illB , ., Jiiil^ iTATES ''iiiiliiiiii' TT BlCO. illliiiiiilliiilliiliiiii liliiiiitiiiil Class _^1 ^'- (^ y Book ._ ''"cS^^ GoCT$htN^ COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. From the portrait ojr ^^'^ JOHN C. CALHOUN STORIES OF THE S T ATES THE MAKING OE SOUTH CAROLINA BY HENRY ALEXANDER WHITE, M.A., Ph.D., D.D, PBOFESSOR IN COLUMBIA. THEOLOGICAL SEMINAKY, COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA; AUTHOR OF "LIFE OF ROBERT E. LEE," AND "A SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES." WITH MANY ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS SILVER, BURDETT AND COMPANY NEW YORK ATLANTA BOSTON DALLAS CHICAGO Copyright, 1906, 1914, by SILVER, BURDETT & COMPANY. APR 20 1914 ©CI.A37143S This Book is Dedicated to mg Wxu Fanny Beverley Wellfokd White f PREFACE. This book attempts to give a short, simple history of Soutli CaroUna from the first settlement to the present day. Biographical sketches of rulers and leaders are arranged in close connection in order to furnish a con- tinuous historical narrative. The story of the lives of many great and good men of the state is of necessity left out; the boys and girls of South Carolina nmst read about them in larger books than this. Many worthy and noble women have also helped to build up and strengthen the state of South Carolina. In Colonial and Pvevolutionary days, and most of all during the period of the Southern Confederacy, they toiled and suffered in behalf of their people. It is not possible, however, in these brief pages to give the story of their deeds of devotion and self-sacrifice. The statements made in this book are based through- out on pubUc records and on the original writings of those wlio had a share in the events and deeds herein described. The author desires to express his great appreciation of the valuable assistance rendered in the preparation of this voliune by Mr. Alexander S. Salley, Jr., Secre- Vlll PREFACE tary of the State Historical Coiimiission, who has fur- nished much important information and has faciUtated the securing uf autographs of important men directly from the original documents. In addition to this, Mr. Salley has kindly aided in the laborious work of reading the proof-sheets, and has also lent some photographs for reproduction in this book. Hon. W. A. Courtenay, of Innisfallen, who has done so much to perpetuate the true history of this stat , has read the proof-sheets and has furnished some photographs from his valuable collection. Acknowledgments are due also to Mr. E. S. Dreher, Superintendent of the Public Schools of Columbia, Avho has read the proof-sheets; to Prof. Yates Snowden, of the University of South Carolina, who has read the proof-sheets in part, and has furnished photo- graphs; to Mr. W. Hampton Gibbes, of Columbia, who has placed at the author's disposal his collection of autographs; and to Mr. E. J. Watson, Secretary of the Immigration Commission, who has lent several photo- graphs. A number of friends in various parts of the state have rendered assistance in securing photographs and other material for illustrating the book. For all of these courtesies the author hereby expresses his grateful appreciation. Henry Alexander White. Columbia, South Carolina. CONTENTS PART I. — EARLY DAYS IN SOUTH CAROLINA CHAPTER PAGE I. The Huguenot Settlement at Port Royal . 1 II. The Lords Proprietors of Carolina .... 4 III. The English Settlement on Ashley River . 8 IV. Joseph West and the New Charles Town . . 11 V. The Morton Settlement on the Edisto River 17 VI. Thomas Smith and the Growth of Trade . . 20 VII. Blake and the Huguenots 22 VIII. James Moore and the Spaniards of Florida . 27 IX. South Carolina Invaded by the French and Spanish 30 X. Charles Craven Defeats THE Yemassees. . . 33 XI. How the Carolinians Fought the Pirates . . 39 XII. Proprietary Government Overthrown ... 44 XIII. Scotch, Welsh, and German Settlers in South Carolina 47 XIV. The People of South Carolina Make Their . Own Money Laws 52 XV. The Cultivation of the Indigo Plant .... 54 XVI. Treaties with the Indians of the Upper Country 58 XVII. Patrick Calhoun, the First Lawmaker from the Upper Country 62 CONTENTS PART II. — SOUTH CAROLINA'S PART IN THE REVOLUTION CHAPTER PAGE XVIIl. The Growth of the Trade of South Caro- lina 68 XIX. Opposition to the Stamp Act 74 XX. The ''Liberty Tree" Party 80 XXI. Preparing FOR War 84 XXII. John Rutledge, First President of the In- dependent State of South Carolina .... 89 XXIII. William Henry Drayton, First Chief Justice of the Independent State of South Caro- lina 92 XXIV. Moultrie's Defence of Charles Town ... 96 XXV. William Thomson Defends Charles Town AGAINST A British Army 101 XXVI. Andrew Williamson Defeats the Cherokee Indians 105 XXVII. Henry Laurens, President of the Continen- tal Congress 108 XXVIII. John Laurens at Savannah AND YoRKTowN . 112 XXIX. The British Army Driven out of Northern South Carolina 117 XXX. Francis Marion in the Pee Dee Country . . 126 XXXI. Thomas Sumter Again Forces the British from the Upper Country 1 ;)7 XXXIT. Andrew Pickens Helps to Defeat the British 114 XXXIII. South Carolina Becomes a State in the LTnion 154 PART III. — THE MEN OF THE COMMONWEALTH XXXIV. Thomas Pinckney as Minister to England . . 161 XXXV. William Lowndes, the Wise Statesman ... 169 XXXVI. Langdon Cheves, Lawmaker, Judge, and Banker 174 XXXVII. George McDuffie's Opposition to Unjust Federal Laws 179 CONlEN'rS XI CHAPTER PAGE XXXVIII. Robert Yonge Hayne jn the United States Senate 1J^5 XXXIX. John Caldwell Calhoun's Service to his Country l-*^-^ XL. Pierce M. Butler and the Palmetto Regi- ment IN the Mexican War 206 XLI. J. Marion Simms, the Great Surgeon .... 210 PART I^^ — MEN OF THE CONFEDERATE WAR XLII. Francis W. Pickens, First Confederate War Governor of South Carolina 216 XLIII. Milledge L. Bonham, Second Confederate War Governor of South Carolina 224 XLIV. Maxcy Gregg's Brigade 231 XLV. Samuel McGowan's Brigade 239 XLVI. Joseph B. Kershaw's Brigade 244 XLVII. MiCAH Jenkins' Brigade 250 XLVIII. Nathan G. Evans' Brigade 254 XLIX. The Brigades of Manigault and Gist in the Mississippi Valley . 257 L. Wade Hampton and the Carolina Horsemen in the Confederate War 261 LI. Johnson Hagood's Brigade 279 LII. Simms, Hayne, Timrod, — Poets of Carolina AND OF THE SoUTH 282 PART Y. — THE MEN OF OUR OWN TIME LIII. Wade Hampton Brings South Carolina again UNDER THE RULE OF WhITE MeN 290 LIV. The Period of Development 298 Appendix •'^19 Index 331 ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS PAGE Jolui 0. Calhoun . Frontispiece Charles the Ninth of France 2 Charles the Second of Eng- land 4 Title-page of Manuscript Volume: "Laws of the Province of South Caro- lina" 6 Anthony Asliley Cooper . 7 Marks Made by Indians as Their Signatures to a Deed for Land .... 9 The Autograph of Gov- ernor West 11 Order Issued by Governor Yeamans (1672) to Lay Out a Towai 14 St. Michael's Church . . 16 The Autograph of Gov- ernor Morton 17 Huguenot Church .... 18 The Autographs of Gov- ' emor Smith and Colonel Daniell 20 South Carolina Pines ... 21 The Autographs and Coats- of-Arms of Governor Archdale and His Coun- cil 23 Plan of the Town of Dor- chester .... . 26 The Old Castle, St. Augus- tine 28 Sir Nathaniel Johnson . . 30 PAGE Plan of Cliarles Town ^ (1704) 32 Th(! Autographs and Coats- of-Arms of Governor Craven and His Council 34 The Autograph and Coat- of-Arms of Governor Johnson 39 William Rhett 41 George the Second of Eng- land 48 The Autograph of Chief Justice Pinckney ... 52 Thomas Brougliton . . . 53 Clmrles Pinckney .... 56 The Grave of Catharine Callioun 63 The Autograph of Patrick Calhoun 66 The Autograph of Gov- ernor Bull 68 A View of Charles Town (1765) 72-3 Christopher Gadsden . . 75 The Autographs of Rawlins Lowndes and Christo- pher Gadsden .... 76 George the Third of Eng- land 78 Thomas L5Tich, Jr. ... 81 The Autograph of Edward Rutledge 82 Edward Rutledge .... 83 AVilliam Gibbes 85 Thomas Heyward, Jr. . . 86 xii ILLUSTRATIONS AND MAPS XIU The Autograph of Thomas Heyward, Jr 87 The Liberty Flag .... 88 John Rutledge 90 The Autograph of Presi- dent Rutledge .... 91 William Henry Drayton . 93 Arthur Middleton .... 94 William Moultrie .... 97 Sergeant Jasper at Fort Moultrie 99 The Autograph of Captain Caldwell . 101 A Map of South Carolina in Revolutionary Days 102 The Autograph of Colonel Thomson 104 The Autograph of Colonel Williamson 105 Henry Laurens 109 Pringle House, Charleston 110 John Laurens 113 Charles Town in 1780 . . 115 Louis the Sixteenth of France 116 Colonel Banastre Tarleton 119 Thomas Sumter 121 Monument Commemorat- ing Huck's Defeat ... 123 Francis Marion 126 The Battle of Camden . . 131 The Autograph of Col. Horrv 134 The Battle of King's Mountain 140 Andrew Pickens .... 144 Old Stone Presbyterian Church, Oconee County 146 Daniel Morgan 147 The Autograph of Henry Hampton 149 First Wade Hampton . . 150 " Light-Honse Harry " Lee 151 Nathanael Greene .... 152 Autograph, W. Hampton. 153 The Autograph of Charles C. Pinckney 154 Charles Cotesworth Pinck- ney 155 Fort Moultrie 156 Thomas Pinckney ... 157 The Autograph of Governor Pinckney 159 George Washington . . . 161 The State House at Co- lumbia in 1794 ... . 165 The Home of William Lowndes 170 William Lowndes .... 173 Langdon Cheves 175 Magnolia Cemetery ... 176 Confederate Monument, Magnolia Cemetery . . 178 George McDuffie .... 179 Librarv, South Carolina College 181 Robert Yonge Hayne . . 186 Calhoun in Early Life . . 190 Calhoun in Maturity . . . 191 The Autograph of Floride Colhoun's Father ... 193 Calhoim Monument, Charleston 195 John C. Calhoun .... 197 Fort HiU 200 St. PhUip's Church, Charleston 202 St. Philip's Church, Inte- rior 204 Mexican Monument, Co- lumbia 207 J. Marion Sims 212 The Autograph of Doctor Sims 213 Country House of John L. Manning 215 Francis W. Pickens ... 217 First Baptist Church, Columbia 218 Francis Hugh Wardlaw . 219 Jefterson Davis 221 General Bernard E. Bee . 223 Governor Mi Hedge L. Bon- ham 225 XIV ILLLSTKATIONS AM> MAPS PAGE Fort Sumter under Fire . 226 Stephen Elliott 229 Maxcy Gregg 232 Confederate Monument, Chester 234 Robert E. Lee 238 Samuel McGowan .... 239 Confederate Monument and Court House, Orangeburg 241 Charleston in 1860 ... 243 Stonewall Jackson .... 245 Joseph B. Kershaw . . . 246 (Confederate Monument, Marion 248 Micah Jenkins 251 Gen. John Bratton, " Old Reliable" 252 Nathan G. Evans .... 254 A. M. Manigault. .... 257 Ellison Capers 259 A Garden at the Home of the First Wade Hampton 262 Wade Hampton the Third 264 House Given to General Hampton bv the People of South Carohna ... 267 Attorney-General You- mans; Chief Justice Mc- PAGE Iver; General Hampton; Colonel Pope ; General McGowan (Group) . . 270 Confederate Monument, Columbia 273 Lieutenant Generals . . . 276 General M. C. Butler ... 278 Jolmson Hagood .... 280 The Autograph of W. Gil- more Simms 282 W. Gilmore Simms ... 283 Woodlands 285 Paul Hamilton Hayne . . 287 Henry Timrod 288 Governor's Mansion, Co- lumbia 291 IMace in House of Repre- sentatives 292 The Capitol, Columbia . . 294 A View of Charleston . . 297 Olympia Cotton Mill . . 305 The College of Charleston 310 Columbia Female College . 312 Monument to William Moffatt Grier . . . . 313 Clemson College . . . . 315 A Group of South Caro- lina Educators . . . . 317 PART I. EARLY DAYS IN SOUTH CAROLINA. 1663-1763 CHAPTER I. THE HUGUENOT SETTLEMENT AT PORT ROYAL. The Huguenots. — On a bright morning in May, about three hundred and fifty years ago, two ships were saiUng along our Atlantic coast, their prows headed north- ward. The vessels had large, square sails. Their sterns stood high above the water and from each masthead fluttered the flag of France. The people on board the two vessels were from France, and were known as Huguenots. They were Protestants, who were not allowed to worship God in their own way in France, and for that reason they crossed the Atlantic Ocean to build homes in America. Port Royal. — The two ships made their way into the mouth of a wide bay on the coast of the present state of South Carolina and let go their anchors in a depth of sixty feet of water. The sailors were filled with such delight when they saw the beauty of this body of water that they gave to it the name Port Royal, or royal harbor, the name by which it is called to this day. 1 TIIR MAKING OF SOUTH CAIIOLINA The leader of tliis company was a brave Huguenot named Captain Jean Ribault (Re-ho). He steered his ships up the stream thjit enters Port Royal and went ashore, probably upon a small island now kno^^Tl as Lemon Is- land, in Broad River, a few miles from the present town of Beau- fort. There he set up a stone pillar and claimed all the country for the king of France. Ribault and his follow^ers then built a fort upon Parris Island and called it Arx Carolana, that is, Fort Charles, after King Charles (Carolus) the Ninth of France. Twenty-six men w^ere left in the fort, and Ribault sailed away to bring a larger company of Huguenots to Port Royal. The soil around Fort Charles was rich, but the men left in the fort did not plant corn. They found pleasure in walking about in the great forests of cedar, magnolia, and oak. They enjoyed the fragrance of the jasmine and the roses that grew upon the banks of the Broad River. They bought corn and deer meat from the Indians and spent much time in looking for silver and pearls. Port Royal Deserted. — At last the Huguenot settlers CHARLES THE NINTH OF FRANCE HUGUENOT SETTLEMENT AT POUT KOYAL 3 became anxious about Ribault. Day after day they looked out over the sea for his ship, but he did not return to them. Wlien the supply of corn was nearly gone, the men in the fort determined to build a small boat and sail back to France. Grass and the inner bark of trees were twisted together to make ropes for the new vessel. Bedclothes and old shirts were made into sails. Then they turned the prow of the boat to the east, and a fair wind bore them far out upon the Atlantic. Before they reached the middle of the ocean the wind ceased to fill their sails, and the little vessel was left floating idly upon the sea. The supply of food and water failed. The boat began to leak, and a storm broke upon them. Some died of hunger. An English ship by chance came that way, picked up those that were still alive and carried them to England. Huguenot Settlement on St. John's River. — All of these events took place in the year 1562. A little later a second company of Huguenots built another Fort Charles on St. John's River in Florida. Then in 15G5 Captain Ribault brought a third group of colonists to this fort on the St. John's. The Spaniards, however, killed all of the Huguenot settlers and then built the town of St. Augustine on the Florida coast, to show that they claimed that entire region. The Huguenots did not succeed in their plan of making a settlement at Port Royal. The name Carolana, or Carolina, was given, 4 TIIK MAKIXCt of SOI 'I'll CAUOLIXA however, to a jx-irt of \hv count rv uoiw Port Royal. This name reinnined in that region for a liundred years as a memorial of the French kin^;. Then EngUsh settlers came to take possession of the country, to build homes, and thus to lay the foundations of a great American state. CHAPTER II. THE LORDS PROPRIETORS OF CAROLINA. Carolina Granted to Proprietors. — In the year 1663, Charles the Second, king of England, gave to Anthony Ashley Cooper, Lord Ashley, and to seven other Englishmen, a large tract of land on our Atlantic coast. This contained the same land that had been called Carolina by the Hugnenots a hundred years before, in honor of King Charles of France. It was named Carolina CHAKLE. THE SECOND OK ENGLAND ^^^ ^^^ g^^^^^| ^-^^^^ by King Charles the Second, in honor of his father, King Charles the First, of England. The country called THE LORDS rKOPHIETOHS OF CAROLINA 6 Carolina then embraced all of the land now contained in the states of South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, and the northern part of Florida. The eight Englishmen to Avhoin the king gave this country were called the Lords Proprietors of Carolina. The names of some of them are still in use in South Carolina. Anthony Ashley Cooper's name was given to the Ashley River and the Cooper River which flow past the city of Charleston. The names of the Earl of Clarendon and of Sir John Colleton, two of the Pro- prietors, were given to Clarendon and Colleton counties; the county of Berkeley was called after two other Pro- prietors, Sir William Berkeley and John, Lord Berkeley. The other three Proprietors were the Duke of Albemarle, the Earl of Craven, and Sir George Carteret. The Carolina Charter. — King Charles the Second gave to his eight friends a written title to Carolina. In this writing, called a charter, the king told the Proprietors that they might do what they pleased with their land. They were allowed to bring settlers into the country, to build towns and forts, to appoint governors and judges, to levy and collect taxes, and to rule the people who came to live there. Cooper and Locke's Form of Government. — Anthony Ashley Cooper took the lead among the Proprietors in preparing a set of rules for the management of the set- tlers whom he expected to send from England to Carolina. Cooper asked John Locke, an English scholar and writer, THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA THE L AW3 OF THE PROVINCE OF V SOUTH CAROLlNAi IN TWO PART5. TI^eTi\fll^\vt,coRtaniugAlltkcPER?ETU\L ACTsI 1\\ Force MvdUje . Witfx tiuTlTLESofjiuii ACT5:y-5 ArcRc{)ce h ■^ CO ^ a 6 o >^ £ -^ CO JOSEril WEST AND THe' :NEW CHARLES TOWN 15 A year later a large body of Indians called the Wes- toes decided to make war against the new settlers. These cruel Indians lived on the coast, a few miles south of Charles Town. They were in the habit of making slaves of any other Indians whom they could catch. The men of the Westoes now painted their faces a bright red color, stuck eagle feathers in their hair, and fastened their knives and hatchets in a loose belt. The long bow was carried in the hand. Each warrior had also a bundle of arrows made of cane reed and tipped with stone points. Then they marched away from their village to hunt for the white men. They did not have a long search. Fifty soldiers went swiftly down the coast from the Ashley River. When the Westoes heard of their ap- proach they hurried back home agam. They were not willing to stand in front of the white man's rifle. Soon afterwards Dr. Henry Woodward went to the village of the Westoes and was received in a friendly manner. He puffed away at the white tobacco pipe which was handed around among the company where he met the Indian chiefs. In this way a treaty of peace was made. Then the settlers bought from the red men all the land along the coast bci^ween the Ashley and the Edisto rivers. Charles Town Removed. — In 1672 a new town was laid out in broad streets on the point of land between the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Room for the landing of boats was left on the bank of each river. Places were marked off for a town house and a church. The 10 THE MAKl.NU Ol' SUITII C'AKOJJNA ground set apart for the latter is now occupied by St. Michael's Church. The hrst house of worship built there was of black cypress wood resting upon a brick founda- tion. It was called the English, or Epis- copal, Church. In 1680 the settlement called Charles Town was formally re- moved by Governor West to its present location. At that time there were about twelve hun- dred people in the province. A ship- ST. MICHAEL S CHURCH * load of Huguenots came tlu^ same year (1680) and built homes in the new town. H .^^hHI^IH^^^ 1 MORTON SKTTLEMKX'L' ON THE EDIS'R) 1U\'EU 17 CHAPTER V. MORTON SETTLEMENT ON THE EDISTO RIVER. The Coming of Dissenters. — In the 3^e.'ir 1681 about five hundred English settlers came in a body to the Caro- lina coast. Their leader was Joseph Morton. In reli- gion they were known as Dissenters, that is, they worshipped God in their own way and refused to become mem- bers of the /y ^ .^ Church of Eng. ^Sh^fC^^n^ land (Episcopal // ^ Church). Most ^ THE AUTOGRAPH OF OOVERNOR MORTON" 01 these colo- nists built homes on the banks of the Edisto 'River, south of Charles Town. In 16S2 the Proprietors made Joseph Morton governor of the colony. Settlers were now coming in large numbers from England, Ireland, and Barbadoes to live in Charles Town. Nearly all of these new colonists were Dissenters in religion, like those who came Avith Morton. At the close of the year 1682 there were about twenty- five hundred people living in Charles Town and along the coast southward as far as the Edisto. The Colony in 1682. — In this same year the province was divided into three counties'. These were l^erkeley, which embraced Charles Town, Craven to the north- ward, and Colleton to the southward. The body of law- 18 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAIIOLIXA makers, called Parliament, was made up of twenty representatives chosen by the peoi^lr. In the elections the people cast their votes by means of written ballots. The Parliament made laws to kee}) order and to HUGUENOT CHriK'H, lU^II/r AI'.OT'I' ISlS o^; THE SITE OF THE FIRST HUGUENOT CHURCH pmiish crime. All the colonists were required by law to observe the Sabbath day. The Scots at Port Royal. — The year 1683 marked the coming of a nund^er of Scots to Port Royal. Their leader was Lord Cardross, to whom the Proprietors had MUKroN SF/rrLKMKN'l' ()\ rilK KDlS'fO KIVEll 19 given a large tract of land. He expected to bring as many as ten thousand settlers from Scotland. The first emigrants built homes and planted crops. Three years later (1686), however, a force of Spaniards sailed up the coast from Florida to the Edisto. There they robbed the houses of Governor Morton and other colonists. The Spaniards then sailed to Port Royal and completely destroyed the settlement made by the Scots. A Second Migration of Huguenots. — From the year 1685 onward a number of Huguenots came from France to Carolina. Some of them established homes on the Cooper River, in a locality known as Orange Quarter. Others formed a settlement on Goose Creek, a branch of the Cooper River. Still another body of them made a settlement north of Charles Town, on the southern bank of the Santee River. The first Huguenot congregation was organized in Charles Town in 1685, under the pastoral care of Elias Prioleau. Their first house of worship was built in that city about 1687. The present church, on the same site, is the only distinctive Huguenot Church in the United States. The Colony Called South Carolina. — James Colleton, who succeeded Morton as governor (1686), tried to take all the power into his own hands, but the settlers drove him away. While Philip Ludwell was ruling the colony (1691-93), men began to give the name of South Carolina to the settlement of which Charles Town was the center. 20 TIIK MAKINCi OF SOl'l'll CAIIOLINA THOMAS SMITH AND THE GROWTH OF TRADE. Thomas Smith Appointed Governor. — A\ hen Tliomas Smith, an Enghshnuin, came to CaroUna in 1684, he built a house on Back River, near Charles Town. The Fropri(^tors wished to show him special honor, and they therefore gave him the title of landgrave. Along with the title they bestowed upon him a tract of forty- eight thousand acres of land. In 1693 they made him ^^-^ . governor of South Carolina. C^/^6:J7nMi jje took much interest in the \/i^ J ^^juu/ ^^^^^ ^^^^^ ^6^6 made for the iJ/m^ /]/ ^^^^^ government of the colony. X\l/U ■ ^,J,^/lLll^ By his advice the people be- gan to select men to serve on juries in the law courts in the same way in which they are selected at the present time. Rice had been planted in the province from the first; about this time it became the chief product of South Carolina. Exports. — From the very beginning of the province, the people of South Carolina were engaged in sending the products of their forests and of their soil across the sea. The swamps and forests of the province contained large numbers of deer. The Indians killed the deer and sold their skins to the settlers at Charles Town. The beaver and the otter and other fuT--hearing animals were THE AUTOGRAPHS OF GOVER NOR SMITH AND COLONEL DANIELL THOMAS SMITH AND THE GROWTH OF iUADE 21 found along the rivers and creeks. The red men caught these animals in traps, and sold their furs to the colo- nists. Many of the early settlers at Cliju-les Town gained great wealth in the business of buying furs from the Indians and selling them again at a large profit to merchants in England. The region near the coast of South Carolina, as we have seen, con- tained great forests of pine, oak, and cedar. These furnished many articles of trade that were sent away by the shipload. Pitch and tar were sent to England. Oak boards, pine shingles, and tar were sent to the West Indies. Trading ships rapidly multiplied in Charles Town Harbor, until there came to be a great fleet of vessels regularly en- gaged in the trade with England, the West Indies, Bar- badoes, and the American colonies on the Atlantic coast. The cattle and hogs which were brought to the colony by the first settlers increased in number very rapidly. They k . . :*^ m^mmmmms^^^ SOUTH CAROLINA PINES C).} THE MAKING OF SOI TU CAROLINA found food in tlie cane]:>rakes and in the forest. Large numbers of both hogs and cattle ran wild in the woods. These were killed and sent away in the trading vessels to be sold in the West Indies. When the rice crop was added to all of these other articles of trade, the South Carolina people became very prosperous, and some of them be- came very rich. Slaves Used in Raising Rice. — Rice was planted in the deep, wet soil of the swamps. It was found that white men lost their health if they tried to work in the swamp lands. Negroes from Africa, however, were abki to work in the rice fields without any injury to them- selves. For this reason large numbers of n^^groes were brought from Africa to South Carolina. Without their help the rice could not have been cultivated. CHAP1T.R VII. BLAKE AND THE HUGUENOTS. Failure of Proprietary Government. — That body of men known as the Proprietors of Carolma did not know how to rule a community of settlers in a new coimtry. Further than this, they were selfish men and wished to get as much money as possible out of the settlers. Some of the governors whom the Pro- prietors sent out were selfish and unjust, and tried to oppress the people. The colonists in South Carolina always knew how to uphold their rights and made BLAKE AND THE HUGUENOTS 23 \ Q^^itti^/zl THE AUTOGRAPHS AND COATS-OF-ARMS OF GOVERNOR ARCHDALE AND HIS COUNCIL the path of an unjust ruler very difficult for him. Some of the governors, however, were honest and capable men. Among this latter class was John Archdale, the Quaker, who held the governorship after Thomas Smith. He 24 THE MAKING OV SOUTH CAKOIJNA reduced the price of land that was sold to the si^ttlers and made provision for the suj)port of the poor. Governor Blake. ^- Archdale was succeeded in the office of governor by the worthy and honest Joseph Blake. The latter was in control of the affairs of the colony for about four years, from 1696 until 1700. When Blake came into the office of governor there were many Huguenots living in four separate places in South CaroUna: (1) in Charles Town; (2) on the eastern branch of the Cooper River; (3) on Goose Creek, and (4) on the Santee River. They were quiet, temperate, hard-working people. The sufferings through which they had passed had increased their Christian faith. Nearly all of them were poor and the men and their wives, therefore, worked together in cutting down trees, building houses, and making the land ready for planting seed. Some of them burned tar for market. Some tried to make wine and olive oil and others attt^mpted to make silk. Those Huguenots who knew how to work at a trade found employment in Charles Town. By industry and honesty most of these French Protestants soon became prosperous. The Huguenots Granted a Voice in the Govern- ment. — The Huguenots continued for many years to speak and write French, the language which they had known in their native land. Their ministers preached in the same tongue. For this reason they were at first treated as foreigners and not allowed to cast a vote or BLAKE AND THE HUGUEISOTS 25 to send representatives to sit among the lawmakers at Charles Town. But in 1697, dm-mg the rulership of Governor Blake, the Huguenots were given full rights as citizens. The French Protestants won these rights and privileges by the nobility of their lives, in spite of the fact that they had not yet learned to speak the English language. Dorchester Founded by Settlers from Massachu- setts. — The year before this act of justice to the Huguenots (1696) an entire church congregation came from the colony of Massachusetts to South Carolina. In religious faith they were known as Congregational- ists. They built a small town or village, called Dor- chester, near the headwaters of the Ashley River, and not far from the location of the present Summerville. Charles Town in the Year 1700. — In the year 1700, near the close of Blake's administration, there were about six thousand white settlers living in South Carolina. A small number dwelt on the Edisto and on the San tee, Ijut the great body of this population was established in and around Charles Town. The town was then located between the bay and the present Meeting Street. The only public buildings were the churches. These were St. Philip's Episcopal Church, located where St. Michael's now stands, the Huguenot Church, the Inde- pendent Church, and the Baptist Church. The principal street then was the present Church Street. The dwell- ing houses were made of both wood and brick. Some 26 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA PLAN OF THE TUWN OF DOIU'TIKS TKK JAMES MOOKE AND THE SPANIARDS 27 of the houses facing the bay had private wharves for boats at the water's edge. A line of boards or paUsades ran around the town. Six small forts were built for defence, and cannon were placed in position to fire upon ships approaching from the ocean. A road called the Broad Path ran out of the town up the center of the narrow neck of land between the rivers. Governor Archdale said that this highway was so beautiful and so full of delight all the year with fragrant trees and flowers, that he believed that no prince in Europe with all his art could make so pleasant a sight. CHAPTER VIII. JAMES MOORE AND THE SPANIARDS OF FLORIDA. Governor Moore. — Near the close of the year 1700 Governor Blake died, and James Moore was chosen governor and began to manage the affairs of the colony. Moore lived on a beautiful plantation on the Cooper River, just above Charles Town. He was a successful trader with the Indians ; that is, he bought animal skins from them and sold them in England. In 1691 he made a journey of six hundred miles into the mountains west of Charles Town in search of gold and silver mines. No such mines, however, were ever opened. War between the English and the Spaniards. — A great war began in Europe in 1702, kno^^^l as Queen 28 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA Anne's War. The Spaniards and the French were fight- ing together on the one side against the English on the other side. At once the people of South Carolina made up their minds to help the mother country, England, by making war against the Spaniards in Florida. The Carolinians had, also, the additional reason for march- THE OLD CASTLE, ST. AUGUSTINE ing into Florida, that the Spaniards of that region had twice already attacked the Carolina settlements. The South Carolinians Attack St. Augustine. — In the month of September, 1702, a body of six hundred men from South Carolina met at Port Royal. They were armed with flint-lock rifles and wore garments made of deer and bear skins. An equal nuinlxT JAMES MOOliE AND T1II<: SPANIARDS 1^9 of friendly Indians joined the whit(! men. Ten sailing vessels wen; waiting for them in the harbor. Most of the soldiers went on board the vessels; the sails were spread and the little army, under the command of Governor James Moore, went southward to attack the Spanish town of St. Augustine. Some of the white men and Indians marched by land, under Col. Robert Daniell, to help Governor Moore. The Carolinians went ashore from their boats, made a rush into St. Augustine, and captured the town without difficulty. Governor Moore went into the Spanish church and made that his headquarters. He then ordered his soldiers to take the strong fort known as the Castle. This was surrounded by a deep ditch which was filled with water. The soldiers started to attack the Castle, but they soon found that they could jiot cross the ditch. Then they said, " We must have some heavy cannon to batter down the walls." Colonel Darnell sailed away to the island of Jamaica to get some cannon. Before he returned, two Spanish war vessels appeared on the ocean outside of the harbor of St. Augustine. Governor Moore was obliged to leave his own ships and return by land to Charles Town. In December, 1703, Governor Moore marched again with an army into the country near St. Augustine to punish the Appalachian Indians for helping the Spaniards. He destroyed five Indian towns, burned their corn, and carried off a large number of captives. ao THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA CHAPri^:H IX. SOUTH CAROLINA INVADED BY THE FRENCH AND SPANISH. Governor Johnson. - During the period from 1702 until 1710 Sir Niitlianiel Johnson was governor of South CaroUna. In earher life he was an EngUsh soldier and also a member of the English Parliament. When h(^ came to South Caro- Una he obtained a plantation on the neck of land between the Wando and Cooper rivers. There- he found many nuil- berry trees. He there- fore brought a large number of silk worms and placed them upon the trees. The silk worms ate the leaves of the mulberry and formed them into balls of fine thread, Johnson took these He called his planta- From what is probabhi the first portrait ever painted m South Carolina SIR NATHANIEL JOHNSON called cocoons. Sir Nathaniel cocoons and made silk from them. tion Silk Hope. He made a large sum of money each year from the sale of the silk. THE FRENCH AND SPANISH INVASION 31 When Johnson was appointed governor by the Pro- prietors in 1703, he began to build defences around Charles Town. The town was surrounded by a fortifica- tion consisting of a number of forts called bastions, connected with one another by a wooden wall and a deep ditch of water. Eighty-three big guns, or cannon, were placed in position to fire at any foe that might approach the town. A three-cornered fort containing thirty heavy guns was built on Windmill Point, near the en- trance of the harbor. From that time onward AVind- mill Point was called Fort Johnson, in honor of the man who built the fort there. Charles Town Attacked by the French and the Spanish. — In 1706, while yellow fever was raging like a pesti- lence in Charles Town, the French and the Spanish sailed from the West Indies with five war ships to capture the town. When these vessels were seen just outside of the harbor, drums were beaten and signal guns were fired in Charles Town. The settlers came rushing in from the neighboring country, and Governor Johnson put a rifle into the hands of every man who was able to carry it. Two days later the five war vessels crossed the outer bar with all sails set. The wind and the tide brought them swiftly towards the town, but when the French commander saw heavy guns in position and the Caro- linians behind the guns ready to fire, he turned about and •anchored his vessels near Sullivan's Island, not far from the mouth of the harbor. 32 THE MAKING OF SOL'Tll CAROLINA Col. William Rhett, a bold seaman, was now asked to take part in the affair. He made ready six small sail- ing vessels, by mounting some cannon on their decks. Rhett then sailed toward the mouth of the harbor to give battle to the enemy. The latter raised their anchors From a survey made in 1701, PLAN OF CHARLES TOWN and made their way quickly outside into the open sea and sailed southward. Rhett followed in pursuit of them, and a few days later captured one of the French war vessels. Thus failed the first attempt made by a fleet of war ships to take the beautiful city by the sea. The courage; of the Carolinians directed by Governor Johnson and Col. Rhett saved Charles Town from the French and Spanish. An Established Church. — After driving away the French, Governor Johnson turned his attention to reli- CRAVEN DKFEA'l'S TUK YEMASSEE8 3B gioiis affairs in tlic colony. A law was passed to the effect that the Episcopal Church and its clergymen should be supported as they were before, by taxes paid by all the people. At the same tune it was agreed that any person in the colony might continue his member- ship in any church that he preferred, and might worship God in any way that he wished. South Carolma was divided into ten parishes, and it was determined that a church should be built in each parish. The London Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in foreign countries sent out a number of ministers to the colony. CHAPTER X. CHARLES CRAVEN DEFEATS THE YEMASSEES. The Tuscaroras Subdued by Barnwell. - The Tus- caroras were a cruel, warlike tribe of Indians who lived in North Carolina. They fell suddenly upon the settlers in that colony, and murdered more than two hundred of them (1711). The people of South Carolina at once offered to help their brethren in the neighboring colony. Col. John Barnwell marched into North Carolina with a body of South Carolina riflemen. A number of friendly Indians were in his little army. He drove the Tuscaroras into one of thc^ir towns near the Neuse Piver, and at the muzzle of the rifle made them agree to live at peace with the North Carolina settlers. '64: THE MAKINCi} OF SOl Til CAROLINA Charles Craven. — From 1712 until 1710 Charles Craven was govi^-nor of South Carolina. Hi; sliowed great wisdom and prudence in the management of public affairs and won the good will of th(^ people. He had THE AUTOGRAPHS AND COATS-OF-AKMS OF GOVERNOH CRAVEN AND HIS COUNCIL a law passed imposing a fine upon every person who failed to attend religious worship on Sunday. The Tuscarora Uprising of 1713. — The Tuscarora Indians did not long keep the peace in North Carolina. They began again to murder settlers and to burn their homes. Governor Craven sent a body of white men and CRAVEN DEFEATS THE YEMASSEES 35 friendly Indians, commanded by James Moore, a son of the former governor of that name. Moore marched north- ward to the Tar River, and completely defeated the Tus- caroras. Those that were left alive in this tribe of red men then left the Carolinas and joined the Iroquois Indians, known as the Five Nations, in the colony of New York. The Yemassees. — In the year 1715 the Yemassee Indians tried to destroy ^11 of the settlers in South Caro- lina. These red men lived in the region near Port Royal and the lower Savannah River. For many years they had been friendly to the white colonists. The Spaniards of Florida, however, gave them guns and hatchets and knives, and persuaded them to make war against the people who were building homes upon the Indian hunt- ing grounds. The South Carolinians had now taken possession of nearly all of the land along the coast from Charles Town southward to Port Royal. Their log houses were stand- ing on the banks of the Ashley, the Edisto, the Combahee, and the Coosaw. At Beaufort there was a group of homes large enough to be called a town. From Beau- fort the settlers had advanced several miles up the small stream called the Pocotaligo, or Little Wood River. Here and there on the banks of this river stood little groups of log cabins, three or four in each group. Near them were great piles of logs sending up columns of smoke and flame to tell the Indian that the white man was clearing the land for the planting of corn and wheat. 30 TUK MAKING OF SOUTH C'AliOJ.lXA Farther up and beyond the liead of the l^ocotaligo River was th(^ ehief town of the Yeniassees. The Yemassee Uprising of 1715. — In th(» early spring of 1715, when the white man's axe was heard ringing in the forests, the Yeniassees met together and decided to have war. All of the other Indians in Caro- lina sent them promises of help. The warriors j^ainted their faces, loaded their Spanish nmskets, and sharpened their tomahawks, as their little hatchets were called. At the break of day, on the 15th of April, 1715, the Indians began their bloody work. They entered the house of every white settler on the Pocotaligo, and killed every person whom they could find. Ninety men, women, and children were slain near that stream. One hundred men were put to death near Port Royal. Then the red savages rushed up the coast toward Charles Town, killing settlers and burning their houses as they went. The Indians stopped at the Stono River, for Governor Craven was coming to meet them with a force of two hun- dred and fifty men, some of whom were on horseback. The Indians had the larger number of w^arriors, but they were not ready to meet Craven in open battle. They retreated before him do^\Ti the coast. He marched to the Combahee River and went into camp for the night. The Indian town was just sixteen miles away. The Carolinians lay down to rest in the tall grass. Just at daybreak a band of five hundred Yeniassees rushed CRAVEN DEFEATS THE YEMASSEES 37 upon them. The whizzing of arrows and the loud re- ports of muskets were mingled with the wild yells of the warriors. Craven was very calm and cool. He placed his men behind trees. AVhen the sharp crack of their rifles rang out many of the Indian leaders fell and the rest fled away. Meanwhile another body of riflemen had come by water from Charles Town to Port Royal. They sailed up the Pocotaligo, went ashore, and rushed into the chief town of the Yemassees. Some of the Indians took refuge in a fort. A young Carolinian named Palmer with six- teen men climbed over the wall of the fort, entered the ditches inside, drove the red men out and shot them as they ran. From the northern part of the colony a body of four hundred Indians marched towards Charles Town. The smoke of burning houses and the cries of dying men and women marked the line of their advance down the bank of the Cooper River. Ninety horsemen rode out to check them, but the horsemen were defeated and many of them were slain. Then, more than one hundred white men and negroes built a fort and tried to stop the Indians. The savages captured the fort and killed nearly all of those within it. A great company of men, women, and children was fleeing for safety towards the to\^^l between the Ashley and Cooper. Captain Chicken led a force of riflemen to meet the savages when they were near 38 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA Charles Town. Long and steadily the fight went on. The Indian arrows were well directed. The day was hot, for the battle was fought in June. The aun of the Carolinians was better than that of the red men, and at last the latter were forced to retreat. The danger was still very great. The Yemassees had sent messengers to the other Indian families in })()th Carolinas. Each of these messengers carried a '' bloody stick " as a sign that the time had come to go to war. Throughout the whole coast country the Indians painted their faces and seized their weapons. Ten thousand red warriors from all the Carolinian tribes were ready to attack the settlers. To meet them, Craven armed every colonist who could carry a rifle. He found that only twelve hundred men could be brought into th(^ field. A few soldiers came from North Carolina and Virginia to help him. Near the close of the year 1715 the Yemassees began again to burn and murder. Cra- ven led his army southward across the Edisto to meet fhem. Slowly and cautiously he advanced through th(^ forests until he reached the Indian camp. Suddenly the savages let fly their arrows and fired their muskets from the midst of a thicket of bushes. At the same time they kept up a fierce shouting and yelling. Cra- ven's men continued to move forward from tree to tree, taking careful aim with their rifles at each halting-place. The battle was fierce. Many of the Indians were shot down. At last the great body of red men ran away HOW THE CAROLINIANS lOUGHT THE PIRATES 39 from the field of battle and crossed the Savannah River. The Carolinians pursued them far down into the country held by the Spaniards. Four hundred settlers had lost their lives during this struggle with the savage foe, but the colony was saved. CHAPTER XT. HOW THE CAROLINIANS FOUGHT THE PIRATES. Governor Johnson. — While Robert Johnson, son of Nathaniel Johnson, was governor of South Carolina (1717—1719), his most important public work was the defence of the col- ony against pi- rates. These were English, French, and Spanish sail- the autograph and coat-of-arms of ors who became governor johnson sea-robbers. They sailed up and down the entire Atlantic coast, from New England to Georgia. They had swift ships with cannon mounted on the decks. Their crews were made up of thieves and cutthroats armed with knives, swords, pistols, and muskets. They stopped trading vessels on the sea and took away all the money and goods that they could find on board. Sometimes they murdered the crew of the ship that they seized. Blackbeard. — One of the most wicked of the pirate 40 THE MAKINCI OF SOlTIl CAIJOLIXA captains was called Hlackbeard, and he sailed IIk* ocean in a. large war shij) armed with forty big cannon. He captured three other ships and took Iheiii with him as pirate vessels. \\'ith his ficH't of four armed ships and four hundred men on board, Blackbeard sailed to Charles Town. He waited just outside the harbor and captured eight or nine vessels as they sailed out. A numlxn- of the citizens of Charles Town thus fell into his hands. The cruel Blackbeard then sent a message to the governor and the people of Charles Town that he wanted medi- cines and other supplies. He said that if these were not sent out to him, he ^vould send into the city the heads of the Charles Town prisoners. The medicines were sent to him and the captives were sent ashore. Soon after- wards the fierce old robber was captured and slain near the coast of North Carolina. The Pirate Bonnet. — Another cruel robber who made his home on the sea was named Stede Bonnet. He was an luiglishman who once lived on a farm on the island of Barbadoes. He bought a ship and named hc^r the Revenqe, and with a crew of seventy men as wicked as himself, started out on the ocean to kill and to steal. At first Bonnet sailed nortlnvard and captured vessels along the coasts of A^irginia, New York, and New Eng- land. He sailed again into the southern seas and there joined forces with Blackbeard. The two wild robbers had a quarrel, how^ever, and parted company. Bonnet secured a new crew of thieves, renamed his vessel the now THE CARUL1.\1A]S8 FOUGHT THE ITKATES 41 Royal James, and spread terror along the sea coast as far northward as Delaware Bay. He there captured two vessels and brought them southward to the Cape Fear River. The South Carolinians luul now made up their minds to capture Bonnet. Governor Johnson put two vessels in fighting trim and placed them mider the command of Col. William ^^^ Rhett. Upon one "^sSOS^ of them were eight cannon and seventy men; upon the other, eight cannon and sixty men. Rhett spread his sails and moved up the coast in search of the pirate. One day about sun- set Rhett's two ships ran into the mouth of the Cape Fear River. At the same time Rhett caught sight of the topmasts of Bonnet's three vessels some distance up the river. On both sides the crews spent the entire night in getting ready for a fight to the death. From a poi-tirdt in pa.ttel WILLIAM RHETT 4:: Tin-: making of south Carolina At sunrise the next morning the sails of the Royal James were spread, and the pirate ship came flying down the river before the breeze. Bonnet's idea was to run past Rhett's vessels and enter the open sea. Rhett saw this plan and at once steered his boats up the stream to meet Bonnet. The pirate was forced to go near the shore and there ran aground. At the same time both of Rhett's ships became stuck in the sandy bottom of the channel. One of these was too far out of range to take part in the fight. With only one small vessel Rhett be- gan the battle against the larger pirate ship. His men stood bravely to their guns and the ten cannon poured a continual fire into the Royal Jame^. Rhett's riflemen with careful aim picked off the pirate gunners one by one. But the deck of Rhett's vessel was swept by the pirate's guns and the fierce old Bonnet thought at first that he would win. His wild crew waved their hats in a taunting way and called to the Carolinians to come on board. The latter answered with defiant cheers. The great guns continued to roar and many fell on both sides. Thus the fearful battle went on for five hours. At last the tide from the ocean began to creep up the river. Both parties were anxious. The advantage would fall to that vessel which was the first to float. The rising waters swept higher and higher around them. The Carolinian boat was the first in motion and she sailed straight towards the Royal James. Bonnet stood upon his deck witli pistols drawn, threatening to shoot HOW THE CAROLINIANS FOUGHT THE PIRATES 43 any one of his own men who should refuse to keep up the fight. But the pirate crew threw down their arms and yielded. When Bonnet and his men were taken to Charles Town they were tried and found guilty of murder. They were all executed by hanging on the great wharf at the edge of Charles Town Harbor. Other Pirates. — Soon after Rhett's victory, two pirate ships commanded by Richard Worley appeared at the mouth of Charles Town Harbor. Governor John- son armed four vessels with heavy guns and sailed out just at dawn one morning in November, 1718. When he crossed the bar to the waters of the ocean the battle began. The two pirate ships were separated from each other. One of them was attacked by two of John- son's smaller vessels. The fighting was kept up for four hours at close range. The Carolinians at last ran very close to the vessel of the robbers, leaped on board, and captured the crew at the point of the sword. The other pirate ship tried to escape, but Johnson himself sailed in pursuit. The chase continued until the middle of the afternoon, when Johnson came near enough to open fire. His cannon-shot raked the deck of the enemy so well that the robbers hauled down their black flag and surrendered. Worley, the pirate captain, was killed in the battle. Many of his followers were slain with him. The rest were taken to Charles Town and hanged for the crime of nmrder. The cost of these two expeditions against the pirates 44 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA was about fifty thousand dollars. This was laid as a debt upon the people of South Carolina. They cheer- fully bore the burden in their own interest, and for the sake of the other colonies as well. The power of the sea robbers was broken by the two victories won over them by the South Carolinians. CHAPTER XII. PROPRIETARY GOVERNMENT OVERTHROWN. The Proprietors Oppressive. — In ] 719 a great change was made in the government of South Carolina. The chief leader of the people at that time was James Moore, who had led the expedition against the Indians of North Carolina (1713).. The chief cause of the Revolution of 1719 was the injustice shown to the settlers. The eight English Proprietors and their descendants had continued to appoint the governors of the colony. The chief aim of the Proprietors, however, was to get money out of the settlers by claiming a large rent for the use of the land on which the colonists lived. These lands wer^ defended by the settlers in three wars against th(,^ Span- iards, the Indians, and the pirates, but the Proprietors would not help the people to pay the expenses caused by these wars. On the contrary, the Proprietors now asked four times as nmch money for the rental of the PROPRIETARY GOVERNMENT OVERTHROWN 45 land as they had asked before. They claimed, also, that the lanrl of tlie Yemassees, from which the Indians had been driven by the settlers, must be bought from the Proprietors by the colonists. In addition to all these things, the Proprietors declared that they must make all the laws for the people of South Carolina. The People Resist the Proprietors. — These claims were more than the people could bear. They resolved that they would have nothing further to do with the Proprietors. In November, 1719, three of the leaders of the people, Alexander Skene, George I^ogan, and Wil- liam Blake wey, sent a letter to Governor Robert John- son, telling him that the colonists had made up their minds to throw off the rule of the Proprietors, and to place themselves directly under the protection of the king of England. They asked Johnson to become their governor under the authority of the king, but he refused to do this. James Moore Elected Governor. — On the 21st of December, 1719, the people of South Carolina came together in Charles Town. Flags were flying on the prin- cipal houses of the town and on the vessels in the har- bor. The men of the colony marched along the streets with rifles in their hands. They met in a body, called themselves the Convention of the People, and declared that they would no longer obey the commands of the Proprietors. They then elected one of their own num- ber, James Moore, to the ofltice of governor of South 46 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA Carolina. At the same time they sent a messenger to England to tell the king what they had done. South Carolina a Self -Governing Province. — The gov- ernment of the province was now organized in the name of the king of England. The Convention of the People elected twc^lve men to form the council. This body was expected to advise and aid the governor. The Conven- tion called itself an assembly or legislature, and began to appoint public officers and to make laws. The entire management of the affairs of the province was in the hands of the governor, council, and assembly, and these were all chosen by the people themselves. South Caro- lina was in reality a self-governing community during the entire administration of Governor Moore (1719-1721). South Carolina Becomes a Royal Province. — When the English king and Parliament heard of it, they sanc- tioned all that had been done by the people of South Carolina. They said that the Proprietors had lost the right to rule the province. The king sent Sir Francis Nicholson to rule the province in his name (1721-1729). During the chief part of his governorship, however, the affairs of the colonists were managed by Arthur Middle- ton as president of the council. In 1729 the English government paid the Proprietors for their claim to the soil. From that time until the Revolution South Caro- lina was a royal province. This meant that her gov- ernors were appointed by the king. SCOTCH, WELSH, AND GERMAN SETTLERS 47 CHAPTER XIII. SCOTCH, WELSH, AND GERMAN SETTLERS IN SOUTH CAROLINA. Governor Robert Johnson. — Robert Johnson, the hero of the war against the pirates, was the first royal governor after the purchase of the province from the Proprietors (1729-1735). His first council, which was appointed by the king, included William Bull, James Kinloch, Alexander Skene, John Fenwicke, Arthur Middleton, Joseph Wragg, Francis Yonge, John Ham- merton, and Thomas Waring. The people ever after- wards called him the " good governor, Robert Johnson." Sir Alexander Gumming. — In the very beginning of Johnson's second administration, Sir Alexander Gum- ming made a treaty of peace with the Cherokees, who lived in the northwestern corner of South Carolina. Sir Alexander set forth on horseback from Charles Town towards the country of the Cherokees. He had with him a numerous company. They all wore red coats trimmed with gold lace and had plumes in their hats. They made their way Lilowly through the forests until they came to Keowee, the principal Cherokee town, near the place where the courthouse of Pickens County now stands. Thirty- two Indian chiefs held a council with the Englishmen under the branches of a great tree at Keowee. The red men were dressed in bearskin cloaks, 48 THE MAKING OF SUlTll CAROLINA wore strings of shells around their necks and arms, and had large eagle feathers in their hair. Sir Alexander gave many presents to the Indians, and told them about King George the Second of England. The red men GEORGE THE SECOND" OF ENGLAND fell on their knees and proiidsed to obey King George Seven of the Indian chiefs went with Gumming to England, took the king by the hand, and called hhn '' Brother George." They j^romised to live at peace with the English colonists '' as long as the rivers shall SCOTCH, WELSH, AND GKli.MA.N SK'i TLKRS 49 run, as long as the mountains shall stand." They said that they would allow the settlers to build houses and plant corn all the way from Charles Town to the great mountains. King George gave rich gifts to the Indians and sent them home again. South Carolina in 1730. — When this treaty was made there were about fifteen thousand white settlers in South Carolina; they were all living near the sea between Port Royal and the Santee River. Most of them were in or near Charles Town. They had about tw^enty thou- sand negro laborers. Rice was raised for sale to the amount of eighteen thousand barrels each year. About fifty-two thousand barrels of pitch, tar, and turpentine and two hundred and fifty thousand deer skins were sent away annually. Raw silk, lumber, shingles, staves, and cowhides were also exported. The Carolinians were becoming prosperous from trade rather than by the growing of crops. Governor Johnson wished to open up the way into the lands that lay at a distance from the sea. He marked off the whole colony into twelve townships and offered to give a tract of fifty acres of land to each new settler who entered the colony. Georgia Made from South Carolina. — All that part of the territory of South Carolina lying west of the Savannah River was made into the colony of Georgia. In January, 1733, General Oglethorpe sailed into Charles Town Harbor with the first shipload of colonists who 50 TliK MAKI>'G OF SOUTH CAROLINA expected to settle in Georgia. Governor Johnson and the people of Charles Town gave them welcome. Homes were thrown open to the travelers. (>)1. William Bull went with Oglethorpe to help him pick out a favorable place on which to build the city of Savannah. Cattle and sheep were given to the Georgians, and many men from South Carolina helped the new colonists to build houses and to plant the first crops. The Scotch-Irish Settlement of Williamsburg. — Gov- ernor Johnson's offer of land to new settlers brought a company of Scots to South Carolina. As these Scots had been living for some years in the north of Ireland they were called Scotch-Irish. After a stormy voyage over the Atlantic they reached Charles Town. They then sailed up the coast to Georgetown harbor, and went up the Black River in small open boats. They made a settlement on the bank of this stream, near a large white pine-tree. Since all trees of this kind were kept for the use of the king of England, this beautiful pine which threw its shadow over their homes was called the King's Tree. This was the beginning of the present town of Kingstree. The whole of Williamsburg township was given to these Scots, one of whose leaders was John AVitherspoon. The first settlers had to bear many hardships. It was winter and there were no roads through the wilderness in which they lived. They had no horses. Wood and food were carried on the backs of men. Their first SCOTCH, WELSH AND GERMAN SETTLERS 51 liouses were log cabins, with nothing but the earth as a lioor. In many cases the house had no door; instead of that, one side of the cabin was left open. Wild beasts came near in the darkness and fires were kept burning all night to drive them away. Axes kept up a contin- ual ringing in the great woods ; trees were cut down and crops planted. The people had strong faith in God and great determination, and within a few years Williamsburg township became a happy and prosperous community. The Welsh Settlement on the Pee Dee River. — Two years later, 1736, a number of Welsh families built homes in the " Welsh Neck," a tract of rich land lying in a bend of the upper Pee Dee River. The leader of this colony was James James. Many influential men of South Carolina sprang from the people of " Welsh Neck." Later still (1746) some Highlanders came directly from Scotland and built homes in the present Darlington County. The German Settlements. — About 1730 a few pio- neers' families led by the Thomsons, the McCords, and the Russells entered the region now called Orange- burg County. Five years later about two hundred German-Swiss settlers came to the same region. They were Lutherans in religion. In 1732 a body of Ger- man and French-Swiss colonists built homes on the Savannah River, forty miles from the mouth of that stream. They called their settlement Purr3^sburgh, in honor of their leader, John Peter Purry. 52 TlIK MAKlNli OF SOUTH CAROLINA From Orangeburgh the Gcriimns iii()V(>(l u}) tlio banks of the Congaree. Withm a period of ten years, from 1736 to 1746, they built homes among the rolling hills of the famous Fork country, between the Broad and Saluda rivers. The German settlers were honest people, and they smoked their pipes together in peace. The}^ arose early in the morning and worked in the fields until long after sunset. Many worthy and influential men were trained in the German communities to render noble service to the colony and to the state of South Carolina. CHAPTER XIV. THE PEOPLE OF SOUTH CAROLINA MAKE THEIR OWN MONEY LAWS. Charles Pinckney. — Charles Pinckney was the son of Thomas Pinckney, an Englishman who came to live THE AUTOGRAPH OF CHISF JUSTICE TINCKNEY in Charles Town in 1692. Charles went to England to get an education; when he came back to Charles Town he became a lawyer; later in life he was made chief jus- tice of the colony. MOIVEY LAWS 63 The first public office held by Pinckney was that of iiieinber of the body of lawmakers of South Carolina. This body had always furnished the money to pay the expenses of the colonial government. In 1735, however, Thomas Broughton, acting as governor, added the sum of ten thousand dollars to the public expenses, and told the lawmakers that they must pay it. The governor was spending the money of the people without asking their consent beforehand. Pinckney saw that the governor must be held back from doing this. On the 28th of March, 1735, he stood up in his place and offered the following reso- lution, which was adopted by the Carolinians. '' That, The Commons' House of Assembly in this Province . . . have the same rights and privi- leges in regard to intro- ducing and passing laws for imposing taxes on the people of this prov- ince as the House of Commons of Great Brit- ain have in introducing people of England." Pinckney's Resolution From a porf7'ait in pastel THOMAS BROUGHTON and passing laws on the Contains the Principles of 54 THE MAKING OF yOUTlI CAROLINA the American Revolution. — This resolution meant that in passing money laws the people of South Carolina had the same freedom that was possessed by the people of England. Thus, forty years before the beginning of the American Revolution, Charles Pinckney set forth the principle upon which that struggle was based. In 177G all of the colonies went to war with England for tlu; purpose of holding fast the freedom that was clahned and held by South Carolina in 1735. CHAPTER XV. THE CULTIVATION OF THE INDIGO PLANT. George Lucas and his Daughter Elizabeth. — About the year 1737, Colonel George Lucas, an English army offi- cer, brought his wife and daughters to South Carolina. William Bull was the governor of the colony. Colonel Lucas bought three plantations or farms near Charles Town. His home was established upon one of these on Wappoo Creek, west of the Ashley River, six miles by water from Charles Town. When Colonel Lucas returned to his army duties in the West Indies, his family and his three plantations were left to the care of his eldest daughter, Elizabeth Lucas. She was about sixteen years of age when her father first went away from the country home on the Wappoo. In letters written at th(; time, Elizabeth Lucas telb THE CULTIVATION OF THE INDIGO PLANT 55 US that she was m the habit of rising at five o'clock in the morning. She read books in the library until seven, and then took a walk in the garden and in the fields to see that the laborers were at work. Then she went to breakfast. The first hour after breakfast was given to music, the second hour to the French language and other studies. The rest of the morning until dinner was spent in teaching the young negroes how to read. After dinner there was music and needlework, until it was dark enough to light the candles, then books were read and letters written until bedtime. The whole of each Thursday was spent in writing letters. One day in each week was spent in visiting neighbors who lived in beautiful houses on the Stono and on the Ashley. Sun- day was given up to the reading of the Bible and explain- ing it to the negro servants, and in teaching them to pray. It was a busy life that the young girl, Elizabeth Lucas, led among the mocking birds and the magnolias, near the beautiful waters of the Wappoo. She planted oak trees and fig trees. She watched the fields of rice in the swamp lands. She kept an account of the butter and lard made on the three farms, and sent to market beef, pork, corn, peas, white oak staves, and rice. Eggs were packed in salt and sent to her father in the West Indies. She was always careful to buy supplies of medicine and cloth, salt, sugar, and tools for the colored laborers. Beginnings of Indigo Cultivation. — This worthy 56 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA young woman was anxious to help the planters of Soutli Carolina. Only oim crop was of great profit, and that was rice. She tried cotton and ginger, but met with little success. Then her father sent from the West Indies some indigo seed. His daughter planted it near the house at Wappoo. The first plants were withered by frost and the second crop was cut down by a worm. The third planting furnished a good crop of seed, most of which was generously given to neighboring farmers. Large tracts of land were planted in indigo, and in 1747 more than one hundred thousand pounds of good blue dye were sent to England. Moses Lin do, a Jew, did more than any other man of that time to encour- age the people to plant it. Next to rice, indigo became at once the most valuable product of South Carolina. Just before the Revolution the yearly crop amounted to more than one million and one hundred thousand pounds. The Married Life of Elizabeth Lucas. — In 1744 Elizabeth Lucas became the wife of Chief Justice Charles Pinckney. She went to live at her husband's home, CHARLES I'INCKNEV THE CULTIVATION OF THE INDIGO PLANT 57 Belmont, on the Cooper River, just above Charles Town. There Mrs. Pinckney planted trees and tried to grow flax and hemp. She taught the negro women how to weave cloth from wool and cotton. With her own hands she wound the silk thread that was made by silk worms at Belmont. During a visit afterwards to England, three silk dresses were made from this thread. One of the dresses was given to the mother of King George the Third, and one of them, a shining gold brocade, was worn by Mrs. Pinckney herself when she was received at the royal palace. This dress has been handed down to her descendants of the present day. Just before the marriage of Mrs. Pinckney a fire swept through Charles Town. The oldest and most valuable part of the town near the present East Battery was destroyed. The English people sent a large sum of money to aid the sufferers. Governor Bull bravely led his people in the work of rebuilding the beautiful city. A law was passed that only brick and stone should be used in the construction of new houses. Justice Pinckney bought a whole square on East Bay, and built a handsome mansion in the centre of it, facing the harbor. The house was of brick, two stories high, with roof of slate. There was a wide hall running from front to rear. One of the rooms on the second floor was thirty feet long and had a high ceiling. The whole house was wainscoted. The mantelpieces were high and narrow, 58 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA with fronts beautifully carved. In this house were oorn the two sons of Charles Pinckney and Elizabeth Lucas, his wife; namely, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Thomas Pinckney, who rendered great service to their country during the Revolution and afterwards. In this volume the reader's attention is directed chiefly towards the deeds of the men of South Carolina. But what man, one may ask, ever labored more unselfishh' and more successfully to help his people than did Elizabeth Lucas for hers ? This noble woman nmst ])e given a place among those who have aided in building up the connnonwealth. CHAPTER XVI. TREATIES WITH THE INDIANS OF THE UPPER COUNTRY. Governor Glen. — On the lOtli of December, 1743, a new governor arrived at Charles Town. He was a Scot named James Glen. The guns of Fort Johnson were fired in Glen's honor as the war ship which brought him sailed into the harbor. Then all the cannon of the city fired a salutes when the ship Ic^t go her anchor. The new official came ashore and walked between two rows of soldiers to the council chamber in the city. He then presented a paper which declared that the king of Eng- land had sent James Glen to be governor of the province TREATIES WITH THE INDIANS 69 of South Carolina. Then the council and the members ,of the legislature and the other prominent men of Charles Town walked with the governor to an open space at the edge of the water, where the above-named paper was read. I^oud hurrahs, the firing of cannon, and a volley of musketry greeted the reading of the royal commission. Governor Glen marched again to the council chamber and took the oath of office. The whole company concluded the ceremonies of the day by dining with the governor at the city tavern. In this manner Glen began the work of his governorship, which was to last for thirteen years (1743-1756). Glen Treats with the Cherokees and Creeks. — Ten years after Gk^n's inauguration, a fierce war was going on between the Creek Indians and the Cherokees. The governor wanted to restore peace among the red men. He therefore asked the chiefs of the Cherokees to come to Charles Town. On the 4th of July, 1753, he met the red men m his council chamber. The Indians sat for a long time smoking their pipes in silence, with their bearskin cloaks about them. Governor Glen urged them to live at peace with the Creeks. The Cherokee chief, Attakulla-kulla, or "Leaning Wood," spoke for the Indians. He was small in size, but had great courage and good sense. He was called Little Carpenter by the white people. He spoke in the loud tone of voice that was common among the Chero- kees, while the other chiefs made grunts to show that 60 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA they agreed with him. When the Cherokees went away the chiefs of the Creeks came to Charles Town and puffed their pipes in the council chamber with Governor Glen. When the smoking and the talking were ended, both tribes of Indians had agreed to stop fighting. The Building of Forts. — Governor Glen bought from the Cherokees a piece of land in the upper Carolina country. Upon this he built a fort and caHed it Fort Prince George. It stood on the upper Savannah River, near the Indian town of Keowee. Fort Moore had been already built farther down the Savannah River, at the place where Hamburg now stands. A third pJace of refuge, named Fort Loudon, was erected on the Little Tennessee River, five hundred miles west of Charles Town. War with the Cherokees. — After Glen retired from office, the Cherokees began to make war against the settlers in the upper country of South Carolina. They murdered some white people, burned their homes, and then seized Fort Loudon. The second William Bull was then lieutenant-governor. He assembled a body of riflemen and placed them under the command of Thomas Middleton. Some other Carolina officers who were of the company were Henry Laurens, William Moultrie, Francis Marion, Isaac Huger, and Andrew Pickens. A force of British troops under Colonel Grant came to help them (1761). After a long march across the hills to the west- TREATIES Wmi THE INDIANS 61 ward, the little army found the red men posted behind trees upon a steep hillside. The battle was fierce and bloody, and lasted all day. From tree to tree and from rock to rock the Carolinians fought their way up the hill and drove the Indians before them in flight. They fol- lowed in hot pursuit and at midnight arrived at a larger Indian town. The white soldiers rushed into the town, set fire to the Indian huts and tents, and burned them to ashes. The English and Carolina troops then marched through the country of the Cherokees and burned all their villages and laid waste their fields. Peace with the Cherokees. — Attakulla-kulla, or Little Carpenter, then came to the white soldiers and asked them to stop fighting. The Indian chief was sent to Charles Town to see Governor Bull. The latter went out to meet Little Carpenter, took him by the hand, and bade him welcome. A fire was kindled, and a pipe was lighted, called the pipe of peace. This was passed around among the company in silence. The Little Carpenter asked for peace, and peace was granted him by Governor Bull. 62 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA CHAPTER XVIT. PATRICK CALHOUN, THE FIRST LAWMAKER FROM THE UPPER COUNTRY. Patrick Calhoun. — We have now seen the men who were leaders in the work of making settlements near the seacoast of South Carolina. We have followed some of the settlers as they made their way from the seashore up the four great rivers, the Savannah, the Edisto, the Santee, and the Pee Dee. We must now turn our eyes to the northern border of the colony to watch the coming of a great multitude of settlers from Scot- land. Among these new colonists we shall see a strong, brave man leading the rest of his people in the worlv of building homes in the highlands. This man is Patrick Calhoun, the father of the great and good South Caro- lina statesman, John C. Calhoun. Scotch Emigrants to the Upper Country. — Patrick Calhoun was a Scot, a descendant of that large body of people who left the lowlands of Scotland and crossed over to Ireland, where they were called Scotch-Irish. Then the}^ sailed across the Atlantic to Pennsylvania. Some of them made their way southward from Pennsyl- vania through Virginia into the Carolinas. The journey through the forests was long and weary. The women and children were borne along in carts. The men walked in advance, some with rifles and some with PATRICK CALHOUN, OF THE UPPER COUNTRY 63 axes. Each night the company of pilgrims went into camp. Aromid the great camp fire they sang some of the Psalms of David and prayed for God's guidance THE GRAVE OF CATHARINE OALHOUN, GRANDMOTHER OF JOHN C. CALHOUN and protection. At last the Calhomis and other Scots came to the upper country of South Carolina. Long Canes Settlement. — In February, 1756, Patrick Calhoun led a small group of Scots with their fannlies into the region west of the Saluda River. The land near 64 THE MAKING OF SUl ril CAROLINA the creeks and rivulets was covered with wild cane from five to thirty feet in height. They built homes on Long Cane Creek, in the present Abbeville County. Their community was nauied the Long Canes settlement. In the year 1760 some Indians attacked this settlement and killed a number of the colonists. The rest fled, and among the number, Patrick Calhoun. Afterwards he returned to the comitry of the cane brakes, in Abbeville. The Waxhaws Settlement. — About the year 1760 a company of Scots cut down the trees and built log cabins in the district known as the Waxhaws settle- ment. These early settlers wore buckskin breeches and woolen hunting-shirts. They had caps made of raccoon skins, with the tail of the animal hanging from the back part of the cap. They were good marksmen, and their rifles brought down game at long range. They built their log houses near the rivers and creeks, and the first season after their arrival a crop of corn was grown. The stream of Scots from the northward kept on bringing settlers to the Waxhaws. A log church was built. The earth was the only floor and the seats were made of split logs. The people of the settlement came together in this building every Sunday to worship God according to the Presbyterian form of service. The Settlement of Lancaster • County . — Through the Waxhaws settlement the stream of settlers poured into the region now called Lancaster County. Then they PATRICK CALHOUN, OF THE UPPER COUNTRY Q5 crossed the Catawba and found the hills and ridges cov- ered with forests of hickory, chestnut, and oak. The ground in the woodlands was hidden under a carpet of wild-pea vines and wild flowers. This fair region of forest and vine and flowing stream was the home of vast numbers of buffaloes, deer, bear, turkeys, partridges, geese, and ducks. The Scots made it their own home and their habitations remain in this earthly paradise until this day. From the Catawba region they passed across to the headwaters of the Broad and Saluda. One of the early settlers on Tyger River in the present Spartanburg County was Anthony Hampton from whom sprang all the great soldiers bearing the name of Hamp- ton in South Carolina. Other Settlements in the Upper Country. — About 1765, as captain of the armed men of the settlement, Patrick Calhoun marched some distance down the Sa- luda to meet and offer welcome to two bodies of set- tlers who entered the colony at Charles Town. One of these was made up of Germans, who settled on Hard Labor Creek, in Abbeville County. The other company was a group of Huguenot families, who established themselves near Long Canes. The Calhouns furnished them for a time with food. The Huguenots called their settlements New Bordeaux and New Rochelle, and afterward they gave to the county the French name, Abbeville. Just before the outbreak of the Revo- lution some Scots sailed to Charles Town Harbor and dd THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA then moved into th(i highlands to join the other Scots who were jnoving southward from Pennsylvania and Virginia. These Scots took possession of nearly all of the upper country of South Carolma. They were intel- ligent people, and worked with great energy. They killed the wild beasts, drove away the Indians, cut down the forests, and planted corn and wheat. They built churches and schoolhouses. Their ministers were well- educated men, and the people themselves had a good knowledge of the Bible. Patrick Calhoun Admitted to the South Carolina Legis- lature. — In 1768 Patrick Calhoun, with a few others, presented himself before the legislature at Charles Tow^n THE AUTOGRAPH OF PATRICK CALHOUN and asked the rulers of the colony to show more justice to the settlers in the highlands. These settlers wished the same privileges that were given to other tax-payers. They asked the lawmakers to open public roads, to organize courts of justice, to allow the upper country to send delegates to the legislature, and to help the mountaineers as th(^y helped the lowlanders to build schoolhouses and churches and to secure ministers. In the following year (1769) Patrick Calhoun took liis PATRICK CALHOUN, OF THE UPPER COUNTRY 67 seat among the lawmakers at Charles Town as the first representative chosen by the peoi)le of tlu; upi)er country. Patrick Calhoun's last wife was the daughter of John Caldwell, a Scot who joined the settlement in Abbeville. Their son was John Caldwell Calhoun, South Carolina's great lawgiver. PART II. SOUTH CAROLINA'S PART IN THE REVOLUTION. 1775-17S8 CHAPTER XYlll. THE GROWTH OF THE TRADE OF SOUTH CAROLINA, Lord Montagu and Governor Bull. — During the first twelve years of the Revolutionary period, that is, from 1763 until 1775, the province of South Carolina grew rapidly in population* and in wealth. She was still an English colony, and Lord Charles Greville THE AUTOGRAPH o¥ MoRtagu was thc govemor ap- GOVERNOR BULL • j. 1 I. i.1 1 • r T,^ 1 1 x pointed by the kmg ot J^ngland to rule the province. Governor Montagu spent most of his time in England, however, and left the management of affairs in the colony to Lieutenant-Governor William Bull. The latter was the most influential man in the colony at that time. He built up the trade of South Carolina until she became perhaps the most prosper- ous of the American colonies. South Carolina in 1775. — The Scots continued to 68 THE GROWTH OF TRADE 69 pour ill to the upper country until the number of white people in the colony in 1775 was about seventy-five thousand. More than half of these lived in the high- land country. In addition, there were about one hun- dred thousand African laborers. Nearly all of these lived among the people near the seacoast, where they cultivated the rice and indigo plantations. The Caro- linians had attempted several times to prevent the coming of so large a number of negroes ; but the ships of England and of New England continued to unload them in the colony. South Carolina's Trade in 1775. — As lieutenant- governor, William Bull gave much attention to th(^ de- velopment of the trade of the colony. This trade became very large just as the Revolutionary struggle began. Every year about one hundred and forty thou- sand barrels of rice and more than one million pounds of indigo were sent from Charles Town, Beaufort, and Georgetown, the seaports of South Carolina. This trade in rice and indigo alone was worth about five mil- lions of dollars each year. Besides these articles, cattle, lumber, tar, staves, and the skins of wild animals were sold in large quantities. Every year about three thou- sand wagons made the long journey from the upper country to Charles Town to carry the furs and corn and wheat of the highlands to market. A large fleet of vessels was needed to carry the merchandise. South Carolina had some of her own vessels engaged in it. 70 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA There were five shipyards m the colony. Most of the vessels, however, were English. We are told that one could often stand on the wharf and count as many as three hundred and fifty sailing vessels, great and small, in Charles Town Harbor, coming in or going out or waiting to receive their cargoes for th(^ markets beyond the seas. It was the largest volume of trade that went out from any port in America. Charles Town in 1775. — At the time of the Revolu- tion about fifteen thousand people were living in Charles Town. It was then the largest and richest city m the Southern colonies. The principal street was named Broad. There were many large, handsome, brick dwelling houses, two stories in height. As trade was the chief business of the people of Charles Town, some of her most important citizens were merchants. Among these were Isaac Mazyck, Gabriel Manigault, and Henry Laurens, all three of whom were Huguenots; also Benjamin Smith, Miles Brewton, and Andrew Rutledge. These and many others became very rich. They filled their houses with beautiful bedsteads, sideboards, chairs, and tables, made of mahogany and cherry and brought from London. There was a large qu^mtity of silverware on the side- boards. Handsome coaches and carriages were also brought across the sea. Social Life of Charles Town. — Many of the South Carolina planters also built beautiful houses in Charles Town and spent the summer months in the city. In THE GROWTH OF TRADE 71 winter they dwelt on the plantations. Around the dwellings in Charles Town were gardens filled with the flowers brought from former lionies in England and France. To these old flowers was added the glorious beauty of the Carolina rose and jasmine and magnolia. The merchants and planters who lived in Charles Town in the time of Governor Bull, and afterwards, wore handsome and costly clothing. The ruffled shirt was of linen, the coat of broadcloth, the vest of velvet, and the shoe buckles of solid gold or silver. Their wives and daughters wore dresses made of silk or satin and covered with beautiful figures wrought in gold thread. The scarfs and gloves were of lacework. All of these garments were made in London and brought over in trading vessels. The life of the people in Charles Town was full of gaiety. There were dinner parties, theatre parties, balls, and concerts. There were games of ball and games at cards, with the more vigorous sports of fox hunting, horse racing, and shooting at targets. Culture and Education. — The first public library was fomided in Charles Town in 1698. In the year 1748 a number of young men organized the Charles Town Li- brary Society, which exists to this day. The St. Cecilia, a musical association, was organized in 1762. The South Carolina Gazette began its career as a weekly news- paper as early as 1732. There were numerous schools. Many private tutors also gave instruction to the youth of the colony. Many 72 THE MAKlNc; OF SOiril CAKOMNA A VIEW OF CHARLES TOWN, FROM AN of the young men of South Carolina went to England to pursue their studies in the schools and universities of the mother country. Governor William Bull, Jr., was himself one of the first native Carolinians to complete a course of study in medicine in Europe. There were a number of skilled physicians and as many as thirty- five well-trained lawyers in South Carolina at the be- ginning of the Revolution. Nearly all of these had received their education in England. Governor Bull wished to have higher education at home, and in 1770 he urged the legislature to establish a college in South Carolina, but the approach of war prevented the suc- cess of the plan. Charles Town was thus the home of THE GROWTH OF TRADE \*tittu-*;Vtf i^V™*)^*^ AS!£-A^ :^^Jkf^iStriff^tL^e r.\ J\- ( i /', - ttii Wf^ Si '"S**^ i t I ' ' ^TlWtf^ p ^M: ENGRAVING MADE TN LONDON ABOUT 1765 a cultivated and brilliant people. Their leaders were men of learning, of high and worthy persona] character, and moved by noble and patriotic purposes. The People of the Middle and Upper Country. — Equally patriotic and noble were the people of the middle and upper country. Their lives were full of hardship. They had few slaves or servants. Their houses were made of logs or of rough boards, and their chimneys were usually made of split boards, plastered with mud. The fireplaces were wide and were used for cooking. Stools and benches served as chairs. Their dishes were of wood or pewter. The men did the work with their own hands and raised the crops 74 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA that furnished bread to the family. Their most profit- able industry was cattle raising, from which some of them became rich. The boys and girls were trainee I to do their part of the work of the house. From child- hood the boys rode on horseback and learned to use the rifle. They knew how to depend upon themselves. When the Revolutionary War came on and the British armies entered this upper country, the boys and young men of that region knew what to do. They planned attacks against the enemy in their own w^ay. They captured forts in a manner not spoken about in books. They could ride fast and shoot straight, and they did more than any other people of equal numbers to win freedom for the American colonies. CHAPTER XIX. OPPOSITION TO THE STAMP ACT. Christopher Gadsden. — Christopher Gadsden was born in Charles Town in the year 1724. He went to Iilng- land and studied Latin and Greek and Hebrew in the schools of the mother country. When he returned to Charles Town he became a merchant, and in this busi- ness was very successful. He also gave much of his time to the management of his plantation. He was made captain of a company of artillery. When the OITOSrriON TO THE STAMP ACT 75 Cherokee Indians began their war against the settlers, Gadsden led his cannoneers into the upper country to meet the red men. The Struggle with Governor Boone. — While Joseph Boone was governor of South Carolina (1761-1764), Christopher Gadsden was elected a mem- ber of the legislature by the people of Charles Town. Gov- ernor Boone said that the people had not managed this election in a proper manner, and that the legis- lature must make some new rules about conducting elections. The lawmakers re- fused to do this. Then the * governor said that he would not allow the lawmakers to meet together. They replied that they would not have any dealings whatever with Governor Boone. They refused also to pay his yearly salary. Boone gave up his governorship and went back to England. In this struggle with the king's repre- sent-ative Gadsden was the chief leader of the colonists. From a portrait by Sir Joshua Reynolds CHBISTOPUSB GADSDESf 76 THE .MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA THE AUTOGRAPHS OF RAWLINS LOWNDES AND CHRISTOPHER GADSDEN Thii driving a way of Boone was the beginning of the Revolution in South Carolina. The Passage of the Stamp Act. — When George th(» Third, king of England, saw that the American colonies were growing rich, he determined that he would force some t/y /y /^ money out of '^^2/^Cr. ^,^/^U^J/^l^^lX them. He claimed that the land and the people in America all be- longed to him, and that he could do with them as he pleased. The king said that he would use the money of the colonists to protect the colonies against the Indians. He persuaded the British Parliament to make a law called the Stamp Act. It was passed early in 1765 and provided that all business documents in the colonies, such as wills, deeds to land, marriage licenses, bonds, and contracts, must be written on stamped paper. A stamp was also to be placed on books and newspapers. The stamps and stamped paper were to be made and sold by the British government at a good prc^fit. Men called stamp distributors were appointed to brmg them across the sea and sell them to the colonists. Gadsden Stirs up the People of South Carolina against the Stamp Act. — When the news of the passage of the Stamp Act came to Charles Town the people were not orrosirioN to the stamp act 77 pleased. Christopher Gadsden was a bold man and he loved his own people. He wished to see them hold fast to their liberties. He was plain and bhmt in his speech and he was now full of anger. He stirred up the people of the colony to let Great Britain know that they would not pay any tax laid upon them by the British lawmakers. South Carolina's Protest. — The South Carolina leg- islature came together. Gadsden had great influence among the members, and they prepared at once certain resolutions as a reply to the Stamp Act. They said that the British rulers were already making money out of the trade of the colonists. As to the defence of the colonies against the Indians, they said that South Caro- lina always had furnished and always in the future would furnish her share of men and money to fight the red men. They therefore declared that no taxes could be rightly laid upon the people of South Carolina by any body of men except the Carolina lawTnakers. The Stamp Act Congress. — The legislature then sent three men, Thomas Lynch, John Rutledge, and Chris- topher Gadsden, to attend a meeting of delegates from the different colonies. The meeting was held in New York City and was called the Stamp Act Congress. South Carolina's three delegates had a prominent place in the work of that body. When the Congress proposed to send a petition asking the British Parliament to withdraw the stamp tax, Gadsden spoke with great 78 THK MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA force, urging the delegates not to ask any favor from the Britisli lawmakers. '' We do not hold our rights from them," he exclaimed. *' We should stand ujKm the broad common ground of those natural rights that we all feel and know as men and as descen- dants of Englishmen.'' In these words Gads- den set forth the prin- ciple upon which the American people stood in their fight against King George the Third. They fought for the natural right to gov- ern itself that belongs to every body of people. Reception of the Stamps. — Near the clvse of the day, Oct. 18, 1765, a British vessel from London sailed into Charles Town Harlx)r. She brought stamps and stamped paper to be sold among the colonists. Gads- den was absent in New York attending the Congress, but the people whom he had instructed took action at once. They met together that same night and built a gallows twenty feet high at the intersection of two streets in the most public part of Charles Town. They GEORGE THE THIRD OF ENGLAND OITOSITION TO THE ISTAMF ACT 79 made up bundles of old clothes in the shape of men, tied a rope around the neck of each figure, and sus- pended it from the gallows. Each man of cloth had a card fastened upon Mm with the words, " The Stamp Seller." The words, " Liberty and No Stamp Act," were written on the gallows. The next night the figures were cut down and placed in a wagon. Ten horses -drew this wagon through the principal streets and a great crowd of people followed. When they came to a wide grass plot, a fire was kindled and the figures rep- resenting the stamp distributors were burned. It was very clear that the people of Charles Town were ready to fight against the sale of stamps, and the stamps were not brought into the city. Repeal of the Stamp Act. — Early in 1766 the British lawmakers repealed the Stamp Act. They were per- suaded to do this chiefly by the great statesman, Wil- liam Pitt, who said that the British had no right to lay a tax on the colonies. The Carolina lawmakers came together and Rawluis Lowndes, one of their number, urged them to have made a marble statue of Pitt, their friend in England. This was done, and the statue was erected. It is standing to-day in Washington Square, in Charles Town. The Carolina legislature also asked Lynch, Rutledge, and Gadsden to allow their portraits to be painted. These pictures Avere placed in the hall of the legislature as a testimonial to the faithfulness with which these men had served their country. »U Till': .MAKlNti OF .soL'l'll CAKOLINA CHAPTER XX. THE "LIBERTY TREE'' PARTY. William Johnson. — William Johnson was a black- smith. He came to Charles Town from the colony of New York. He was a man of honesty and hitelligence, and he wished to see the people of South Carolina govern themselves. While Great Britain was trying to force money out of the colonies by means of a stamj) tax, William Jolmson asked some of the blacksmiths and carpenters and other mechanics of Charles Town to meet him under the large oak tree that stood in Mr. Mazyck's pasture lot near the town. Frequent meetings were held there, and the oak soon became known as the ^^ Liberty Tree," because Johnson and his friends talked there about the rights of the colo- nists.^ Christopher Gadsden sometimes spoke to the patriots under the " Liberty Tree," and they became his chief supporters in the fight against the Stamp Act. Under the " Liberty Tree." — After the repeal of the Stamp Act, Johnson and his followers met imder the '' Liberty Tree " to talk over the affairs of South Caro- lina. Gadsden was present. He made a speech in * This tree was destroyed l)y the British after they captured Cliarles Town. It stood in tiie center of the stiuare now hounded by Cliarlotte, Washington, Callioun, and Alexander Streets. THE "LIBKIJTV TliKE" PARTY 81 which lie told them tlmt the, British government would certainly jnake aiiotlier attempt to lay a tax upon tlie colonists. His words were given the ch)sest attention. Then the whole party joined hands, and each one sol- emnly promised that he would fight against any further effort of the British king and Parliament to force money from the colonists. They did not have long to wait. In June, 1767, the Brit- ish Parliament passed another set of laws called the Townshend Acts, after their au- thor, Charles Town- shend. These acts ])laced a tax on glass, wine, oil, painters' colors, paper, tea, and other articles that were bought by the colonists. The first act of Johnson's followers was to name Gadsden as a suitable man to elect as one of the new members of the legislature. They then met under the oak tree, hung lights in its branches, and fired sky rockets to show that they were still ready to fight for freedoin. Governor Mon- THOMAS LYNCH, JR. 82 THE MAKING OF SOl'TH CAROLINA tagii would not, liowev(M-, allow the new legislature to remain long in session. The tax still rested upon the colonists. Non-Importation Agreement. — At lour o'clock one afternoon in July, 1769, Johnson and his company met under the '^ Liberty Tree." They j^repared a written agreement which every one in Charles Town was asked to sign. The merchants of the town held a meeting, also, and drew up the same agreement, which was that the signers of this paper would not buy any goods or articles ^ from British mer- Y y /) / (7 chants except pow- THE AUTOGRAPH OF EDWARD RUTLEDGE ^ ' J " to ^ ' also not to buy any negro laborers brought by British ships. For more than a year the Carolinians kept this agreement. Then, after the other colonies began again to ])uy British goods, the people of Carolina allowed British merchan- dise to enter their ports. Tea Tax. — The opposition of the colonists to the British tax laws caused th(i British government to take away the tax from every article except tea. Then the ship London, commanded by Captain Curling, came across the ocean from London laden with two hundred and fifty-seven chests of tea (1773). When the London cast anchor in Charles Town Harbor, the people of the colony were told that they could buy the THE "LIBERTY TREE'^ PARTY 83 tea at a reducod i)rico. In addition to the low price of th(^ tea, however, they \\\n'e expected to pay also six cents as a tax upon each i)()un(l of it. The people of the city at once held a meeting in which it was agreed that the tea mnst not be sold. They were not willing, they said, to pay to Great Britain a tax of any kind whatso- ever. The tea, therefore, was stored away and left unsold. Another ship came later with more tea. Then some of the merchants of Charles Town to whom this tea had been sent threw all of the tea chests into the sea. First Continental Congress. — During the summer of 1774 a call was sent throughout all of the thirteen colonies, asking each one to send delegates to the first Contmental Congress at Philadelphia. A general meet- ing of the people of South Carolina was therefore held at Charles Town on the 6th of July. Men were there from nearly every part of the colony. The patriots of the '' Liberty Tree " were all present and took a leading part. The talking went on throughout the entire day. The next morning the great meeting continued the dis- EI)N\ AKl) RITLEDGE «S4 THI<: MAKIN(J OK SOl'I'll ("AK'oMNA cussion, and Ihcii five (Viroliuiaiis were elioseii tf^ speak at, Philadelphia for their colony. These were Henry Middleton, John Rut ledge, (Christopher Gadsden, Thomas L3Tich, and Edward Rutledge. CHAPTER XXI. PREPARING FOR WAR. Arthur Middleton. — Arthur Middleton was the grand- son of that Arthur Middleton who held the position of President of the Council of South Carolina from 1724 to 1729. The younger Middleton was sent to England to receive his education. When he returned to South Carolina he became one of the leaders of his people in their opposition to the laws passed by the English government. Christopher Gadsden, William Henry Drayton, and Arthur Middleton were the three men who kept on telling the people of South Carolina that they must fight for their liberty. Gadsden was in Philadelphia much of the time, as a member of the Continental Congress. In their fight against the British laws, therefore, the people were led by Drayton and Middleton. The Provincial Congress. — On the 11th of January, 1775, a large body of men met together at Charles Town. They came from every district of South Cai'o- lina. As representatives of the people of South Carolina rilErAUlNG FOR WAIl 85 they called themselves the Provincial or Colonial Con- gress. They claimed that in the name of the people they had a right to manage all of the affairs of the province. They ap- pomted a secret com- mittee to take any action that might be necessary. This com- mittee, consisting of William Henry Dray- ton, Arthm' Middle ton, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, William Gibbes, and Edward Weyman, acted at once. The night after their appointment they seized the public pow- der, muskets, and swords which were stored at Charles Town. They wished to be ready for the struggle that was near at hand. On Sunday, June 4, 1775, the Provincial Congress met again. Religious services were first engaged in by the members, and then a written agreement previously prepared was read. This bound the members " under every tie of religion and honor, to associate as a band in the defense of South Carolina against every foe, . . . solemnly engaging that whenever our Continental or From a immature WILLIAM GIBBES 8G Till-: .MAKING OF ^SOUTll CAI^OLINA Provincial Councils .sluiU deem it necessary, we will go forth and be ready to sacrifice our lives and fortunes to secure her freedom and safety." The paper was then spread upon a table and every member of the Congress came forward and wrote his name upon it. This public agreement meant that the people had now deter- mined to have a govern- ment of their own. The men who thus offered their lives and fortunes in behalf of freedom de- termined that the colonists should be furnished with swords and gims. They voted a million dollars to pay the expenses of the soldiers, and then appointed a council of safety to manage all the affairs of the colony. The Council of Safety. — This council consisted of Henry Laurens, Charles Pinckney, Rawlins Lowndes, Thomas Ferguson, Miles Brewton, Arthur Middleton, Thomas Hey ward, Jr., Thomas Bee, John Huger, James Parsons, WiUiam Henry Drayton, Benjannn Elliot, and William Wilhamson. This council was given power to command all soldiers and to use all public money in the colony. The council was now the real ruler of the THOMAS HEYWARD, JR. PRErAUING FOR WAR 87 people. Two members of this comicil were ready and eager to drive away all of the king's officers and thus make a complete end of the royal government. These two were William Henry Drayton and Artlmr Middleton. Reports of War from the Other Colonies. — The bat- tles of Lexington and Bunker Hill, in Massachusetts, were fought early in 1775. During the sununer of that ^'^•^ THE AUTOGRAPH OF THOMAS HEYWARD, JR. year G(^n. George Washington, as commander of the American army, drew a line of soldiers around Boston and kept the British army in that town. Washington needed powder for his riflemen, and he sent letters to the various colonies, asking them to send it. Middle- ton and Drayton acted upon the instant. With the aid of some Georgians the South Carohnians captured a British vessel which was bringing powder to the Indians. Five thousand pounds of this valuable article were sent at once to Boston. AVashington's rifle- men and cannoneers used it in drivhig the British army out of New England. Approach of British War Ships. — There was great excitement in Charles Town on the 15th of September, 1775. Early on that morning the people looked across 88 THE MAKING OK SOITH CAIJOLINA the harbor to Fort Johnson and saw Soutli Carojma riflemen holding tlic fortress. These soldiers belonged to Moultrie's regiment" and were led by Colonel Motte. Acting under the orders of the Council of Safety, they had crossed the harbor during the previous night, cap- tured the small body of British soldiers, and hauled down the British flag. On the same day Lord William Campbell, the last of the royal governors, left Charles Town and went on board a British war ship. The colony of South Carolina was now ruled entirely by the Council of Safety, which was appointed by the people themselves. Thomas Heyward, Jr., led his artillerymen into Fort Johnson to help Motte's riflemen. A blue flag with a crescent in the corner and the word ^' Liberty " in the center was raised over the fort. This was South Carolina's flag. Under that banner the sol- THE LIBERTY FLAG ^^1^^^ wcrc uow ready to fight for their liberty against any force that Great Britain might send against them. First Battle of the Revolution in South Carolina. — On the 12th of November, 1775, the first battle of the Revolution in South Carolina was fought. Two British war vessels lay before Charles Town. When they tricMl to enter the harbor some old boats were sunk in the channel to keep them out. The British gunners then opened fire against the Defence, a small Carolina JOHN KUTLEDGE 89 war vessel. Captain Simon Tufts of the Defence re- plied with his guns, and Heyward's cannon at Fort Johnson sent their balls through the sails of the British vessels. The latter did not dare to come close to the town. The war had now begun. It was Sunday, but on that same day the Congress of South Carolina met together and asked Almighty God to help them in the great struggle. CHAPTER XXII. JOHN RUTLEDGE, FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE INDE- PENDENT STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. John Rutledge. — John Rutledge was the son of a physician named John Rutledge who came to South Carolina about 1730. The young Jolm and his brothers, Edward and Hugh, were sent to England to receive an education. They all became lawyers in Charles Town. John and Edward were members of the Continental Congress at Philadelphia in 1774 and also in 1775. After the battle fought in the harbor on the 12th of November, John Rutledge was made a member of the Council of Safety. He was soon afterwards chosen as first president of the separate and independent state of South Carolina. Establishing a Commonwealth. — The Provincial Con- gress, whose members were chosen by the people of the colony, met at Charles Town on the 1st of February, 90 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA 1776. They went to work to make a new form of gov- ernment to take the place of the king's government. You remember that the king's governor and the king's government had been (hiven out of the colony months before (Sept. 15, 1775). The first step in i\\v work was the appoint- ment of a committee. This committee wrote out a plan for the new government which w^as read to the entire con- gress. From day to day, for about twelve days, the members continued to talk about the new method of government. Then on Tuesday, March 26, 1776, the vote was taken and the plan was adopted. The president and secretary of the congress then signed the written form which declared that South Carolina was no longer a colony subject to the king of Great Britain, but that she was a free and independent state. At four o'clock in the afternoon of the same day (March 26), the represent- atives of the peo]3le met again. They declared that they were the general assembly or law-making body of the new state of South Carolina. They elected thirteen JOHN RUTLEDGE ic^Ji^ JOHN IIUTLEDGE 91 men of their own number to sit separately as a leg;is- lative comicil or upper house of lawmakers. John Rutledge was then chosen pres- ident of South CaroUna. Henry -. ^ THE AUTOGRAPH OF PRESIDENT RUTLEDGE Laurens was elected vice-president. The title of governor was brought into use in 1779. South Carolina the First Colony to Become an Inde- pendent State. — The new state government was estab- lished in the name of the people of South Carolina. From that day onward they ruled themselves. They were not subject to any other government on earth. They said at the time that if the king of Great Britain would treat them justly and not tax them, they would accept him again as ruler. The king began to fight them, however, and for eight years the war went on in America. South Carolina was the first colony among the thirteen to throw off the royal authority and to set up in its place a new, independent government of her own. 92 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA CHAPTER XXIIT. VILLIAM HENRY DRAYTON, FIRST CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE INDEPENDENT STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA. William Henry Drayton. — A\illiain Henry Drayton was born at Drayton Hall on the Ashley River, a few miles from Charles Town. He went to p]ngland when he was a boy, in company with Charles Cotesworth Pinck- ney and Thomas Pinckney. These three lads attended Westminster School in London, and afterwards went to Oxford University. Then they returned to South Caro- Una to work and fight side by side against that unjust ruler. King George the Third. Drayton began to write letters to the papers about certain great rights and liberties which belonged, he said, to all of the American colonies. The people of the middle and upper parts of South Carolinti had been with- out law courts for the trial of thieves and other criminals, l^'or this reason the settlers had organized themselves as regulators, and had taken into their own hands the punishment of evildoers. At times serious disturbances arose when they tried to maintain peace and order. At last Drayton was appointed to the position of judg(\ In 1773 he went into the middle and highland regions and opened courts of justice. The people were greatly pleased. In his charges to the grand juries Drayton told the colonists about their rights. Many WILLIAM IJKNRV DIIAVTON 93 of them were ready from that time onward to defend those rights against the king and Parliament. In company with Arthur Middletoii, Drayton was, as we have seen, one of the two leaders who urged South Carolina to prepare for a fight wdth England. On the 12th of Novem- ber, 1775, Drayton as president of the Pro- vincial Congress, was on board of the vessel Defence, in the harbor of Charles Town. He stood among the gun- ners and encouraged them to keep on firing their cannon-balls at the British ships. Drayton was the real commander of the Car- olina guimers in that first battle in Carolina waters against Great Britian. Drayton as Chief Justije of South Carolina. — On the 26th of March, when the new state began her life, William Henry Drayton was elected by the assembly as the first chief justice or judge in the new government. He took his seat upon the bench in Charles Town. One of his first duties after he opened his court was to de- 94 THE MAKIN(} OF SOUTH CAROLINA liver a charge to the grand jury. In this charge Judge Drayton told them about the principles of right upori which the independent state of South CaroUna was established. The people of England, said Drayton, changed their king in 1688. They drove out a bad king and set up another one. The people of South Caro- lina, in 1719, did the same thing. They cast off the Lords Proprie- tors and asked King George the First to rule over them. When King George the Third came to the throne, he began to treat the colonies unjustly. His oppression became so burdensome that the people of South Carolina cast him off and were re- solved from that time onward to rule themselves. The Almighty had created America to be independent of England, continued Drayton. America's prosperity was already so great, said he, that the British rulers wished to take away from the colonies som-e of their money and power. But God himself was reaching forth His hand to deliver the colonies from their enemies and A.RTHUR MIDDLETON WILLIAM HENRY DRAYTON 95 to give them freedom. " Let us offer ourselves to be used as instruments of God, in this work/' said the chief justice in conclusion. By so doing, the South Carolinians would become '' a great, a free, a pious, and a happy people." When Judge Drayton opened his court at Orange- bur^h on the 28th of May, 1776, the grand jury of that district presented an address to him. They spoke of the new state constitution as " framed for the good, welfare, and happiness of those who are to live under it." ^' We declare," they said, " that as we do most heartily approve of, so we are determined with our lives and with our fortimes to support, maintain, and defend it." This patriotic paper was signed by the following Germans and Scots of the upper and middle country: Henry Felder^ George King, Michael Leitner, William Heatly, Garrit Fitzpatrick, Adam Snell, Gasper Brown, John Mc Williams, Henry Rickenbaker, Henry Whetstone, Henry Crum, Godfrey Dreher, and Jonas Beard. 96 THE MAKING OF 80UTH CAROLINA CHAPTER XXIV. MOULTRIE^S DEFENCE OF CHARLES TOWN. The British Prepare to Attack Charles Town. — In the month of March, 1776, General AVashington drove the British troops out of Boston. The British govern- ment then sent a hirge body of soldiers under General Chnton and a large fleet of war vessels under Admiral Parker to conquer the Southern states. Early m June Parker's ships with Clinton's soldiers on board came to the mouth of Charles Town Harbor. It was their purpose to use cannon m breaking down the defences of Charles Town and then to send the soldiers ashore to capture the city and the people of the new state at the point of the bayonet. William Moultrie and His Fort. — South Carolina was ready to meet her enemies. She had already raised five regiments of riflemen and had placed them under the command of Christopher Gadsden, William Moul- trie, William Thomson, Isaac Huger, and Thomas Sum- ter. The artillery regiment under Owen Roberts and Barnard Elliott mounted a number of cannon for the defence of the city of Charles Town. William Moultrie was continually urging his soldiers to finish the fort on Sullivan's Island. TIk^ men worked with a will and day by day the walls of the fort rose higher. Cannon were arranged behind these walls and Moul- MOLLTKIF/S DKFKNCR OF CIIAIJLKS TOWN 97 trie was ready to fight the whole fleet of British war vessels. William Moultrie^ was the son of Johir Moultrie, a physician, who came from Scotland to Charles Town about 1725. Wil- liam went with the South Carolina sol- diers to fight the Cherokee Indians in 1761. When th(^ quarrel about taxes began, he often met with the patriots of Charles Town under the "Liberty Tree " to talk about the rights of free men. He was made colonel of the second regi- ment of South Caro- lina soldiers. With his riflemen and some cannoneers he took up a position in the fort on Sullivan's Island on the north side of Charles Town Harbor. The walls of the fort were made of palmetto logs supported by bags of sand. The fort was unfinished on the land side. Moultrie had twenty- five cannon ready for use against the war ships. 98 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA The British Attack. — The British led their entire force against Sullivan's Island. Clinton took his sol- diers ashore and tried to reach the rear of Moultrie's fort. Thomson's regiment, however, hiM Clinton's army at bay. On the morning of the 28th of June, 1776, Admiral Parker's fleet of eleven war vessels sailed slowly towards the fort. The sea was smooth. The sky was clear, and the Sim was pouring down a fierce heat. When the great, heavy ships of the British navy spread their sails to catch the breeze, it was a sight to bring fear to the heart of even a strong man. Moultrie was looking out from his wall of palmetto logs. Above him waved the blue flag of Carolina, upon it the crescent and the word ^' Liberty " in large letters. " Well, Colonel, what do you think of it now? " said a friend. " We shall beat them," replied the gallant Moultrie. " Sir," said the other, " when those shi})s come to lie alongside of your fort, they will knock it down in half an hour." " Then," said Moultrie, " we will lie behind the ruins and prevent their men from landing." Parker came close to the land and opened fire with two hundred and seventy heavy guns. The booming and crashing of the British cannon were terrific, and the smoke covered the sea and land like a cloud. The Carolinians stood bravely to their work. Th(^y took careful aim and fired slowly. Their balls went MOULTRIE'S DEFENCE OF CHARLES TOWN 99 straight to the mark and did great harm to the British ships. The balls from the war vessels did little injury to the fort; they merely buried themselves in the sand or in the soft, spongy palmetto logs. After a long battle of ten hours the British gave up the fight and sailed away from the fort. Admiral Parker lost one From the paintitKj by Mevtel SERGEANT JASPER AT FORT MOULTRIE of his ships, and some of the others were so badly in- jured that they had much difficulty in sailing as far as New York. Sergeant Jasper. — While the battle was raging, the flagstaff of the fort was shot away and fell with the flag outside of the wall. Sergeant Jasper was a brave soldier, who knew how to fight for his country. He leaped outside of the fort, tore the flag from the staff, 100 TIIK IVIAKliNi; OK SOUTII CA1U)LINA and brought it back. He then fastened it to another staff, climbed to the top of the wall and planted it there. The shells from the encMuy's camion were rain- ing around him, but he stood there to give three cheers for the blue Liberty Flag. Jasper then went back to his gun and kept on sending heavy shot towards the fleet. Another brave Carolinian, Sergeant McDaniel, was struck by a ball from one of the enemy's ships. With his last breath he called to his comrades, " Fight on, my brave boys; don't let liberty expire with me to- day." On the sixth day after the great battle, that is on the 4th of July, 1776, President John Rutledge entered Fort Moultrie. The gallant defenders of the fort were drawn up in line and Rutledge thanked them for their defence of Charles Town. He then took his sword from his side and gave it to Sergeant Jasper as .a reward for his courage. On that same day, July 4, in the Conti- nental Congress at Philadelphia, four of South Carolina's delegates, Edward Rutledge, Thomas Hey ward, Jr., Thomas Lynch, Jr., and Arthur Middle ton, voted for the adoption of Thomas Jefferson's great paper known as the Declaration of Independence. The fifth delegate, Thomas Lynch, was sick and unable to cast his vote. WILLIAM THOMSON DEFENDS CllAKLES TOWN lOl CHAPTER XXV. VILLIAM THOMSON DEFENDS CHARLES TOWN AGAINST A BRITISH ARMY. William Thomson. — William Thomson was a Scot. He was bom in Pennsylvania in 1727, during the jour- ney of his parents from the north of Ireland to Caro- lina. When he was three years old he was brought by his father to the country that lies west of the Con- garee River, m the present Orangeburg County. Young Thomson there spent the years of his early manhood upon his father's plantation. He soon became known among his comrades as a very skillful marksman with a rifle. When he was about thirty years old, Thomson was appointed captain of the frontier Rangers. This was a body of riflemen who rode about on .horseback to preserve order and peace in the middle and upper country. He led his men bravely in battle against the Cherokees in 1761. In June, 1775, William i^/^ / yy Thomson was ap- ,^*^--5^i^^^i?^^^22/^ pointed lieutenant- y^^/l^^^ ^T^ colonel of the Third ^ — ^ Regiment made up of '^"^ autograph of captain caldwell the mounted riflemen whom he had led before this time. They were Scots, Germans, and Huguenots from the middle and upper country. One of the captains under ■^ r" •"i^ O /^ r% ;^ I® ■-■'■==>.^^ ^>^^^'' / ^ ^ £ i ifl 5 y 2 WILLIAM THOMSON DEFENDS CHARLES TOWN 103 Thomson was John Caldwell, an uncle of John C. Calhoun. The Tories Attacked. — Thomson's first service against the king was in the upper country. In company with William Henry Drayton, William Tennent, Ely Ker- shaw, and others, he went among the Germans and Scots in " The Fork " between the Broad and Saluda rivers, to persuade them to fight against the king. Some of the people of that region led by Thomas Fletchall said that the king of England had never done them any wrong and that they would not fight against him. Fletchall was supported by some members of a family named Cuningham. The latter collected a force of riflemen and declared that they would fight for the king. Colonel Thomson led a body of one thousand men against the friends of the king, who were called Tories. He found them in camp at Great Cane Brake, on Reedy River, near the present Greenville. There he captured some of the Tories and scattered the rest (Dec. 22, 1775). A few small companies of the Tories kept up for some years afterwards their fight for the king. One of their leaders was so fierce and cruel that he was called '' Bloody Bill " Cuningham. This man was at first with Thomson, but later he joined the enemy. The British Army Attacks Charles Town. — On the 1st of June, 1776, Cblonel Thomson was sent to the eastern end of Sullivan's Island. He had about seven hundred 10-4 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA backwoods riflemen under his command. The fleet of Admiral Parker was then lying at anchor just out- side Charles Town Harbor. Soon afterwards General Clinton landed three ^^j/'^^^Z^f/^,^ thousand British Island, now called THE AUTOGRAPH OF COLONEL THOMSON ^}^g \A'^. of PaluiS and made ready to seize Sullivan's Island. On the 28th of June, while Parker's fleet was pouring shot into Fort Moultrie, Clinton led his army to the narrow strait of water that lay between him and Thomson's force. The tide came in strongly and filled up the strait so that Clinton's men could not wade through. Clinton had a number of armed boats to aid him in crossing. Thom- son's men had thrown up a breastwork and they had two cannon. The aim of the Carolina riflemen was deadly. They shot down every British soldier who came within range. The grapeshot from the cannon swept the decks of Clinton's boats. Thomson's backwoodsmen were amused when they saw the two big guns throwing a pocketful of bullets, as they said, among a crowd of their enemies. Clinton's whole army was thus kept from crossing the strait. The British plan of attack- ing Fort Moultrie by a land force from the rear ended in failure. We see, then, that while Moultrie was beating the British fleet, Thomson was winning a vic- tory over the British army. Both of these Carolinians ANDREW WILLIAMSON DEFEATS THE CHEROKEES 105 fought to gain the glorious victory of the 28th of June. It was the first complete defeat suffered by the king's soldiers in the American Revolution. The entire Brit- ish plan of conquering the south at that time was a fail- ure. Parker and Clinton sailed away to New York and left the southern colonies free from attack for two whole years. CHAPTER XXVI. ANDREW WILLIAMSON DEFEATS THE CHEROKEE INDIANS. Andrew Williamson. — Andrew Williamson was a Scot who lived near the upper Saluda River. He went to Charles Town, in 1768, with Patrick Calhoun, to ask the legislature of the colony to establish courts of justice in the upper country. AVilliamson was a leader among the soldiers of his own section, and was appointed by them to the position of major. In 1775 he gathered around him at Ninety-Six a body of <«• j^ five hundred and sixty- ^^^^^'^^^A^A;*>'«^v^/-' two riflemen. Two of ^^^^^//j.^^"S^^V^^^^ 148 TIIK MAKLNG OF SOUTH CAROLINA be known by the epaulettes or badges which they wore upon their arms or shoulders. Tarleton's force amounted to about eleven hundred men. He had also two cannon. These opc^ned fire upon the Americans, and at the same time the British foot soldiers and horsemen moved forward witli a rush and with loud shouts. It was about the hour of sunrise and the red coats of the British soldiers were seen advancing through the smoke that was rolling from the mouths of the cannon. AVhen the enemy had come within fifty yards of the line of Pickens, the latter gave the word. With a crash the mountain rifles roared out as if one great gun had bc^en fired. Again and again the rifles spoke, and down fell the offlcers who were leading the British attack. Then the men who carried the muskets in Tarleton's line staggered. As they paused, another volley from the Americans stretched many of them upon the ground. The force of Tarle ton's attack was broken. The American victory was really won among the trees in the front part of the field where the men of Pickens fought. But Tarleton would not give up. He dashed forward on his horse and cheered his men. They fixed bayonets and advanced. Pickens and his men fell slowly back and the British met the American rear line near the top of the long slope. Then William Washington and James McCall swept around with their horsemen against the right end of the British line. At the same time Pickens ANDREW FICKENS HELPS TO DEFEAT THE BRITISH 149 led his men around to the left end of Tarle ton's line. There at close range they poured in a deadly volley. The greater part of the British troops threw down their muskets and surrendered. A few of them escaped from the field, among them Tarleton himself. The victory of the Americans was complete. Eight hundred British soldiers were lost. Tarleton's bloody work was brought to a sudden end, and a staggering blow was given to Cornwallis himself. One third of his army was snatched THE AUTOGRAPH OF HENRY HAMPTON from liim ])y the victory at the Cowpens. The Caro- lina riflemen, led by Pickens, played the chief part in winning that glorious field. Pickens Harasses the British. — The defeat of Tarle- ton did not hold back CornwaUis from his northward march. He moved his forces into North Carolina and fought against Greene at Guilford Courthouse. Pickens and his mounted men gave Cornwallis much trouble in the movements that took place just before that battle. Then Pickens led his soldiers swiftly back again, for there was work to do in his own state. Rawdon's British 150 THE MAKIKG OF SOUTH CAliOLkNA force lay at CaiiKlcii. Pickens swept down through th(j western highhvnds, and called th(^ men of that region to seize their arms and enter the battle. They heard and answered his call. All the inhabitants of the upland coimtry were aroused, and they followed Pickens to Augusta, just beyond the Savannah, in Georgia. Lines were drawn around the town, and in June the British force located tlun'e surrendered to Pickc^ns. Some of Sumter's Men. — The chief leader in South Carolina was still Sumter. He bound up his old wound and called his comrades around him. Lace}^ Hratton, Hill, Taylor, AMnn, and Henry Hampton all led forth thcar horsemen to join Sumter. An- other brave soldi(^r came jiow to aid Inm in the fight. Until this time AVade Hampton, brother of Henry Hampton, had given his promise that he would not fight against the king. The king's soldiers, however, came and seized him, .^ -^.„„;-- ."^^ i^^ '- ■ c ^2^ eh had driven the owner, Mrs. Rebecca Motte. When Marion and Lee attacked the post, Mrs. Motte herself show^ed them how to set fire to the roof of the building by means of arrows which had been sent to her from India. AVhen the flames burst forth above the heads of the British troops, they surrendered. The fire was afterwards put out and the house of the heroic woman was saved. The post at Granby, near the site of the; present Colum- bia, was also taken from the British. Then Sumter callcnl the forces of Pickens, Marion, and Lee to join his o^vn horsemen and rode swiftly towards Charles Town. Wade Hampton and Lee led the advnnce 'i'hey fought tlieir way to Quinhy P>ridge, witliiii twenty- five miles of the city. The British forces were too NATHANAEL GllEENE THE AUTOGRAPH OF AiNDKKVV TKJKKNS llELl'S TO DEFEAT THE BlUriSll 153 strong, and Sumter slowly fell back towards the high- lands. His capture of British forts and soldiers com- pelled Rawdon to leave Camden and turn towards Charles Town. Greene had come again into South Carolina, but Rawdon drove him off the field at Hobkirk's Hill, near Camden. Greene tried. to take Ninety Six from the British, but failed. Then, as the British army drew nigh to the coast, Greene attacked them at Eutaw Springs, near the lower San tee, and was again repulsed. colonel wade hampton Wade Hampton by fierce fighting kept the British back in their pursuit of the American army. Th3 British forces were soon compelled to take refuge hi Charles Town. They had been driven out of South Carolma chiefly by Sumter, Marion, and Pickens, and their gallant followers. These men saved their own state, but they also did much more than that. They held back Cornwallis so long from making his march northward, and they crippled his army so severely, that Washington was enabled to bring his forces south- ward to Yorktown in Virginia and there capture Corn- wallis and his men. The Carolinians thus had a large share in the work of winning American independence. 154 THE MAKINCJ OF SOUTH . CAliOLlNA CHAPTER XXXIIT. SOUTH CAROLINA BECOMES A STATE IN THE UNION. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. — The eldest son of Chief Justice Charles Pinckney and of Elizabeth Lucas, his wife, was given the name Charles Cotesworth. He was born in 1746, and while he was still a mere boy he was taken by liis father to England. His brother Thomas and his young friend, William Henry Drayton, bore '^-^^ /^^;^^x>;^5^^--^ fi THE AUTOGRAPH OF CHARLES C. PINCKNEY him company. These lads became pupils in the West- minster school, near Westminster Abbey, in the city of London. Dressed like English boys, the}^ studied lessons and played games with the other lads in the great city. They went next to the University of Oxford, where Charles Cotesworth Pinckney made rapid progress in the study of Latin. He returned to London and was there trained as a lawycT. When this training was completed, young Pinckney came back to Charleston and put on the black silk gown which lawyers then wore, and went into the court room to play well his part before the judges and the SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE UNION 155 juries. Nobly did he carry out the wishes of his father, as written in the latter's will, that Charles Cotesworth would '' employ all his future abilities in the service of God and his comitry," and that as a lawyer he would never speak in favor of "irrehgion, in- justice, or wrong, oppres- sion or tyranny of any knid, public or private." Pinckney's Service dur- ing the Revolution. — In the autumn of 1769, when war with England was in the air, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney took his seat as a mem- ber of the legislature in Charles Town. On that same day Patrick Calhoun was sworn in as a member from the upper country. When the war of the Revolution began Pinckney became a member of the Provincial Congress. Then he buckled on his sword. His first important service was the setting up of a battery which drove the British war vessels out of Charles Towti Harbor; this was followed by the building of Moultrie's famous fort on Sullivan's Island. In 1780 Pinckney was in command of Fort Moultrie. The British war ships sailed past the fort, however, and CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNEY 156 THE MAKING OF iSOUTll CAROLINA threw their shells into Charles Town. He came to hv\p his people to defend the city, and was not willing to surrender when General Lincoln gave up the fight. But Pinckney had to yield himself along with the rest, and was kept by the British as a prisoner until the close of the war. A Meeting of the South Carolina Legislature. — On the .MOII.I KIE LSth day of January, 1782, there was nmch excitement in the little village of Jacksonborough, located on the western bank of tlie Edisto River, about thirty-five miles from Charles Town. The legislature of South Carolina met that day in the village. Many noble pa- triots were there, called together by Gov. John Rutledge. Still wearing their military clothes, some of them cut and scarred by wounds received in battle, the soldiers of Carolina were there as lawmakers. Pickens was then SOUTH CAROLINA IN Till-: UNION 157 in the Cherokee country fighthig the IncUans. But Sunit(^r, Marion, the Calhouns, the Hamptons, Thom- son, Hill, Winn, Lacey, Thomas, Taylor, Hammond, Gervais, and Kershaw were present to speak for the middle and upper country. From the lower country came the Pinckneys, Gadsden, Moultrie, Heyward, the Rutledges, Harden, Baxter, Postell, and the Horry s. Most of these gallant leaders had been made prisoners when Charles Town fell, and during the rest of the war had suffered all the horrors of prison life on British war ships and in dungeons at St. Augus- tine, Florida. The people of every section of the state were represented in this body of lawmakers. It was the first time that this had ever taken place. South Carolina was now an independent state, and from the sea to the mountains her people were now more closely united than ever before in all their history. Thomas Pinckney as Governor. — Let us now look forward a few years to the 24th of February, 1787. On that day Thomas Pinckney was made governor of the commonwealth. Charles Town had had, in 1783, THOMAS PINCKNEY 158 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA its name changed to Charkiston, but it was still the capital city. A procession was formed, with the sheriff in front bearing the sword of state. Behind him walked the new governor and all the lawmakers. The march was taken up through the Senate chamber until the head of the crowd reached the balcony. There the herald called out in a loud voice to the people in the street below that Thomas Pinckney was governor of the state of South Carolina. The Pinckneys as Members of the Federal Convention, 1787. — A few months later, that is, in May, 1787, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney took his seat in the famous conven- tion that met in the city of Philadelphia. The other delegates from South Carolina were Charles Cotesworth's cousin, Charles Pinckney, John Rntledge, Henr}' Laurens, and Pierce Butler. Representatives were present from all but one of the thirteen States, and among them were the most famous men in America at that time. George Washington was president of the body. Its purpose was to form the independent States into a republic. Many plans for a constitution were offered. Charles Pinckney, who was then under thirty years of age, presented a plan to the convention very much like that which was finally adopted. The debates were serious and ran through many months. John Rut- ledge and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney spoke often. The other members were always ready to listen to their advice. They had a large share in the work of preparing SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE UNION 159 the great document known as the Constitution of the United States, which was completed by the convention in September, 1787. South Carolina Ratifies the Federal Constitution. — On the 12th of May, 1788, a convention met in Charles- ton. The members of this convention had been elected by the people of the various districts of South Carolina. Governor Thomas Pinckney sat in the chair as president of the body. Upon the table in front of the president was laid a large paper document. It was a copy of the Constitution of the United States, prepared by the Philadelphia convention, during the previous year. The question under discussion in the Charleston meeting was this: " Shall we give our consent to this Constitution? " Thomas Sumter and some other members from the upper country said, '' No." The Rutledges, Moultrie, William Washington, who was then a citizen of Charleston, and many others, said that the convention ought to adopt the Constitution. The leaders of this party were Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Charles Pinckney, who had THE AUTOGRAPH OF GOVERNOR PINCKNEY - helped to frame the Constitution in Philadelphia. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney spoke often and ear- nestly. He explained and pleaded and persuaded. 160 THE MAKliNG OF SOUTH CAROLINA Largc'ly through his infiueiice the convention adopted the Constitution. On the 23d of May, 1788, Tlionias Pinckney, as president, signed the adopting act, and thus South CaroUna became a member of the federal republic known as the United States. PART III. THE MEN OF THE COMMONWEALTH. 1789 - ISGO CHAPTER XXXIV THOMAS PINCKNEY AS MINISTER TO ENGLAND. President Washington in South Carolina. — At an hour one morning in the month of May, 1791, George Washington, first President of the United States, rode out of Georgetown, South Caro- Una. He was seated in a carriage whose doors and sides were painted in beautiful colors. In the carriage, also, by the side of the president sat Thomas Pinckney, former governor of the commonwealth. Four fine horses drew them along 161 me painting by Stuart GEORGE WASHINGTON 162 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA at a lively pace. Other carriages followed, and a number of gentlemen galloped behind on horseback. The horses' heads were turned southward. The travelers were borne in ferryboats across the North Santee and South Santee. Great fields of rice were spread out on each side as they dashed along. At a distance of fifteen miles from Georgetown, the party turned aside from the pubHc highway, and drove through a long lane to a handsome house that stood on the southern bank of the Santee. Beneath the portico, whose roof was upheld by tall pillars, a group of Carolina women was waiting to receive the president. They wore silk sashes upon which were painted words of welcome. The central figure in the group was the widow of Chief Justice Pinckney, whom we first learned to know as Elizabeth Lucas. By her side stood her daughter, the widow of Col. Daniel Horry and the owner of the house in which they were assembled. Mrs. Pinckney's son, Thomas Pinckney, climbed down from the coach, and then helped General Washington to alight. When the president ascended the steps of the portico he greeted the noble dames in a solemn, stately manner. It was eleven o'clock in the morning, and the entire company entered the large room called the ball- room, and sat down at the long breakfast table. A little army of colored men, women, and boys came in a steady procession, bearing huge covered dishes from the kitchen. Back and forth they passed in quiet haste, THOMAS PINCKNEY AS MINISTER TO ENGLAND 163 bringing to the guests the various parts of the bountiful feast. When President Washington stood again beneath the portico in readiness to depart, a strong, young oak was pointed out to him. It stood so near the house that the owner had made up her mind to cut it down. The president advised her not to do so, as he said that an oak is a thing which no man can make. The tree is still standing and is known to this day as '' Washington's Oak." In his solemn way. General Washington bade fare- well to the aged Mrs. Pinckney and told the driver to turn the heads of the horses towards Charleston. Forty miles was the distance, but the whips cracked and away the party sped. At the gates of the city the president was greeted by Governor Charles Pinckney, Gen. William Moultrie, Charles C. Pinckney, and his kinsman, Col. William Washington. A great ball was given in Washington's honor at the Exchange. We are told that four hundred beautiful women were pres- ent. On the 9th of May, 1791, President Washington set forth toward Savannah. On the 22d of May he entered Columbia on his return journey northward. This new town on the Congaree River had, in 1786, become the capital of South Carolina. The loyal devo- tion of the people of the commonwealth toward Wash- ington was shown in the reception and dinner which they gave him in the new State House on the 23d of May. Uj4 tiik makix(j of south CAKOLINA Thomas Pinckney Becomes Minister to England. — Tn the year that followed the journey through the South, that is, in 1792, President Washington asked Thomas Pinckney to g(^ to London as nunister or ambassador to England from the United States. Washington knew that no other man hi our whole country was so well ({ualified to fill this position as Thomas Pinckney. Let us now^ recall the way in which the latter had spt^nt his liiV. Some Facts in the Early Life of Thomas Pinckney. — Thomas Pinckney, second son of Charles Pinckney and Elizabeth Lucas, was born hi 1750. At the age of three years, he was taken to England. At Westminster school, in London, he was the leaxk^r of his class in the study of Greek. He never forgot that Carolina was his home. He spoke so often about his native land as a better country than England that his schoolmates called him '' the little rebel." He then went to Oxford University and afterwards studied law in London. A military school in France brought him to the end of his courses of study, and in 1775 young Pinckney became a lawyer in Charles Town. When the war of the Revolution began, Thomas Pinckney became a soldier. All day long for many months at Charles Town, he taught his young country- men how to carry their muskets and how tu march in companies and regiments. In his tent until late at night he w^ould read his favorite books in Greek. The next morning early he took up again the work of drilling THOMAS riNCKNEY AS MINISTER TO ENGLAND iGo soldiers. In addition to this, Thomas Pinckney made plans for the defence of Charles Town. The selection of places for the building of forts and the establishment of batteries and breastworks were left largely to him. He fought at Savannah in 1779, and at Camden (1780) his From an old engraving THE STATE HOUSE AT COLUMBIA IN 1794 leg was shattered by a musket ball. He got well in time to join AVashington's army in the trenches before Yorktown. We have already seen him in the office of governor of South Carolina (17S7-1789) and as presi- dent of the convention (1788) that made her oik; of the States of the Federal Union. Pinckney in London. — When Thomas Pinckney went to London (1792), he found that the king of England 166 TllK MAKING OF fcJULTU CAKULINA was not glad to see him. All of the officers of the British government were very cokl in their manner toward the American ambassador. They did not wish to have anything to do with a man who came from a country which had so recently defeated England in war. The new American republic was not yet strong, and the British rulers thought that they would pay very little attention to Minister Pinckney. Thomas Pinckney faced the duties of his position with courage and with good sense. He was a man of learning and of dignity. His manner was courteous and polite to all whom he met. When George the Third held receptions at his palace, Pinckney went every time to see the king and his courtiers. Pinckney said that the king himself never failed to talk with him a few mo- ments at each reception, but the talk was always about the weather or some other harmless subject. The queen always gave Pinckney a polite smile, spoke a few words to him, and then turned away to talk to others. While Pinckney was still among the English looking after the interests of his countrymen, President Washing- ton sent him to take charge of some important matters in Spain. The latter then held possession of Florida and the mouth of the Mississippi River. Pinckney was a man of such good judgment and wisdom that he persuaded the Spaniards to allow American boats to enter the Mississippi. At the same time he made an agreement about the northern boundary line of Florida, THOMAS PINCKNEY AS MINISTER TO ENGLAND 167 Thomas Pinckney's Return Home. — After a few years of hard work in London, Pinckney asked Washington to let him return home. Washington was slow to give his consent. Then he asked Pinckney to go as minister to France, thus offering to the Carolinian from first to last positions as ambassador to England, Spain, and France. In a letter to Pinckney Washington said, " The task of supplying your place to my satisfaction, to the satisfaction of your country, or of the court, you will learn, will not be found easy." Pinckney's kindness and courage, his courtesy that never failed, won for him at last the respect and good mil of the kuig and queen of England and of all the people of that country. When he came again to Charles- ton the people of that city went forth to meet him. The horses were unhitched from his carriage, ropes were attached to it, and his fellow-citizens drew him through the streets with loud shouts and cheers. Charles C. and Thomas Pinckney in Their Later Years. — During their later years the two brothers, Charles C. and Thomas Pinckney, were closely joined together in their work. The elder, Charles C, was sent as American envoy to France, in 1797, with Elbridge Gerry and John Marshall. The French rulers wanted the Americans to offer money as a bribe to secure the friendship of the French. Charles C. Pinck- ney in rejecting the proposal used the famous words, "No, no, not a sixpence! '* Afterwards Charles C. 168 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAKOLIXA Pinckney was a candidate, once for the vice-presidency, and twice for the presidency of tlu^ ITnited States. After his return from England Thomas ]*inckney ran as candidate for the vice-presidency of the United States (1796). Then (hiring a period of four years (1797—1801 ) he represented his state in Congress. In Decembei', 1801, the legislature passed an act to establish a col- lege at Columbia, and on the tenth of January, 1805, the South Carolina College opened her doors and began her great work. Charles C. Pinckney was a member of the first group of trustees. In 1812, when the second war with England began, Thomas Pinckney was made a major-general and placed in command of the Southern Department of the United States. This did not bring liim into any serious battles or marches. General Pinckney afterwards sought the banks of the lower San tee, and there among the rice fields built for himself and family a spacious home. He gave to it the name Eldorado, which means golden, because the lands all about him seemed to be one great yellow field of butter- cups. He died there in the year 1828. Three years before that time, his brother, Charles C, had passed away. WILLIAM LOWNDES, THE WISE STATESMAN 169 CHAPTER XXXV. WILLIAM LOWNDES, THE WISE STATESMAN. William Lowndes. — William Lowndes was the son of Rawlins Lowndes. He was bom in the year 1782, at Horseshoe plantation, in Colleton County. When William was seven years of age, his mother took him across the sea to London, and there sent him to school. At that time the child's eyes were blue, his fair hair hung in curls, and his cheeks were like roses. One day he was playing ball with his schoolmates, but grew tired and sat down upon a bank to rest. He fell asleep. Snow came upon the sleeping lad and chilled him to the bone. Rheumatism and fever seized him and held him for many days. Finally the fever left him, but during the rest of his life William Lowndes never had much physical strength. The boy's mind, however, seemed brighter than ever before. He returned to his home in South Carolina and continued to attend school. Sometimes he was so weak in body that he was carried to the schoolroom in a chair. Many a time he had to lie down on a bench to recite. His memory grew stronger as he grew older. He was especially quick and rapid in gaining a knowledge of Latin. Lowndes soon left school and began to study law, and at the age of nineteen became a lawyer in Charleston. 170 TIIK MAKINO OF SOUTH CAROLINA William Lowndes was then very tall, being six feet and six inches in height. Across the shoulders he was narrow and his whole frame was lean and thin. In spite of liis bad health, Lowndes was always cheerful. His THE HOME OF WILLIAM LOWNDES memory was wonderfully strong and clear. We are told that after one reading he could repeat long passages from the pages of a book. Lowndes took great pleasure in riding over his rice farm to watch the growing crop. In 1802 he married WILLIAM LOWNDES, THE WISE S I'ATESMAN 171 Elizabeth, the daughter of Governor Thomas Pinckiiey. Then he gave up his business as a lawyer and turned his whole attention to the work of planting rice. In 1806, however, ho went to Columbia to sit for a short time among the Carolina lawmakers. In 1807, when there was talk of another war with England, a company of soldiers was organized in Charleston. William Lowndes was chosen captain. The company called itself the Washington Light Infantry, in honor of George Washington. South Carolinians in Congress in i8i i. — Near the close of the year 1811, four representatives from South Carolina took their seats in Congress in the city of Washington. These were John C. Calhoun, Langdon Cheves, David R. Williams, and William Lowndes. These men all attracted attention to themselves in Congress on account of their sound sense and wisdom. Within a few months they were considered as among the leaders in that great body of lawmakers. Lowndes and Calhoun did much of their work in Washington together. They wished to see the Federal Repubhc become strong. They wanted to see a larger trade with countries across the sea. Others who knew them at that time tell us about an old brown book filled with maps. Calhoun and Lowndes were often seen bending over these maps, with their heads close together, drawing lines with their fingers and eagerly debating as to where public roads and canals 172 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAKOLINA should benuicle/ It was the strong desire of both these men to see all parts of our country bound together by highways. They had a s[)ecial hope that lines of trade would be established between the Atlantic coast and the great AYest. Lowndes's Record in Congress. — The speech made by Lowndes urging the lawmakers to establish a strong army and navy placed him among the best speakers in Congress. From that time he often held the floor either against or in support of such great statesmen as Webster, Clay, and Calhoun. All over our country people began to talk about the wise and patriotic Lowndes of South Carolina. On the 6th of December, 1820, Lowndes arose to speak. His long face was thin and pale. His hair had become black. From every part of the hall the members came crowding around him. They did not wish to lose one of his words. The whole body of lawmakers was excited over the question of slavery in the new state of ^ In the year 1800 a boat passed for the first time through tlie Santee Canal, which connected the San tee and Cooper rivers. This canal was twenty-two miles in length and cost more than thirty thousand dollars a mile. It was made by an incorporated company', organized in 17SG, witli General William Moultrie as president. Tlic cost of the work was paid in full Ijy the stockholders, who W(!re South Carolinians. From ISOO until 18.50 large quantities of cotton were carried every year in boats from tlie upper waters of the Inroad and Catawba rivers through the canal to Charleston. When the South Carolina ivailroad was completed from Charleston to Cohnnbia and afterwards to Camden (1850), the canal was closed. It was the second canal made in our whole country. WILLIAM LOWNDES, THE WISE STATESMAN 173 Missouri. The Federal Union was in danger. Lowiides loved the Union and wished to preserve it. His manner was marked by (Ugnity. He was courteous to all. He spoke with calimiess, set- ting forth the facts in- volved in the case. He appealed for justice in bahalf of the people of the South and " was listened to as to the oracles of truth." The very honesty of the man, combined with his wisdom, led many to vote with him. He did much that day to uphold the rights of the Southern people and to save the Federal Union. A year later William Lo^vndes was named by the legislature of South Carolina'as a suitable man for the presidency of the United States. At the same time others named John C. Calhoun for the same high office. These two were then living together in the same house in AVashington, and were in the habit of walking side by side every day back and f(^rth to the halls of Congress. When both were nominated for the presi- dency, their friendship for each other continued as before. Every day the two tall Carolinians were /y^C^n^r?-*/^ 174 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA still seen walking side by side to and from the Capitol. The work of William Jjowiides, however, was nearly done. When his strength had wellnigh failed, he set sail for Europe in October, 1822, in search of health. AVhen the ship was far out upon the Atlantic, he died and his body was buried beneath the waters of the ocean. During the forty years of his life, William Lowndes rendered a large service to his state and his country. He was " amiable, talented, patriotic," said his bosom friend Calhoun. Henry Clay, the great Kentucky statesman, said, " I think the wisest man I ever knew was William Lowndes." CHAPTER XXXVI. LANGDON CHEVES, LAWMAKER, JUDGE, AND BANKER. Childhood of Langdon Cheves. — Alexander Cheves was a Scot who lived on Rocky River, in the present Abbeville County. He carried on a brisk trade with the Indians, giving them hatchets, blankets, and other articles in exchange for the skins of wild animals. The name of his wife was Mary Langdon. On the 17th of September, 1776, in a log building on Rocky River, the son of these frontier settlers was born. They gave him his mother's name, Langdon. LANGDON CHEVES 175 The first ten years of the life of the child Langcloii were spent in the fields and woods around his father's home. Then he went to Charleston and became a clerk in a store. From the work of selling goods he was advanced to the position of keep- ing account-books. He wrote up the books in a good style of penman- ship. When Cheves was eighteen he entered the courthouse one day and heard Judge William Marshall make a speech. That speech decided his course. He made up his mind that lawyer. Some South Carolina Lawyers. — Cheves went into the law office of Marshall, in Charleston, and began to read law books. Three years later he became a lawyer. Cheves was then about five feet ten inches in height, with a strong frame and a fine, large head. He worked without resting and success came at once. The famous lawyers and judges of South Carolina in that day were the Pinckneys, Hugh Rutledge, H. W. de Saussure, LANGDON CHEVES he would be a 176 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAKOLIXA Theodore Gaillard, John F. Grhiike, and his son, Thomas 8. Grinike, Thomas Waties, John J. Pringk^, Lewis Trezevant, Sanmel Wilds, WilUam Smith, John S. Richardson, and many more. Into this circk' Langdon MACXOLIA CEMETERY, CHARLESTON Cheves entered, and in ten years he (h^ew into his hands more business than any other lawyer in Charleston. He was the leader among them all. Cheves in Congress. — In 1811 he entered Congress as the representative from Charleston. His associates, as we have seen, were Lowndes, Calhoun, and Wil- liams. Cheves was at once made chairman of the com- LANGDON CIIEVES 177 mittee to look after the American navy. He soon afterwards })r()po8e(l tliat a larger number of war ships be l)uilt and tliat the seacoast should be forti- fied. When Cheves made a speech he always showed a full and accurate knowledge of the subject about which he was talking. Clearness marked everything that he said. On one occasion he made a speech in reply to Daniel Webster and completely defeated the man from Massachusetts. In 1814 Cheves was chosen by his fellow-members to be speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives, the highest position in the body of lawmakers at Washington. Cheves as Judge. — Two years later (1816) Cheves became a judge in the law courts of South Carolina. The same habit of work, work all the time, marked his career as a judge. We are told that he often sat upon the bench in the courtroom from nine o'clock in the morning until nine o'clock at night without a break. He said that the law courts must attend to all the business brought before them, and do it promptly. " I work that I may rest," he was accustomed to say. Cheves as a Banker. — In 1819 Cheves became the head of the Bank of the United States, and went to live m Philadelphia. In this position he had to take charge of large sums of money. The business of the bank had not been well managed, but Cheves made a great success of it. 178 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA The Last Years of Cheves. — About 1830, however, he returned to his native state and became a planter on the Savannah River. In this work, as in all his other undertakhigs, he met with great success. He died in the city of Columbia, June26j 1857, in the eighty- first year of his age. His body was borne to Charleston and laid to rest in Mag- nolia Cemetery. A great company of people from that city and from the rest of the commonwealth assembled at his tomb to show honor to his name. " Cheves loved truth, and to it he sacrificed everythuig," said one who knew him well. Sophia Cheves. — Sophia Langdon Cheves, daughter of Langdon Cheves, became the wife of Charles Thomson Haskell, grandson of Col. William Thomson, of Orange- burg. The sons of Sophia Cheves, bearing the honored name of Haskell, rendered gallant service on many of the battlefields of the Confederate War. c;UNFEOERATK MONUMENT, MAGNOLIA CEMETERY, CHARLESTON GEO KG E McDUFFJE 1?J CHAPTER XXXVII. GEORGE McDUFFIE'S OPPOSITION TO UNJUST FEDERAL LAWS. Childhood of McDuffie. — Georgia was the birthplace of George McDufRe (1788). Long afterwards, when he made a visit to his early home in the country, he pointed out the tree beneath whose shade he had often as a boy played the game called " I\iiucks." At an early age McDuffie became clerk in a store in Augusta, Georgia, owned by James Calhoun, a brother of John C. Calhoun. The boy's mind was so bright, and he was so eager to learn, that his employer said that he must go to school. William, another of the Calhoun brothers, then sent the lad to Moses Waddel's Academy. A small pine box, whose lid was fastened by means of a leather strap and a nail, held all of McDuffie's cloth- ing when he left Augusta and crossed the Savannah River to begin his studies. Waddel's School where McDuffie Was a Student. — GEORGE McDUFPIB 180 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA Doctor Wadders school was located among oak and liickory trees upon a high ridge near the Calhoun settle- ment ill the ])res(;nt Abbeville County, Scnitli Carolina. Some of the most famous men of South Carolina were taught by Waddel. Among these were John C. Cal- houn, Hugh S. Legare, James L. Petigru, Pickens But- ler, Patrick Noble, and others. WIkmi McDuffie entered there were about one hundred and eighty pupils in tlie school. There was a central building in which recitations were heard. The boys of the school lived, however, in log cabins that were scattered about m the grove. The food given to them was cornbread and bacon. A horn called them together for morning and evening prayers. When the weather was warm the students sat or lay down under the trees to prepare their lessons. If they were thirsty th( y went to the foot of the hill and with a cup made of broad hickory leaves dipped water from the spring. The sound of the horn told each class when to assemble in the presence of the teacher. The Greek of Homer and the Latin of Virgil and Cicero were studied by George McDuffie in that log acadcnuy in the forest. He was so earnest and eager in A^ork that it was not long before he was standing at the head of all his classes. McDuffie at South Carolina College. — In December, 1811, McDuffie went to Columbia and entered South Carolina College. In a very short time he took his place GEORGE MoDUFFIE 181 as the brightest and most successful pupil in the junior class. As a member of the Clariosophic Society he showed skill and strength in public speakmg. The other literary society in the college was called the LIBRARY, SOUTH CAROLINA COLLEGE Euphradian Society. He finished his course of study by taking the first honor. His speech at the time of graduation was on the ^' Permanence of the Union." ^ McDufRe Enters Politics. — McDuffie's next work was the reading of law books. In May, 1814, he became a lawyer and went to live at Pendleton, in the present 18:i THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA Ocoiiee County. Then he went to Edgefield and be- came the partner in law practice of Col. Eldred Sinikins. The library of Colonel Sinikins was thrown open to McDuffie and he used it with a will. Great success came to him as a lawyer. In a short time he made many friends and had a great rush of business. He was held to be among the best lawyers of South Carolina. The year 1818 found him in the state legislature, and in 1821 he was sent to Congress by the people of Edgefield and Abbeville. He continued to be one of the leading members of that body of lawmakers until 1834. McDuffie as a Speaker. — AVhenever it became known in Washington that George McDuffie was to make a speech the galleries of the legislative hall were soon filled with people who were eager to see and hear him. He w^as slender and rather inclined to stoop. His eyes were simken and of a bluish-gray. AVhile among his friends he was a man of few words, of quiet, reserved manner, and was never known to jest or smile; now upon the floor, face to face with his audience, McDuffie's eyes soon began to flash, his face became full of light, his words poured forth like a rushing stream, and his body was straightened, erect and in continual motion. His face showed that he was under the power of strong feeling. With clenched fists hv pounded the air. But his line of thought was clear and his words were as strong as those of his favorite writer, John Milton. He uttered the deep convictions of his heart with so great earnestness GEORGE MoDUP^FIK 183 and boldness that he nearly always persuaded his audi- ence to think as he did. McDuflfie Opposes High Tariff and Favors Nullifica- tion. — McDuffie's Ufe hi Congress was one long hght against placing a high tariff, or tax, on goods brought into the United States from foreign lands. The Southern planters had to buy these goods, and of course they had to pay the tax laid upon them. McDuffie said that this system was not fair or just, because it made the South pay most of the taxes collected by the government at Washington. A convention of the i^eople of South Carolina was called together in Columbia in November, 1832. This body met in the State House. James Hamilton, Jr., the talented young governor of South Carolina, was elected president of the convention. George McDuffie was, however, the most influential man present. Resolutions were written out and adopted, declaring that South Carolina would not obey the tariff law passed by Congress. This resolution of the conven- tion is known as the Ordinance of Nullification. After the vote was taken in the convention the written ordinance was spread on the table. Seven aged members of the body, who had been soldiers during the Revolu- tion, walked forward to sign the paper first. The other members then signed it in alphabetical order. When this ordinance was passed. President Jackson declared that he would use force to collect the tax. But Henry Clay appealed to the lawmakers in the Congress at 184 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA Washington and the latter adopted Clay's Compromise Tariff and thus rechiced the unjust tax. Thus the ques- tion in (hspute was peaceably arranged. During ah these years McDuffie was doing his work as a hiwyer. He went from one courthouse to another throughout the state. The people always assembled in a great crowd to hear him speak before a judge and jury. McDuffie was equal to the task of meeting in argument such great lawyers of that day as John 1 Hel- ton O'Neall, who became Chief Justice, James L. Peti- gru, AVilliam C. Preston, AViHiam Harper, who became chancellor, and Hugh Swinton Legare. McDuffie, Governor and Senator. — From 1834 until 1836 AIcDuffie held the office of governor. Then in 1842 he was sent to the Senate of the United States. AVhile in that position he helped to make Texas one of the states of the Federal Union. After four years in the Senate he gave up the office on account of bad health. McDufiie's Later Years. — Many years before that time some unwise friends had persuaded him to take part in a duel with pistols. He was wounded in the fight and the wound helped to break down his physical strength. George McDuffie's later years were spent at his country house, named Cherry HiU, located about one mile from Doctor Waddel's Academy in what is now Abbeville County. From the broad verandas of his house he could look upon the Savannah River and the plains of Georgia ])eyond. Around the house were gar- ROBERT YUNGE HAYNE 185 (lens filled with fruits and flowers. There he died in 1851. His wife, the daughter of Col. Richard Singleton, had passed away long before. She left an only daugh- ter, who became the wife of Gen. Wade Hampton. CHAPTER XXXVni. ROBERT YONGE HAYNE IN THE UNITED STATES SENATE. Robert Yonge Hayne. — Robert Y. Hayne was born in Colleton District, South Carolina, Nov. 10, 1791. He was the son of a planter. A grammar school in Charleston gave him the elements of his education. There he read law books in the office of Langdon Cheves and became a lawyer. The War of 1812 called him into the field, for a time, as a soldier. Then he went back to the law courts and became one of the most successful lawyers in Carolina. Hayne began his work as lawmaker in the state legisla- ture (] 814) . He was chosen speaker of the House ( 181 8) . In 1822 he was sent to the Senate of the United States, and retained that position until he was chosen governor in 1832. He died in 1839. During most of the period of Hayne's senatorship, Calhoun sat in the chair as vice- president, while Hsijne stood on the floor of the Senate as the chief advocate of South Carolina and the South. The Hayne and Webster Debate. — In January, 1830, the most famous debate in the history of our country 186 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA took i)lace in the Senate chamber between Robert Y. Hayne and Daniel Webster. On the 20th of Janifary Webster made a speech which gave offence to the Senators from South Caro- Hna and the South. The f(jllowing day Hayne arose to answer AVebster's charges, #but Webster asked that the discussion be postponed a week. Hayne did not wish to wait. Laying his hand on his heart, Hayne said he had something there he KOBERT V0N<;E HAVNK ^^'l^^^^^ ^O gCt rid Of. Thc gentleman had discharged his fire in the face of the Senate, and he demanded an opportunity of returning the shot. Hayne then began his speech in reply to Webster His friends were filled with joy at the briUiant beginning. They told one another that the Carolinian would win the victory. On Monday, January 25th, Hayne continucnl his speech. There was great excitement in Washington, and for two or three days great numbers of people had been rushing into the city. When the Senate met at twelve o'clock the floors, lobbies, and galleries of the Senate Chamber were crowded with spectators. The doorways and stairways were filled with men, like swarmins; bees. ROBERT YONGK HAYNE 187 Senator Hayne was of medium height and rather slender in body. His hair was light brown. A great light seemed to be shining from his face as he arose to answer the Massachusetts senator. His manner was courteous and his voice rang out like a trumpet, clear and distinct. Hayne's expressions were so full of feeling that the great audience was moved. For four hours they seemed to hang upon the words that poured from his lips. An eye-witness, who believed that Hayne was '' the most formidable of AVebster's opponents," has told us that he dashed into debate '' like cavalry upon a charge. There was a gallant air about him that could not but win admiration. He never provided for retreat; he never imagined it. He had an invincible confidence in himself which arose, partly from constitutional temperament, partly from previous success. His was the Napoleonic warfare; to strike at once for the capital of the enemy." '^ The people whom I represent," said Hayne, ^' ai'c the descendants of those who brought with them to this country, as the most precious of their possessions, an ardent love of liberty." The Carolinians were friends of the Union, declared Hayne; they believed that the Union should continue to be a republic such as it was when the fathers founded it. " And who are its enemies ? " he cried. '' Those who are constantly stealing power from the States and adding strength to the Federal Government." 188 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA With all his strength Hayne threw back upon Webster the charges made by the latter against the South. The Carolinian declared, as he took his seat, that his people were '' animated by that ardent love of liberty which has always been the most prominent trait in the Southern character." The next day (26th) Webster made his chief address in reply to Hayne. It had a great effect upon th(i crowd assembled in the Senate Chamber. But from this time onward the men of the South held up their heads by reason of the strong, clear answer made by Hayne to the enemies of the South. They were proud of their champion and of their country CHAPTER XXXTX. JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN^S SERVICE TO HIS COUNTRY. Calhoun's Childhood. — John Caldwell Calhoun was born in a two-story frame house in the Calhoun settl(»- ment, in Abbeville District, March 18, 1782. His father was Patrick Calhoun, and his mother was Martha Cald- well, a daughter of John Caldwell, a surveyor. The child John grew up tall and slim, with bright eyes and long, tangled hair. As a boy he worked in the corn- field by the side of his father. At the close of the day, in winter, he sat by the wide, deep fireplace in JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN 189 the house and listened to his father's stories about the days of the Revolution. Calhoun's School Days. — One Sunday, when John was about twelve years of age, a young minister named Moses Waddel came across the Savannah River and preached in a schoolhouse near the Calhoun settlement. Patrick Calhoun, the patriarch of the village, took thv preacher home with him. By the fireside that night young Calhoun met his first teacher. Waddel after- wards married young Catharine Calhoun. Then John went to Georgia to live in his sister's home and to receive instruction from his brother-in-law, Waddel. Fourteen weeks were given to the reading of some books of ancient history. Then his eyes grew weak and the books were closed. John's father died, and the fourteen-year-old boy went home to his mother. She saw that he was pale and thin, and she sent him out into the woods to hunt and fish. He went also into the fields and plowed among the corn. Four years were spen^ thus in the busy life of the farm. John grew up a quiet lad, with little to say. He did not care to play games with the other boys in the village, but chose, rather, to go off into the forest with a gun as his only companion. When John reached the age of eighteen he made up his mind to be a planter. But his brother, a merchant then living in Charleston, came home on a visit and urged him to go to school. The other members of the family were ready to help him. In June, 1800, there- 190 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA fore, he again entered Waddel's school, opened a Latin book and went to work ui)()n it. Tliis was his first real attempt to study, and hv. was then in his nineteenth From a portrait CALHOUN IN EARLY LIFE year. Doctor AVaddel was surprised at the quick way in whicli John learned Latin and mathematics. Calhoun at Yale University. — Li two years he was ready to enter the junior class at Yale College. The JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN 191 country lad soon found that he could easily stand first there among his fellow-students. When they were asked to work out problems in arithmetic or algebra, From a portrait CALHOUN IN MATURITY Calhoun was always the first to finish the task and hand his slate to the teacher. When President Dwight heard him in the class room, he said that Calhoun was likely to become president of the Ijnited States. i\\ 191: THE MAKING OF SOUTfl CAROLINA two years he completed the course of study at Yale (1804). His iinnd was bright and strong. He had learned how to use his tongue, and his manner of talk- ing drew men to him. The purity and honesty of Calhoun's character made him the chief leader of the whole body of students. Calhoun a Lawyer. — Calhoun made up his mind to be a lawyer. He did not find pleasure, however, in the reading of law books. Such reading he called a '' dry and solitary journey." He loved to read books of history. Steadily and faithfully, however, he continued to work at his task. Three years were given to the study of law, a part of the time in Lichfield, Connecticut, and a part of the time in the office of Chancellor H. W. de Saussure, a leading lawyer of Charleston. Then in 1807 he put his name on a long board and nailed the board to the outside wall of a little building in the village of Abbeville. In this manner he began his work as a lawyer among the people of his native district. These came in large numbers to put their business into his hands. We are told that in those early days the tall young man of twenty-five was often seen stand- ing in the street outside of his office, cutting a stick with his pocket knife and talking with a group of far- mers about the questions of the hour. Calhoun's Attitude towards England. — About mid- summer of the year 1807 news came that stirred the people of the upper country. The farmers came riding JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN 193 into Abbeville to talk together about the recent outrage on the ocean, when the British war vessel Leopard fired a whole broadside of solid shot into the American ship Chesapeake. The people were excited and angry against England. John Caldwell Calhoun made a speech to a large crowd of citizens assembled in the street at Abbeville. His eyes flashed fire and his voice rang out in strong, indignant tones that touched the heart of every man present. The people had found their leader. They sent liiiu to the state legislature for three years and then chose him to be a member of the body of lawmakers which sat in Congress at Washington. Calhoun's Marriage. — Some years before this time, young Calhoun saw the bright eyes of his little cousin Floride Colhoun, and he could not forget them. Her mother took her to Newport, Rhode Island, and he went there to see her. AVhen he was in Abbeville he often grew restless because he had to wait seventeen ^^:0 THE AUTOGRAPH OF FLORIDE COLHOUN'S FATHER days for a letter to be carried on horseback from New- port. On Jan. 11, 1811, there was a gathering of the members of the Calhoun family in a beautiful home among the rice plantations on the lower Santee River. 194 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA John and Floride there began their long, .happy life together as man and wife. Calhoun in Congress. — Near the close of tlui year 1811, Calhoiui took his seat in Congress at Washington. In the latter part of December he arose to make his first speech to the members of thiit body. When he began to speak, he bent forward as if from diffidence ; his words did not flow rapidly. But the embarrassment soon passed away, and he straightened his slender form to its full height, a head taller than most of the other members. His large eyes, dark blue in color, began to glow like coals of fire. The look from his eyes was so piercing that men sometimes thought that the}'' gave out light in the dark. The forehead was broad, and the black hair was cut short and brushed back so that it stood up like bristles on the top of his head. His face seemed to shine with light and changed its expression every moment. Hi^ manner was marked by exquisite cour- tesy and dignity; his gestures were quick and graceful. Calhoun's words rushed from his lips with great rapidity, as if they could not keep up with the swift course of his thinking. Some of his words were clipped off to make room for others. He was intensely in earnest. That voice so sweet and mellow, and ringing out like the music of a deep-toned bell, found its way into the hearts of those who listened. As Calhoun stood thus, with head erect and blazing eyes, he looked every inch a Tnan. lis spoke out boldly against England. Her JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN 195 insults and wrongs towards our seamen must be met by war, he said; the honor and safety of our whole country must be maintained. " We hail this young Carolinian/' said a leading man of that time, '' as one of the master spirits who stamp their names upon the age in which they live." Calhoun's speech gave him a place at once as one of the leaders in the halls of Congress. Soon afterwards he wrote out resolutions pledging the country to go to war against England. ^' The period has arrived," he wrote, " when it is the sacred duty of Congress to call forth the patriot^ ism and resources of the country." Congress adopted these resolutions and the war began. When news of the first American success over the British came to Wash- ington, we are told that Calhoun, Henry Clay, Lowndes, and Cheves joined hands and danced to- gether a four-hand reel. Calhoun continued to urge i t f 1 CALHOUN MONUMENT, CHARLESTON IIM) THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA that large numbers of sokliers sliould be sent into the field. ^'We have had a peace like a war/' he said. " In the name of Heaven let us not have the only thing that is worse — a war like a peace." On one occasion he was called " the youthful Hercules who has all along borne the war on his shoulders." John C. Calhoun loved the republic that was founded by Washington. He wished to see it grow strong. He spoke in favor of a larger navy as " the most safe, most effectual, and cheapest mode of defence." Before railroads were known, Calhoun said, " Let us make great permanent roads, not like the Romans, with the view of subjecting and ruling provinces, but for the more honorable purposes of defence, and of connecting more closely the interests of different sections of the country." Calhoun as Secretary of War. — From 1817 to 1825 Calhoun was Secretary of War in President Monroe's Cabinet. Order and system were brought by him into the confusion that had marked the work of this department. The United States Military Academy at West Point was reorganized by Calhoun and started upon the way to success. Calhoun Vice-President of the United States. — He was chosen vice-president of the United States in 1825 and afterwards elected for a second term. In this office it was his business to preside over the Senate at Washington. Promptness and dignity and JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN 197 From a daguerreotype J 4. ^^.^L^ courtesy always marked him in the discharge of this duty. Calhoun's Views of States Rights. — During a period of nearly eight years while Calhoun was vice-president, the 198 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA Northern meiubers of Congress passed tax laws thai rested heavily upon the South. Calhoun aided James Hamilton, Jr., and George McDuffie in urging that the laws should be changed. He wrote out a paper to show that the Southern states were paying more taxes than they ought to pay to keep up the Federal government at Washington. A law called the Force Bill was brought forward in Congress, in which it was proposed to send soldiers to compel the South to pay the tariff and thus to carry more than her part of the public burden. Calhoun in the Senate. — Calhoun at once resigned the vice-presidency and was sent to the Senate of the United States, in which body in February, 1833, he made a great speech on the Force Bill. At that time his hair grew long and fell in dark, heavy masses over his temples. His eyes seemed darker and more full of fire than in the early days. The nervous right hand and arm were half extended while he spoke. With the left foot advanced he stood in front of the senatorial cliair on which was flung the cloak that he was in th(i habit of wearing. The voice was clear and sweet, but it had a deeper tone, for it was filled with the solemn con- victions of years. He lov(^d the Federal Union and he wanted to preserve it. But justice^ for the South he also wished to secure. " Row is it proposed to pre- serve the Union?" he said. ''By force! Does any man in his senses believe that this beautiful structure — JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN 199 this harmonious aggregate of states, produced by the joint consent of all — can be preserved by force? Its very introduction will be certain destruction to this Federal Union. No! No! You cannot keep the states united in their constitutional and federal bonds by force." Calhoun's Country Home. — Calhoun remained in the Senate from 1833 until his death, in 1850, with the exception of a brief term as Secretary of State in Presi- dent Tyler's Cabinet (1844-1845). When public duties did not keep him in Washington, Calhoun spent his time at Fort Hill, a simple home which he built upon a beautiful hilltop, where Clemson College is now located. He always had a deep interest in the cultivation of his farm. Agriculture he called the '' first pursuit," that is, the most important occupation among men. Many of his letters were written to give directions about plowing and planting and harvesting. While he was making great speeches against Webster and Clay at Washington, he was also thinking about his crops of cotton and corn and about s nding garden and water- melon seed to his home. When he was at Fort Hill, Calhoun arose at daybreak and walked over the hills that made up his plantation. His keen eyes took in at a glance the condition of the fields and of the crops. At half past seven he again entered his home and sat down to breakfast. Then he worked steadily in his office until three o'clock. The 200 THK ISIAKlNCi OV SOUTH CAROLINA writing of long letters and discussions of public questions kept him busy. Aft(^r dinner he read history and books of travel or carried on ('(jnversation. When the last FORT HILL beams of the sun were upon the hills, Calhoun's tall figure might be seen walking again across the fields. After tea there was reading and talking until ten, and then he retired. JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN 201 Calhoun as a Man. — Conversation was the art in which Jolm C. Calhoun surpassed all other men of his own time. By nature he was affectionate. Generosity was stamped upon his frank, honest countenance. The kindness of a great heart marked his manner. He loved men, and in particular he loved young men. In return, men loved him. The strong mind, the pure heart, and the sympathetic, loving nature of John C. Calhoun won every man with whom he came into personal touch. He was always the manly, accom- plished gentleman. Lovable is the word that describes this great Carolinian. He had no secrets to hide. No vice, no folly, and no weakness ever left a stain upon his nature. His soul was the home of all that makes for purity and truth. We are told that he was often seen, in Washington, sitting upright, on a sofa, snuff- box in hand, talking hour after hour, in even, soft, deliberate tones, about the principles of our govern- ment, Calhoun's Fight for the Rights of the South. — During Calhoun's long term of service in the Senate he was ' fighting for the Southern people. Many enemies arose, who said that the people of the South were cruel; that they did not show mercy to the negro slaves. ^' The charge is not true," cried the Carolinian leader, with ringing voice and flashing eye. He called attention to the low, degraded, and savage condition of the black race that came to the South from Africa. Within a few 2U2 THE MAKliNG OF SOUTH CAROLINA generations that race hatl been lifted upward to a vastly better state of body, mind, and morals. Who had thus ■ 1 ^V^^^^^^^bS ''^'- ■■■'^l^im-:..' _ m^^^ . ST. I'iril.ir S (HtlHCII, CIIAKLKSTON THE WESTMINSTKK ABIJKY OF SOUTH CAKOLINA ' trained the black race for better things? The kindly, generous, and noble white people of the Southern states. His Last Great Speech. — His Death. — On the 4th of JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN 203 March, I80O, at half past twelve o'clock, John C. Calhoun entered the Senate to make his last effort to save the old Union. He walked to his seat, leaning upon the arm of his friend from South Carolina, Governor James Hamilton. His body was bent under his own weight, but his step was firm. A deep furrow ran across Calhomi's broad forehead. His hair, thick and long and gray and rising nearly straight from the scalp, fell over on all sides and hung down in thick masses like a lion's mane. The eyebrows were very near to the eyes and the cheeks had little flesh upon them. His complexion was dark, as if tanned by the sun. The lips were thin and the mouth was drawn downward at the corners. His features were firm and stern. The Senate Chamber was crowded. Calhoun arose, spoke a few words, and handed a bundle of papers con- taining his speech to his friend, Senator Mason, of Vir- ginia. While Mason was reading there was deep silencer Webster and Clay sat like statues. Many of the senators were moved to tears. There was a great hush among the people in the galleries as the last appeal for peace between North and South was heard from the noble Carolina senator. " How can the Union be preserved? '' This was the subject of the great address. There was not a word of anger in it. He pleaded for justice toward the Southern people. They had been greatly wronged, he said. Unless the North should stop its war against the South, 204 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA there would be no longer any peace and honor for the South in the Union. When the address was finished, the members of the Senate crowded around Calhoun to take him by the hand and congratulate liini. He walked forward and 1 : Jlif ■...^^..^^ ■ ' Mil llvs ~ \ ■""■/' « 1^ \ - ST. PlilLlP's CHUKCH, INTERIOR stood for a few moments n(\ir the clerk's desk, and there held an earnest talk with his two great friends, Daniel Webster and Henry Clay. Calhoun was then led out of the Senate, and a few days later he passed away. Clay and Webster both urged the North to listen to the Carolinian's appeal for peace. JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN 205 Calhoun's friends often spoke of him as a suitable man for the presi lency of the United States. Near the close of his life he said: " For many a long year I have aspired to an object far higher than the presidency; that is, doing my duty under all circumstances, in every trial, irrespective of parties and without regard to friendships or enmities, but simply in reference to the prosperity of the country." Calhoun's Love for South Carolina. — The people of the commonwealth of South Carolina always held the first place in Calhoun's heart. '' My dear and honored state," were words that he often used. '' South Carolina has never mistrusted nor forsaken me," he said. When the great leader diocl, the people of Charleston asked that his body might rest among them. St. Philip's churchyard already held in its bosom many of Carolina's honored dead. A tomb was prepared for him there, and on the 26th of April, 1850, a great company of Calhoun's countrymen followed his body to the place of burial. A spreading magnolia tree and a splendid sarcophagus keep continual watch over the resting-place of John Caldwell Calhoun, South Carolina's greatest man. 206 THK MAKINC; OF SOUTH CAROLINA CHAPTER XL. PIERCE M. BUTLER AND THE PALMETTO REGIMENT IN THE MEXICAN WAR. Pierce M. Butler. — Pierce M. Butler was a native of Edgefield County. He was trained to be a soldier and became a lieutenant in the United States army. Butler left the army and carried on business as a banker in Columbia, but when the Seminole Indians became trouble- some in Florida he went to help in the fight against them. From 1838 until 1840 Butler was governor of South Carolina. When the Mexican War began, Butler was made colonel of the Palmetto Regiment raised in his native state. In 1846 these Carolina " boys," about twelve hundred in number, unfurled their beauti- ful flag, shouldered their muskets, and marched away under Colonel Butler to fight the Mexicans. Butler's Regiment of South Carolinians in the Mexican War. — In March, 1847, Butler's regiment formed a part of Gen. Winfield Scott's army which captured the Mexican town of Vera Cruz. Then they marched with Scott into the interior of Mexico. Up into the mountains and through narrow passes the soldiers toiled. The sun was hot and the Mexicans fought bravely, but the American troops drove them back. On the 25th of August, 1847, a battle was fought at THE rALMETTO REGIMENT 207 Chui'ubusco. The Mexicans held their ground with great courage. When the fighting had been in progress MEXICAN MONUMENT, COLUMBIA, IN HONOR OF THE PALMETTO REGIMENT nnore than two hours, it was seen that the Mexican right wing must be broken. Gen. Shields led a body of Americans against the right end of the enemy's line. The Palmetto Regiment formed a part of Shields' line 208 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA of battle. This was clue to the request made by Colont^I Butler, that " South Carolina wants a place in the pictun^ near the flashing of the guns.'' As Shields'^ men advanced over the level field the" chief fire of the Mexicans fell upon the Carolina regiment. Round shot from the enemy's cannon, shell, grape, canister, and musket balls came into their fac( s like hail. Still onward the Carolinians rushed. Butler's horse was shot under him, but as the horse fell the gallant officer leaped to the ground and ran forward on foot. The flag-bearer was shot down, but Lieutenant- Colonel Dickinson seized the Palmetto banner and was waving it aloft, when he received a mortal wound. Adj. James Cantey was shot, Capt. J. D. Blanding was struck down by a bullet, and Lieutenants Abney and Sumter were bleeding from wounds. As Dickinson fell Colonel Butler changed the course of his regiment and led them into the thick?st part of the battle. The enemy increased the fury of their fire. A bullet stretched Butler Ufeless on the field, but his men rushed on and drove the Mexicans in flight toward the City of Mexico. A large part of the victory at Churubusco was won by Butler and his Carolina riflemen. At the storming of Chapul tepee, Sept. 13, 1847, the Palmetto Regiment formed a part of one of the columns of attack. Straight up th(^ st(M'p hill the Carolinians fought their way step by step. At the top of the hill stood a high wall. Over the wall rushed the Carolina THE TALMETTO REGIMENT 209 regiment in conipjiny with other brave troops, and the fortress was taken. Chapul tepee stocnl in the phdn near thc^ City of Mexico. When the fortress was captured Scott's army marched forward, only to find that the city was surrounded by a wall high and thick. The openings in the wall were closed by large, heavy gates. A company of riflemen of the regular army and the Palmetto Regiment were placed in front to lead the attack. As the Carolinians rushed towards the Belen gateway, a fearful fire from the Mexican cannon and muskets swept the road over which they must pass. Riflemen stood on the wall above the gate and the blazing of their guns seemed like a solid sheet of fire. The roar of the heavy guns was terrible to hear. The Carolinians paused not. Every moment men were falling, but their comrades rushed through the gateway and the Mexicans fled. The beautiful flag of the Carolina regiment was imme- diately planted on the wall above the gateway, the first American flag to float over the captured city. When the rest of the army saw that beautiful banner bearing aloft the palmetto and the crescent of South Carolina, they knew that the City of Mexico was taken. 210 THK MAKIN(i OK SOUTH CAROLINA CHAPTER XLT. J.MARION SIMS, THE GREAT SURGEON. J. Marion Sims*s Boyhood. — James Marion Sims was born Jan. 25, 1818, in Lancaster District, South CaroUna, about ten miles south of the town of Lancaster. His father was sheriff and surveyor of the (Ustrict of Lancas- ter and became colonel of a regiment during the war against England, in 1812-1815. When Marion, as he was called, was five years old he went to an old field school near Hanging Rock Creek. During the short term that ran through the summer months he learned to spell words of two syllables. At the age of six he went away from his father's house to live in the home of a school-teacher. The little boy was badly treated by the teacher and by one of his grown daughters. This stern old man made it a rule to whip every boy the first day that he entered his school, Marion's father soon took him home again. His next teacher taught the pupils well in arithmetic and writing, but his temper was hot and he would whip all the boys little and big without any mercy. When Marion was nine years of age he was sent to a teacher who gave more instruction and less whipping. In this school Marion stood at the head of the class in spelling. Sims*s Student Days. — The fifth day of December, 1825, marked a great event in Marion's life. On that J. MAKION SIMS, THE (iUEAT SL'KGKON 211 (lay he entered an academy in the town of Lancaster and began to study Latm. A preacher named Henry Connehy had charge of the school. He was an excellent teacher. One day the mischievous young Sims fixed a pin in a chair, with the sharp point sticking upward. The schoolmaster himself sat down upon the pin, and then he " flew up like a rocket and came down like the stick," says Marion. Long afterwards Mr. Connelly learned that it was Marion Sims who had fixed the pin in the chair and refused to forgive his pupil. In 1830 J. Marion Sims completed the course of study in the academy. He wished to become a clerk in a store, because his father, he thought, was too poor to give him an education. His father insisted that he should go to college. In October of that year, therefore, young Sims entered the sophomore class in South Carolina College, at Columbia. About six months afterwards he left the college and went home. His father was absent and his mother showed great surprise when she saw her son. He told her that he wished to become a merchant's clerk and help his father to make a living for the family. The next morning the mother made him return to his studies. One of his friends among the students was James Henley Thorn well, who was afterwards famous as a preacher and became president of the college. '' Well, I dragged through college in 1831-1832. I was not remarkable for anything very bad or very good. 212 THE MAKING Oh' SOUTH CAROLINA I was known as a self-willed but amiable fellow. My recitations were about average." This is the way that Sims wrote about his college days, lie did not swear or drink or gamble. In December, 1832, he com- pleted the course of study at the college and went back to liis father's home. Sims Decides to Be a Physician. — The mother of young Sims, before she died, expressed her wish that he would become a preacher. His father was anxious that he should be a lawyer. The young man of twenty did not wish to become either a lawyer or a preacher, but told his father that he meant to be a doctor. The father's disappointment was very great. He said that he would be very sorry to see his son " going around from house to house through the country with a box of pills in one hand and a squirt in the other." The father lived long enough, however, to change his opinion, and to set a higher value upon the noble work done by the faithful doctor. His Early Years as a Physician. — T\\^o years wer npent in medical stu(li(\s in Charleston and Philadelphia. J, MARION SIMS J. MARION SIMS, THE GREAT SURGEON 213 Then in May, 1835, J. Marion Sims opened an office as doctor in the little town of Lancaster. He had his name painted on a piece of tin two feet long. This sign was hung outside of the office. His library of seven books was locked up in one of the ^^^ y ^ drawers of his ^^ ^^^^-^-^-^^^ ^^>i^i^ ^. DUreau. xie iHii autograph of doctor sims waited three weeks for his first patient, and then he was asked to visit a sick child. He tells us that he did not know what was the matter with the child. He gave it several doses of medicine but the poor baby died. His next patient was also a child. That baby died also. Sims was so disappointed that he took down his long tin signboard and threw it into an old well. He then put all of his medicines and books into a small one-horse wagon and went to Mount Meigs, in Montgomery County, Alabama. Near Mount Meigs a man was l5ang in bed very sick. He became thin and weak and his pain was almost more than he could bear. Nearly a dozen doctors from far and near went to see him. Not one of them knew what made the man so sick. Not one gave him any help. Marion Sims had a keen eye. The touch of his fingers was exceedingly delicate. When he placed those skillful hands upon the poor suffering frame, he soon found the place where the disease was located. With a sharp 214 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA instrument he made an opening in that part of the man's body. The cause of the sickness was removed and within a few days the sufferer became well and strong. That case made Sims a famous man in the neighborhood. Sims's Career as a Surgeon. — Sims went to live in Montgomery, Alabama. He soon became kno\vn there as a wonderful surgeon. Men and women who had sought help from many physicians and were not healed came to Sims and he cured thc^m. The lame and the halt and those who were almost blind he healed. Uiih. a sharp knife and other pointed instruments he did it all. He knew the exact point in foot, arm, eye, or body that needed the touch of the knife. He had in his right hand the skill and steadiness needful for every operation. His fame grew so that all those in that part of Alabama that had diseases were brought to him. To nearly all of these he gave relief. In the year 1845 Doctor Sims gave relief to sufferings still greater than any of those already mentioned. Several women who were afflicted with a malady that had always been considered incurable were restored to health by his wonderful skill. The healing of this malady gave Sims a place among the greatest surgeons and pb^^sicians of the world. A long and wasting sickness came upon Sims himself. His faithful wife Theresa nursed him slowly back to a moderate measure of health. He was never entirely J. MARION SIMS, THE GREAT SURGEON 215 well again, but he never ceased to work in relieving the; pain of otlu^r |)eop]e. He went to New York City and established there the first hospital ever erected for the treatment of women. He went to Europe and was received witli warm welcome by all of the greatest surgeons and physicians of the Old World. Sims was received as a guest at the palace of Emperor Napoleon the Third of France. Honors were heaped upon him wherever he went. He deserved them all. He has already taken his place among those who have been God's agents in bestowing blessings upon men and women in every part of the earth. i 1 ' WifllirgggKig .-y.^: , ■'"'"«" J»"¥'fllJMBp|y^|g^M^^M^^^^^M|l[|pgW^M^P| Hi B_. -^^mumijim COUNTRY HOUSE OF JOHN L. MANNING (governor of south CAROLINA, 1852-1854) PART IV. MEN OF THE CONFEDERATE WAR. 1860 -1805 CHAPTER XLIL FRANCIS W, PICKENS, FIRST CONFEDERATE WAR GOVERNOR OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Francis W. Pickens. — Francis W. Pickens was born in the year 1805, in what is now Oconee County. His father was the second Andrew Pickens and his grand- father was the first Andrew Pickens, the great Rev- olutionary leader of the upper country. The second Andrew Pickens held the ofhce of colonel in the regular army during the War of 1812 and was afterwards governor of South Carolina. Francis, of the third generation, was a student at South Carolina College and became a lawyer in Edgefield. In 1858 he was sent by President Buchanan as minister from the United States to Russia. Two years later (1860) Pickens was made governor of South Carolina. Northern Treatment of the South. — We remember that John C. Calhoun in his great speech in the Senate 216 rilANClS W. I'lCKE^'S 217 (1850) asked the Northern people to be fair and just to the South. The people of the South were domg all that they could to help the negroes to be honest and truthful. They were teaching the Africans how to work and how to live. They fed and clothed them well and treated them kindly. Every day the negroes were becoming a better and a wiser people. Most of the people of the North, however, paid no atten- tion to Calhoun's ap- peal. They treated the South more and more unfairly. They said that the Southern people were very wicked in the w^ay that they treated the negroes. Of course this charge was not true, but many people in the North kept on saying that it was true. The South and the North became very angry against each other. In November, 1860, the Northern States elected as president Abraham Lincoln, a man who had talked against the South in a very unjust manner. Lincoln's Election Regarded as Unfriendly. — Lincoln was elected by that party in the North that was most unfriendly and unfair to the South. The people of the FRANCIS W. PICKENS 218 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAKOLINA South saw that as president he would make matters worse mstead of better. The South wanted peace. Her people had grown weary of the harsh and unjust talk and unjust laws of the people of the North. The shortest and easiest way to gain peace, they said, was FIRST RAl'TIST CHURCH, COLUMBIA to go out of the riiion. They had boon living in that Union in company with the Northern states since 1789, that is, only about seventy yvurs. The Federal Con- stitution as they understood it, did not deny to them the right to withdraw. The South Carolina Secession Convention. — South Carolina was the first state to act. A convention of hej" FRANCIS W. PICKENS 219 people met in the Baptist Chui'ch in Columbia on the 17th of December, 1860. This convention was " the gravest, ablest, and most dignified body of men I ever saw brought together," afterwards wrote an eye-witness, Profe^oor Joseph Le Conte. The next day the members of the convention met in Charleston, and on the 20th of December, at twelve o'clock, noon, they assembled hi St. Andrew's Hall. The streets of Charleston were crowded with people, flags were flying from every house, and every man was wearing a bli. oadge in his hat. Gen. D. F. Jamison, of Barnwell District, was president of the conven- tion. At half past one o'clock Chancellor Inglis, of Chesterfield, stood up and read to the conven- tion an ordinance which had been written by Chancellor F. H. Ward- law. The vote was taken at once and every member of the conven- tion, one hundred and nine in number, voted for the ordinance. Not a man voted against ^^^''"' "^^" wardlaw it. At seven o'clock in the evenhig all the mem- bers signed their names to it. This ordinance said :220 TllK MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA that the people of the state of South CaroUna re- pealed the former ordmance which the people of the same state adopted on the 23d of May, 1788. Chm'ch bells rang and cannon boomed and the people shouted. The union between South Carolina and the other states was. done away with, and the people of the common- wealth thought that they would now have peace. Southern Confederacy. — By the 1st of February, 1361, the seven Southern states which had then gone out of the old Union formed a new union, called the Confed- erate States of America. These states were South Car- olina, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas. The first apital of the Confederacy was Montgomery, Alabama. Its first president was Jeffer- ..;on Davis, of Mississippi. Fort Sumter Taken. — Governor Pickens asked the Federal Government at Washington to give up Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, because the soil on which Sumter stood was a part of the state of South Carolina. President Davis made the same request, and promises were made that the fort would be handed over to the Confederates. Suddenly it became known that these promises would not be kept, and that war ships with soldiers and cannon and supplies of food were on the way to strengthen and hold Sumter. General Beauregard was in command of the Confed- erate forces at Charleston. He sent a note to Fort Sumter, asking the soldiers there to move out and leave FRANCIS W. PICKENS 221 the place to him. They refused to go. The Confeder- ates wanted the Federal , garrison to give up the fort peaceably. The coniniandcr of Sumter, Major Ander- son, wished to go away, and when he heard a few days before that ships were coming, he said: "My heart is not in the war which I see is to be thus com- menced." It was twenty minutes past three o'clock on the morning of April 12, 1861. Four Confederate offi- cers were stand- ing at the edge of the water at Fort Sumter looking out to sea. Just outside of the mouth of the harbor were the lights of two armed ves- sels. They were coming to make war against the Con- federacy. President Lincoln had sent the vessels to open the war and there they were at the mouth of the harbor. The Confederate officers handed a note to the com- JEFFERSON DAVIS 222 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA inaiider of the Uni, saying that within onc^ hour the Confederate cannon would o})en fire. Then th(^ officers entered a boat and rowed away. At half past four o'clock a shell was fired from Fort Johnson, on James Island. It made a path of light through the darkness as it sped toward Sumter. The sound of the gun rolled across the water to the great crowd of people who were looking on from the wharf and from the houses in Charleston. They saw the shell burst over Sumter, and then they heard a great roar of artillery as all the Confederate batteries began to fire. At seven in the morning another war vessel appeared outside. At the same time the guns of Sumter began their reply to the Confederates. For thirty-four hours the battle was kept up. Many of the cannon in Sumter were knocked from their places by the ten-inch shells of the Confederate guns, and the woodwork of the fort was set on fire. The garrison surrendered and sailed back north in the vessels whose coming had begun a, great war. Lincoln Begins the War. — President Lincoln com- menced the war against the South by sending an armed force in war vessels to Charleston Harbor, in April, 1861. When that expedition returned to New York, Lincoln called out a great army to march by land into the Southern states. Then four other states went out of the Union and joined the Southern Confederacy. These were Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and FRANCIS W. PICKENS 223 Tennessee. Richmond, in Virginia, became the capital of the Confederacy. The North kept up the war against the South by sending armies to invade the Southern states. For four years the South kept back the invad- ing forces. Sixty-one thousand men went from South CaroHna to do their part of the fighting. In addition to these, ten thousand old men and boys stood ready with arms to defend their homes. In the first great battle of the war, at Manassas, in Virginia, July 21, 1861, General Bernard E. Bee, a native of Charleston, S. C. (1823), and a veteran officer of the war in Mexico, com- manded a brigade in the left wing of the Confederate army. To encourage his men in their brave struggle against superior numbers. Bee pointed to another bri- gade and its commander, exclaiming: "There is Jackson standing like a stone wall!" These words of the gallant Bee, who was slain in the moment of victory, gave to the famous Confederate leader the name " Stonewall Jackson." GENERAL BERNARD E. BEE 22-i THE MAKING OF ISUUTll CAUOLINA CHAPTER XLIII. MILLEDGE L. BONHAM, SECOND CONFEDERATE VAR GOVERNOR OF SOUTH CAROLINA. Milledge L. Bonham. — Milledge L. Bonham was born in Edgefield District (1815). He was graduated from South Carolina College in his twenty-fifth year and be- came a lawyer. In 1836 he went to Florida as a soldier to fight against the Seminole Indians. Ten years later he served in the United States army in Mexico, as colonel in command of a regiment. From 1856 until 1860 he sat in Congress at Washington as a representative fro!!! his native state. Bonham as a Soldier. — At the battle of Manassas, in 1861, Bonham was in command of a South Carolina brigade, which was afterwards led by J. B. Kershaw. Two of Bonham's regiments took part in the fight at Stone Bridge near Manassas. When the Federal army was driven in rout from that field Bonham's brigade rushed after it in pursuit. Bonham as Governor. — After the battle of Manassas (1861) Bonham was elected a member of the Confederate Congress at Richmond. In 1862-1864 he was governor of South Carolina. Durhig this time Bonham showed great energy in scalding men from South Carolina to fight in Virginia and m the Mississippi Valley. At the same time h;' had a great battle in progress under his MILLEDOE L. BONHAM, SECOND WAll GOVERNOR 225 own eye at Charleston. There the Federal army and navy were using all their strength to capture the city by the sea. Attempt of Federals to Regain Fort Sumter. — Fort Sumter was taken by Beauregard in April, 1861. In April, 1863, a fleet of nine Federal war vessels entered the mouth of the harbor to take Fort Sumter from the Con- federates. Their ves- sels were the strongest ships then upon the sea, and some of their guns threw fifteen- inch shells, each of which weighed four hundred and forty pounds. The sun came up in a clear sky on the morning of April 7, 1863. The air was soft and balmy. At noon- day the tide was rolling in strong, and at fifteen minutes past twelve o'clock the Federal ironclads raised their anchors and started towards the fort. The drum-beat was sounded at Fort Sumter, and the five hundred and fifty officers and men of the First Regiment of South MILLEDGE L. BONHAM 220 THE MAKLNO OF SOUTH CAROLINA Carolina Artillery, in gray and red, were formed and went to their posts. The flag of the Confederacy fioated above them. In addition to this they ran up the h\ui) bann(U- of Carolina, \\ith white crescent and palmetto, and also the colors of the First Regiment. As these flags fluttered out thirteen guns boomed forth a salute, and the regiment's band began a lively air on the ramparts. Col. Alfred Rhett, commander of the fort, stood on top of the parapet at the point nearest the ships and watched them as they came on. Some of his oflficers stood with him. Major Blanding and his men J ft rf : ^ 0:- ^' Y w'F KT f3| W^ ^jp^rj Kfc r^ . _Lj»~ljM 8 IM ■ ■ 1 lggi^„„ .MJ,. ■~^- ^ 1^.^ rORT Sl.MTKK UNDER FIRE were ready with the lower row of guns and Lieutenant- Colonel Yates was in charge of the upper row. The April afternoon was bright with sunshine. The air was still. The waters of the harbor seemed as smooth as glass. A great crowd of people was gathered on tlui battery and in the doors and windows of the houses in MILLEDGE L. BONHAM, SECOND WAR GOVERNOR 227 Charleston. Everybody held his breath as the big vessels moved forward. Then men said, '' Look ! ** A puff of white smoke rolled up from Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan's Island, and the booming of a heavy gun came rolling across the water as the first Confederate shell rushed out to meet the hostile ships. The latter opened fire on Sumter and an entire battery sent back reply from that fort. Confederate guns on Morris Island and Sullivan's Island joined in the battle. The smoke floated up until the sunlight changed it into snowy clouds. The earth and the sea trembled with the thunder of a hundred cannon. The air around Fort Sumter seemed to be full of bolts of fire. And how did the battle go with Fort Sumter? The Confederates held bravely to their work. As they stood on the walls of the fort they could actually see the great black iron balls, fifteen inches in diameter, as they rushed from the mouths of the guns on the ships towards the fort. The thick walls fell where those balls struck. But the Confederate gunners fired with deadly aim. The Keokuk was riddled with heavy shot and four other Federal vessels were badly injured. At sunset the entire fleet gave up the fight and crept out of the harbor. Early the next morning the Keokuk went to the bottom. Confederate Defences of Charleston. — The Confed- erates built two forts on the upper end of Morris Island. These forts were called Battery Gregg and Battery Wagner. Federal infantry came ashore upon the lower 228 THE MAKING OF iJOUTll CAROLINA end of this island imd set up batteries. Then the ships opened their fii-e and the land batteries fired, and six thousand Federal soldiers advanced against Battery AVagner. The Confederates drove tlieiu back and held their position. Heavy cannon were then set up at the southern end of Morris Island and their great shells were thro^\Tl into Fort Sumter. The Confederate gunners on the walls of Sumter would see a cloud of white smoke among the low hills of the island. A heavy black shell would arise from the cloud and speed toward the fort. With a fierce hissing the shell rushed through the air and struck the l^rick wall of the fort. Sixteen days and nights without ceasing this firing was kt^pt up. The walls of the fort were broken down. Then the war ships came up again to capture Sumter. The Confederates stood bravely on the ruins of the fort and kept back the enemy. Other Attempts to Retake Sumter — 1863. — One hour after midnight, in the early morning of Sept. 9, 1863, Maj. Stephen Elliott, second commander of Sumter, stood upon the broken wall of the fort. Some of his men were at work bringing sand in bags from Charles- ton to make the fort stronger. Two days before, the commander of the Federal fleet had demanded the sur- render of Sumter. But the gallant Elliott asked the messenger to tell the Admiral that " he may have Fort Sumter when he can take it and hold it." Elliott saw now the soldiers who were coming to take it. Two lines iillLLEDGE L. BONHAM, SECOND WAR GOVERNOR 229 of boats filled with armed men were drawing near through the darkness. The Confederates held their fire. When the boats touched the landing place, Elliott's riflemen poured in their shot; they flmig fireballs and tor- pedoes and pieces of brick upon the foe. The heavy guns from the other forts sent a hail of grapeshot among the boats. The enemy was routed and many prisoners were taken. Then the Federal can- non began to throw their shells into the fort, larger shells and more of them, and for a longer time. Forty-one days and nights the roar of the guns continued. The Confederates carried sand and laughed while they worked and fired their guns. The fort was theirs and they meant to hold it. One morn- ing in November, 1863, a shot from the enemy cut the fort's flagstaff. James Tupper, a lad from Charleston, walked along the top of the wall for a long distance, picked up the flag, and began to tie it fast to another staff. The enemy turned all their guns upon him and shells began to burst in the air around him. Three STEPHEN ELLIOTT 230 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA of his comrades ran to help Tapper. The cannon balls struck the sand near their feet and threw clouds of it over the four soldiers. When they were lifting the banner, a great shot struck it and knocked it from their hands. Up it went again and the staff was planted firmly in the sand. Fifteen long minutes they remained in that place of awful danger. Then two of them stood upon a pile of sandbags and waved their caps defiantly at the enemy. Many and many a time again the flag was put back in its place in the same manner after the staff had been broken by cannon-balls. Another Attempt on Sumter in 1864. — Let us look again at Fort Sumter in July, 1864. The enemy's shells had beaten down its walls until they were only a few feet above the water. Capt. John C. Mitchel, third commander of the fort, had the heart of a lion. By night he brought sandbags and palmetto logs from Charleston. His men dug holes in the sand and piled up the bags and the logs to make their shelter safer. The Federal ships and land batteries began once more and finally to send their iron balls upon the garrison. Could they take Sumter? Not so long as those brave Confeder- ates had strength to aim their guns ! A cruel shell killed the gallant Mitchel, but Capt. Thomas A. Huguenin stepped into his place as commander. Throughout August and into September, 1864, sixty days in all, the great three-hundred-pound shells hissed and roared and burst about the fort. The Confederates sent back their MAXCY GREGG'S BRIGADE 231 shells with ann so true that fifty-one of the enemy's best cannon were knocked into fragments. Fort Sumter was never captured from the Confed- erates; the city of Charleston was never taken from them by assault. Gen. R. S. Ripley was always ready with his small army to drive back the land forces of the enemy. Governor Bonham cheered on his countrymen while they fought and died. Then Sherman's large army came up the coast from Georgia, and the gallant Confederates withdrew from Sumter and from Charles- ton to help their countrymen in the last battles against the invaders in North Carolina. CHAPTER XLIV. MAXCY GREGG'S BRIGADE. James Gregg. — The Greggs came from Scotland to the Pee Dee country and built homes in the present Marion County about 1752. James Gregg was born there in 1787. He completed the course of study at South Carolina College in 1808. Five years later he married Cornelia Maxcy, daughter of Jonathan Maxcy, first president of the college. During a long period James Gregg was the foremost lawyer in the town of Columbia. He was more than six feet tall and as straight as an arrow. So wise and so strong and so honest was the elder Gregg that his 232 THE MAKING OF SOUTFI CAROLINA people sent him for twenty-four years, term after term, to sit as their hiwtnaker in tlie legishiture. Maxcy Gregg. — The eldest son of .lames (}r(^gg was given his mother's name and called Maxcy Gregg. At the age of eighteen he completed his education at South Carolina College, standmg first among his classmates. The son en- tered into partnership with his father as a law- yer. In the midst of work, he did not forget his Latin and Greek books, but often read them. He loved to study flowers and birds, and he built a small observatory on the toj^ of his house to enable^ him to watch the move- ments of the stars. In 1846 Maxcy Gregg laid aside his law books, and was appointed major in a regi- ment of soldiers which expected to take part in the Mexican War. The war was over, however, before they were able to reach the field. He took up again his work in the courts of law, and in 1860 was elected a member of the convention that passed the ordinance of secession. The convention ordered the enlistment MAXCY GREGG MAXCY GREGG'S BRIGADE 233 of the First Regiment of South Carolina Volunteers, and appointed Maxcy Gregg as commander. With this regiment he was in service at Charleston until after the capture of Fort Sumter. Gregg's Brigade. — In 1862 Gregg was made com- mander of a brigade of five regmients. These were the First, Twelfth, Thirteenth, and Fourteenth regiments and Orr's rifle regiment of South Carolina Volunteers. This brigade became a part of the Confederate army, under Gen. R. E. Lee, at Richmond, in Virginia. When General McClellan led a Federal army against Richmond in June, 1862, General Lee began to fight him. Then McClellan started to get away from the Confederates, but the latter followed close after him. Gregg's Caro- linians marched in front in this rapid pursuit of the Federal soldiers. The latter halted on a high ridge near Gaines's Mill and prepared to fight. They arranged their cannon on top of the ridge, while their riflemen stood in several lines to hold the position. At Gaines's Mill. — Lee ordered his Confederates to advance and take the hill from the Federal army. Gregg's men. led the way across the creek at the foot of the slope and started up the hill. They were draAvn out in a long line, with flags waving above them and their musket barrels gleaming in the bright sunlight. Solid shot from the cannon on the ridge tore through their ranks. Grapeshot from the same wide-mouthed guns was poured upon them like hail. Musket balls 234 TIIK MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA seemed to fill the air, and the ears of the soldiers were deafened by the crashing and roaring of the little guns and the big guns. The men of Carolina marched straight on in the face of death. Other Confederate brigades advanced on their right and on their left and behind them. They paused long enough to pour their rifle hre into the faces of the enemy and then advanced with a rush and a loud yell. General Gregg was on horseback. He rode for- waixl among his soldiers. Men were falling all around him, but Gregg was cool and watchful. When the roar of the guns deepened and the hail of bullets thickened, Gregg drew his sword and called to liis men to stand firm.* His voice was heard above the awful noise of the battle. The soldiers saw the horse standing upon his hind feet with his fore legs beating the air and his nostrils spread wide in terror. Gregg sat upon the horse as fixed as a statue, his firm figure erect, the reins in his left hand and the bright sword outstretched in his )KRATB MONUMENT, CHESTER MAXCY GREGG'S BRIGADE 235 right hand. When the soldiers saw and heard their great leader among them in that place of death, and when they looked upon the light in his face, they dashed forward with new courage and seized the top of the hill. The rest of the Confederates advanced at other points, and McClellan was driven from the ridge and through the swamps to the lower part of the James River. With Jackson, — In August, 1862, Gregg's brigade joined that part of the Confederate army known as Stonewall Jackson's " foot cavalry," because they marched so far on foot. They went to the upper Rappahannock River, in Virginia, to fight General Pope's Federal army. It was decided to make a great circuit and get behind Pope. The Confederates threw away everything except their rifles, powder, and ball. With long, swinging steps they went around through the country, laugliing and joking and singing songs. The sun was hot, and the way was dusty, and the soldiers had nothing to eat but dry biscuits, green apples, and green corn, which they found in the fields. Their clothes were in rags, and many of them had no shoes. On and on they went. In two days they marched more than fifty miles. Pope's supplies of food and ammunition and clothing for his army were piled in great warehouses at Manassas. These were seized by the Confederates. For one whole day the hungry Southern soldiers had more than they could eat and wear. They tried on new 286 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA shoes, picked out good clothing, ate flour cakes and canned vegetables, drank good coffee, and smoked cigars until darkness came. Everything that was left was burned, and Pope's hungry men came .up to have a fight. The Confederate army was then arranged in line ready for the second battle on the ' field of Manassas. The Second Battle of Manassas. — Gregg's brigade of Carolinians held the left end of this Confederate line of battle. The five regiments were placed there on a small hill covered with rocks and trees. A large part of the Federal army was thrown against Gregg's brigade, for Pope wished to capture that end of the Confederate line. In six great attacks, one after another, the Federal columns rushed toward that piece of woodland. The fighting went on from early morning till darkness came. The Carolinians fought like heroes. Twice they rushed forward with a yell and drove the enemy in flight before them. In the afternoon the enemy came in larger numbers. They fairly swarmed in the woods and closed in upon Gregg's men from th(» front and from left and right. The firing made one continuous crash and roar. It was a very storm of death, but the Carolinians never failed. They were like tigers at bay. Some stood up and loaded and fired their muskets. Some knelt down to take careful aim. Some lay on the ground and finnl. The two lines came so close together that the Confederates used their bayonets, and some of MAXCY GREGG'S BRIGADE 237 them drove back the enemy with rocks. The officers were helping in the fight with swords and pistols. Gregg moved about everywhere on foot in that awful place. He was always cahn. His great courage gave new heart to every soldier that looked upon lum. He saw his fine growing thinner under the enemy's fire. One third of his brigade lay around him, wounded or dead, and his men had fired aw^ay nearly all of their cartridges. When a messenger came from another part of the battle to ask if Gregg could hold the hill, he said that he could hold it. '' Tell General Hill," said Gregg to the messenger, " that my ammunition is exhausted, but that I will hold my position with the bayonet." The place was held. A little later, the Federal army of Pope was defeated and driven across the Potomac, out of Virginia. No soldiers did more to win the glorious victory of Second Manassas than the brave Carolinians who followed Maxcy Gregg. Gregg^s Death. — At Harper's Ferry and at Sharps- burg in September, 1862, Gregg and his men were among the foremost in the fighting. At Fredericksburg, in Virginia, on the 13th of December, 1862, Gregg's brigade formed the second part of Stonewall Jackson's line of battle; that is, they were in reserve. A large body of Federal troops broke through the first line and went rushing back through the woods towards the second line. Gregg thought that they were Confederates. He there- 238 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA fore spurred his horse in front of his own men, and urged them not to fire upon their friends. The Federal sokUers opened fire, and the gallant Gregg fell from his horse with a mortal wound. Col. D. H. Hamilton, of the First Regiment, brought the whole bri- gade at once into action, and they drove the Fed- eral forces in rout from the field. Two days later the heart of every man in the brigade was stricken with grief, for their brave leader died. Gen. Robert E. Lee wrote to Governor Pickens con- cerning General Gregg, that '' he has always been at the post of duty and of danger, and his services in this army have been of in- estimable value, and his loss is deeply lamented. In its greatest triumphs and its bloodiest battles he has borne a distinguished part." Lee said further, ^' The death of such a man is a costly sacrifice, for it is to men of his high integrity and com- manding intellect that the country must look to give character to her councils, that she may be respected and honored by all nations." ROBERT E. LEE SAMUEL McGOWAWS BRIGADE 239 CHAPTER XLV. SAMUEL McGOWAN'S BRIGADE. Samuel McGowan. — Samuel McGowan was a native of Laurens County, where he was born in 1820. At the age of twenty-one he was graduated from South Carolina College. He became a lawyer at Abbeville and was very successful. In 1846 he went to Mexico with the Palmetto Regiment and was made captain. Afterwards he continued his work as lawyer at Abbeville until the trumpet of war sounded. Then he hurried away to Charleston to aid in the capture of Fort Sumter. He went thence to Virginia and took part in the first battle of Manassas. McGowan Becomes Com- mander of Gregg's Brigade. — In 1862 McGowan became colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment of Gregg's brigade. After the death of General Gregg, McGowan was made commander in his place and from that time onward this body of men was known as McGowan's brigade. General McGowan spent the winter of 1862 with his men near the battlefield of SAMUEL MCGOWAN 240 THE MAKING OF 80UTH CAROLINA Fredericksburg. They built log huts and plastered them with mud and called their village by the name of Camp Gregg. In May^ 1863, they seized their nmskets and marched into the thickets to take part in the battle of Chancellors ville. McGowan's Brigade at Chancellorsville. — After Stone- wall Jackson was wounded in the woods at Chancellors- ville, McGowan's brigade was led forward with the other brigades of A. P. Hill's division, to form the front part of the Confederate line of battle. They lay down under the pine-trees and slept until morning. In the early light of the morning they saw just before them the log breastworks piled up by the Federal troops. Cannon and nmskets began to be fired behind the logs. The Confederates replied to this fire and the battle was soon raging. A great cloud of smoke from the guns settled down upon the forest and the flashing of muskets was like fire in the darkness. McGowan stood near the flag of the First Regiment and cheered on his men. Then he mounted a log and stood in full view urging his troops to advance. A musket ball struck him, and as he fell Colonel Edwards, of the Thirteenth Regiment, rushed forward and led the brigade towards the log breast- works. As the brigade advanced Colonel Edwards was shot. Then Col. Abner Perrin, of the Fourteenth Regiment, led the brigade forward. At the same time the whole Confederate army rushed against the Federal posi- tion and drove the Federal soldiers out of the wilderness. SAMUEL McGOWAN'S UIJl(iA])K 241 McGowan's Brigade at Gettysburg. — At the beginning of the first day's battle at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania (July 1, 1863), a strong Federal force held the top of a long slope. A Confederate line advanced part of the way up the slope and fought with muskets. The battle went on and many men fell on both sides, but still the Federal 1 A ii W^^^^ 'Sk-inrXiM>'- * ^i^^ 1 11 ^^x '°C^,^^^^| mmmmlF CONFEDERATE MONUMENT AND COURTHOUSE, ORANGEBURG troops held the top of the slope. McGowan's brigade was sent forward. When the men started up the hill they found the ground covered with dead and wounded Confederates. They moved on and the other Confed- erates gave a cheer for South Carolina. The enemy began to pour grapeshot into them, but the line of the Carolinians went up that hill in regular order, as if on parade. AVhen balls and shot and shell were raining upon them in a torrent, Col. Abner Perrin, the brigade's 242 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA coiiiniander, spurred his horse through his own line, passed to the front, waved his sword and called his men to follow. A great shout went up from every throat when the men saw tlieir daring leader in front of them One rapid rush, with men falUng at every step, and they gained the top of the slope, seized the enemy's cannon, and scattered the opposing force. The flag of the First Regiment was the first Confederate banner raised in the town of Gettysburg. McGowan's Brigade in Northern Virginia. — Early in May, 1864, Lee wished to strike the first blow at Grant in the Wilderness of northern Virginia. General McGowan's wound had healed, and he led his brigade forward with the rest of the Confederates. The Caro- linians took position for a moment upon a ridge. The cannon were already roaring some distance away. Orr's regiment of riflemen knelt down and uncovered their heads and offered prayer to the God of battles. The sharp crack of rifles came nearer and nearer, but the voice of the chaplain, Francis P. Mullally, was heard above the sound of fighting. Then the entire brigade ad- vanced to the attack. Nobly they did their part in that fierce struggle which ended with the repulse of Grant. A few days later Lee and Grant fought a great battle at Spottsylvania. Grant captured a part of Lee's breastwork. McGowan's brigade with a Mississippi brigade was sent to drive Grant's men away. The logs were piled up high and there was a trench dug on each SAMTKL M l)rigade was Gen. James Conner, a lawyer from Charleston, who had entered the Confed- erate war as a captain in the Hampton Legion. Then General McGowan came again as commander and continued with the brigade until the surrender of Lee, at Appomattox. After the war, Genei'al McGowan became a judge. He died in the year 1895. CHAPTER XLVL JOSEPH B. KERSHAW^S BRIGADE. Joseph B. Kershaw. — Joseph B. Kershaw was born at Camden, South Carolina, Jan. 5,,: 1822. As a boy he went to Charleston and became a ck rk in a stor(\ Then he returned to Camden and read lai^y- books, and at the age of twenty-one became a lawyer. Kershaw^ served in the Mexican AVar as a lieutenant. In 1860 hv was elected a member of the Secession Convention, and then buckled on his sword as colonel of the Second South Carolina Regiment. This body of troops as a part of Gen. M. L. Bonham's brigade fought bravely in the first battle at Manassas, in Virginia. In 1862 Bonham was elected to the Confederate Congress, and Kershaw became leader of the brigade which contained the Second, Third, Seventh, and Eighth regiments. JOSEPH 13. KERSHAW S BRIGADE 245 STONEWALL '" JACKSUN Kershaw's Brigade around Richmond. — In June, 1862, Kershaw's men entered the swamps and thickets near Richmond, with the rest of Lee's army, and helped to fight McClellan. They rushed forward to the very mouth of the enemy's cannon and used their bayonets in driving him from the field. With Jackson. — When Stone- wall Jackson advanced to cap- ture Harper's Ferry (September, 1862), Kershaw's brigade was ordered to capture Maryland Heights, near that place. The men had to climb a steep mountain and when they reached the top they found the narrow pathway filled with great stones, trunks of trees, and tangled brush- wood. As they advanced over these, the enemy kept up a continual fire in their faces. The Carolinians did not pause. Sergeant Strother, more than six feet in height, carried the flag of the Eighth Regiment; when he fell, Captain Harllee seized the colors and waved them over his head. A ball stretched him on the field, but Colonel Henegan picked up the flag and called to his men to follow. As he went down with a dangerous wound the men halted. The colonel's voice rang out clear, " Charge and take the works! " The soldiers advanced with bayonets fixed and planted 24^ THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA their flags on the Heights. Harper's Ferry was cap- tured soon afterwards. At Sharpsburg. — Kershaw's brigade was marching most of the night before the battle of Sharpsburg, in Maryland. The men went into the fight early in the morning tii'ed and hungry. And yet many of Kershaw's troops entered the battle on a run. The left end of General Lee's line needed help. A strong body of Federal troops was advanc- ing against that part of the Confederate arm}^ Ker- shaw's men, with other bri- gades, met them. There was an awful crash from the muskets of the Confed- erates and the Federal troops turned back. That part of the field was won. Then Gregg's Carolinians came to help the right end of Lee's line and won the victory there. At Fredericksburg. — At Fredericksburg Kershaw's brigade was increased by the addition of the Fifteenth Regiment and the Third Battalion of South Carolina. Some of Kershaw's men were placed on top of Marye's Hill. The rest of his soldiers with the Georgians and JOSEPH B. KERSHAW JOSEPH B. KERSHxVWS BRIGADE 247 North Carolinians were at the foot of the hill, behind a stone waU. Thousands of Federal tr()()i)s, line after line, advanced to capture that hill, but not one of them ever reached it. The hre from the top of the slope was weU aimed. The men behind the waU did most of the work of defence. One hne of men stood up and fired as fast as they could take aim and pull the trigger. The rest loaded muskets and handed them to their comrades at the wall. One of Kershaw's men named Kirkland climbed over this wall and at the risk of his life carried water to some of the enemy's wounded soldiers. At Gettysburg. — Kershaw's brigade reached the famous field of Gettysburg at the beginning of the battle on the second day. The brigade was in the division of McLaws and in the corps of Longstreet. Kershaw drew up his men in line in front of a hill called Little Round Top. Cannon balls were making gaps in the line, but the soldiers moved forward with bristling bayonets. General Kershaw walked with his men, quiet and brave; his eye was flashing and his clear voice gave new courage to all. He was a man of deep piety and always prayed while he fought. More of the enemy's cannon were turned against his men and the grapeshot came like hail. Every moment men were falling on the field, but the Confederates held their fire and advanced. The Fed- eral muskets opened fire and then the Confederate rifle- men began their work. The whole Confederate line swept forward across the open field and through the woods 248 Till-: MAKlN(i OF SOUTH ('AliOLINA CONFEDERATE .AIONUMENT, ArAKIOX and drove the enemy to the top of the ridge beyond. A hirge part of the glory of that second day at (Gettysburg belongs to the Carolinians of Kersh »w*s brigade. At Chickamauga. — On the 20th of September, 1S63, Kershaw's brigade marched out at sunrise to take part in the great battle of Chickamauga, in Georgia. A second brigade was placed under Kershaw^s command and with the two he swept forward, driving the enemy through the woods. An open field, eight hundred yards wide, lay between Kershaw and the main Federal line. The men fixed bayonets and rushed across the field at JOSEPH B. KERSIIAWS BRIGADE 249 double quick. They captured nine of the Federal cannon and forced the enemy to give up the top of the ridge. Still another hill beyond was held by Federal troops. Onward, therefore, dashed the troops of Kershaw. The struggle for the hill was long and bloody. Help came to Kershaw and the enemy was driven back. During the night that followed the whole Federal army fled from the field. At Spottsylvania. — Early on the morning of the 6th of May, 1864, Kershaw's brigade with the rest of Longs treet's corps started into the Wilderness of northern Virginia. Through the fields and woods they moved at a lively pace to bring aid to the rest of Lee's army. A large body of Federal troops was advancing with fixed bayonets. The Confederate army was in danger. The brigade was led by Col. J. D. Kennedy. Kershaw himself commanded other brigades in addition to that which bore his name. Kershaw quickly arrayed all of his troops in line across the roadway in the forest. His eyes were flashing as h« spurred his horse in front uf his Carolinians. " Now, my old brigade, I expect you to do your duty," he shouted. The Caro- linians did not falter, though many of their comrades were slain. The enemy was coming rapidly toward them along the road, but Kershaw's men opened fire at close range, held their ground and checked the course of Grant's men. Then Longstreet and Micah Jenkins led a large force by another way and struck Grant in the 250 THE iMAKlNG OF SOUTH CAKOLIXA flank. The Federal army was driven from the field, but Jenkins, the brave CaroUnian, was left among the dead. Defending South Carolina against Sherman. — Ker- shaw's brigade fought in the valley of Virginia against Sheridan and at Petersburg against Grant. Led by General Kennedy the brigade returned to South Carolina in January, 1865, to fight Sherman. When th(; latter entered the southern part of the state, Kershaw's men, Hampton's men, and other Carolinians,' were there to meet him. Slowly they withdrew, fighting all the time, as Sherman's army advanced. In May, 1865, Kershaw's brigade as a part of J. E. John- ston's army stacked arms and the men went home again. CHAPTER XLVn. MCAH JENKINS' BRIGADE, Micah Jenkins, Commander of a South Carolina Brigade. — Micah Jenkins as colonel of the Fifth South Carolina Regiment fought in the battle of Manassas, in July, 1861. In the following year, 1862, Jenkins led the regiment kno^vn as the Palmetto Sharpshooters in the battle of Williamsburg, near Richmond. One half of the Confederate forces engaged at Williamsburg were directed by the gallant South Carolinian, Gen. R. H. Anderson. A South Carolina brigade, made up of the First Regiment, Second Rifles, Fifth and Sixth Regi- MICAII JENKINS' BRIGADE 251 jiients, Fourth Battalion, and Palmetto Sharpshooters, was placed under the connnand of Jenkhis, in 1862, Before the battle at Williamsburg this brigade was led by R. H. Anderson, but the latter was now made com- mander of a larger body of troops, most of them from other states. Around Richmond. — On the 31st of May, 1862, Jenkins led his brigade into the great battle of Seven Pines, in front of Richmond. The Carolinians under Jenkins formed the left end of the Con- federate line which advanced into the thicket against the Federal forces. They charged with bayonets and drove the enemy out of his first camp. Forward again they went, over logs and breastworks directly through the Federal line of battle. The rush was kept up and Jenkins^ men captured a second camp. The enemy halted in a swamp and fought desperately. The Carolinians paid no atten- MICAH JENKINS THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA tioii to the bullets. On they dashed and the enemy Hed. The spirit of the Carolinians in this fierce battle in the woods was shown in the words of Captain Carpenter to his men when he fell at the head of his company, "Boys, I am killed, / ^te^^B^^^k but you press on." ^ ' With Lee. — In the battle of Sec- ond Manassas, in 1862,GeneralJen- kins and his bri- gade played their part bravely and well, and helped to win for Lee his great victory. They followed Lee in other cam- paigns and at last entered the battle of the Wilderness. On the morning of the 6th of May, 1864, Jenkins' men, with some of the other brigades under General Longstreet, struck one end of Grant's line and defeated it. As they were driving the Federal army before them through the dense woods, Longstreet was seriously injured and Jenkins GENERAL JOHN BRATTON, "oLD RELIABLE MICAH JENKINS' JilllGADE 25b was slain. In the hour of victory death came to the gallant soldier. Bratton Takes Command of Jenkins* Brigade. — Gen. John Bratton, known among his men as '' Old KeUable," took command of the brigade after the death of General Jenkms. On the 12th of May, 1864, Bratton's men were in line of battle in the wDods at Spottsylvania Court House. The enemy advanced against them in two heavy lines, one just behind the other. Bratton made his soldiers hold their fire until the foe was within a distance of fifty yards. Then at the signal, a storm, of minie balls was sent into their ranks. Down fell the advancing line. Across the entire front of Bratton's brigade lay a row of wounded and dead soldiers. The rest of the Union soldiers fled and Bratton's victorious Confederates held the field. On the field of Appomattox the largest brigade in General Lee^s army was Bratton ^s brigade. Fifteen hundred Carolinians, with loaded rifles ready for battle, were still following Bratton when the Confederate forces surrendered. In one body these soldiers all left Appo- mattox, and still under the command of their brave general marched home again. 254 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA CHAPTER XLVIII. NATHAN G. EVANS' BRIGADE. Nathan G. Evans. — N. G. Evans sprang from Welsh parentage. His early home was in Marion District. In 1848 he completed the course of study at West Point and was made an officer in the United States army. He then went to Texas to fight Indians. Evans was connected with the Second United States Cavalry, and was called *' Shanks " by his fellow- soldiers. Robert E. Lee was an officer in this same regiment. When South Carolina went out of the Union (1860) Evans re- signed his position in the regiment and started home to help his people. AYhen he parted from Lee the latter said to him, " Good by, Shanks, I suppose they will make you a general." Some months later, Lee himself resigned from the Second Cavalry and entered the Con- federate army. Evans at Manassas. — Evans was made a general, and took a leading part in the first gi'eat battle of the NATIIAX G. EVANS NATHAN EVANS' BRIGADE 255 war, at Manassas. The brigade commanded by Evans was placed in front of the famous Stone Bridge. The Fourth South CaroUna Regiment (Col. J. B. E. Sloan) formed a part of his brigade. With only nine hmidred men Evans kept back for several houre a force of nine thousand Federal soldiers. Later in the year 1861, at Ball's Bluff, Evans as commander of Mississippi and Virginia troops won a great victory. With Lee. — Near the close of the year 1861 General Evans became the leader of a South Carolina brigade made up of the Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-Second, Twenty-Third, and Twenty-Sixth regiments and the Holcombe Legion. These soldiers helped to defend Charleston for several months. Then in the latter part of the year 1862 they went with Lee to Second Manassas and Sharpsburg, where they won much praise for their bravery. Then General Evans came again to take part in the defence of Charleston, but his brigade remained in North Carolina and Virginia under Stephen Elliott, Jr., one of the heroes of Fort Sumter. Around Petersburg. — In the summer of 1864 Elliott's brigade formed a part of Lee's line of soldiers which was keeping Grant's army away from Richmond and Peters- burg. Elliott and his men were holding the top of a hill. Grant's men dug a tunnel under this hill, filled it with powder and put a match to it. The top of the hill was blown into the air and a great many brave men of the Eighteenth and Twenty-Second South 266 THK MAKING OF SOL Til CAHOLINA Carolina regiments were killed. Hundreds of the Fed- eral soldiers rushed into the pit or crater made by the explosion. Elliott himself was struck by a rifle ball, but Col. F. W. McMaster took command of the brigade and made a gallant stand to keep back Grant's soldiers. Maj. John C. Haskell came rushing up with two heavy guns and began to throw big shot among the men in the crater. Other Confederates came to aid the Carolinians, and Grant's forces were driven back with severe loss. This famous victory of the Crater was due largely to the courage of the men in the brigade of Elliott and McMaster. On the field of Appomattox the brigade was led by Gen. William H. Wallace. Early on the day of the surrender of Lee's army, Wallace's brigade fixed bay- onets and drove back a portion of Grant's line for the distance of a mile. Then they laid down their arms. THE lilUCiADES OF AIANIGAULT AND GIST 2o < CHAPTER XLIX. THE BRIGADES OF MANIGAULT AND GIST IN MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. THE Manigault's Brigade. — In the year 1862 Gen. Arthur M. Manigault led a brigade into the Mississippi Valley to help the Confederates of that region. The Tenth and the Nineteenth South Carolina regiments formed a part of his force. In the battle of Murfreesboro, Tennessee, Manigault's men were in the front part of the Confederate army. Philip Sheridan's brigade was posted upon a ridge in a thicket of cedar trees, facing Mani- gault's brigade. As the latter rushed forward they met an awful fire from Sheridan's cannon and muskets, and were forced to fall back. Manigault was among his men and led them to the attack a second and a third time. This last rush of the Confederates was like a whirlwind. They shot down the gunners who were firing four of the enemy's cannon, poured a hot [. MANIGAULT 258 THE MAKIN(i OF SOUTH CAROLINA rifle fire into the faces of Sheridan's troops, and then rushed upon them with fixed bayonets. Sheridan's brigade fled in haste from the thicket of cedars and carried with them in retreat aU of the Federal forces on that part of the field of battle. Manigault's brigade fought in the battle of Chicka- mauga, Tennessee, in September, 1863. The Tenth and Nineteenth South Carolina regiments, led by Colonel Pressley, saw their enemy standing behind a breastwork of logs upon the crest of a hill. They advanced steadily until they were within eighty yards of the logs. The fire in their faces was hot, but a hotter fire was now poured in by the enemy on their left. For a little while the Confederates were staggered, but they did not turn back. Pressley's voice urged the men forward. A dash was made for the logs. The Carolinians rushed over them, drove the enemy back, seized three heavy guns, and turned them against the defeated foe. Gist's Brigade. — The Sixteenth and the Twenty- Fourth South Carolina regiments formed a part of the brigade of States Rights Gist. This body of Confederates went westward in 1863 and helped to fight against Grant's army in Mississippi. In the battle of Chickamauga, the Twenty-Fourth Regiment was at the end of Gist's line. The brigade advanced into the woods and the South Carolina regi- ment came upon a log breastwork. A destructive fire was poured into their very faces, but the men stood THE BHKiADES OF MANIGAULT AND GIST 259 firm and sent back shot for shot. One third of the soldiers fell upon the field. Colonel St(ivens had two horses killed undc^- him. Five; of the Carohna officers were killed and ten were wounded. Among those severely injured Avere '^ the iron-nerved Stevens and the intrepid Capers." When nearly all of the leaders were stretched upon the field, the rest of the troops were withdrawn. The officer last mentioned, Col. Ellison Capers, later a brigadier-general be- came afterwards the beloved bishop of the Episcopal Church of South Carolina. Gist and Manigault with Johnston. — The brigades of both Gist and Manigault took part in Gen. Joseph E. Johnston's long struggle against Gen- eral Sherman in Georgia, in 1864. In the fall of that year they marched with Gen. John B. Hood from Atlanta, Georgia, to Franklin, Tennessee. More than five hundred miles they went on foot through rain and mud and snow. The men had little clothing, many of them had no ELLISON CAPERS iitiO illK MAlvlxN'G UF SUUTU CAROLINA blankets for covering at night, and large numbers were barefooted. During a part of the time they had nothing to eat but cornmeai. In spite of coid and hunger, the troops laughed and sang songs as they marched along. On the 30th of November, 1864, they helped to win the Confederate victory at Franklin. Manigault's brigade was in the thick of the fight, and Manigault himself was badly wounded. General Gist was slam while leading his men to the attack. The following report about Gist's brigade was written by Col. ElUson Capers: "Just before the charge was ordered the brigade passed over an elevation from which we beheld the magnificent spectacle tha battlefield presented — bands were playing, general and staff officers and gallant couriers were riding in front of and between the lines. One hundred battle flags wero waving in the smoke of battle and bursting shells were wreathing the air with great circles of smoke, while twenty thousand brave men were marching in perfect order against the foe. The sign inspired every man of the Twenty-Fourth with the sentiment of duty." Then General Gist rode along the front of the line. He " waved his hat to us. expressed his pride and confidence in the Twenty-Fourth, and rode away in the smoke of battle, never more to be seen by the men he had commanded on so many fields." On went the men, yelling and firing as they charged. The flag of the Twenty-Fourth was planted on the WADE HAMPTON ixN THE CON FEDERATE WAR 261 enemy's works. Over these rushed the Confederates with bayonets fixed and the enemy fled. The battle was won, but Gist was dead and Manigault and Capers were lying wounded in front of the Federal breastworks. Both of these brigades fought on the fatal field of Nash- ville, in December, 1864. They came home agam to fight to the last in the Carolinas under Joseph E. Jolm- ston. CHAPTER L. VADE HAMPTON AND THE CAROLINA HORSEMEN IN THE CONFEDERATE WAR. The Hamptons. — Three great Carolina soldiers have borne the name Wade Hampton. Each one of them knew how to ride and shoot and fight. We have seen the first Hampton dashing boldly into battle in the days of the Revolution. After that struggle he sat for a time as a lawmaker in Congress. In 1812 he was made a major-general and fought against the British in Canada. Then he laid away his sword and began to plant cotton. In this undertaking his success was so great that he was considered the wealthiest planter in the United States and was re- puted to owTi three thousand slaves. He left to his son, the second Wade Hampton, hundreds of acres of land in South Carolina, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Wade Hampton the second went into the battle of 202 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA n - ■.#'■■■ ■^"ig' V ' *'"-^^^ w^^^S^ A GARDEN AT THE HOME OF THE KIllST WADE HAMPTON (Xow tlie Woman's College, Columbia) New Orleans, Jan. 8, 1815, by the side of Gen. Andrew Jackson, for he was an aide on " Old Hickory's " staff. When the victory was won, Colonel Hampton was sent to tell the glorious news to President Madison. The only way to make the journey was to ride through the forests from the Mississippi Valley to Colum- bia, South Carolina. The distance was about seven hundred and fifty miles. He rode one horse all the way. The noble animal swam rivers, plunged through swamps, and completed the journey in ten days and a half, an average of seventy-two miles a day. From Columbia WADE HAMPTON IN THE CONFEDERATE WAR 263 Colonel Hampton went by public conveyance to Wash- ington and gave Jackson's message to the president. After the war he lived the rest of his days at Millwood, his beautiful home in the country, near Columbia. Wade Hampton the Third. — Wade Hampton the tliird was born in the city of Charleston, March 28, 1818. He spent his early years b.?neath the tall, white pillars of his father's mansion, Millwood. There were fine horses in the stables and in the pastures and young Hampton knew and loved each one of them. It gave him keen pleasure to ride the wildest colt on the plantation. Much of his time was spent in the woods, gun in hand, looking for deer and wild turkeys. Famous men from near and far came as guests to the home, for the master of Millwood had a large heart and an open hand. Poor and rich alike were made welcome. The young son of the household, the bold rider and huntsman, was the favorite with all who enjoyed the hospitality of his father's home. Special teachers, called tutors, came to live at Mill- wood to prepare young Hampton for college. Then he entered South Carolina College and completed the course of study. After that, a considerable period of time was given to the reading of law books. Young Hampton did not wish, however, to become a lawyer. At the death of his father he took charge of the large estates that had been handed down by the first Wade Hampton. 204 TIIK iMAKIN(; OF SOI Til CAliOLINA The third Wixdo Hampton at thirty years of age was a man of very large wealth. l*]very one of liis friends, how- ever, shared in the l)l('ssiii books and liked to ramble through the fields and woods. When he grew to be a man he studied law in the office of Mr. James L. Petigru, who was then the chief lawyer in South Caroluia. But Timrod soon left the law and gave up liis lil'e to writing poetry. Many beautiful and noble poems came from his pen before the war opened. When the war came, Timrod took his rifle and went out to fight. He then wrote battle hynms for the Confederates to sing. Among these were ''Carolma," '^Charles-, ton/' and ''A Cry to Arms." Timrod's health did not hold out and he came home, but his pen was always busy. As his strength faded away, his voice became ever more cheer- ful, and he urged his countrymen to fight on. He was in Columbia when Sherman burned the city. Simms and Hayne were his friends. Together the three friends suffered, and together they kept on working. ^^..^ytrs^ tA^»^V>'«'fcelin,ii; to the public weal and consecrated themselves to the sacred work of redeeming their prostrate state. To the accomplishment of this task they dedicated themselves with unfaltering confidence and with unshaken faith, trusting alone to the justice of their cause and commending that cause reverently to the protection of the Almighty. "A great task is before the conservative party of this state. They entered on this contest with a platform so broad, so strong, so liberal, that every honest citizen could stand upon it. They recognized and accepted the amendments of the constitution in good faith; they pledged themselves to work reform and to establish good govern- ment; they promised to keep up an efficient system of public education; and they declared solemnly that all citizens of South Carolina of both races and of both parties, should be regarded as equals in the eye of the law; all to be protected in the enjoyment of every political right now possessed by them. " To the faithful observance of these pledges we stand committed, and I, as the representative of the conserva- tive party, hold myself bound by every dictate of honor and of good faith to use every effort to have these pledges redeemed fully and honestly. It is due not only to our- selves but to the colored people of the state that wise, just, and liberal measures should prevail in our legislation. We owe much of our late success to these colored voters, who were brave enough to rise above the prejudice of race, and honest enough to throw off the shackles of party in .SOUTH CAROLINA AGAIN UNDER AVIIITE RULE 297 their determination to save the state. To those who, misled by their fears, their ignorance, or by evil counsel- ing, turned a deaf ear to our appeals, we should not be vindictive, but magnanimous. Let us show to all of them that the true interests of both races can best be secured by cultivating peace and promoting prosperity among all classes of our fellow-citizens. I rely confi- dently on the support of the members of the general assembly in my efforts to attain these laudable ends, and I trust that all branches of the government will unite cordially in this patriotic work. If so united and work- ing ^vith resolute will and earnest determination, we may hope soon to see the dawn of a brighter day for our state. God in His infinite mercy grant that it may come speedily, and may He shower the richest blessings of peace and happiness on our whole people." '^is^c A VIEW OF CHARLESTON 298 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA CHAPTER LIV THE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT The People of South Carolina Build up their State. — The election of General Wade Hampton as governor in 1876 was followed, early in 1877, by the complete with- drawal of Federal soldiers from the state. The entire management of public affairs in South Carolina was consequently brought under the control of the white people of the commonwealth. Good government was thus established, life and property were again made safe, and the people went to work with faith and courage to restore their financial credit and to bring back prosperity. The leaders in this work of rebuilding the commonwealth were the former Confederate soldiers, aided by their wives, their sons and their daughters. Fences were built around the plantations; old fields were again brought under cultivation; new fields were cleared and planted. This work of agricultural development was continued with such energy that at the present time corn and cotton are grown on hundreds and hundreds of acres of the best lands in every part of our commonwealth; rice is planted near the coast; vegetables are grown in large quantities in the same region; wheat flourishes in many places; herds of cattle are seen everywhere; and nearly every kind of fruit is cultivated with success. Sawmills have been set up and lumber in large quanti- THE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT 299 ties has been brought from the forests for the building of homes, stores, banks, school houses and churches. New farm houses have been erected and towns have been rapidly built. Shining steel rails have been stretched for miles and miles across the country so that railroads and electric railways run now in every direction, binding together the different parts of the state. Toiling thus with zeal and patience in the field and in the workshop, in the factory and in the merchant's warehouse, on the railway and in the schoolroom, the people of the state, true and worthy descendants of the founders and early builders of South Carohna, have brought their common- wealth into a degree of material prosperity greater than she has ever known. The Farmers' Movement, 1 886-1 890. — South Caro- lina is an agricultural state; that is, the chief industry is the cultivation of the soil. Consequently, the basis of material prosperity in this commonwealth is the work of the farmers. In 1886 the owners and tillers of the soil in South Carolina organized a Farmers' Movement. The pur- pose of this organization was to secure for the farmers certain rights and privileges hitherto denied to them, among which were changes in the law concerning the right to vote, and the establishment of an Agricultural and Mechanical College for the benefit of the farmers. In 1890 the Farmers' Movement brought forward Benjamin R. Tillman as candidate for the governorship. 300 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLIJSIA After an exciting political campaign, he was elected. In 1892 Tillman was chosen governor for a second term and in 1894 was made United States Senator trom South Carolina. Establishment of the Dispensary System, 1893. — On July 1, 1893; the Stat(^ Dispensary System, established by an act of the legislature, went into operation. This system was intended to prevent some of the evils con- nected Avith the drinking of spirituous liquors by regu- lating their sale and distribution. Through its own appointed officials, the state government offered such liquors for sale to responsible persons, but only between the hours of sunrise and sunset. The law forbade the sale of liquors to minors and habitual drunkards. It was sold only in sealed packages and must be carried unopened from the place where it was bought. Many difficulties arose at once about the enforcement of this law. There was also a great deiJ of dishonest practice connected with the state's purchase and sale of liquors. Most of the people soon formed the opinion that in spite of the precautions mentioned above as incorporated in the law, the Dispensary was a failure. In 1907, there- fore, the legislature abolished the Dispensary as a system maintained by the state government, but per- mission was given to each county to estal)lish a county dispensary. Nearly all of the counties, however, by a vote of the people, have decided against the mainte- nance of the County Dispensary. THE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT 301 Adoption of a New State Constitution, 1895. — In the hitter part of the year 1895, a convention, composed of representatives chosen by the people of South ("aroHna met in the State House in Columbia to frame a new constitution. On December 4, after much deliberation, the convention adopted the new instrument of govern- ment. It was put into operation as the basis of all of our state laws on January 1, 1896. From the formation of the first separate state government until the present time the people of South Carolina have adopted six state constitutions, bearing the dates 1776, 1778, 1790, 1865, 1868 and 1895. The Right to Vote under the New Constitution. — One of the important features of the new constitution was the establishment of an educational and property qualification in connection with the voting franchise. Virtually all white men who were twenty-one years old before January 1, 1898, received for Hfe the right to vote. Since 1898 this right is given to all men twenty-one years of age, who can read and write, or who pay taxes upon three hundred dollars' worth of property. The Primary Election System. — The primary election system in South Carolina was developed in connection with the Farmers' Movement. The law establishing this system provides that before the general election in each election year, a preliminary vote may be taken among the members of any pohtical party. The persons who secure a majority of the votes cast in this prelim- 802 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA inary election become the regular candidates of the political party which holds the primary, and represent that party before the whole body of qualified voters in the general election. South Carolina's Part in the War in Cuba, 1898. — In 1898, when war broke out between the United States and Spain, the people of South Carolina made a prompt response to President McKinley's call for troops to drive the Spaniards out of Cuba. Two full regiments and an independent battalion of infantry, which was afterwards made a part of one of the regiments, and also a body of naval reserves, were sent into the field from this state. General M. C. Butler, who had distinguished himself as a leader of Confederate cavalry, as we have already seen (p. 266), was, in 1898, appointed Major-General in the United States Volunteer Army. Major Micah Jenkins, of South Carolina, an officer in the cavalry regiment known as the Rough Riders, won special mention for gallantry in the battle at San Juan Hill, near Santiago, in Cuba. Lieutenant Victor Blue, a native of South Carolina, and an officer in the United States Navy, bore a conspicuous part in the operations around Santiago. The Charleston Exposition, 1901-1902. — In 1901- 1902 an industrial exposition was held at Charleston. From various parts of our country large exhibits were sent. The principal collection of agricultural and manu- factured products in this exposition was that which was THE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT 303 furnished by the people of South CaroHna, exhibiting the marked progress of the state in material prosperity. National Corn Exposition Held at Columbia, 1913. — ■ The fifth National Corn Exposition was held at the city of Columbia, South Carolina, from January 27 to February 14, 1913. Agricultural products from twenty- four states of our Republic were placed on exhibition, constituting an agricultural exposition on a large scale. The progress of the chief part of our country in the culti- vation of the soil was illustrated in the exhibits, those from South Carohna showing a marvelous advancement in agricultural activities in recent years. In 1870 the total value of the agricultural products of this state was about forty-two millions of dollars; at the present time the annual value of the chief crops alone is about one hundred and fifty millions. This state continues to hold the world's record for the production of corn on a single acre, 255 bushels and three quarts, raised by Captain Z. J. Drake of Marlboro County. Jerry Moore, a South Carolina boy, sixteen years of age, holds the record for the production of corn on a single acre by a boy, 228 bushels and three pecks. The Building of Cotton Mills. — The story of the work of making cloth from cotton in South Carolina has its beginning in Colonial days. Before the period of the American Revolution, cotton thread was spun and woven into cloth for home use in many parts of the province. About 1748 Governor Glen made reference in his official 304 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA report to cloth goods manufactured by the Scotch-Irish settlers in Williamsburg Township. Copies of the Charleston Gazette of the years 1768 and 1769 tell us that at that time many of the people of the northern and eastern parts of the province were manufacturing their own clothing from cotton. During the Revolution some of the South Carolina planters manufactured cotton cloth at the rate of about six thousand yards in a year. The City Gazette, Charleston, of January 24, 1789, informs us that a widow bearing the name Ramage, was then operating a cotton mill on James Island. The looms in this mill were not the usual hand looms of that time, but were arranged to run by horse power. Prior to 1790 a factory for the making of cotton cloth was established in Williamsburg County and another near Stateburg. In 1808 the South Carolina Homespun Company erected in Charleston a building of brick and began to weave cotton cloth in large quantities. The following year (1809) marked the making of cotton goods in Union District and the manufacture of blankets in Prince WiUiam District. About 1818 two cotton factories were established in Spartanburg District by members of the Hill family and of the Weaver family, who had come to South Carolina from New England. A few years later (1829) a cotton mill was built at Pendleton, and another near the same place, in 1838. About the same time. General D. R. Williams built a small mill in Darlington THE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT 305 District. In 1833 the Vaucluse Cotton Mill was estab- lished on Horse Creek in the jiresent Aiken County, (Hinipped with one thousand five hundred spindles and twenty-five looms. In 1836 the Marlboro Manufactur- ing Company began work with two thousand spindles and eighty looms, operated by water power. About OLYMPIA COTTON MILL, COLUMBIA (tHE LARGEST COTTON MILL UNDER ONE ROOF IN THE WORLD) this time also the Saluda Factory was founded near the city of Columbia, with five thousand spindles and one hundred and twenty looms. The year 1846 marked the establishment of the Graniteville Cotton Mill in the present Aiken County by William Gregg. About the same time also were founded a cotton mill at the present Glendale near the city of Spartanburg, the DeKalb Mill near Camden and the Mount Dearborn Factory on the 306 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA Catawba River. Most of these mills continued their work throughout the period of the war between the North and the South, and at the close of that struggle (1867) eleven cotton mills were in full operation in the state. In 1880 there were eighteen cotton mills in South Carolina operating nearly two thousand looms. Soon after that time an active industrial movement was begun which resulted in the erection of an increasing number of cotton mills. The chief leaders in this movement were David E. Converse, H. P. Hammett, John H. Mont- gomery, Ellison A. Smyth and John B. Cleveland. The progress made in this field during the period of thirty years from 1880 until 1910 was wonderful. The number of mills was increased to one hundred and sixty; the amount of capital invested from less than three million dollars in 1880 to about one hundred million dollars at the present time; the value of the products from less than three milhon dollars in 1880 to about ninety million dollars at the present time. South Carolina now holds second place among the states of our Republic in the manufacture of cotton goods. She continues to make progress and doubtless will speedily attain the first place. Development of the System of Public Education. — As early as 1710 the Assembly of South Carolina adopted a law for the establishment of a Free School in Charleston. This school provided instruction in grammar, mathe- matics, the Latin and Greek languages, and in '' the THE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT 307 principles of the Christian religion." A free school was established at Dorchester in 1734. The South CaroHna Society, the Winyah Indigo Society of Georgetown and the Fellowship Society of Charleston were founded before the period of the Revolution for the purpose of giving clothing and instruction to poor children. During the War of the Revolution the following schools were established: Mount Zion Society, Winns- boro; CathoUc Society, Camden; Salem Society, Camden; St. David's Society, Cheraw. In 1785 the legislature passed an act for the establishment of three colleges: (1) The College of Charleston, which is still a prosperous institution; (2) Mount Zion College, Winnsboro, which is to-day in active operation as Winnsboro High School; (3) a college at Ninety-Six which was afterwards changed into an academy. Education was the chief purpose also of the Beaufort Society, the St. Helena Society, the Claremont Society at Stateburg, the Beaufort District Society, Upper Long Cane Society, Abbeville and John's Island Society, all of which were incorporated soon after the Revolution. The oldest of all such organizations, however, is St. Andrew's Society, Charleston, formed in 1729. In addition to the schools maintained by these societies a large number of private academies aided in the work of educating the youth of the state. In 1811, in response to the recommendation of Gover- nor Henry Middleton, the legislature established a system 308 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA of free schools in the districts and parishes of the state. For many years the annual expenditure for the main- tenance of these schools was about $35,000. In 1852 the legislature increased the annual appropriation for them to more than double this amount, making it $74,400. In 1860 the number of pupils attending these free schools was 18,915, the larger portion of the white children of that period being enrolled in private schools and academies. Even in the midst of the period of warfare (1863), there were 823 free schools, with 845 teachers and 10,811 pupils. The constitution adopted in 1868 provided for a complete system of public schools to be maintained by a poll tax, a voluntary local tax and an annual appropriation of the legislature. J. K. Jillson, the first State Superintendent of Education (1868-1876), reported an increase in the enrollment of pupils during this period from about twenty-eight thousand to about one hundred and forty thousand. In accordance with Jillson's recommendation, a constitutional amendment was adopted, laying an annual tax of two mills on each dollar of property for the support of pubUc schools. From 1876 until the present time the schools have been wisely and efficiently administered by the following State Superintendents of Education: Hugh S. Thomp- son (afterwards Governor of the state), Asbury Coward, James H. Rice, W. D. Mayfield, John J. McMahan, O. B. Martin and John E. Swearingen. In 1876 the enrollment of pupils in the public schools THE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT 309 was about 140,000; in 1885, about 185,000; in 1895, about 227,000; in 1910, about 354,000. At the present time the number of pupils enrolled is rapidly increasing. This means that an army of young people, white and colored, nearly four hundred thousand in number, marches every year to the public schools of South Caro- lina. More than four thousand white teachers and nearly three thousand colored teachers are engaged in giving instruction in these schools. The amount of money expended for the maintenance of public schools in South Carolina has been largely increased in recent years. The constitution of 1895 increased the county school tax from two mills on each dollar of property to three mills. In addition to this constitutional tax, the legislature in 1913 laid a state tax of one mill on each dollar for the support of free, public schools, thus raising the regular tax for schools to four mills, with certain special^taxes in addition. At the present time, therefore, the total amount of money paid out by the people of South Carolina each year for the maintenance of the public school system is nearly three million dollars. The chief parts of this efficient system are town and city graded schools, rural graded schools and high schools. A large part of the annual school fund is used in the erection of new school build- ings, the establishment of school libraries and the ar- rangement of courses of study for the training of teachers. This means that the people look upon the support of free, 310 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA public schools as, after the maintenance of law and order, the chief duty of the commonwealth. Collegiate Institutions for Men and for Women. — The oldest college in South Carohna is The College of Charleston, founded, as we have seen, in 1785. Its work is supported by a private endowment fund. An im- THE COLLEGE OF CHARLESTON portant part of the equipment of the college is an exten- sive museum of natural history. In 1790 the Charleston Orphan House opened its doors as a home for orphans. The endowment fund of this beneficent institution is sufficient for the annual maintenance and education of more than two hundred orphan children. On December 19, 1801, the South Carolina College was incorporated by the legislature in response to the THE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT 311 recommendation of Governor John Drayton. In Janu- ary, 1805, the college began the work of instruction. Since that time, many of the graduates of this great school have rendered efficient pubhc service as governors, lawmakers, judges, lawyers, ministers of the gospel, physicians, editors, teachers, planters and leaders in business affairs. A large number of the sons of the college became officers and private soldiers in the service of the Southern Confederacy. In January, 1905, the college called her living sons together to celebrate the completion of the first hundred years of successful work. A year later (1906) the name of the school was changed by the legislature to The University of South Carolina. Supported by increasing annual appropriations, the University has entered into a larger field of labor in })ehalf of the people of the commonwealth. The Medical College of South Carolina, organized in 1832, is located in Charleston. In 1842 the Arsenal in Columbia and the Citadel in Charleston were organized as military schools, constituting the South Carofina Mifitary Academy. This academy furnished from its own graduates more than two hundred officers to the armies of the Southern Confederacy. The South Caro- lina Institution for the Deaf and BHnd was organized at Cedar Springs in 1849. The Barhamville Female College, near Columbia, was one of the early colleges established for women. This school had a successful career in giving instruction to 312 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA women from the time of its foundation, about 1817, until the doors were elosed in 1861. Prior to the period of the war between the states, other femak' eoUeges were established in South CaroHna, as follows: Limestone College, at Gaffney, giving in- struction to women, was founded by the Baptists in 1845. COLUMBIA FEMALE COLLEGE The Baptists also founded Greenville Female College in 1854. Columbia Female College, the property of the Methodists, was chartered in 1854 in the city of Co- lumbia. The Reidville Female (Presbyterian) College was established in the upper part of the state in 1857, and the Memminger High School for Girls in Charleston in the same year. The Associate Reformed Presby- terians founded the Due West Female College in 1860. Prior to the war, also, church schools for inen^were THE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT 313 established as follows: The Columbia Theological Semi- nary, now under the control of the Presbyterian Synods of South Carolina, Georgia, Ala- bama and Florida, was founded in Georgia in 1828 and was re- moved to the city of Columbia in 1830. In 1834 the Associate Reformed Presbyterians founded at Due West the Erskine Theo- logical Seminary. Three years later (1837) they established at the same place Erskine College. An academy established by the Baptists at Winnsboro was, in 1848, transferred to Greenville. Four years later (1852) this acad- em3^ became the Furman Uni- versity. The Theological Depart- ment of Furman University was organized in 1859 as The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, and at a later time was removed to Louisville, Kentucky. Wofford College was chartered in 1851 and established at Spartanburg under the control of the Methodists. The Lutherans of the state founded Newberry College in 1856. These denominational schools have trained not only a large number of ministers, but also many who have 1 President of Erskine College, 1871-1899. MONUMENT TO WILLIAM MOFFATT GRIER^ 314 THE MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA rendered the most efficient service in every other sphere of activity, pubhc or private. Soon after the close of the war period, the Confederate Home and School was estabHshed in Charleston (1867). Within this institution a female college was afterwards organized, chiefly for the benefit of the children of Confederate soldiers. In the same year (1867) the Porter Mihtary Academy was established in Charleston for the special advantage of the sons of Confederate veterans. The equipment of the school has been greatly enlarged in recent years so that at the present time an extensive course of collegiate studies is offered. In 1872 Lander College, a Methodist School for girls, was founded at Williamston. Afterwards it was removed to Greenwood. The Presbyterian College of South Caro- lina was organized at Clinton in 1880. At first it bore the title of Clinton College, but in 1893 the Presbyte- rians of the entire state assumed control, changed the name to the present title and began to equip the school for its present enlarged field of service. Clifford Semi- nary for women was established at Union in 1881. In 1886 the Winthrop School for Teachers was organized in the city of Columbia. This school was so successful that in 1891 it was chartered as The Winthrop Normal and Industrial College for the education of women and established in the city of Rock Hill. The number of students receiving instruction each year in this college is about seven hundred and fifty. THE PERIOD OF DEVELOPMENT 315 In 1888; in response to requests made by the Farmers' Movement, the Clemson Agricultural College was char- tered by the legislature. Five years later the doors of the school were opened (1893). Its buildings have been erected upon the plantation formerly owned by John C. Calhoun. At the present time the number of students CLEMSON COLLEGE who receive instruction annually at Clemson is more than eight hundred. Converse College, for the education of women, was founded at Spartanburg in 1889, supported by a private endowment fund. The College for Women at Columbia was organized in 1890. Chicora College, also for the education of women, was established at Greenville in 316 THE MAKINCl OF SOUTH CAROLINA 1893 by the Presbyterians of South Carohiia. Lees- ville College for tlie training of youtli of both sexes was opened at Leesville in 1890. Coker College for women was organized at Hartsville in 1908. In recent years schools for orphans have been estab- lished, the most extensive of which are the following: The Thornwell Orphanage at Clinton (1872), supported by the Presbyterians; Connie Maxwell Orphanage at Greenwood (1891), established by the Baptists; Epworth Orphanage at Columbia (1894), supported by the Method- ists; and the Catholic Orphan Asylum, in Charleston, maintained by the Catholics. The state of South Carolina now expends annually about three hundred and fifty thousand dollars for the support of free public schools for the colored people. The Agricultural and Mechanical College for colored youth of both sexes located at Orangeburg (1896) is supported by the state. • Benedict College (1871) and Allen University (1880) at Columbia and Claflin Uni- versity (1869) at Orangeburg are supported chiefly by gifts from Northern donors for the higher education A Group of South Carolina Educators (see opposite page) : William C. Preston, U. S. Senator, 1833-1842, President of South Carolina College, 184&-1851 ; James H. Carlisle, President of Wofford College; James H. Thornwell, President of South Carolina College, 1852-1855, Professor in Columbia Seminary; John Bachman, Pro- fessor in Charleston College, Founder of Lutheran Seminary and one of the Founders of Newberry College; James C. Furman, Presi- dent of Furman University. A Group of South Carolina Educators WILLIAM C. PRESTON JAMES H. CARLISLE JAMES It. THORNWELL JOHN BACHMAN JAMES C. FURMAN 317 31 S THK MAKING OF SOUTH CAROLINA of negroes. Additional institutions for colored youth have been established as follows: Schofield Institute, Aiken (1868); Lancaster Institute, Lancaster (1879); Harbison College, Irmo (1882); Ferguson-Williams Col- lege, Abbeville (1882); Friendship College, Rock Hill (1891); and SterUng Institute, Greenville (1896). Academies and high schools are found in nearly every town in the state. These institutions, together with the schools already mentioned, small and great, are all doing their part in the noble work of training the boys and girls of South Carolina to become wise and God-fearing men and women. APPENDIX GOVERNORS APPOINTED UNDER THE PROPRIETORS L Sir John Yeamans, appointed by Proprietors, 1664. 2. William Sayle, appointed by Proprietors, 1669. 3. Joseph West, elected by Council, 1671. 4. Sir John Yeamans, appointed by Proprietors, 1672. 5. Joseph West, appointed by Proprietors, 1674. 6. Joseph Morton, appointed by Proprietors, 1682. 7. Richard Kyrle, appointed by Proprietors, 1684. 8. Robert Quary, elected by Council, 1684. 9. Joseph West, appointed by Proprietors, 1685. 10. Joseph Morton, appointed by Proprietors, 1685. 11. James Colleton, appointed by Proprietors, 1686. 12. Seth Sothell, a Proprietor, 1690. 13. Philip Ludwell, appointed by Proprietors, 1691. 14. Thomas Smith, appointed by Proprietors, 1693. 15. Joseph Blake, elected by Council, 1694. 16. John Archdale, appointed by Proprietors, 1694. 17. Joseph Blake, appointed by Proprietors, 1696. 18. James Moore, elected by Council, 1700. 19. Sir Nathaniel Johnson, appointed by Proprietors, 1702. 20. Col. Edward Tynte, appointed by Proprietors, 1708. 21. Robert Gibbes, elected by Council, 1709. 22. Hon. Charles Craven, appointed by Proprietors, 1712. 23. Robert Daniell, appointed by Crown as Deputy, 1716. 24. Robert Johnson, appointed by Proprietors, 1717. 25. James Moore (son of 18), chosen by Convention of People Dec. 21, 1719. 319 320 APPENDIX GOVERNORS APPOINTED UNDER THE KING OF ENGLAND 1. James Moore, elected by Convention of People, 1719-1721. 2. Sir Francis Nicholson, Provisional Governor, 1721-1729. 3. Arthur Middleton, President of Council, Acting-Governor during absence of Nicholson, 1724-1729. 4. Robert Johnson (same as 24 above), first Royal Governor, 1729- 173.5. 5. Thomas Broughton, Lieutenant-Governor but with full autlior- ity, 1735-1737. 6. William Bull, President of Council and Lieutenant-Governor, 1737-1743. 7. Samuel Horsey, appointed but did not hold office. 8. James Glen, 1743-1756. 9. William Henry Lyttelton, 1756-1760. 10. WiUiam Bull (son of 6), Lieutenant-Governor, 1759-1775. 11. Thomas Pownal, appointed Acting-Governor 1760-1761, l)ut did not hold office. 12. Thomas Boone, 1761-1764. 13. William Bull, Acting-Governor, 1764-1766. 14. Lord Charles Greville Montagu, 1766-1768. 15. WiUiam Bull, Acting-Governor, 1768. 16. Lord Charles Greville Montagu, 1768-1769. 17. William Bull, Acting-Governor, 1769-1771. 18. Lord Charles Greville Montagu, 1771-1773. 19. William Bull, Acting-Governor, 1773-1775. 20. Lord William Campbell, 1775-1776. PRESIDENTS AND GOVERNORS OF THE STATE John Rutlcdge, President, March, 1776-March, 1778. Rawlins Lowndes, President, March, 1778- January, 1779. John Rutledge, Governor, January, 1779-Januaiy, 1782. John Mathewes, Governor, January, 1782-January, 1783. Benjamin Guerard, Governor, January, 1783- January, 1785. William Moultrie, Governor, January, 1785-January, 1787. Thomas Pinckney, Governor, January, 1787- January, 1789. Charles Pinckney, Governor, January, 1789-December, 1792. APPENDIX 321 William Moultrie, Governor, December, 1792-December, 1794. Arnoldus Vander Horst, Governor, December, 1794-December, 1795. Charles Pinckney, Governor, December, 1796-December, 1798. Edward Rutledge, Governor, December, 1798-January, 1800. John Drayton, Governor, January, 1800-December, 1802. James B. Richardson, Governor, December, 1802-December, 1804. Paul Hamilton, Governor, December, 1804-December, 1806. Charles Pinckney, Governor, December, 180G-December, 1808. John Drayton, Governor, December, 1808-December, 1810. Henry Middleton, Governor, December, 1810-December, 1812. Joseph Alston, Governor, December, 1812-December, 1814. David R. Williams, Governor, December, 1814-December, 1816. Andrew Pickens, Governor, December, 1816-December, 1818. John Geddes, Governor, December, 1818-December, 1820. Thomas Bennett, Governor, December, 1820-December, 1822. John Lyde Wilson, Governor, December, 1822-December, 1824. Richard I. Manning, Governor, December, 1824-December, 1826. John Taylor, Governor, December, 1826-December, 1828. Stephen D. Miller, Governor, December, 1828-December, 1830. James Hamilton, Jr., Governor, December, 1830-December, 1832. Robert Y. Hayne, Governor, December, 1832-December, 1834. George McDuffie, Governor, December, 1834-December, 1836. Pierce M. Butler, Governor, December, 1836-December, 1838. Patrick Noble, Governor, December, 1838-April, 1840. B. K. Henegan, Governor, April, 1840-December, 1840. John P. Richardson, Governor, December, 1840-December, 1842. James H. Hammond, Governor, December, 1842-December, 1844. William Aiken, Governor, December, 1844-December, 1846. David Johnson, Governor, December, 1846-December, 1848. Whitemarsh B. Scab rook. Governor, December, 1848-Decembcr, 1850. John H. Means, Governor, December, 18oO-December, 1852. John L. Manning, Governor, December, 1852 -December, 1854. James H. Adams, Governor, December, 1854-December, 1856. Robert F. W. AUston, Governor, December, 1856-December, 1858. William H. Gist, Governor, December, 1858-December, 1860. Francis W. Pickens, Governor, December, 1860-December, 1862. Milledge L. Bonham, Governor, December, 1862-December, 1864. A. G, Magrath, Governor, December, 1864-May, 1865. 322 APPENDIX Benjamin F. Perry, Governor, May, 1865-Novomber, 1865. James L. Orr, Governor, November, 1865-June, 1868. Robert K. Scott, Governor, June, 1868-December, 1872, Franklin J. Moses, Jr., Governor, December, 1872-December, 1874, Daniel H. Chamberlain, Governor, December, 1874-March, 1877. Wade Hampton, Governor, March, 1877-February, 1879. W. D. Simpson, Governor, February, 1879-September, 1880. T. B. Jeter, Governor, September, 1880-December, 1880. Johnson Hagood, Governor, December, 1880-December, 1882. Hugh S. Thompson, Governor, December, 1882-July, 1886. John C. Sheppard, Governor, July, 188G-December, 1886. John P. Richardson, Governor, December, 1886-December, 1890. Benjamin R. Tillman, Governor, December, 1890-December, 1894. John Gary Evans, Governor, December, 1894-January, 1897. William H. Ellerbe, Governor, January, 1897-June 2, 1899. M. B. McSweeney, Governor, June, 1899-January, 1903. Duncan Clinch Heyward, Governor, January, 1903-1907. Martin F. Ansel, Governor, January, 1907-1911. Cole L. Blease, Governor, January, 1911- COUNTIES, PARISHES, TOWNSHIPS, AND DISTRICTS 1685 Berkeley County. Craven County. Colleton County. Carteret County changed to Granville County (1721). 1706 St. Philip's Parish (Charles Town). Christ Church Parish. St. Thomas's Parish. St. John's Parish, Berkeley. St. James's Parish, Goose Creek. St. Andrew's Parish. St. George's Parish, Dorchester. St. Denis's Parish, afterwards combined with St. Thomas's. St. Paul's Parish. St. Bartholomew's Parish. APPENDIX 323 St. Helena's Parish. St. James's Parish, Santee. Prince George's Parish, Winyi,h (1721). Prince Frederick's Parish (17 J4). St. John's Parish, Colleton (1734). Prince William's Parish (1746). St. Peter's Parish (1746). St. Michael's Parish (1751). St. Stephen's Parish (1754). St. Mark's Parish (1757). All Saints Parish (1767). St. Luke's Parish (1767). St. Matthew's Parish (1768). St. David's Parish (1768). Orange Parish (1778). 1730 Purrysburgh Township (Savannah River). New Windsor Township (Savannah River). Queenstown Township (Pee Dee River). Fredericksburg Township (Wateree River). WiUiamsburg Township (Black River). Kingston Township (Waccamaw River). Amelia Township (Santee River). Saxe-Gotha Township (Congaree River). Orangeburgh Township (Edisto River). 1769 Beaufort District. Charles Town District. George Town District. (It was changed to Georgetown in 1798. See p. 313.) Cheraws District. Camden District. Orangeburgh District. Ninety Six District. Pinckney District (1791). Washington District (1791). These were judicial districts arranged for the convem'ence of the law courts. 324 APPENDIX 1785 Charleston County. Washington County. Colleton County. Granville County. Hilton County. Lincoln County. Shrewsbury County. Bartholomew County. Berkeley County. Marion County. Winyah County. Williamsburg County. Kingston County. Liberty County. Marlboro County. Darlington County, Chesterfield County. Sumter County. Clarendon County. Lewisburg County. Barnwell County. Orangeburgh County. Lexington County. Richland County. Fairfield County. Lancaster County. Chester County. York County. Union County. Newberry County. Edgefield County. Abbeville County. Laurens County. Spartanburg County. Greenville County (1786). Pendleton County (1789). Kershaw County (1791). These were minor judicial subdivisions. Appendix 325 1798 Charleston District. Colleton District. Beaufort District. Barnweli District. Georgetown District. Orangeburgh District. Sumter District. Marion District. Darlington District. Marlboro District Chesterfield District. Kershaw District. Richland District. Edgefield District. Abbeville District. Newberry District. Fairfield District. Lancaster District. Chester District. York District. Spartanburg District. Union District. Laurens District. Greenville District. Pendleton District. 1868 Abbeville County, named after a town in France. Aiken County, named after William Aiken. Anderson County, named after Colonel Robert Anderson of the Revolution. Bamberg County, named after the Bamberg family. Barnwell County, named after the Barnwell family. Beaufort County, named after Henry, Duke of Beaufort, Lord Pala- tine of the province. 326 APPENDIX Berkeley County, named after Sir William Berkeley and John, Lord lierkeley, two of the Proprietors. Calhoun County, named after John C. Calhoun. Charleston County, named after King Charles II. Cherokee County, named after the Cherokee Indians. Chester County, named after Chester in Englantl. Chesterfield County, named after the English family of Chesterfield. Clarendon County, named after Edwarfl, Earl of Clarendon, one of the Proprietors. Colleton County, named after Sir John Colleton. Darlington County, origin of name unknown. Dillon County, named for a citizen of that name. Dorchester County, named after the town of Dorchester. Edgefield County, named, probably, from geographical position at the edge of the state near Georgia. Fairfield County, named from the beauty of the region. Florence County, named after the daughter of Gen. W. W. Harllee. Georgetown County, named after King George I. or King George II. Greenville County, named after the town of Greenville, which was named, probably, after Isaac Green, early settler. Greenwood County, named from the verdant beauty of the country. Hampton County, named after Gen. Wade Hampton. Horry County, named after Gen. Peter Horry of the Revolution. Jasper County, named after Sergeant Jasper of the Revolution. Kershaw County, named after Col. Joseph Kershaw, who settled Camden (Pine Tree Hill) in 1758. Lancaster County, named after Lancaster, England. Laurens County, named after Henry Laurens and Col. John Laurens. Lee County, named after Gen. Robert E. Lee. Lexington County, named after Lexington, Massachusetts. Marion County, named after Gen. Francis Marion. Marlboro County, named after the English Marlborough family. Newberry County, origin of name unknown. Oconee County, named after the Oconee Indians. Orangeburg County, named after the fourth Prince of Orange, who married Anne, daughter of King George II. Pickens County, named after Ger . Andrew Pickens. Richland (younty, named, probably, after a plantation of the same name owned by the Taylor family. APPENDIX 327 Saluda County, named after Saluda Indians. Sumter County, named after Clen. Thomas Sumter. Spartanburg County. This territory was called the "Spartan" country in very early times. Union County, named after Union Church which stands in this region. WiUiamsburg County, named after Prince William, son of George II. York County, named after York, England. GENERAL CONFEDERATE OFFICERS AND OFFICIALS FROM SOUTH CAROLINA Lieutenant Generals Richard H. Anderson, Army of Northern Virginia (1864). Stephen D. Lee, Army of Tennessee (1864). Wade Hampton, Army of Northern Virginia (1864). James Longstreet (appointed from Alabama), Army of Northern Virginia (1862). Daniel H. Hill (appointed from North Carolina), Army of Northern Virginia (1863). Major Generals Benjamin Huger, Army of Northern Virginia (1861). David R. Jones (appointed from Georgia), Army of Northern Virginia (1862). Joseph B. Kershaw, Army of Northern Virginia (1864). M. C. Butler, Army of Northern Virginia (1864). P. M. B. Young (appointed from Georgia), Army of Northern Vir- ginia (1864). Brigadier Generals Alpheus Baker (appointed from Alabama, 1864). Barnard E. Bee (1861). Hamilton P. Bee (appointed from Texas, 1862). Pinckney D. Bowles (appointed from Alabama, 1865). M. L. Bonham (1861). John Bratton (1864). James Cantey (appointed from Alabama, 1864). Ellison Capers (1865). James Chestnut (1863). 328 APPENDIX Jainos Conner (1864). Zachariah C. Deas (appointed from Alabama, 1862). Thomas F. Drayton (i801). John Duimovant (1864). Stephen Elliott, Jr. (1864). N. G. Evans (1861). S. W. Ferguson (appointed from Mississippi, 1863). M. W. Gary, Army of Northern Virginia (1864). S. R. Gist (1862). A. H. Gladden (appointed from Louisiana, 1861). D. C. Govan (appointed from Arkansas, 1864). Maxcy Gregg (1861). Johnson Hagood (1862). Micah Jenkins (1862). John D. Kennedy (1864). E. M. Law (appointed from Alabama), Army of N. Virginia (1862). A. R. Lawton (appointed from Georgia, 1861). T. M. Logan (1865). Robert Lowry (appointed from Mississippi, 1863). A. M. Manigault (1863). Samuel McGowan (1863). Lucius B. Northrop (1864). Abner Perrin (1863). J. Johnston Pettigrew (1862). John S. Preston (1861). R. S. Ripley (1861). R. R. Ross (appointed from Tennessee). John C. C. Sanders (appointed from Alabama, 1864). C. H. Stevens (1864). J. H. Trapier (1861). J. B. Villepigue (1862). W. H. Wallace (1864). Thomas N. Waul (appointed from Texas, 1863). L. T. Wigfall (appointed from Texas, 1861). In the Cabinet of President Davis Christopher G. Memminger, first Secretary of Treasury. G. A. Trenholm, second Secretary of Treasury. Lewis Cruger, Comptroller and Solicitor, APPENDIX 32!) Members of Military Staff of President Davis James Cliesiiut, A, D. C. F. R. Lubbock (appointed from Texas). Jolin M. Huger. War Department A. C. Myers, first quartermaster-general. A. R. Lawton, second quartermaster-general. Lucius B. Northrop, first commissary-general. T. S. Rhett, bureau of ordnance. Samuel P. Moore, surgeon-general. John S. Preston, bureau of conscription. SOUTH CAROLINA ARTILLERY IN THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES Light Batteries Bachman's Grerman Battery. Beaufort Battery. Brooks (Rhett-Fickling) Battery. Calhoun-Preston (Sumter) Battery. Chesterfield Battery. Ferguson's Battery. Garden's (Palmetto) Battery. Gist Guard (Chichester) Battery. Johnson's (Richard) Battery. Lafayette Battery. Macbeth (Boyce) Battery. Mcintosh's (Pee Dee) Battery. Marion Battery. Mathewes Battery. Santee Battery. Tupper's Battery. Vigilant Rifles Battery. Waccamaw (Ward) Battery. Washington Battery (Hart's Horse Artillery with Hampton's Cavalry) . Winder's Battery. 330 APPENDIX Light Battalions (ierinan Battalion, Batteries A and B. Lamar's Battalion. Palmetto Battalion, Batteries A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K. Heavy Battalions First, Fifteenth (Lucas), Eighteenth (Alston). Heavy Regiments First, First State Militia, Second, Third. AN ORDINANCE To dissolve the union between the State of South Carolina and other states united with her under the compact entitled, " The Con- stitution of the United States of America/' We, the people of the State of South Carolina, in convention assembled, do declare and ordain, and it is hereby declared and ordained, That the ordinance adopted by us in convention, on tlie twenty- third day of May, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-eight, whereby the Constitution of the United States of America w^as ratified, and also all acts, and parts of acts, of tlie General Assembly of this state, ratifying amendments of the said Constitution, are hereby repealed; and tliat the union now subsisting between South Carolina and other states, under the name of " the United States of America " is hereby dissolved. Yeas, 169; nays, none. Done at Charleston, the twentieth day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty. D. F. Jamison, Delegate from Barnwell and President of the Convention, Signed also by all of the other Members of the Convention. INDEX AbbevUle, 182, 192, 193, 239. Abbeville County, 64, 65, 106, 174, 180, 184. District, 188. Abney, Lieutenant, 208. Academies, 305. African Lal^orers, 22, 69, 201, 217. Agricultural and Mechanical CoUege, 305. Alabama, 214, 220. Albemarle, Duke of, 5. Albemarie Point, 8. Aldrich, A. P., 291. Allen University, 316. Anderson, R. H., 221, 250, 251. Anderson County, 107, 291. Appalachian Indians, 29. Appomattox, 253, 256. Archdale, John, 23, 24, 27. Ardesoif, Captain, 128. Arkansas, 223. Artillery, Charleston Company of, 74. First Regiment, 226. Ashepoo, 12. Ashle}'-, Lord, 4. Ashley River, 5, 6, 8, 11-14, 25, 35, 92, 117. Assembly, 90, 156. Attakulla-kulla, 59, 61. Augusta, 118, 150, 179, 287. Bachman, J. B., 316 Back River, 20. Ball's Bluff, 255. Baptist Church, 25, 219. Baptist Schools, 313. Barbadoes, 8, 11, 17, 21, 40. Barnwell District, 279. Barnwell, Jolm, 33. Baron, 6. Battalion, Rion's, 280. Batteries, 266. Battery (Charleston), 286. Battery Gregg, 227. Wagner, 227, 228, 279. Baxter, John, 134, 157. Beard, Jonas, 95. Beaufort, 2, 35, 69, 136. Beauregard, General, 220, 225. Bee, Bernard E., 223. Bee, Thomas, 86. Belmont, 57 . Benedict Universit}^ 316. Berkeley County, 5, 17, 127, Berkeley, Jolin, Lord, 5. Sir William, 5. Bennuda, 8. Bermuda Hundred, 280. Black, J. L., 269. Blackbeard, 39, 40. Black Mingo Creek, 132. Black River, 50, 132. Blackstock, 143. 331 332 INDEX Blako, Joseph, 22-2.5, 27. lilakewey, A\'illiain, 45. lilunding, J. 1>., 208, 226. Jiloody Angle, The, 243. Bonnet, Stede, 40-43. Boone, Joseph, 75. Bonliam, Milledge L., 224-231, 244. Boston, 87. Brandon, Thomas, 124, 137. Brand}' Station, 270. Bratton, John, 253. AVilliam, 122, 124, 142, 150. Mrs. William, 124. Brewton, Miles, 70, 86. British Merchants, 82. Parliament, 76, 77, 81, 93, 109, 110. Soldiers, 96, 98, 99, 104, 105, 112, 117, 118, 195. War Ships, 155. Britton's Neck, 129. Broad Path, 27. Inroad River (Port Royal), 2. ]3road River (Upper Country), 12, 52, 65, 124, 137, 142, 145, 147, 172. Broiighton, Thomas, 53. lirown, Gasper, 95. J. N., 243. Buford'« Regiment, 118. liull, AVilliam, 50, 54, 57. AVilliam (son of above), 60, 61, 68, 72. Bunker Hill, 87. liurgess's Mill, 277. Buniside, General, 268, 269. Bush, Tiieutenant, 114. Butler, B. F., 280. Butler, M. C, 266, 271, 274, 275, 277, 279. Pickens, 180. Pierce, 158. Pierce jNI., 206-208. Caldwell, Jolm, 67, 103. Martha, 188. Calhoun, Catharine, 63, 189. James, 179. John Caldwell, 62, 67, 103, 171-174, 176, 180, 186, 188- 205, 216, 217, 315. Patrick, 62-67, 105, 155, 157, 188, 189. William, 179. Camden, 118, 12.5-127, 1.30, 13.5, 1.30, 1.50, 151, 1.53, 16.5, 172, 244. Camden Ferry, 125. Camp Gregg, 240. Camp])ell, William, 141. Lord William, 88. Cantey, Adj. James, 208. Cape Fear River, 41. Capers, Ellison (Bishop), 259- 261. Cardross, Lord, 18. Carlisle, James H., 316. Carolina, 3, 4, 5. Carolina, North, 5, 33, 38, 223, 231. South, settled, 2; named, 19; made a state, 1.54; joins tho Confederacy, 220. Carolina, The, 8, 10. Carpenter, Captain, 2.52. Carpetl)agg'^rs, 292. Carteret, Sir George, 5. INDEX 333 Cassiqiie, 6. Catawba Indians, 12, 65. River, 124, 125, 137, 139, 145, 151. Cattle, 21, 22, 69, 298. Cedar Spring, 124. Chamberlain, D. H., 293. Chambersburg, 268. Chancellorsville, 240. Chapultepec, 208, 209. Charles I, 4. Charles II, 4, 5. Charles IX, 2, 4. Charleston, 5, 8, 15, 157, 169, 178, 185, 189, 212, 219, 220, 227-231, 233, 239, 244, 255, 263, 282, 284, 286. Charleston Harbor, 223. Charles Town, 8, 11-17, 19, 20, 24, 25, 32, 37, 69, 70, 72, 87, 88, 96, 101, 105, 112, 115, 117, 130, 137 ; (name changed to Charleston, 157, 158.) Charlotte, 140. Charter, 5. Cherokees, 12, 47, 59-61, 74, 97, 101, 106-108, 127, 144, 157. Cherokee County, 147. Cherry HiU, 184. Chesapeake, The, 193. Chester County, 139, 142. Cheves, Alexander, 174. Langdon, 171, 174-178, 185, 195. Sophia Langdon, 178. Chiokamauga, 248, 258. Cliicken, Captain, 37. Chicora College, 304. Church Street (Charleston), 25. Churul)USco, 207, 208. Citadel (MiHtary Academy), 279, 311. City of Mexico, 208, 209. Claflin University, 316. Clarendon County, 5, 135, 136. Clarendon, Earl of, 5. Clariosophic Society, 181. Clark, T. H., 270. Clarke, Elijah, 137, 138, 143. Clay, Henry, 172, 174, 183, 195, 202, 204. Clay's Compromise Tariff, 184. Clem's Creek, 122. Clemson CoUege, 199, 315. Clinton, 314. Clinton, Henry, 96, 98, 104-106, 117, 118. Cobb Legion, 266. Cold Harbor, 274. Colhoun, Floride, 193, 194. College, Plan to establish, 72. for Women, 312. of Charleston, 310. Colleton, James, 19. Sir John, 5. Colleton County, 5, 17, 169. District, 185. Columbia, 152, 163, 171, 172, 178, 180, 183, 206, 211, 231, 262, 263, 278, 286, 288, 291, 295, 315. Columbia Theological Seminar^'-, 313. Combahee River, 12, 13, 35, 36. Commons' House, 53. 334 INDEX Confederate Congress, 244. States of Anieriea, 220, 223. Congaree River, 12, 52, 101, 163. Congregationalists, 25. Congress, Continental, 83, 84, 89, 100, 109, 115. Provincial, 84-86, 89, 90, 93, 120. Stamp Aft, 77. Connelly, Henry, 211. Conner, James, 244. Constitution (South Carolina), 90. (United States), 159. Convention (Philadelphia, 1787), 158, 159. (Charleston, 1788), 159, 160. Converse College, 315. Conyers, Daniel, 134, Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 4, 5, 6. Cooper River, 5, 6, 15, 19, 24, 27, 30, 37, 57, 117, 172. Coosa w, 12, 35. Coosawhatchie Swamp, 136. Comwallis, Lord, 111, 116, 117, 125, 127, 131, 133, 137, 141, 142, 144, 153. Cotton, 56, 298. Mills, 303-306. Council, 15, 59. Council of Safety, 86, 88, 89, 108. Cowpens, 145, 147-149. Craven, Charles, 33-39. Craven County, 17. Craven, Earl of, 5. Creeks, 12, 59,60. Crum, Henry, 95. Gumming, Sir Alexander, 47, 48. Cuningham, ''Bloody Bill,'' 103. Colonel (Georgia), 147. Cuningham family, 103, 105. Daniell, Robert, 20, 29. Darlington County, 51. Davie, William R., 125, 140, 142. Davis Legion, 266. Davis, Jefferson, 220. Defence, The, 88, 89, 93. Deer, 2, 9, 13, 20, 49. Delaware Bay, 41. De Saussure, H. W., 175, 192. Dickinson, Colonel, 208. Dissenters, 17. Dorchester, 25. Doyle, Colonel (British), 136. Drayton, WiUiam Henry, 84- 87, 92-95, 103, 154. Drayton Hall, 92. Drewry's Bluff, 280. Dreher, Godfrey, 95. Due West, 106. Due West Female College, 312. Theological Seminary, 313. Dumfries, 269. Dunlap (British officer), 124. Dutch, 11, 111. Dwight, President, 191. East Battery (Charleston), 57. East Bay (Charleston), 57. Edgefield, 182, 216. Edgefield County, 206. District, 224. Edisto River, 12, 14, 17, 19, 25; 35, 38, 62, 136, 156, 284. Edwards, Colonel, 240. INDEX 335 Eldorado, 168. Eleventh (S. C.) Regiment, 280. Elliott, Barnard, 96. Benjamin, 86. Mrs. Barnard, 114. Stephen, 228, 229, 255, 256. Thomas, 134. England, 3-5, 11, 17, 21, 94, 16.5-168, 193-195. English Church, 16. Settlers, 4, 8-10, 11, 17. Enoi-ee River, 137, 138. Episcopal Church, 16, 33, 259. Erskine College, 313. Eupliradian Society, 181. Europe, 215. EUtaw Springs, 153. Evans, Nathan G., 254-256. Fair Forest Creek, 124. Fayette ville, 279. Felder, Henry, 95. Ferguson, Major (British officer), 141, 142. Thomas, 86. Fishdam Ford, 142. Fishing Creek, 122, 126, 137. Fitzpatrick, Garrit, 95. Five Nations, 35. Flag of South Carolina, 88, 98- 100, 114, 115. Flax, 57. Fletchall, Tliomas, 103 Florida, 3, 5, 8, 10, 19, 27-29, 35, 166, 206, 220, 224, 287. Force BiU, 198. Fork Country, 52, 103. Forts, 10,27,31,60. Fort Balfour, 13«. Charles, 2, 3. HiU, 199, 305. Johnson, 31, 58, 88, 89. Loudon, 60. Moore, 60. Moultrie, 96-98, 100, 104, 117, 127, 155, 227. Prince George, 60. Rutledge, 107. Sumter, 220-223, 225-231, 239, 255, 285. Watson, 151. Fox (horse), 135. France, 1, 2, 19, 167. Franklin, 259, 260. Fredericksburg, 237, 240, 246, 268. French Soldiers, 28, 31, 32, 109, 113, 116. Settlers, 2, 3. -Swiss, 51. Furman, J. C, 316. University, 313. Gadsden, Christopher, 73-79, 81, 84,96,118,157. Gaffney, 305. Gaillard, Theodore, 176. Gaines's Mill, 233, 234. Gainey, Major, 130, 134. •*Gamecock" (Sumter), 133,137, 144. Gary, M. W., 277. Gates, Horatio, 126, 127, 130. George I, 94. George II, 48, 49. George III, 57, 76. 78, 92, 94, 138. 336 INDEX Georgia, 5, 39, 49, 112, 137, 142, 220, 231, 259. Georgetown, 50, 69, 128, 134, 136. 161. 162. Germans, 51. 62, 65, 95. 101, 103, 121. German -Swiss, 51. Gervais, 157 Gerry, Elbridge, 167. Gettysburg, 241, 247, 248, 271. Gibbes, William, 85. Giles, Hugh, 128. Ginger, 56 Gist, States Rights, 258-261. Gist's Brigade, 258-261. Glen, James, 58-60. Goldsboro, 281. Goose Creek, 19, 24. Granby, 152. Grant (British officer), 60. Grant, Ulysses S., 242, 244, 249, 250, 252, 255, 256, 258, 274, 281. Great Cane Brake, 103. Greene, Nathanacl. 149, 153. Greenville. 103, 313. Female College, 312. Greenville County, 107. Greenwood, 305 Gregg, James, 231, 232. Maxcy, 231-238. Grey, Lieutenant, 114 Grier, \V M 313. Grimke, J b\. 176 Thomas, 176 Guilford Court House. 149. Hagood, Johnson, 279-281. Halfway Swamp, 135. Hamburg, 60. Hamilton, D. H., 238. James, Jr., 183, 198, 202. Hanmiond, Samuel, 137, 157. Hampton, Andrew, 124. Anthony, 05, 106. Edward, 124. Henry, 143, 150, 157. Preston, 269, 271, 277., Wade (First), 150-153, 157, 261. Wade (Second), 261-263. Wade (Third), 185,250, 263- 279, 293-297. Hampton Legion, 265, 266. Hancock, Jolm, 109. Hanging Rock, 125. Creek, 210. Hard Labor Creek, 65. Harden, WiUiam, 136, 137, 157. Harllee, Captain, 245. Harper, WiUiam, 184. Harper's Ferry, 237, 245, 246. Hart, J. F., 265, 266. Haskell, A. C, 277. Charles Thomson, 178. Jolm C, 256. Hawes's Shop, 274. Ha3aie, Isaac, 137. P. H., 284, 286-288. Robert Yonge, 185-188, 286. Heatley, William, 95. Hemp, 57. Henegan, Colonel, 245. Heyward, Thomas, Jr., 86-89, 100, 157. Highlanders, 51. HiU, A. P., 240. INDEX 337 Hill, WiUiam, 141, 142, 143, 150, 157. Hobkirk's Hill, 153. Holland, 116. Hood, J. B., 259. "Hornet's Nest," 141. Horry, Daniel, 162. Hugh, 130, 134, 157. Peter, 134, 135, 157. Horsehoe Plantation, 169. Houses, 8, 25, 35, 51, 57, 70, 73. Hack, Christian, 122-124. linger, Isaac, 60, 96. John, 86. Huguenin, Thomas A., 230. Huguenot Church, 19, 25. Huguenots, 1-4, 16, 19, 24, 25, 65, 70, 101, 127, 128. Independence of South Carolina, 89-92, 94. Independence, Declaration of, at Philadelphia, 100. Indians, 2, 12-14, 20, 21, 27, 29, 38, 44. Land bought from, 14, 49, 60. Indigo, 56, 69. Inglis, Chancellor, 219. Ireland, 17. Iroquois, 35. Isle of Palms, 104. Jackson, Andrew, 183, 261, 262. Stonewall, 235, 237, 240, 245, 266. Jacksonborough, 156. Jamaica, 29. James, James, 51. John, 128, 130, 131. James Island, 222, 279. James River, 235, 275, 280. Jamison, D. F., 219. Jasper, Sergeant, 99, 100, 1 14. Jefferson, Thomas, 100. Jenkins, Micah, 249, 250-253. Johnson, Andrew, 290. Nathaniel, 30-32. Robert, 39, 41, 43, 45, 47, 49, 50. WiUiam, 80-82. Johnston, J. E., 250, 259, 261, 278, 279, 281, 290. Kautz's Cavalry, 276. Kennedy, J. D., 249, 250. Keokuk, The, 227. Keowee, 47, 60. Kershaw, Ely, 103, 157. Joseph B., 224, 244-250. Kettle Creek, 144. Kiawahs, 9. Kilpatrick's Cavalry, 279. King, George, 95. ''King's Men," 105. King's Mountain, 141, 142. King's Tree, .50. Kingstree, 130. Kussoes, 13. Lacey, Edward, 122, 123, 139, 141-143, 150, 157. Lancaster, 210, 211, 213- Lancaster Coxmty, 64, 125 District, 210. Lander College, 314. Landgrave, 6, 20. 338 INDEX Langdon, Mar>', 174. Laurens, Henry, 60, 86, 91, 108, 105^112, 158. John, 108, 112-117. Laurens County, 137, 140, 239. Laws, 5, 7, 18. Lawyers, 72. "leaning Wood" (Indian), 59. LeConte, Joseph, 219. Lee, "Light-Horse Harry," 151, 152. Robert E., 233, 238, 242, 244- 246, 249, 252-256, 266- 271, 272, 274, 277, 290. Leesville, 316. Leesville College, 316. Legar^, Hugh S., ISO, 184, 284. Leitner, Michael, 95. Lemon Island, 2. Leopard, The^ 193. Lexington, 87. "Liberty" Flag, 88, 98, 100, 209, 226. «* Liberty Tree." 80-83, 97, 108. Library, 71. Society, 71. Lichfield, Conn., 192. Limestone College, 305. Lincoln, Abraham, 217, 221, 223, 270. Lincoln (Massachusetts officer), 117,118,156. Lindo, Moses, 56. Little Round Top, 247. Little Wood River, 35. Locke, John, 5. Logan, George, 45. London, 8, 71, 92, 108, 111, 112. Tower of, 111. London, The, 82. Long Canes Creek, 64 Settlement, 03-05, Long Island, 104. Longstreet, General, 249, 252^ 253. Lords Proprietors, 4-7 Louis XVI, 116. Louisiana, 220. Lowndes, Rawlins, 79, 86, 133, 169. Wmiam, 109-174, 195. Lucas, Elizabeth, 64, 55, 154, 162-164. George, 54. Ludwell. Philip, 19. Lutlieran College, 313. Lutheran Seminary, 310. Lynch, Thomas, 77, 79, 84, 100. Thomas, Jr., 81, 100. Lynch'e Creek, 132, 136. Macdonald, 134, 135. Madison, James, 262, Magnolia Cemetery, 178, 289. Magrath, A. G., 290. ' Maham, Hezekiah, 134, 151. Manassas, 224, 235-237, 239, 244, 250, 252, 255, 265. Manigault, Arthur, 257-261. Gabriel, 70. Manigault's Brigade, 257-261. Marion, Francis, 60, 126-130 142, 151-153, 157. Marion County, 231. District, 254. Maryland, 126, 130. ]\Iaryland Heights, 245. INDEX 339 Marshall, John (Chief Justice), 167. WiUiain, 175, Mason, Senator, 202. Massachusetts, 25. Maxcy, Cornelia, 231. Jonathan, 231. Mazyck, Isaac, 70. Mazj^ck's Pasture Lot, 80. McCaU, James, 137, 142, 143, 148. McCauley, James, 134. McCIeUan, General, 233, 235, 245, 268. MeCIure, Jolin, 122, 123. Mary, 122. McConnell, John, 122. Samuel, 123. McCord Family, 51. McCottry, William, 134. McDaniel, Sergeant, 100. McDonald, Sergeant, 114, 115. McDowell (North Carolina offi- cer), 141, 147. McDuffie, George, 179-185, 198. McGowan, Samuel, 239-244. McMaster, F. W., 256. McWilliams, John, 95. Meeting Street. (Charleston), 25. Meighan, John, 268. Merchants, 70, 71. Methodists, 304. Mexican War, 206, 232, 244. Mexico, 206, 224, 239. Middleton, Arthur (President of Council), 46, 84. Arthur (grandson of above), 84-87, 93, 100, 118. Henry. 84. Middleton, Thomas 60. Military Academy, South Caro- lina, 279, 302. Military District, No. 2, 291. Millwood, 263, 278. Mississippi, 220, 258. Mississippi River, 166. Valley, 224, 257. Missouri, 173. Mitcliel, John C, 230. Monck's Comer, 135. Monmouth, 112. Monocacy River, 267. Monroe, President, 196. Montagu, Lord Charles Gre\'ille, 68, 81- Montgomery, 214, 220. Moore, James, 27, 29. James (son of above), 34, 35, 44-46. Morgan, Daniel, 145, 147. Morris Island, 227, 228. Morton, Joseph, 17, 19. Morton Settlement, 17. Moses, F. J., Jr., 293. Motte, Colonel, 88. Rebecca, 152. Moultrie, John, 97. WiUiam, 60, 88, 96-98, 113, 157, 159, 163, 172. Mount Meigs, 213. Pleasant, 302. MullaUy, Francis P., 242. Murfreesboro, 257. Musgrove's Mills, 137, 138. Napoleon III, 215. Nashville, 261. NeeJ Andrew 122. 34U INDEX Negro Government, 292, 293. Negroes, 11, 22, 49, 55, 57, 261. Nelson's Ferry, 130, 133. Neiise Kivcr, 33. New Bordeaux, C5. New England, 39, 40, 87, 122. New Jersey, 122. New Orleans, 262. New Koclielle, 05. New York, 11, 35, 40, 105, 122, 215, 223. Newport, 112, 193. Nicholson, Francis, 46. Nineteenth Regiment, 257, 258. Ninety-Six, 105, 106, 118. Noble, Patrick, ISO. Non-Importa tion Agreement, 82. North Carolina, 44, 107, 126,127, 141, 142, 255. Oconee County, 107, 216. Indians, 12. Ogier, Lewis, 134, Oglethorpe, James, 49, 50. "Old Hickory," 261. Olympia Cotton-]\Iill, 305. O'Neall, Jolm Belton, 184. Orange Quarter, 19. Orangeburg, 95, 151, 316. Orangeburgh County, 51, 52, 101. Ordinance of Nullification, 183. Orr, J. L., 291. Oxford University, 92, 154, 164. Pacolet River, 147. Palmetto Regiment, 206-209, 239. Sharpshooters, 250, 251. Paiminkey River, 274. Parker, Admiral, 90, 98, 99. 104-106. Parliament (see British). Parisiies, 33. Parris Island, 2. Parsons, James, 86. Pee Dee River, 51, 62, 127. 129, 130, 132, 133. Pendleton, 181. Perrin, Abner, 240, 241. Perry. B. F., 290. Petersburg, 250, 255, 275, 280. Petigru, James L., 180, 184, 288. Philadelphia, 83, 84, 89, 100,212. Pickens, Andrew, 60, 105, 144, 145, 148, 149, 152, 153, 156, 216. Andrew, 2d, 216. Francis W., 216, 220, 238. Pickens County, 47. Pinckney, Charles, 158. Charles (Chief Justice), 52, 53, 56,58,80,154,155,162,164. Charles Cotesworth, 58, 85, 92, 118, 154-159, 163, 167. 168, 175. Thomas (emigrant), 52. Thomas (son of Chief Justice), 68, 92, 154, 157-168, 175. Pirates, 39-44. Pitch, 49. Pitt, William, 79. Planters, 71. Pocotaligo River, 35-37. 136. Poets, 282-289. Pope, General, 235-237. Port Royal, 1-4, 8, 18, 19, 28, 85-49. INDEX 841 Postell, James, 134, 135, 157. John, 134, 135. Potomac, 237, 2GS, 209. Presbjrterian College, 314. Presbyterians, 315. Associate Piefonned, 315. President, First, 89. Pressley, Colonel, 258. Preston, W. C, 184, 316. Provost, General, 112, 113. Prioleau, Elias, 19. Province, 46. Proprietors, 4-8, 17, 18, 20, 22, 31, 44, 45. Furry, Jolm Peter, 51. Purrysburgh, 51. Quaker, 23. Queen Anne*s War, 27. Quimby Bridge, 152. Ptappahamiock Ptiver, 235, 268, 270. Rawdon, Lord, 135, 149, 151, 153. Rangers, 101. Reams's Station, 277. Revenge, The, 40. Revolution (1719), 44-46. (1775), 54, 58, 68, 78, 105, 106, 112. Reedy River, 103. Rhett, Alfred, 226. William, 32, 41-43. Ribault, Jean, 2, 3. Rice, 20, 22, 49, 56, 69, 298. Richardson, J. S., 176. Richmond, 223, 224, 233, 245, 251, 255, 266, 272. Rickenbaker, Henry, 95. Rion's Battalion, 280. Ripley, R. S., 231. Roberts, Owen, 96. Rock Hill, 305. Rocky River, 174. Royal James, The, 41, 42. *'Rule of the Robbers," 292. Russell family, 51. Russia, 216. Rutledge, Andrew, 70. Edward, 84, 89, 100, 157, 159. Hugh, 89, 175. John, 89. John (son of above), 77, 79, 84, 89, 91, 100, 133, 134, 141, 142, 156, 157, 159. Saluda River, 12, 52, 63, 103 105, 118, 124, 145, 151. Samaria Church, 275. Santee Canal, 172. River, 12, 19, 24, 25, 49, 62, 127, 133, 135, 136, 151, 153, 162, 193. Sapporiy Church, 275. Savannah, 50, 112, 113, 163, 1.65. Savannah River, 12, 35 39, 49, 51, 60, 62, 112, 144, 150, 178, 179, 184. Sayle, William, 8, 10, 11. Schools, 71, 306-318; of Eng- land, 72 ; for colored people, 316. School builders, 316. Scotch-Irish, 50, 51, 62. 342 INDEX Scots, 18, 19, 50, 62, C.5, 60, 68, 95, 101, 103, 105, 118, 119, 121, 128, 144. Scott, R. K., 293. Winfield, 206, 209. Secession Convention, 218, 219, 244. Seminole Indians, 206, 224, 287. Seneca, 106. Settlers, 2, 3, 5, 22, 25, 49-52. Seven Days' Battles, 266. Seven Pines, 251, 265. Shaftesbury, Earl of, 6. Sharpsburg, 237, 246, 255, 267. Shelby, Isaac, 137, 138, 141. Sheridan, Philip, 250, 257, 258, 274, 275. Sherman, W. T., 231, 250, 259, 277-279, 288. Sliields, General, 207, 208. Shipyards, 70. Silk, 30, 49, 57. Silk Hope, 30. Silkwonns, 30. Sinikins, Eldred, 182. Simms, W. Gilmore, 282-286, 288. Sims, J. Marion, 210-215. Theresa, 214. Singleton, Pichard, 185. Skene, Alexander, 45. Slaves, 11, 22, 49, 55, 69, 172, 261. Sloan, J. B. E., 255. Smith, Benjamin, 70. Thomas, 20, 23. William, 125. Snell, Adam, 95. Snow Island, 132, 135, 136. South Carolina (see Carohna); Cavalry, Fifth, 274, First, 269; Fourth, 273; Second, 268; Sevoiitli, 277; Sixth, 274; Gazette, 71; Map of, 103; Volunteers, First, 233, Twelfth, 233, Thirtecntli, 233; Fourteenth, 233; Orr's Pifle, 233. South Carolina College, 168, 180, 211, 216, 224, 231, 232, 239, 263. Spain, 166, 167. Spaniards, 3, 8, ^0, 19, 27, 28, 31, 35, 39, 44. Spartanburg, 315. Spartanburg County, 65, 124, 125, 140. Spottsylvania, 253. St. Andrew's HaU, 219. St. Augustine, 3, 28, 29, 157. St. Cecilia Association, 71. St. John's Parish, 127. River, 3. St. Michael's Church, 16, 25. St. Philip's Churcli, 25, 205. Stallion's, 124. Stamp Act, 76-79. Stamp Act Congress, 77 State House, 183. Stevens, Colonel, 259. Stone Bridge, 224, 255, 265. ** Stonewall" Jackson, 266, 287 Stoney, J. D., 281. Stono River, 12, 36, 55. Strother, Sergeant, 245. Stuart, J. E. B., 266, 268, 270. 272. INDEX 343 Sullivan's Island, 31, 96, 98, 103, 104, lOG, 107, 120, 155, 227. Sumnierville, 25. Sumter, Lieutenant, 208. Thomas, 96, 119-121, 124, 125, 133, 134, 137, 139, 141-144, 150-153, 157, 159. ''Swamp Fox," 133. Swiss, 51. Tar, 49, 69. Tar River, 35. Tarcote, 132. Tariff, High, 183. Tarleton, Banastre, 118-120, 126, 127, 133, 142, 143, 147-149. Taylor, Thomas, 125, 142, 143, 157. Tea Tax, 82, 83. Tennent, WiUiam, 103. Tennessee, 223, 257-259. Tenth Regiment, 257, 258. Texas, 184, 220, 254. Thicketty Fort, 125. Thomas, John, 124, 157. Tliomson, William, 96, 98, 101, 103, 104, 120, 157, 178. Thomwell, James H., 211, 316. Thornwell Orphanage School, 316. Timrod, Henry, 284, 287-289. Tories, 103, 105, 106, 121, 122. Towaiships, 49. Trade, 20-22, 27, 68-70. Treaties (Indian) 15, 33, 47- 49, 59-61. Treaty with England, 111. Tre\'ilian's Station, 275. Treze\'ant, Lewis, 176. Trott, Nicholas, 6. Tufts, Simon, 89. Tulifiny Bridge, 112. Tupper, James, 229. Turpentine, 49. Tuscaroras, 33-35. Twenty-Fifth Regiment, 280. Twenty-First Regiment, 280. Twenty-Fourth Regiment, 258, 260. Twenty-Seventh Regiment, 280. Twiggs, Colonel, 142, 143. Tyger River, 65, 143. Tyler, President, 200. Union, South Carolina joins the, 290. County, 141-143, 147, United States, 160. Union, United States Military Academy, 196. University of Oxford, 92, 154, 164. of South Carolina, 302. Vice-president, First, 91. Virginia, 10, 38, 40, 126, 141, 142, 223, 224, 239, 250, 255. Yersi Cruz, 206. Wadboo Bridge, 135. Waddel, Moses, 189, 190. Waddel's Academy, 179. ISO, 184, 190. Wallace, William H., 256. Wando River, 30. Wappoo Creek. 54-56. 344 iNDEX War of 1812, 216. War Ships, British, 88, 89, 9G- 99. AVardhnv, Traiicis Hugh, 219. Wasliingtou, 193, 196, 198, 200, 201, 224, 203, 270. Washington, George, 87, 90, 111, 112, 115, 116, 153, 158, 161-167, 171, 196. William, 148, 159, 103. Washhigton Liglit Infantry, 171. Square, 79. Wateree River, 12. Waties, Thomas, 176. Watson (British officer), 135, 136. Waxhaws, 04, 118-120, 144. Webster, Daniel, 172, 177, 186- 188, 202, 204. Welsh, 51, 128. AVelsh Neck, 51. Wemyss, Major, 132, 143. West, Joseph, 8, 11, 12, 16. West Indies, 21, 22, 31, 54, 55. West Point, 196, 254. Westoes, 15. Westminster School, 92, 154, 164. Wejnnan, Edward, 85. Whitestone, Henrj^ 95. Wiboo Swamp, 136. \\ ilderncss, The, 242, 249, 252. 274. Wilds, Samuel, 176. \\ ilhams, David R., 171, 176. James, 105, 137, 138, 141. Williamsburg, 250, 251. Williamsburg Township, 50, 51. \\'illiamson, Andrew, 105, 106, 107. William, 86. Williamson's Plantation, 122. Wilmington, 281. Windmill Point, 31. Winyah, 12. Winn, Colonel, 142, 143,150,157. Winnsboro, 142-144. Winthrop CoUege, 314. W^itherspoon, John, 50. Witherspoon's Ferry, 136. W^offord CoUege, 313. Woodlands, 284, 286. Woodward, Dr. Henry, 15. Worley, Richard, 43. Yates, Lieutencint-Colonel, 226. Yale College, 190, 192. Yeamans, Sir John, 11, 12. Yemassees, 12, 35-38, 45. York County, 122, 124, 137, 139. 141. Yorktown, 111, 116, 117, 153. 11.. I\