links are in pro- gress, and at an early period to be perfected, "when our outspread and far reaching territory will be as it were a compact state, if we look alone to the requisite time of communication as compared with former years. Within the me- mory of man the distance to Albany has been reduced from three and four days to eight hours, and to other points in similar proportion ; for instance, from New York to Cincinnati on the Ohio, from three weeks to four days, this for the transmission of passengers and goods. The com- munication of intelligence by magnetic telegraph, will be made instantaneous. The latter is an invention which, by suitable arrangements and such improvements as must necessarily suggest themselves, will undoubtedly come into general use as between distant points. In its present condition, if it does not promise so much as the languine at first anticipated, it is less owing pro- bably to the availibility of the galvanic power, ihan the unwise and unbusiness like course pur- sued in some instances in the construction and tnanagemeni of the lines. 157 . - -"^ CHAPTER XIII. 'CONVENIENT RULES FOR COMPUTATION. For the computation of interest and any per •centums. Six Per Cent. Multiply the number of dollars by the num- ber of days, and divide the product by 60, and the quotient will be the interest in cents for the whole time. Example. — What is the interest on $75 for ninety days at 6 per cent. ? 75 X 90 = 6750, and 60)6750(1121 or $1.12i cents, which is the required interest on the sum pro- posed. The reason of the rule is obvious. For 6 per cent, is $6 on $100 for one year, one year if we reckon 30 days to the month, and 12 months to a year is 360 days. If it is $6 for 360 days, for one day it will be 1-360 part of $6 ; 1-360 pa;t of $6 is 6-360 of one dollar, oi 1*60 of a dollar reduced to its lowest terms. If it is 1-60 of a dollar on $100 for a day, on one dollar it will be MOO part of 1-60, which is 1-6000 of a dollar. Then we see that ]-600» part of a dollar is the interest on one dollar for one day at 6 per cent., for 90 days it would be 90 times as much, or 90-6000, which equals six one-eighth of a dollar on $1.12 J as before j for 7 per cent, add one-sixth of the interest ob- 14 258 CONVENIENT RULES FOR COMPUTATION . tained as above to itself, that is, 6). 112^(18^ 75 X 1.12^, is $1,3125, which is the interest for seven per cenli. For 8 per cent, add two-sixths of the interest found for 6 per cent, or proceeding on the demonstraitix)n substituting any assumed rate per cent in the place of 6. It wiJl be seen that this mode of computation is analytic and inductive^ It is embodied in the rule as first given, and amounts to nothing more than finding the value of a fraction, the time multiplied into the rate being at all times its value. The pastime of a clerk or the leisure hour of any man passed oc- casionally in practical demonstrations on various rates per cent., will prove far more efficient than interest tables, and will enable such to compute interest readily and accurately, without anything more than a meatal process. Partnership inter- ests, both with amd without time, insurance brokerage, and commissions, become the same as interest in computation. One rule, one demonstration governs all alike, is comnion (in mathematical language,) to thesn all, and we have given, taking 6 per cent, as a basis, both the application and demonstration. For further instances 5 per cent, commissions is 5- 100 on the transaction, suppose the whole to amount to $500, then fiv'3 one-hundredths of $500 is what we want r one one-hundredths of $500 is $5 ; five one-hundredths is five times as much, or $25^ and $25- is the commission on $500 at 5 per cent. The same may be said of any other rate and any other sum» CONVENIENT RULES TOR COMPUTATION. 159 Assessments of Loss or Gain in Partnerships. The same as we have said is to be observed in computing each partner's share of profit or loss. Suppose A. B. & C. to become partners. A. puts in $500, B. $600, and C. $400, then evidently 500, 600, 400, which is $1,500, is the whole capital stock. Now if they gain, say $500, then $1500 has gained $500, and A.'s $500 of capital must take 500 fifteen-hundredths of the 500 of gain ; 500 fifteen-hundredths \s one-third, and one-third of 500 is $1662. B.'s 600 of capital must take 600 fifteen-hundredths or two-fifths ef the 500, which is 200, and Cs 400 is 400 fifteen-hundredths, or four-fifteenths of the $500 which is $133^. It is thus to be seen that the same rule, the same demonstration applies to all these different departments, and of course there can be no exception where the required computation is in the nature of a per centum, or more correctly, when a certain given sum of money for a given time gains or looses another certain sum, that then what will anoth- Lines. Where Run. Livingston & Wells, - - Albany, Buffalo, &ic. Virgil & Rice, - - - Monl^eal, Quebec, &c. Adams & Co., - - - - Boston, Phila. Cincinnati, AciSx Harnden & Co., - - - Boston, Liverpool, Paris, &c. L. Bigelow, - - - - Throughout New England. Gay & Co , - - - - Boston, &c. Gorton & Co, ^ - *■ - ^ Newport, Providence, &c. Sandford & Shoemaker, - Washington. Wheeling, &Cv Livingston & Co., - * Philadelphia, &c. Greene & Co.> - ^ - - Wheeling, St. Louis, &.c. Child & Co., - - - - Port'.and IBangor, &c. Phillips &. Co., ... - Nev/ Haven, Hartford, &c. Thompson & Co., * - Over Western Railroad. Godfrey, ---.-- New Bedfordv, Taunton^ &c. These lines which have all been organised and put in operation, are found to be of such great Utility as to meel with ample support. They are the best convenient car- riers by far in the country, where despatch and safeJy are required^, _ 16^ A. S. BARNES & CO., WHOLESALE BOOKSELLERS & STATIONERS, No. 51 John-street, (corner of Dutch.) ALVAH T. HATFIELD, BOOK-BINDER, No. 261 Pearl-street. EZRA COLLIER, BOOKSELLER & PUBLISHER. Theological, School, Classical, and Standard BOOKS, 103 Fulton-street, New York. PRICJtS INVARIABLY THE LOWEST. FRANCIS & LOUTREL, STATIONERY WAREHOUSEj No. 77 Maiden Lane, Between William and Gold streets. New York, LEWIS FRANCIS. CYRUS H. LOUTREL. Manufacturers of Account Books^ Croton Inks^ Manifold Letter Writers, (by which the letter is written and copied at the same tim«,) Metallic Paper, d)C. fy^ Foreign and country orders executed at short notice. 166 R. C. ROOT & CO. s ffi A s n ® s^" a m s a AND ACCOUNT-BOOK MANUFACTURERS, No. 152 Pearl-street, corner of Wall. OILED CLOTHING AND COVERED HAT MANUF.\CTORY No. 252 Pearl-street, New York. The subscribers manufacture and keep constantly on hand the largest stock in the United States, embracing €very article in the line, viz : Oiled Long coats Oiled Trousers '* Frock " *' Drawi?trings ^' Jackets Fishermen^'s Over Alls, Covered Palm Leaf Hats. " Sinnett ** Oiled South westers. We would call the attention of dealers in the above articles to our stock, before they purchase, as we can and will sell cheap. LEWIS & HANFORD. SHIRTa We also manufacture all kinds of shirts, viz : Linen bosom shirts all grades and prices, Fancy shirts " " Frilled stripe shirts *' " Flannel '♦ " Which we are enabled to sell at the lowest market |»rices, N. B. — Particular attention given to orders. 167 J. G. SHAW, BLANK-BOOK MANUFACTURER, 110 John-street. THOMAS WOOD LITHOGRAPHER, 117 John-street, New York. CAPS. : MICHAEL GOOPHEIM 104 Maiden -uiNE. MANUFACTURER AN1> IMPORTER OF CLOTH, VELVET AND GLAZED CAPS. Fronts, Tassels, Gimps and Cap stock of every description. WiJl keep constantly on liand a full assortment of above mentioned articles. Country merchants and cap manufacturers will tind it to their advantage to call and examine the above goods, before buying elsewhere. GRANNISS & GILBERT WHOLESALE BOOT AND SHOE STORE, 96 Maiden-lane Constantly on hand a full supply of fine French boots, gaiters and slippers of the latest fashion. 168 BURT, SEARS & BURT, MANUFACTURERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IK BOOTS, SHOES & BROGANS. » Burt, Sears & Co., 63 State st., Boston. Burt, Sears & Burt, 83 Pearl st., N. Y. J. C. MEEKER & HERBERT, WHOLESALE DEALERS IN BOOTS & SHOES, 109 Pearl street, (Hanover Square. J. C. Meeker, > Jacob Herbert, ) J. H. RANSOM & CO. dealers in BOOTS, SHOES, LEATHER, HATS, CAPS, &c., No. 86 Pearl street, and 54 Water, (adjoining Pearl street House.} A.; CLAFLIN, DEALER IN THICK AND KIP BOOTS, BROGANS, &c. 253 Pearl street, (Up Stairs.) 169 CHAMBERLAIN ^ GOLDTHWAIT, BOOT & SHOE DEALERS, No. 277 Pearl Street. CLARK (t SOLOMON, WHOLESALE DEALERS IN BROOMS, PAINTED PAILS, CLOCKS, Wood and Willow Ware, Bird Cages of every variety, brass-bound Pails, Tubs, &c., India and Cotton Twine, Whitewash and Scrub Brushes, Bamboo and Reed Poles, No. 4 Fulton Street, opposite Fulton Market, (Between Front and South sts.) 4 Thomas Clark, John F. Solomon TAGGART & GRAY, dealers in WOODEN WARE AND BROOMS, No. 15 Fulton, cor. of Front street. 15 170 GEORGE W. SMITH, WHOLESALE DKALER IN BROOMS AND PAINTED PAILS, No. 17 Fulton St., (one door from Front.) LEWIS P. PAGE, WHOLESALE DKALER IN BROOMS AND PAINTED PAILS, Nos. 19 & 21 Fulton St., (opposite Front st.) RODERICK LAWRENCE, ' WHOLESALK AND RETAIL DEALER IN ° CARPETINGS, OIL CLOTHS, &c., &c., 47 Canal Street, and 65 Lispenard street. BENJAMIN CLINTON, wholesale and retail dealer in ■ CARPETING, FLOOR OIL CLOTHS, &c., &c., No. 103 Bowery, (Second Carpet Store from Hester Street. Rugs, Mats, Druggits, Window Shades, and every other article in the line constantly on hand. Cheap for Cash. 171 SMALLEY & NELDEN, IMPORTERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN GLASS, CHINA, AND EARTHENWARE, LOOKING-GLASSES AND CLOCKS, 59 Pearl street, (two doors above Broad St.) George C. Smalley, ) George H. Nelden, ) T. & J. S. DAVENPORT, I3IP0RTERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN CHINA, GLASS, AND EARTHENWARE, No. 174 Washington street, (Two doors from Courtlandt street.] Thomas Davenport, James S. Davenport. FREDERICK KELLOGG, importer and wholesale dealer in COMBS, BUTTONS, AND FANCY GOODS, No. 128 Pearl street. 172 JOSEPH BAKER & CO., (Successors to W. ^ W. Corlies^) IMPORTERS OF AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN CHINA, GLASS, AND EARTHENWARE, No. 6 Liberty street. JAMES M. SHAW, IMPORTER AND WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN CHINA, GLASS, AND EARTHENWARE, 70 Chatham street, (Between Pearl and Duane streets.) F. W. OGSBURY, importer AND WHOLESALE DEALER IN EARTHENWARE, CHINA, & GLASS,! No. 56 Courtlandt street, (Between Greenwich and Washington sts.) Hotels and Vessels supplied at the lowest rates. TROWBRIDGE, DWIGHT, & CO., WHOLESALE DEALERS IN CLOTHING, No. 118 Pearl street. ^ J. S. PlERSON, A. G. Jennings 173 J. S. PlERSON & CO., WHOLESALE CLOTHING WAREHOUSE, No. 13 Cedar street, ,Jr. \ Constantly on hand a large assortment of Clothing adapted to the Southern and Western Markets. Also Ladies and Gentlemen's Cloaks. DANIEL DEVLIN, CLOTHING, AT WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, Nos. 27, 29, & 31 John street. F. C. ANDREWS, No. 35 COURTLANDT STREET, N. Y., Manufacturer and dealer in Brass and Wood Clocks, Time-Pieces, &c. Furniture Knobs, &c., at Cost, at wholesale and retail. N. B. Clocks at the lowest cash prices, and Trimmings of all kinds for sale. 15* 174 CLOTHING. JACOB VANDERBILT, 36 Maiden Lane, (Between William and Nassau streets.) Would inform Gentlemen and Boys that they can get fashionable clothing made to order, or ready made, in a style not to be surpassed, much lower than the general prices. N. B. Hundreds of pieces of the most fash- ionable goods — also a very large assortment of ready made garments wholesale and retail. SCHRAGE, KOOP, & CO., No. 54 New street, IMPORTERS OF Drugs, Chemicals, Dye-stuffs, Spices, Painters' and Artists' Colors, Paper Hangings, &c. Also Kentucky Tobacco constantly on consignment and for sale. SAMUEL BOWNE ^ CO., {Successors to Hull ^ Bourne,) WHOLESALE DEALER IN DRUGS, PAINTS, AND DYE-STUFFS, (No. 83 John street, (between Wm. and Gold sts.) 175 LYMAN W. GILBERT, AGENT FOR ALLEBASFS MEDICINES, 46 COURTLANDT StUEET. PAUL POW & CO., DRUGGISTS, No. 96 John Street. HAVILAND, KEESE, & CO., WHOLESALE DEALERS IN DRUGS, MEDICINES, PAINTS, AND OILS, No. 80 Maiden Lane. BOVING & WITTE, IMPORTERS OF DRUGS, DYES, COLORS, CHEMICALS, &c., 94 John street. COMSTOCK, & CO., No. 21 Courtlandt st., New Y'ork, CoMSTocK & Rumsey, 59 Poydras st., New Orleans, Comstock & Ross, 19 Tremont Row, Boston, Comstock's Brother, 69 Second st., St. Louis, Mo. WHOLESALE CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS. 176 192 BROADWAY, (Corner of John st.) TO THOSE WHO SHAVE THEMSELVES. The celebrity of " Ring's Verbena Cream'* throughout the United States has never been approached by any other Shaving Soap. It is firmly believed, nay, indeed, it is universally admitted, that no article hitherto discovered possesses the penetrating, softening effect on the roughest beards, that the genuine Verbena Cream does. Beware of imitations, and observe the written signature, under the directions for use, of " C H. Ring." Prepared, and for sale, wholesale and retail, and for exportation, by C. H. RING, Druggist, 192 Broadway, cor. John street. Ring's candy, for coughs, colds, asthma, croups, and all diseases of the lungs. This Vegetable Cough Candy, prepared from the most approved vegetable remedies for coughs, is fast taking the lead of all other preparations. It is prepared and sold by C. H. Ring, Druggist. The compound Syrup of Hydriodate of Potas- sa, Sarsaparilla and Yellow Dock, the only known sure cure for rheumatism and stiff joints. Recommended by the most eminent physicians in the city. Prepared by CHARLES H. RING, 192 Broadway, cor. John street. 177 MATTHEW V. B. FOWLER, DEALER IN DRUGS AND MEDICINES, PAINTS, OILS, DYE- STUFFS, &c.,&c. No. 88 John street, cor. Gold. W. R. Thompson. BOTANIC GARDEN, NEW LEBANON. WILLIAM T. PEEK, AGENT, No. 94 John street. A full assortment of Roots, Herbs, Extracts, &c., constantly on hand. Also, Powdered Herbs, carefnlly prepared and put up for family use. Blue and Black Writing Inks. United States Thompsonian and Botanic Depot. H. WINCHESTER, 108 John street, wholesale dealer in THOMSONIAN AND BOTANIC MEDICINES, Shakers' Herbs, Garden Seeds, Medical Books, Glass Ware, Syringes, Distilled Waters, Extracts, Ointments, Syrups, and every variety of simple and compound Medicines, usually kept in Botanic Stores. The trade supplied at the lowest market prices 178 ^^Maison de Sante.^^ Depot for the Sale of Genuine Popular MEDICINES, COSMETICS, AND PERFUMERY, BY WYATT & KETCHAM, 121 Fulton Street. JOHNSON, MOORE, & TAYLOR, IMPORTERS OF FRENCH AND ENGLISH DRUGS, CHEMICALS, ESSENTIAL OILS, BRUSHES. PERFUMERY, STATIONERY, &c., 81 Maiden Lane, (Up Stairs, near William.) Oscar Johnson, James Moore, H. E. Taylor. (Jj;^ The lowest prices asked, and noabatemcnt. DINGMAN, BODINE & CO. importers of and dealers in all sorts of french and english STAPLE & FANCY DRY GOODS, 301 Grand-Street, corner of Orchard, Dingjman, Bodine & ]■ NEW- YORK. Thompson. 179 FRANCIS NASH, JOBBER OF SILKS, RIBBONS, AND MILLINERY GOODS. [^ No. 12 John- Street, NEW-YGRK. • J. HAMILTON, : ' WHOLESALE DEALER IN GLOVES, LACES, HOSIERY, AND FANCY GOODS, No. 33 Cbdar-Street, NEW-YORK. WEST, OLIVER & CO. FRENCH, ITALIAN AND INDIA SILK GOODS, ^136 Pearl, and 102 Wat£r-Str££T, 180 LEWIS & GOODMAN, IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS OF CLOTHS, CASSIMERS, VESTJNGS, TAILORS' TRIMMINGS. AND STAPLE & FANCY GOODS, ADAPTED TO MEn's WEAR. No. 47 John-street, Between Nassau and William streets, William E. Lewis, ) ^ ^ ^n„ Myron S. Goodman, J INEW-YUKK. HILL & HARD, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN J DRY GOODS, No. 307 Grand-street, N. Y* B. s. HILL, I rj^^iyjeen Orchard and Ludlow.} G. N. HARD, ) *■ ^0=- Goods not as recomnipnded will be exchanged, or money returned. Goods sent to any part of the City. 181 F. W. HOWE. WHOLESALE DRY GOODS, 79 William and 19 Liberty Street, N. Y. KOHLSAAT BROTHERS, No. 48 John street. Between Nassau and William 6ts.,next to the Church, NEW- YORK, IMPORTERS OF BERLIN ZEPHYR WORSTED, & PARIS FANCY GOODS, PATTERNS, CANVASS, FLOSS SILK. KNOEPFEL & FOOTE, DEALERS IN CLOTHS, CASSIMERES, VESTINGS, SUMMER STUFFS, TAILORS' TRIMMINGS, &c., No. 39 John street. LOCKHART, GIBSON & CO. importers of BRITISH GOODS, No. 74 William street. 16 182 MARSH & COMPTON, STAPLE AND FANCY DRY GOODS, No. 92 Pearl street. WILSON G. HUNT & CO. No. 83 William street, [Corner of Maiden Lane.] IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS IN FRENCH. BELGIAN, GERMAN ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CLOTHS, Capsimers and Doeskins Vestings, Over Coatings, and Summer Groods. Also a large assortment of Goods, adapted to Dry Goods Dealers, Merchant Tailors, and Manufacturers of Clothing. G. & E. RUBEN, IMPORTERS OF ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN GOODS, No. 31 Cedar street, up stairs, NEW-YORK. I 183 L. B. BINSSE & CO., IMPORTERS OF PARIS GOODS AND FANCY ARTICLES, No. 83 William street. G. A. BRETT, WHOLESALE DEALER IN FRENCH AND GFJIMAN FANCY GOODS, 45 Liberty street, (opposite the Post Office,) Up stairs. GEORGE F. GERDING, IMPORTER OF ' GERMAN HARDWARE, Guns, Pistols, Glass Ware, French China Goods, Musical Instruments, Toys, and Fancy Goods in general- 78 Maiden Lane. C. F. A. HINRICHS, (Successor to M. Werckmeister,) IMPORTER AND DEALER IN GERMAN, FRENCH, AND ENGLISH FANCY GOODS. 150 Broadway and 75 Liberty street. 184 HOUGHTON & VAN EPS, ! IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN FANCY GOODS, Tortoise Shell, [vory, Horn, and Metal Combs, But- tons, Brushes, Cutlery, Silver Pencil Cases, Spectacles, Spoons, Jewelry, Perfumery, Needles, Pins, Pocket Books, Clocks, Looking-Glasses, Paper Hangings, &c., No. 5 Cedar street, (up stairs,) Three Doors from Pearl. E. S. Houghton, G. K. Van Eps. LANGERMAN & STEINHART, importers and dealers in FRENCH, GERMAN, AND ENGLISH FANCY GOODS, PERFUMERY, Cloths and Cassimeres, ^Buttons, Combs, Cutlery, Steel Pens, &c., &c., Wholesale and Retail, No. 364 Grand Street. LOUIS ROSENFELD & BROTHER, IMPORTERS OF LOOKING-GLASS PLATES AND FANCY GOODS, No. 29 Cedar street. 185 WEDELES & MEYER, ] IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN FRENCH, GERMAN, AND ENGLISH FANCY GOODS, Steel Pen?, Perfumery, Buttons, Combs, &c., &c.« WILLIAM A. CROCKER & CO., DEALERS IN FANCY GOODS, Tortoise Shell, Ivory, Horn, and Metal Combs, But-» tons, Brushes, Cutlery, Spoons, Accordions, Perfumery^ Needles, Pins, Pocket Books^ etc., No. 57 John street, (near William street.) William A. Crocker, Ephraim Gregory. 88 William street. DERAISMES & BOIZAltDi importers of FRENCH, ENGLISH, AND GERMAN GOODS, Brushes, Hooka and Eyes, Percussion Caps, Drug* gists' Articles, Fancy Jewelry, Accordions, Work Boxes, Purses, Spectacles, Suspenders, Fans, Clocks, Perfumery, Twine, &c.,&c 16' 186^ SPELMAN & FRASER, No. 136 Pearl Street, IMPORTERS OF ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND GERMAN FANCY GOODS. DEALERS IN ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF Combs, Brushes, and Perfumeries. Agents for the sale of every variety of Pearl, Bone, Horn, Lasting, Brocade, Silk, Sporting, and Gilt Buttons. Solid Headed Pins, Spool and skein Thread, Hooks and Eyes, &c., by the case. D. A. BOOTH, IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURER OF ALL KINDS OF TRIMMINGS, FRINGE, GIMPS, CORDS AND TASSELS, BINDINGS, COAT CORDS, ZEPHYR WORSTED, &c., &c. No. 100 William-street, New- York. All orders executed at short notice. JAMES S. MAGNUS, COACH LACE AND FRINGE MANUFACTURER^ No. 104 Fulton-street, New-York. 187 THOMAS C. FAXON IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURER OF TRIMMINGS, FRINGE, CORDS, TASSELS. BINDINGS, BBAIDS, ZEPHYR WORSTED, &c No. 37 John- street. CORWIN & ROBERTS DEALERS IN BUTTER, CHEESE, LARD, PORK, HAMS, FISH, FLOUR, GROCERIES, &c. &c. Consignments of Butter received daily, from Orange Co. Liberal advancements made on Consignments. No. 112 Warren-street, Between Washington and West-sts. New York. Walter S. Corwin, Charles Roberts. GASSNER & YOUNG WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS m CHOICE GREEN AND BLACK TEAS, WINES, GROCERIES, FRUITS, FIRE WORKS, SARATOGA WATER, &c. No. 132 Chatham-Street, New York, OPPOSITE CHATHAM THEATRK. 198 H. BLYDENBURGH k CO. I GROCERS AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS 3 Coenties-slip, New York. GIBNEY k DE CAMP : WHOLESALE GROCERS 175 West-street. John Gibnet, Albert L. De Camp. JAMES R. KEELER & CO, COMMISSION MERCHANTS, DEALERS IN BUTTER & CHEESE, Ko. 109 Front-street, New York. JEREMIAH BAME, COMMIS&TON MERCHANT FOR THE SALE OF GROCERIES, &c. OSANGES, LEMONS,- FOREIGN FRUITS, TIMOTHY AND CLOVER SEED, &C. No. 144 Liberty- street, (Near the North river,) New York. 189 EDWARD CARTER, (Of the late firm of Locke & Carter,) ^ Manufacturer and Wholesale Dealer in TIN WARE, TINNERS' TOOLS AND MACHINES. Importer of Block Tin and Planished Wares, &c. No. 21 f ULTON-STREET, Between Water and Front, NEW YORK. CORNELL, BROTHERS, IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN HARDWARE, CUTLERY, NAILS, &c. No. 269 Pearl-street, New York. Samuel M. Cornell, Sidney Cornell. Wm. greaves & SONS, MANUFACTURERS OF Sheffield Hardware and every description of STEEL, railway SPRINGS, &c. HARMER & HAYS, IMPORTERS OF AND DEALERS IN SADDLERY, COACH & TRUNK HARDWARE. No. 273 Pearl-street. 190 JOHN A. DAVENPORT, JOHN W. QUINCY, CHAS. B. DELAPIERRE, AMERICAN HARDWARE. DAVENPORT, QUINCY, & Co. No. 81 John-street, New York. Offer to the trade, at Manufacturers' Prices, Builders' Hardware — Axes, Carpenters' Tools, Saws of every description ; Curry Combs, Housekeepers' Hardware, Shovels, Spades, Grain Scoops, Scythes, Smiths' Bellows, Car- riage Springs, Mineral Door Knobs ; also, Spring Steel, round and square Iron from § to A in. oval and half oval Iron ; Iron, Brass, and Copper Wire, Pig Iron, Cast Steel, fine Cut Nails, Sheet Brass, together with every descrip- tion of Shelf and heavy Hardware^ manufactured in the United States. Manufacturers supplied with stock. April, 1846. SHELDON SMITH & Co. IMPORTERS AND DEALERS OF SADDLERY & COACH HARDWARE, : No. 271 Pearl-street, SAMUEL D. WILLMOTT. Foreign and Domestic Hardware, Commission Merchant and Manufacturer of Saws. No, 8 LiBERTY-STREETv 191 ABRAHAM VAN NEST, IMPORTER AND DEALER IN SADDLERY, COACH & HARNESS FURNITURE. No. 114 PearL'STReet. Abm. Van Nest, John Van Nest. TRACY, ALLEN & Co. IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IW HARDWARE CUTLERY & HEAVY GOODS. No. 116 Pearl-street, (Hanover Square.) WILSON, HAWKSWORTH, MOSS & ELLISON, Merchants and Manufacturers of STEEL. BEELY WOOD & ARUNDEL St. WORKSL SHEFFIELD, R. S. STENTON. No. 74 Maiden Lane. General Commission Agent for the sale of foreign Hardware, Cutlery, Steel, ^c. Agent for /. Venneys warranted Tally Ho Razors. Manufacturer of the Electro Magnetic Renovator, a new style of Razor Strap. Agent for the sale of Adamantine Safe ; war- ran tad ii;e and thief proof. 192 WETMORE & Co. IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN HARDWARE, BAR IRON & STEEL, 79 & 81 Vesey cor. of Washington streets, - NEW YORK. r Anvils, Vices, Smiths Bellows, Shovels, Chadns, Cut Nails, kc. A. R. Wetmore. C. W. Carmer. H. C. Wktmorb. JAMES CORRY BIRD CAGE MANUFACTURER AND WIRE WORKER, 29 Fulton-stieet, New York. WILLIAM HAGAR TYPE FOUNDRY. 48 Gold-street, New York. JOHN J. WHITE TYPE FOUNDRY . 45 Gold-street, New- York. 193 D. GILMARTIN, WHOLESALE FRUIT DEALER, 200 Front-street, corner of Fulton, New-York. JOHN McKEWAN, IMPORTER OF TOYS, FANCY GOODS AND MUSICAL STRINGS, 47 Fulton-street, New York. HAYS & TREADWELL, FRANKLIN HOUSE, Bkoadway, New- York. WILLIAM P. ORRICK, AGENT OF D. LEECH & GO'S WESTERN TRANSPORTATION LINE, No. 7 West-street, Mew- York. THOMAS WOOD, LITHOGRAPHER AND STATIONER, 117 JOHNSTBEET. 17 m4 CARDS. French, Spanish, and English Playing Cards, pmpe- ffior Enamelled Ivory and Pearl surface Cards lor print- ers, visiting, and business purposes. Blank Cards, colored and plain, of all sizes to order. Beautiiully embossed, gold -bordered, and gold-edged enamelled cards. Railroad and Steamboat Tickets. Also any other style of Card made in this country always on hand, or made to order at short notice, by GEORGE COQE, 71 Fulton Street. Also constantly on hand a general assortment of Paper, Quills, &c. J. LAUMONIER, 77 William St., (Up Stairs,) IMPORTER OF French Perfumery and Fancy Articles. Lnbin's Extracts, Guertain's Ambrosial Shaving Cream. Cologne WateFj Hair Dye, Tooth, Shaving, and JHair Brushes, Ox Marrow. Also, French Fancy Labels for Drug- gists and Perfumers. SHERMAN & SMITH, I ENGRAVERS AND MAP PUBLISHERS, 122" Broadway, 195 W. APPLEGATE'S PRINTING-OFFICE, No. 17 Ann Street, Is supplied with every material necessary for the ^prompt, neat, and economical execution of Letter-press Printing. Public attention is res])ectfully requested to this establishment, in the assurance that ample satis- faction will be given, as regards tyix)graphy, press- work, and charges, to those who require fancy or com- mon, large or small work clieaply and expeditiously executed. Among the many advantages of this office over every other, are the following superior presses, which are not equalled in America or Europe, viz. : The Double Mammoth Cylinder Press, (the largest Ir the world) for immense Show-Bills, Charts, &c., which cannot be done on a single sheet by any other press. The Double Cylinder Napier Press, which prints 6,000 an hour. Also, a superior Double Cylinder Press, built by D, Napier, of London, and improved by A. B. Taylor, of this city. Also, an entire new single cylin» der Rook Machine, built by R. Hoe & Co. of this city. The Rotary Card Press prints 2,000 cards an hour. Persons wishing to have printing done are invited t® call and examine. PETER LOKILLARD, Jr., SNUFF k TOBACCO MANUFACTURER, 42 Chathmi Street. IRA BLISS, Agent CAMDEN AND AMBOY RAILROAD COMPANY., No- 9 "VVest Stjiees-, 196 ISAAC CLARK, MANUFACTURER OF All kinds of Patent Leather Cap Fronts, Boys' Belts, Cap Straps, Silk and Worsted Cap and Hat Tassels,. Silk and Worsted Braids, Gimps, Glazed Lawn, &c.. No. 156 Water street, ' Second door from Maiden Lane. TEA. The Canton Tea Company, Li order to meet efficiently the prodigious and press- ing demands for their Teas from all parts of the Uni- ted States, and Canada, have enlarged, to an immense degree, their two principal establishments in New York, viz., at No. 125 Chatham st., and No. 163 Green- wich ST., and have now the satisfaction to inform all Grocers, Dealers, Purchasers, and Consumers of Teas, that they are prepared to execute Cash orders to an un- limited amount, with the utmost rapidity and precision at their usual low prices. We need scarcely advert to the fact which is so no- torious, that in relation to prices and qualities, w^e are able to compete with any establishment in the world. Unexceptionable references with regard to the high character and standing of our House will be cheerfully furnished. (0- Responsible persons wishing to arrange with the Canton Tea Company for the exclusive sale of 197 their Celebrated Packed Teas in any Cities or Towns in which an agent is not aheady appointed, are re- quested to apply to us as speedily as possible, as suck agencips are rapidly filling up. New York, April, 1846. KISSAM & KEELER, MANUrACTUHERS OF VARNISHES, JAPANS, SAND PAPER» &c. No. 110 John strset. HICHAUD C- VALENTINE, STEREOTYPE FOUNDER, No. 45 Gold street. F. G. RICKARDSON, MANUFACTURER OF V/IRE CLOTH, No. 1 07 John street. CHRISTIAN G. GUNIIIER, FUR DEALER, 46 Maiden Lane. 17* 198 THOMAS CROMWELL, LEATHER DEALER, No. 29 Ferry street. Constantly on hand, Calf Skins of the best French and American finish, Sole Leather, Wax and Grain Upper Leather, Welt Leather, Kips, Splits, Linings, Bindings, &c. FREDERICK LIESE, MANUFACTURER AND IMPORTER OF SURGECAL INSTRUMENTS, No. 102 John street^ FRANCLS REYNOLDS, GUN, RIFLE, PISTOL, AND FANCY MUSKET MANUFACTURER, ' No. 48 Chatham street, Guns and Pistols of every desciiption bought, sold, exchanged, and for hire. Flint Guns altered .to per- cussion. Engraving and Repairing. Powder, shots. Balls, Caps, &c. Game and Bird Bags. 199 A. HUET, No. 75 William street, IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURER OF CHEAPINDIA RUBBER SUSPENDERS. JAMES M. THORBURN & Co., SEED AND PLANT WAREHOUSE, No. 1 5 John street, New York, AND Astoria, L. I. I J. D. PRICE, & CO., CASH TAILORING ESTABLISHMENT, No. 35 John St., (two doors from Nassau.) Gentlemen's Garments made to order with neatness and despatch low for cash. PRICE, ELLIS, & CO., Mobile, Ala. 117 John-street, New York. 200 JAMES M. WHITE, FASHIONABLE TAILORING ESTABLISHMENT, No. 95 William Street. J. M. W. having enlarged his store and added to his stock from recent importations, some of the newest styles of Cloths, Cassimeres, a Vestings, is prepared to execute orders in his line in a style which, if equalled, cannot be sur- passed. His coats iii particular are the admira- tion of all who have worn or seen them. Taste and Fashion are here combined. To suit the most fastidious mind. A full suit completed in 12 hours' notice. N. B. Always on hand a general assortment of outfitting articles, such as Shirts, Drawers^ Cravats, Scarfs, Suspenders, Gloves, &c. BENJAMIN PIKE & SON, OPTICIANS, IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF MATHEMATICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL INSTRUMENTS, No. 166 Broadway, (Four doors below Maiden Lane,) benjamin pike, DANIEL PIKE. 201 EDWARD BAACK, MANUFACTURER AND IMPORTER OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, Of all Colours and Qualities, of the best German Manufacture. No. 81 Fulton-Street, (Corner of Gold.) All kinds of Musical Merchandise constantly on hand. G. V. HOUSE & CO. manufacturers and dealers in X CLOCKS, WATCHES, LOOKING-GLASSES, VARNISHES, CABINET FURNITURE, &e. &c. Wholesale and Retail, No. 107 Fulton street, G. V. HOUSE, J NEW-YORK. H. M. HERBERT, ' WILSON, BROWN & CO. COMMISSION MERCHANTS, NEWTORK. 202 FOWLERS & WELLS, PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGISTS & PUBLISHERS, Phrenological Cabinet, 131 Nassau street, O. S. & C/N. FOWLER, ) NEW-YORK. S. R. WELLS. ) Works on Phrenology and Physiology, Wholesale and Retail, CABINET FREE TO VISITORS. {0- Office open for Examinations daily. LEOPOLD LANG, IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURER OF LADIES' FANCY FURS, No. 36 Maiden Lane. JOHN G. HENRY, Wholesale and Retail CONFECTIONER, "No. 233 Grand street. 203 [ DUNCKER & BECKER, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL MANUFACTURERS OF WINDOW SHADES, No. 58 Chatham street, (Next door to corner of Cha.iibcrs street,) PENDLETON & TYSON, WHOLESALE DOMESTIC & FOREIGN FRUIT, No. 20 Fulton street. H. Pendleton, jr J. Tyson. LEVI CHAPMAN, No. 102 William street, MANUKACTURER OF THE CKLEBItATE0 MAGIC RAZOR STROP OF FOUR SIDES, FROM 60 TO 80 DOZEN MADE DAILY. 204 GEORGE MEYER & SONS, IMPORTERS & COMMISSION MERCHANTS, No. 275 Pearl street. DEPEW, MANN & CO. COMMISSION MERCHANTS, AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN IMPORTED WINES, BRANDIES, GINS, CIGARS, AND DOMESTIC LIQUORS, No. 114 Warren STREET, (Six doors from West.) Wm. Depew, B. E. Mann, L. Teal ROBERTSON & POLHEMUS, WOOL AND GENERAL PRODUCE COMMISSION MERCHANTS, No. 281 Pearl street. 205 JOSHUA UNDERHILL, MANUFACTURER OF PARLOR, HALL & COOKING STOVES, * No. 329 Grand street, (Opposite Essex Merket.) New and splendid patterns of Stoves for Halls, Parlcrc Offices, &c. BRUSHES & BELLOWS, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. JOSEPH WEST, Late J. & T. S. WEST— EARL & WEST, No. 45 Fulton street, (Two doors above Pearl— Removed from 40 to 49.) SMITHS' BELLOWS WARRANTED. SCHANCK & DOWNING, No. 108 Fulton street, importers and dealers rN ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND AMERICAN, WINDOW 5 COACH AND PICTURE GLASS. i8 206 J. DELVEAU & J. F. BROWNE, MANUFACTURERS OF THE IMPROVED PATENT DOUBLE-ACTION HARP, BY ROYAL LETTERS PATENT, LONDON. Establislied, 1810. (MANY YEARS WITH ERARD.) August, 1840. J. F. Browne respectfully informs his friends and the Musical World, that he has established himself for the 207 manufacture and importation of these very beautiful instru- ments, at 281 Broadway, and 73 1-2 Chambers street, His arrangements are such as to enable him to transact business at European prices, thereby saving purchasers the high duties imposed by Tariff on these Instruments, J. F. Browne would observe, these Harps are construct- ed on the most approved principles, with all the modern im- provements of London and Paris, are unequalled in bril- liancy of tone, fineness of touch, and perfectness of mechanism. Particular care is taken to fit them for the extremes of climate in this country, in which respect they will be found far superior to any of European manufacture, imported in the usual way. These Harps are patronized by the elite of musical taste and professional talent in Europe ; among the latter he would mention N. C. Bochsa, who invariably selects from this establishment. J. F. Browne begs to offer the opinions of some of the first professional talent in this country. List of Prices and descriptions can be forwarded per single postage. Harps from 300 to 1000 dollars- STRINGS, MUSIC &c WAREHOUSE OF THE LANSL^JGBURGH BRUSH MANUFACTORY, JOHN G. M'MUrY.RAY & CO. No. 279 Pearl street. 208 O. J. NOYES, MANUFACTURER AND WHOLESALE DEALER IK EVERY VARIETY OF LINEN, MUSLIN, FANCY AND COMMON SHIRTS, No. 27 Cedar street, (up stairs,) 3C?=* Shirts made to order. DIETZ, BROTHER & Co. MANUFACTURERS OF IMPROVED LAMPS, No. 13 John Street, New York, And 62 Fulton street^ Brooklyn. 1846 MERCHANTS' TRANSPORTATION COMPANY, WESTERN TRANSPORTERS. JSTo. 9 Coenties Slip, New^ York. 209 BAKER, CRANE & DAY, STATIONERS AND ACCOUNT BOOK MANUFACTURERS, 158 & 374 Pearl-street, NEW YORK. G. C. Baker, S. M. Crane, E. M. Day. J. N. GIMBREDE, LATE JOSEPH PERKINS VISITING CARD ENGRAVER, No. 4 John-street, near Broadway NEW YORK. Cards, Tickets, &c. printed with the utmost neatness. JAMES BREWSTER, CARRIAGE REPOSITORY, And Dealer in Carriage Furniture, No. 25 & 27 Canat.-street, NEW YORK. A general assortment of Carriages and Harness always on hand. 18* 210 SORIA'S DYING ESTABLISHMENT. THE OLDEST ONE IN NEW-YORK. EVERY VARIETY OF SILK, COTTON & WOOLLEN DYING, EXECUTED PROMPTLY. Principal Office, 490 Pearl-street. BRANCHES : 257 Bleecker, 352 Bowery, and 357 Grand-street THOMAS H. CHAMBERS, {Formerly Conductor to Dubois & Stodart,) PIANO FORTE MANUFACTURER. No. 385 Broadway, NEW YORK. N'. B.— All Piano Fortes sold at this Establishment are Warranted to stand the action of any climate. MEYER & POPPENHUSEN, No. 86 John-street. Wholesale Dealers & Manufacturers of WHALEBONE, Importers of Walking Canes, ^c. Always on hand, a large assortment of all kinds of Umbrella, Whip, Dress, Bonnet and Corset Bone ; also, of German and French Walking and Umbrella Sticks. 211 MILLER & COATES, DEALERS IN P[G, BAR & SHEET LEAD, LEAD & IRON PIPE, TIN PLATES. Block Tin, Sheet Iron, Copper, Zinc, &c. 25 Fulton-street, (corner of Water-Street) NEW YORK. H. E. INSLEY'S. ONE DOLLAR DAGUERRIAN PORTRAIT GALLERIES, No. 132 & 155 Broadway, {Cor. of Cedar-St.) New York, ^* 113 Chesnut -street, Philadelphia. As persons are obliged to pass their door, strangers should be extremely cautious to see that they get the right name : Front room, No. 10, on the floor above them. Front rooms only, in this building, have a light sufficient to produce a uniform, clear, and bold picture. Ladies who would avoid heavy shades, will please notice thia fact. Enclosed in a Morocco case for One Dollar. 212 H. M. GREENE & CO. No. 158 Pearl-street. FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC STRAW GOODS BY THE PACKAGE. L. C H A P I N , DEALER IN STRAW BONNETS, ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, &c. No. 12 John-street. J. H. HILLS, Manufacturer and Wholesale Dealer in STRAW GOODS, PALM LEAF HATS, ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, &c. , No. 136 Pearl-street, up stairs. ISAACKS & RANSOM, JOBBERS OF SILKS, RIBBONS, LACES, FLOWERS, MILLINERY AND STRAW GOODS, No. 16 John-street. 213 WILLIAM E. WHITING & CO. DEALERS IN STRAW GOODS, 122 Pearl-street, New York. PHELPS & CURTIS, WHOLESALE DEALERS IN SILKS, RIBBONS, AND MILLINERY ARTICLES, No. 33 John, corner of Nassau-street. R. T. WILDE & CO. MANUFACTURERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC STRAW GOOODS, PALM LEAF AND LEGHORN HATS, BAND BOXES, ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, &C. 09 William-street, one door from Cedar, Robert T. Wilde, ) m v GiLBEUT S. Savage. ' NewYoek. 214" J. A. & J. GILMOUR, UMBRELLA, PARASOL, SUN SHADE AND CANE MANUFACTURERS, No. 206 Greenwich-street, and 119 Chatham-street, New York. D£a.li:r9 in umbrella furniture, silks, ginghams, &c. Jobbers and country merchants supplied on the best terms. ISAAC SMITH & CO. Wholesale Manufacturers and Importers of UMBRELLAS, PARASOLS, AND SUN SHADES, No. 256 Pearl-street, New York, and 28 Milk-street, Boston. Isaac Smith, Thomas D. Beadle. MESSINGER, BROTHERS, UMBRELLA WAREHOUSE, No. 6 Cedar-street, New York. UMBRELLAS AND PARASOLS BY THE PACKAGE OR DOZEN, Importers of Umbrella silks, Ginghams and Furniture for the supply of Manufacturers. 215 SAMUEL C. JOLLIE, WHOLESALE AND RETAIL PIANO FORTE AND MUSIC WAREHOUSE, MANUFCTURER OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, AND PUBLISHER OF MUSIC, No. 413 Broadway, cor. Lispenard-street, New York, WHERE MAY BE HAD AN ELEGANT ASSORTMENT OF MUSIC FOR THE PIANO FORTE, GUITAR, FLUTE, VIOLIN, &c. S. C. J. respectfully announces to his friends and the public, that he has always on hand a large assortment of superior Guitars, of his own manufacture, made from the models of the most approved Spanish makers ,v:\\h. plain and patent heads, which he offers at the lowest prices. Also, Flutes, with from one to eight keys, of superior tone and finish; Clarionets, Flageolets, Fifes, French and German Guitars, Violins, Violoncellos^ Accordeons, with extra keys, together with a large assortment of brass instruments. Bands supplied. A liberal discount to dealers. Strings for every instru- ment. Instruction bonks, Tuning Foi-ks, and Ham- mers, with everything appertaining to the above busi- ness. Music neatly bound. Cards neatly engraved and printed. 216 AGENCY FOR THE SALE OF BATES' PATENT SHOWER AND VAPOR BATHS, SMITH'S IMPROVED AND PATENT REFRIGERATORS, The utility and value of these celebrated Baths can be proved by Eleven Hundred Certificates, collected from Physicians and gentlemen of standing, who have the Baths in use. Both of the above articles took the Premium at the Annual Fair of the American Institute, and at Boston and Philadelphia. 352 Broadway, (under the Carlton House.) All kinds of Bathing Tubs and apparatus, Hair Gloves and Belts on hand. Ice Houses built to order. Ships fitted to convey ice to any part of the world. IRON SAFE WAREHOUSE, 139 Water street, |[^ NEW-YORK. SILAS C. HERRING, Dealer in all kinds of Iron Safes and Money Chests, and is the only person in this State authorized to manu* facture or sell Wilder's Genuine Patent Double and Single Sala- mander Safe. N. B. Second hand Safes of other makers, such as have been ta' ken in part payment for Wilder's, for sale at less than one half of first cost. % 217 JOHN F. GREENE, BROKER IN WOOL, OIL, DYERS ARTICLES AND GENERAL MERCHANDISE, No. 74 Pine street. GABRIEL W. COIT, No. 50 Ferry street, (near Pearl.) DEALER IN LEATHER, LASTS, SHOE TOOLS, TRIMMINGS AND SHOE FINDINGS. A. MAYOR, importer of SWISS WATCHES, 75 WiLLSAM STREET. n 218 WILBUR'S DELAWARE AND HUDSON CANAL LINE, FOR 1846. Steam Boat NORWICH will leave Pier foot of FRANKLIN STREET, on Tuesdays and Fridays, at 5 o'clock, P. M. Steam Boat NEW JERSEY will leave same Pier, on Wednesdays and Saturdays, at 5 o'clock, P. M. N.|B. — Merchandise taken only on the above days. Office of the Proprietor in N. York, at ELLSWORTH & Go's, 110 Murray street, opposite Denison, Belden, &Co. H. WILBUR. NEW TYPE FOUNDER Y, PRINTERS FURNISHING WAREHOUSE, No. 68 Ann street, N. Y. The Subscribers have opened a new Establish- ment, where they are prepared to furnish all kinds of Fancy and Job Type, Borders, Rules, Cases, Chases, Presses, and every thing that is necessary for a complete Printing Office. The Types are hand cast, and made of the best mate- rial from new Matrixes, and are from the most celebrated English Foundry. The prices are the same as at all the other Foundries ; a liberal discount for Cash, COCKROFT & OVEREND. 219 SCOTT LORD, ATTORNEY & COUNSELLOR AT LAW, Mount Morhis, Livingston Co., N. Y. J. E. WEEDEN,' ATTORNEY & COUNSELLOR AT LAW, I Randolph, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y. JOSEPH D. HUSBANDS, ATTORNEY & COUNSELLOR AT LAW, Rochester, N. Y. MANN & EDMONDS, ATTORNEYS, SOLICITORS & COUNSELLORS, Utica, N. Y. CHARLES F. MATTESON, ATTORNEY & COUNSELLOR AT LAW, Fredonia, Chatauque Co., N, Y. 220 MATTESON & DOOLITTLE, ATTORNEYS & COUNSELLORS AT LAW, Utica, N, Y. JAMES C. CAMPBELL, ATTORNEY & COUNSELLOR AT LAW, Rochester, N. Y. PARKERS & PALMERS, ATTORNEYS & COUNSELLORS AT LAW, Delhi, Delaware Co., N. Y. JOHN Y. SAVAGE, WATCH MAKER, 92 Fulton street, (between William and Gold. F. H. LOCKWOOD, WATCH MAKER AND JEWELLER, 206 Broadway. 221 F. LS. MATHEZ, IMPORTER OF WATCHES, 4 John street, (Up stairs.) L. E. RICE, IMPORTER OF WATCHES, 23 Maiden Lane. W. & S. E. CLAPP, dealers in WATCHES, JEWELRY, AND FANCY G OODS, 30 John street. CHARLES GAGNEBIN, IMPORTER OF WATCHES, 66 Liberty street. Agent for Meyrat, Langel & Son, of St.lmier, Swit- zerland. 19* 222 GOSSELIN & KIDDLE, CHRONOMETER, CLOCK, AND WATCH MAKERS, AND JEWELLERS, 88 Fulton street, (between William and Gold.) P. P. GoSSELIN, F. KXDDLE. Watches and watchmovements of all kinds repaired and put up for Importers and Watchmakers at low prices. LUTZ BROTRHES, IMPORTERS OF WATCHES, 1 22 Broadway, cor. of Cedar street. Louis Lutz, Locle Suisse, Augustus Lutz, New York. Manufacturers of Watches of every description. CRUMP, WATCH AND CLOCK MAKER, ' 83 Bleecker street. Chronometers adjusted and rates ascertained. Chim- ney and Musical Clocks repaired. 223 OSCAR S. JENNINGS, WATCH MAKER AND JEWELLER, DEALER IN SILVER WARE, PLATED AND FANCY GOODS, 94 Fulton street, (Between William and Gold.) Watches Repaired and Warranted. LOCKWOOD AND SCRIBNER, (At the old Establishment of the late Alfred Lockwood.) 265 Pearl street, corner of Fulton, (Opposite the United States Hotel, Dealers in Gold and Silver Watches, Jewelry, Spec- tacles, Silver, Plated and Britannia Ware, Pencil Ca- ses, Mantel and other Clocks, Fancy Goods, &c., wholesale and retail. Watches, Clocks, Jewelry, and Music Boxes repaired. SEYMOUR HOYT, (Late firm of Whitney & Hoyt, dealer in WATCHES, CLOCKS, JEWELRY AND I SILVER WARE, 266 Pearl street, (United States Hotel.) Lever movements constantly on hand and cased to order. 2^4 F. GERARDIN, ' FRENCH CHINA AND GLASSWARE, 315 Broadway, (Up stairs > THE WHOLESALE ANB RETAIL WAREHOUSE FOR SHAKER ARTICLES, R. F. HIBBARD & Co.»' ' 98 John street. EEMY LOREAUX, IMPORTER OF FRENCH BASKETS, 197 Pearl street, cor. Maiden Lane, Has constantly on hand an extensive assortment at the lowest piices. PAUL POU & CO., DRUGGISTS, 196 John street.' 225 DYE-WOODS, ACIDS, &c. SHEPPARD & MORGAN, 47 Fulton-street, New York. Cash paid for damaged hides, indigo ceroons, and GLUE PIECES, of all kinds. SHEEHAN & DUGGAN, IMPORTERS OF FINE CUTLERY, No 6 Platt-street. D. M. PEYSER, IMPORTER OF GERMAN, ZEPHYR & TAPILSERIE WORSTED PATTERNS, CANVASS, CHENILLE, FLOSS, TWISTED SILKS, ALL KINDS OF FRINGE & GIMPS, CORDS & TASSELS and a great variety of French Fancy articles, 58 John-street, and 363 Broadway, New York. Coutttry dealers and others supplied on reasonable terms 226 Philosophy of worms in the skin. — Many young persons — especially those of full habits, or who indulge in rich food — are very much annoyed by the appearance of black spots upon the side of the nose, on the upper lip, the chin, forehead, &c., resembling grains of gunpowder sticking in the skin. When the skin is roughly squeezed, a small worm-like substance protrudes, having a black head. The supposition, how- ever, that they ure in reality worms^ is erroneous. These spots are occasioned by an undue accu- mulation of the fatty matter which is separated from the blood for the purpose of lubricating the skin ; and this overplus chokes up the pores and concretes. The dust floating in the air adheres to this greasy substance, and causes the black speck. This gives the face a dirty and disgust- ing appearance — and the remedy of squeezing, so universally resorted to, is not only painful but frequently useless. Very often the over distension of the pores cause inflammation and painful pimples. The only certain remedy for this affection, is to wash the face with warm "water and GOURAUD'S Italian Medicated Soap ; which is also infallible in the removal of tan, freckles, sallowness, redness, pustules, ling- worms, salt-rheum, chaps, cracks, chafes, &c. — besides being delicious for shaving. GOU- RAUD'S PouDREs SuBTiLEs are warranted to eradicate superfluous human hair ; Gouraud's Grecian Hair Dye is the only preparation extant that will positively dye red, light or grey hair, a rich and unchangeable black. Gouraud's 227 Liquid Rouge is designed to impart to pallid cheeks the natural hue of the rose ! It is impor- tant that these articles should be purchased genuine; this can only be done by procuring them at DR. FELIX GOURAUD'S depot, 67 Walker-street, first door from Broadway. MANUFACTURERS DEPOT FOR THE SALE OF KENT'S COMxMERCIAL WRITING PREPARED BY KENT & BLACK, No. 116 John-street, (near Pearl,) New York. C. EDW. HABICHT, SWEDISH AND NORWEGIAN ACTING CONSUL GENERAL, 85 West-street. BURNAP & BABCOCK, COMMISSION PAPER WAREHOUSE, No. 115 Fulton- STREET. 228 NATHAN BROWN, PAPER HANGING, BORDER & BANDBOX MANUFACTURING WAREHOUSE. No. 65 CANAL-STRErT, near Broadway, NEW YORK. (^ The trade supplied as usual, on the best terms. Rooms Neatly Papered. PAPER WAREHOUSE, No. 9 Burling-Slip, New York. CYRUS W. FIELD, offers for Sale, at the lowest Manufacturers' prices, a very extensive assortment of paper, comprising every possible variety, adapted to the wants of consumers in all sections of the country. Paper of all kinds made to order at short notice. The Stock of printing paper is unusually large, a part of which is of very superior quality. Paper-makers' materials of every description, imported, and kept constantly on hand, viz. : Feltings, Wire Cloth, Fourdrinier Wires, Bleach- ing Powder, Blue Ultramarine, Twine, &c. &c. Rags, Canvass, Bale Rope, Grass Rope, Bag- ging, &c. &c. purchased, for which the highest price in Cash will be paid. JSTew Yorky March 18, 1846. 229 THOMAS VERNON, DEALER IN PAPER AND TWINE, OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS, No. 93 John-street, (between Cliff and Gold,) I JOHN FREDERICK KOVERMANN, No. 27 Frankfort-street, (between William dc Gold.) MANUFACTURER OF ENAMELLED, PEARL, IVORY, INDIA AND BLANK CARDS, ENAMELLED PAPER, &c. CHRISTY & CONSTANT, MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OP PAPER HANGINGS, No. Gl Maiden lane. New York, Four doors above William-street, ^ Where may be found Paper Hangings in all the varieties and styles, and of the best qualities. As C. & C. manufacture the article extensively, it enables them to ofler their goods on the most ad- vantageous terms. 20 230 JOHNSb^/V^OOM &^ POWLER, IMANUFACTURERS Or THE WALNUT OIL MILITARY. SHAVING SOAP, ' FANCY AND FAMILY SGAP, PATENT CANDLfiS, PERFUMERY, COCQA, CHOCOLATE, &c., • AND ALSO IMPORTERS OF FOREIGN ESSENCES, PATIIS PERFUMERY, y Y ■-■ FANCY XABEL^,;,&cr.; '.:'., y^ T No. 3 COURTLANDT STREET, k. 79 TrINITY PlACE. Messers J. V. & F., invite the atteg^ion of Dealers to the above mentioned articles, araAjffiel satisfied that one purchase vi^ill secure a continuance of patronage. CAP MAKERS TRIMMINGS, ,7Z/. :>;./ .■ . ./ '/'.-]■]):■: Cap Makers can be supplied vrith every arti- cle necessary in the Manufacture of Caps, such as Fronts, Straps, Braids, Gimps, Tips, Linings, Skivers, Buttons, Tassels, Japanned Silks and Muslins, , G. W. GORUM, . No. 173 Water street N. Y. Agent for J. & K. Ward's Patent Leather. 2^1 G. W. GORUM,-' ' ' AGENT FOR PRICE, BROTHER & CO, SUPERIOR NEWARK, N. J. COPAL VARNISHES, No. 173 Water street, N. Y. ■ All Varnish Manufactured by P. B & Co., is warranted in every respect equal to the best. , J. & R. WARD'S, CELEBRATED PATENT LEATHER OF EVERY DESCRIPTION, Also, Top Enamelled Step. Lining and Har- ness Leather, Japanned Silk and Muslins, Cur- tain Cloth, Moleskin, and Oiled Silk. G. W. GORUM, AGENT, No. 173 Water street. J. W. SCHMIDT & VOGEL, CONSUL GENERAL'S OFFICE, FOR RUSSIA, SAXONY AND BADEN. 232 ROCHE, BROTHERS & CO.'S, FOR 1846, REMITTANCES TO, & PASSAGE TO & FROM GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, BY THE « BLACK BALL, OR OLD LINE LIVERPOOL PACKETS," JJ3^ Sailing from New York and Liverpool on the 1st and 16th of every month. AND EY FIRST CLASS AMERICAN SHIPS (Sailing Weekly.) G. W. GORUM, No. 173 Water street, NEW-YORK, Agent for the following MANUFACTURES, J. & R. Ward's Patent Leather. Price, Brother & Co., Newark, Copal Varnishes. Meeker's, Newark Umbrellas. Fussard's Ve2;etable Cork Lamp Black. Cap Makers Trimmins;s of every description, Japanned Muslins & Silk, Oiled 'Silk, &c. &c. 233 HALEY & SABIN, REFECTORY AND EATING HOUSE, No. 84 Nassau st, Nearly opposite the SuJ^^fRce {near cor., of Fulton street.) i [OUSE, WILLIAMS, BRADFORD & CO. DRY GOODS, No. 94 Pearl street. JOHN HANLEY, I HARP MAKER, Broadway, (corner of Lispenard street,) In the Store occupied by S. C. JoUie. HENRY SHEPHERD, Broker and General Agent for the Sale of REAL ESTATE. 20* 234 Mm THE LAW OF PARTNERSHIP. A partnership may be either expressed or implied : that is, by a contract between the members of jM|firm, by which they create a joint interest^Kapital, or capital and services, or of sil?vices alone, and this is generally the case ; or it may be a legal inference, that is to say, the parties find themselves partners not unfrequently when they did not so intend ; their acts make them such, and subject them to all the legal obligations which obtain against regu- larly constituted firms. Obligation ofjjartners to each other. In case of a written contract as between the partners, they are each and all strictly bound by its conditions. Those conditions may be of any nature or kind supposable. One may agree to service ; another to the investment of capital ; and another to advise and counsel. And they may agree that the one shall have a small share of the profits or suffer a small share of the loss, or be subject to no loss whatever, and so on, and as between themselves they are bound to a strict compliance according to the expressed terms. The deed of partnership becomes, in other words, a chart which they are bound to follow : if one deviates therefrom, the other may treat the contract as at an end, and go at once to liqui- date the matters of joint interest and reduce THE LAW or PARTNERSHIP. 235 them to individual property, in the proportion that each up to that time may have acquired, and in case of loss to pay ofT creditors and com- pel contributions in accordance with the terms, of agreement. What may constitute a sufficient cause for one member of a firm to compel the other or others to a dissolution is rather a question of fact than law : yet, the law will not compel a continu- ance when the manifest object and obvious intent of the parties to the firm are violated, and clearly so when there is a violation of express under- takings. It becomes a question of equity, and a court of equity in sound discretion, on applica- tion and cause shown, will step in to aid and settle and divide the joint property according as the justice of the case may turn out to be, by enjoining the partners to act or in any way to dispose of or control the partnership property, except by, and under the decree of the court. This court assumes for the purposes of equitable settlement and distribution the place of the par- ties themselves, and acts for them in all respects as it thinks they should in law and equity have conducted their business. It sells oft the stock in trade, collects dues, pays debts, and finally disposes of the balance to each partner as his separate specific property, and over which he can thereafter exercise his individual control. It will thus be seen that fraud or manifest bad faith of any kind would determine a contract of partnership as between the parties, but it must be also borne in mind that the court will not 236 THE LAW OF PARTNERSHIP. sacrifice the interests of the other parties, it will not interfere if such interference will produce a greater loss or be a greater grievance that what it sought to relieve, and mere inconvenience or personal animosities will never constitute suffi- cient cause. The powers of, and rights of Partners. Each partner has the power to buy and sell, and to bind the firm to any extent, the act of one is the act of all, but it must be confined to the business which they ostensibl}'' follow ; for instance, if a firm were in the dry goods or iron deal, and one of them should contract for funds in the name of the firm, yet they would not be thereby bound unless it could be shown that they approved or acquiesced to the same, but he would only bind himself. The partners are joint tenants in the stock and effects of trade, during the continuance of the partnership, and each is said in law to be seized of his own and the ichole, or to drop the per mi et per tout ; more truly, by being the owner of a part he becomes the disposer at will of the whole. Again, each part- ner has a specific lien on the partnership stock, not only for his share, but for moneys advanced by him beyond that amount for the use of the copartnership ; when an account is taken, each is entitled to be allowed against the other every thing he has advanced or brought in, and to charge the other with what he has not brought in or has taken out more than he ought, and # THE LAW OF PARTNERSHIP. 237 nothing is to be considered his share but his proportion of the residue on the balance of the account. The lien above named is not con- sidered as attaching to the stock merely, but to everything coming in, in its lieu, during the continuance of the partnership. Death of a Partner. In case of the death of a partner the partner- ship expires ; but in some cases when a partner- ship is entered into for a long term of years there is a clause in the deed empowering the representative of the deceased to carry on the trade for the benefit of his widovi^ and children ; in that case, a court of equity will aid in the at- tainment of the object. An Implied Partnership. When two or more persons enter into a trans- action by which they are subject to both loss and gain, when they take equally the hazard and can claim equally the gain, in proportion to their investment, services, or capital of any kind, they are in law partners, and as such will be holden in all obligations to those with whom they deal. This very often becomes a qu^Mtti and we have therefore stated the rnle distiridp. Individual Liability of Partners. Each partner is liable in his individual capaci- 238 THE LAW OF PARTNERSHIP. ty for the debts of the firm. The creditor, how- ever, must first exhaust the partnership property, before he can resort to the indiv^idual. The partnership property is not liable for the individual debts of the members of the firm, but the judgment creditor of fa member of the firm may subject the partnership interest of his judg- ment debtor, and compel to a disclosure of, and severance of the same. ^ From a review of the cases it is apparent that the limitations and restrictions of partners may be carried to almost any extent, but such express limitations must be made known to the parties with whom the firm deal, else they are of no force except as between the partners them- selves. Dormant Partners. In the state of New York there is an express statute requiring certain steps to be taken, and by which a partner may limit his liability. He is obliged to publish the amount of liability which he assumes at the time of entering into the arrangement, &c., and will not then be held beyond such amount. But the general rule prevails in most of the states, which is, that the liability of the firm attaches not only in part but ij^^e whole to each partner, unless such part- Jmban show that the debt sought to be enforced was contracted with a special notice of his speci- fic limitations. In that case the creditor is bound equally with the other partners to respect such restrictions. There are an almost infinite THE LAW 01* PART^'ERSHIP. 239 variety of questions which arise in the course of trade under partnersliips, and they assume every variety, and hence- the general standard alone can be always before the mind. Partners embark their interests together. The credit of one is the credit of all, and the credit of the firm is the credit of each individual of the firm ; so also each one is bound to make good that credit and all are bound to sustain the acts of one when it has been presumed by those with whom he dealt that they were crediting the firm. 240 & AND Solicitors and Counsellors in Chancery. L. & S. attend in person the City and State Courts "both of Law and Equity, give abstracts of Title for City, Brooklyn, and Williamsburg Real Estate, and draft title i)apers at short notice. Collections made to any part of the State at reasonable rates, La.w business in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Louisiana, and Land Titles in Texas, will be promptly and correctly attended to by one of the firm, (Mr. Loomis,) vy'ho has been in a large law practice in that part of the country for some years past. Advice and directions given as to the law of those States as correctly as though a local lawyer was con- sulted. Office 69 Nassau st., (southwest cor. of John.) J. V. LooMis, ) R. H. Shannon. 3 Robert H. Shannon, Commissioner to take acknow- ledgments of .Deeds, &c., for the State of Maryland. PROMISSORY NOTES OR NEGOTIABLE PAPER. 241 PROMISSORY NOTES OR NEGOTIABLE PAPER. Any written agreement not under seal where- by it appears that there is a promise to pay to bearer or order a specified amount, is a Promis- sory note. If A. makes a writing requesting or commanding C. to pay to his order the sum therein named, or to pay to the order of some other person named, it is a draft, such an instru- ment is frequently called a Bill of Exchange. The Promissory Note contains a promise to pay. The draft contains a request to pay, and this if followed out into all the relations that their different characters indicate, will make a great difference in the law as applicable to their use. ■): For instance, the Promissory Note which is payable to bearer, is good against the payor in the hands of any one ; it is an obligation of the payor which the law presumes he intended to pay to whoever might present it ; if it is payable to order the name of the payee, if written on its back, is considered such order, and no one can sue on such paper unless the same is endorsed, and also such endorsement is the only way by which it can be assigned so as to vest the inter- est in the holder, and these endorsements, if made before it was due, bind each endorser to his and all subsequent endorsees. The same may be said of a bill of exchange or draft. This is the nature and character of commercial paper. But in case of a failure of the original payer, then the respective endorsees who have become liable 21 242 PROMISSORY NOTES OR NEGOTIABLE PAPER. by such endorsements must be notified of such non-payment. And such notice must be made at once ; if otherwise the endorsees are exonerated. That is, always on the third day after the time ia which on its face it purports to be due. Thus it is requisite if a note is payable 90 days after date that 93 days after date, i. e., on the 93d day you notify the endorsers ; if the notice should be one day earlier or one day later it would be of no avail, because it must be done when the note in law is due, and not before or after. If the endorsers live in the same place where the note is payable, such notice must be by a personal ser- vice ; if they live a post from that place, proof of putting such notice in the Post Office properly di- rected is sufficient, and it is the same as it re- gards all negotiable paper, the doctrine of notice is very plain and the propriety of it most obvious, for the fact that the paper has passed through various hands, (is liable at least to do so,) implies also that at each endorsement, some consideration also passed, and if when due it is not paid, new measures will be required to get back the equi- valent of such consideration and for which the paper promise had up to this time been a sub- stitute. Immense losses annually occur by the faith, placed in negotiable paper ; great convenience, also is realised by its easy conversion from hand to hand. One note may make many pay- ments in this way, but if it turn out finally, that the note itself is unpaid, they are all to pay over PROMISSORY NOTES OR NEGOTIABLE PAPER. 243 again. It is, in fact, no payment in law, but an evidence of an agreement to pay throughout. In case that any one prefers to be responsible only to the original payee, the instrument should be drawn payable to him in a peculiar way. That is avoid a note or draft ; take care that it is not payable to order or hearer for a note ass follows is not a negotiable note. Three months after date I promise to pay A. one hundred dollars. Signed B. This is nothing more than an account stated'; it is not an instrument within the meaning and intent of a note of hand ; if any other person sue on said agreement to pay, he must do so in the name of B. for his own use, subject to such set- ofis and defence as it may have against B. It is a chose in action and not assignable and no better than a book account, except that on proof of sig- nature in a suit by A. the debt is established, it is an acknowledgment that so much at its date was due from B. We might much enlarge this chapter with usefulness to the business man, but space forbids. It is not so much generally an actual ignorance of the law on the part of merchants, as a want of confirmation that what they suppose it to be is really true ; we are at a loss to know why every counting room does not contain the out- lines of the law, merchant insurance, &c., if for no other reason than the instruction of the junior members and clerks, those who are fitting and shortly to take the place of the more expe- rienced. Merchants there are, who can instruct 244 PROMISORY NOTES OR NEGOTIABLE PAPER. common lawj^ers in these branches of jurispru- dence. And by a little attention to the books and decisions of our courts, they would be amply- able to counsel, not only themselves, but their neighbours. The day-book and ledger are not enough to make a merchant ; he must have in- formation on all those laws of trade and customs by which every mark of the pen is tried. Be- sides this he would be able to select his practical lawyers, in cases where he needed their services, •with discrimination. It is notorious, and we call on the intelligent members of the legal profession, to those who have seen suit after suit won or lost, and the same one won and lost several times over for confirmation of what we say, that it is not so much the law's blame as the ignorance of the law by those who pretend to have mastered it. How often do we hear the lawyer say to the merchant your case is perfectly clear ; no doubt of it at all ; before he has really heard the whole story. We should doubt even Daniel Webster, or Horace Binny, if they should be so didactic in a common case were we consulting them. The fact is, that the lawyer will not venture his opin- ion without weighing well the stated facts. He has the law at his tongue's end, it may be ; but what of that .? It is but the nine digits, and he knows that every combination of facts, like figures, will produce a different result, and he will cau- tiously weigh the matter before he pronounces. He makes and tries the case in his own mind, and that result is his answer, whether it is against or for his own, or client's interest and wishes. 245 EXTRACTS FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CITY INSPECTOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, FOR 1845. This is a very interesting and we think able public document ; disease and death are greatly- averted, no one doubts, in crowded cities, by ju- dicious sanatory measures. Such measures in New York are not carried to any great extent ; there can hardly be said to be a system, by which the general health of the city is regularly reported. The death room is alone reported. Our authorities (which means strictly the peo- ple,) have considered it enough to " be in at the death," without setting medical sentinels on guard, to prevent by proper and timely precau- tions the insidious and fatal enemy of man in his approaches. The noisome cellar, the noxious cispool, the pestilential vapors of impure rotting dock timbers, the garbage which the poor are from necessity obliged to throw into the streets to rot and decay, load the atmosphere with noxious gases. In short the report touches on many interesting points of cleanliness and health ; among other things it says : " Our grave yards and places of interment of the dead require some notice at my hands. In many, probably all of the grounds used for this purpose, it is wholly impossible to conform to the law requiring the corpse to be interred at least six feet below the surface ; this is in consequence of the same ground having been used for many years for the 21* 246 EXTRACTS. deposit of human remains, and layer upon layer of such remains have been made until it has become impossible in many instances to go half the depth required by law ; and in a porous and open soil like that of this Island, offensive and unwholesome exhalations will inevitably find their way through the ground to the surface, and thus vitiate the atmosphere — it has been my intention to give the subject of burying in large cities some considerable attention, but the short time which has transpired since my appoint- ment has not enabled me to pursue the matter as thoroughly as it was my intention to do. On this subject Professor Hosack,says :* — ' I do not consider it indispensably necessary either for the comfort or the health of the inhabitants that this custom should be altogether prohibited ; but I would recommend that interments should be exclusively confined to public and private vaults, and that no grave should be permitted under any circumstances ; for such is the loose texture of the soil in our grave yards where this mode of burial is practised, that as soon as the decomposition of the body has begun, the gasses which are extricated will find eo;ress and mix with the atmosphere, rendering it more or less offensive and impure, and consequently a me- dium of spreading contagious diseases that may be introduced within the sphere to which such impure air may extend. Another measure cal- culated to counteract offensiveness in vaults, and to absorb and decompose the impurities that they * Dr. Hosack's Medical Police. EXTRACTS. 247 may contain, will be, to cover the floors with a stratum of lime several inches in depth, and to cover the walls with the same material.' ^' The propriety of establishing free baths in our public squares has been advocated in many of the public papers and also in official docu- ments ; I conceive that the establishment of bath houses entirely free of charge for admission, would involve the necessity of leaving them without the proper and necessary care and super- intendence, and probably lead to evils greater than those experienced by the want of them ; I therefore submit to your honorable body, as an experiment, the propriety of erecting one or two public baths in convenient situations and placing them under the charge of competent persons, and a nominal price only asked for admission ; the expense need but be trifling for the erection of suitable buildings, the water would cost nothing, and perhaps the smallest coin known in our circulation (to wit, one cent) may afford sufficient revenue to pay for the proper superin- tendence and other necessary expenses of the establishment. Another very important subject, which I think should claim the immediate attention of the pub- lic authorities, is that of securing to the people good and wholesome meat. I am well aware that laws exist prohibiting the sale of meat in our markets and stalls after having become pu- trid or tainted, but the unwillingness of the peo- ple to purchase under such circumstances is of itself almost a sufficient protection. A greater 248 EXTRACTS. evil, however, and one more to be dreaded, is the introduction in our city of cattle that are diseased, or have been attacked with diseases- vitiating their flesh ; an evil which cannot, when dressed and offered for sale, be detected by the buyer or most scrutinizing observer. It is a well established fact, that for many ages, and almost in every country, malignant and conta- 2:ious diseases have been known to exist amons: cattle fatal to themselves and pernicious to man. These diseases have, with but few exceptions, never been regularly classed or treated of by writers, farther than to make mention of them as epidemics, or as pecuniary losses sustained by the husbandmen. In the " Encyclopedia of Practical Medicine," however, is to be found an accurate description of several of these dis- eases, and of one particularly of more recent date which prevailed among the cattle in Ger- many, known by the name of MUzhrand. Christison, in his valuable work on Prisons, makes mention of it, and describes it, (see Chris- tison) as a constitutional and epidemic malady which prevails sometimes among cattle on the continent to an alarming extent, and is charac- terized by the eruption of large gangrenous car- buncles on various parts of the body. This dis- temper has the property of rendering the solids and fluids poisonous to so great a degree that not only persons who handle the skin, entrails, blood, or other parts, but even also those who eat the flesh are apt to suffer severely. The affection thus produced in man is some- EXTRACTS. 249 times ordinary inflammation of the alimentary- canal or cholera, and commonly proves a disorder precisely the same as the Pustule MalignCy but most frequently of all, an eruption of one or more large carbuncles resembling those of the original disease ot the cattle. It is often fatal. The carbuncular form has been known to produce death in forty-eight hours. I have selected this disease from many others described, from the cir- cumstance of its resemblance to one peculiar to our own country, which is very malignant and very fatal. This disease has upwards of a cen- tury existed among the cattle in the Western sections of the United States, and is known by the name of the ^' Milk Sickness,^'' the cause of which has not yet been ascertained. It prevails in certain districts of country, and affects alike beef cattle, horses, sheep, &c. It has been call- ed by some the " Falling Sickness " as it fre- quently manifests itself by the animal falling on the road ; from which fact it will appear that excitement or exercise hastens the developement of the poison. The purchaser, in making up his drove for the supply of our markets, avails him- self of this circumstance as an additional test of their soundness. According to Dr. Graff, a dis- tinguished Physician, residing in the neighbour- hood of these infected districts, whole families have been swept off at once who have partaken of the flesh of beef contaminated with this poison. He further states that the entire inhabitants of villages have in consequence of the frequency of death among them, been obliged to abstain from 250 EXTRACTS. animal food altogether, or abandon their homes and locate elsewhere. Cheese or butter made from cattle affected with this disease are known to be very pernicious, and when taken to any extent frequently prove fatal. He cites several instances where the fact became known to him of deaths occurring in Chilicothe, Louisville, and St. Louis, from eating cheese, butter and beef, coming from the infected regions. In accounting for the large bill of Mortality for the past year, two circumstances must be taken into consideration ; the principal of which, is the excessive heat of the last summer ; during the latter part of the month of June, all of July and August, the weather was excessively hot, and during that period it is, that the greatest mortality occured ; the increase was chiefly in the congestive diseases, Apoplexy, &c., and the sudden debilitating effects of the heat upon the nervous system of adults, with but a slight in- crease of intestinal disturbance ; while among children, large numbers were swept off* by com- plaints of the stomach and bowels, such as Cho- lera Infantum, Diarrhoea, &c. Consumption has increased 253 since 1844 ; Cholera Infantum has been more fatal to infants than any other single cause, exceeding the deaths b}'- Hydrocephalus 81 — notwithstanding many of the returns of death from this latter cause, were adults ; Scar- let Fever has decreased 162 ; Delirium Tremens shows a slight increase, and Intemperance a small decrease ; it is more than probable that the num- ber reported from these causes falls short of the EXTRACTS. 251 actual number, and are ascribed to other causes, such as affections of the brain, liver and lungs ; J with the exception of Consumption, Cholera In- fantum, Small Pox, and Scarlet Fever, (which has decreased,) the various diseases bear about the usual proportion to each other." " Consumption. There is no doubt that the number of deaths ascribed to this complaint is greatly exaggerated, and that it is often used as a term of convenience ; frequently as a cloak for ignorance of the true cause ; and thus this com- mon disease is made the scape-goat for many others, swelling the list of this dreaded malady, and placing undeserved odium upon our City. The proportion of deaths reported as Consump- tion to the whole number, is about 1 in 6f ; de- ducting the still-born and premature births, and the deaths from Casualties, &c. ; from the whole number, the proportion of deaths to the number of living, according to the census of 1845, is as one in 38jV^." " Small Pox commenced to be so formidable that it was considered epidemic in the month of March, continuing to spread from the above- mentioned time ; the Resident Physician, A. F. Vache, M. D., promptly called the attention of the Board of Health to the subject, who wisely provided means to arrest, as far as practicable, the progress of this loathsome and fatal malady, making provision for the appointment of Vaccine Phvsicians in each of thejVVards, for the purifyhig of liie tenements where it existed, and removing as far as possible, persons labouring under the 252 EXTRACTS. disease, &c. There is little doubt that these measures were instrumental in checking its vio- lence and extension, but not in wholly eradicating the disease. It has been suggested to me, that the employment of a permanent Vaccine Physi- cian in each of the wards, for the benefit of the poor, would be of great value to the City, and tend to impress more strongly upon the minds of our citizens of all classes, the importance of vac- cination and re-vaccination as the best and only means of protection ; and when we consider that we are seldom, if ever, entirely free from the pestilence, the suggestion appears to be entitled to favourable consideration. The whole number of deaths trom this disease during the year is four hundred and twenty-five." " The whole number of deaths reported to this Office during the year ending the 31st of December, 1845, is 10,983, being an increase over the year 1844 of 2,028, and the largest number ever reported since a record of deaths has been kept in this City ; of these, however, 132 died in other places, and were brought to this City, either for interment here, or to be passed throui^h the City to be interred in some other place, for which latter purpose, a certificate of the corpse removed has to be filed in this of- fice, and permission obtained for their transporta- tion out of the City. The actual number of deaths within the City and County is 10,051 — the whole number of interments is 9,564 — the number of removals from the City for interments is 1,419. i t CONTENTS Chap. Page. 1. 25. 2. 29. 3. 33. 4. 37. 5. 40. 6. 41. 7. 45.' 8. 47. 9. 115. 10. 125. 11. 129. 12. 153. 13. 157. 14. 160. 15. 162. 16. 164. 17. 234. 18. 241. 19. 245. Brief View of the United States, Texas and Oregon. Judicial Policy of United States. Commerce of United States. Present and Prospective Tariff. Comparative view of the Navies of the World. Number and Circulation of Banks in United States. Rail Roads in United States. Routes and Thoroughfares. Laws, &c., of Collection. Important Commercial Points. Education in the United States. Eligibility of Important Roads. Convenient Rules of Computation. New- York Canal Tolls for 1846. Trade of New Orleans, &c. Express Lines from New- York. Law of Partnership. Law of Negociable Paper. Extracts from City Inspector's Re- port, 1 1 C 31 i «CV 21 1904 I '^'^o^ .•1°^ ;< ■^ ^^\ 5"^ /k^4: