Class L n ^ .1 Book A A? PRESENTKI) BY BSOGRAFIZ OV H8 ov ae YUNSTED STaTS KOMPJLD B* F. G. ADAMZ. SINSINaTI. IOT.rLI BRUaEEZ, FONETIK PUBLIXERZ, 1856. •Av-^ INDEKS 1.— J0RJ wosmTOi:^, 2.— JON ADAMZ, 3.— TOMAS JEFERSON,-- 4.— jaMZ MADISON, 5.— jaMZ MONRO, 6.— JON KWINSI ADAMZ, 7.— ANDRO) JAKSON, 8.— MRRTIN VAN BUREN, 9.— WILYAM HENRI HARISON, lO.—JON TJLER, 11.— jaMZ NOKS POK, 12.— ZAKARI TaLOR, 13.— MILQRD FILMOR, U,— FRAUKLIN P8RS, ^ . Paj 11. 33. 53, 73. 91. 105. 127. 143. 151. 171. 179. 187. 203. 209. Enterd akerdli) tu Akt ov Koggres in ds yer 1854, B* LOTJLI BRUaERZ, ■ In de Klerks Ofis ov ds Distrikt Kort ov Ohjo. PHONETIC SPELLING There at present exists tlie greatest disparity between tlie spelling and the pronunciation of a word, the literary result of which is, that no one can tell the spelling of an unknown word from its sound, or its sound from its spelling. And the moral or educational result is manifest, that there is no way of teaching to read English but by pointing to a word and telling its sound, or of teaching to spell but by making the pupil commit to memory the names of the several letters of which a word is composed. In consequence of this great difficulty in learning to read and spell, a very large number of the people of both England and the United States, grow up without being able to read or write. With a view of remedying this serious evil, which is a disgrace to the scientific progress of this nineteenth century, it is proposed to revise the English alphabet, rejecting three letters (c, q, x,) and adding twenty, whereby an alphabet of forty-three letters is furnished, which will allow of every word being spelled as spoken, and— what is of infinitely greater importance in an educational point of view— which will permit every sign to be invariably used in the same sense under the same cir- cumstan'ces, so that not only will the sight of a word instantly recall its sound, but the sound will immediately suggest the proper letters to be used in spelling. The use of such an alphabet and style of spelling, in our primary schools, will lessen the labor of the instructor in teaching to read more than one half; and the pupil will become a good reader in one-fourth of the time required by the old alphabet. In consequence, too of the peculiar construction of the alphabet, it also results that the pupil who first acquires the art of phonetic reading, finds very little diffi- culty in mastering the old or romanic orthography; to such an extent is this true, that phonetic pupils become good, readers in both styles m less time than is required to become proficients in the old alone. For a scientific explanation of the principles on which this alphabet has been constructed, see the Oidde to Phonetic Beading; for the practical ap- plication of the system in teaching to read, see the First, Second and ■ Third Flu^ietic Headers; for the mode in which the transition from pho- netic to romanic reading may be made, see the Transition Becder, PHONETIC ALPHABET OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE. Each letter has the sound of the italicized letter or letters iu the illustrative words. Letters. 8 8 . Ee .. ak,. Illustrative Words. Long Vowels. eel earth . . . . ale air Name. Letters. fl q, arms ee Oo (Do) all .... oak . . . ooze . . Short Vowels. «11 .... ell .... am . . . ask . . . , on . . . . , wp . . . . wood . . Diphthongs. ICO . . . . 0*1 . . . . ow;l . .. duipe . . Coalescents. 2/ea ... IVPIJ . . Breathing. ^ay .. Illustrative Words. Explodents. pole . . 6owl . . toe ... doQ ... c^eer . . Name. Kk .^eer .^inor, , .it . et .at at ot .lit ut ^ame Continuants. F f /ear . V V veer . K t thigh. Hd thy .. S s seal . . Z z zeal . . X J .5^all . S 3 vision pe .be te .de .qa •ja ka ga .ef V8 .it .ga Liquids. . rare ur ■ Zull el I i . E e . A a . a a. 0. Uu. XJu. * i. ere-. Yy Ww H li JTj^ The marks of punctuation are the same as in the old-orthography, excepting the fol- lo-w'iiig cbausjes and auditions: the mark; of interrogation 4 is placed before the first word in a sentence that indicates a query, ? at the end of a sentence." indicates doubt; ? laughter; ! surprise; ; sorrow; the inverted • signifies the omission of a letter. JRuIes of Accent. 1. Words of two syllables are accented on the first. 2. Words of tliree or more syllables are accepted on the third from the end; Unless the last syllable but one contain a long vowel or diphthong, or the last syllable begin with /, z, or y/,— in which cases the accent falls on the last syllable but one. Exceptions to these rules are marked with the sign \ placed over the vowel to be accented. Words wholly printed in car " eyllables,) are not thus marked R r .^. . . . . LI Nasals. Mm ??2ain N n none N I) . . . ; si??^ . , cm . en and French words, (which have no regularly accented PREFACE. If the following sketches make but little addition to what has already been written of their subjects, which, indeed, they do not pretend to do, — they are, at least, designed to re-present, in convenient form, and in concise style, a valuable historical record; and one of which Americans are apt to know too little. The present is a time when American feeling is ram- pant; knowledge should keep pace with this feehng; we ought to have our faith well grounded ; and as essential in the education of our youth, they should be well instructed in all that pertains to the history of those wise men who framed our Government; and of those who have been honored with the high and responsible duty of administering its laws and precepts. This has not been so, sufficiently, formerly. Take almost any company of our latter day patriots, — ^whether at the polls or in their secret conclaves so much talked about, — and not a few of them may be found who know no more of the history of their country, 5 6 PREFACE. and who appreciate its institutions no better than the son of Erin who has but just "declared his intentions." The writer is not entirely with the American party; "so far as he understands its principles," he questions its soundness, even in the out-of-the-way place of a preface ; he would say nothing, however, in any place in derogation of what are legitimate American princi- ples. He speaks now only in behalf of American edu- cation, — an education which shall imbue the hearts of American citizens with a love of American institutions, founded on a just understanding of them. And to such an education the study of American biography is essential — the study of the lives of Amer- ican great men, of those who framed our Government, and of those who have been exalted to high stations in its administration ; if these have not been all great men, we should instruct our youth how their fathers have been unfaithful to their country in confiding the admin- istration of its government to unworthy men. The Constitution of the Spartan republic, though defective in many respects, existed nearly six hundred years; and the permanence of that republic must be attributed, more than to any other cause, to the fact that Spartan youth were early taught to understand and reverence its Constitution ; and to adore the memory of its great originator ; and the memory of the long line PREFACE. 7 of patriotic great men who had preserved it and handed it down to them inviolate. Of all the institutions of Lycurgus, the education of the youth of the republic was that on which the great legislator bestowed the most particular attention. They were thoroughly taught the constitution, and laws, the powers of the several functionaries of the state, and the defined duties and rights which belonged to the governors, magistrates, and citizens. Our own system of education should not be defective in this respect. The civil history of our country is not so well under- stood as its martial history. History in general is but the record of wars and bloodshed ; of the success of one tyrant in crushing another ; or of despotism trampling upon the rights of humanity. But our peaceful political revolutions, or changes in public policy, as they are brought about by successive Presidential administra- tions, present no records of sanguinary strife; they present material for a higher order of history. This little compilation, it is hoped, will aid somewhat in the work of historical and political education. But it falls far short of that course of reading which every American youth should pursue in this connection ; it may, however, serve as an outline, which will be readily enlarged upon by inquiring minds, aided by the instruc- tion of friends. 8 PREFACE. To the unphonetic reader there will be a slight obstacle to the convenient perusal of this book; but the writer, — and also its publishers — are as firm advocates of phonetic truth, as they are friendly to the free institu- tions of their country ; and this publication bears wit- ness of their fidelity to both. F. G. A. J0RJ WOEITJTON. JieRJ WOEmTONZ faderz nam woz Ggustin M\ W irjton. He woz an ekselent fader — siig a fq.der aL _ .. litl berz qr blest wid. Ov kors hs luvd Jerj tenderli. Hwot hs wijt most woz tu ss hiz bo* bskum a gud and trcD man. And "ds ^jld iz fader ov de man." Ggustin Wojiijton nu dis— hs nu dat if hs kud inspjr Jerj wid a luv ov el dat iz gud and nobl hwjl hs woz yet a ^jld, so dat hs fud mak vertyu ds rol ov hiz kondukt^ hwj den ds man Jerj wild bs a m^n inded. Hs pcnted 3t tm him ds gud ov d(i)ir) wel, — ds svil ov doig il. *^Bs jenerus, mj litl sim," sed hs. "Kum wid ms; I wil Jo y(D h^ ds Gud Fq,der iz jenerus tu us." 3a went tu ds er^ard. 3^r da wer prszented wid a fjn sjt inded. 3s hoi ert, az far az da kud ss^ woz strcod wid frcot : and yet ds trsz wer bendir) under ds wat ov aplz, hwig 11 12 as PREZIDENTS. hur) in klusterz Ijk graps, and vanli strov tu lijd dq^r blujig qeks bshind ds gren kvz. "N^, Jerj," sed hiz fader, "luk her, mj sun, dont yo) rsmei^iber hwen ycor gud kuzin bret J(D dat f^n larj apl last sprir), h^ ^qxdli I kud prsval on yoo tu divjd wid yajr bruderz and sisterz; do j promist yo) dat if yco wild but do) it, God, de giver ov el -Biijz, wud giv yoo plenti ov aplz dis fol." PtDr Jerj kud not sa a wurd, but hur) d^n hiz bed, and lukt kw^t konfiizd, hwjl wid hiz litl naked toz hs skra^t in de soft gr^nd. "N^ Ink up, mj sun," kontinyixd hiz f cider, '^hik up, Jerj, and sc h^ rigli de blesed God haz mad giad m^ proinis tu yo). Hw£|,rever yco turn ymr jz, yo) se de trez loded wid .f^n frmt, meni ov dem inded brakii) d^n; hwjl de gr^nd iz yet kuverd wid melo aplz, mor dan yco kud et, mi sun, in ol your liftim." Jerj lukt in salens on de wjd wilder nes ov froot. He se de bizi aumir) bez, and herd de ga nots ov de hapi berdz ; den liftii] hiz ter-fild jz tu hiz fctder he softli sed, ^^Wel, pcL, onli forgiv me dis tjm, and se if j ever be so stinji eni mor." SHwot duz de stori ov de haget Jo. 3at Jerj luvd tr(Dt. ^Hw^ didn't Jerj lern tu tel l^z az uder boz dco. lbs i£{v it iz tu fjnd a bcp hcoz tvurd iz f%r. It iz onli J0RJ WOEITJTON. 13 n^ and den yco fjnd wun, " Troofi, Jerj," sed Ggustin Wojirjton, "iz d^ luvliest kwoliti ov ycot. i wud rjd fifti m^lz, mj sun, tii S8 ds bee h(Dz hcirt iz so o?test, and hiz lips so j)iir, dat we ma depend on everi wurd he sez." "Pci)" sed Jerj, veri seriusli, "4d(D i ever tel Ijz." "No, Jerjj I tai)k God yoD doo not, mj sun; and j rejas in de hop dat yo) never wil. At lest yco Jal never, from me, hav koz tii be gilti ov so Jamful a -fiir). Meni pq^rents, inded, dm drjv dq^r gildren tu dis v^l praktis, bj bqrbarusli betir) dem for everi litl folt; hens, on de nekst ofens, si kumz a fib tu hjd it, and tii eskap a tr^nsii). But az tu myself, Jorj, yo) no j hav olwaz told yco, and n^ tel yoo agen, dat hwenever bj aksident, er fer eni rezn, yo) dcD enitir) ror), hwig must ofn be de kas, az yo) ar but a litl bo* yet, wid^t mug eksperiens or nolej, ycD must never tel a folshud tu koi^el it; but kum bravli up, mj sun, Ijk a litl ma,n, smd teFme ov it; and, insted ov betir) yo), Jorj, j wil but de mor onor and luv ycD for it, mj bo*." cle sun ov Ggustin Wojigton bekam de ^^Fq^er ov hiz {Kunfri.''\ S0t not he ho) planted de sedz ov gratnes in de hart ov dat sun tu jq^r a litl ov de onorz bestod on him. Sertenli. If dq^r iz eni gud in Fort ov JulJ orajonz, let a fii ov dem be givn in praz ov de fader 14 as PREZIDENTS. ov de " FcL^er ov hiz Kuutri ;" uder fciderz ma profit d^rbj. 38 stori ov ds haget foz dat Jerj lernt tu Im trcofi.. He woz but siks yerz old hwen he woz mad 6iz welti master ov a haget ; ov kors, Ijk most litl bo-z, he woz veri fond ov it, and woz konstantli goir) ab^t gopig everitir) dat kam in hiz wa. Wun da, in de garden, hwq,r he ofn amiizd himself hakig hiz muderz pe bmfez, he unlukili trjd de ej ov hiz haget on de bodi ov a butiful yui) IrjgliJ ^eri tre, hwig he botrkt so teribli dat de tre never got de beter ov it. 3e nekst mornii] hiz fctder f^nd ^t hwot had befeln hiz tre, hwig, bj de bj, woz a grat favorit ; and, kumiij intm de h^s, askt for de mis^ivus otor, deklq^rii) at de tf? 1 sam tjm, dat he wmd not hav takn fjv giniz for hiz tre. Nobodi kud tel him eniMi) ab^t it. Prezentli Jorj and hiz haqet mad dq^r aperans. "Jorj," sed hiz fctder, "'idco ycD no ho) kild dat butiful litl ^eri tre yonder in de garden." ais woz a tuf kwestyon ; and Jorj stagerd on it for a moment, but kwikli rekuverd himself; and lukig at hiz fader, wid de swet fas ov (^ildlmd, brjtnd wid ds inekspresibl ^arm ov trmt, he bravli repl^d, " 4 kant tel a Ij, pa ; yo) no \ kant tel a Ij. * kut it , wid mj haget." JGRJ WOSIRTTON. 15 " Run tu mj ctrmz, mj ckrest bcr," kr^d liiz fader in transports, " run tm mj armz ; " glad am j, Jerj, dat yo) kild mj tre; fer yo) liav pad me fer it a t^zand fold. Sug an akt ov heroizm, mj sun, iz ov mor wurt dan a ■fiyzand trez, do blosomd wid silver, and dq^r frajts ov purest gold." Mister Wo|ii)ton kontrjvd de foloii) ekspedient tu Jo Jerj de wizdom and gudnes ov hiz Maker, and tu enkurej in him a spirit ov inkw^ri az tu de kezez ov "Bii)z. Wun da, in de garden, he prep4rd a litl bed ov erfi, on hwiq he rot Jorjez nam in ful, in larj leterz ; den soil) plenti ov kabej sed alog de l^nz ov r^tii), he kuverd dem up, and smoodd ol over njsli wid a roler. 3is bed f^f*^be purpusli mad klos alor) sjd ov a g(Dzberi wek, hwig hapnd ta dis tjm tu be wel hug wid rjp frmt, and hwig he nil wud be onord wid Jorjez vizits priti regyularli everi da. Not meni morniijz had past awa befor in kam Jerj, wid Jz w^d md wunder, and hiz litl ^eks redi tu burst wid grat nuz. "O ! pa. kum her, kum her ! " "HHwot'S de mater, mj sun — Shwot-s de mater." " O ! kum her, j tel yo), pa ; kum her, and j wil Jo yoo sug a sjt az yo) never se in el joy Ijft^m ! " Mr Wojirjton went wid unyii3iial redines tu de spot, wel aw4r hwot de stranj s^t wud prcDV tu be. 16 as PEEZIDENTS. *^ Her, poLj her it iz ; S did yco ever se suq a sjt in el yoor Ijf befor." "Hwj it semz Ijk a kiirius af4r5 Jur snuf, Jerj." "But, fader, 4h(D mad it her; ^.hoo mad it her." " Mabs it kam bj qans, Jerj." " SBj gans, pa, o no, no ; it never did gro bj gans, { am Jur." " SHw^ not, m| sun." "Hwi, pci? ^. did yo) ever se enibodiz nam in a plant bed befor. " Wei, but Jerj, sug a tir) mjt hapn, do yoo never se it befor." " Yes, pa? but I never se litl plants gro up so az tu mak wun siggl leter ov mj nam befor. N^ Sh^ kudda mak el de leterz ov mj nam, and in sug egzakt erder, too. Inded simhodi did it ; and j dq^r sa n^, pa? yoo did it." "Wei, ycD ar rjt, Jerj, i did doo it." " mwot fer, fader." " * ment, Jerj," repljd Mr Wojiijton, " bj menz ov it tu te^ yo) an important leson." " ^wot, fader, "itm plant sedz." " Mor important dan dat. * wijt tu prcov tu y(D dat dq^r iz a grat God." "Hwi, I belsv dat n^, fader; j hav ofn bin told ab^t dat, yu) no." JGRJ WOXITiTTOIT. 17 '^Wel, but Jerj, Sh^ do) yoy no dat de{T h a God. SH^ wud yto prcDV dat dq,r iz a God." "^I never studid dat, pa, and j dont no." '^ Wei, dat iz ds veri pant j wij yo) tu no. Lisn, and I wil eksplan : Hwen yo) diskuverd dez leterz in dis bed da apsrd wonderful ; yoo wijt tu no h^ da kam her ; I tokl ym da mjt hav kum bj gans ; dis did n-t satisfy yo). SKan ym tel hw^." " Bekez it semd az if sumbodi must hav sod de sed her just so," sed Jerj. * tet sumbodi had a de^fn in it; and y(D told ms dat yco had sum dezjn in it, fcider." " Yes, I had a dezjn in it; and de mqrks ov dezin prmv dat de plants did nc/t dus gro bj gans, but dat sum ajent er beii) woz konsernd in dem. SIz it not so." " Yes, ser." " N^ den, Jerj, luk arb^nd. Yco se dis butiful wurld ; yo) se h^ njsli el tiijz o^ kontrivd—\moi marks ov dezjn &%Y qr. We hav f^r ^u worm us hwen we ar kold ; weter tu driijk hwen we or tersti; tet) tu et wid, jz tu se wid, fet tu wek wid. In a t^zand tiijz we se dez^n. a^r must, den, hav bin a deziner—mm wun ho) fermd dez tiqz far a purpus, for sum end." " H! " sed Jerj, "i no hcom yio men, fctder : yoo men God eimiti." 2 18 38 PREZIDENTS. "Yes, I msn him."^ 3ms did Mr Wojiijton sek, h] jentl cirfcifis, tu Jo Jeq de evidens ov doz tra)dz hwig he dezjrd tu impres upon hiz yui) mjnd. He did not simpli tel him hwot woz tra)t, but he sot tu konvins hiz rszji^ and tu indus in hiz mjnd de habit ov inkwiiir) intu de kozez ov tigz. Jeij Wojirjton woz bem on de twenti-sekond da ov FebrcDari, 1732. At de aj ov ten hiz k^nd f cider woz takn from him. Jerjez yui) hqrt felt a grat gref den, — hwot a teribl gref nun kan tel, it kan onli be felt. But hiz muder — and he had a trcD-hctrted muder, ho) had bin a helper wid hiz fader in de wurk ov tranir) Jorjez m^nd, — n^ Je must dco it el. But it woz no erksum task. "Jus-t az de twig iz bent, de tre iz inldjnd." Jeijez mjnd woz wel inldjnd in de wa ov gudnes, bef or de aj ov ten yerz. At fiften Jerj had rezolvd tu enter az midjipman in de BritiJ navi. Preparajonz had bin wel mad ; hiz truijk evn woz on bord de man ov wor ; — den kam de trjal ov pctrtir) wid hiz der muder ; den he se dat de indusments did n-t justify de sakrif js. 3e gloriz ov wor wer swept awa bj de t^d ov gujii) afekjon dat sweld up at de tet ov dat pctrtir) ; in bidir) fq^rwel tu dat frend hcD luvd him jeRj woi:i"RrTON. 19 most, hiz muder, he bekam overhwelmd wid gref, and abandond d^ projekt. SDuz eni ber sa he woz ^iken-hcu^ed. Remember, it iz ov Jerj Wojii^ton ycD spek; de sam hdo, skq,rs siksyerz dq^rdfter, hwen biz kuntri kold Mm, m^t hav bin sen bravig de ruf wildernes, amiir) savej foz, tu render de neded servis. At twenti-tre yo) se him amid de kcirnej ov Bradoks defet ; wid hers after hers Jot under him, and hiz kot ridld wid bmlets. And yto dcD not se him Jriijk from ds danjer ov de f^t. He standz a bulwark, az ferm az a rok, betwen hiz retretii) komredz and de mersiles fo. Duti keld him her. He went tu defend hiz naborz herfi- stonz. Let no bo* "Birjk it }oz a wont ov trcD kiirej tu yeld tu de diktats ov fond afekjon, so loij az dq^r iz no real demand for its sakrifis. Meni a bo* ho redz dis haz beter skcolig dan Jog Wojirjton had. Hiz ferst skojlmaster woz de old seVston in hiz faderz parij. No d^t gud old Mster Hobi dug gravz wel ; but it iz sed ov de uder brang ov hiz profejon, dat he onli nu h^ tu teg de a-be-se, and a litl ov re dig and spelii], — ^not mug mor. No d^t hiz fcider and muder tet him mor at hom dan he lemt ov de sekston. He went tu a beter s'scojI afterwardz, until he woz f if ten yerz old. He had no skcDhr) after dat. He woz onli tet de komon 20 as PREZIDENTS. Iijglij braiK^ez ov edynkajon, wid matematiks. No Latin, no Grek; lie never nu mor dan hiz muder tui). It mjt hav bin beter if lis had, but Jorj Wojiijton woz a grat man wid^t a klasikal edyukajonj — uderz hav bin; uderz ma h^. Scon after leviij skol Jerj bskam a survaor, in de em- ploment ov Lord Fq^rfaks. Ov kors in dis okyupajon he beksim muc; ekspozd tu ds wind and weder ; but bs did not disljk it; hs woz elwaz an aktiv jo)t — fond ov manli ^t ov dor sports. Fu ov hiz kompanyonz kud ma^ him in dz raS; de lep, er ds resl. Hu Stinson woz stronger dan hsj and at '^ bak-hold " woz d^ beter ov ds too; but Jorj kud trip hiz hslz from under him at cirmz lei)^. He establijt a ferm konstitiijon bj aktiv eksers^z in hiz berhud. Ab^t 1753, ds Freng bsgan srektii) a ^an ov forts from Lak ori tu ds hed ov ds Ohjo river, clis woz upon teri- \toii Idamd bj Veijinia. Guvemor Dinwidi rszolvd tu rsmonstrat agenst dis enkro^ment. Wojiijton woz sslekted tu perform ds danjerus erand ov konvaiij ds Guvernorz mesej tu ds Frenc; komdndant. JLs hs woz elmost dr^nd in lirosii] ds Alsgani river, hs telz us in hiz jumal : — " c[q,r woz no wa," sez hs, "fer getii) over but on a raft, hwig ws set ab^t bildir), wid but wun por hacjet, and finijt just after sunset, clis woz a hoi daz wurk. Ws nekst JGRJ WOXIRTTOK. 21 got it Icinqtj den went on bord ov it, and set ef ; but befor W8 wer hcif wa over, we wer jamd in de js in sug a maner dat W8 ekspekted even moment 3r raft and ^rselvz tii perif . ^F put :^t mj setiij pol tii tr^ tm stop de raft, fciijkig ds IS mjt pas h'l hwen de rapiditi ov ds strem tro) it wid so mu^ vjolens agenst de pol dat it jerkt ms ^t intu ten fet weter; but j fertyunetli savd myself bj ka^iij hold ov wun ov de raft logz. Notwidstandig el m^ efoi-ts, W8 kud not get tu d& uder for, but wer obljjd, az ws wer ncr an jland, til kwit ^r raft, and mak tu it, 38 kold woz so ekstremli ssvsr dat mj gjd had ol ov hiz figgerz and sum ov hiz toz frozn." At wun tjm hs bq^rii eskapt beii) murderd bj a pcaii ov hostil Indianz ; wun ov hcDm, at a Jert distans, f ^rd upon him, but fertyunetli mist him. Scon ds Freng and Indian wer folod. In defens ov Fort Nesesiti, and at ^' Bradoks Dsfst," Wojiijton dispiad wizdom and kurej far abuv a ycDfi ov twenti-tre. In de later batl hs woz ELdtu Jeneral Bradok, hm komdnded. Bradok woz brav and had dun gud servis in -fire kampanz, and agenst aniider f o. But hs woz puft up wid sejf-konsst ; and hs nu htl ov Indian werfq^r. In . ds mcu^c; trti) de wildernes, Wofiijton aprshended an ambuj, and so told Bradok, and hinted de proper mod ov avadii] its konss- 22 38 PREZIDENTS. kAvenscz. Bradok displad mug f tolij aijger at cHs. *'■' Hj timz," sed be, ^' hj timz, hwen a yiiij Bukskiu kan te^ a BritiJ Jeneral h^ tu fjt." Wojiijton felt de rsprJjf kenli; he felt mor ds daDJer dat wated hiz brav kompanyonz. On da mcirgt, in solid kolumn. 38 bludtersti fo la konseld amiuj de roks and trez ov a naro defjl, awatiij de^i jiir and ezi pra. Se werbcop, de panik, de frek, de gron, de inefektyual rezistans ov WoJiijton and biz brav Veijin- ianz, de basti retret in disma and konfii5on, and de batl iz told in bref. cle agoniz ov de wconded and sleterd vilv- timz, de gi-efs ov de widoz and de f(iderles,kannotbctold. Bradok bimself woz slan. Ov Wojiijton, a famus Indian worior bo) akted a ledig pcui in dat bludi trajsdi, woz ofn berd tu deklq^r, dat '^ be woz never bern tu be kild bj a bulet. Fer/' kontin- yud be, '^ j bad sevnten fqr f jrz at bim wid mj r^fl, and after el kud not briij liim tu de gi-^nd." And, inded, bcD- ever konsiderz dat a gud rjil leveld bj a proper mqrks- man, bcirdli ever niisez its am, wil not wunder dat de sii- pei-stijus savej Jud redili konldud dat dq^r woz sum inviz- ibl band dat turnd asjd de bulets. after dis unfei-tyunet kampan, Wojiijton woz givn de komdnd ov de Veijinia forsez razd fer de defens ov de fnintn'z. ais sends kontinyiid f rc yerz ; diuiij bwig t^m he konstantli resevd de aprobajon ov biz kuntiimeu. J0KJ WOXITJTON. 23 In 1758 he tuk hiz set in de Verjinia Lejislatyiir, tu hwi^ pozijou he had bin repetedli elekted, but from hwi^ hiz militari dutiz had az yet kept him. He woz marid in hiz twenti-sevnfi yer tu Misez Morfia Kustis, an ekselent and amiabl wuman, even wa wurdi ov him. "Ero dMi ycor ormz and dispers, yo) rebelz," woz de kr^ ov Pitk^m, de BritiJ ofiser in komdnd at Leksiijton. 3e unheded komdnd woz folod up b^ a voli ov musketri, hwig in its turn ariszd de valor ov Masa^itsets patiiotik sunz, and lo in de dust, on Konkerdz planz and hilz wer stron de bodiz ov Pitk4rnz band ov mersenaii h^rhijz. It woz on de 196 ov ^pril, 1775. Sen went fort de krj ov wer, toco^t de ler)-B and bredfi ov de land ; and Wojigton woz keld txi komdnd de najonz armiz. c[e kel woz yiinanimus ; and wel did he konferm de wizdom ov dat ^crs, diirii) dat at yerz AVer ov Independens. Not dat hiz planz wer elwaz suksesful — not dat he never mad a mis- tak — but dat, hwen we konsider de meni ti'jig serkum- stansez under hwig he woz plast, and de vast responsibilitiz ov hiz pozijon, we qr astonijt at de wunderful p^erz hwi^ he displad fa'o^t dat loi) strugl fer liberti. ae batl ov Lor) Hand, fet on de 276 ov Ggust, 1776, woz unfertyiinet. Kumii], az it did, elmost at de ^tset 24 38 PREZIDENTS. ov de kontest, and so mug apq^rentli dependii] upon de sukses ov de f erst bloz stmk fer fredom, meiii hco had bin frendz ov de kez bckam diskurejd and gav in dq^r alejians tu lo-alti, er at lest bekam inaktiv. Tordz de kloz ov de kampan ov 1776 Wojigton had not 3,000 men; and svn doz ho) remand wid him wer so destitut ov nesesariz, dat nutiij but dq^r luv and ven- erajon fer him kept dem tngeder. And wid dis handful he had tu opoz a viktorius CLrmi ov nerli ferti-t^zand vet- eranz. But Wojiijton, bj hiz adres and boldnes, scon put a diferent fas upon materz. 3e sukses ov de batlz ov Trenton and Prinston, reanimated de despondii), and gav hop tu de fant-harted. In de former ov dez batlz, ner wun fi^zand ov de enemi wer mad priznerz; ab^t ferti wer kild and wconded. 3e batl ov Prinston woz mor saijgwinari. On de 266 ov Desember Wojiijton wid hiz onni woz at Trenton, hmq plas Kemwohs regt wid de van ov hiz ctrmi on de afternoon ov de sam da. " N5, Ser," sed Ser Wilyam Erskin tu KernwoUs, " n^ iz de t^m tu mak fur ov Wojiijton." "O no," repljd Kernwolis, "^r tr(Dps hav mctrgt a gud wa tuda and qr t^rd. And de oldfoks kan not mak hiz eskap; fer, wid de help ov de Delawqr, n^ fild up wid js, ws hav kompletli sur^nded him. Tumoro merniij, frej JGRJ WOXITiTTON. 25 and fastiij, ws'l fel upon him, and tak him and hiz raga- mufinz el at wuns." "H! mj Lerd," returnd Ser Wilyam, «if Wojigton bede soljer dat I fsr he iz, jorl not ss him dqv tumoro mernii)." Wojiijton woz in a veri kritikal sityiiajon. Tu reman and risk a batl wid a superior and konstantU inkresiij fors, wild subjekt hiz qjmi, in kas ov repuls, tii serten destruk- Jon. Ct retret over de Delawq^r wud hav bin ekwaH haz- ardus. Wid hiz yusual sagasiti and boldnes, Wojiijton adopted anuder ekstrordinari but judifus skem, hwiq woz entjrli suksesful. Kindlii) de f jrz ov hiz kamp az yii3iial, and havir) left a smel gqjd and sentinelz, tu desev de ene- mi, ab^t midnjt Wojigton put hiz htl armi in mojon, and pasii) aloij de enemiz rer, hasnd tu surprjz a Ictrj bodi ov dq^r tr(Dps at Prinston. S(Dn az it woz da Kernwohs woz gratli mertifid tu f jnd dq^r woz no Amerikan armi on de baijks ov de Sanpiijk. Just den he herd de ror ov Wojiijtonz kanon at Prinston. **3q^r!" sed Ei'skin, *'dq^r iz Wojiijton n^, kutii) up -ST troops." And so it woz, for on ar^vig at Prinston, ab^t sunr^z, Wojiijton met fire BritiJ rejiments, ho) had just struk ds^r tents, and wer kumiij on in hj spirits tu atak him at Tren- ton. Se pctrtiz klajt in a moment. At ferst de Ameri- 26 as PREZIDENTS. kanz gav wa ; but, sensibl dat el woz at stak, Wojiijton sna^t a standard, and advansii) on de enemi, keld tu hiz kuntrjmen tm folo. 38 efekt woz elektrikaJ. cLe enemi wer kompeld tm giv wa in el kwerterz, and wer persi^d for mjlz. 38 viktorz rsturnd wid for hundred priznerz. 3s baonet had stopt wun hundred and twenti on de fsld. But da fel not alon. 38 galant Merser and siksti-tre ov hiz brav kuntrimen wejr sakrif^st wid dem. 38 batl ov Monmut woz fet on d8 18fi ov Jun, 1778. Hsr Wojiijton elso gand a desjded viktori. 38 BritiJ had t(jO hundred and ferti-n^n kild; dz Amerikanz, fifti-at. Jeneral L8 bsgan de atak in dis batl. Wojigton morgt on briskli tii suport him. But az he advanst, tu hiz infinit astonijment, he met Ls retretir), and de enemi persuiij. " Fer Godz sak, Jeneral Le," sed Wojiijton wid gi'at wermfij "Shwot iz de kez ov dis il-tjmd prcodens." "No man, ser," repljd Le, konvulst wid raj, ''kan host a Iqrjer ami^nt ov dat raskali vertyu dan ycor ekselensi." Dajiij aloij bj de madman, Wojiijton rod up tu hiz troops, hcD, at s)t ov him, rent de q^r wid ''God sav grsit Wofhjtonr " Mi brav feloz," sed he, **Skan ycD fjt." ^ 3a anserd wid fire ^erz. " 3en fas abit, mj heroz, and gcirjy 3is order woz instantli eksekiited. 3e enemi jeRJ WOEIIU-TON. 27 f jndiij demselvz n^ wermli opozd in frunt, mad an atemt tu turn hiz left flaijk, but wer galantli atakt and drivn bak. clen da mad a rapid pmj tu de i-jt: but de intrepid Gren, wid a qas bodi ov troops and ctrtileri, repulst dem wid konsiderabl sleter. At de sam instant, Wan advdnst wid hiz lejon, and pord in so sever and wel-direkted a f^r, dat de enemi wer glad tu retret. On bofi sjdz meni d^d ov de intens het ov de weder, aded tu de fateg ov de da. Jeneral Le, depli iritated bj de reprimand ov Wojigton on dat da, adrest tu him tcD hot and ofensiv leterz, de- mdndir) reparafon. 3e rezult woz de arest ov Le, and hiz trjal bj a kort mcpjal, and hiz suspenjon from komdnd fer wun yer. He never rejand de qtrmi, but djd in seldu^on at Filadelfia, just befor de kloz ov de wer. In September, 1780, de trezn ov Arnold woz diskuv- erd. Arnold had bin wun ov de ferst tu rezist BritiJ agrejon, and, hidertu, had bin wun ov de most intrepid defenderz ov Amerikan hberti. But he woz a spendfirift^ and adikted tu gamii) and disolut habits. Havii) skwon- derd hiz f0rt}iin5 at lei)t he apropriated de publik fundz tu hiz on yus, fer hwig he woz reprimanded bj Wojiijton. He disembld liiz purpusez ov revenj, and havir) obtand komdnd ov de important fertres ov West Pent, he prjvetli engajd tu deliver it intu de handz ov de enemi, fer ten 28 38 PEEZIDENTS. ■fi^zand p^ndz sterliij, and a komijon az Brigader in ds BritiJ armi. cCs plot woz tu inlditd de kaptyur ov WoJ- iijton elso. Tu Major Ander, a yui) and amiabl ofiser ov unkomon merit, de Britij komdnder at Nu-Yerk had intrusted de biznes ov ncgojiatiij wid Hrnold. 38 plot fald, and Ander woz sakiif^zd, hw^l Hmold eskapt, tii resev de rewerd ov hiz trezn. 38 wer kontinyiid until 1781. 38 Batl ov Yorkt^n ma bs konsiderd az ds kloz ov de kontest. In dqi tret- ment ov priznerz de Amerikanz wer yii5uali jenerus and nobl ; not elwaz so de BritiJ. Durii) de sej ov Yerkt^n Kur. Skamel, ov ds Amerikan armi, woz W(Dnded and takn prizner. On ak^nt ov il tretment he djd. GL fii njts afterwcuTl Wojirjton gav erderz tu sterm too ov ds enemiz red^ts, hwig wer karid elmost in an instant. 3s BritiJ keld for kwerterz : a vo-s ov det woz herd, " Rs-. member par SlcameV Wojiijton repl^d, "Remember, jentlmen, yco qr Amerikanz." Instantli de pants ov ds Amerikan baonets wer tron up tordz hevn, 3e hostil flets and armiz widdren, and de independens ov ds kuntri wun, Wojirjton proseded, h\ direkjon ov Kog- gres, tu disband de ctrmi. Tu dis event he had lukt for- ward wid grat arjzjeti. Hiz soljerz must n^ la diyn dq^r cirmz, and return horn, meni ov dem wid^t a desent siit J0EJ WOXITiTTON. 29 on dqv baks,er a peni in dqv pokets. Murmurz ov dis- kontent aroz. Atemts Aver mad tm alitr de disafekted from dq^r kuntriz alcjians. Koijgres woz (^arjd wid neg- lekt and ingratitiid. Anonimus serkiikirz wer distrib- yilted til de soljerz, atemtir) tn inflam dem tu anctrki. And svn Wojirjton himself woz liikt tn, tm bekum ds leder in dqr lo'ajsad agenst Koijgres for ds redres ov dqy grsvansez. But he hcD had led de cirmiz ov Amerika tu win her libertiz woz ekwal tm de emerjensi, — woz abl tm avo-d de bio hwig n^ tretnd tm destro* dem. Insted ov tregerusli yeldir) tm de wifez ov hiz armi tm dq^r on rcoin, h^ winz dem bak tm de pa^ ov duti and patriotizm; in- sted ov driijkii] in, wid komplasent smjl, de hozanaz dat wmd hav mad him /a^, he dctrknz hiz hr^ ov displegyiir at dq^r impjeti. He adrest leterz tm de ofiserz ov de armi, dez^rii) dem tm met him at an apo-nted tjm and plas. Tm a man da ol gaderd ar^nd him. Hiz apel tm dem on dat oka5on had de efekt dezjrd. Ks. imedietli and yiinhiimusli adopted de foloii) rezoliijonz : Rszdlvd — 3at havii] engajd in de wor from motivz ov de purest luv and zel for de rjts ov man, no serkum- stansez ov distres er danjer Jal ever indiis us tm sidi de glori we hav akw^rd at de prjs ov ^r bind, and at yerz faMml servis. 30 KB PREZIDENTS. MEzolvd^ 3at we kontinyu tu hav an unjakn konfi- dens in de justis ov Koijgres and ^r kuntri. Rezdlvd, 3at w£ vu wid abhorens, and rejekt wid dis- dan, de infamus propozifon kontand in a lat anonimus adres tu ds ofiserz ov de ormi. Wojirjton rez^nd hiz komijon on de 23d ov Desember, 1783, and imedietli retard tu hiz form at M^nt Vernon. But in Ma, 1787, he woz qozn Prezident ov de Konven- Jon in Filadelfia hwig fermd ^r prezent Konstitujon. And in de sprii) ov 1789 he woz yunanimusli qozn Prezi- dent ov de Yunjted Stats. In de kapasiti ov a statsman he prcovd himself az kompetent, and mad himself az pop- yular, az on de batl-feld. Hwen he tuk de Prezidenjal ^q^r, de najon, az wel az de pepl, woz elmost baijkrupt on ak^nt ov de ekspens ov de lor) wer ; but bj hiz judijus administrafon, in for yerz it had veri mug rekuverd. Hwen de t^m far a nii elekjon kam r^nd Wojiijton wonted tu deldjn servig agen, but doz hcD nil de nesesitiz ov ds kuntri best insisted dat it wud be perilus for him tu lev de helm ov stat yet, and he servd anuder t^rm. In 1798 he retjrd from publik Ijf, for de purpus ov enjo-ir) de kwjet plejurz ov hom. He woz, h^ever, not permited tu reman &t\p loi); fer he djd wun yer afterward, Desember 14t, 1799, at de aj ov siksti-sevn yerz. ebni ^rmhnt. JON ADAMZ. II^IK er swiin, liv er dj, survjv or perij wid mj kuntri, iz mj unolterabl determinajon." Sug,in 1774, woz ds larjgwej ov de patriot, JON ADAMZ. He Imkt bak upon hvvot had bin de kors ov de Kig and Pctrliment tordz dx Koloniz durir) a loi) scriez ov yerz. He se ny no hop for hiz kuntri but in independens. " ^ no Grat Briten haz determind upon her kors, and dat veri deter- minajon determinz me on mjn ; yco no j hav bin konstant and yuniferm in opozijon tm her mesyurz. 3e dj iz n^ kast." From de pasej ov de Navigajon Akt ov 1761 tu de enaktment ov de Boston Port Bil, and de sendiij ov troops tu enfors it, d^r had bin a konsistent kors ov oprejon on de part ov de Pqrliment, hwic; konvinst sue; men az Otis, Patrik Henri, and Jon Adamz, dat de apel tu armz and tu de God ov batlz woz de onU kors left. 3 33 34 38 PREZIDENTS. ■■ But dez wer b| no menz ds sentiments and feliijz ov de inhabitants jenerali. Sq^r advokatS; indcd, wer unpopyular at ferst. Mr Adamz, in partikyular, from hiz ardent temperament and en^iiziastik karakter, woz an objekt ov suspijon and disl|k. He woz gaijd not tii mak publik d^ jdea ov a disoliijon ov de konekjon ov de Koloniz wid ds muder kuntri, az it woz az unpopyulor az de Stamp Akt itself. He woz evn panted at in de strets az de vi5onari advokat ov de most desperet me5iirz. Hiz on viiz and doz ov hiz most distir)gwi|t kolegz, ma be lernt from an ekstrakt from wun ov hiz on leterz. " Hwen Koijgres had finijt dq^r biznes, az da tet, in de Gtum ov 1774, j had wid Mr Henri, befor we tmk lev ov eg uder, sum familyar konversafon, in hwig j eksprest a ful konvikjon dat ^r rezolvz, deldarafonz ov rjts, enu- merafon ov roi)z, petijonz, remonstransez, and adresez, asojiajonz, and nonimportajon agrements, h^'ever da mjt be respekted in Amerika, and h^'ever nesesari da mjt be tm sement de yunyon ov de Koloniz, wild be but wast paper in Irjgland. Mr Heiui sed, da mjt mak sum imprejon amiir) de pepl ov Irjgland, but agred wid me dat da wud be totali lost upon de guvemment. ^I had but just resevd a Joi-t and hasti leter, ritn tm me bj Major Jozef 01i, ov Nertampton, kontanir) 'a in brokn JON ADAMZ. 35 hints/ az lis kelz dem, ov hwot he fiet wud be proper tu be dun, and konkluded wid dez wurdz: ' after el, we must f jt.' 3is leter j red tm Mr Henri, hco lisnd wid grat atenjon ; az scon az j had pron^nst de wurdz, ' after el, we must fjt,' he razd hiz hed, and, wid an eneiji and vehe- mens dat \ kan never forget, brok ^i wid an of), ' tB am ov dat manz mjnd.' '' Henri went horn tii Verjinia tm reiterat dis laijgwej. in hiz selebrated speg in de Verjinia Konvenjon, in 1775^ he sez : ' In van, after dez tirjz, ma we indiilj in de fond hop ov pes and rekonsiliajon. 3q^r iz no loijger eni r(Dm fer hop. If we wij tm be fre ; if we men tm prezerv invjo- lat, doz inestimabl privilejez, fer hwig we hav bin so lor) kontendii); if we men not basli tm abandon de nobl strugl in hwig we hav bin so loi) engajd, and hwi^ we hav plejd ^rselvz never tm abandon until de glorius objekt ov ^r kontest fal be obtand — ^we must f jt ! $ repet it, ser, wc Jon Adamz woz bem in Kwinsi, Masagiisets, on de 196 ov Oktober, 1735. He woz de forfi in desent from Henri Adamz, hoo, akerdir) tm de inskripfon ov hiz toomston, "tmk hiz fl^t from de Drakon persekujon, in Devonfer, Iijgland, and aljted wid at sunz ner M^nt Welston." Hiz fqderz nam woz Jon Adamz. He gradynated at HcuTurd Yuni- 36 • 38 PEEZIDENTS. versiti at ds aj ov twenti, and afterwaiclz tet skdol and studid le at de sam t^m at Wmrster. He woz admited tu deBar in 1758. He komenst praktis in Brantre^ and hiz sukses woz scDn mad serteu bj de abiliti wid hwig he ctr- gud a kriminal kas befor a jnii in Plimufi. In 1764, IVIr Adamz maiid Abigal, deter ov Rev. Wilyam Smit, ov Wamiifi ; and fii men hav bin so fert- yunet in dq^r ^as, er so hapi in &qi domestik relajonz. Ms Adamz woz a wuman ov grat personal biiti and streijt ov kai'akter, wid a hjli kultivated mjnd, and a most amiabl dispozijon. Ee simpatjzd wid her huzband in hiz patriotik entuziazm, woz de konfidant ov el hiz planz and feliijz ; ^erd and suported him in hiz ^rz ov tr^al, and submited, wid^'t repiniij, tu de lor) separajonz hwiq hiz diitiz tu de publik renderd nesesari. In 1765 de Stamp Akt woz past. Amug de formost in opozijon tu it^ woz Jon Adamz. He mad a p^erful argument agenst it befor de Guvernor and K^nsel ov Masa^iisets. He qrgud dat de korts |ud administer jus- ^ tis wid^t stamt paper. Ab^t dis tim he gav tu de wurld hiz f erst printed perfermans, hiz " Disertajon on de Kanon and Fiidal Le." ae objekt ov dis wni'k woz tu Jo de absiu'diti and tkani ov de monarkikal and aiisto- kratik institnjonz ov de Old Wurld, and, in partikyular, JON ADAMZ. . 37 dc misc;ivus prinsiplz ov ds Kanon and Fixdal Lo. He kontendz dat de Nii Irjgland setlerz had bin indiist tu kros de ojan tu eskap de tirani ov de ©urq and Stat, and dat da had lad de f^ndajon ov dqr guvernments in rezn, justis, and a respekt for de rjts ov humaniti. He egzerts hiz kuntrimen not tu fol Jort ov dez nobl senti- ments ov dq^r fctderz, and tu salmfjz enitig rader dan liberti and onor. " 3.^ hoi ton ov de esa iz so razd and bold/' sez Mr Wert, "dat it s^ndz Ijk a trumpet kol tu cu'mz." It woz muQ red and admjrd in Amerika and Yurop, and woz pron^nst bj Mr Holis, ov Lundon, tu be de best Amerikan produkjon hwig had krost de Atlantik. In 1766, Mr Adamz remcJbvd tu Boston tu praktis hiz profefon. Hiz kors agenst de akfon ov de horn giiv- ernment woz seriusli detrimental tu hiz suites in de prak- tis ov de lo. He alitdz tu dis in de foloiij ekstrakt from hiz korespondens wid hiz wjf. Sis woz ritn in 1774. " ]i woz sworn in 1758. Mj Ijf haz bin a kontinyiial sen ov fateg, labor and arjz^eti. i-i hav for ^ildren. I^ had a priti estat from mj f cider ; 4 hav bin asisted bj ycor fq,der; i hav dun de gratest biznes in de provins ; j hav had de veri ri(;est kljents in de provins. Yet j am pmr, in kom- parison wid uderz. cfis [ konfes iz grevus and diskurejir). [f et, h^ever, tu be kandid eniif tu on dat j hav bin 38 38 PREZIDENTS. imprcodent. I^ hav spent an estat in buks ; { hav spent a sum ov muni indiskretii in a Ijter, and anuder in a pix, and a muq grater in a h^s in Boston. cEez wud hav bin indiskrejonz if de impe^ment ov de Jujez, de Boston Port Bil, ets., ets., had never hapnd ; but bj de unfertyunet interupjon ov m| biznes, from dez kezez, doz indiskrejonz bskam elmost fatal tm me; tu-be-Jur mug mor detii- mental." In aludii) tu dez serkumstansez, in de sam korespond- ens, at ab^t dis tjm, he givz eksprejon tm de foloiij lai)- gwej : " Let us dq^rfor, mj der pctrtner, from de afekjon we fel fer ^r luvli babz, aplj ^'rselvz bj everi wa we kan, tu de kultivajon ov ^r form. Let frvid agrikult- yural persitts, and stil retand a Ijvli interest in de politiks and literatiir ov de da. He had an ekstensiv kores- pondens tu fil up hiz le3iir "^rz, and a Icuj serkl ov frendz, tm htom he devoted mug ov hiz tjm. He woz invjted tm bekum a kandidat fer de of is ov Guvernor ov Masagiisets, but dekl^nd. He defended de polisi ov Mr Jefersonz administrajon tordz Iggland; and hwen de dispitt termin- ated in wer, he advokated its ekspediensi and nesesiti, in opozifon tm de vriz and sentiments ov de majoriti ov de pepl ov Masa(;iisets. He publijt a seriez ov leterz on dis subjekt, in wun ov de Boston paperz, and hwen a Ion woz opnd, bj de jeneral guvernment, tu met de ekspensez ov de wer, he imedietli tnk up a porjon ov de stok. He JON ADAMZ. 47 reniid dat frendjip wid Mr Jeferson, hwig had bin inter- upted bj pcixti strjf, and sum butiful and karakteristik leterz past betwen dem, meni ov hwiq hav bin printed. In 1816 he woz ^ozn a member ov de Kolej ov 81ek- torz, hwig voted for Mr Monro for Prezident. In 1818 he woz keld upon tu sustan de severest afiik- Jon dat had ever befeln him, bj de det ov hiz beluved wjf, hoy had bin for so meni yerz hiz gjd, soles, and frend, and hoo had Jq^rd hiz patriotik enfiuziazm, and born wid^t a murmur el de sakrif^sez hwig duti tu dq^r kuntri had rekwjrd dem bofi tm mak. On dis oka5on he resevd de foloir) bixtifml leter from Mr. Jeferson. Montiselo, November 13, 1818. Se publik paperz, mj der frend, an^ns de fatal event ov hwig y(Dr leter, ov Oktober 206, had givn me ominus forbodii). Trjd, mjself, in de skcDl ov aflikjon, b^ de los ov everi form ov konekjon hwig kan rjv de human hotrt, I no wel, and fel, hwot ym hav lost — hwot y(D hav suferd — 01' suferir) — and hav yet tm endiir. Se sam tr^alz hav tet me, dat, for ilz so imesurabl, tjm and sjlens qr de onli medisinz. Ji wil not, dqrfor, bj yrisles kondolens, opn afref de sliisez ov ycDr gref ; ner, eldo mirjgHi) sinserli mj terz wid ycorz, wil j sa a wurd mor hwq,r wurdz qr van, 48 38 PREZIDENTS. but dat it iz sum kumfort fer us bot, dat ds term iz not veri distant, at hwig we ci;r tu depozitj in ds sam serment, ^r soroz, and ^r suf erir) bodiz ; and tii asend, in esens, tu an ekstatik metir) wid ds frendz ws hav luvd and lost, and Loom ws fal stil luv and never looz agen. God bles yo), and suport yo), under ymi hevi aflikjonz. TOMAS JEFERSON. 38 wurld haz bctrdli ever sen a spektakl ov grater moral buti and grandyiir, dan woz prezented bj de old aj ov Mr Adamz. Se v^olens ov parti felii) had djd awa, and he had begun tm resev dat just aprefiajon hmq, tm most men, iz not akerded til after det. He had bin elwaz hapi in hiz domestik relajonz, and he had a larj serkl ov frendz and akwantansez, hoo lukt up tu him wid afekjonet admi- rajon. He woz elso an objekt ov grat interest tu inteli- jent stranjerz from el parts ov de wurld, el ov hom wer dezjrus ov seiq a man ho) had dun so mug fer de glori and hapines ov hiz kuntri. No wun kud luk on hiz ven- erabl ferm, and tigk ov hwot he had dun and suferd, and h5 he had givn up el de pr|m and strerjt ov hiz Ijf tu de publik gud, wid^t de depest emojonz ov gratitud and respekt. It woz hiz pekitlyar gud fertyun tu witnes de komplet JON ADAMZ. 49 sukses ov de iiistitiijonz hwic] lie had bin so aktiv in Icrs- atii] and suportii]. lis se even da de infliiensez ov de Revoltifon widniij and ekstendii), and de jenyal Ijt ov fre- dom kontinyiiali adii) inkres tu ds welt, intelijens, and hapines ov hiz kuntrimen. He kud luk ar^nd upon de trjvii) t^nz and sm^lii] vilejez, ds bizi faktoriz, ds kr^ded w4rh^'zez ov hiz kuntri^ and eksldani; " Behold de wurk ov mi handz, ds froDts ov m^ laborz, de rezults ov ml teclz, danjerz, and sakiifjsez." It woz hiz privilej olso tu prs- zerv hiz mjnd unkhded tu ds last. Hs elwaz rstand hiz enjament ov bmks, konversafon, and reflekfon. 3e 4t ov Julj, 1826, hwig komplsted ds hcif senturi sins ds s^niij ov ds Deklarajon ov Indspendens, arjvd, and dq^r wer but trs ov ds sjnerz ov dat rsmcirkabl instrcLinent left upon ert, tu hal its mernii) l^t. And, az it iz wel non, on dat da too, ds tco h(D ov g1 dat nobl band had most tu dcD in its etorfip, finijt dq^r ertti pilgrimej ; a koinsidens so remarkabl az tu ssm elmost mirakyiilus. Fer a fu daz bsfor, Mr Adamz had bin rapidli dsklinii), and on ds mernii) ov &z Fort, hs f^nd himself too wsk tu r^z from hiz bed. On beiij rskwested tu nam a tost fer ds kustomari selsbrajon ov ds da, hs eksklamd, '^Lide- pendem Forever^'' Hwen ds da woz ujerd in, bj ds riijiij ov belz and ds firiij ov kanon, hs woz askt bj wun ov hiz 4 60 38 PREZIDENTS. He repljd, "O yes, God bles it,— God atendants, if he nu hwot da it woz. o yes ; it iz de glorius Fort ov Jul^, bles ycD el." ae last wurdz he uterd wer, ^' Jeferson survjvz." But de spirits ov Jeferson and Adamz went tugeder^ dat da, tu de wurld ov spirits. eri f re^ihnt. TOMAS JEFERSON. *OMAS JEFERSON, de fierd Prezident ov de Yu- njted Stats, woz hern on de sekond da ov ^Tpril, 1743, at Eadwel, an estat ov hiz fctder, in Albamctrl K^nti, Veijinia, and ner tu Montiselo, hw^r hs afterwardz rez^ded. Hs woz ov Welf desent. Hiz fctder, Peter Jeferson, a self-edyrikated man, woz a man ov talent and sjens. But litl iz non ov de erli Ijf ov Tomas Jeferson. Hia f cider provided wel for hiz erli edyukajon. In 1760 he enterd Wilyam and Mari Kolej, hw^^r he remand tm yerz. He himself sez ov de benefits he resevd hwjl atendiij dat institiifon : " It woz m^ grat gmd fertyiin, and probabli fikst de destini ov mj Ijf, dat Dr Wilyam Smel, ov Skot- land, woz den Profesor ov Matematiks ; a man prof^nd in most ov de yusful bran^ez ov sjens, wid a hapi talent 53 64 38 PREZIDENTS. ov komunikajon, korekt and jentlmanli manerz, and an enlorjd and liberal mind. He, most hapili fer me, bekam soon atagt tu me, and mad me hiz dali kompanyon, hwen not engajd in de skcol ; and from hiz konversafon, j got mj ferst -soiz ov de ekspanjon ov sjens, and ov de sistem ov tirjz in hwig we or plast. He retumd tu Yurop in 1762, havii) previusli fild up de me5iir ov hiz gudnes tm me, h'l prokurir) fer me, from hiz most intimet frend, Jerj W^fi, a resepjon az Student ov Le, under hiz direkjon, and introdiist me tu de akwantans and family ar tabl ov Guv- ernor Fekwier, de ablest man ho) had ever fild dat ofis." He woz admited tu de Bqr in 1767. He woz veri suksesful in hiz profejon durir) de Jert tjm he remand in de praktis ov it. But de t^mz keld him tu grater akjon. He woz, in 1769, elekted a member ov de Jeneral Asembli ov Verjinia. 3is sejon ov de Asembli woz dizolvd bj de Guvemor, Lord Botcor, on ak^nt ov sum ofensiv rezo- lujonz hwig wer past, k^ntenansir) de prosedirjz ov Ma^a- qiisets. Mr Jeferson woz, h^ever, imedietli reelekted, and kontinyud a member until de Revoliijon put an e^id tu de metir) ov doz bodiz. Mr Jeferson, in de seJon ov 1769, mad hiz ferst efort in favor ov de emansipajon ov slavz, but wid^t sukses ; fer, az he himself remarks, under a regal guvemment, and TOMAS JEFERSON. 55 hwjl everitir) woz mad tu be subservient tia de interests ov ds muder kuntri, " nufeii) liberal kud ekspekt sukses." In Janyuari, 1772, he woz marid tu Mctrfia, wido ov Baturst Skelton, and deter ov Jon Wales, a leyer ov kon- siderabl eminens in de den Koloni ov Yerjinia. clq^r yunyon, h^ever, woz ov Jert durajon: Je djd in 1782, leviij tre deterz, wun ov hcom d|d yur); de uder to) wer marid, wun tu Tomas M. Randolf, afterwardz Guvemor ov Ver- jinia, and de uder tii Mr Epez. In 1773 de Lejislatynr ov Verjinia apornted a Komiti ov Korespondens, ov hwig Mr Jeferson woz wun, tu kom- unikat wid similar komitiz hwig Jud be apcrnted in uder pqrts ov de kuntri, for de purpus ov ^nimatii) de pepl ov de diferent Koloniz in de^v rezistans tu BritiJ agrejon ; and de wizdom ov dis megur scon bekam apq^rent in de yuniti ov operajonz hwig it produst durii) dat eventful period, and in de yuniti ov sentiment amui) de several Koloniz, h(bz kez woz de sam, and ho) n^ began tu fel demselvz wun nafon. Se pepl ov Verjinia, do dk had elredi Jon demselvz determind not tu submit tu eni infrinjment ov dq^r liber- tiz, wer yet fctr behind doz ov Masagusets in dqr opozijon tu de enkro^ments ov de Britif guvemment. 3a had not yet felt de ful wat ov de jron arm ov oprejon; de 56 38 PREZIDENTS. akts ov Pctrliment had prest most hevili on Masacjusets, and de kup ov her rogz woz nerli fid hwen de Boston Port Bil OTerrun de me5ur. Ss pasej ov dat Bil sent a fok trto de Koloniz dat r:5zd dem tu de konsiderajon ov dq^r sitynajon; for eldo it woz amd at, and intended tu operat in a siijgl plas, yet it Jod tcD wel de determina- Jon ov de guvemnient tu destra, wun bj wun, de libertiz ov Amerika ; it tot dem dat da must Uv and dj de slavz ov absolut p^er, or promtli and manfuli mak komon koz lYid Masai^iisets. 38 niiz ov de pasej ov dis BH woz resevd hwjl de Asem- bli ov Yeijinia woz in sefon; and trco de ajensi ov Patrik Hemi, Jeferson and a fu uderz, a rezolujon woz past, setii) apart de ferst da ov Jiin, 1774, on hwic; de Akt woz tu go intu opera Jon, az a da ov f astir), humiliajon and prq^r, " dev^tli tu implor de divjn interpozijon for avertir) de he^i kalamitiz hwiq tretnd destrukjon tu dq^r sivil rjts, and de evilz ov a sivil wor, and tu giv dem wun mjnd tu opoz, b^ ol just and proper menz, eveii inji^ri tu Amerikan rjts." Mr Jeferson woz elekted a member ov de ferst Yerjinia Konvenjon, held for konsiderii) de af4rz ov de Koloni; but, on ak^nt ov siknes, he woz unabl tu atend. He sent .dem, h3ever, a draft ov sum instrukfonz for de delegats TOMAS JEFEPtSON. 57 tu de jeneral Koi)gres, hwiq woz piiblijt b^ de Konvenfon under de tjtl ov "CE Siimari Vii ov de Rjts ov Britij Am- erika." In konsekwens ov dis publikajon, JVIr Jeferson woz fa'etnd wid a prosekiijon for hj trezn, bj Lord Dunz- mor, and in Irjgland hiz nam woz aded tu doz ov Han- kok, Henri, de Adamzez, and uderz, in a Bil ov Atander komenst in Pcirliment. Mr Jeferson woz not a member ov de ferst Koijgres, but tuk hiz set in de sekond in Jiin, 1775. He s ton asiimd a prominent pozifon in dat bodi. On Fr^da, Jiin 7, 1776, in konfermiti wid de instrukjonz givn dem bj de Konvenfon, de Veijinia delegats in Korjgres majvd, "Sat de Koijgres fud dekl^r dat dez Yunited Koioniz cir, and ov ijt et tu be, fre and independent Stats ; dat da qx absolvd from el alejians tu de Britij Kr^n, and dat el politikal konekjon betwen dem and de Stat ov Grat Briten, iz, and et tu be totali dizolvd; dat mejiirz Jud be imedietli takn for prokuriij de asistans ov foren p^erz, and a federafon be fermd tu bjnd de Koioniz mor klosli tugeder." 3is propozijon woz veri fuli diskust on de Saterda and Munda foloiij, hwen de furder konsiderajon ov it woz postpcSnd tu de ferst da ov Jiilj, and a komiti ov f jv wer apo-nted, in de men t^m tu draft a Deklarajon ov Inde- 68 38 PREZIDENTS. pendens. 3is komiti konsisted ov Tomas Jefei*son, Jon Adamz, Dr Fraijklin, Rojer Xemian, and Robert R. Liv- irjztou. Mr Jeferson, az ^qrman ov ds komiti, prep4rd de draft. SHwot must hav bin dz feliijz ov dat man — hwot dz emojonz hwi^ sweki liiz brest — hco woz ^qrjd wid de preparajon ov dat deklai'ajon, hwi^ hw^l it mad non de roijz ov Amerika, woz elso tu publij her tu ds wmid, fre, soveren, a^id independent. Fer himself he had not a tet; a kokl, knlknlatii) prcodens in van wornd him by grat woz de risk, h5 f;i de (;ansez ov sukses ; in van told him ov biz kimtri pilejd bj foren trtops, and deliyd in de blud ov its sitizenz ; in van pcrnted tu de jibet, de rebelz dcom ! Hwot do de los ov el Mijz, and de det ov a trator wer befor him, — it woz hiz kuntii demanded de salaifjs, and it woz ^erfuH mad. Rrm el de dctrknes ov de prez- ent, he se de br^tnes ov de futyur : he so, in imajinajon, hiz kuntri de abcSd ov a fre and hapi pepl, and he woz kontent; hiz hand trembld not, az he rot, Amerika, frs md independent ! 3e Deklarajon ov Independens iz wun ov de most re- mqrkabl paperz ever ritn ; and did no uder efoit ov de mjnd ov its etor egzist,dat alon wud be sufijent tu stamp hiz nam wid imortahti. Az drafted b| Mr Jeferson, de Deklarajon woz bj him submited tu hiz kolegz, and^ after TOMAS JEFERSON. 69 a fii unimpertant elterajonz mad bj dem, woz reported bj de komiti, and red on Frjda, de 286 ov Juu. Koijgres den prossded tu a konsiderafou ov de sam, hwig, after beir) dt'bated diuiij de grater port ov de 2d, 3d, and 46 ov Jul J, woz fiuali agred tu, and sjnd on de evniij ov de itj bj g1 de memberz prezent eksept Mr Dikin^on. Mr Jeferson kontinyud an aktiv member ov de sekond KoTjgi-es, and woz apo-nted, tugoder wid Dr Fraijldiu and Sjlas Den, a komijoner tu de Kort ov Fraus, tu negojiat tretiz ov Allans and Komers wid dat najon, but woz kom- peld, on ak^nt ov hiz hel6, and uder kezez ov a privet natyiir, tu dekj^n de apomtment. Durii] de yer 177G de pepl ov Yerjinia had bin okyu- pjd in formiij a konstitujon and plan ov guvernment for dat Stat, and n5 dat de mor important mesnrz'^ov Korj- gi-es had bin karid, and de bcu'k ov Independeus L^rli Icinqt, and, do stil tosiij upon a wjd and tempestyiius se, woz yet under de gjdans ov bold hcirts and stroij handz, Mr Jeferson turnd liiz atenjon tu hiz nativ Stat, and tiijkii) dat he kud be ov mor yus in her k^^'nsilz, rezjnd de set tu hwicj he had bin elekted in de terd Koijgres, and beig retiirud a member ov de Stat Lejislatyiir, tuk hiz set in dat bodi in Oktober, 1776. Her he woz apanted a mem- ber ov a komiti tu revjz de lez ov de Stat, hwi^ komiti 60 as PREZIDENTS. reported tu ds Lejislatyiir a kod ov Igz, komprjzd in de kumpas ov wiiii hundred and twenti-siks Bilz. cCe grater pco-t ov dez wer subsekwentli enakted wid litl elterajon. 38 laborz ov Mr Jeferson, hw^l a member ov dis kom- iti, wer variuSj and veri ekstensiv. He haz, perhaps, bin konsiderd bj meni, az an inovator; az tcD fond ov destroii) * ds okl kiistomz and loz ov sosjeti, and substitutir) in dq^r plas, ds fansiful {coriz ov hiz on bran. He had, it is trcjo, no venerajon for old lez and kustomz, merli bekez da wer old ; he lukt alon tu dqr jnstis, and d£|,r adaptednes tu hiiman natyur and de egzistir) stat ov -Biijz ; and if he f^nd not dez kwohtiz in dem, dq^r antikwiti woz no pro- tekjon. He woz not wiliij tu hv under a bad le bekez hiz fciderz kid dun so, hwen a beter wun kud be obtand. But hweder de (^qij ov luv ov inovafon be just er not, it nuist be konfest bj el, dat de olterafonz introdiist bj hiz menz, intu de konstitujon and loz ov Veijinia, wer ^anjez ov de most benefijal natyur. Sue), fer instans, az de lez konvertir) estats tal intu fe simpl, abolijir) de r^t ov primojenitur, and establifiij de fredom ov relijus opin- yon. Tu dez ma be aded de lez fer de jeneral establij- ment ov skcDlz, and the aboHfment ov de slav trad — el hwic; wer propozd bj Mr Jeferson, and eventyuali kaiid, do wid modifikajonz in sum kasez. TOMAS JEFERSON. 61 '' ^ konsider/' sez Mr Jeferson, " for ov dez bilz past er reported, az fermir) a sistem bj hwic; everi fjber wud be eradikated ov anjeiit er fiidal aristokrasi ; and a foidafon lad fer a guvernment trojli rcpublikan." Se repel ov ds lez ov ental prevented de akiiuiiilafon and perpetyuajon ov weli^, in selekt familiz, and tended tu prezeiT de scrl ov de kuntri from beir) dali mor and mor abserbd in Icpj estats. cle ekwal pctrtifon ov inheritans remtovd de fiidal and unnatyural distiijkjonz liwig mad wun member ov even famili ri^, and el de rest por. cle restorajon ov de r^ts ov konjens, relevd de pepl from taksajon fer de suport ov a relijon not dq^r on. cle bil fer jeneral edyiikajoii wild kwolif^ de pepl tu understand dq^r rjts, tu mantaa dem, and tu eksersjz wid intelijens dqr parts in self -guv- ernment. And ol dis wid^t sqkrifjsii) a siggl natyitral i^t ov wun individyual sitizen. In Jiin, 1779, Mr Jeferson woz elekted Guvernor ov Yerjinia, a sityuafon ov pekulyar karakter, tu wun so ent|rli unyiizd tu militari af4rz. Yet evn her liiz jenyus Jod itself ekwal tu everi emerjensi. 'EveriMi) woz dun bj him dat kud be, tu protekt de Stat from de ataks mad bj de trator Hrnold on de se bord, and Tqjlton and Kern- wolis on de sudern frunter. He rez^nd dis of is in 1781. But tcD daz after hiz rezignajon, Mr Jeferson naroli 62 as PREZIDENTS. eskapt bsii) mad a prizner bj Torlton, hcD, wid: hiz reji- ment ov hers, had bin dispagt fer de purpus ov surprjzig de Guvernor, and de memberz ov de Asembli, den in sejon at Xqjlotsvil. Notis ov ds apro^ ov de enemi woz, h^ever, bret tm Z allots vil so erli dat de memberz had tjm tu eskap. Mr Jeferson woz at brekfast wid hiz famili and sum gests, hwen de inteHjens ov dis mcovment woz resevd at Montiselo. He imedietli sent of hiz famili tu a plas ov safti, hwjl he himself remand tu mak sum aranjments in hiz h^s, and hwjl so okyupjd, a nabor rod up tu inform him dat de enemi wer den aktyiiali asendig de hil at ful sped, and so ner wer da, dat he had bq^rli tjm tu tro himself upon hiz hers and plunj intu de wudz, hi hwi^ menz he eskapt de serg dat woz mad for him. In 1 781, Mr Jeferson woz apo-nted, tugeder wid Mr Adamz, Mr Ja, Mr Lerens, and Dr Fragklin, fer de nego- Jiafon ov pes, hwig woz den ekspekted. Hiz il helfi pre- vented hiz akseptans ov de ofis. He woz apanted agen tu de sam mifon in 1782, but befor hiz embcutojon nuz woz resevd dat de preliminariz ov pes had elredi bin sjnd bj de uder ministerz, and he woz d^rfor ekskiizd. Mr Jeferson woz subsekwentli emplad in numerus dip- lom^tik ofisez. He rezjded f jv yerz in Frans ; and doz w§r yerz ov grat enjament tu him. Fond az he had evet TOMAS JEFERSON. 63 bin ov s^ens, he had az yet bin al^d but litl tjm fer stiidi and investigajon; mor steriij okyupajonz had empld-d him; but he n3 f^nd fml oportuniti fer de fre induljens ov hiz literari and sjentifik tasts. In de most poljt kort in Yurop, sur^nded b^ de most lerned men ov de aj, onord and estemd bj dem, not onli az a statsman but az a filos- ofer, he led a Ijf most konjenyal tu a mjnd Ijk hiz, so eger in de persut ov nolej, and so kapabl ov enjerii) el dat woz elegant and refund. He woz, t(D, de frend ov Frarjklin, and so grat woz de entuziazm felt bj de Freng pepl fer dat remqjkabl man, dat tu be hiz frend woz, ov itself, apart from el uder serkumstansez ov publik karakter, a sufijent pasport tu de sos|eti and frendjip ov de wjz and lerned ov de Fren^ kapital. Mr Jeferson bekam mug ataqt tu de Freng najon. Yet, notwidstandir) hiz luv ov Frans and its sosjeti, Amerika stil held de ferst plas in hiz hqrt, and, amidst el de ref ^nment and lernii) ov Paris, he ofn sjd fer de rstjrment ov Montiselo. In a leter tu a frend, he sez : " 3e karakter in hwig j am her, at prezent, konf^nz me tu dis plas, and wil konf Jn me az log az i kontinyix in Yurop. H^ loij dis wil be, I kanot tel. OB am ms ov an aj hwig duz not ezili akomodat itself tu nu manerz and nil modz ov livir), and \ am savej enuf tii prefer de wudz, e# as PKEZIDENTS. de wjlclz, and de independens ov Montiselo tu el de bril- yant ple5urz ov dis ga kapital. ^ Jal dq^rfor rejo-ii myself tu mj nativ kuntrij wid nit atd^ments and wid egzajer- ated estcm fer its advantejez ; fer do dqr iz les welt dq^r, dq^r iz mor fredom, mor ez, and les mizeri." Agen he sez: ''^ fjnd de jeneral fat ov humaniti her most deplorabl. cle trojfi ov yolt4rz obzervajon, oferz itseli perpetyiiali, dat even man her must be eder de hamer er de anvil. Hw)l de grat mas ov de pepl q,r suferiij under fizikal and moral oprejon, i hav endevord tu egzamin mor nerU de kondifon ov de grat, tu aprejiat de troo valyii ov de s.erkumstansez in dq^r kondijon, hwig dazl de bulk ov spektatorz, and, espejali, tu kompqr it wid dat degre ov hapines hwiq iz enjad in Amerika b^ even Idas ov pepl. Intregz ov luv okyupj de yuijger, and doz ov ambi|on de elder pqit ov de grat. Konjiigal luv havii] no egzistens amiiij dem, domestik hapines, ov hwig dis iz de basis, iz uterli unnon. In hi ov dez qr substi- tuted persists hwic; nuiij and invigorat ol ^r bad pajonz, and hwiq ofer onli moments ov ekstasi, amidst daz and munte ov restlesnes and torment. Mug, veri mug inferior, dis, tu de trankwil, permanent felisiti wid hwig domestik sosjeti in Amerika blesez most ov its inhabitants ; levig dem tu folo stedili doz persists hwig belt and rezn TOMAS JEFERSON. 65 aprcuvj and renderii) trooli delijus de intervalz ov doz persists." Hiz obzervajon her streijtend in hiz mjnd dat vii ov de grat impertans ov popyular edukafon hwig woz so promi- nent in biz politikal te^iijz. In a leter tu Mr Wjfi, from Paris, bs sez : " ^ tiijk hi far de most impertant bil in ^r hoi kod, iz dat fer de difii3on ov nolej amiig de pepl. No uder Jur f^ndajon kan be devjzd fer de prezeivajon ov fredom and hapines. If enibodi tiijks dat kirjz, noblz, er prests qjc gud kouservatorz ov de publik hapines, send him her. It iz de best skcol in de yunivers tu kur him ov dat foli. He wil se her wid hiz on jz, dat dez deskripfonz ov men q;r an abandond konfederasi agenst de hapines ov de mas ov de pepl. 3e omnipotens ov dq^r efekt kan not be beter prcDvd dan in dis kuntri,partikyiilarli hwen, notwidstandig de fjnest so-l upon de erfi, de finest kljmet under hevn, and a pepl ov de most benevolent, de most ga and amiabl karakter, ov hwig de human form iz suseptibl; hwen suQ a pepl, i sa, sur^nded bj so meni blesiijz from natyiir, or loded wid mizeri bj kirjz, noblz, and prests, and b^ dem alon. Preq, m^ der ser, a krcosad agenst ignorans; estab- lif and imprd)V de le fer edyukatig de komon pepl. Let iST kuntrimen no, dat de pepl alon kan protekt us agenst 5 66 as PREZIDENTS. dez evilzj and dat de taks hwig wil be pad fer dis pui- pusj iz not mor dan de tezandfi pqrt ov hwot wil bs pad tm kigzj prests and noblz, h(D wil r^z up amui) us if we lev de pepl in ignorans." In 1789 Mr Jeferson rettirnd bom, and woz imedietli qozn Sekretari ov Stat, b^ Prezident Wojii) ton. In 1793 he rezpd dis ofis on ak^nt ov disagrement, az tm politikal polisi, wid de uder memberz ov de Kabinet. Iliz on vtiz, den pekulyar, gav orijin tm de Demokratik pqrti, so keld. Fer a tjm Mr Jeferson retard from publik Ijf, and devoted himself tu de kidtivajon ov biz estat, and tm doz literari and sjentifik persists ov hwig be woz so fond, and at Mon- tiselOj in de bmzom ov biz famili, and undisturbd bj de kelz ov ofis, be eksperienstj fer a fu yerz, de domestik hapines and kwjet be woz so wel fited tm enjd. He woz not, b^ever, loi) permited tm reman a prjvet sitizen. In 1796 be woz ^ozn Yjs Prezident, under Mr Adamz. In 1801 Mr Jeferson, bcD bad bin nominated az a kan- didat, in opozijon tm Mr Adamz, resevd a majoriti ov de vots ov de pepl. But az de number ov vots givn fer Mr Jeferson and fer Mr Bur, bo) bad bin nominated bj de demokratik parti fer V^s Prezident, wer ekwal, and de Konstitufon did not rekw^r dat de vots fmd spesifj de ofis tm bwig eg wun woz respektivli elekted, neder bavir) sug TOMAS JEFERSON. 67 a majoriti az woz nesesari tu a ^crs, dc elekfon ckvolvd upon de H^s ov Reprezentativz. Hwen de elekjon kam on ds oponents ov Mr Jeferson gav dqr vots for Mr Bur, and it woz not until after terti-f jv unsuksesful balots dat Mr Jeferson woz elckted Prezident, and Mr Bur bekam, ov korSj Vjs Prezident. Ov ds merits ov de diferent me5urz persitd h\ Mr Jefersonz administrajouj it iz not nesesari her tm spsk. Hiz polisi, h^ever, at dat tjm, woz so fqr aprmvd, dat in 1805; at ds ekspirafon ov de term for hwig hs had bin qozn, he woz reelekted tu de ^sf majistrasi bj a Iqij ma- joritij notwidstandii) el de egzerjonz ov ds Federal parti. 3^r kan bs no d^t dat meni ov de akts ov Mr Jeferson hwi^ met wid mug hostiliti, wer diktated bj far-ssig stats- manjip, and probaJbli wiid be aHd tu be so n^, bj doz ha>, in de eks^tment ov pctrti, belevd dem tu be destruktiv ov de best interests ov de kuntri. Durii) hiz adminis- trajon Lcoeziana woz purgest, inkludii) el dat rejon Ijii) west ov de Misisipi, hwic; n^ promisez tu bekum a most important part ov de yiinyon. Diirir) Mr Jefersonz administrajon komenst dat seriez ov agrejonz, on de part ov Grat Briten, hwic; led tu de last wer wid dat kuntri. In 1805 de Prezident keld de atenfon ov Korjgres tu doz akts, in a mesej ov hwic; de foloii) iz an ekstrakt : 68 as PREZIDENTS. " ISt kosts hav bin infested, and ^r harborz wo^t, bj prjvet armd veselz, sum ov dem wid^t komijonz, sum wid legal komijonz, uderz wid doz ov legal ferm, but komitig ppatikal akts under ds otoriti ov dq^r komijon. 3a hav kaptyiird, in de veri entrans ov "^r harborz, az wel az on de hj S8z, not onli ds veselz ov ^r frendz kumir) tu trad wid us, but ^r on elso. 3a hav karid dem of under pretens ov legal adjudikajon; but, not dq^rir) tu aprog a kort ov justis, da hav plunderd and surjk dem h] de wa, er in obskitr plasez, hwq^r no evidens kud arjz agenst dem, maltreted de krcDz, and abandond dem in bots in de opn se, er on dezerted jorz, wid^t fa)d er kuverig." At de ekspirajon ov hiz sekond term in 1809, Mr Jef- erson determind tii ret^r forever from politikal Ijf. He had servd hiz kuntri fer nerli forti yerz ; and, havig devoted de best petit ov his Ijf tii dat servis, he n^ felt dezjrus ov d:it rest hmq liiz dekljnir) yerz rekwjrd ; so bidii) a fpal fq;rwel tu publik Ijf, he retard tu Montiselo, dq^r tu enjo- el " a!at liwic) Jud akiimpani old aj, Az onor, luv, obediens, trcops ov frendz." From dis tjm he never tuk eni part in politiks ; but tu wun Ijk him, evn old aj had its diitiz, and in de kulti- vajon ov hiz estat, in studi, and in de eksersjz ov a bund- les hospitaliti, he f^nd ful emplcrment fer hiz t^m. TOMAS JEFEESON. 69 Mr Jeferson d^d on ds 4{ ov Jul J, 1826, just fifti ycrz from ds da hiz immortal Deklarajon ov Independens woz sjnd, at ds aj ov ati-tre ycrz. He had bin invited h\ de sitizenz ov Wojirjton tu jan dem on dat da in selebratig dq^r najonz jubile. But ilnes kompeld liim tu dekljn de invitajon. In hiz replj on de 24B ov Jun, he givz evidens dat oldo hiz ertli fram woz fast perijig, hiz m^nd woz stil de sam ; stil animated bj de sam ardent luv ov liberti, stil eger fer de yxiniversal emansipajon ov man. "i^ {lid, inded," he rjts, ^*wid pekiilyor deljt, hav met dq,r, and eksganjd kongratynlajonZj personali, wid de smol band, de remnant ov de host ov wurdiz hcB jomd wid us, on dat da, in de bold and d^'tful elekjon we wer tu mak fer isv kuntri, betwen submijon and de sord : and tu hav enjad wid dem de konsolatori fakt, dat ^ felo siti- zenz, after hcif a sentiiri ov eksperiens and prosperiti, kontinyii tu aprcuv de (]as we mad. Ma it be tu de wurld hwot I belev it wil be, ( tu sum pcirts smner, tu uderz later, but f jnali tu ol,) de signal ov r^zii) men tu burst de qanz, under hwi(] muijkij ignorans and supersti- |on had perswaded dem tu b^nd demselvz, and tu asiim de blesiijz and sekiiriti ov self-guvernment. cle form hwi(3 wx hav substituted restorz de fre i^t tu de unbonded eksersjz ov rezn and fredom ov opinyon. 01 jz ar opnd, er CLT opnii), tu de rjts ov men. 3e jeneral spred ov de 70 as PREZIDENTS. Ijts ov sjens, haz elredi lad opn, tu everi vii, dt palpabl trcot, dat dz mas ov mankind hav not bin bern wid sadlz on dc[Y baks, nor a favord fii bmted and spurd, redi tii rjd dem kjitimetli, bj de gras ov God. cLcz cir gr^ndz ov hop for uderz ; for ^rselvz, let de gnyual return ov dis da forever rcfrej ^r rekolekjon ov dez rjts, and an undiminift dcvojon tu dem." Suq wer dQ elmost djir) wurdz ov Jeferson tu liiz kuntrimen. Iliz Ijf woz fast goir) ^t, and ov dis he woz perfektli sensibl. On de terd da ov Julj he askt ov doz ar^nd him de da ov de munt; and, on beiij told, he eksprest de ernest wij dat he mjt be permited tu bred de qr ov de fiftiefi aniversari. Hiz prq^r woz granted; dat da, hcoz don woz hald wid so mug raptyur troo de land, burst upon hiz jz, and den da wer klozd forever. Fifti sumerz had rold over hiz hod sins de da hwen de Koggres ov '76 dekl4rd Amerika independent; fifti yerz he had woc;t over her Ijk a p^q^rent over hiz g^ld; and he had bin per- mited tu se dat kuntri hcDZ kez, in her ^r ov darknes, he had so nobli mantand, prosperus and hapi. And olmost at de sam ^r, de kindred spirit ov de vencrabl Adamz, az if tu bq^r Mm kumpani, left de sen ov hiz ertli onorz. In dq^r Ijvz da had bin yiin^ted in de sam grat kez ov liberti, and in dq^r dets da wer not divided. I ♦ * JfnrJ f rmhnt. jaMZ MADISON. 1 HMZ MADISON woz bom in Ot^enj K^nti, Veijinia, W on de 5fi ov Mctrg, 1750. Not mug iz rekerded ov biz yo)^. It duz not aper tm hav bin veri eventful. He woz a studius ba, and liiz erii yerz aper tu hav bin spent in kw^etli disipliniij biz m^nd, — in de stedi and kwjet per- siit ov doz studiz kalkulated tu develop doz sterliij p^erz hwiq wer so remctrkabli displad bj him in hiz stroi) man- hud. He beloijd tu a welfii and distirjgwijt famili. He resevd de erli elements ov edyiikajon pctrtli at de publik sko)!, under de goLrj ov a Mr Donald Robertson, and ofterwardz in hiz fctderz manfon, under de privet tiiijon ov Reverend Tomas Mqrtin, bj hoz instrukjon he woz prep4rd for admijon at Prinston Kolej. 73 74 as PKEZIDENTS. Hwen de erder ov de BritiJ K^nsil woz givn in 1760, fer de enforsment ov de Navigafon Akts, Madison woz but ten yerz old. He kiid tak no p(xrt in ds f erst steps ov revoltijon. He woz at skcol. But ws ma wel supoz dat de events hwi^ hapnd in de period from dis dat tii de yer 1776, mad an imprefon on de mjnd ov de student, and espejali on de mjnd ov de student ov Prinston Kolej, under de instmkjon ov Jon Widerspmn, at dat tjm Prezi- dent ov dat institufon. Madison woz edyukated hw^l doz events wer posir) hwiq ska)ld de m^ndz ov de pepl ov de Koloniz intii jdeaz ov independens, and ov republikanizm. cle ferst blud ov de Revolujon woz spilt in Boston, in 1770. In 1771 Madison lesevd biz degre ov Ba^elor ov Arts at Prinston. Hwjl at kolej biz p^er ov aplikafon woz so remorkabl dat be perfermd el de ekersjzez ov de tcD senyor yerz in wun, — bwjl at de sam tjm biz deport- ment woz so egzemplari dat Dr Widerspmn elwaz delated in bq,rig testimoni tm de ekselensi ov biz karakter at dat erli staj ov biz karer; and be sed tu Tomas Jeferson log afterwardz, bwen da wer el kolegz in de revolufonari Koijgres, dat in de bol karer ov Mr Madison at Prinston, be had never non bim tu sa or d(D an indiskret tir). Hwot woz diskrejon in biz yoot, woz most prof:f nd wizdom in matur manbud. jaMZ MADISON. 75 In 1775 li8 woz a member ov de Komiti ov Publik Safti ov ds K^'nti ov Orenj. cle Guvernor ov Verjinia had dizolvd ds iTfmktori Asembli ov dat Koloiii ; and de kolonists had substituted a Konvenjon in its sted. In 1776 Madison woz a member ov dis Konvenjon; and ds foloiij yer woz a member ov ds Egzekyutiv K^nsil ov de Koloni ; and in 1779 he woz slekted bj ds Lejislatyur tu reprszent dat komonweW in ds Kontinental Koijgres. Hs rsmand in KoijgTes at dis t^m nsrh for ysrz, dat iz, til November, 1783. lis woz dus a member ov dat bodi diirii] &£ last stajez ov ds Revoliijonari Wer, and for wun ysr after ds konldugon ov pss. ^us hs had ampl oportu- niti tu obzerv ds dsfekts ov ds erganik le hwig b^nd ds Koloniz tugeder duriij wor. Hs se, wid ds uder patriots ov dat tjm, h^ ili fited wer ds artiklz ov konfederajon tu suport ds fabrik ov ynnyon and frsdom hwig da had so nobh rsrd in blud and salaifjs. Ss servis for hwi(] pos- teriti wil ever hold ds memoii ov Madison most in rever- ens, woz dat ov reskuii) ds najon from ds firetnd rooin on ak^-nt ov ds dsfekts ov ds artiklz ov konfederajon. asz cirtiklz wer agrsd upon h] Koggres, JulJ 8, 1778. as felt in ds artiklz ov konfederajon woz in dq^r givig tu ds guvernment tm litl p^er. aa in fakt gav tu de Korjgres but veri litl mor dan lejislativ p^er, hwjl d^r woz T8 as PREZIDENTS. no ('gzekyiitiv tu enfors its dekrez. And its lejislajon woz but litl mor dan deldaratori ov de diitiz ov de Stats. 3a wer enterd intm bj ds Koloniz in de midst ov ds Wer ov de Revolujonj and de prinsipal piserz hwig da konferd upon de jeneral guvernment respekted de operajonz ov wer, and wer yusles in tjm ov pes. In Jert, Koggres, in pes, woz pozest ov but a delusiv and jadoi soverenti, wid litl mor dan de emti pajentri of of is. It pozest no p^er tm raz eni revenu ; tii Icvi eni taksez ; tii enfors eni le ; tu sekur eni r^t ; tu regyulat eni trad ; er evn de p(Dr pre- rogativ ov komdndii] menz tm pa its on ministerz at a foren koit. eta kiid kontrakt dets, but wer wid^t de menz ov dis^arjii] dem. 3a kud plej de publik fa^, but da wer inkapabl ov redemig it. 3a kud enter intu tretiz, but everi Stat in de Yunyon kind disoba dem wid impix- niti. 3a kud konstitut korts far p^rasiz and feloniz on de hj sez, but da had not menz tm pa eder de jujez er jurorz. In a wurd, el p^erz hwig did not eksekut dem- selvz wer at de mersi ov de Stat, and mjt be trampld on at wil. "3a mjt dekl4r everitii], and dco nuttr).'* And at de kloz ov de Revoliijonj in adijon tu de foren det ov at milyonz ov dolarz, dq^r woz a domestik det ov mor dan fierti milyonz, dii tu Amerikan sitizenz, and, pq;rtik}axlarli tu de ofiserz and soljerz ov de revoliijon. jaMZ MADISON. 77 It woz stroijli uijd upon Koggres tu pa dez dets. But it had no p^er : it kud onli rekomend tu de individyual Stats tu raz muni fer dis pulsus. cIs Stats wer ferst keld on fer fundz tu pa de arerz dii tu de soljerz ov ds Revoliijon. 3a lisnd tu dez kelz wid rcspekt, but dqv sityiiajon woz embarasig ; — tq had its lokal dets tu pro- ved fer, and its domestik guvernment tu suport -, de kun- tri had bin drand ov its welB, and taksez kud not be kolekted. And n^ Koijgres had no p^er tu kompel de Stats tu obediens. cLqi kud be no fafi in sug a guvernment. It woz a falyiir — dis atemt at self-guvernment b^ de Amerikan Koloniz woz dus fctr a falyur. Hwot den ! Swoz no gud tu kum ov it. ^.Woz anarki tu suksed, and den despotizm agen. No; ^Y fqderz, ^^t ov el df[r misfertyiinz and falyurz, der^vd lesonz ov wizdom, not okagonz fer despondensi er a weknd trust in de God ov fredom. 3e leson da lernt bj dis falyur woz, dat da had mor, infinitli mor, tu du) dan merli tu a^ev dq^r independens bj wer. cla must ferm a guvernment kompakt, upon prinsiplz never befc5r atemted upon ert. Koijgres repetedli rekomended tu de Stats dat da Jud konfer ^iser upon it tu raz a revenii bj diitiz. It woz elso rekomended tu doz Stats havig klamz tu unokyupjd 78 as PREZIDENTS. teritori, hwig klamz wer koiifliktii), dat da Jud mak liberal grants tm de jeiieral guvernment ov dq^r tentorial klamz. On de 286 ov £Ipril, 1783, a Komiti woz apecnted hi KoijgreSj konsistii) ov Mr Madison, Mr ElzwurB, and Mr Hamilton, tu prspq^r an adres tii de Stats. 38 adres woz adopted and transmited, tugeder wid at dokyrimentari paperZj demonstratiij de nesesiti dat de me5iirz rekom- ended {ud be adopted bj de Stats. 3is adres, wun ov doz stat paperz hwi^, mor dan el de dedz ov ctrmz, immertal- jzd de rjs; progres and terminajon ov de Nerfi Amerikan Revolnjon, woz de kompozijon ov Jarnz Madison. 38 adres konkludz in de foloii) wurdz : ^' Let it be rememberd, dat it haz ever bin de prjd and bost ov Amerikoj dat de rjte fer hwig fe kontended wer de rjts ov human natyur. Bj de blesig ov de 0tor ov dez rjts on de menz egzerted fer dq^r defens, da hav pre- vald over el opozifon, and ferm de basis ov fierten inde- pendent Stats. No instans haz hertufor okurd, ner kan eni instans be ekspekted herdfter tm okiir, in hwig de un- adulterated fermz ov repubHkan guvernment kan pretend tu so fq^r an oportiiniti ov justifjii] demselvz bj dq^r fronts. In dis vu de sitizenz ov de Yiinjted Stats cir responsibl fer de gratest trust ever konf^ded tu a politikal sosjeti. If justis; gild fat, onor, gi^atitnd, and el uder kwolitiz jaMz madiso:n". 79 hwicj ennobl de karakter ov a najorij and fulfil ds endz ov guvernment, be ds frcots ov '^i establijments, de kez ov liberti wil akw^r a digniti and luster hwig it haz never yet enjad ; and an egzdmpl wil be set hwic; kan but hav a favorabl infliiens on ds rjts ov mankind. If, on de uder sjd, ^r guvernment Jud be unfertyunetli bio ted wid de rsvers ov dez kctrdinal and esenjal vertyiiZ; de grat kez hmcj W8 hav engajd tu vindikat wil be disonord and betrad; de last and fq^rest eksperiment in favor ov de r^ts ov human natyur wil be turnd agenst dem; and dqx patronz and frendz ekspozd tu be insulted and sjlenst bj de votariz ov tirani and yuzurpajon." 3.UB did Madison, on behq,f ov de patriots ov 1783, apel tm de Amerikan pepl tm reskii de libertiz da had savd from BritiJ tii'ani^ from de anarki hwig tretnd dem. It woz for "de r^ts ov human natyur" dat he apeld ; d^r woz no eksklusivnes, no limitajon ov de skop ov fredom. 3e ctrtiklz ov konfederafon limited de tjm ov servis ov memberz ov Koijgres tm tre yerz in siks. Mr Madisonz term ekspjrd in November, 1 783 ; he woz dq^rfor inelijibl for de suksedir) tre yerz. But hiz talents wer not lost tu de kuntri. He woz, de suksedii) yer, elekted a member ov de Lejislatyur ov hiz nativ Stat, and kontinyud in dat stafon until he woz agen elijibl tii a set in Koijgres, hwq^r we find him in Febro^ari, 1787. 80 38 PREZIDENTS. • Hiz laborz in ds Lejislatyiir ov Veijiiiici wer untirig, and wer devoted tu ds perfektii) ov de wurk ov rspiiblik- anizm in dat Stat. Wun fetyiir ov de monca^kikal estab- lijment stil remand in Veijinici ; dat woz^ de €)ur^ estab- lijment. 3e Cpiskopal ©iirg had bin, from de setlment ov ds Koloni, ds establijt ©ur^; and el uder relijus denominafonz, dc[Y, az in Iijgland, wer stigmatjzd wid de nam ov Disenterz. Pl-jor tii ds Revoliijon el de properti ov de Koloni had bin takst for de snpoii: ov dis ©ur^, and it had bin end^d wid grants ov properti from de Kr?>n. cle nat}T.iral efekt ov dis had bin tu mak ds klerji ov de establijment nnfrendU tu de Revoliijon ; da had, df|iior, bekum unpoppilar. Mr Jefersou, in 1784, m(Dvd for de abolifment ov de establijment ; in liiz absens de foloii) yer, Mr Madison bekam de ^ampion ov relijiis fredom. So p^erful woz diz element ov despotizm in Verjinia, dat de bil oferd bj Mr Jeferson had bin defeted, and de frendz ov de ©urg had prep^rd a bil makiij a pro\i3on for te^erz ov de Kiistian relijon. Agenst dis Mr Madison dro) up a memorial and remonstrans, hwig woz sjnd bj midtitudz ov de sitizenz ov de Stat; and bj hiz infliiens de bil di-afted bj Mi' Jeferson, tugeder wid its preambl, woz trjumfanth karid, agenst el opozijon, trco ds Lejislat}iii\ jaMZ MADISOK 81 38 prinsipl dat relijus opinyonz or eltmgeder ^t ov de sfer ov lejislativ kontrol, iz but wun modifikafon ov a niQr ekstensiv maksim, hwig inkludz de unlimited frsdom ov de pres, ov speg, and ov de konuinikajon ov fiet in el its fennz. At de sefon ov 1785 de statyiit lez ov Verjinia wer rev^zd, and de burdn ov dis task devolvd upon Mr Mad- ison, az ^q^rman ov de Judijiaii Komiti ov de H^s. 3is task ov addptir) de lez ov de Stat tu de mi order ov fre- dom, woz a difikult and arduus wun ; and IVIr Madison karid it trcD wid de sam spirit ov liberti and liberaliti hwiq had diktated de akt fer de establijment ov relijus fredom. 3e untjrii) industri, de ser(^ig and penetratiij aplikajon, de imperturbabl pafens, de moderajon and jentlnes ov dis- pQziJon, hwig smcodd hiz wa over de rugedest and most temi pcidz ov l^f, akumpanid him trcD dis transakfon az tro) el de rest. 01 dis tjm de federal guvernment, hwi^, under de ortiklz ov konfederafon kmd skq^rsli be keld a guvernment, woz dcoii) its inefektyual wurk — everi da Joig de najon de nesesiti ov a ^anj. Se adres ov 1783 had bin serku- lated tvmt de Koloniz ; de pepl had bin apeld tu, tu tak sum akjon. Mr Madison had sujested dat a bodi distirjkt from de Koijgres wud be beter adapted tm do) dis wurk, 6 S2 38 PREZIDENTS. dan ^nid be de Koi)gres itself. Akerdigli de Lejislatyur ov Verjiniaj in Janyxiari 1786, apcrnted at komijonerz, ov hoom Madison woz wun, direkted tu met wid doz hwig Jmd be apemted bj de uder Stats, fer de purpus ov konsid- erir) de stat ov trad, and de me^od ov so elterii) and amendir) de artiklz ov konfederajon az tu met de wonts ov de kuntri. 3e metir) woz held at Anapolis, in Septem- ber. Fjv Stats onli wer reprezented. 3is woz a meger asembli. Suferig, az woz de najon from de inefijensi ov its guvernment, it had not fat in dis mod ov mendiij de sad stat ov tiijz. Yet dis Htl metii) woz de jerm ov a beter order ov tirjz, Qfter a sejon ov tee daz da ijnd an adres tu de Lejislatyurz ov de Stats. Se efiorjip ov dis adres iz atribyuted tu Mr Madison. It rekomonded aniider Konvenjon ov el de Stats, tu be held at Filadelfia in de foloir) Ma, fer de purpus ov a jeneral rev^zal ov de Konstitujon ov de Federal Guvernment, tu render it adekwat tu de eksijensiz ov de Yiinyon, and tu report tu de Koijgres an Akt, hwig, hwen agred tu bj dem and konfermd bj el de Stat Lejislatyurz, Jud efektyuali provjid fer de sam. Se rekomendajon woz repeted bj Koggres, and de Konvenjon asembld akerdirjli at Filadelfia, on de 9t ov Ma, 1787. Tu understand de magnitud ov de task undertakn bj jaMZ MADISON. gg dis Konvenjon rekwji-z an intimet nolej ov ds stat ov ds politikal nojonz ov dat da. Sa wer krcDd; elmost yimi- versali so. cfe evilz under de Konfederajon wer apq^rent tu el ; but hwot da wer oii) tu woz not so apq^rent. ffs pepl trto^t de Yunyon wer suferir), but de vast porjon ov dem wer not awcjr ov de kez ov de evil dat woz praig upon dq^r v^talz. Soz ser^iij fer a remedi wer bewilderd in dctrknes. 3q^r w^er doz, evn amuij de most zelus and Ctrdent votaxiz ov fredom, hen, insted ov adiij tu de p^erz ov de jeneral Korjgres, inefijent and imbesil az d^ wer, inkl^nd rader tu redem de Konfederasi from de forlorn kondijon tu hwig it woz rediist, b^ stripii) Koijgres ov de pitans ov p^er hwig it pozest. But de Konvenjon went tu wui-k tu perform de task, under dez serkumstansez, hwig Jud met wid de apr(Dval ov de nafon. And da did perform de task. Qfter a deliberajon ov nerli for munts, on de 17t ov September, da reported de Konstitujon ov de Yuuited Stats hwig baz sins bin de erganik le ov de nafon. Histori wil ever giv tu Mr Madison de kredit ov leder- Jip in dis wurk. It woz begun at hiz sujestyon; it woz undertakn in de manor hwig he sujested, and de prinsipal fetyurz ov de Konstitiijon qr akerdig tu hiz sujestyonz mad loij befor de Konvenjon met. Sen in de after wurk 84 as PREZIDENTS. ov rekonspiij de pspl oy de Stats tii its adopjon, he woz ds prinsipal ajent. Befor it kud go iiitm efekt, de Kon- stituJoDj bj its on limitafon, must resev de apra>val ov n^n ov ds Stats. 38 Koijgres yiinanimusli sarjkjond it at wuns. cfis woz a stror) prcof ov de kontemt intu hwig de qjtiklz ov konfederafon wer feln. 38 Konstitiijon woz tu an^hilat de aitiklz ov konfederajon, and de Koijgres widdem; yetdq^rwoznot a disentii) vers in de Koijgres itself tu dis veii anjhilajon. But in de Stats demselvz dq^r woz stror) opozifon everihwqr; and dis opozijon it rekwjrd el de p^erz ov de framerz ov de Konstitujon tu Gverkum. It woz in dis wurk dat de tre patriots, Madi- son, Hamilton and Ja, y united, and in hwig da jo-ntli proditst dat remctrkabl volyiim ov politikal esaz, de Fed- eralist. His wurk woz serkulated in numberz in de dali nuzpaperz ov de t^m, and prodiist a p^erful infliiens in sekurir) de aprxDval ov de Konstitujon. But it woz in de Verjinia Konvenjon, keld tu ratify ds Konstitujon^ dat Madison had de most ctrdiius task tu perform, clis Konvenjon met njn munts after de Kon- stitujon had bin promulgated, ^^t Stats had elredi adopted it. 3e asent ov Veijinia woz dqrfor tu komplet de num- ber njn rekwjrd befor it fud go intu efekt. CI deper interest woz den involvd in de desisonz ov Veqinia, dan jaMZ MADISOK. 8^5 in dat ov eni uder member ov ds konfederasi, and in no Stat had ds opozijon tu de plan bin so dep, so ekstensiv, and so fermidabl az dq^r. Patrik Henri, ds ferst herald ov ds Revohijon in Yerjinia, and hcuz sol-sterirj wurdz ov liberti hav bin on ds lips ov even sktolber ov de land, woz opozd tu ds Konstitiijon. Tomas Jeferson, ds etor ov ds Deklarafon ov Indspendens, and dz most intimet and konfidenjal frend ov Madison himself, disaprmvd ds Kon- stitufon. Jeferson, it iz trtb, woz in Yiirop at dis tjm, and hiz opozijon kud not hav ds fors hiz prezens m^t hav givn it. But Henri, wid hiz hoi sol, woz opozd tu ds hoi plan; and, in de Veijinia Konvenjon Madison woz kompeld tu mst him, tu enk^nter and overkum ds el but irrszistibl p^er ov hiz elokwens, and ds inegzestibl rssorsez ov hiz jjgantik m^nd. Henri persiid hiz hostiliti tu ds sistem in el its dstalz ; objekted not onh tu ds prsambl and ds ferst ctitikl, but tu ds Senet, tu ds Prezident, tu ds jiidijal p^er, tu ds trsti makii] p^er, tu ds kontrol givn tu Koijgres over ds mihja, and espejah tu ds omijon ov a bil ov r^ts. Henri woz sekonded and sustand bj sug men az Jeij Mason, and Jamz Monro, and Wilyam Grason, and d^r woz not a kontrovertibl po-nt in ds hoi instrajment hwig eskapt dq^r embiterd opozijon ; hw^jl upon everi po-nt Mr Madison 89 as PREZmENTS. woz pr8p4rcl tm met dem, wid kojent argument, wid intent and ar)k{iis feliij, and wid mjld konsiliatori jentlnes ov temper, disqjmir) de ^dvei-sari bj de veri akt ov seniii] tu dekljn kontenjon wid him. Mr Madison devoted him- self partikyiilarli tu de task ov anseriij Mr Henriz objek- Jonz, foloii) him step bj step, and metig him at even turn. On de s^d ov de debat wid Madison wer Randolf, Pendl- ton, Mcirjal, and Le. Never woz dq^r asembld in Yeijinia an abler set ov men. 3e volyum ov dq^r debats iz inval- yiiabl. 3e rezult woz de ratifikajon ov de Konstitujon. Madison woz elekted wim ov de memberz ov de H^s ov Reprezentativz in de ferst Korjgres ov de Yiinjted Stats under de Konstitiijon. He dus had de satisfal^Jon ov asistiij tu put de mx instrcDment intu praktikal opera- Jon, and ov findii] it tu wini^ Ijk a (^qrm. In de kontroversi hwig spruij up in 1793, groiij ^t ov de revolujon in Prans, Mr Madison bekam involvd in op- ozijon tu Mr Hamilton. Hamilton klamd p^erz for de Egzekyiitiv hwig Madison den^d. 3us dez to) ^ampionz fer de estabHjment ov de Konstitiijon bekam pited agenst eg uder upon a kwestyon ov its konstrukjon. Mr Mad- ison her displad liiz akustomd statsmanjip. Mr Madison woz yiinjted wid Mr Jeferson in opozijon tm de fflyen and Sedifon lez. Soz lez wer en4kted durii) jaMZ MADISON. 87 de administrajon ov Jon Adamz ; de fermer impozd ser- ten restrikjonz upon hwot wer termd de rjts ov forenerz ; and ds later mad it a punifabl ofens tu spek or print hwot Jiid be konsiderd inflamatori laggwej, or laijgwej kalkiilated tii brig diskredit upon de hj ofiserz ov guvem- ment. 3ez loz wer unpopyular from de ferst, and wer scon repeld. Upon de elekfon ov Jeferson tm ds Prezidensi Madison bekam hiz Sekretari ov Stat. He sukseded Jeferson in de of is ov Prezident, in 1809. Diiriij dis administrajon de lat wor wid Grat Briten tmk plas. It woz, in sum sekfonz ov de kuntii, an unpopyular wor; but it iz difi- kult n^, and it woz probabli mor so at de t^m^ tu se h^ it kmd hav bin avo-ded ; and posteriti wil gqij itz konsekw^en- sez upon dat unjust polisi hertmfor praktist bj de BritiJ najon, ov involvir) nutral nafonz in her worz, bj unworant- abl agrejonz upon d^r komers. At de kloz ov hiz sekond term ov of is, in Mcirq, 1817, Mr Madison widdi'co from publik Ijf. He livd nerli twenti yerz in a hapi retjrment, in de buzom ov a gerful famili, and wid a partner az wel adapted tu mak hiz ret^rment a plezant wun, az Je had bin tm adorn and dignifj de hjest ov publik stajonz. Betwen de okyupafonz ov agrikultyur, de amiizments ov literatur, and de eksersjz ov benefisens. 88 38 PKEZIDENTS. &z kultivajon ov dz sal, ov de mjnd, and ov de hart, de l85ur ov hiz later daz woz divided. In de midst ov dez okyupajonz, in de Jadz ov Mont- pelyer in hiz nativ Stat, de dekljnii) daz ov de filosofer, de statsman, and de patriot, wer past, until de 28B da ov Jun, 1835, an aniversari ov de da on hwig de ratifikajon ov de Konvenfon ov Verjinia in 1788 had afikst de sel ov Jamz Madison az de Fader ov de Konstititjon ov de Yunited Stats, hwen he kamli suijk intu de slep ov det. 4 I J Jfitt f rezikiit. jaMZ MONRO. JflMZ MONRO woz a yugger pupil in d& sko)! hwicj developt de hsroz and sajez ov ^r erli najonal histori, 38 konflikt fer ^^r najonal independens, and de kontro- versi ov twelv yerz hvvig presedcd it, did und^tedli prodiis a Mas ov men ov moral and intelektyual p^er, adapted tu de tjmz and serkumstansez in hwig da livd, and wid kar- akterz and motivz ov akfon not onli diferii) from doz hwicj predominated in uder ajez and kljmz, but ov hwig men akustomd onli tii ds komon-plas impidsez ov human nat- yur, cir no mor abl tu form a konsepjon dan bl^ndnes iz ov ds kulorz ov ds ranbo. Jorj de Herd had no konsep- jon ov ds motivz hwiq animated ds men ov"-76"; he nu not dat ds polisi ov hiz ministerz woz havir) ds efekt tu prodiis and disiplin a ras ov men in Amerika hco Jud pr(DV a mor formidabl p^er dan despotizm ever bsfor kopt wid, and ho) wer tu brak ds Jafts ov tirani az ds britl rsd, 91 92 as PREZIDENTS. Mr Monro woz born in September^ 1759, in de K^nti ov Westmorland, Koloni ov Verjinia. At d^ t^m ov de deklarafon ov independens, he woz kompletir) hiz edyul^a- Jon at de Kolej ov Wilyam and Mari. He woz den sev- enten yerz ov aj, and at de fermajon ov de Amerikan armi he enterd it az a kadet. Had he bin bern ten yerz S(Dner it kan be skq^rsli d^^ted dat he wild hav bin wiin ov de memberz ov de ferst Koijgres, and dat hiz nam wild hav gon d^n tu posteriti amuij doz ov de sjnerz ov de Deklarafon ov Independents . Az it woz, he woz an ctrdent and fatfiil pupil ov doz hero sajez hoo wer yun^ted in dat ded ov glori; and ov dem he lernt lesonz ov politikal wizdom hwig kwolif jd him, hwen dq^r da ov akjon woz over, tu help de bcirk ov fredom stedili and bravh on in de trot) kors da had Icin^t it. He woz but a yuijger pupil in de self sam skml ov Madison. At de den ov manhud Mr Monro jand de standard ov hiz kuntri. It woz at de ^r ov severest trjal tu ^r kuntri dat he jcnd de qjmi; it woz hwen uderz wer dezertii) it. He rep4rd tu de hed kwerterz ov Wojiijton at Nu Yerk, at de t^m hwen Briten woz porir) her t^zandz ov nativ and foren mersenaiiz upon 5r Jorz ; hwen de batalyonz ov invadii) qrmiz "fiiknd and multiped, and doz ov de heroik ^eften ov ^r defens wer dwindhi) tu de verj ov disolujon. jaMZ MONRO. 93 Hwen d^ dizasterz ov FlatbiiJ, Hqi'lem H^ts, and Hw^t Plarjz, wer foiod b^ de suksesiv evakyiiajon ov Loij i4and and Nu York, and d^ surender ov Fort Wojigton, and d& rstret tro) d^ Jerziz ; til on de da devoted tu selebratir) de berf ov d^ Savyor ov mankind, de sam yer in liwig indep^ndens woz proklamd, Wojiijton, wid de busies hedz and unjod fet ov {re t^zand nn and undisiplind leviz^ stud on de western baijk ov de Delawq^r, tu kontend in armz wid de BritiJ Ljon, and tu bafl de skil and nolej ov de Qozn ^ampionz ov Grat Briten, wid ten tjmz de number ov biz Jiverii) and emajiated bost; de strem Delawq^r fermii) ds onli barier betwen de pr??d ara ov terti fezand veteran Britonz, and de skant remnant ov biz dizolviij bandz. clen it woz dat de glorius leder ov ^r forsez struk a bio hwig desjded de iju ov de wer. Sen it woz dat ds miriadz ov Britij weriorz wer arested in dq^r kafer ov vik- tori, bj de bundredz ov ^r galant defenderz, az de slir) ov de Jeperd ov Izrael prostrated de Filistin hco defjd de cirmiz ov de livig God. And in dis karer boB ov advers and ov prospems fert- yun, Jamz Monro woz wun ov dat litl spartan band, skqrsli mor niimerus, do in de event mor prosperus, dan da hco fel at Hermopoli. At de Hits ov Harlem, at de Hwjt Planz, at Trenton he woz prezent^ and in Icdirj ds 94 ,38 PKEZIDENTS. vangcird, at Trenton, rssevd a bel, liwig seld hiz patiiotik devofon tu hiz kiintriz fredom wid hiz blud. 38 God ov batlz hoo had dekred dat at Trenton and Piinston, de heroik Merser, and Hazlet, and Porter, and Nel, and riemii], and Eipen, Jmd jan de rol ov werljk ded, motrterz tu ds kez ov liberti, rezervd Monro for hjer serviseZ; and for a loi) and ilustrius karer, in war and in pes. Rekuverii) from hiz wcond, and promoted in rai)k, az a reword for hiz galantri and suferig in ds feld, he scDn returnd tii de armi, and servd in de karakter ov SCde- kamp tii Lord Sterlir), tro) de kampanz ov 1777 and 1778: diirir) hwig he woz prezent and distil] gwijt in de akjonz ov Brandiwjn, Jermant^n, and Monmut. He after- ward z undertiik tm enlist a rejiment, for hwig, at de rekomendajon ov Wojirjton, he had bin otorjzd bj de Lejislatyiir ov Verjinia ; but from de egzosted stat ov de kuntri he fald in dis. He den reziimd de studi ov de Le under de direkjon ov Jeferson, hco woz den Guvernor ov Verjinia. In de suksedig yerz he servd oka3onali az a volunter, in defens ov de Stat, agenst de distresig invagon wid hwic; it woz vizited ; and wuns, after de fol ov ©qrlz- ton, in 1780, at de reivwest ov Guvernor Jeferson, he rep4rd az a militari komijoner, tii kolekt and report infor- inajon wid regard tii de kondifon ov de sudern cirmi and Stats, a trust hwiq he disgcujd wid entjr satisfakjon. jeCMZ MONRO. 95 In 1782 he woz elekted a member ov ds Lejislatyixr ov Verjiiiia, and, bj dat bodi, a member ov ds Egzekyritiv Kiynsel. On de 9^ov Jun, 1783, he woz qozn a member ov ds Korjgres ov de Yunjted Stats; and, on de 13fi ov Desember, ov ds sam yer, tmk hiz set in dat bodi, at Anapolis, hwq,r hiz ferst akt woz tu sit az wun ov doz reprezentativz ov de najon intm hcDz handz de viktorius leder ov de Amerikan ctrmiz surenderd hiz komifon. Mr Monro woz yet but twenti-for yerz ov aj, but hs had elredi perfermd dat, in de servis ov hiz kuntri, hwig wud hav sufjzd for de ilustrafon ov an erdinari Ijf. 38 ferst h(Dts ov hiz ya)t had bin givn tm her def ens in wer ; de vigor and matiiriti ov hiz manhud wer n^ tm be devoted tn her welfq^r in k^nsel. Mr Monro woz dus for {re yerz a member ov de inefi- fent Korjgres under de Konfederajon ; inefijent, not from eni felt ov dq^r on, but bekoz dq^r handz wer tjd, da had no p"jjer tu akt. 3is woz wun ov de mis^ivus konse- kwensez ov de inabiliti ov de Koijgres tu administer de afq-z ov de naJon — de wast ov t^m and talents ov de most eminent patriots ov de kuntri ; and dat ofn in kapjus, iritatii) and frcotles debats. cTe komers, de publik det, de fiskal konsernz, de foren relajonz, de publik landz, de obligafonz tu de revoliifonari veteranz, de interkors ov 96 38 PREZIDENTS. wer and pes wid de Indian tqbz, wer el siibjekts upon hwi^ de benefisent akfon ov Koijgres woz nesesari ; hwjl at everi step, and upon everi subjekt, da wer met bj ds sam insunn^ntabl barierz ov interdikted er undelegated p^er. But in hwotever Koijgres kmd do) Mr Monro tuk a distirjgwijt part. On de 30B ov Jiilj, 1785, Koijgres debated de report ov a Komiti ov hwig Mr Monro woz gq^rman, propoziij sug elterafon ov de qrtiklz ov de kon- federajou; az woz nesesari. tu vest Koijgres wid de pr^" bo"B tu regyiilat komers, and tu levi an impost duti. R woz wun ov de me5iirz hwiq led tu de Konvenfon Anapolis, and afterwardz tu de Konvenfon ov 1787 hw fermd de Konstitiijon ov de Yunjted Stats. Ha)ev( kontribyiited tu dat event iz justli entjtld tu de gratiti] ov de prezent aj, az a publik benefaktor ; and amiig der de nam ov Monro |ud be konspikyiiusli enrold. B^ de qjtiklz ov konfederajon no delegat in Koggret woz elijibl tu serv mor dan fire yerz in siks. Mr Monroz term eksppd tordz de Idoz ov 1786. Durii) dat term, and hwjl Korjgreg woz in sejon at Nu York, he fermd a matrimonial konekjon wid Mis Kartrit, ov dat siti. ais ladi pozest personal atrakjonz and akomplifments ov de bjest erder ; and fer a period but litl Jert ov haf a senturi, jaMZ MONRO. 97 fs livd de c;eri|t and afekfonet partner ov hiz Ijf and fert- yiinz. Xe akumpanid him in g1 hiz jiirniiijz tr(D dis wurld ov k^r; and, de kompanyon ov hiz ycofi, Je woz ds soles ov hiz dekl^nir) yerz, and tu de kloz ov liiz Ijf enjo-d de tes- timonial ov hiz afekjon. Gfter hiz retjrment from de konfederajon Koijgres, he asiimd de praktis ov hiz prof ef on at Frederiksburg; but he woz ohiiost imedietli elekted tu a set in de Lejislatyivr ov Veijinia ; and, de ensuig yer, tu de Konven|on, sum- ond in dat Komonwelt, tu diskus and desjd upon de A^onstitiijon ov de Yimited Stats. We hav sen dat he A^oz an aktor in de insipient steps hwi^ led tu de fermajon ov de Konstitujon ; but, in komon wid Jerj Mason, Patrik Hemi, and evn Mr Jeferson himself, he woz not satisfjd wid de Konstitiijon az it woz framd ; and in de Verjinia Konvenjon he woz f^nd arad agenst Madison and hiz komperz, h(0 so devotedli uijd its adopfon. He woz desjdedli in favor ov a ^anj in de Konfederajon ; but de Konstitixjon reported had, in hiz opinyon, defckts rekw^riij amendment, hwicj he kontended |ud be mad befor its adopjon. Se Konvenjon, h^ever, adopted de Konstitufon az it woz, bj a majoriti ov ten, and at de sam tjm sub- mited de propozal ov amendments tu be engrafted on it afterwardz. 7 98 ae PREZIDENTS. Bj de kors hwi^ Mr Mouro had persiid on dis grat oka5on, oldto it left him for a jort t^m in de minoriti, yet he lost not de konfideus eder ov de pepl er ov de Lejislat- yur ov Veijiuia. In 1789 he woz elekted tu de Senet ov de Yunited Stats. He servd in dat kapasiti until Ma, 1794, hwen he woz apanted, at de nominajon ov Prezident Wojirjton, ]\Iinister Plenipotenjiari tu de Repubhk ov Fmns. clis woz at de tjm hwen Fi'ans, az a Repubhk, — de forst ov nafonz tu folo de grat Amerikan egzdmpl ov fre guvernment — woz reseviij simpati from el partiz in de Yunjted Stats. But fe had demanded mor dan simpati, and had olredi komenst dat kors ov ekstravagans and injustis tu hiimaniti and tu de i|ts ov uder nafonz hwiq so mcirkt her subsekwent karer. Se refuzal ov Wojirjtmi tu kompl^ wid el de demdndz ov Frans had indiist opozi- Jon tu hiz polisi in dis kuntri. Mr MonrcS beloijd tu de pqrti diferiij from Wojiijton in de relajonz ov ^r guvern- ment wid Frans. But az a me^ur ov rekonsiliafon, ^Ir Monro resevd de apcputment, and woz yiinqnimusli kon- fermd bj de Senet. But de diferens ov opinyon hwiq had egzisted in de mmdz ov diferent porjonz ov de Amerikan pepl, az tu ^r relajonz wid Frans, w^er fsnd stil tu egzist betwen de JQMZ MONRO. 99 Prezident and hiz Minister tu so grat an ekslent dat Mr Monro woz rekeld tordz de kloz ov Wojiijtonz adminis- trajon. Upon hiz return he publijt a vindikajon ov hiz kors az Minister, cle siibsekwent karer ov Frans haz led de Amerikan pepl tu entirli koinsjd wid de vuz ov Wojiijton in dat veri difikult emerjensi. Yet neder de rekol ov Mr Monro, nor de publikajon ov hiz volyu.m had eni efekt tu wekn de konfidens rcpozd in him bj hiz felo sitizenz. He woz imedietli elckted tu de Lejislatyiir, and scon afterwardz tu de of is ov Guvernor ov Veijinia. Upon de akwizijon ov Lcueziana bj Frans, from Span, and its tretnd mihtari ok^oipafon bj dat najon, it woz demd a sufijent koz ov grat alarm, espejali woz dis de kas {rcD^t de western porjon ov de kuntri. Mr Jeferson, at dat tjm Prezident, instituted a spejal and ekstrordinari mijon tu Frans, in konsekwens ov de importans ata(;t tu de mater. Tu dis miJon, Mr Monro woz selekted, — wid de rezident Minister, Robert R. Liviijzton. Mr MonrcSz npantment woz mad on de elevnt ov Janyuaii, 1803. On hiz arjval in Frans ]\Ir Monrco f^nd dat Bonaport, den at de hed ov de Frenc; guvcrnment^ woz wiiii) tu sed el ov L(Deziana tu de Yunited Stats, clis woz veri uu- ekspekted. Se p^erz ov de Ministerz onli eksteuded tu 100 as PREZIDENTS. dz puin^es ov dz siti ov Nil 'Grlcanz, wid a smel adjasent teritoTi, and de r^t ov navigajon ov de Misisipi, and da wer onli etorjzd tu ofer tcB milyonz ov dolarz for de sam; yet da did not bezitat tm tak de responsibiliti ov nego- jiatir) for ol ov Lcoeziana^ wid de sam limits dat it had hwjl in de pozejon ov Span. On de 306 ov S!piil de treti woz konkluded; de Yunjt- ed Stats stipyiilatir) tu pa fiften milyonz ov dolarz for de purees. 3e ratifikafon ov de treti woz widin siks munts konkliided at Wojirjton, and de majestik Vali ov de Mis- isipi, and de valiz, planz and forests, stre^ir) fqj awa tu de Pasifik ojan, bekam integral parts ov de Nerfi Amerikan Yiinyon. From Frans, imedietli after de konlduson ov dis treti, Mr Monro proseded tu Irjglandj liwq^r he woz komijond az Minister plenipotenjiari. He woz Jertli after wardz sent az Minister tu Span, tu negojiat in referens tu de b^ndari ov Lmeziana, hwicj had bin left unsetld, and for de purges ov Florida. He woz unsuksesful in dez ncgojiajonz, and leturnd tu hiz post at Lundon, in Jun? 1805. It bekam hiz diiti n^ tu undeiiak de unsuksesful efort tu indiis Iij gland tu refran from doz akts ov injustis and vjolens tu ^r komcrs ov hwig fe had loij bin gilti, and hmq |e woz at dat t^m gratli agravatii). From dat da tu de jetMZ MONRO. 101 end ov de Wer ov 1812^ de bjografi ov Jamz Monro iz de histori ov de strugl gTOU] 3t ov doz deprcdajonz, and in a grat dcgre de histori ov dis najon — an eventful period ia de hlstoii ov manlqnd. He retui'nd tu de Yun^ted Stats in 1807, haviq fald, tro) de foli ov de Britij Minis- terz, tu akomplif de objekt ov hiz mi Jon. In 1811 he woz apo'nted bj Prezident Madison Sekre- tari ov Stat clis ofis he kontinyiid tu hold trcD de re- minder ov de diibl Prezidenjal term ov Mr Madison, wid de eksepjon ov ab^t siks mun^s at de kloz ov de lat wer wid Grat Briten, hwen he dis^ciijd de den stil mor arduus dutiz ov de Wer Department. On de return ov pes he retiirnd tu de Department ov Stat ; and on de ret^rment ov Mr Madison in 1817, he woz elekted Prezident ov de Yiinjtcd Stats. He woz reelekted, wid^t opozifon, in 1821. From de anyiial mesej ov Prezident Monro, in 1823, it aperd dat megiirz had bin takn tu determin bj amikabl negojiajon, de respoktiv r^ts and interests ov de Yiinjted Stats on de wun part, and de guvernments ov Rcbjia and Grat Briten on de iider, upon de Norfiwestern kost ov Nerfe Amerika. In referii] tu dis subjekt, de Prezident mad yus ov de foloii) laijgwej, hwig embodiz hwot iz n5 denominated de "Monro doktiin" az tu de r^ts ov foren 102 ae PREZIDENTS. najonz az rcspeldB nix kolonial establijments, and nu * politikal ixlajonz wid de guvernments ov dis kontinent : '^ In de diskujon," sed he, " tm hwig dis interest haz given r|s, and in de aranjments bj hwig da ma terminat, de oka5on haz bin jujd proper fer asertir), az a prinsipl in hwig de rjts and interests ov de Yunjted Stats cu: involvd, dat de Amerikan kontinents, bj de fre and independent kondijon hwi^ da hav asuaid and mantan, ctr hensforfi not tu be konsiderd az subjekts fer futyur kolonizajon b j eni Yuropean p^erz." At de kloz ov hiz sekond Prezidenjal term, in 1 825, Mr Monro retard tu hiz rezidens in Li^don Kisnti, Verjinia. Subsekwent tu dat period, he disi^cirjd de erdinari judijal fuijkfonz ov a Majistrat ov de K^nti. In 1829 he prezj- ded over de Veijinia Konstitujonal Konvenjon. In de siiksediij sumer he woz, in de {art kumpas ov a wek, vizited bj de berevment ov de partner ov hiz Ijf, and ov aniider ner, afekjonet and respekted relativ. Scon after dez dep and trjig afhkjonz he remd>vd hiz rezidens tu de siti ov Nu York, Hiz helfi had bin gradynaU fahi); and her, sur^nded bj filyal sohsitud and tendernes, de flikerig lamp ov Ijf held its hijgerir) flsim, az if awatir) de sumon fer its ekstiijgwifment, hwig kam on de 46 ov Jiil^, 183 J, hwen de soljer and statsman suijk intu de slumber ov defi. iht f rezihnl. JON KWINSI ADAMZ. JON KWINSI ADAMZ woz bern at Kwinsi, Masa- ^lisets, on ds elevnfi ov Julj, 1767. He woz a sun ov Prezident Jon Adamz. It iz not ofn ds kas dat de sunz ov grat men kum in pozefon ov doz kwolitiz ov gratnes hwig fit dem fer de egzelted stafonz hwig dq^r fdderz okyupjd. clis ma be oiij tii de serkumstans dat de okyupajonz ov de fader so engros hiz tjm and tets dat be kan not propeiii superintend and direkt de edyii- kafon ov biz ^ikb^en. But de edyukajon ov Jon Kwinsi Adamz woz not neglekted h] biz fctder, eldo de tjra ov de later, we no, woz givn unspq^rigli tu de koz ov hiz kuntri, diirii) de gTater porfon ov biz l[f. We bav sen dat de bart ov de elder Adamz, in ol biz wonderirjz woz wid hiz bom; and dat de welfq^r ov de litl serkl dqv woz never lost s^t ov, evn bwil sur^nded b^ de ostentajus ser- 105 106 as PKEZIDENTS. kumstansez ov foren korts, and de fat ov hiz nafon de- pended upon de sukses ov hiz mijon. But Jon Kwinsi Adamz elwaz pad ds litest tribyut tm hiz ekselent muder, az de wun tu ha)m he od most, in de tumir) ov hiz mpd, in veri erli l^fj tm doz persiits and tu doz habits ov 6et and akjon hwiq al6n enabld him tu arjv at eni degre ov ekselensi. Ee woz hiz ferst instruktor. Hiz fcider woz absent in de Korjgres ov de Revoliijon; and it duz not aper dat he atended eni skcol in hiz bo'hud. It kaz bin remqrkt, inded, dat &qY semd tu be, in de Ijf ov Jon Kwinsi Adamz, no suq staj az dat ov bo-hud. Hwil yet but njn yerz old, he rot tu hiz fader de foloir) leter : Brantrs, J%n 2, 1777. J)er Ser: — i" luv tu resev leterz veri wel ; mug beter dan \ luv tu r^t dem. ^ mak but a pcor figyur at kom- pozi{on. Mi hed iz mug to) fikl. Mji tets or runii) after berdz egz, pla and trjflz, til i get vekst at myself. Mamq haz a trublsum task tu kep me a studiiij. (E on j am ajamd ov myself. ^ hav but just enterd de terd volyum ov Rolinz Histori, but dezjnd tu hav got hqj firco it h\ dis tjm. (E am determind dis wek tu be mor dilijent. Mr B-akster iz absent at Kort. (E hav set mjself a stint dis wek, tu red de terd vplyum hof ^t. If \ kan but kep JON KWINSI ADAMZ. 107 mj rezoliifon, j ma agen at ds end ov ds wek giv a beter ak^nt ov myself. ^ wif, ser, ycD wud giv me in r^tig, sum instrukjonz wid regard tu de yns ov mj tjm, and adv^z ms h^ tm proporjon mj studiz and pla, and l wil kep dem bj me, and endevor tu folo dem. Wid de prezent determinajon ov groiij beter, j am, der ser, ym sun. JON KWINSI ADAMZ. Postskript.— Ser: If yo) wil be so gud az tu favor me wid a blaijk buk, I wil translo:Jb de most remorkabl pas- ejez I met wid in mj redig, hwig wil serv tu fiks dem in m\ m^nd. 3is leter Joz de stamp ov hiz mjnd at de aj ov njn yerz. Nun but de bo* hcDz mjnd had resevd its imprejonz from de best infliiensez, wud so sa)n hav fon sug noblnes ov purpus, and so mug praktikal wizdom. Her ma be sen de advdntej ov piir and intelektyual asojiafonz in qjldhud. He woz n^ reseviij hiz preparatori edyukajon; he woz scon tu enter a diferent skdjl, far awa from hiz muderz f^rs^d. Hiz fcider woz apo-nted tu de Ministri ov Frans ; and he rezolvd tu tak hiz sun wid him. Her woz an oportii- niti for edyiikajon seldom enjd-d bj Amerikan yoot. And we ma wel supoz de oportuniti w^oz not lost tu de pupil. ae Minister remand in Frans a yer and a hqf. Duriij 108 38 PEEZIDENTS. dat period Jon Kwinsi atended d^ publik sko)! in Paris, hwjl liiz l85iir ^rz wer fild wid ds instrukjonz ka5iiali der^vd from de konversafon ov hiz fctder and Dr Fraijk- lin, h(D woz elso asojiated wid de Ministri. cla wer, ov kors, suri^nded bj doz eminent intelektyual karakterz ov de t^m, lico elredi aknolejd Frarjkliu az dq^r kompsr in sjens, and hoD wer wilir) tii doa onor tu de distil) gwijt stats- men ov de nil rcpublik. Ss impra)vment ov hiz sun, durii] hiz sojurn abrod, iz dus menjond b^ Jon Adamz, just befor hiz embarkajon on hiz return tii Amerika. "MJ sun haz had a grat oportuniti tii se dis kuntri, but dis haz unavcrdabli retarded hiz edyukajon in sum uder tiijz. He haz enjo-d perfekt hel6 from ferst tu last, and iz respekted hwf[rever he goz, fer hiz vigor and vivasiti. bot) ov mjnd and bodi : for hiz konstant gud yumor, and fer hiz rapid progres in Frenc], az ivel az in jeneral nolej, hwig, fer hiz aj, iz unkomon." aa returnd from Yiirop in 1779, but tu remc4n in dq^r nativ kuntri onli tre mun^s. Jon Adamz resevd de apo-nt- ment, b^ Koijgres, ov Minister Plenipotenjiari tu Grat Briten. Jon Kwinsi agen atended de dipk^matist. cla embcirkt on de 17t ov November ov de sam yer. Se |ip in hwi^ da sakl sprar) a lek, and woz obl^jd tu put intu de port nerest at hand, hwig pra)vd tu be Ferol, in Span. JON KWINSI ADAMZ. 109 cTa wer den obljjd tii travers de rcmanir) distans tm Paris overland, a jurni ov a t^zand m^lz. tlis jurni woz per- fermd tro) de m?jntenz on miilz. 38 travelerz rcgt Paris abi5t de midi ov Febr(Dari, 1780, hwq,r da remand until ©gust, ov de sam yer, durii] hwig t^m Jon Kwinsi atended an Akademi in dat siti. Jon Adamz den rep^rd tu Holand, hwq^r hiz sun woz plast at sko)!, ferst at Amsterdam, and afterwardz in de Yuniversiti at Lidon. In 1781 Fransis Dana woz apcrnted Minister tu Rtojia,. and Jon Kwinsi Adamz, den forten yerz old, woz apcrnted prjivet selaxtari ov dis mi Jon. He remand in RcDfia forten munts, performig de diitiz ov hiz ofis wid ent^r satisfak- Jon tu Mr Dana. On hiz return from St Peterzburg, he traveld alon, bj a jurni le3iirli mad, and fild wid obzer- vafonz on Sweden, Denmark, Hamburg, and Jermani. On ar^vii) at Holand, he reziimd hiz studiz at de Hag. Jon Adamz, havir) kompleted hiz mijon in Holand, woz apo-nted, wid Fraijklin and Jeferson, tu negojiat de treti ov pes wid Grat Briten. ^e yurjger Adamz enjd-d de satisfakjon ov beiij prezent at de konldiijon ov de treti; and hwjl it woz under proses ov negojiajon he woz kon- stantli favord wid oportunitiz ov lisniij tu de instruktiv konversajon ov Fraijldin and Jeferson, a privUej hwig he did not neglekt tu imprcOv. 110 as PREZIDENTS. In 1784 Jon Kwinsi Adamz akumpanid hiz fctder tu Lundon, hwen dat statsman woz apanted md Frarjklin and Ja tu negojiat a treti ov komers wid Grat Briten. 3is woz anudcr oportuniti fer him tu resi^ instrukjon in dis department, a politikal sktul in hwig he had bin so lor) a piipil. He woz n^ abl tii studi tiixoli de poUtiks ov de muder kuntri, and tu obzerv de wuikirjz ov its Ivomb^nd sistemz ov konseiTativ and progresiv demokrasi. It woz her,t(D, dat he lernt from Wilberfors, doz piinsiplz ov pohtikal filantropi fer hwi^j amuij Amerikan statsmen, he himself afterwardz bekam preeminent. Her, tco, he studid elokwens from de livii) modelz ov Pit;, Foks, Erskin, Burk, and Eeridan. Jon Kwinsi Adamz returnd tu komplet hiz studiz in hiz nativ kuntri, at de aj ov aten. He enterd Kambrij Yiini- versiti, at an advdnst stajon, in 1786, He gi'adyuated in 1788, wid hj onorz. He den komenst de studi ov de Le, in de ofis ov HeofHus Parsonz, afterwardz ©ef Justis Pcirsonz. Qfter de komplejon ov de yitsual kors ov stiidiz, and hiz admijon tu de bar, he komenst de praktis ov de Le in Boston, hmq he kontinyud for yerz. Ov hiz suks:s in de praktis ov de Le, he afterwardz sed: "* had loi) and hijgerir) arjzjetiz, in lukig forward, d-stful evn ov mj prospekts ov kumfort.abl subsistens, but JO]Sr KWINSI ADAMZ. Ill ressvir) mor and mor enkiirejment, j perseverd, til in de last ov de for yerz de biznes ov mj profejon yelded me an inkum mor dan ekwal tu mj ekspenditurz." But hiz mjnd woz not, durir) dis t^m, oltugeder engi'ost wid de detalz ov Le praktis. cle politikal nolej he had so wel stord up, led hiz mjud tu an aktiv slvi'ojtini ov de events ov najonz, az da wer transp^rir). Frans woz kon- vulst. 3[e statsmen ov Amerika wer divjded in opinyon az tu de merits ov dat revohijon. Ilwil a part belevd it tu be de development ov de sam prinsiplz hwig had tr^umft her, uderz ferd dat de Frenc; pepl did not pozes, suf ijentli, doz prinsiplz ov vertyu and ov tro) politikal wizdom tu enabl dem fermli tu establij a republikan guvernment. In de diskufonz hwig tuk plas at dat tjm on de Fre g kwestyon, de yur) leyer engajd ; and wid an abihti hwicj at wuns mctrkt him az a statsman. He publijt, in de Boston Sentinel; in 1791, a seriez ov ortiklz, sjnd "Publi- kola," in hwig he diskust, wid grat abiliti, de wjld vagariz enjenderd amiiij politikal r^terz in Frans, and hwic; had bin ket up h\ meni in ^r on kuntri. clez ortiklz atrakted mug atenjon, bofi at hom and abred. cla wer atribyiited tu Jon Adamz. 3a wer republijt in Ir) gland, and wer hjli spokn ov bj Foks and Windham. In dez and subsekwent artiklz Mr Adamz gdvokated, 112 38 PREZIDENTS. az de proper polisi ov de Yiinited Stats, ds doktriu after- wardz set forB bj Wojirjton in hiz proldtmiajon, auynsiTj dt niitraliti ov ds Yiinited Stats betvvrn de belijerant uajonz ov Yiirop. clis woz hj testimoni tu dz sngasiti ov de \\\z ov de yiiij statsman. In Ma, 1794, Prezident Wojiijton apomted Mr Adamz Minister ov de Yiinited Stats tu de Hag. His woz at dat t^m wun ov de most prominent ov diploniiUik stafonz. But fer su(} a pozijon hiz politikal ritiijz had okedi Jon him tu be eminentli fited. He \yoz at di« tjm in de twenti-sevnfi yer ov hiz aj — a yuijger man, und^tedli, dan haz sins ever bin selekted bj ^r Guvernment tu fulfil a trust so important. 3e suksos ov de Minister fuli justifjd de wizdom ov Wojiijton in selektiij him for dis important pozijon. Men wer, at dat t^m, selekted fer h^ stafon on ak^nt ov d([r fitnes rader dan on akynt ov pqrti or personal konsid- erajonz ; and oldo de fqder ov Mr Adamz woz den Yjs- Prezident, yet it woz never sujested dat dat serkumstans had de lest infliiens in de apantment. Ten yerz befcSr, hwjl Jon Kwinsi Adamz woz a sktol bor at de Hag, hw(|r he woz ny tu rezjd az Minister Plenipo- tenjiari, hiz fqder rot ov him : — ^' cla giv him a gud kar- akter hwq^rever he haz bin, and j hop he wil mak a gud man." 3at hop woz never disapanted. JON KWINSI ADAMZ. 113 He kontinyiid in lloland til lu-rli de kloz ov Wojiijtonz admiiiistrafon. II iz komunikajonz wor estnnd b^ (h Prozident, az ov de hiost valval, afordiij him, az da did, a liiminus deskripjon ov de mtovment ov kontinental af qrz, upon hwicj he kud plas de most implisit rtljans. IIwjl on a vizit tu Lundon, from lloland, he formd an akwantans wid Mis Liieza Kaf oiin Jonson, do tor ov J6|- yuo Jonson, at dat t)^m Konsidar cEjcnt ov de Yiinjted Stats at Lundon. clis akwantans rezulted in niaiij on de 26t ov Jiilj, 1797. It woz a hapi yunyon. For mor dan hqf a sontiiri da }f\rd ec; udcrz jcz and soroz. In 1797 Jon Adaniz bekam Prozident ov de Yunjted Stats. It TVS bekam a mater ov ekstrem delikasi az tu hwot fud be dun wid hiz sun. He solisited de adv^s ov Jeneral Wojigton az tu de kors he fud tak : hweder tu kontinyii kiz sun in politikal stajonz, or tu ah' him tu retjr, and dns prevent ol oka^on for envi and jelusi anuiij aspjrants. Jeneral Wojiijton in hiz replj, after adv^ziij de Prozident tu de former kors, gav eksprejon tu de foloig veri koniplimontari laTjgwej: '^Wid^t intendiij.tu kompli- ment de fctder or de muder, or tu senjnr eni uderz, j giv it az mi des^ded opinyon, dat Mr Adamz iz de most valyriabl pubhk karakter we hav abrod ; and dat dq^r 114 as PREZIDENTS. rsmanz no d^t in mj m^ndj dat he wil prcov himself tu be de ablest ov ^r diplomatik kor." cic Prezident adopted ds advjs ov Wojigtonj and Jon Kwinsi Adamz woz apcnted Minister tn Berlin. He re- turnd tu de Yiinjted Stats in 1801. Hs woz fertynnetli absent from ds kuntri durii) de politikal kanvas hwig re- zulted in ds elekjon ov Mr Jeferson tu de Prezidensi, tu sukssd hiz fcider. Hiz subsekwent politikal kors duz not sem tu hav bin influenst b^ de prejiidisez enjenderd bj politikal str^f ; and hwig evn at dat erli da, sem tu hav had t(D mug influens in everi politikal kanvas. In 1802 he woz elekted tu de Senet ov Masaqiisets. In de f(^xOii) yer he woz elekted tu de Senet ov de Yun^ted Stats. cLus, at de erli aj ov terti-siks yerz, he had atand de hiest lejislativ bodi ov de Yimyon. Mr Adamz woz elekted az a kandidat ov de Federal parti, yet he did not, az Senetor, akt az a partizan. Hiz vuz aroz abuv de jaklz ov pctiti. It woz sed ov him dat he woz not a reliabl parti man. 3at woz tro) hwenever hiz parti swervd fr\om hwot he konsevd tu be de Ijn ov diiti. 3is woz de karak- teristik ov Jon Kwinsi Adamz tra)^t hiz lor) politikal karer. In 1805 he labord tu hav Korjgres pas a lo leviii) a duti on de importajon ov slavz. 3is woz de ferst pubhk indikajon ov hiz vuz on de subjekt ov slaveri. It woz a JON KWINSI ADAMZ. 115 premonijon ov de bold, unfliiK^ii), nobl W0r% agenst dat institujon, and ov ds advokasi ov hiiman fredom and human r^ts in de wjdest sens, hwig karakter jzd ds klozig senz ov hiz remcp-kabl karer, and hwig wil perpetyuat hiz fam, hwen uder akts ov hiz Ijf fal hav past from ds remembrans ov men. He labord tu gek ds influens ov ds Slav p^er, bj ds onli msnz perhaps hwi^ aperd fezibl at dat tjm. On ds kwestyonz ov pohsi hwig ajitated ds politikal pctrtiz ov ds kuntri, prsssdig ds lat wer wid Grat Briten, Mr Adamz separated from ds parti hwig slekted him tu de Senet. as pspl ov Masagiisets espejali wer opozd tia dz mesurz hwicj ds administrajonz ov Jeferson and Mad- ison -Bet proper tu adopt in opozijon tu ds enkro^ments ov Grat Briten upon Amerikan komers. In dsz mesurz Mr Adamz koinsjded. ais subjekted him tu de ssvsrest senfur. Hs woz t^ctrjd wid forsaldi) hiz p^rti— and wid ds lo motiv ov sekir) tu promot ambijus lorjigz and selfij endz. But doz hco mad dsz Qctrjez in sinseriti, labord under an entjr misaprehenjon ov hiz karakter and prinsiplz ov akjon. At dis da, aded bj ds histori ov hiz Ijf, and bj a perfekt nolej ov hiz patriotizm and devojon tu tra)t and prinsipl, it iz Idsrli ssn dat dis tjm, az elwaz, hs but akted up tu 116 as PEEZIDENTS. ds h] TG)l li8 had adopted, ov makir) parti and sekjonal konsiderafonz sekondari tu de onor and interests ov de najon — an egzdmpl hwig no pur and hj mjnded statsman kan fal ov foloii). 38 Lejislatyur ov Masagitsets instrtikted her Senetorz tu op6z de me5urz ov Mr Jeferson. Sis led tu de rezig- najon ov Mr Adamz, in Mctrg, 1808. Mr Adamz had, sins 1804, held de apo-ntment ov Pro- fesor ov Retorik and Bel-Leter, in Harvard Yuniversiti. 3is ofis he aksepted on kondijon dat hs Jud be al^d tu disgorj its dutiz merli durii) de reses ov Koijgi'es. Hiz lektyurz on Retorik and 'Oratori wer veri popyular. 3a wer atended bj larj ediensez ov personz not uderwjz kon- ekted wid de institujon. Mr Adamz had ekedi gand de repyntajon ov a ijp skoloi'. Hiz literari fam woz not surpdst bj hiz repyutajon az a statsman. Hiz konekjon wid de Yiiniversiti kontinyud til Jitlj, 1809. In Mar(5, 1809, Mr Madison woz indukted intu de Prezidenjal ^q^r. Durii) de sam munt Mr Adamz woz •apernted Minister tu Rojia. Durii) hiz rezidens in Rcojia Mr Adamz woz nominated bj Mr Madison tu de beng ov de Suprem Kort ov de Ynnjted Stats. Se nominafon woz konfermd bj de Senet ; but he dekljnd de akseptans ov dis distirjgwijt ofis. JON KWINSI ADAMZ. 117 Hwjl at Sant Peterzburg Mr Adamz rot hiz selebrated "Leterz in hiz Sun^ on de B^bl and its Te^igz;" a litl volyum hwic; fiid be red bj everi ycofi ov Amerika. Mr Adamz belsvd and praktist de presepts ov Kristianiti. He woz not a sektarian, az hs woz not a pcirtizan. But hiz kondukt trcD lif woz gjded bj de prinsiplz ov de Gospel ov Kr^st. Mr Adamz woz apanted, in 1814, tu de komifon hwig neg6|iated de treti ov pes wid Grat Briten. In dat nego- Jiajon Mr Adamz woz plast at de bed ov de Amerikan komijonerz^ amui) hcom wer K^a and Galatin. In spekig ov de negojiafon ov dat treti; de Duk ov Welirjton dekl4rd, in de BritiJ H^s ov Lerdz, dat "In hiz opinyon de Amer- ikan komifonerz had Jon de most astonijirj superioriti over de BritiJ, diirig de hoi korespondens." In Ma, 18J 5, Mr Adamz jo-nd Mr Kla and Mr Galatin in Lundon, tu negojiat de treti ov komers and trad^ hwig haz bin de basis ov komerjal interkors wid Grat Briten sins dat tjm. He n^ resevd ofijal notis ov hiz apo-ntment az rezident Minister at de Kort ov Sant Jamz ; dus veri- f jig de predikjon ov Wojiijton, dat, " in az Jert a tjm az kud be wel ekspekted," he wmd be f^nd "at de bed ov de diploma tik kor." On de elekjon ov Mr Monro tu de Prezidensi, he 118 ae PREZIDENTS. selekted Jon Kwinsi Adamz fer de respoiisibl pozijou ov Selaxtari ov Stat. Spekii] ov dis apantment, in a leter tu Jen. Jakson, Mr Monro empl6"d ds foloii) larjgvvej: "i^ }al tak a person for de Depqiiment ov Stat from ds Cst- ward; and Mr Adamz, bj loij servis in m' diploma tik konsernz, apeiiij tu be entjtld tu de preferens, supoiied bj biz aknolejd abilitiz and integritij hiz nominajon wil go tu de Senet." In hiz replj, Jen. Jakson sed : " ^I^ hav no hezitajon in sair), yco hav mad de best selekjon tu fil ds Depctrtment ov Stat dat kud bs mad." ais predikjon woz wel funded. Durir) ds at yerz ov Prezident Mom^oz administrajon^ Mr Adamz dis^cujd de dutiz ov de Stat Department wid a f^deliti and sukses hwiq resevd not onli de unkwonfjd aprobajon ov de Prezi- dent, but ov de hoi kuntri. In 1824, Mr Adamz bekdm a kandidat fer de Prezi- densi. Hiz kompetitorz wer Henri Kla, Jen. Jakson, and Wilyam H. Kroford. Sez wer el at dat tjm prominent men. cle strngl woz rader a personal and sekjonal wun, dan ov a parti natyur. Parti l^nz had, diirii) de admin- istrajon ov Mr Monro, bin nerh obliterated. Gl ov de kandidats subskr^bd, substanjali, tu de sam politikal kred. ae rezult woz dat no elekjon woz efekted bj de pepl. Ov de tcD hundred and sil^ti-wun elektoral vots, Jen. JON KWIXSI ADAMZ. 119 Jakson rssevd ninti-nin, Mr Adamz ati-for, IMr Kreford forti-wiin, Mr Kla terti-sevn. Neder hnviij a majoriti, de dekjon devolvd upon de H^^s oy Reprczeiitativz, Yotii) bi Stats. cIs elekjon in d^ H^'s tuk plas on de 9B ov Febrtoari, 1825. Ss rczidt woz dat Mr Adamz ressvd fiertcn vots, Jen. Jakson sevn, and Mr Kroford for; and Mr Adamz woz dek^rd elekted. On de 4B ov Mctrg, 1825, Mr Adamz tukde Preziden- Jal gq^r hwig biz f cider bad vakated twenti-for ysrz befor. clat fader bto had sed ov biz sun, bwen a lad, ''He be- bavz Ijk a man," woz stil liviij, a witnes ov de onorz bestod upon bim bj ds Amerikan pcpl. In ds kondukt ov de administrajon ov Jon Kwinsi Adamz, ds sam absens ov pcirti spirit woz fon dat had karakter^zd hiz politikal Ijf. He refiizd tu remojv pohtikal opozerz from ofis. In dis respekt hs adhcrd striktli tu de polisi ov konsideriq de pubhk gud, wid^t in de kst rEgop:di]3 de rclajon ov de inkumbent tu hiz parti. Upon its bsii) reprszented tu him at wun t|m dat a prominent ofiser ov de guvernment, rezjdii) at Nil York, woz yuzig hiz infhiens agenst de rselekfon ov Mr Adamz, and dat dq^rfor he fud be remtovd from ofis, he repljd : " Sat jentlraan iz wun ov de best ofiserz in de publik servis. $ hav had okason tu no hiz dilijens, egzaktnes, and pugk- 120 38 PEEZIDENTS. tiialiti. On puhlik gr^ndz, dq^rfor, d£[r iz no kez ov komplant agenst him, and upon no uder wil j remc&v him. If I kan not administer de guvernment on dez prinsiplz, j am kontent tm go bak tu Kwinsi." 3is woz de poKsi ov Jeneral Wojigton. Se foloir) iz an ilustrajon. Hwjl Wojiijton woz Prezident, aphkajon woz mad for an apo-ntment tm ofis, ov an intimet personal frend ov de Prezident. At ds sam tjm aphkajon woz mad for de sam ofis bj a determind pohtikal oponent. 3e later resevd de apantment. On de pqrt ov hiz frend komplant woz mad. Wofirjton mad de foloiij eksplana- fon : "Mj frend," sed he, "jresev wid kerdial welkum. He iz welkum tu mj h^s and welkum tii mj hcirt : but wid el hiz gud kwohtiz he iz not a man ov biznes. Hiz oponent wid el hiz politiks, so hostil tu me, iz a man ov biznes. ]Mj privet fehgz hav nutig tu do) in ds kas. $ am not Jerj WoJii-]ton, but Prezident ov de Yixnjted Stats. Az Jerj Wojiijton [ wud dco dis man eni kjndnes in mj p^er — az Prezident ov de Yunjted Stats { kan dco nuBii)." Duriij de period ov Mr Adamzez administrajon, no pohtikal events strjkirjh efektir) de interests ov de kuntri transp^rd. On de 4t ov Mcirg, 1829, he retard tu hiz liom at Kwinsi. Widln a yer from de tjm ov hiz retjrment, de foloig JON KWINSI ADAMZ. 121 paragraf apETcl in de piiblik prints:— "Mr Adamz, lat Prez- ident ov de Yiinjted Stats, iz namd az a kandidat fer Koijgres, from de distrikt ov Masa^itsets n^ reprezented bj Mr Ri(;ardson, hoo deldjnz a reelekfon." 3is an^nsment teated mug surprjz. It woz fiot im- posibl dat wun hcb had 6k}aipjd a pozijon so elevated wild konsent tii seiT de pepl ov a siijgl distrikt, az a rep- rezentativ in Koijgres. Sug a ttij woz unlierd ov. But lie woz nominated. In akseptii] de nominajon, Mr Adamz empld-d de foloig lai)gwej : — " If mj felo sitizenz ov de distrikt jud tiijk proper tii kel fer sug servis az it ma be in mj p^er tu render dem, bj reprezentii) dem in de twenti- sekond Korjgres, j am not aw4r ov eni s^nd prinsipl hwiq Jud justify me in widhoklirj dem." He woz elekted b^ a nerli yiinanimus vot. He tuk hiz set in Desember, 1831, and fer sevnten yerz he kontinyiid tu reprezent hiz nativ distrikt, in a maner hwic; dignifjd and aded hister tu a karakter elredi de most elevated. Hiz ferst politikal akt in de H^s ov Reprezentativz woz de prezentajon ov several petijonz from sitizenz ov Pensil- vania, fer de abolijment ov slaveri in de Distrikt ov Ko- lumbia. In de prezentajon ov dez petijonz, Mr Adamz distiijktli dekl^rd dat he woz opozd tu de ajitajon ov de subjekt involvd in dq,r prq^r, at dat tjm. At de sani tjm 12!2 as PREZIDENTS. he dcmd it hiz cliiti tii prezent de pctijonz. clis woz de komensment ov hiz advokasi ov de rjt ov petijon, an advokasi hwi^ hs woz kompeld afterwardz tm persit agenst de most determind opozijon, and in hwig he justli akwjrd de tjtl ov "de old man elokwent." He had bin eh'edi non az an anti-slaveri man. Sum ov hiz frendz hco diferd from him az tu de tjm and manor ov opoziij dat evilj wer disapmited at hiz av^al dat he did not aprcGv ov akjon upon de prq^r ov de petijon. Hiz subsekwent akJon proovd, h-j^ever, dat it woz wid him onli a kwestyon ov t^m and serkumstans. In 183 5j de wor ov Teksas brok ^t. Jeneial Ganz had bin erderd wid a miKtari fors tu de frunter ov Teksas, wid de av^d purpus ov defendig de frunter from Indian depredafonz. But it woz belevd dat de efekt ov dat dispozijon ov de forsez, woz tu enkurej and ad de Teksan rebelyon. In a spec; mad in de H^s ov Reprezentativz, in Ma, 1836, in referens tu a kol fer a milyon ov dolarz tu sustain de fors ov Jencral Ganz, MrAdamz opozd de apropriajon. He boklli eksprest hiz viiz az tu de kozez hwiq led tu de Teksan wor, and tu de objekts amd at b^ its prinsipal abetorz : hwic] viiz siibsekwent histori haz pnovd in de man korekt. He belevd dat if de objekts ov de wor wer konsumated, de reziilt wud be de ekstenjon ov i JON KWINSI ADAMZ, 123 slaveri ; b^ de Iqrj aksejon ov slav teritori upon de s^B western p or Jon ov ^r yunyon. Hiz opozifon tu de Teksas aneksajon woz most determind, and kontinyud until ds konsumajon ov dat me5iir. On ds I8h ov Ma, 1836, ds foloiij rezolujon past de H^s ov Reprezentativz : ^' Bezo/vd, clat el petijonz, memorialz, rezoliijonz, pro- pozijonzj or paperz, rslatii) in eni wa, or tu eni ekstent hwotever, tu ds subjekt ov slaveri, er de abolijon ov sla- veri, Jal, wid^t beii) eder printed or rcferd, bs lad on de tabl, and dat no furder akjon hwotever be takn dq^ron." On dis rezolufon, hwi^ vertyuali abolijt de r^t ov petijon, Mr Adamz refijzd tu vot, and sent tu de Spekerz Qq^r de foloiij deklarajon, demdndig dat it Jud be plast on de Jurnal ov de H^'s, dq^r tu stand tu de latest posteriti : — "I^ hold de rezoliijon tu be a direkt vjolajon ov de Konstitujon ov de Yunjted Stats, ov de rcolz ov dis II^s, and ov de rjts ov mj konstityuents." He livd tu witnes de repel ov dat obnokjus gag rjjl, hwiq woz dun bj a vot ov de H^s in 1845. It iz imposibl, in dis bref skeg, tu mak evn a bref menjon ov wun hctf ov de publik akts hwig Jed luster on de kariT ov dis grat statsman. 3e serkumstansez ov hiz det c\x yet familyar tu most rederz. He d^d at hiz post. 124 as PREZIDENTS. On d^ 21st ov Febrmari, 1848, he woz in liiz plas, az yilSUal, in dz Hiss ov Reprezentativz. Ab^t hcif past wmi Qklok ov dat da, az de Speker had rizn tu put a kwestyon tu ds H:^s, de prosedirjz wer sudenli interupted hi krjz ov " Stop ! stop !— Mr Adamz !" a^r woz a kwik mcovment ov memberz. Mr Adamz had suijk in a stat ov unkonfusnes. He woz imedietli lifted intm de area in frunt ov de Spskerz tabl. Ss H^^s at wuns adjtirnd. Mr Adamz woz konvad tu de Spckerz rtom in de Kapitol, hw£[r he remand, wid onli bref intervalz ov konjusnes diirir) de 22d, and 23d,— Koijgres, in de men tjm, ad- jurnir) from da tu da, transaktir) no biznes. He ekspjrd on de evnii) ov de 23d. cle last wurdz he uterd wer, ^'SLis iz de last ov er^ ; / am /content,'' ANDR© JAKSON. NDRO) JAKSON woz bern at Wakse, Distrikt ov Marion, in de Stat ov S^t Karolpa, on de 156 ov jMctr^, 1767. Hiz fader woz a nativ ov ^Irland, and emi- grated tu Amerika wid hiz famili, a wjf and to) sunz, in 1765, but tco yt:rz bsfor de berB ov Andno. He kam tii Amerika tu eskap ds oprejon liwig haz krujt ^t ds libertiz ov ds pcpl ov hiz il-fated ^land. lis d^d ab^t t(D yerz after biz arjtal in Amerika. lis left tre sunz, ov horn. Andrto woz de yuijgest, in a stranj land, in de helplesnes ov infansi, tu de kq^r ov dq^r widod muder. Andrco woz dezjnd for de Ministri. Wid dis vii he erli atended an Akademi hwqr larjgwejez wer tot. Her he komenst de studi ov de Idasiks ; but hiz studiz wer veri S(on interupted bj de brakii) ^^t ov de revoliijonari strugl, hAvic; involvd hiz nativ plas in its strjf, and enlisted Jakson, yet a bo-, in de koz ov fredom. 127 128 as PREZIDENTS. At ds yditful aj ov forten, wid de konsent ov hiz muder, in kumpani wid hiz bruder Robert, he enterd de Amerikan kamp, az a voluntcrj in de servis ov liiz kuntri. Hiz eldest bruder^ Hii, had elredi lost hiz Ijf in de kez ov frsdom. Hwot must hav bin de patriotizm ov dat nmder, h(D gav up her fire sunz tm de perilz ov de batl feld, in de defens ov her adopted kuntri. Veri sion after yui) Jakson enterd de servis ov hiz kuntri, and hwjl he yet remand in hiz nativ t^n, Lord Rodon dispa(;t a detaqment ov BritiJ dragcJbnz, under de komdnd ov Major Kofin, for de destrukjon ov Wakso. 3e inhabitants entrenc^t demselvz in a ©urq. 3a wer sudenli surprjzd, and elevn ov dem wer takn priznerz. Amuij doz h(D eskapt wer Andro) Jakson and hiz bruder. cEa wer, h^ever, kaptytird on de foloii) da. Everi spejez ov indigniti woz praktist upon dez Ameri- kan priznerz ; and, wid uder il tretment, yur) Jakson woz erderd tu klen de bujts ov a Britij ofiser. He refiizd tu oba de debasiij komdnd, and demanded de tretment dti tu a prizner ov wor. 3e ofiser, enrajd at de boldnes ov de refiizal, mad a violent f mst wid hiz sord at de hed ov de ycot, hwig he parid wid hiz ctrm, and resevd a sever wcond in konsekwens. In dis de bo- dispMd dat boldnes ov spirit hwig af terwardz mqrkt de karakter ov de man. ANDROD JAKSON. 129 Hiz bruder woz elso wconded b^ an ofiser after he woz takn prizner; and woz den konfjnd in a prizn sel, hw^r he d^d ov hiz wmndz. At dis tini d^ muder ov Jakson elso d^d. Q Ion wido, in a land ov stranjerz, Js had tukseded in razii) her qildren tu ds don ov manhmd, tu ss dem sakrif^zd in de koz ov fredom. 38 last eforts ov her l^f wer spent in mitigatig de suferiijz, and in ekstendiij relef tu de priznerz hcD wer kaptyurd in her naborhud : — but hwen je se her ^ildren fel, de t^z hmcj b^nd her tu ert wer brokn, and de grav klozd upon her az it had dun upon her ofspriij. 3us AndrtD Jakson, at de aj ov fiften, f^nd himself alon in ds wurld, a sad spektator ov ds desolafonz dat had vizited hiz famili. '' Not a drop ov hiz blud run in ds vanz ov eni hvir) tetyur." cEs suden ekstigkjon ov hiz famili bor hevili upon him. But hs did not log giv wa tu despondensi. At ds aj (.V sikstsn hs reziimd hiz studiz. But hiz pskuniari rssorsez did not permit him tu kari ^t hiz orij- inal intenjon ov akwirig a klasikal edyukafon. In ds foloig ysr hs komenst ds studi ov ds Le, at Selzberi, Nerfi Karoljna. Hs woz admited tu ds Bar in 1786, and praktist Le in ds korts ov hiz nativ Stat for tco ysrz. Hs den rsmcLvd iu. Najvil, in hwot woz den keld ds S^t- 9 130 ae PREZIDENTS. West Teritori. Hs woz imedietli suksesful in de praktis ov de Le at Najvil, and hs woz S(jon apecnted Aturni Jen- eral ov ds Teritori. clis ofis he sustand fer a konsiderabl tjin wid distirjgwift abiliti. In 1796 hs woz a member ov ds Konvenjon hwig fermd ds Konstitiijon ov ds Stat ov Teness, and woz slekted ds ferst Reprszentativ from dat Stat in Korjgres. In ds foloii] ysr, 1797, hs woz slekted tu ds Senet ov ds Yu- njted Stats. 3is hj^ ofis hs scon rszjnd ; not, h^ever, bsfor hs had an oportiiniti tii vot for ds rspsl ov ds fflyen and Ssdijon lez. Hs woz cifterwardz slekted Juj ov ds Siiprsm Kort ov hiz Stat. 3is ofis hs soon rsz^nd, and rstjrd tu privet Ijf. Fer several ysrz hs spent hiz t^m in ds kwjet persitts ov agrikulty ur. lis had held ds ofis ov Major Jeneral ov ds Milija ov Teness sins ds erganizajon ov ds Stat. Upon ds brakii) ^ ov ds sekond wer wid Grat Briten hs woz keld agen tu ds servis ov hiz kuntri. lis prossded, in ds winter ov 1812, at ds hed ov twenti-fjv hundred voluntsrz, tu ds diiti as^nd him bj ds Jeneral Guvernment, ov dsfendii] ds loer Stats. lis dssended ds Ohjo and Misisipi tu Na^ez, hwq^r hs had bin instrukted tu wat furder orderz. 3s danjer ov a sudern inva5on bsii) dispeid, hs woz direkted tu disband hiz trcDps. ANDKOO JAKSON. 131 Upon d^ komensment ov de Krek hostilitiz in 1813, de Ten ess Milifa wer agen musterd. It woz deteimind tu atak de Indianz in dq^r on kuntii. On de 1 06 ov Ok- tober, Jakson put hiz forsez in mofon. Informajon woz rssevd dat de Kreks wer ner de Ten Slandz on de K(Dsa River, in Jerjia. Jeneral Jakson sent a deta^ment ov hiz tr(Dps forward, ho), after a sarjgwinari fjt, defeted de Indianz : levirj wun hundred and ati ded on de feld, hwjl he met wid a los ov onli for men. In de beginir) ov 1814, anuder pqjti woz defeted at Imukfo; and in Mqjg Jeneral Jakson proseded tu de vilej ov Tohopeka, or Hors Eoo, on de Talap(Dsa, hwq,r a loij and desperet batl woz fot. 3e Indianz skrend dem- selvz behind a loi) rampart ov timberz and trurjks ov trez, direktig dqx unerii) f jr from a dubl ro ov port holz. 3e fjt woz prolorjd from mornir) til midn^t. 3e Indianz left dq^r entrengment wid f^v hundred ov dqr w^oriorz ded on de feld. fi[e Indianz S(Dn siid for pes, and Jakson mqr^t hiz trcops homward. In an adres tu hiz trcops, on disbandig dem, he obzervd tu dem : "Widin a in daz, yco hav an^- hilated de p^er ov a najon, dat for twenti yerz haz bin de disturber of t^y pes." Hwil in de Indian kuntri engajd in negojiatir) a treti 132 a:8 PREZroENTS. wid de Kreks, tm hwig diiti he had bin komijond bj de Jeneral Guvernment, he diskuverd dat de Indianz wer stil enkurejd and suported bj de Spanyardz in Florida, and dat a BritiJ ofiser woz permited tu erganjz and dril a bodi ov BritiJ soljerz and fnjitiv Kreks in Pensakola. Jakson remonstrated wid de SpaniJ Guvernor. Hiz remonstrans woz unhcded. Jakson suspekted a dezjn ov de BritiJ agenst Nu ^Grleanz. Anisnsir) de danjer tm de naboriij S.fcats, he dro) a suplj ov volunterz from Teness, and prosgded in person tu Mobel tu mak de defens ov dat po-nt. cle plas woz smn atakt b^ a BritiJ fors under Kurnel Nikolz, h(D woz repulst wid los. ae BritiJ retard tu Pensakola, den widin de SpaniJ dominyonz. Jakson had in van askt peimijon from de Jeneral Guvernment tu atak dis plas, bekez ov its v^ola- Jon ov de nutraliti lez in hctrborir) de BritiJ forsez. Not resevir) suq erderz he rezolvd tm tak de responsibiliti upon himself. He ezili subdiid de plas. Nil ^Grleanz n^ atrakted de atenjon ov Jakson, az de nekst probabl pornt tm hwig de eneijiz ov de BritiJ wmd be direkted. He arjvd at dat plas on de 1st ov Desember, 1814, and imedietli endevord tm infiiz de degre ov alakriti and entiiziazm de okajon so h'dli demanded. (I grat port ov de inhabitants wer forenerz, and wer indiferent az i ANDRflO JAKSON. 133 tm ds rszult ov de kontest; and he had grat difikulti in preventii] dem from aktyuali givir) asistans tu ds enemi. Hiz prinsipal dspendens, dq^rfor, woz upon de Kentuki and Teness trcops. cEs aprog tu de siti bj ds wa ov Lak Bom, woz imedietli fertifjd ; but ds smel naval fors sta- fond dq^r woz smn kompekl tu ysld. 3s bots wer kut up and dqic men wer takn priznerz. Jakson imprcDvd everi efort tu plas ds avsniiz ov ds siti in a stat ov defens. Hs n^ f^nd it n^sesari tu gord agenst ds foz widin. Hs had urjd ds Lejislatyiir ov Loosziana tm suspend ds privilej ov ds rit ov liabsus Kerpus. But ds slo akfon ov dat bodi dstermind him tu tak ds le intm hiz on handz. Hs dq^rfor proklamd ds siti tu bs under marjal I0; and hs superssded el sivil etoriti bj a rijid militari polss. On ds 22d ds BritiJ mad a landir), and rsgt de Misisipi, widin sevn mjlz ov ds siti. Jakson imsdietii mctr^t tu met dem. Lat in ds afterncon ov ds 23d an engajment tuk plas, hwiq rezulted in de repuls ov de enemi, oldo dq^r fors woz muq superior in numberz. Jakson suspended ds persist ov ds vaijkwift cpmi, and in ds dqrknes ov ds njt troo up a brestwurk in frunt ov hiz trmps. 3s ensmi did not imsdietii rsnii de atak, and bj ds 28fij Jakson iiad, wid immens labor, erekted a tolerabl dsfens agenst de 134 38 PREZIDENTS. konstantli inkrcsiij fors ov dz invaderz. On dat da ds BritiJ aprcSqt, komdnded bj Ser Edward Pakenham him- self. At d^ distans ov hcif a mjl da opnd dqr fy, dis- ^cirjiij kwontitiz ov buraz, belz, and kongi'ev rokets. It woz a sen ov teror tu ds undisiplind niilija ov Jak- son. But da bravli met it. cle Britif wer forst tu rctfr wid konsideral)! los. 3a agen mad preparajonz for an atak. On de 1st ov Janyiiari, after havir), under kuver ov a Levi fog, plast several bateriz widin a Jert distans ov de Amerikan Ijnz, da opnd a ti-emendus dis^qij ov ctrtil- eri and rokets ; but de f jr woz returud wid sug sukses, dat bj te oklok da wer sjlenst. On de 4f , Jaksonz cirmi woz reinforst bj de arjval ov tiD t^zand f jv hundred milija from Kentiiki. 3a wer veri badli ekwipt. Even mtDvmeut ov de BritiJ nis indi- kated preparajonz for a fjnal atak. On de 8B ov Janpiari de Amerilvan foi-sez am^nted tu siks t^zand tra)ps, qefli ineksperienst milija. 3e BritiJ forsez konsisted ov mor dan forteu t^zand veteranz and wel disiplind soljerz. At den ov de St de enemi advdnst in toy di^i5onz, komdnded bj Ser Edward Pakenham, asisted bj Jeneralz Ken and Gibz. Under kuver ov a fik fog, da apro^t widin a Jort distans ov de Amerikan entren(^ments befor da wer diskuverd. 3a wer den perse vd advdnsig in ANDRCD JAKSOy. 135 koliimz ov siksti or sevnti dcp. Jaksonz trcDps, hto had bin awatiij dq^r advdns, gav tv^ CjHi'z, and instantli dc hoi Ijn ov ds^v wurks woz lited wid a Jet ov flam. 38 enemi in fmnt wer slan in heps. In de dis(5(xrj ov Amerikan musketri dqr woz no intermijon; it woz wun kontinyiid voli. cTc advdns ov de BritiJ woz ^ekt; stil sum ov doz brav men prest on, and siikseded in ganiij de di<5 in fmnt ov de Amerikan wurks, hwq^r da remand durig de akjon, and wer afterwardz mad priznerz. Hwen de BritiJ wer folteriij befcSr de unsesiij f jr pord upon dem, Ser Edward Pakenham rod in frunt tu mj dem on, but hiz egzdmpl woz ov Joi-t dura Jon ; he scon fel, mertali wionded. Jeneralz Gibz and Ken wer elso kaiid from de feld danjerusli wcDuded. clqr troops retreted ; Jeneral Lambeit endevord tu rali dem. Agen da wer led on tu de atak; but de sam destruktiv f^r mod d^'u dq^r kolumz az fast az da kud be fermd. H^ panik be- kam jeneral, and de (]ctrj ended in a presipitat fljt. Ded and d^iij stra)d de plan, and de piteus kr^z ov meni ov de sufererz wer haroir), Qfter sum dela, an armistis woz sjnd b^ Jeneral Lambert : de wconded wer den kon- vad from de feld, and de ded konfjded tu dqv kr^'ded sepulkerz. 3e BritiJ kild woz not les dan tco t^zand, besidz meni wcunded. cle los ov de Amerikanz did not eksed sevn kild and siks wconded. 136 as PKEZIDENTS. Jaksoii dsmd it nesesari tm stil eksersjz ekstrem vijilans lest de enemi Jiid rskuver sum advdntej ; and de mor so on ak^nt ov de wont ov disiplin amurj hiz untrand trcops. Atemts wer stil mad bj serten rezidents ov Nu ''Grleanz tu kreat disafekjon amui) ds pepl and ds ormi. On d& 21st unofijal intelijens woz resevd ov a treti ov pes. Q publikafon woz mad in a Nu ^Giisanz nuzpaper kalkiilated tu imp^r de etoriti ov ds komdnder over hiz cprmi. He had de etor ov de ofensiv ctrtikl arested. (I lit ov Habeus Koi-pus woz ifud in behaf ov de person arested, bj Juj Hel, ov de Yunjted Stats Distrikt Kort. Insted ov anserir) de rit, Jakson arested de Juj and sent him from de siti. Tco daz dfterwcirdz a mesenjer arjvd an^nsii] de konklujon ov a treti ov pes bet wen Grat Briten and de Yun^ted Stats. Sus de dredful kamej ov de batl •ov Nil ^Grleanz transp^rd after aranjments had bin mad tu sekivr pes: and had dq^r bin de sam menz ov transmitii) intelijens den az n^, de grat los ov l^f on dat oka5on rajt hav bin avaded. Juj HgI beiij restord tu de eksersjz ov hiz jndifal furjk- jonz, impozd a f^n on Jeneral Jakson ov wun t^zand dolarz. cEe sitizenz ov Nu "Grleanz razd de sum bj vol- untari subskripjon. Jakson wud not aksept de proferd •donajon, but rekomended its apropriajon tu de widoz and ANDROD JAKSOK. 187 erfanz ov doz hco had, diiriij ds ssj, feln in batl ) ds sujestyon woz imsdietli put in fors. Jeneral Jakson returnd tu hiz farm, hwq^r he remand until de end ov 1817, hwen he woz direkted tia prosed agenst de Seminol Indianz, hoo, emerjir) from de SpaniJ teritori, had komited repeted masakerz ov de Amerikanz on de frunterz. At de hed ov de Tenese volunterz, hcD wer afterwardz jernd bj de Jerjia milifci, he penetrated intii Florida, destrd-d de retri'ts ov de Indianz and fnjitiv slavz hcD had banded wid dem, and burnt dq^r vilejez. T(o Irjglijmen, HrbuBnot and Ambrister, wer arested bj Jaksonz order, and, bj a kort mcirjal, f^nd gilti ov eks^tii) and ledir) on de insurjents. In pursiians ov dq^r sentens, de former woz hui] and de later Jot. 3e kors ov Jakson in de eksekiijon ov dez to) men, az wel az sum ov de uder akts ov hiz Ijf, haz bin senjiird, az havii] bin nedlesli sever, and involviij an asumf on ov p^er unworanted bj hiz ofioriti az a militari komdnder. Desi3on and enerji in akjon, wer prominent fetyiirz in de karakter ov Jakson. And, eldo &%x ma be d^t az tu de nesesiti ov partikyular akts, in hwiq doz karakteristiks wer egzib- ited prominentli, yet, takir) ol hiz publik akts tugeder, and vuir) dem in de Ijt ov imparjal histori, it kan not be d^ted, dat, az a soljer and az a statsman, hiz publik Ij^f 138 38 PPtEZIDENTS. rsflekted grat onor upon hiz kuntri, and left him a nam hwic; wil ever stand prominent amur) de ©ef Majistrats ov 3r Repiiblik. Amui) de akts hwiq keld ist ds strorjgest animadverfonz agenst him, woz dat ov proklamir) mqrjal le at Nn 'Grlsanz ; yet, at dis t^m, dqr kan be but f u ov ^r kuntrimen hco wil sa dat de eksijensiz ov ds kas did not rekw^r it. Jakson returnd bom in Jun, 1818, haviij suksesfuli eksekiited hiz komijon agenst de Indianz. Ilwen de Floridaz wer seded bj Span tu de Yunjted Stats, Jakson woz apcented a komijoner tii resev de sejon, and tu akt az de ferst Guvernor ov de teritori. Havii) erganjzd de nu guvernment, he rezjnd hiz ofis. In 1823 he woz elekted tm de Senet ov de Yunjted Stats from Tenese. But havii] n^ bekum a prominent kandidat for de Prezidensi, he rez^nd hiz set in de Senet duriij de sekond yer ov hiz servis. cle rezult ov de pop- yillar elek{on ov 1824, gav Jeneral Jakson a pliiraliti ov elektoral vots, but not a majoriti. Sis plast de ^as in de H^s ov Reprezentativz. 3e elekjon in de H^s rezulted in de qo-s ov Jon Kwinsi Adamz. Jeneral Jakson woz at wuns nominated tu suksed Mr Adamz. cle elekjon in 1828 rezulted in de ^ers ov Jeneral Jakson for Prezident, bj a Icuj majoriti. 3e qcts woz betwen him and Mr Adamz, ANDRO) JAKSON. 139 ho) woz hiz onli kompetitor. In 1832, he woz reslekted bj an inkrcst majoriti over hiz oponents, Kla and Wert. Hiz administrajon woz distirjgwijt bj dat fermnes and independens hwig wer karakteristik ov hiz Ijf. At ds kloz ov hiz sekond term, hs retard tu hiz rezi- dens, " cTe Hermitej," on de Kumberland River, ner NaJ- vil, hwq^r he d^d, on de 86 ov Jim, 1845, at de aj ov sevnti-at ysrz. Amur) de prominent akts ov J(?neral Jaksonz adminis- trajon wer, hiz veto ov de bil propozii] tu etoriz a sub- skripjon ov stok, on de part ov de Jeneral Guvernment, in de Mazvil, Wojigton, Paris, and Leksirjton Turnp^k Kumpani, in Kentuki, komitnikated tu de li^s ov Rep- rezentativz Ma 27, 1830; — hiz veto ov de bil regcirteriij de Baijk ov de Yiinjted Stats, komiinikated tu de Senet JulJ 10, 1832; — hiz komunikajon tu hiz Kabinet in relajon tu de remmval ov de piiblik depoziLs from de Baijk ov de Yrmited Stats, September 18, 1833;— hiz veto ov de bil propozii) tu apropriat, for a Kmited tjm, de prosedz ov de salz ov de publik landz ov de Yimited Stats, and fer grantir) landz tu serten Stats, Desember4, 1833; — hiz protest agenst de rezoliijon ov de Senet, senjnrii) him for hiz remojval ov de publik depozits, komiinikated tu de Senet, april 17, 1834. 140 as PREZIDENTS. cicz akjonz, el ov dem, met wid de unkwolif^d kondem- najon ov hiz politikal oponeiits, at de, tjm; but several ov dem at lest, gav a d8si3on tu publik me5iirz hwig de jeneral konsent ov de najon haz subsekwentli konfermd. Veri fii karakterz in Ameiikan histori wil kontinyu tu stand mor prominent dan dat ov de subjekt ov dis bj- ografi. ^if) IJrtzihnt. MARTIN VAN BUREN. RRTIN VAN BUREN woz born at Kinderhuk, Kolumbia K^nti, Nii York, on de 56 da ov De- sember, 1782. Iliz fcider woz a fqrmer ov moderet menz. He woz dcsended from doz emigrants from Holand ho), at an erli period, setkl dat porjon ov de Stat. 3e erli edyiikafon ov Martin woz limited. On ak^nt ov de smol menz ov liiz parents, he resevd no uder edyii- kajon dan dat obtand at de vilej Akademi, and dat pre- vius tu de aj ov forten. Yet he had, at dis erli aj, dis- pkid kwjit remctrkabl natyural p^erz, and de profejon ov de Lg had bin c;ozn for him, upon de preparatori studiz ov hwi(j he enterd on levii] de Akademi. At dat erli period he had evinst a stroi) pajon for eks- tempore spekir) and literari kompozijon. Diirii) hiz sevn yerz studi, preparatori tu hiz admijon tu de bar, he had 143 144 as PREZIDENTS. ampl oportiiuiti aforded him for ds kultivafon ov dez indispensabl rekwizits ov de loyer. Durig dis period he ofn had de manejment ov suts in de korts ov Justisez ov ds Pes. 38 jiirisdikjon ov dez korts in ds Stat ov Nil York at dis tjm ekstended tu kwestyonz involvii) a konsiderabl anient ov properti; and de pqrtiz, in ehnost even kas, had de rjt ov tr^al b^ juri. 3e manejment ov kasez in dez popyular Korts ofn devolvd upon students, and aforded, in sum rcspekts, an admii'abl oportiiniti for de displa ov dq^r nolej and ds disiplin ov d^r talents. Wun remctrkabl displa ov de piyerz ov Mctrtin Van Biiren iz ofn aliided tu, bj jentlmen htD den rezjded in dat visiniti, hwen de yuij advokat, not yet siksten yerz ov aj, suksesfuli manejd a kas ov grat interest and konsiderabl importans, agenst an oponent htD woz den in ful praktis at de bar, and haz sins fild several responsibl publik ofisez. cle fiityur statsman woz den so smol ov statyur dat he woz plast upon a tabl tu adres de jiiri. Az a politijan he woz az prekofus az we hav sen him tu be az a loyer. At de erli aj ov aten, he woz deputed, b^ hwot wer den kold de Repubhkanz, tu reprczent hiz nativ t^n in de Konvenfon ov direktorz, tu nominat a kandi- dat for Reprezentativ tu de Stat Lejislatyur. He woz IvmRTIN VAN BUIIEX. 145 ever after d:at a politijan, until wx f jnd him ©ef MajistiTit ov dc Yiin^ted Stats. tTc last yer ov hiz legal studiz woz spent in d& siti ov Nil York, in de ofis ov Wilyam P. Van Nes, den a Icdii) member ov ds Republikan parti in dat siti. Mr Van Biiren woz den introdust tu de notis ov ^ron Bur, at dat t^m V^s Prczident. Kumel Bur, b^ dz interest hs tiik in Mr Van Biiren, Jod an evident aprejiajon ov hiz ytDfiful talents. Upon Mr Van Biirenz admifon tu ds bar he returnd tu hiz nativ Kib'nti, hwq^r he formd a partner} ip in de praktis ov hiz profejon, wid de On. Jamz Van Alen. He her had tu kompet wid a kor ov legal jentlmen, amu]] de ferst loyerz ov de Stat. He so^n roz tu a pozijon not inferior tu uderz. In 1808, at de aj ov twenti-siks, he woz ad- mited tu praktis in de h^est korts ov de Stat. In 1815 he woz apo-nted Aturni Jeneral ov de Stat, an ofis hwig he held f^v yerz, and de dutiz ov hwig he kondukted wid distir]gwijt abiliti. In 1812, he woz elekted a member ov de Stat Senet; life woz konsekwentli a member ov dat bodi duriij de period ov de lat wor wid Grat Briten. In hiz akjon in de Senet he gav hiz influens in favor ov de mesiirz ov de guvem- ment in sustanirj and kariiij on de wer. He woz in de 10 146 as PKEZIDENTS. Senet ov liiz Stat in 1820, and voted in favor ov de rezo- liljon ov dat bodi instruktii] dqy Senetorz, and rekwestii) dqy Reprczentativz in Koggres, tu opoz de admijon ov Mizoori az a slav Stat. In Febrcoari, 1821, Mr Van Biiren woz elekted tu ds Senet ov de Yiinjted Stats. Hs kontinyud in dis of is until, on de det ov De Wit Klinton in 1828, he woz elekted Guvernor ov de Stat ov Nil York. In de foloii) yer, 1829, he woz ^ozn bj Jeneral Jakson, tu de h)^ of is ov Sekretari ov Stat ov de Yimited Stats. In 1831 he rezjnd dat ofis, and woz imedietli nominated bj de Prezi- dent az Minister tu Grat Briten. Hiz nominajon woz not konfernid bj de Senet, and he returnd from hiz mijon in de foloii] yer. Hiz rejekjon bj de Senet in dis kas iz sed tu hav bin on pcu^^i gr^ndz. On de reelekjon ov Jeneral Jakson tu de Prezidensi in 1832, Mr Van Buren woz qozn Vjs Prezident. In 1836 he woz elekted Prezident ov de Yiin^ted Stats. Az Mr Van Biiren had bin a prominent leder ov de politi- kal parti hwig had supcSrted Jeneral Jakson, no ^anj in de jeneral polisi ov de guvernment tuk plas diiriij hiz administrajon. ScDn after hiz aksefon tu de Prezidensi de pekiiniari and komerjal distresez ov de kuntri regt an alcLimii) kqsis. Diirir) de munts ov Marg and CCpiil, J MHRTIN VAN BXiREN. 147 1837, de falyurz in de siti ov Nu York alon am^nted tu nerli wun hundred milyonz ov dolarz. Se evil ekstended tra)^t A^ kuntri, and afekted everi brang ov trad and industri. Durig de administrafon ov Prezident Jakson, an order ov de Tre5iiri had bin ijud, direktig dat paments for d^ publik landz Jmd be mad in gold and silver. It woz belevd dat dis order had aded in de jeneral embarasment; and akordirjli petifonz wer sent tu ds Prezident far ds resindiij ov dis order. Se Prezident desjded agenst grantir) de rekwest ov de petifonerz. Tcd daz after dis d8si5on woz mad non, ol ov ds baijks in de siti ov Nu York suspended speje paments, and dis woz folod b^ a similar suspenfon on de pqrt ov de baijks inoj-st de kuntri. 3lz pepl wer not de onli sufererz bj dis mesur ; for, az de baijks in hwig de fundz ov de Ytinjted Stats wer depozited had olso sest tu redem dq^r nots in speJe, de guvernment itself woz embarast, and woz unabl tm disgqrj its on obligajonz. 3e Prezident woz indiist, under dez serkumstansez, tu kel an ekstra sejon ov Koijgres, hwig met in September ov dat yer. CE bU woz past etor^zig de ifii ov Tre5iiri Nots tu de am^nt ov ten milyon dolarz. A bil kokl de "Sub-Tresuri BH," dezjnd for de saf kepig ov de fundz, and intended az de prominent 148 as PREZIDENTS. mejur ov de sejon, woz dsfeted in de H^s ov Reprezen- tativz. 38 bil woz, h^ever, past diiriij de foloiij sejon. 38 Prezidenjal elekjon ov 1840 woz probabli d8 most eksjtir) elekjon dat had ever oliilid in de Yun^ted Stats. 3s oponents ov Mr Van Buren atribyixted &^ finanjal embarasments ov de kuntri tia de me5iirz ov biz adminis- trajon. He woz not rselekted. In 1841 hs retard tii biz horn in Kinderbmk. In 1844 biz imediet politikal frendz sot tm prokiir biz nominajon anuder tjm bj d^ Demokratik parti ; da wer, h^ever, unsuksesful ; bs woz no loijger regarded bj dat grat pctrti az an avalabl kandidat. In 1848 be aksepted ds nominajon ov dat parti ergan- jzd in opozijon tu de ekstenjon ov slaveri. 3is movment woz dekl4rd, bj doz ov biz former politikal frendz bco adberd tu de old Demokratik erganiz^Jon, tu bav bin diktated bj a dezfr on liiz pqrt tm defet de politikal hops ov doz individyualz hoy prevented biz nominajon bj biz pctrti in 1844. It had dat efekt; and in 1852 he agen . gav biz infliiens in suport ov de old Demokratik ergani- \ zajon, oldo it had not ganjd its polisi in regard tu slaveri ekstenjon. 'Mx Van Buren spent de sprii] and sumer ov 1854 in travelir) in Yurop. hf) f rtzihnt. WILYAM HENRI HARISON. At ILYAM HENRI HARISON woz bern in Ver- W jinia, in ©qrlz Siti K^nti, on ds 96 ov Febrcoari, 1773. He woz de 6erd and yuijgest sun ov Benjamin Haiison, wun ov dat band ov patriots hm gav immortal glori til d£[r namz bi sjnir) dem tii ds deklarajon ov bT libertiz in Inclependens Hel, in Filadelfia, on dc 4B ov JiilJ, 1776. cTis woz tre yerz after ds berfi ov Wilyam Henri Harison ; hiz erli bo-hud woz el trcD revoliijonari t^mz ; hiz fqder woz a revoliijonari man, awa from hiz horn in ds servis ov hiz kiintri. Benjamin Harison woz a prominent member ov de Koij- gres ov -76. He had bin soKsited bj hiz frendz tu aM dem til urj hiz klamz for ds Prezidensi ov ds Koijgres, hv;ig ofis had bin vakated bj ds defi ov hiz briider-in-lo. Paton Randolf. But he modestli dekljnd in favor ov Jon 151 152 as PREZIDENTS. Hankok. 3is woz ds Jon Hankok hco, wid Samyuel Adamz, had bin eksepted from de jeneral pctrdn granted b^ Jorj ds Herd tu el hiz rebelyus subjekts in Amerika, h(D fud widdre from de kontest. Hiz woz a devoted bed. But be did not on dis ak^nt Jrigk from ekspo5iir in de frunt rai)k ov de rebelyon. Yet Mr Hankok modestii eks- prest a dezjr, after be bad bin qozn dat sum wun els, ov grater eksperiens and beter jujment, Jud bav de onor ov dat bj stajon. Mr Harison woz standig besjd bim, and wid de redi gud yumor bwiq rebjt a plezantri, evn in de Senet H^s, be sezd de modest kandidat in biz atletik armz, and plast bim in de Prezidenjal (^t\i ; den turniij tu sum ov de memberz standii] bj, be eksklamd, "We wil fo muder Briten b^ litl we kq^r for ber, bj makir) a Masagii- sets man ^r Prezident, boom Je baz ekskliided from poirdn h\ publik proldamafon." Benjamin Harison woz afterwardz Guvernor ov Verjinia, and gav biz eneijiz tu de revolujonari kez at a t^m bwen, in everi kolir), it rekw^rd men ov grat wizdom and patriotik zel tu kep up de spirits and invigorat de flagirj eneijiz ov de disbctrtnd pepl. Wilyam Henri Harison woz edyukated at Hamden Sidni Kolej. He inberited but litl from biz fq,der sav biz nobl egzdmpl, and a nam identif^d wid de grat stiiigl for WILYAM HENRI IIARISON. 153 liberti. lis had hiz on fertyiin tu mak ; and Iie cpz ds medikal profefon, az wun ov yusfulnes and siited tu hiz tasts ; and wun in hwig he hopt tu akw^r an onorabl fam. He persiid hiz studiz wid grat industri, nerli tm dqic kom- pkjon, hwen, heriij ov de kr(Del snfemjz ov de frunter kol- onists from ds depredajonz ov de Indianz, he rezolvd tu giv up hiz profejon for dat ov a soljer. Se distiijgwijt Robert Moris, hco woz hiz frend and gcirdian sins hiz fctd- erz de% strorjli opozd de dezjr ov de y(bMul Harison tu serv hiz kuntri in dis wa. He belevd dat hiz talents and enerjiz wud beter serv de kez ov sjens and ov hiimaniti in de profejon he propozd n^ tu abandon. But de dezjr ov Harison predominated ; and he resevd a komijon from Prezident Wojiijton, tu jan de q.rmi ov St Klq^r. Mr Harison arjvd at Fort Wofiijton, in de far west wil- dernes, de veri plas hwr[r n^ standz de magnifisent siti ov Sinsinati; wid her komers and sivihzajon, her wq^rh^zez, her stembots, her rakodz, her Qurgez, and her komon-sk(Dl h^zez; — at dis plas Mr Harison a4vd just at de t^m hwen wer gaderd in, fer felter from de tomahek ov de mersiles savej, de Jaterd fragments ov St Klq^rz defeted armi. ^. Hwot woz de kondijon ov de frunter ov de Nerfiwest at dat ^m, cle treti ov 1783 wid Grat Briten, had never stopt, or 154 as PREZIDENTS. Evn ^ekt ds hostilitiz ov d? Indianz in dis kwerter. 38 Britij emlsariz, hoDin de wiked polisi ov dat guvernment had emplo'd diirir) ds revohijon^ri wor tu insjt ds savejez tu dqr dedz ov murder and plunder, had never S8st dq^r nefarius operajonz. In defjans ov dat solemn treti, de Britij kontinyiid tm hold militari posts widin ^r aknolejd teritori; and dat fer no uder purpus dan tu aford d^r ajents beter oportnniti tu ster up d^r savej aljz tii doz dedz ov bind hwi^ fud prevent ds ekstenjon ov de koloniz over de bred feldz and rig valiz hwig de patriot Adamz had forst dem reluktantli tu giv up. S.a hopt tu kripl de grot ov de koloniz, Kijldr) da m^t yet be abl tu brig dem under dq^r p^er. cla akomplijt so mug ov dqr objekt az tu koz a seriez ov bludi akts hwig wil ever reman az a f^l blot upon ds histori ov Britij Guvernmental polisi. It iz estimated dat from 1783 tu 1790 fiften hundred men, wimen and gildren had bin kild or takn priznerz bj d& Indianz upon ds weterz ov de Oh^o onh; mor dan tcD tezand horsez wer stoln from de inhabitants; h^zez had bin burnt, feldz ravejd, bots pkmderd, and properti destro'd tu an unncSn amifnt. Stil de sethnents had gron, and de galant p^onerz had pujt on dq^r entei-prjzez wid undcinted intrepiditi. Everi efort, bj negojiajon, tu restor pes, and tu indus J WILYAM HENKI HAKISON. 165 de Indianz tu la d^n de haget, had fald. Jeneral Ilarmer in hiz endevor tm subdii dem bj fors ov cirmz, had fald; and n^ ds veteran Jeneral ov de Revoliifon, Sant Klq^r, had bin defeted wid de galant band hoo had proniist ds koloniz so mu^. Ov dat devoted band upwardz ov lerti ofiserz, and mor dan a t^zand men, had foln under de tomahek and skalpir) knjf. 3is woz on de 4fi ov Novem- ber, 1791. cEs wurk ov subdiiir) dez wjldwmd weriorz, egztiltir) over di|r rcpeted viktoriz, prezented a feld w^d sniif tu kel forfi el de enerjiz and dq^rirj ov a host ov ycoWul soljerz l)k Harison. 3e winter woz setiij in hwen Ilarison arjvd at Fort Wojirjtonj and f^nd de sad stat ov af4rz elredi de- skr^bdj and sug wer de hq,rdjips tu be antisipated bj doz hco wer destind tu protekt de distant ^tposts ov de wilder- nes, dat de st^jtest hctrts m^t hav fald. Hanson, yur), slender, and apq^rentli fral, woz advjzd bj hiz komredz not tu enter dis servis, for hwicj hiz erli Ijf renderd him eltu- geder unfit. But he woz desjded. cle difikultiz ov de servis wer tu him but a mor uijent kel tu enk^nter dem. 3e f erst diiti konfjded tu him woz tu komdnd an eskort haviij Qorj ov a tran ov pakhorsez b^nd for Fort Hamilton. c[is diiti, at dis t^m, woz wun ov grat peril, for a yot ov ninten. But he akwited himself wid so muq pra)dens, and 156 38 PREZIDENTS. prOovd hiz jujment and abilitiz so wel, dat he elisited hj komenda{on from Jeneral Sant Klq^r. On ds 306 ov ETpril, 1793, Jeneral Wan arjvd at Foil; Wojiijton, wid a fors hwig he had bin disiplinir) fer ds servis durii) de previus yer. Harison woz qozn bj Wan az wun ov hiz £[d8kamps. In dis post he servd wid kredit, and lernt de art ov wer in a sever ska)L He hto folod de fiitsteps ov Mad Antoni, repozd not on bedz ov d^n, ner trod in pctdz strcod wid fberz. 01 atemts tu tret wdd de Indian z havii] fald, on de 76 ov Oktober, 1793, Wan brok up hiz kamp ner Fort Wof- iijton. On de 136 ov de sam mun^ he tiik a pozijon on de s^twest ferk ov de M^ami, at de plas hwq^r Grenvil niy standz, hw^q^r he bilt a fort. From dis pant, in Desember, he sent a detgqment ov troops tii de feld ov Sant Klq^rz defet, tu tak pozejon ov dat plas, and tm fertifj it. Sis enterprjz woz suksesfmliakomplijt; de bonz ov de unfert- yunet men ho) had foln dq^r wer kolekted and berid ; and sum pesez ov ctrtileri hwiq de enemi had never takn from de feld wer rekaptyurd. Harison akumpanid dis ekspedi jon, and fer de manor in hwig he akted hiz part at dis t^m he resevd de tai)ks ov Jeneral Wan. 3e Indianz stil pretended tu dezjr tu negojiat a pes ; and Jeneral Wan, akerdii) tu hiz instrukfonz, resevd dqr WILYAM HENRI HARISON. 157 overturz rcspektfmli, and submited termz tu dem. But da wer reali not at el inkl^nd tm pes ; and in de sumcr ov 1794, de cinni ma)vd on. And so kejus and wel kon- dtikted wer its mcDvments dat q^r dc enemi wer aw4r, ds lejon ov Wan tiik up its pozijon at Gglaz, in de veri lictrt ov dq^r kuntri. cLis woz on de St ov Ggust. From dis pernt Wan rjts az foloz tm de Sekretari ov Wer : " cIuSj ser^ we liav gand pozefon ov de grand emporium ov de hostil Indianz in de West, wid^t los ov blud. fife veri ekstensiv and h^li kultivated feldz and gctrdenz f o de -wurk ov meni handz. 3e mctrjinz ov dez biitiful riverz, de M^ami ov de Laks, and Gglaz, aper l^k wun kontinyixd vilej fer a number ov mjlz abuv and belo dis plas : ner bav I ever befor behekl sug imens feklz ov kern in eni part ov AmerikU; from Kanada tu Florida." Her he bilt Fort Befl.sins; and den wuns mor oferd termz ov pes. 3e k^nsilz ov de savejez wer agenst pes. Wun distil] gwift ^ef alon, Litl Turtl^ advjzd hiz pepl tu aksept de overtnrz ov Wan. In dqr k^nsil on de njt previus tu de batl, he adrest dem in de foloiij laijgwej : '' We hav betn de enemi tw^s under separet komdnderz. We kan not ekspekt de sam gud fertyun tu atend us elwaz. ae Amerikanz qr n^ led bj a Gef ho) never sleps; de n^t and de da cir aljk tu him. And diirir) el de t^m 158 as PREZIDENTS. hs haz bin mcircjir) upon ^r vilejez, notwidstandii) &^ woq- f nines ov ^r yur) men, we hav never bin abl tm surprjz him. Eiijk wel ov it. clq^r iz sumKi) hwisperz me it wil be prcDclent tm lisn tu hiz oferz ov pes." Wanz grat viktori woz a^evd on de 20B ov Ogust. It rezulted in de total defet ov de Indianz and dq^r Britij aljz in dat kwerter. S.qv los woz mor dan dubl dat ov de Yunjted Stats triBps. 3e wudz wer strcon wid de ded bodiz ov de Indianz, and dq^r hw^t ogzilyariz ; de later qjmd wid Britij muskets and baonets. 3e heti spirit ov de red men woz brokn ; da wer tot tu respekt and fer Amerikan qrmz, and tm d^t de p^er ov Briten tu protekt dem. On de ferst ov Janyiiari, 1795, da opnd a nego- Jiajon fer pes, and a treti woz fermd in akerdans wid dz termz ov Jeneral Wan. In de batl ov de 20B ov Ogust Harison tuk an aktiv pcirt, and hiz nam aperd amur) doz hoo resevd de espejal fiaijks ov de Komdnder in Gef, fer havitj "renderd de most esenjal servis bj komiinikatir) hiz orderz in everi direkjon, and, bj dqr kondukt and braveri, eksitii) de tr(Dps tm pres fer viktori." Scon after de kloz ov dis kampan Harison woz plast bj Wan in komdnd at Fort Wojiijton. 3is woz an important pernt ; and dis selekjon Joz h^ mug koufidens Wan repozd WILYAM HENRI HARISON. 159 in de abilitiz ov hiz yug O^dekamp. Hwjl in komdnd at Fort Wojiijton Kapten Harison woz marid tii de deter ov Jon Klevz Simz, de fender ov de Mjami setlments. 3is ladi fatfuli Jq^rd de visisitudz ov hiz eventful l^f, and stil livz an onord remnant ov de hctrdi p^onerz ov de West. In 1797 Mr Harison wozapanted Sekretari ovde Nerfi- western Teritori; and in de foloii) yer he woz ^ozn de ferst delegat from de T^ritori tu Korjgres. At dis t^m de piibhk landz wer not sold in pcirselz ov les dan for t^zand akerz. Harison so dat dis skem wud rezult in bildii) up in de West an odius landed aristokrasi; dat de kultivator ov de sal, de man ov limited menz, wud be kompeld tu bj at sekond hand ov de spekyqlator ; and dat de sistem wud hav a veri injiirius efekt upon de grot and prosperiti ov de West. Mr Harison introdiist de subjekt tu de konsiderajon ov de H^s, and woz apanted ©q^rman ov a komiti tu report a bil for de redukjon ov de am^nt tu purqeserz. Hiz bil, az reported, wud hav rediist de kwontiti from trakts ov for t^zand tu 320, and 160 akerz. cEe bil, az past, fikst de am^nt at 640 and 320 akerz. 3is ^anj in de mod ov salz ov de publik landz woz ov inkalkiilabl importans tu de western Stats and tu de kuntri. Se propozifon dus introdust b^ Mr Harison led tu de prezent liberal aranjments for de salz tu de setlerz on ^r vast publik doman. 160 as PREZIDENTS. In 1801, Indiana Teritori woz organ^zd, and Mr Hari- son woz apanted its ferst Guvernor. Sis ofis inkliided dat ov Superintendent ov Indian x^f 4rz and Komijoner fer tretii] wici de Indianz ; and biz jiirisdikjon ekstended over de hoi ov de Nerfiwest Teritori, ekseptir) Ohjo, hwig had ms bin formd intii a Stat; and in 1805 Lcbcziana woz ata^t tu de Teritori ov Indiana. 38 ekstent ov teritori and de serkumstans dat de setlments wer wjdli skaterd mad ds diitiz ov dis ofis ekstremli ardiius ; but da wer performd wid ent^r satisfakfon tu de guvernment, and wid grat l^edit tu Mr Harison. Hiz diitiz in de manejment ov de Indian af^rz rekwjrd grat takt and prcodens, kwolitiz hwig de mimerus tretiz hwiq he eksckiited wid doz ra)d and werl^k pepl, az wel az de ekstensiv korespondens hwig he kondukted wid de Jeneral Guvernment, |o dat he pozest in a hj degre. Abi^t de yer 1806, de makinajonz ov Tektimsa and hiz bruder deProfet komenst tu Jo dq^r efekt upon de herder tr^bz. 3ez bruderz belorjd tia de Eene trjb; and da klamd fer dat trjb a superior wizdom and nolej over el uder pepl ; da wer de pekulyar favorits ov de Grat Spuit, hco had komijond dem tu be de delivererz ov de red men from de enkroc^ments ov de hated hwjt ras. 3a went from tr^b tu trjb, emplair) even art tu indiis dq^r deluded WILYAM HENEI HAKISON. 161 pepl til de belef dat it woz in dqr p^er, and for d^r inter- ests, hi wun yimited efort ov el, tu eksterminat de hwjts from de ent^r kimtri west ov de Alegani m^ntenz. Giivernor Hanson, in 1808, fermd a treti at Fort Wan, fer de ekstigkjon ov de Indian t^tl tii a Iqrj trakt ov ten- tori ov hwig de Mjamiz wer de real onerz, but tu hwig sevend uder tr^bz mad klam. Tu prevent difikulti, doz tqbz wer mad partiz tu de treti, and da resevd a porjon ov de kompensajon. Se Xenez had no iltful klam tu de teritori, and wer not inkluded in de treti. Se Profet, eldo unotorizd bj hiz tr^b tu do) so, klamd dat injustis had bin dun de Eenez in de treti, and mad dis hiz eks- kiis fer provokii) hostilitiz. Jeneral Hanson sent a mes- enjer tu him infermiij him dat he mjt kum ferward and egzibit hiz pretenfonz, and if da wer reali f^nd tu be just er ekwitabl, de landz wud be restord er an ampl ekwiva- lent givn fer dem. Hiz bruder, Tekumsa, woz sent tu Guvernor Haiison fer dat purpus. ^^But," sez Harison, " fcir from beii) abl tu Jo eni kulor ov klam, eder fer him- self er eni ov hiz foloerz, hiz objekjonz tu de treti wer konf Jnd tu de aserjon, dat el de landz ov de kontinent wer de komon properti ov el de tr^bz, and dat no sal ov eni pcirt kud be valid wid^t de konsent ov el [He had de insolens tu dekl4r, dat bj de aknolejment ov 162 as PREZIDENTS. j dat prinsipl alon kud ds ef6kts ov liiz rezentrwi: be avcfded." ' ^ It woz on de okajon ov dis interYU wid Tekumsa at I Vinsenz dat Harison gav an admirabl eksibijon ov dat k(J)l and unfUnqirj kiirej for liwiq he woz distiijgwijt. Ilavir) no fa^ in TekumsO; de Guvernor direkted dat he^ Jud not brii] wid him mor dan ^orti woriorz ; but he kam wid for hundred, komplstli armd. ^e Indianz wer invited ' tu sets hwig had bin pr8p4rd fer de purpus infrunt ov de Guvernorz h^s. Tekumsa refiizd; he dez^rd dat de k^nsil fud be held under sum tixz at sum distans from de h3S. . Hwen it woz objekted dat it wud be trublsum tm remmv ' de sets, he replid, dat " It wud onU be nesesari tu remmv doz intended fer de hwits-dat de red men wer akustomd! tu sit upon de erB, hwig woz d^r muder, and dat da wer, -olwaz hapi tu reld^n upon her buzom." Hwen de Indian orator, in hiz speg at de k^nsil, dekL^rd ij dat de red pepl wer wun famili, dat da held dc^r landz m^ komon, and dat no tr^b kud sel eni teritori widit de kou- sent ov el, Guvernor Harison repl^d, dat ''^e hwit pepl, hwen da arjvd upon dis kontinent, had f^nd de Miamiz. in de okyiipajon ov el de kuntri ov de Wobaf; and at dat tjm de Eenez wer rezidents ov Joijia, from hwiQ' kuntri da had bin dimi bi de Kreks. Sat he had pur-. WILYAM HENRI IIARISON. 163 ^er j^p landz from de Miamiz^ hco wer ds trco, de orijinal onerz . it. 3at de Indiauz wor not wun najon ; or els ds Gmt Spirit wud not hav put siks diferent tugz in d^r hedz, but wud hav tot dem ol tu spsk de sam laijgwej. SCat ds Eonez had no r^t tii kum from a distant kuntri, tu kontrol de Mjamiz in de dispozal ov dq^r on properti." cEe interpreter had skq^rsli finijt de eksplanafon ov dez remarks, hwen Tekumsa fersli eksklamd, " It iz fels," and givir) a signal tu hiz woriorz, da sprai) tu dq^r fet, and sezd dq^r wor klubz. cEe Guvcrnor woz atended onli bj a fii sitizenz, hoy wer unctrmd; hiz gcird had bin direkted tu retjr tu a mor Jaded spot, at sum distans. cTe Guver- nor fermli aroz, plast hiz hand upon hiz sord, and dkekted hiz frendz hcD wer standig ab^t tu be on dq^r gcird. Te- kumsa adrest de Indianz in a pajonet ton, and wid vjolent jestikyiilafonz. Se Guvernorz gcird arjvd imedietli, and ,0l ekspekted a bludi enk^nter. Harison den kamli, but iboldli adrest Tekumsa, telii) him dat "He woz a bad man — dat he wud hav no furder tok wid him — dat he must return n^ tu hiz kamp, and tak liiz depqrtyur from de setlments imedietli." On de foloirj da, h^ever, Tekumsa havir) apolojjzd for hiz tregerus kondukt, de Guvernor konsented tu met him agen in k^nsil ; but no beter termz wer prezented bj de Indianz, and de konferens woz aban- dond. 164 38 PREZIDENTS. Jiistis til ds red man, hb^ever, rekw^rz dat, 8Vii in dis bref skec;, in hwig Q,r notist sum ov ds deliijz ov Harison wid dat pepl, and in hwi^ he ever akted wid de humaniti ov a jenerus hcirt, de roi)z hwiq da siiferd at &£ handz ov ds liw|t man fud not be entjrli overliikt. Ignorant aljk, az da kan not but be, ov dq^r 4ts and dq^r diitiz ; madud konstantli bj de fpwoter, hwic; unprinsipkl men kud not ht restrand from givii) dem ; robd bj leles hwjt men ov -de gam ov dqr forests, it iz not surpr^zig dat da Jud fel dat da had roijz demdndii) redres, h^ever unf^^nded ma liav bin dqr klam tu partikyukir porjonz ov teritori. cle bed kwerterz ov de werljk Indianz woz at de Profets t^n, on de Wobaf, ner de m^fi ov de Tipekano). From dis pmit, in 1811, marodig pcirtiz rovd, mor frekwentli dan befor, tordz de sethnents ; da bad herd ov de ner ;apr6g ov wer betwen de Yixn^ted Stats and Grat Briten. . Q number ov murderz wer komited on de frunterz ov Hin^ and Indiana. 3e Guvernor pkist de Teritori in a stat ov defens: and he woz soon after, at hiz on ernest instans, and de repeted petijonz ov de pepl, direkted bj de Prezident tu anflov wid an ctraid f ors tordz de Profets t^n. But he woz ; at de sam t^m imperativli komdnded tm avad hostilitiz, . '*^ov even k^nd, er tu eni degre, not indispensabli rekwird.'" It woz unfei-tyunet dat hiz diskre|on woz dus hmited ; ; i WILYAM HENRI HAEISON. 165 it kompeld him tu go forward intu an ensmiz kuntri wid- it de privilej ov (jojziij biz on mod ov operajonz ; he had ferst til wat for sug akts on de pqrt ov ds Indianz az wud bs sufijent tu konvins d& guvernment dat hostilitiz on hiz part wer mdispensabli rekw^rd. Wid de utmost kojon da mcirgt forward, until he f^nd hiz htl band ov p^onerz enkampt elmost widin gun-Jot ov de Profet and hiz weriorz, ho), makirj werl^k demonstrajonz at ferst, sug az konvinst Harison dat it woz hiz diiti tu atak dem, finali (]anjd dq^r mojvments, and deklq^rig dat da had bin misunderstud, sent mesenjerz ov pes and rekon- siliajon. Harison woz b^nd bj hiz erderz tu lisn tu dez av^alz ov frendjip. So orderig hiz men tu slep on dq^r armz, he let de n^t ov de 6fi ov November, 1811, Jut in, determind tu awat de event ov it. For oklok kam on de nekst mornii), and el woz kwjet in de Amerikan kamp. Harison had rizn from hiz k^c;, had kwjetli givn erderz tu hiz ofiserz tu prep4r for de dutiz ov de da ; de orderli drum had elredi bin ar^zd fer de reval; hwen sudenli everi soljer woz bret tu hiz fet, wid musket in hiz gi'asp, bj de fendij pel ov de savej werha^p. cTe treqerus fo had krept so ner tu de sentriz az tu her dem ^alenj hwen rslevd; da intended tu ruj upon and kil dem befor da kud f^r ; but a siijgl Indian woz diskuverd, krepiij in de gras, and woz f^rd upon. 166 as PEEZIDENTS. Instantli (h dedli str^f komenst el alog de Ijii ov de Amerikan enkampment. Even soljer tuk hiz plas in ds raijks, and fet bravli az if he had bin stajond tii hiz ormz metiij ds fo on de opn batl-feld. 3e enemi wer unpre- p4vd fer sug a resepjon. eta ekspekted tu kompletli sur- prjz and ezili defet de slepig qmii. But^ Ijk Wan, Harison never slept hvven Aajiians rskwjrd wogfulnes. 3q,r woz konsiderabl sloter on bofi sjdz, but de Indianz wer kom- pletli repulst, and kompeld tu fie befor de dedli f^r ov de hw^t men. 3e hi sens entertand h] guvernment ov de impertans ov dis viktQri, iz eksprest in a mesej from Prezident Mad- ison till Koijgres, dated Desember 18, 1811, az foloz: " Hw^l it iz depli tu be lamented dat so meni vaiyiiabl l^vz hav bin lost, in de akjon hwic^ tuk plas on de 9B ult., Koijgres wil se wid satisf akjon de dcintles spirit and ferti- tiid viktoriusli displad bj everi deskripjon ov trcops engajd, az wel az de kolekted fermnes hwig distiijgwijt dq^r kom- dnder, on an oka5on rekw^riij de utmost egzerjon ov valor and disiplin." On de 186 ov Jun, 1812, wer woz dskl4rd agenst Grat Biiten. cTe Indianz hcD had bin kept in e ov de hw^t man sins de b:itl ov Tipekancij, agen tuk up de tomahek. Harison woz keld bj de guvernment tu de komdnd ov ds WILYAM HENRI HARISON. 167 Nertw^stern ctrmi. Musterir) d^ forsez ov Kentuki, Ohjo, and India na, erli in September, hs arivd in de vali ov ds Mjami, ds Mjami ov de Laks, hwq^r he had bin wid Wan in de glorius agevments ov aten yerz befor. 3en he had left a subdiid and feln enemi in dis vali. N^ he had dat enemi tm rekoijker ; stregfiend az da wer bj el de menz ov werf q^r in de p^er ov Briten tu plas in dq^r bludi handz. Hul had givn up Detr^t tm de BritiJ and d^r savej aljz ; and n^ dis entjr frunter woz ekspozd tm de depredafonz ov de viktorius fo. But firco de wjz jeneraljip ov Hari- son, and de braveri ov hiz trcops, dez advdntejez ov de enemi wer el gand bak. Meni brav men fel at de River Razin, at Fort Megz, and at Fort Mjami ; but de enemi wer f jnali drivn bak intm de Briti} dominyonz, hwq^r, at de River Tamz, Harison agevd de most brilyant viktori, pmtig an end tm de wer in dat kwerter. 3e ^ef, Tekumsa, woz kild, and de entjr Britif ormi woz kaptyurd, wid de eksepjon ov a fu ofiserz hot) eskapt wid dq^r Jeneral, Prok- tor. Harison scon after retjrd from militari servis. In 181 6j Jeneral Harison woz elekted a member ov de H^s ov Reprezentativz in Korjgres from Oh^o; and in 1824 he woz gozn a member ov de Senet ov de Yiinjted Stats, ais ofis he fUd wid distirjgwijt abiliti. In 1828 he woz apanted Minister Plenipotenjiari tm de Republik ov Kolumbia. ...^ 168 * 38 PREZIDENTS. On hiz return from S^t Amerika, he retjrd from publik Ijf, until, in 1840, he woz elekted Prezident ov de Yiinjted Stats. On de 46 ov ^Tpril, 1841, just wun munfi from de da ov hiz inegurafon; he d|d, in de Prezidenfal man- fon. Hiz remanz slep on de barjks ov de Ohio, kuverd bj a butiful m^nd, hwig iz po-nted ^t tii de pasenjer from de dek ov de Stembot pasig up er d^n dat nobl, majestik river. \ Ji •nT CeuJD f re^iknt. JON T*LER. JON T^LER woz born in ©arlz Siti, Veijiiiia, Mqrq 20, 1790. Iliz ansestorz trast bak dq^r orijin tu ds famiis Wot Tjjer, hco heded an insurekfon agenst Ri(]ard ds Sekond, and lost hiz l^f hwjl f jtir) fer de pepl. Hiz fader tiik part in de Revoliijon, and woz a werm frend ov Jeferson, Patrik Henri, and Edmund Randolf. From (}ildhiid Jon Tjler woz a luver ov biiks and stiidi, and at de aj ov twelv ycrz enterd Wilyam and Mari Kolej, liwq^r he gradyiiated at ds aj ov sevntsn. At njnten he woz admited tii de praktis ov de lo, wid^t eni kwestyon bcii] askt him az tu hiz aj; ds rool did not admit mjnorz tu praktis. He woz imedietli siiksesful : widin trs munts from hiz admijon tu ds bar hs had a patronej ekwal tu dat ov an ekspsrienst leyer. 171 172 as PREZIDENTS. At ds aj ov twenti-wun lis woz qozn a member ov de H^s ov Dekgats ov Veijinia, hwq,r hs S(DIi foci himself tu be an abl and redi debater. He woz elekted tm dis ofis fer f jv suksesiv yerz, on wun okagon haviij resevd el de vots kast in de k^nti but fjv ; and subsekwentli in a Koij- grejonal elekjon, he resevd, over a distiijgwijt kompetitor, el de vots in de k^nti eksept wun. It iz belevd dat sug distil) gwijt onorz, at so erli an aj, hav not bin konferd upon eni uder ov ?jr publik men. In de lat wer wid Grat Briten, hwen de Britif forsez wer in Gesapek Ba, tretniij an atak upon Nerfok and Rigmond, fer de defens ov doz plasez Mr Tjler razd a volunter kumpani. 3e BritiJ flet, h^ever, widdrto, and de forsez ov Mr Tjler wer not keld intu akfon. In 1816 he woz (^ozn a member ov de Egzekyutiv K^nsil ov Verjinia, an ofis konferii) hj distiijkjon, its diitiz beii] doz ov imediet k^nselor and advjzer ov de ©ef Majistrat. In November ov de sam yer, he woz elekted tu Korjgres, beii) den but twenti-siks yerz ov aj. ais elekjon beig onli tu fil a vakansi, in de foloii] Mctrq he woz reelekted bj a Icirj majoriti. But befor de kloz ov de ferst sejon after hiz reelekjon il hel6 kompeld Mr T^ler tm rezjn hiz set in Koi)gres, and return tu privet Ijf and tu de praktis ov hiz profejon, hwig hiz publik dutiz had kompeld him tu neglekt. JON T^ELER. 173 In 1825 Mr Tiler woz elekted Giivernor ov Yerjiiiia. He woz elekted tu de sam ofis fer a sekond term, befor de ekspirafon ov hwig he woz elekted tin de Yunited Stats Senet. Diirii) a porjon ov hiz servis in de Senet lie woz onord wid de hj ofis ov Prezident ov dat bodi, an ofis komprehended in de dutiz ov de V^s Prezident ov de Yunited Stats. In Febro)ari, 1836, Mr Tger rez^nd Mz set in de Senet. In 1840, he woz nominated fer Vis Prezident on de tiket wid Jeneral Harison, and elekted. K& defi ov Prezident Harison, on de 4t ov april, 1841, just wun munl^ from de da ov hiz inegnrafon, left Mr Tiler Prezi- dent ov de Y^nnited Stats. Mr Tiler woz elekted tm de Vis Prezidensi az a kandi- dat ov de Hwig parti ; yet it aperz dat he had never givn hiz politikd suport tm several ov de ledii] doktrinz ov dat pcLrti, and az Prezident he opozd, and bi hiz veto defeted several mesnrz past bi a Hwig Koijgres. It woz mantand bi hiz frendz dat in dajiij so he akted perfektii in akordans wid de ledii] profejonz and praktisez ov hiz politikal lif. Amur) uder mesnrz hwig he defeted bi hiz veto, woz de bil fer de regqjter ov de Yimited Stats Baijk. ais, sins its veto bi Jeneral Jakson, had bekum pekulyarli a Hwig mesur ; and az de f inanjal embarasments hwig had af likted 174 as PREZIDENTS. ds kuntii diirii-) dc administrajon ov JMi" Van Buren had bin atribyuted bj ds Hwig pctrti tu de kloziij ov ds Yiinjted Stats Baijk, and tu de finanjal me^iirz ov de Demokratik pcirti adopted in In ov ds Baijk, ds akjon ov Mr T^ler woz regarded bj ds parti hoo had slekted him, az a betraal ov konfidenSj and ov ds interests ov hiz kiintii. But ds eror ov ds hoi mater ssmz tu hav bin in ds slekjon ov a Vjs Prezident hcoz poUtiks wer not in harmoni wid doz ov ds Prezident and ds parti h(D slekted him. It iz a setld prinsipl ov konstitujonal le,dat ds Konstitiifon, in konferii) ds vsto p^er upon ds Prezident^ maks it hiz diiti tu eksersjz dat p^er hwenever hs ssz dat a bil iz unkonsti- trijonal. And in ds eksersjz ov ds diiti konferd upon him, Mr Tper ssmz tu hav bin guvernd h\ dat s^nd doktrin, eksprest bj Jeneral Jakson, dat "Cc; publik ofiser hco taks an ot tu suport ds Konstitujon, swq^rz dat hs wil suport it az hs understandz it, and not az it iz understud bi uderz." Diirii] ds last ysr ov Mr T^lerz administrajon, ds aneks- ajon ov Teksas tuk plas, and konsiderabl eks^tment egz- isted fircD^t ds kuntri groir) ^t ov ds ajitafon ov ds meg- iir. cIs anti-slaveri parti, and ds Nor 6 jenerali, opozd it. 3s Lejislatyiirz ov Nil York, Vermont, Masagiisets, and Oh^o kold upon Koijgres tu rsjekt ds propozijon. 38 JON TiLER. 175 impolisi ov eks-tendir) -sr limits bj aksejon ov foren teritori ; de danjer ov wor wid Meksiko; dz enkurejment givn tu slaveri b^ ds aclmijon ov an adijonal slav Stat ; aiid de inkrss ov p^er dat de Sb'6 and sudern institiijonz wud dqrhl gan in de najonal k^nsilz, wer de gr^ndz ov opo- zijon tu de me3iir. cle suport hwig Mr T^ler gav tu dis mesur bret upon him de stror) kondemnajon ov de antislaveri porfon ov de Hwig parti. Up tu 1763 Span and Frans hekl disputed klaniz tu Teksas, b^ i^t ov diskuveri and kolonizafon. In 1TG3 Frans seded tu Span dat porjon ov LcDCzimia west ov de Misisipi river ; and de konfliktiij Idamz ov de tco kuntriz tu de teritori ov Teksas wer, for a t^m, setld ; but in de yer 1800; Lcoeziana w^oz seded bak tu Frans, wid its wes- tern limits stil undef ^nd. Rre yerz later, de sam teritori ov LcTjeziana woz seded bj Fmns tu de Yiiujted Stats. 3us de Yiin^ted Stats purc;est de klam ov Frans tu Teksas. 3is klam woz, h^ever, satisfjd in de treti ov 1819, bj hwig Span seded tu de Yiin^ted Stats Cst and West Florida, and de adjasent jlandz. Se Yun^tod Stats, den, had no klam eksept hwot Je dei^^vd from Teksas herself. In 1812, Mozez Gstin, ov Duram, Konetikut, obt/tnd from de Meksikan Guvernment, den under Span, permijon 176 ae PKEZIDENTS. tm plant a koloni in Teksas. 3s grant woz reniid tu Steven Ostin, sun ov ds fermer, in 1823, bj de revoliifon- ari guvernment : and a koloni woz komenst. In 1835, a le ov Meksiko woz past givii) grat enkurejment tu emigrafon from ds Yimjted Ststts; akerdirjli, from dis tjm emigrafon went on rapidli. Durii) ds administrajon ov Jon Kwinsi Adamz, and agen diirir) dat ov Jakson, 3r Guvernment mad propozi- Jonz tm Meksiko for ds purges ov Teksas. Ssz Ter rejekted; and ds polisi ov Meksiko enkurejig emigrajon woz ganjd tu prohibifon ; and ds kolonists wer afterwardz kept under a sistem ov miKtari survalans, ^t ov hmq grco ds wer ov Teksan indspendens. Mr Tiler gav biz signatnr tu ds bil aneksiij Teksas, on ds 1st da ov Marg, 1845, for daz befor dz ekspirajon ov biz term ov ofis. At ds ekspirajon ov ds term ov biz administrajon, Mr Tjler rstjrd tu biz estat nsr Wilyamzburg, Verjinia, bwq,r he stil rezjdz. ihM frezihnt. jaMZ NOKS POK. S ^MZ NOKS POK woz bern in Verjinia, in ds yer W 1795. Her hiz pq^rents rsz^ded until, in 1806, da remojvd wid dqv ten ^ildren, tm hwot woz den de nii Stat ov Tenese. 38 futyur Prezident woz at de tjm ov de{r remdoval, but elevn yerz ov aj ; Tenese bckam d^ plas ov hiz rezidens from (jildliud until he woz keld tu de Prezidenjal gq^r. In 1815 he enterd de Yuniversiti ov Nerfi Karoljnci; he grqdyufited in 1818, wid de hjest onorz ov hiz klas, beii) de best skolar bot in Matcmatiks and de Klasiks. Hs returnd tii Tenese and komenst de studi ov de Le, in de ofis ov Feliks Grundi, and woz adniited tu de bar in 1820. lis imedietli bekam a popyular and suksesful leyer, and in a veri |ort t|m komdnded a Icirj and lukra- tiv praktis. But he did not I013 kontinyii in de praktia 179 180 38 PREZIDENTS. ov biz profejon; in 1823 he woz elekted tu d^ Tenese Lejislatyur. Teness woz den de rezidens ov Jeneral Jakson, and Mr Pok bekam wun ov hiz erliest politikal and personal frendz ; hs woz wun ov doz hcD ferst sujested de nomina- Jon ov Jeneral Jakson fer ds Prezidensi. In 1825 Mr Pok woz elekted tii Korjgres^ hw^^r he at wiins dekl4rd himself a demokratik republikan ov de striktest order. c[e elekfon ov Prezident bj de H^s ov Reprezentativz, in 1824, had rezulted in de defet ov hiz frend, Jeneral Jakson. Mr Poks ferst speq in Koijgres woz in favor ov amendig de Konstitufon so az tu prevent de elekjon ov Prezident and Vjs Prezident bj de H^s, in eni event. BJ de abiliti hwig he displad on ol oka5onz, he smn bekam a prominent member ov de H^s, and after servig on several ov its most responsibl komitiz, he woz, in 1835, elekted tu de Spekerjip, a post hwiq he fild wid digniti and abiliti fer f ^v suksesiv yerz, resevir) upon hiz retjrment de yunanimus taijks ov de Hi^s. Diirir) hiz Spekerjip, in de stormi t)^mz ov Jaksonz and Van Burenz adminis- kajon, he egzibited a strer)^ and fors ov mj^nd hwiq gav him de tjtl ov "Yuij Hikori." In 1839; after seiTirj forten yerz in KorjgreS; Mr Pok i jaMZ NOKS POK. 181 dekljnd a rsclekjon, and woz nominated fer Guvernor ov Tenescj and elekted. In 1841 lis retard tu prjvet l^f until 1844, hwen he rssevd d^ nominajon fer Prezident. Mr Pok had not bin spokn ov fer dis of is previiis tu de metir) ov de Konven- Jon hwig nominated him, and it gav jeneral surpr^z hoi^t de kuntii ; hiz selekjon bj hiz pctrti at dat t^ra, woz oiij tu de stat ov eks^tment in de kuntri groiij bt ov de sla- veri kwestyon, and de belef dat de individyiialz in de pqrti h(D had bin prominentli spokn ov fer de ofis wud not be avalabl kandidats. 3e kwestyon den befcjr de kantii mvolvir) de slaveri interests, woz dat ov de aneksajon ov Teksas, Mr Pok woz elekted; and Teksas woz anekst diirir) de sejon ov Korjgres hwig intervend betwen de t^ni ov hiz elekfon and hiz inegurajon. Mr Pok woz inegu- rated on de46 ov Mcirg, 1845. 38 wer wid Meksiko gro) ^t ov de aneksajon ov Teksas; but d^r kan be no d^t dat de kors hwiq de administrajou ov Mr Pok persiid tordz Meksiko woz de imediet kez or hostilitiz. 3e wor ma hav bin jiistif jabl on de part ov de Yunited Stats, hwen jujd b^ aknolejd prinsiplz ov nafonal le ; stil, de erder ov Prezident Pok hwig oka^ond de mq,rQ ov Jeneral Talor akros de " disputed teritori," Ijir) betwen de Nwases and de Reogrand, tu Matamoras, de eksekujoa 182 38 PREZIDENTS. ov hwig erder woz de imediet kez ov hostilitiz, ma wel be demd tu hav bin injiidijus in a najonal pernt ov vu, and morali unjustif jabl. 3at m(Dvment ov ^r trcjops, eldo ^r guvernment ma hav had a legal rjt tm direkt it, kan hctrdli be supozd tu hav bin tet nesesari fer de defens ov Teksas, and beig serten tii produs hostil kolison, it Jod dat de polisi ov ^r guvernment, az egzibited in de erder ov de Prezident tu Jeneral Talor, woz not merli defensiv, but dat it woz ^gresori — dat de guvernment not onli fod no dispozifon tu avo'd a wer, but dat it aktyuali korted it; — and hwen in konekjon wid dez serkumstansez, and wid de manor in hwig de wer woz karid on, we konsider de weknes ov Meksiko, and dat we entertand no fer ov de reztilts ov her tretnd inva5on ov Teksas, de prezumjon iz stror) dat de guvernment, eldo justif^ii) itself on de bred gr^nd ov najonal rjt, stU korted de wer wid a vu tu konkwest On de 2d ov Febrcoari, 1848, de termz ov de treti ov pes wer agred upon at GedalcDp Hjdalgo, ner de Siti ov Meksiko, bj de Amerikan komijonerz and de Guvernment ov Meksiko. Bj dis treti Uper Kalifernia and Nu Meks- iko wer seded tu de Yunited Stats, fer hwig ^r guvern- ment agred tu pa Meksiko fiften milyonz ov dolarz, and asiimd de pament ov el dots du Amerikan sitizenz from .de Meksikan guvernment. jaMZ NOKS POK. 183 38 trsti met wid stror) opozijon in de Yunjted Stats Senetj on wjdli diferent gr^ndz. It woz klamd on de wun hand, dat de teritori akw^rd konstitiited no adekwat indem- niti fer de wer ; dat we Jud hav demanded mor, and dat we wer disonord in takir) so litl. On de uder hand, ds wer woz held tu hav bin unjust in its orijin on ^r pctrt, and de tentorial dismemberment ov Meksiko woz stigma- tjzd az roberi. 3e subjekt ov kontroversi dat had bin keld up yerz befor bj de propozd aneksafon ov Teksas — de inkres ov sudern p^er and influens in ^r najonal k^n- silz, and de danjerz tu be aprehended from de spirit ov tentorial agrandjzment, hwig elredi hwisperd ov de akwi- zijon, at sum fiityur da, ov Yukatan, de hoi ov Meksiko, de jland ov Kiiba, de Sandwig O^landz, and evn Kanada — ^wer n^ ajitated ami "firm^t de Ynnyon, and wid inkrest akrimoni ov felig. Hwen de f jnal ratifikajon ov de treti had plast a vast ekstent ov seded teritori irevokabli in ^r handz, dq^r aroz a stil mor eks^tir) kwestyon, — dat woz, de teritorial slav kwestyon, — a kwestyon dat had bin lad aslep, it woz tet, forever, h\ de " Miza)ri Kompromjz," but hwig n^ agen -Bretnd, in its rezults, tu Jak de Ynnyon tu its veri senter. 3e Nerfi demanded dat teritori, fre from slaveri at de t^m ov its akwizijon, Jud forever reman so ; — asertir) dat sla- 184 as PREZIDENTS. veri iz a lokal institujon — de kret}T.ir ov lol'd le — noir) no egzistens bEyond de jurisdikjon ov de le dat kreated it bj de siibverjon ov miMer and hier le, mor sakxed dan eni ov mer human enaktment. 3e S^fi klamd de i^t ov her sitizenz tu an ekwal enja- ment, wid de Nerfi, ov de teiitori hwig woz de komon properti ov el de Stats ov de Yiinyon, and, konsekwentli, de r^t ov dqr sitizenz tu remcGv wid d£[r slavz — dq^r prop- erti — on tu eni landz purqest bj de komon tre5ur ov de Repubhk. cle pozifon asiimd b^ de Nert, wud prevent sudern planterz from emigratiij wid dq^r ^'properti" tu nu Meksiko, and Kalifernia : dat asiimd b^ de Ssfi wud giv up tu de dominyon ov slaveri and its konsekwensez, hundredz ov t^zandz ov skwqr m^lz ov teritoii n^ fre from its infliiensez. 3e setlment ov dis kwestyon woz left tu a subsekwent admin istrajon. Mr Poks Prezidenjal term eksp^rd on de 4t ov Mar^, 1849, hwen he retard tu hiz rezidens in Tenese, hwqr, hiz helfc faliij rapidJi, he djcl on de 15t ov Jun foloii), in de fifti-forfi yer ov hiz aj. ZAKARI TaLOR. ^AKARI T^LOR woz bern in Orenj K^nti, Verjinia, on de 24t da ov November, 1784. He woz dz sevnt Prezident ov ds Yunited Stats bern in Verjinia, hwiq baz bin termd de muder ov Prezidents. In de fol- oig sumer hiz fader rsmcfjvd tm Kentuki, just ten yerz after Danyel BcDn erekted de ferst log kabin in de Stat, at BcDnzburo; and sevn ycrz befor Kentuki woz admited intu de Yiinyon. Kentuki had elredi bekum non az de dqrk and bludi gr^nd; meni a hctrdi pjoner had, durir) de ten yerz presedig de removal ov de Talorz, feln under de tomahek ov de red man. An ugkl ov Zakari, hiz fqtderz bruder, hw^l engajd in survaiij de veri gr^nd hwq^r Lcoisvil n^ standz, woz kild bj Indianz ab^t dis t^m. 187 188 as PREZIDENTS. Zakariz fcider, Kurnel Ri(;artl Talor, setld ia Jeferson K^-nti, ab^t f jv milz from LcDisvil. Kumhj in pozejon ov a laij trakt ov land, az Ltoisvil aroz in welt and importans he bekam kwjt opyulent. Zakariz edyukajon woz kon- f^nd til de simplest branqez az da wer tet in ds bakwudz skcolz at dat tjm. Duriij hiz minoriti he remand at hiz fqderz horn, engajd in de okyiipajon ov a fctrmer, at hwig emplocment he wnrkt wid hiz on handz. In 1808 he resevd from Mr Jeferson, a komijon az Liitenant, in de Yiinjted Stats aniii, beig den in de twenti- forfi yer ov hiz aj. Hiz ferst aktyual trjal in militaii l^f woz in de wor ov 1812. He den held a Kaptenz komijon. On de brakii] ^t ov dat wer he woz plast in komdnd ov Fort Harison, a post on de WobaJ in Indiana. Sis woz a pmit mu(^ ekspozdj and Kapten Talor soon had hiz kurej and militari abilitiz put tu de test bj an enk^nter wid de Indianz. He had but fifti men at de Fort, and not wun hcif ov dem, -Brto siknes, wer abl tu perform eni diiti, hwen on de n^t ov de 4i) ov September, 1812, he woz atakt bj a larj foi's ov de Profets weriorz. At de ^tset ov de atgk de Indianz sukseded in setii) fjr txi wun ov de -^tbildigz. in hwi(5 woz de storii) rcBm. 3e i^r imedietli komiini- kated tu sum hwiski, and de flamz firetnd tu swep everi- tii) befor dem. cle men wer in desp4r5 tco ov de stroij- ZAKARI TaLOR. 189 gest lept de pikets and fled. Talor ralid hiz men, konvinst dem dat de Fort mit yet be roskud from de flamz, and set dem tu iinra)fii] de bildigz adjasent tu de wun on fjr; wid dq^r woter bukets da s(on prevented de flamz from spiediij. In de men t^m. a stedi fjr woz kept up from de Fort hi a part ov de men. aus de Indianz wer kept of til daljt, hwen da retjrd. Onli tre men wer kild in de Fort, hw^l de los ov de enemi woz belevd tu be mug grater. ae braveri ov Talor in dis galant defens did not pas unnotist. Jeneral Hopkinz sed, in a leter tii de Guvernor ovKentuki: "Se ferm and elmost unparaleld defens ov Fort Harison, bj Kapten Zakari Talor, haz razd for him a fabrik ov karakter not tu be enhdnst bj yiiloji." Kz Prezident konferd upon him de tjtl ov Major bj brevet Major Talor woz engajd in de ekspedijon under Jeneral Hopkinz agenst de Profets t^n, and fer hiz servisez resevd de publik komendajonz ov hiz komdnder. He kontinyiid in de servis until de Idoz ov de wer, hwen, el promojonz mad diirig dat t^m havii) bin anuld, he trcD up hiz komijon and retjrd tu hiz fqrm in Kentuki. He woz, h^ever, widin a yer from hiz retjrment restord tu hizofis ov Major, hwen he reenterd de sems. From dis t^m he remand elmost konstanth in aktyual servis on de frunter and at de S^fi. In 1832, havig bin promoted tu de ragk ov Kurnel, 190 as PREZIDENTS. he woz engajd in hwot iz non az de Blak Hek Wer. cEs Winebago Iiidianz, in Ilino- and Wiskonsin, had bin insjted tm hostilitiz ; da wer banded tngeder under ds selebrated ^ef, Blak Hek. It iz sed dat, at d^ ^tset, da wer mor sind agenst dan sinir) ; dq^r landz wer enla'6(]t upon ; dq^r pepl had, sum ov dem, bin kild b^ bad hw^t men ; and hwen after da had ctrmd demselvz, Blak liok oferd termz ov pes, hiz flagz ov tro)S wer fjrd upon, and dq^r bq^rerz kild. Jeneral Skot had komdnd durii) de kampan. cfe Indianz fet for dq^r homz and dt\i prariz most desperetli, but wer f^nali oblyd tu yeld. cle kontest lasted firs munfis, hwen de intrepid Blak Hek woz kaptyurd. Kurnel Talor woz erderd, in 1836, tu r8p4r tu de set ov Wor in Florida. B^ a trsti mad in 1832, de Seminol Indianz had agred tu remcov beyond de Misisipi. 3a n^ dekl4rd dat, in dat treti da had bin defroded; and, under de brav Oseola, da tuk qrmz tu kontest dq^r r^t tu d^r homz, dq^r nativ evergladz. CI fors ov Yiinjted Stats trcops, ami^ntir) tu wun hundred and twelv men, had foha intu an ambuj and wer uterh destrad, wid de eksepjon ov tre wconded men, hcD alon eskapt tu tel de fat ov dq^r kompanyonz. clis woz de m^saker ov Dadz deta^ment, Desember 23, 1836. In Desember, 1837, Kurnel Talor resevd erderz from I ZAKARI TJETLOR. ISl Jeneral Jesup, hco had komdnd ov de anni in Florida, tu S£k ^t eni porjon ov de enemi, hwq^rever tii be hnd, and tu d8str(^ er kaptyur dq^r forsez. On ds 25B, wid a fors ov elevn hundred ofiserz and men he had penetrated too) de swomps from Fort Gardner tu de estern Jor ov Lak Oke^obe. clq^r it woz diskuverd dat a larj bodi ov de Seminolz wer awatig hiz aprog, konseld in a moras over- gron wid tel and densli taijgld gras. Taior dispozd hiz ormi in order ov batl, and advdnst. Cger for de akjon, hiz trcops hurid forward, but at de distans ov a kworter ov a mjl da enterd a w^d slu, hwig semd tu forbid furder progi-es. 3a wer kompeld tu abandon dq^r horsez, hwjl de men, berid tu dqr neks in de loi) taggld gras, and eirjkir) frekwentli tu dq^r wasts in sljm and woter, strugld on tu Qctrj de unsen fo. Sudenli de worhoop, de rjfl pel and de kraf ov armz stund dem ; de unerii) bulets ov de enemi swept d^n dq^r ragks. But da ralid and prest on, returnii) de f^r wid sertenti and vigor, and drjvii) de enemi befor dem until da had kompletli disperst and defeted dem. It woz imposibl tu asertan de los on de part ov de Indi- anz ; dat ov Talorz trcops woz sever, beii) wun hundred and twenti-for, kild and woonded. For dis servis Kurnel Talor resevd de -fiaijks ov de Prezident ; and he woz scan promoted tu de rarjk ov Brig- 1^ as PKEZIDENTS. ader Jeneral bj brevet, and givn d^ ent^r komdnd ov de trcops in Florida ; Jeneral Jesup havir) bin relevd at hiz on dezjr. But de Seminolz wer stil unkorjkerd. 3a stil wer abl tu komit dqv depredajonz upon de inhabitants ; and after repeted ekspedijonz agenst dem, falig tu subdii denij at de kloz ov 1839, Guvernment determind tu akt mcrli on de defensiv, and tu konfjn 3r forsez tu de pro- tekjon ov de frunter. "Jeneral Talor," in de laijgwej ov de Sekretari ov Wer, *^ bj de zelus and intelijent dis^aij ov hiz dutiz, havir) givn satisfakjon tu de depctrtment," woz kontinyiid in komdnd. No event ov interest okurd in Jeneral Talorz militari Ijf for several yerz from dis dat. On de 1st ov iMarg, 1845, az fctr az de akjon ov ^r Guvernment woz rekwizit, Teksas woz anekst tu, and bekam a Stat oY, dis Yunyon ; and wid it kam de wer wid Meksiko. In de foloir) Ma, Jeneral Talor w^oz in- strukted bj de Sekretari ov Wer, tu hav de forsez under hiz komdnd, or hwig mjt be asjnd tu it, put intu de pozi- Jon hwq^r da mjt most promtli and efijentli akt in defens ov Teksas, in de event ov suq akJon bekumir) nesesari. 3us woz de wer antisipated bj ^r guvernment. On de 4fi ov Jiilji, a Konstitufonal Konvenfon ov Teksas, asented tu de termz ov aneksajon adopted bj de Yiinited Stats. ZAKARI TaLOR. I93 Jeneral Talor had olredi biji erderd, on dis event takii) plas, tu prosed tu de western frunter ov Teksas, on, er ner de Reogrand. Meksiko had, firo) her niinisterz, re- petedli dekl4rd tu ^'v Guvernment, dat anekssijon wud be bj her regarded az a diklarajon ov wer. Ze had never aknolejd de indcpcndens ov Teksas, but stil klamd dat Stat az a porjon ov her teritori. 01 de m(Ovments ov zv Guvernment den wer in f iil ekspektajon ov wer. In Jul], Jeneral Talor set ^'t wid hiz forsez, and ar^vhj in Teksas establijt hiz hed kwerterz at Korpus Kristi. Negojiajonz wer held bj ^r Guvernment wi:t Meksiko— den in a stat ov revoliifon— but after konsiderabl dela da wer brokn of. On de 8B ov Metre;, 1846, Jeneral Talor tuk up hiz mcirc] for Matamoras, on de Reogrand. Arjvii) opozit Matamoras hwqv de Meksikanz wer stroi)li posted, he konstrukted a Fort and erekted bateriz kom- dndir) de t^n. His he namd Foii: Br^n. Havii] resevd infomafon ov an ekspekted atak on Pant Izabel, de okyupajon ov hwicj post bj de enemi wud 1 ut of h'z rein- forsments,he left a deta^ment in okyupajon ov Fort Br^n, us stroijli fortifjd, and wid de man bodi ov hiz urmi he proseded tu de defens ov Pernt Izabel. Sis woz on de 1st ov Ma, 1846, and imedietli de Meksikan armi, under Jeneral Arista, krost de Reogrand, and mad an atak oii 13 194 as PREZIDENTS. P^ort Br^n, hwig da kept up wid grat spirit fer several daz. 3a konstrcod Jeneral Talorz mcDvment upon Pernt Izabel, intu a retret : da antisipated an ezi kaptyur ov Fort Br^n. But in dis da kwjt fald ; Jeneral Talor havii) Bekitrd de safti ov Pant Izabel, mctrgt agen tii de relef ov de brav trops h(D had held ^t agenst a gratli superior fors, and wid an inkonsiderabl los. On de sekond da ov de mctrg from Pent Izabel, de 86 ov Ma, it woz diskuverd ab^t ncDn, dat de Meksikan fors had arad itself on de opozit sjd ov a prari, determind tu op6z d^r advdns. Jeneral Talor erderd a belt, gav hiz men an ^r tu rest and refrej demselvz from de weterz ov a kcol bruk hwig ran gurglir) aloi), and den advdnst tu met de fo, at lest tre tjmz hiz number. cCe rezult ov de batl ov Palo Alto, iz givn in Jeneral Talorz on bref dispag tu de Depctrtment : Hed Kworterz, Hrmi ov Okyupajon, ) Kamp at Pqlo Alto, Teksas, Ma 9, 1846. 1 Ser: (D hav de onor tu report dat j woz met ner dis plas yesterda, on mj mcu'^ from Pant Izabel, bj de Meks- ikan forsez, and after an akjon ov ab^t f^v ^rz, dislojd dem from dq^r pozijon, and enkamt on de feld. 3'r QXtileri, konsistir) ov tco aten-p^nderz and tco Ijt bateriz, woz de qjm ^efli engajd, and tu de ekselent manor in ZAKARI TtlLOK 195 hwig it woz maiKDverd and servd iz "sr sukses manli du. 38 strei)^ ov ds ensmi iz belevd tu hav bin ab^t siks ■fi^zand men, wid sevn pesez ov qrtileri, and at hundred kavalri. Hiz los iz probabli at lest wun hundred kild, "^r streijfi did not eksed, el told, twenti-tre hundred, hwjl "SI los woz komparativli trjflir) — for men kild, firs ofiserz and fierti-sevn men wconded, several ov ds later mertali. tP regret tii sa dat Major Rirjgold, 2d artileri, and Kapten Paj, 4fi infantri, ctr ssverli wconded. Liitenant Liffier, 2d qrtileri sl^tli so. 3e ensmi haz feln bak, and it iz belevd repast ds river. tE hav advdnst pctrtiz n^ firon ferward in hiz direkjon, and Jal ma)V dz man bodi imedietli. In ds hast ov dis report, j kan onli sa dat ds ofiserz and men bshavd in ds most admirabl manor firco^t ds akfon. ^I Jal hav ds ple5iir ov makig a mor dstald report hwen doz ov ds diferent komdnderz fal bs rsssvd. G& am, Ser, veri rsspektfuli, ycor obsdient servant, Z. TaLOR, Brsvet Brigader Jeneral, Y. S. Hrmi komdndig. Tu ds Adjiitant Jeneral ov ds flrmi, Wojigton, D. K. It woz f^nd upon mor akyuret report dat dq,r wer ov ds Amerikanz n^n kild, and ferti-for woonded ; and ov ds Meksikanz tco hundred wer kild, and ab^t for hundred 196 ae PREZIDENTS. wcDiided. 3is woz a most desjsiv batl, and gav ds Yiinited Stats trcops grat konfidens. On de foloiij morniij Jeneral Talor advdnst tu agen engaj de n^ retretir) cirmi. lie kam up wid dem at tre oklok in de ctfternjcon, hwq^r da had mad a stand in an advantajus pozijpn. «. 3a had bin reinf orst, and n^ num- berd at kst sevn t^zand men. Jeneral Talor had not over sevntcn hundred men in de engaj ment. 3e deft't ov de Meksikanz woz komplet. lit pesez ov cirtileri wer takn, wid a grat kwontiti oy amyiinijon, tre standardz, and wun hundred priznerz ; amui] hcom w^oz Jeneral Lci VegCL, and several uder ofiserz. So total woz dq^r r^t, dao el dq^r kamp kontand woz kaptyurd. Se plat and prjvet properti, korespondens ov dq,r Jeneral in ©ef, de qrmz^ amyunijon, provi^onz, paksadlz, and even ekwipment ov sevn t^zand men, and tcD t^zand hersez, sav hwot da wor in dqr presipitat fljt, fel intii de handz ov de viktorz. aq^r Ids in kildj wojnded and misii), kud not hav bin les dan wun fezand. 3at ov de Yunjted Stats trtops woz wun hundred and ten, kild and wujnded. clus rezulted de batl ov Resaka de let Pcima. 3le enemi did not ses dq^r fl^t til da f^'nd demselvz saf on de opozit s^d ov de Reo grand. So presipitat woz dq^r retret dat meni perijt in krosii) de river. On de 18fi, Jeneral ZAKARI TaLOR. 197 Talor krost de river, and tuk pozejon ov Matamoras, Jen- eral Arista and his armi havig fled from de siti. Jeneral Talor remand her wid hiz armi until September, menhw^l resevir) from ds Prezident ds apocntment ov Major Jeneral. On de devnfi ov Ma, 1846, Prezident Pok an^nst tu Korjgres dat hostilitiz had aktyq,ali bin homenst hi MeJcs- iko. To) daz afterwardz, an Akt woz past b^ Koijgres, ds preambl ov hwiq d8ld4rd a stat ov wer tu egzist, "b^ de akt ov ds Rspublik ov Meksiko," and ds ferst sekjon ov hwi(3 apropriated ten milyonz ov dolarz, and emp^erd &z Prezident tii aksept ds servisez ov fifti t^zand volun- terz for ds armi. ^s aserjon dat ds wer komenst bj akt ov Meksiko met wid stroi) opozijon ; but, ds wer bsii) n^ saT)k|ondbi Koi)gres,ds Prezident ijud hiz proklamajon kelir) on ds kuntri tu ad ds me5iirz fer kariii) it on. Jeneral Talor, havir) rsssvd proper miinijonz and rsin- forsments, on ds 5^ ov September set ^t wid siks -fi^zand siks hundred and twenti men, tordz Montera, hwq^r hs arjvd on ds 20i Hs f^nd ds siti stroijli fertifjd, and dsf ended b^ a fors ov 8,000 regyular tra)ps, bssjd milifa and armd sitizenz. Had Meksikan ofiserz and soljerz pozest wun haf ds valor ov ds Amerikan voluntsrz, ds plas kmd never hav bin kaptynrd b^ ds fors ov Jeneral Talor. after a ssj ov trs daz, persiid wid a vigor and 198 a:8 PREZIDENTS. braveri unparaleld in de histori ov Amerikan ctrmz, on d^ 24t ov September dz siti kapityiilated. cTe Amerikan loS woz wun hundred and fifti-at kikl, and tre hundred and njnti-to) winded; de Meksikan los woz notasertand, but woz belevd tu eksed dat ov ds Amerikanz. Jeneral Talor den advdnst a part ov hiz soljerz tu Sql- telyo. Her he woz forst tu mak a stand, az hiz cti^mi had bin sumhwot rediist tu reinfors Jeneral Skot in hiz atak upon Vara KrcBZ. Santa Ana had returnd tu Meksiko from hiz banijment, and had bin elekted Prezident. In Janyuari, Jeneral Talor resevd infermajon dat Santa Ana woz apro^ii) wid a p^erful q,rmi agenst him. He imedieth prep4rd tu met de Meksikan ©ef, and on ds 31st, he sat ^t fer Montera wid de man bodi ov hiz armi ; and on de 7fi ov Febrooari he enkamt at flgwa Nwava, twenti m^lz s^fiovSciltelyOjhwq^r he remand until de 21st, hwen he fel bak widin at mjlzovSctltelyo,hwq^r he posted hiz forsez in a defjl ov de m^jntenz, ner de hasienda ov Bwana Vista. Her he awated de aprog ov de enemi. 3e Meksikan ctrmi mad its aperans on de mernig ov de 22d ; da mad an atak on de evnii) ov dat da ; but litl woz akomplijt, his- ever, on eder s^d. On de mernii) ov de 23d de batl kom- enst wid grat vigor on de part ov bot anniz, and kontin- yud firco^t de hoi da. Dnrir) ds njt de Meksikanz retreted ZAKARI TaLOR. 199 and did not rcnii d^ atak ; dz viktori ov Jeneral Talor woz komplet. Santa Ana, at dz batl ov Bwana Vista, had a fors ov twenti fi^zand men ; Jeneral Talor had abit for tezand fjv hundred — litl mor dan wun-forfi de number ov de Meksikanz. 3i3 woz a most remctrkabl viktori. 3e Amerikan los woz to) hundred and siksti-sevn kild, and for hundred and fifti-siks wcDnded; de Meksikanz left mor dan f)v hundred ded on de feld, and dq^r los eltugeder, inkliidir) de wtDnded, kud not hav bin les dan fiften hun- dred. ais woz de last important batl in de nerdern pai-t or Meksiko. 3[e brilyant viktoriz ov Jeneral Talor had givn him grat popyulariti Broo^t de kuntri ; g1, no mater hwot wer dq^r opinyonz az tu de justis ov de wor, yiinjt-ed in givii) Jeneral Talor de h^est praz fer de boldnes, vigor, and hiimaniti wid hwig he had karid it on. Befor hiz return from Meksiko he had bin kwestyond az tu hiz politikal sentiments, wid a vii tu hiz nominajon fer de Prezidensi. He repljd dat he woz not a poHtiJan, dat he had never voted in hiz l^f, but dat, had he dun so he Jud hav voted for de Hwig kandidat at de previus elekjon. In 1848 de Hwig pq,rti aksepted him az an avalabl kan- didat: and he woz elekted b^ a veri Icirj majoriti over Jen- 200 0:8 PREZIDENTS, cral Kas. He woz inegiirated on ds 4 b ov Mctrg, 1849. \} He djd on ds 96 ov Jiilj, 1850, befor de kloz ov de ferst sejon ov Korjgres after hiz inegurajon. 3.^ kwestyon ov jj Slaveri in de nil teritoriz akw^rd from Meksiko bj de wor, ^ woz ajitated diiriij dis seJon befor hiz de% but woz not ^ des^ded til after dat event. It woz belevd dat hiz opinyonz favord de Nerfi rader dan de S^t on dat kwestyon. MILQUD FILMOR. ILaRD FILMOR woz bern at Sumer HU, Kaynga K^nti, Nn Yerk, Janyuari 7, 1800. Her, at an erli aj, hs atended de distrikt skcDl, hwig woz, at dat t^m, a veri pmr kjnd ov sko)! inded. Hiz edyukajon at skcol did not ekstend beyond a veri limited nolej ov dz simplest branqez ov an IggliJ edyukajon. But liiz edyukafon did not stop hwen he sest atendir) skml ; at de aj ov fiften he woz set tm lern de trad ov a talor, at hwig he wurkt for yerz, and duriT) dis period he most dilijentli imprajvd hiz spq^r t^m in redii) from a smel l^brari in de vilej. Hiz fader, hto woz a fciimer in kwjt Hmited serkum- stansez, remcuvd in 1819, tia Grora, Cri K^nti, hwq^r he stil rezjdz, kultivatii) a farm ov moderet dimenfonz, and livir) in a st^l not mor pretendiij dan iz komon tu de for- 203 204 ae PREZIDENTS. merz ov dat prosperus distrikt. Milard did not remcfev wid hiz fctderz famili. Ab^t dis t^nij at de aj ov njntsn, hs mad de akwantans ov Juj Wud, ov Kajiiga K^'iiti ; hm. perssvii) dat de yui) man pozest talents hwig kiid be emplad fer beter pur- pusez, for hiz on advdntej, at lest, dan in stigig bredklot, inditst him tu studi Le, and jenerusli engajd tii be hiz in- struktor. He remand in Juj Wudz ofis ab^t to) yerz, studiii) wid dat industii and perseverans, hwig hav ever mcu'kt hiz kors. Diiiii] dis t^m he tet sk(ol in de winter munts tu proved for hiz ekspensez az fqr az posibl. In 1822 he enterd a Le ofis at Bufalo, and spent a yer in studiii) and te^ij, hwen he woz admited tu de Bctr, and remcDvd tu Grora, de rezidens ov hiz fader, tu komens de praktis ov hiz profejon. Several yerz wer n^ empld-d in dilijent legal studi, and in de limited praktis ov a kuntri t^n. In 1829 he woz elekted tu de Lejislatyur ov Nil Yerk, a pozijon hwig he held tre yerz. Ab^t dis tjm he remcovd tu Bufalo. In 1832 he woz elekted a member ov deli^s ov Reprezentativz in Koijgres. In 1836 he woz agen elekted tu dis ofis ; haviij ohedi establijt a hj repyntajon fer industri and abiliti. He woz reelekted tu de nekst Koijgres, and apernted tu de responsibl pozijon ov €^q,rman MILQRD FILMOR. 205 ov de Komiti on Waz and Menz. He disqctrjd de diitiz ov dis post wid grat kredit. In 1844 he woz ds kandidat ov de Hwig parti in Nu Yerk fer Guvernor. clis elekjon reziilted in de defet ov Mr. Filmor bj dat popyulor Demokrat, S^las R^t. In 1848 he woz elekted V^s Prezident; and on de defi ov Jeneral Talor, on de 96 da ov Juli, 1850, Mr Filmor sukssded tu de of is ov Prezident ov de Yunjted Stats. ae kwestyon ov de dispozijon ov de teritoriz akwjrd from Meksiko bj de wer, wid referens tu de introdukjon er eksklii3on ov Slaveri dq^rfrom, had bin a subjekt ov serius kontenfon sins its akwjrment. Se Ner6, wid unyeldii) fermnes, rejekted eni kompromjz ov human r^ts fer de interests ov Slaveri; and de S^fi, wid a zei bljnded tu de konsekwensez, proklamd her rjt tu iutrodiis her properti intu de publik doman, and dekl^rd her intenjon tu adher tu dis klam evn tu de alter nativ ov disyixnyon. ais kwestyon woz yet unsetld at de komensment ov Mr Filmorz administrajon. Durii] de kanvas hwi^ reziilted in de elekjon ov Mr Fil- mor tu de Vjs Prezidensi, hiz klamz wer uijd partikyii- larli az a reprezentativ ov de Nerdern sentiments on de tentorial Slav kwestyon. It woz ekspekted, den, dat hiz influens wud be egzerted in favor ov de ekskliison ov 206 as PEEZIDENTS. Slaveri from de teritoriz. cioz ho) had voted fer him on dis gr^'nd wer dq^rfor disapanted hwen he gav his adherens til de Kompromjz Akts ov 1850. 3oz akts inkliided de Fujitiv Slav Akt^ de Akt permitir) de introdukfon ov Slaveri intu doz teritoriz, but provjdir) dat, on de asumjon ov Stat guvernment, de pepl mjt prohibit Slaveri. In 1854 Mr Filmor retjird tu privet l^f. Durir) de sumer ov 1854 he mad a tcor firm de sudern Stats, vizit- ir) most ov dq^r prinsipal sitiz, hwq^r he woz resevd wid eksprejonz ov grat respekt. I \ JfnrtenD Irezihnt FRAl^KLIN P8RS. ^RATJKLIN PCRS woz bern at Hilzburo, in de Stat ov Nu Hampfer, on de 23d ov November, 1804. He woz dt sun ov Jeneral Benjamin Psrs, hm woz a soljer in de Revoliifonari War; enlistii) imsdietli after de batl ov Leksirjton, in 1775, he fet el de wa trco de strugl for independens, rizig from de rarjks tu de komdnd ov a kum- pani, until de disbandonment ov de troops in 1784. Durig de administrajon ov Jon Adamz he woz oferd a hj komdnd in de armi beirj razd in antisipafon ov a wer wid Frans; he woz opozd tii dat mejur, and dekl^nd de apo-ntmeni He bekam a Jeneral ofiser in de Nii Ilampjer milija ; and fild meni hj ofisez in de Stat guvernment, holdii) dat ov ©ef Majistrat fer tco termz. Frarjldin Pers, in hiz bo"hud, woz distir)gwi|t fer hiz mjld and amiabl manerz, fer qrdent ata^ment tu hiz frendz, 14 209 210 *5^ as PREZIDENTS. and fer de jenyuiii trojMiilnes ov hiz karakter. lis enjo-d de best oportunitiz fer an edyukajon. Hiz fader, ha)Z edyukajon had bin veri limited, hwen, in manliud, he woz kokl intu piiblik i^f, and tu de dis(]cuj ov doz diitiz hwig kel fer de eksers^z ov de abilitiz ov de skolar, felt hwot a sad los he had sustand in not havig had de advdntejez ov a gud edyiikafon. He determind dat hiz sunz jud hav no okagon fer siig regrets. Frarjklin atended de Akademi at Ilankok, in hiz nativ Stat, and aftervvardz dat at Fransest^n. Se k^ndnes ov hiz natyur woz promi- nent in hiz interkors wid hiz skcolmats, hcD bekam ata^t til him. It iz related ov him at dis tjm, dat wun ov hiz kompanyonz older dan himself, but les advdnst in hiz studiz, findiij it hard tu kep up wid hiz Idas, Fraijklin, hvvjl de uder borz wer at pla, spent de nom reses, for meni weks tugeder, in adiij him in hiz lesonz. At de aj ov siksten he enterd Boden Kolej, in de Stat ov Man. Her he remand for yerz, gradyuatir) in 1824. Durii) wun ov hiz winter vakafonz, he tet a distrikt sko)! in de kuntri. Qfter levii] Kolej he enterd de Le ofis ov Levj Wudberi, ufterwardz Juj ov de Su[)rem Kort ov de Yunited Stats. cle last too yerz ov hiz legal studiz wer spent in Masagusets, hwq,r he atended de lektyurz ov de Le Sko)! at Nertamp- FRATJKLIN P8KS. 211 ton. In 1827 he woz admited tu dt Bcir and koinenst dt praktis ov hiz profejon in hiz nativ t^n. Hiz ferst pro- fejonal efoi-t woz kw^t unsuksesful, mug tu de disapo-nt- ment ov hiz frcndz. But he woz not diskilrejd; de enerjia ov hiz karakter wer arszd, and he deklq^rd dat he wud " liv tu ctrgii kasez in dat kort in a manor dat wud mer- tifj nsder himself ner hiz frendz." He did bekum an emi- nent member ov hiz profejon. In 1829, he woz elekted a member ov de Stat Lejislat- yur; in hwi(] ofis he servd for yerz, de last tco ov hwig he woz Speker. He w^oz transferd from de Lejislatyur ov hia on Stat, in 1833, tu de H^s ov Reprczentativz in Korjgrea Her he bekam a worm personal frond ov Jeneral Jakson, az he had bin befor hiz zelus politikal suporter. Hwen elekted tu Korjgres he woz onli twenti-n^n yerz ov aj ; but bj hiz industri, and hiz unasiiraiij and afabl manerz he Sdja gand de konfidens and estem evn ov most ov hiz politi- kal oponents. In 1837 he woz elekted tu de Yiin^ted Stats Senet Her he bekam asojiated wid de most distirjgwijt men h(s hav ever dignif jd dat bodi ; and de sam kwoKtiz hwiq had givn him hj rai)k in de uder H^s ov Kor)gres, gand for him in de Senet ol de konsiderajon and respokt he had dq^r enjcrd. He did not serv ^t de ent|r term for hvvig ht 212 38 PREZIDENTS. woz elekted; hs rezjnd hiz plas in de Senet in 1842, and retjrd tu dc praktis ov hiz profefon at Konkord, hwq^r he had remcDvd hiz famili in 1838. He n^ persiid hiz legal praktis wid mor distirjgwijt sukses dan ever, and soon akw^rd an ekstensiv patronej. In 1846, Prezident Pok proferd him de ofis ov Atiirni Jeneral ov de Yimjted Stats. His aperntment he dekljnd akseptir). In More;, 1847, Mr Pers resevd from Prezident Pok a komijon az Brigader Jeneral in de ctrmi ; wid erderz tu jan de reinforsment den beii) razd fer de ctrmi in Meksi- ko. Mr Pers felt no dispozifon tu deldjn dis aperntment ; de militari ardor hwic; had bin sterd in hiz vanz in hiz bcr- hud, bj de oft told talz ov hiz fctder, had not d^d ^t j and aproovig de objekts ov de wer az he did, he gladli obad hiz kuntriz kel, and egerli jornd in a servis hwig he demd wud promot her interests and onor. 3e batlz ov Montera and Bwana Vista had bin fet; de man fors ov de cirmi had bin konsentrated under Jeneral Skot upon Vara Krcoz ; and de kapital ov de Montezu- maz woz yet tu be takn. Vara Krcoz kapityulated on de 27t ov Mcirg, 1847, and, on de 8fi ov ^pril de mqjg komenst fer de siti ov Meksiko. On de 18t Santa Ana woz f^nd posted on de h^ts ov Sero Gerdo ; he woz betn, te t^zand ov hiz soljerz takn priznerz ; and ferti-tre pesez ov artileri wer takn. 3e marc; woz reziimd. I FRATJKLIN PSES. , 213 Jen era! Pers ar^vd at Vara Krcoz on de 27 B ov Jiin, and after an unckspukted and unavo-dabl dela ov ner tre weks set ^t wid hiz trtops tu reinfors Jeneral Skot. Hiz wa woz frekwentli obstnikted b^ Gerilaz, er h'l ambuskadz, barikadz, and ds destrukfon ov brijcz, hwig sumhwot retcuded hiz progres. But he regt de man cirmi at Pwabla, on ds 76 ov Ggust wid twenti-for hundred men, in fja erder, and wid^t de los ov a siijgl wagon ; in dis he woz mor forty unet dan uder detaqnients had bin. Jeneral Skot havir) n^ inkrest hiz fors tu nerli elevn t^zand men, komeust hiz mctrg from Pwabla tu de kapi- tal ov de Republik. B^ de 18 B ov Ggiist de armi had re^t San Ggiistin, ten m^lz from de siti, hwq^r aranjments wer mad for f|nal operajonz. On de 198 de ferst atak woz mad upon de stroi} fortifikajonz ov Kontraras. Jen- eral Persez komdnd woz erderd tu tak a lediij pqrt in dis atak. Pie egerli embrast de oportiiniti; presiij forward tu ds hed ov de kolum, over a ruged and elmost impasabl volkanik feld, brislir) wid pants ov roks, hiz hers, f.rustig hiz fut intu a krevis, fel, brakir) hiz on leg and krujiij hia rjder hevili bened him. Jeneral Pers woz karid, in an elmost unkonjus stat tu a plas ov sekiiriti. Haviij had hiz wa)ndz drest, and havig rekuverd hiz ful konjusnes, he bekam arjkjus tu rejdn hiz trcDps ; and, agenst ds 314 as PREZIDENTS. remonstrans ov hiz siujon, hs woz asisted tu remint a hors hwig had bin prokiird, and hwig had lost hiz rider in de fit, and he rod fervvcird intii ds batl. N^t kam wid^t oni despv rezult in de atak on Kontraras. Sat n^t Jen- firal Pers had no repoz; it woz spent in ekskrcDJiatiij pan from de aksident he had resevd. Erli on de foloiij niernir), de atak woz reziimd, and Pers woz agen in de feld ; hiz komdnd okyupjd a pozijon in frunt ov de fertifikafon, tu divert de enemi from de real pent ov atak. cTe kamp woz stermd in de rer, and in de Jert spas ov sevnten minits, les dan for t^zand Amerikan trajps had kaptyiird de most formidabl entren^- ment, widin hwig wer posted sevn t^zand Meksikanz. 3e Meksikanz agen mad a stand at ©eryiibusko. Jen • eral Pers havir) bin sent f er bj de Komdnder-in-©ef tu resev erderz, Jeneral Skot, diskuverii] hiz febl stat ov hel^, ime- dietli direkted him tu ret[r from duti ; but, at hiz urjent rekwest he woz slid tu agen tak hiz plas wid de besejerz ; but, hw[l ledir) on hiz kor, he fel, fant and elmost insensibl, widin fill ranj ov de eneniiz f[r. It woz propozd tu bq,r him of de feld ; but, az sum ov hiz soljerz apro^t tu Hft him., he bekam aw4r ov dq^r purpus, and besot dem tu let him reman hwq^r he woz ; and dq,r he la, under de ful f^r ov de enemi, until da wgr drivn from de feld. In de 4 FRAFilKLIN PCES. 215 batiz ov de 20 B ov Ggust, n^n t^zsmd Amerikanz, asaliij strogli fortif^d pozifouz, \aijkwijt an q,rmi ov terti t^zancl Meksikanz. Santa Ana imedietli sent a flag ov tro)s, propozig an Ctrmistis, wid a vu tu negojiajonz fer pes, Jeneral Skot, in hopz ov avordig furder bludjed, apcrnted a komijon tu tret wid de Meksikan Jeneral. Jeneral Pers woz selekted az a member ov dis komijon. Qfter konsiderabl dela, it woz f^nd dat no termz kud be agred upon ; and on de 8t ov September, militari operajonz wer reniid ; on dat da de batl ov Moleno del Ra woz fet. Jeneral Pers woz in dat batl and woz mug ekspozd tu de f jr ov de enemi. 3e last batl ov de wer, dat ov ©apcoltapek, woz fet on de 136. On dat da Jeneral Pers woz unabl tu lev hi^ bed from sever ilnes. Diirig de n^t suksedii) dat bludi batl Santa Ana widdrcD hiz fors from de siti, and on de foloiij da de Amerikan flag floted over de ^' Ilelz ov de Monte- z4niaz." Jeneral Pers remand in Meksiko until Desember, hwen, az de wer woz over, and pes ab^t tu be konkliided, he returnd hom. after hiz arjval hom, hiz nativ Stat voted him a sord, in testimoni ov de aprobajon in hwig hiz servisez wer held. Az scon az de treti ov pes woz sjnd, he gav up hiz komifon in de orrni, and returnd tu de praktis ov hiz profejon. 216 as PREZIDENTS. 38 Demokratik Najonal Konvenjon at Beltimor, in Jun, 1852, nominated Jencral Pers fer de Prezidensi. Hiz nam had not bin befor de kuntii for dat ofis previus tu de asemblii) ov dat Konvenjon. c[e Demokrasi ov hiz on Stat had konsulted him in referens tu de prezentajon ov hiz nam befor de Konvenjon, but he had eksprest hiz unkwoKf^d wij dat it Jiid not be dun ; and it woz not until de terti-siksfi balot dat hiz nam woz bret forward. It woz bj dis tjm evident dat no wun ov de personz hoo had bin prominent befor de pepl kud obtan de t(D-fierdz vot ov de Konvenjon ; de Verjinia deleg^Jon dq^rfor bret for- ward de nam ov Jeneral Pers az an avalabl kandidat ; he woz nominated on de ferti-njnfi balot. Mr Pers woz non tu be a form adherent ov de Kom- promjzez ov 1850 : hiz kors in regard tu de hoi subjekt ov Slaveri had elwaz bin konsistent ; he had elwaz bin a ferm opozer ov de mcovments ov de Anti-Slaveri er Fre Sal parti ; he had elwaz opozd de ajitajon ov de Slaveri kwestyon, and had elwaz favord doz megurz dez^nd tu konsiliat de S^t, and tu kwjet el tendensi tu fakjon in hiz pcirti. 3e vot ov Nil Hampjer haz elmost yiiniformli bin in suport ov de ekstrem me5urz ov de Demokratik pctrti. On de kwestyon ov de aneksajon ov Teksas, Jon P. Hal, a prominent member ov de H3S ov Reprezentativz, FRATiTKLIN P8RS. 217 from dat Stat, voted in opozijon tu dat me5iir. For dis akt, de Demokrasi ov Nu Hampjer tet fit tu rejekt him from de pcxrti. Mr Hal imedietli bskam a kandidat for de Yixnjted Stats Senet. Mr Pers on dis okason egzerted himself strenyuiisli tu kep de pqtii^i laal tu its prinsiplz ; Mr. Hal, h^xver, woz elekted. 3e Konvenfon hwig nominated Mr Pers, past rezolu Jonz endersig de Kompromizez ov 1850, ernestli kondemig el ajitajon ov de Slaveri kwestyon. In hiz leter ov akseptans ov de nominajon, Mr. Pers sed : " (B aksept de nominajon upon de platform adopted h'l de Konvenfon, not bekez dis iz ekspekted from me az a kandidat, but bekez de prinsiplz it embrasez komdnd de aprobajon ov m^ jujment; and wid dem, i belev j kan safli sa, dq,r haz bin no akt ov mj Ijf in konflikt." fl[e Konvenfon hwig nominated de opoziij kandidat, Jeneral Skot, plejd de Hwig parti elso tu de supoii: ov de prinsiplz ov de Kompromjz, and in opozifon tu el ajitafon; but amuij de wermest suporterz ov Jeneral Skot, wer ledig Anti-Slaveri Hwigz, doz hio in Koggres had opozd de Komprom jz me3urz. cEe remcirkabl rezult ov de elekfon, it iz belevd, woz du tu dat serkunistans. cle pepl had bin led tu belev dat de stabiliti ov de Yunyon depended upon de integriti ov doz Komprom^zez ; and 218 as PREZIDENTS. upon de jeneral akwiesens in dem, and a diskontinyuans ov el Slaveii ajitajon. Jeneral Pers woz elekted bekoz he woz belevd tu beter reprezent dez sentiments dan hiz oponent. lis resevd de elektoral vots ov el ds Stats eksept for. 38 administrajon ov de guvernment, in hiz handz, haz bin ferm; de r^ts ov ^r sitizenz, hwen jepard^zd b^ uder nafonz, hav bin nobli vindikated. No lak ov abiiiti haz bin Jon in eni akt ov de administrajon. Stil, grat disatis- fakjon haz bin felt bj a laij porjon ov de pepl ov de Nerdern Stats, and doz hto had rcl^d upon de Demo- kratik parti, and its Prezident, az opozd tu de ajitajon ov de subjekt ov Slaveri. B^ de propozijon tu repel de MizcDri Kompromiz Akt, de hoi feld ov Slaveri ajitajon woz agen opnd. clis propozijon w^oz submited b^ lediij suporterz ov de administrajon ; and it >voz non tu met wid de favor ov de Prezident. Se bil for de erganizajon ov de Kanzas and Nebraska teritoriz, haz bekum a lo, and bi it de fors ov de Mizmri Kompromiz Akt, hwi^ had bin a le sins de administrajon ov Prezident Adamz, iz ent^rli repeld. Diirir) de ferst sejon ov Koijgres under Mr Persez administrajon, he vetod de bil, dat onli neded hiz signatur tu bekum a lo, grantirj porjonz ov de publik iandz fer de FRATJKLIN P8RS. 219 benefit ov Institiijonz for dz Insan ; hw^l at de sam tim h£ s^nd awa niilyonz ov akerz fer de bildig ov ralrodz, hvficj skemiij spekyulatorz qr dnyuali konvertii] intu prj^- vet weli He elso, at dz Idoz ov ds sam sejon, vetod de bil fer de Imprcovment ov Riverz and Hcuborz, tu de bene- fit ov internal navigafon, promisii) hiz reznz fer de sam at de nekst metir) ov Koggres. cte me^iir hwiq semz tm be de ambijon ov de prezent administrajon tu kari, iz de akwizijon ov de jland ov Kuba, fer de purpus net so mug ov "enlcirjiij de area ov fredom," az ov konvertir) a bostil nabor intu fraternal rclajonjip, and tu sekur hwotever ov wel^ and gudnes fe ma pozes fer de benefit ov de Yunited Stats. Hweder Mr Pers and hiz suport^erz Jal akomplij dis dezjr ov dqr hqrts, and bwot uder akts he ma favor er fnistrat, wil be subjekts for fiityiir rekord. 4 ®- PHl)l!shed and Sold by Longley Brothers, Cincmnati, 0. THE SPELLING REFORM— Listituted to make universal education possi- ble, by rendering the arts of Reading and Writing pleasant and easy to acquire. Phonotypy is a rational system of spelling words as they are pronounced, by employing an enlarged alphabet containing a separate letter for each sound, by which mea«is the drudgery of learning to spell is entirely dispensed with, and learning to read is accomplished in one-fourth of the time required in the old way. Phonogeaphy is a truly philosophical method of writing the English Language, by an alphabet composed of the simplest geometrical signs, which accurately represent the sounds of spoken words. It may be wriften BIX times as fast as ordinary longhand, and is equally legible, and such is the simplicity of the art that its principles may be easily mastered even without the aid of a teacher. 25 The first price is that charged at the ccmnt^r; the sec^ond includes th4 prepayment of postage; a liheral reduction hy the quantity. Phonotypic Works. Chart of the Phonotypic Alphabet, on a sheet 28 by 42 inches, with explanations, The same, 36 by 50, with explanatory matter, and remarks on rbe acquisition of Goofl Reading, 50 54 The same, on canvas and roller, 1_50 Phonetic Primer, each letter illustrated with a letter suggestive of its sound, 10 H First Phonetic Reader, containing simple and in- teresting reading lessons, 20 25 Y^itli fhcfie lool-s teachers and parerds can cf/mmenc^ a cri/rse (f I'hmetic instivctvn, in all c-vjidence that vtJier h.^Tce uill /(Alow as fast as they may he wanted. The Transition Reader, or a Course of Inductive Romanic Kea^ling Lesson-^. For the use of Phonetic R.-adcrs in learning to read Romauiially. 20—25 Biographies of the Presidents, with their Portraite." In paper covers, SO— 35 ; in cloth, gilt lottcring, 40—43 New Testament, 12mo. edition, according to the authorized version. In cloth, 75-^00; dark sheep. $85—1,00; mo- ^ooco,gi\t, 11,25-1,40 I LONGLEY BROTHERS LIST OF PUBLICATIONS, Phonetic Dictionary of the English Language; a complete worK of 800 C)Ctavo pages, embracing also lists of Classi- cal, Geographical jmd Scriptural Names, $3,50—4,00 Pronouncing Medical Lexicon, the definitions in the commoTi Si elling. An invaluable companion to Medical Stu- dents', and readers of Physiological and Hygienic works. In cloth, 75—85; black sheep, 85—1,00 Money-Getting and Money-Spending; a Prize Es- say of twenty-four chapters; a serious and reformatory work. 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