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HISTORY OF MARYLAND 
 
 A. LEO KNOTT 
 
Encyclopedia ^mcvicanu* 
 
 HISTORY OF MARYLAND 
 
 ITS AGRICULTURE, PRODUCTS, COMMERCE, 
 MANUFACTURES AND STATISTICS. 
 
 BY 
 
 A. LEO KNOTT. 
 
 BY PERfllSSION OF THE PUBLISHERS. 
 
 Maryland is one of the 13 Original States 
 and was tlie seventh to join the Union. It is on 
 the South Atlantic coast, between lat. 37° 53' 
 and 39° 43' N., and Ion. 75° 4' and 79° 33' W. 
 It is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania and 
 Delaware, east by Delaware and the Atlantic 
 Ocean, and south and west by Virginia. The 
 extreme length of the State from east to west 
 is 240 miles ; its width from north to south is 
 125 miles. The total area is 12.210 square miles. 
 Land surface, 9,880 square miles ; water surface, 
 2,350 square miles. The number of incorpo- 
 rated cities, towns, and villages is 98. Popula- 
 tion (1900) 1,188,044. Capital, Annapolis. Bal- 
 timore is the chief commercial city and financial 
 centre. 
 
 Tnpo'^rat^hy. — The most marked physio- 
 graphic feature of Maryland is its division by 
 
 the Chesapeake Bay into two unequal parts 
 known as the Eastern and Western Shores. 
 Into this bay many affluents pour their waters. 
 On the Eastern Shore the principal rivers are 
 tiic Elk, the Sassafras, the Chester, the Chop- 
 tank, Nanticoke, Wicomico, and Pocomoke; on 
 the Western Shore the Gunpowder, the Pa- 
 tapsco, the South, the Severn, the Patuxcnt, and 
 the Potomac. At the head of the Bay the Sus- 
 quehanna River draining a large section of New 
 York and the whole of Central Penn.sylvani.i, 
 brings its tribute of waters gathered from a hun- 
 dred streams to freshen this inland sea. This 
 body of water exercises a most genial and tem- 
 pering influence on the climate of the bordering 
 region. The winters arc short and rarely severe, 
 'ilic average temperature of this pait of the 
 State is in summer 75.5; winter, J6.9; for the 
 
MARYLAND 
 
 year, 55.6. The soil of this section is of a 
 light loam, favorable to the production of all 
 the cereals, and all kinds of fruits and veg- 
 etables in great abundance. The average 
 elevation of the land above tide-water of 
 this coastal region is about 50 feet in the 
 lower part, and 100 feet in the upper part 
 of the Eastern Shore; and about 125 feet in the 
 peninsula part of the Western Shore, that is, 
 that part of the State lying between the Chesa- 
 peake Bay and the Potomac River. In the cen- 
 tral or northern part of the State lying between 
 the upper waters of the Bay and the Blue Ridge 
 JMountains, the elevation is from 300 to 400 feet 
 above tide-water, increasing to 600 and 700 feet, 
 as it stretches from the bay shore to the moun- 
 tains in the western part of the State. This 
 part of the State is undulating in its surface, is 
 intersected by numerous streams, some of very 
 considerable size, as the Gunpowder, the Pa- 
 tapsco, the Patuxent, the Monocacy, Great Pipe 
 Creek, the Antietam, and the Conococheague. 
 These streams, generally called falls by the 
 early settlers of this region on account of 
 their rapid descent from the uplands, fur- 
 nish abundant water power for manufac- 
 turing purposes. This region is also inter- 
 sected by several ridges of an elevation of 
 about 800 feet, dividing the country into rich 
 and fertile valleys. This section is traversed by 
 the Blue Ridge range of mountains, some of 
 whose peaks are from 2,000 to 2,400 feet high. 
 The great Appalachian chain passes through the 
 western part of the State, through Allegany 
 and Garrett counties. 'The highest peak of this 
 range is Backbone Mountain in Garrett County, 
 3,700 feet high. Other peaks range from 1,500 
 to 3,500 feet in elevation. 
 
 Geology. — The geological formations vary 
 with the surface elevations. The southern sec- 
 tion of both the eastern and western shores is 
 alluvial ; north of the alluvial deposit is a Ter- 
 tiary formation ; northwest of this come meta- 
 morphic rocks ; west of them a wide belt of 
 Silurian and Devonian formation ; and still 
 farther west Carboniferous strata beginning at 
 Cumberland. In the Tertiary we find marl in 
 abundance ; in the metamorphic rocks gneiss, 
 granite, limestone, and iron ; in the Carbonifer- 
 ous extensive veins of bituminous coal of the best 
 quality. Over 200 kinds of marble have been 
 found in the State, some of them equal to the 
 Italian marbles. 
 
 Mineral Resources. — Maryland is rich in 
 mineral resources. Iron ore is extensively dis- 
 tributed throughout the western part of the 
 State, and in the northern part of the Eastern 
 Shore, and is of good quality for casting and 
 other purposes. The iron industry is of early 
 origin. Forges and furnaces were in opera- 
 tion in the colony as early as 1649, and their 
 products were used in the province and some- 
 times exported to other colonies. Limestone 
 also abounds throughout the middle and wes- 
 tern parts of the State, furnishing a valuable fer- 
 tilizer and an excellent material for roadbeds, 
 for both of which purposes it is extensively used. 
 Clay and kaolin of an excellent quality for 
 bricks, tiles, and vi^ater mains and for pottery 
 use, are found in great abundance throughout 
 this region, especially in Harford and Balti- 
 more counties. Baltimore brick ranks high for 
 building purposes in fineness and durability. Of 
 building stone there is a great variety and of 
 
 superior quality in Maryland, Marble, .granite, 
 gneiss and sandstone are found abundantly in 
 Harford, Baltimore, Howard, Carroll, and 
 Montgomery counties. The white marble of Bal- 
 timore County is of a high character and repu- 
 tation for monumental and building purposes, 
 and for more than fifty years has been exten- 
 sively used for public structures, churches, and 
 private buildings in Washington, Baltimore, and 
 other cities. The monoliths in front of the Cap- 
 itol at Washington are from these quarries. 
 The noble shaft erected by the nation to the 
 father of his country was constructed almost 
 wholly of this material. There are extensive 
 quarries of granite and gneiss in Harford and 
 Howard counties, which are profitably worked. 
 Variegated marbles of a superior quality and sus- 
 ceptible of a high finish are found in Frederick 
 County. There are immense and almost inex- 
 haustible deposits of coal and iron in Allegany 
 and _ Garrett counties. The coal is of the rich, 
 semi-bituminous variety, especially valuable for 
 its steam-producing quality. The famous 
 George's Creek Big Vein, 14 feet thick, is located 
 just west of Cumberland. The total value of 
 the mineral product of Maryland in 1900, in- 
 cluding coal, iron, clay, and building stones, was 
 $8,653,000. Coal heads the list with a value of 
 $5,000,000; brick and tile follow with a value 
 of $1,100,000. 
 
 Agriculture. — In the Colonial period agri- 
 culture was the principal employment of the peo- 
 ple. Along the shores of the Bay and the rivers 
 emptying into it, plantations were large and 
 were cultivated by slave labor. Tobacco was 
 the staple crop for which there was generally 
 an active demand in the European markets on 
 account of its quality. This led to an extensive 
 commerce for that period, and brought wealth to 
 the planters. Tobacco was for a long time the 
 currency of the Colonies. Debts, dues, and fines 
 were paid in that currency. The constant culti- 
 vation of this plant gradually exhausted the 
 soil. The planters took up new land, which, in 
 time, underwent the same process of deteriora- 
 tion. The growth was discouraged. Fertility 
 has been restored to these impoverished' soils by 
 the application of guano and other fertilizers ; 
 and other kinds of crops are raised, and the 
 average yield of wheat per acre in some sections 
 is as large as the average is in some of the 
 Western States. Tobacco is still cultivated 
 largely, and a State inspection -of it is made. 
 But the crops are much more diversified, wheat 
 and corn being the principal ones. In the cen- 
 tral and northern parts of the State, -the soil is 
 of a clayey nature and very fertile. Carroll, 
 Frederick, and Washington counties contain 
 some of the best farming lands in the United 
 States. The soil is rich, and the yield of wheat 
 and corn per acre is large. The lands in Balti- 
 more, Harford, and Montgomery counties are 
 of the same general character, producing abun- 
 dantly the same cereals, and also heavy vege- 
 table and fruit crops for the markets and for can- 
 ning purposes. Their proximity to large cities 
 and the facilities they possess by railroad trans- 
 portation make vegetable, truck, and dairy farm- 
 ing very profitable. Throughout the coastal re- 
 gion vacant land can be bought at from $5 to $10 
 and $15 per acre; with improvements farms can 
 be bought for from $20 to $35 per acre. In the 
 central and northern sections there is very little- 
 vacant land. But good farming lands in this 
 
MARYLAND 
 
 region can be bought for from $50 to $100 and 
 $125 per acre willi improvements. In 1900, the 
 total number of farms in Alaryland was 4(3,012. 
 Of this number 29,313 were cultivated by the 
 owners ; 15,447 by tenants ; 1,052 by managers. 
 The total value of the farms with buildings 
 was $175,178,310. The average value of land 
 per acre was $23.28. The amount realized on 
 the large crops in 1900, that is for wheat, corn, 
 oats, rye. tobacco, etc., was $20,814,371, and 
 from fruit, vegetables, and truck farms was 
 $15,195,629, making a total value of farm pro- 
 ducts $35,000,000, The estimated value of the 
 buildings $54,810,760, and the value of animal 
 products, $13,606,877. 
 
 The forest trees are principally pine, chest- 
 nut, oak (with three varieties, white, black, and 
 red), hickory, and walnut. The staple fruit 
 crops are peach and apple, which cover many 
 thousands of acres. Maryland peaches, fresh 
 and canned, are exported to all quarters 
 of the countrj'. Tomatoes, melons, small 
 fruits, and all kinds of vegetables are cul- 
 tivated on the Eastern Shore and sent to the 
 markets of Baltimore, Philadelphia, and New 
 York. The mountains still contain deer; and 
 wild geese and swans are found in large num- 
 bers at the proper season on the Bay and its 
 tributaries, as well as woodcock, grouse, part- 
 ridge, and turkeys. Immense flocks of wild 
 ducks of various species throng the estuaries of 
 the Chesapeake on the approach of cold weather. 
 Fisheries. — From the earliest period of her 
 history, fisheries attracted the attention of the 
 people of Maryland. Her waters swarm with 
 fish of every variet}^ and oysters and terrapin of 
 superior flavor. The annual value of the sea 
 food, fresh and canned, supplied by the Bay 
 and its tributaries, amounts to $10,020,000. Of 
 this amount oysters alone contribute $3,500,000. 
 Manufactures. — Maryland by reason of her 
 proximity to the sources of production of the 
 raw material, to the great coal fields, and of the 
 great water-power she possesses in her swiftly 
 flowing streams, her unequaled facilities in water 
 carriage, and her complete railroad connections 
 with every part of the country, engaged early 
 and successfully in manufactures. They em- 
 braced .nearly every species, textiles, iron and 
 steel, lumber, paper and printing, chemicals, 
 clay, glass and stone, metals, tobacco, clothing, 
 vehicles, shipbuilding of wood, iron, and steel, 
 and hand trades. The manufacturing plants 
 are mostly established in Baltimore, and its 
 vicinity, and the cities of Cumberland, Hagcrs- 
 town, and Frederick, and the small towns of the 
 central and northern parts of the State. In 1903, 
 the number of manufacturing establishments in 
 the State was 11,529; the capital invested in 
 them was $164,422,926; annual average number 
 of employees, 108,325; value of the finished prod- 
 uct, $242,552,990; average aimual wages, 
 $38,762,961. In Baltimore alone, there were 
 in 1903, 6,717 manufacturing establishments with 
 a capital of $163,945,811, the annual value of 
 whose product was $164,945,811, In manufac- 
 turing industries, Baltimore ranks as seventh 
 among the cities of the United States, being 
 especially prominent in clothing, canning of 
 fruit and vegetables, tobacco manufactures, and 
 iron work. 
 
 Shipbuilding^. — Living on the shores of the 
 Bay and its estuaries, the ancient Marylandcr 
 naturally took to boat and shipbuilding, and the 
 
 fast-sailing clipper ships of Baltimore were, be- 
 fore steam became the main motor power 
 in propelling ships, famous for their swift- 
 ness, and carried the flag and commerce 
 of the United States to every part of the 
 world. In 1900, Maryland ranked as the 
 fifth State in shipbuilding. The capital in- 
 vested in this business was $19,262,193, with a 
 product valued at $10,563,193. There are four 
 large plants engaged in iron and steel shipbuild- 
 ing in Baltimore and vicinity. A large one re- 
 cently established at Sparrow's Point, 12 miles 
 from Baltimore, is engaged as well in the man- 
 ufacture of structural iron and steel. Its prod- 
 ucts in 1902 amounted in value to $3,299,491, 
 and it gives employment to 2,000 workmen. 
 
 Transportation. — The railroad mileage in the 
 State is 1,366.07. The Pennsylvania and Balti- 
 more & Ohio systems own the greater part 
 of it. The first railroad in the United States, and 
 on which the first locomotive was run, was built 
 in 1830 between Baltimore and Ellicott City. 
 The first line of telegraph in the United States 
 was constructed and operated in 1844 between 
 Baltimore and Washington. There are 35 lines 
 of railway, either centring or passing through 
 Baltimore, or directly or indirectly, in connec- 
 tion with other roads, furnishing means of 
 constant and rapid communication and inter- 
 course with all the large cities of the Union 
 and to every section of the country. Sixteen 
 steamship and steamboat lines connect Balti- 
 more with domestic and foreign ports. 
 
 Commerce. — The imports of merchandise at 
 the port of Baltimore for 1900 aggregated in 
 value, $19,688,476; and the exports, $111,462,168; 
 giving a total foreign trade of $131,150,644. The 
 principal articles of export were oysters, tobaccp, 
 coal, petroleum, grain, sugar, cotton, cattle, arid 
 flour. 
 
 State Finances. — The net amount of the debt 
 of the State after deducting productive stocks 
 and the sinking fund is $2,616,704.23. The total 
 assessed value of property in the State is 
 $666,857,893; of the city of Baltimore, 
 $491,921,328: basis of taxation of the State out- 
 side of Baltimore, $174,936,475. The rate of 
 the State tax on 100 is 17 cents. The receipts 
 of the State for the year 1900 amounted to 
 $3,622,493; balance in treasury, $707,926; total, 
 $4,330,419; disbursements, $3,480,534; cash bal- 
 ance in treasury, $849,885. 
 
 Government. — The governor is elected for 
 a term of four years, and receives a salary of 
 $4,500 per annum. Legislative sessions are held 
 biennially in even years, beginning on the first 
 Wednesday in January, and are limited in length 
 to 90 d.'iys. The Legislature has 26 members in 
 the Senate, and 91 in the House, each of whom 
 receives $5.00 per day. There are 6 Represen- 
 tatives in Congress. The State government in 
 1901 was Democratic. 
 
 The Judiciary. — The judiciary of the State 
 is elective; the term of oflicc is 15 years. The 
 court of appeals, the highest tribunal, consists of 
 eiglit judges, seven of whom are tlie chief 
 judges, resjicctively. of the .seven judicial dis- 
 tricts into which the State is divided, and one 
 frnni Baltimore. The governor designates the 
 chief jtulge. The judicial .system of Baltimore 
 is regulated differently from tliat of the coun- 
 ties. The judiciary is composed of eight judges, 
 constituting the supreme bench of the city. 
 
MARYLAND 
 
 Religion. — The strongest denominations in 
 the State are Roman Catholic; Methodist Epis- 
 copal ; Protestant Episcopal ; Lutheran, General 
 Synod ; African Methodist ; Methodist Protest- 
 ant ; Reformed ; Methodist Episcopal, South ; 
 Presbyterian, North; and Regular Baptist, 
 South. In 1900 there were reported 2,531 Evan- 
 gelical Sunday Schools, with 32,903 officers and 
 teachers, and 206,156 scholars. 
 
 Cliaritics and Correction. — There is a Board 
 of State Aid and Charities appointed by the 
 governor. The State Insane Asylums are at 
 Sykesville and Spring Grove. The State Peni- 
 tentiary is located at Baltimore ; also the House 
 of Refuge for Boys, Saint Mary's Industrial 
 School for Boys, Female House of Refuge, the 
 School for the Blind, and School for the Colored 
 Blind and Deaf, the State House of Correction 
 for minor offenses against the law, located in 
 Anne Arundel County, a State institution for 
 education of the deaf and dumb in Frederick 
 city. The Shepherd Asylum for the Insane, 
 near Baltimore, established by Moses Shepherd. 
 
 Education. — In 1694, Governor Nicholson, 
 the second royal Governor appointed by William 
 and Mary, who had assumed the government of 
 the Colony, established at Annapolis King Wil- 
 liam's College, which after the Revolution was 
 changed into St. John's College, under which 
 name it still exists. In 1750 Rev. Thomas Bacon 
 established a manual training school in Talbot 
 County, believed to be the first of the kind in 
 the United States. In 1770 Eden Hall School 
 was founded in Worcester County, and in 1784 
 Cokesbury College, under the patronage of the 
 Methodist denomination, was established in Ce- 
 cil County. In 1774, Charlotte Hall School was 
 established under State authority, and still is 
 a beneficiary of the State. In 1784, Washington 
 College was founded at Chestertown, Kent 
 County. The Western Maryland College for 
 the education of the youth of both sexes was 
 established in 1868 in Westminster, Carroll 
 County. It receives an annual donation from 
 the State of $1,800. Under a series of acts of 
 the General Assembly of the State, passed from 
 time to time in compliance with the require- 
 ments of Art. VIII. of the Constitution of 1867, 
 there has been gradually evolved the present 
 excellent and uniform system of free public 
 schools, with a State superintendent at its head, 
 throughout the State, maintained by an ade- 
 quate revenue raised by general taxation. In 
 1903 the expenditure for this purpose was $734,- 
 683.05. 
 
 The fund thus raised is distributed by the 
 comptroller among the counties and city of Bal- 
 timore, according to population. By an act 
 passed in 1896, books for the pupils of the pub- 
 lic schools are furnished free, and an annual 
 tax is levied to meet this expenditure, which is 
 $150,000. Colored schools are maintained 
 throughout the State at the public expense, and 
 they share in the distribution of the school fund 
 equally with the whites. In 1903, there were 
 2,357 schools in the State and 176 in Baltimore. 
 
 The Maryland Agricultural College, under 
 the patronage of the State, is located in Prince 
 George's County. While especially established 
 for the education of youth in scientific agricul- 
 ture, it gives tuition in other branches of know- 
 ledge, and in some of the mechanic arts. At- 
 tached to it is an experimental farm conducted 
 
 on a large scale. It has an annual donation of 
 $9,000 from the State. There is also an agri- 
 cultural school for colored youth, supported in 
 part by the State. 
 
 The public school system of the city of Balti- 
 more is separate and distinct from that of the 
 State. It was begun in 1829 with two schools^/- 
 three teachers, and 269 pupils maintained by a 
 system of local municipal taxation. In 1902, 
 there were 129 schools in Baltimore, of which 
 18 were for colored pupils; 1,636 teachers and 
 66,399 pupils ; of these, 10,018 were colored pu- 
 pils. The amount of expenditure for the sup- 
 port of these schools in 1903 was $1,401,267. 
 In connection with this system of public 
 schools in Baltimore is a high school or college 
 for advanced pupils, which is authorized to con- 
 fer academic degrees upon its graduates, and 
 two female high schools, a polytechnic or manual 
 training school, and a kindergarten and a female 
 high school for colored children. The Woman's 
 College of Baltimore City for the instruction of 
 women in the higher branches of learning, es- 
 tablished by Rev. John Goucher of the JNIethodist 
 Church, commands a clientele from nearly every 
 State in the Union. There are in Baltimore four 
 medical schools with hospitals attached ; one 
 homoeopathic institute, three law schools, and 
 one dental college. Besides these public insti- 
 tutions there are m Baltimore and m several ot 
 the counties of the State private academies of 
 high character and excellence for the education 
 of youth of both sexes, conducted by masters of 
 experience and learning. In 1886 the late Enoch 
 Pratt established in Baltimore the Enoch Pratt 
 Free Library with an endowment of $1,058,000. 
 The Mercantile Library is supported by private 
 subscription. The Maryland Historical Society, 
 founded in 1844, has a large library attached 
 to it, especially valuable to students of history. 
 
 The existing system of public schools was 
 inaugurated under the provisions of the new 
 city charter, adopted in 1898, and is under the 
 control of a board of school commissioners ap- 
 pointed by the mayor and city council. The 
 board selects the superintendent. 
 
 Higher Education. — From 1690, the date of 
 an event known in Maryland history as the 
 Protestant revolution, by which the government 
 of the colony was taken out of the hands of the 
 Proprietary and transferred to the king of Eng- 
 land, to the American Revolution of 1776, the in- 
 struction of Catholic youth by Catholic teachers 
 was prohibited in Maryland by severe penalties. 
 Catholic parents of wealth sent their sons and 
 daughters to France or to the Netherlands for 
 their education; those who could not afford to 
 do this had to content themselves with tutors in 
 their families. The Jesuit missionaries had 
 secretly maintained, notwithstanding the prohibi- 
 tion against them, two schools for boys, one at 
 Whitemarsh, Charles County, and one at Bo- 
 hemia Manor in Cecil County. The American 
 Revolution emancipated the Catholics of Mary- 
 land from the disabilities imposed by these in- 
 tolerant laws. They were now free to educate 
 their offspring without fear of fine or of for- 
 feiture of property. The Reverend John Carroll, 
 the first archbishop of Baltimore, at once devoted 
 himself to provide for the educational wants not 
 only of the Catholics, but of all others who should 
 choose to avail themselves of the institutions he 
 
MARYLAND 
 
 established. In this work he had the good for- 
 tune to secure vahiable aid from an unexpected 
 quarter. The French Revolution had driven into 
 exile a large number of ecclesiastics of the 
 Roman Catholic faith. Many of these had taken 
 refuge in southern Maryland, where they found 
 homes in the Catholic families resident in that 
 part of the State. These gentlemen the Arch- 
 bishop of Baltimore called to his assistance in 
 this work. Rev. John Dubourg. afterward Arch- 
 bishop of New Orleans, and of Besangon, France, 
 became president of Georgetown University, 
 founded in 1789, Rev. Francis Nagot, who, on his 
 voyage to this country, had as a companion the 
 celebrated Chateaubriand, became president of 
 St. Mary's College, founded in Baltimore in 
 1791, and the Rev. John Dubois, afterward first 
 Archbishop of New York, became president of 
 Mt. St. Mary's College, founded near Emmits- 
 burg, Maryland, 1808. Associated with these dis- 
 tinguished ecclesiastics and scholars as profes- 
 sors in these institutions were several of their 
 compatriots and fellow exiles. These gentlemen 
 gave to these seats of learning a distinguished 
 reputation which attracted a great number of 
 students from other States and from other 
 countries. They imparted not only a knowledge 
 of the arts and sciences, but a culture and refine- 
 ment which left an indelible impression on those 
 who had the good fortune of receiving their in- 
 structions. These institutions still remain and 
 carry on the work so auspiciously begun. St. 
 John's Literary Institution was established in 
 Frederick in 1830 by Rev. John McElroy, S. J., 
 and was largely patronized. In 1852, Loyola Col- 
 lege was founded in Baltimore by the Jesuits, an 
 order which has a world-wide fame as educators 
 of youth "in virtue and learning," to quote the 
 language of an Act of the Colonial Assembly of 
 1671. 
 
 The celebrated I\Irs. Eliza Seton, foundress 
 of the Sisters of Charity in the United States, 
 established a school near Emmitsburg for the 
 education of women, in 1809. The Order of the 
 Visitation established female schools in George- 
 town, Baltimore, and Frederick ; the Carmelites 
 in Baltimore, and the Sisters of Notre Dame in 
 Baltimore City and Baltimore County. The 
 Christian Brothers began their great work in 
 primary education in Baltimore, 1845. In 1875, 
 Johns Hopkins University, named after its 
 munificent founder, John Hopkins, was estab- 
 lished in Baltimore. Though the youngest of 
 our great universities, it has attained a distin- 
 guished rank among the great seats of learning 
 of our country, and enjoys a high reputation 
 abroad. The Johns Hopkins Hospital, con- 
 nected with the Johns Hopkins Univcrsitv, is 
 the medical department of that institution. It 
 was endowed by the same generous benefactor. 
 It is located in the eastern section of Baltimore, 
 and the buildings cover several acres of ground. 
 The members of its faculty occupy a high rank 
 in the medical profession for their scientific 
 attainments and experimental knowledge. In 
 1867 George Peabody founded in Baltimore the 
 Peabody Institute, Library, and Conservatory of 
 Music. The library furnisher uncqualcd facil- 
 ities to students and scholnre ir. the prosecu- 
 tion of original investigation. The Alaryland 
 Institute for the promotion of the mechanic arts 
 was established in Baltimore in 1847. 
 Vol. 10— 20. 
 
 Provincial History. — Maryland was settled 
 by a body of Englishmen under the auspices of 
 Cecilius Calvert, the second Lord Baltimore and 
 the first Lord Proprietary of the Province, under 
 a charter granted to him by Charles I. on 20 
 June 1632. The charter was originally intended 
 to be granted to Sir George Calvert, the first 
 Lord Baltimore, and father of Cecilius; but that 
 nobleman dying on 15 April 1632, after the char- 
 ter had been drawn up, but before it passed the 
 great seal, it was issued to Cecilius, his eldest 
 son, the heir to his title and estates, and also 
 to his schemes of colonization in America. In 
 deference to the request of the king the name 
 of Terra IMarise, the land of Mary, was given 
 to the province, after the name of his queen, 
 Henrietta Maria, the daughter of Henry IV'. of 
 France. Sir George Calvert (q.v.), as the 
 author of the charter, and the projector of 
 the Province of Maryland, may be regarded as 
 its real founder. When he arrived in Virginia 
 he had reason to anticipate a civil, if not a cor- 
 dial, reception from the authorities and people 
 of the colony on the brief visit he proposed mak- 
 ing. He was promptly met by a Dr. Pott, who, 
 in the absence of the Governor, Sir John Har- 
 vey, was acting in that capacity, and the coun- 
 cil, with a tender of the oath of supremacy, 
 which as a Catholic he could not take, and 
 which it was known he could not take, and 
 which they had no authority to require of 
 him. Fie declined to take the oath, and leaving 
 Ladj^ Baltimore and his family in Virginia, he 
 sailed for England. On his arrival he applied for 
 a charter and a grant of land north of the 
 Potomac. The application was successful not- 
 withstanding the opposition of the agents of 
 Virginia in London, among whom was William 
 Claiborne, of whom we are to hear more di- 
 rectly. But before the charter passed the great 
 seal, Sir George Calvert, the first Lord Balti- 
 more, died, leaving his eldest son, Cecilius Cal- 
 vert (q.v.) his heir and who was to become 
 first Lord Proprietary of the Province of Mary- 
 land. Cecilius zealously proceeded to execute 
 his father's wishes and to carry out his plans 
 for colonization under the charter. In this he 
 was greatly delayed and hampered by the 
 agents of the Virginia colony in London. They 
 insisted on their objections to the charter, but 
 on appeal to the Lords Commissioners of Plan- 
 tations, that body in July 1633 overruled the 
 objections and decided in Lord Baltimore's 
 favor, and recommended to both parties the cul- 
 tivation of friendly relations and good corre- 
 spondence between them. This recommendation 
 Cecilius Calvert always evinced, both by his in- 
 structions to the governor and authorities of his 
 Province, and in his own conduct, a desire to 
 pursue; but his efforts in that direction met with 
 no response on the part of the Virginia colo- 
 nists. 
 
 Tile main and principal objection urged by 
 the Virginians to the Baltimore Ciiartcr was that 
 it was an invasion of their chartered rights. At 
 the time of the grant of the .Maryland ciiartcr, 
 Virginia had no chartered rights. The chartor 
 of the London or \'irginia Company had been 
 vacated and annulled by a judgment of the 
 King's Bench on a quo warranto proceeding, in- 
 stituted for (iiat j)urpose, in i()24. eight years be- 
 fore the Baltimore grant was issued. 'Iheir ob- 
 jection on this ground was therefore wholly 
 untenable. For, whatever may be said of the 
 
MARYLAND 
 
 merits or demerits of that judgment, its legal 
 effect to invest in the crown all right and title 
 to the land granted in that charter to the com- 
 pany, and all civil and political authority and 
 jurisdiction conferred on the corporation, could 
 not be questioned. Virginia thenceforth became 
 a royal colony, and the right of the crown to 
 carve out of the territory, thus resumed, any 
 grants of land it chose to make, and to invest 
 the grantees with any civil or political author- 
 ity it chose to bestow, could not be questioned. 
 The judgment being that of the highest court in 
 England was final and conclusive. 
 
 Nor were the inhabitants of Virginia at the 
 time ill pleased with being relieved by that 
 judgment of a government by a corporation, and 
 erected into a royal colony. In 1643, when the 
 question of a restoration of the charter of i6og 
 was agitated, the House of Burgesses of Vir- 
 ginia unanimously adopted and sent to the Com- 
 mittee on Plantations of the Privy Council an 
 earnest remonstrance against the proposal, and 
 nothing more was heard of it. 
 
 The boundaries of Maryland as laid down in 
 the charter are as follows : Beginning at a 
 point on the Eastern Shore of the Chesapeake 
 Bay, known as Watkins Point, and running 
 thence easterly to the ocean ; then by the ocean 
 and Delaware Bay unto the fortieth parallel of 
 latitude; thence by that parallel west to the true 
 meridian of the first fountain of the Potomac; 
 thence verging toward the south unto the far- 
 ther bank of the said river, and following the 
 same on the west and south to the mouth of 
 said river ; and thence across the bay to the place . 
 of beginning. On comparing the boundaries set 
 forth in the charter with the present limits of 
 the State, it will be seen that Maryland has suf- 
 fered a very considerable curtailment of the ter- 
 ritory granted by the charter. The charter lim- 
 its embraced the present State of Delaware, a 
 strip of southern Pennsylvania 15 miles in width 
 and 150 miles in length, embracing the site of 
 Philadelphia ; and the valley between the north 
 and south branches of the Potomac River ; con- 
 stituting an area equal in extent to one third of 
 the existing territorial area of the State. Against 
 these flagrant encroachments on their territory 
 both on the north and the south, Cecilius Calvert 
 and his son and successor, Charles, offered strong 
 but ineffectual protest and resistances, owing to 
 the disturbed condition of the colony during the 
 greater part of their proprietaryship. The con- 
 troversy with the Penns in regard to the north- 
 ern boundary of the province — the 40th par- 
 allel of latitude, according to the Baltimore 
 charter — was of long standing, and led to much 
 acrimony between the parties to it, and to ac- 
 tual, but bloodless, conflicts between the inhab- 
 itants on the border of the two provinces, 
 Maryland and Pennsylvania. In these conflicts 
 Col. Thomas Cresap, the noted Indian fighter 
 and Revolutionary officer, figured conspicuously 
 on the part of Maryland. The controversy was 
 finally settled in 1762 by a decree of Lord Chan- 
 cellor Hardwicke in the case of Penn 
 V. Baltimore, under which the present boun- 
 dary line between these States was run and 
 marked by two English surveyors, Charles Ma- 
 son and Jeremiah Dixon. This line, known 
 as Mason and Dixon's line, subsequently became 
 famous in our political annals as the dividing 
 line between the free and the slave States. 
 
 In 1852, the General Assembly of Maryland 
 
 passed an Act conceding to Virginia all her 
 right and title to the territory between the north 
 and south branches of the Potomac. In 1877, 
 a joint commission, appointed by Maryland and 
 Virginia, determined the boundary line on the 
 south between these States to be the Virginia 
 or farther shore of the Potomac River at low- 
 water mark; thus conceding the whole river to 
 Maryland as her charter prescribed. The con- 
 troversy concerning the strip of territory on the 
 western frontier is still open and pending in 
 the Supreme Court of the United States, between 
 Maryland and West Virginia. Of the terri- 
 tory thus granted, the Lords Baltimore were 
 created true and absolute Lords Proprietaries ; 
 they were invested with all the regal rights, juris- 
 dictions, prerogatives, privileges, and franchises 
 ever held or exercised by a bishop of Durham 
 in the county of Durham. The Lord Proprietary 
 could establish courts, appoint judges and all 
 the executive officers of the Province from the 
 governor to the constable of the hundred ; es- 
 tablish ports ; erect manors, and confer on the 
 grantees the manorial rights recognized by Eng- 
 lish law, including the authority to hold courts 
 baron and courts leet ; could coin money ; could 
 appoint the members of the Governor's Council, 
 which in time became the upper House of the 
 General Assembly; could initiate all rules and 
 ordinances for the government of the colony. 
 Writs and indictments were in his name ; he 
 could pardon all crimes save treason. It was 
 in the opinion of historians the most extensive 
 grant of powers and jurisdiction that ever eman- 
 ated from the English Crown, and made the 
 Proprietary a quasi-sovereign within his domain. 
 It was the grant of a palatinate. The charter 
 was also a constitution of government securing 
 to the colonists their rights as Englishmen. 
 
 Cecilius Calvert went zealously to work at 
 once and organized an expedition consisting 
 of about 300 persons, mostly Roman Catholics 
 with their families and servants, and a considera- 
 ble body of artisans and laborers. The expedi- 
 tion sailed from Cowes on board the Ark and 
 Dove, on 22 Nov. 1633, being St. Cecilia's 
 day. Two Jesuit missionaries, Fathers Andrew 
 White and John Altham, accompanied the ex- 
 pedition. After a perilous voyage of four 
 months, the colonists reached the mouth of the 
 Potomac, and landed on an island they named 
 Saint Clements, on 25 March 1634, the feast of 
 the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, 
 and, according to the method of reckoning time 
 then prevailing, the first day of the New Year. 
 They erected a rude cross, and the Jesuit Fathers 
 celebrated mass, and in the name of the King 
 and of the Lord Proprietary, the colonists took 
 possession of their new homes. Leonard Cal- 
 vert, the brother of Cecilius, the commander of 
 the expedition and the first governor of the 
 Province, purchased from a tribe of Indians on 
 the mainland a village and 30 square miles of 
 contiguous territory. Here he established his 
 capital and called it Saint Marie's. The col- 
 onists cultivated friendly relations with the 
 aborigines, relations which were maintained 
 almost uninterruptedly for the first 50 years of 
 the colony's existence. The colonists erected a 
 governor's house and a guard house, cultivated 
 Indian maize, planted orchards and gardens, and 
 soon Saint Marie's blossomed like a rose in the 
 wilderness. But evil days were in store for 
 them. 
 
MARYLAND 
 
 William Claiborne, a member of the Virginia 
 colony, and one of their agents in London, 
 in opposing the grant of Alaryland to Lord Balti- 
 more, had while in England on that errand, ob- 
 tained from Sir William Alexander, the secre- 
 tary of state for Scotland, a license to trade to 
 Nova Scotia, of which Alexander had acquired 
 a grant. On his return to Virginia, he supple- 
 mented that license b}' another from the gov- 
 ernor and council of Virginia to trade wnth 
 IManhattan, the Dutch settlement, and New 
 England. These were simple licenses to trade 
 and contained no grant of land whatever. To 
 facilitate his trade, he established a trading post 
 on Kent Island in the Chesapeake Bay and within 
 the limits of the grant about being made to 
 Calvert. Lord Baltimore instructed Governor 
 Calvert to require of Claiborne an acknowledg- 
 ment of his authority, assuring him protection 
 and security in whatever just rights he pos- 
 sessed. This Claiborne refused to do, and was 
 supported in his refusal by the governor and 
 council of Virginia to whom he referred the 
 demand for advice. A controversy arose speed- 
 ily ending in a conflict between the forces of 
 Governor Calvert and an armed pinnace com- 
 manded by one of Claiborne's men. In this con- 
 flict lives were lost on both sides. Thus for the 
 first time was American soil stained by English 
 blood shed by English hands. Claiborne finally 
 took refuge in Virginia, and Kent Island ac- 
 knowledged the autliority of the Lord Proprie- 
 tary. The lords commissioners of plantations 
 in 1638 ignored, on appeal, Claiborne's preten- 
 sions and sustained Lord Baltimore. One Rich- 
 ard Ingle, who seems to have had some connec- 
 tion with Claiborne, afterward invaded the 
 Province with an armed force, took Saint 
 !Marie's, which he partially destroyed, compelled 
 Governor Calvert to fly the province, and car- 
 ried on for some time a general pillage of the 
 inhabitants. Governor Calvert gathered a suf- 
 ficient force of the colonists and compelled 
 Ijngle to desist from his piratical excursions and 
 leave the Province. 
 
 The colony was now at peace, and owing to 
 the genial climate, the fertile soil, favorable 
 conditions of plantation, and the mild, tolerant 
 and beneficent sway of the Proprietary and his 
 government, it quickly attracted settlers and the 
 population grew apace. This happy and pros- 
 perous condition of things continued for some 
 years. In 1643 a colony of Puritans who had 
 settled in Virginia, were expelled by the author- 
 ities of that colony for non-conformity in their 
 religious worship with the Church of England. 
 They took refuge in Maryland and solicited and 
 obtained from the governor a large tract of land 
 on the Severn where they made a settlement 
 and named it Providence. 
 
 In 1650 they availed tliemselves of the Revolu- 
 tion in England, by which the government in 
 church and state was overthrown by the Protec- 
 tor Cromwell, to start a revolution of their own 
 in the Province alleging as the grounds therefor 
 that their consciences would not permit tiiem 
 to swear allegiance to a Catholic proprietary, or 
 ^ to allow the celebration of the mass and nf the 
 l^-^ rites of * Catholic Church where they could pre- 
 vent them, and they accordingly set up a govern- 
 ment of their own. Governor Stone, who had 
 succeeded Leonard Calvert, himself a Protestant 
 and a sympathizer with the Parliamentary party 
 in England, marched with a force to put down 
 
 the revolt. He was defeated by the Puritans, 
 himself and several others captured. The com- 
 mander of the Puritans organized a drum-head 
 court-martial, condemned Governor Stone and 
 the prisoners to death, and did execute four of 
 them. Governor Stone was saved by the refusal 
 of the soldiers to execute the order of their com- 
 mander for his assassination. The rebels then 
 appealed to Cromwell for the ratification of their 
 acts. The Protector sustained them in the usur- 
 pation of the government of the Proprietary, but 
 refused to sanction their attempt to rob him of 
 his property. On the restoration of Charles 11. 
 to the throne, the usurpation ended and the 
 Lord Proprietary's government was re-estab- 
 lished. Cecilius Calvert died in 1675, and was 
 succeeded by his son Charles, the third Lord 
 Baltimore and the second Proprietary of the 
 Province. Cecilius has expended £40,000, a 
 very large sum for that period, on the colony, 
 and his rule had been marked by singular 
 good sense, practical judgment, a liberal 
 and enlightened policy on the subject of re- 
 ligious freedom, care and solicitude for the 
 rights and interests of those one might call his 
 subjects. Charles followed generally the ex- 
 ample of his father in the government of the 
 colonj'. Full representative government became 
 firmly established, the governor and his council 
 constituting the Upper House and delegates 
 elected from the counties forming the Lower 
 House of the Assembly. Between these Houses 
 therewas occasional friction on the subject of 
 taxation, the dues claimed by the Lord Pro- 
 prietary and the administration of the affairs of 
 the land oflice by his lordship's agents. 
 
 In 1680. on the occasion of the expulsion 
 of James II. and the accession of William and 
 Mary to the throne of England, there occurred in 
 the Province what is known as the Protestant 
 revolution. The government of the colonies 
 was taken out of the hands of Charles, Lord 
 Baltimore; but his proprietary rights were not 
 disturbed ; although efforts to do so were made 
 by some of the inhabitants. In 1715, on the 
 death of Charles, Benedict Leonard, his son, 
 succeeded both to the governmental authority of 
 the colony as well as to his proprietary rights, 
 Benedict having become a member of the Church 
 of England. Benedict lived but a few months, 
 and was succeeded by Charles II., and fifth 
 Baron of Baltimore, who, dying 24 April 175 1, 
 was succeeded by Frederick, the sixth Lord Bal- 
 timore and the fifth Lord Proprietary. Frederick 
 died in 1771, leaving no legitimate offspring. 
 He devised the Province by will to his natural 
 son, Henry Harford, who was the sixtii and last 
 Proprietary of Maryland. The American Revo- 
 lution in 1776 terminated forever all royal 
 authority as well as proprietary rule over Mary- 
 land. 
 
 State History. — Under the i6th section of 
 the charter to Cecilius Calvert, Maryland en- 
 joyed a special exemption from all taxation by 
 the British government. But she promptly ca^^t 
 in her lot with her sister colonies in the struggle 
 for independence. She sent 20.000 of her best 
 sons to the Continental army under Washing- 
 ton, who distinguished themselves by their gal- 
 lantry and good conduct. While .Maryland by her 
 delegates participated in the deliberations of the 
 Continental Congress and answered its retpiisi- 
 tions for men and money, she persistently de- 
 clined signing the Articles of Confederation 
 
MARYLAND 
 
 until the States of VIj"ginia, Massachusetts, Con- 
 necticut, New York, North Carolina and Georgia, 
 ■which claimed the territory west of the Alleghany 
 Ivlountains, should surrender that territory and all 
 claim and title to it, whether well or ill founded to 
 the United States in Congress assembled, to be 
 held by that body as the common patrimony of all 
 the states, and to form in time, in the language of 
 the resolution of her General Assembly, *free, 
 convenient and independent states.^^ This sur- 
 render was ultimately made, and Maryland signed 
 the articles on i March 1781. Thus was a 
 National public domain secured to the United 
 States. It was for the government of this 
 territory that the celebrated ordinance of 1787 
 was framed. 
 
 Maryland was the seventh State to join the 
 American Union under the existing Constitution 
 of the United States. She ceded in 1790 to the 
 United States the territory on which Washing- 
 ton, the capital of the Nation, now stands. In 
 the War of 1812 Maryland was the theatre of 
 extensive military and naval operations on the 
 part of Great Britain against the United States. 
 A large force of British troops under the com- 
 mand of General Ross, supported by a fleet op- 
 erating in the Bay and the Potomac River, and 
 commanded by Admiral Cockburn, invaded 
 Maryland, captured Washington, destroyed the 
 public buildings, including the Capitol, and then 
 marched to the capture of Baltimore. The Mary- 
 land troops under Gen. Smith and Gen. Strieker 
 met the British troops at North Point, 12 miles 
 from Baltimore City and defeated them with the 
 loss of their commander, and the simultaneous 
 attack by the British fleet on Fort McHenry that 
 defended the entrance to the city by water, was 
 repulsed. It was during this engagement be- 
 tween the fleet and the fort, that Francis Scott 
 Key, who was on board the British fleet as a 
 prisoner, wrote the National anthem, the ^*Star- 
 Spangled Banner.^^ Had Baltimore been cap- 
 tured, Philadelphia, the next point of attack, 
 would probably have fallen. A column of Brit- 
 ish troops would have entered the North from 
 Canada, and have effected or attempted to effect, 
 a junction with the victorious British army, 
 while the Western frontier, from the Lakes 
 to the Gulf, would have been aflame with 
 an insurrection of the hostile Indian tribes 
 instigated by British emissaries. The de- 
 feat at North Point and Fort McHenry frus- 
 trated this dangerous scheme. Maryland sent 
 several regiments to the IMexican War, and many 
 of her sons fell on the field of honor while 
 gallantly leading their regiments. During the 
 Civil War sentiment in Maryland as in the other 
 border States, was divided. But while a ma- 
 jority of her citizens sympathized with the South, 
 the State did not secede. Many of her sons 
 joined the Confederate army, while others en- 
 listed in the Federal regiments. Since Mary- 
 land became a State she has had four constitu- 
 tions; one adopted in 1776, one in 1851, one in 
 1864, and the last and present one adopted in 
 1867. In the year 1880, Baltimore (q.v.) cele- 
 brated its 150th anniversary with a week of 
 festivities, and in 1884 the 250th anniversary of 
 the landing of the colonists was celebrated. In 
 1891, a monument was erected to Leonard Cal- 
 vert, the first governor, on the site of the old 
 city of Saint Mary's, the first capital of the 
 State, of which scarcely a trace remains. 
 
 Religious Toleration in Maryland. — The sub- 
 ject of_ religious toleration in Maryland has 
 given rise to much discussion and controversy 
 as to its origin, and to whom belongs the honor 
 of originating it. The fact that religious free- 
 dom prevailed in the colony from its foundation 
 in 1634 to the Protestant revolution in 1690 
 with a brief interruption during the Puritan 
 usurpation in 1650-60, is not denied. During 
 this period there was no established church, no 
 taxation for the support of one, no compulsory 
 attendance on its services. There was perfect 
 equality before the law for all Christian denom- 
 inations. After that revolution, in 1692, the 
 Church of England was established by an act of 
 the Provincial Legislature, although the mem- 
 bers of that Church were greatly outnumbered 
 by Roman Catholics, Dissenters and Quakers. 
 By this act conformity with its worship, and 
 the use of the Book of Common Prayer in every 
 chapel or place of worship in the Province, were 
 prescribed; and an annual tax of 40 pounds 
 of tobacco was levied on all the inhabitants for 
 the support of the Church. In 1702, Presby- 
 terians, Quakers, and other non-conformists were 
 relieved of some of the disabilities and burdens 
 imposed by the act, but those imposed on Catho- 
 lics _ remained. The penal statutes of England 
 against the profession and practice of the Ro- 
 man Catholic faith were made operative in 
 Maryland by several acts of the General Assem- 
 bly of the province, especially by the act of 1718, 
 which incorporated bodily into the legislation 
 of the colonj^ the prescriptive statutes of 11 and 
 12 William HI. Under this intolerant legisla- 
 tion several Roman Catholic families left the 
 Province and took refuge in Pennsylvania, under 
 the milder rule of the Penns ; and in 1750 Charles 
 Carroll, grandfather of the Carroll of Carroll- 
 ton, went to France to obtain from Louis XV. 
 a grant of land in the Louisiana territory to 
 which to remove the Roman Catholics of Mary- 
 land as a body. In this he did not succeed and 
 the Catholics remained in the province. This 
 religious intolerance continued to the period of 
 the American Revolution. 
 
 Some writers have attributed this early tol- 
 eration to the charter of Charles I. to Cecilius 
 Calvert, and have therefore attributed the honor 
 of originating it to that monarch, the friend of 
 Laud and Strafford, and during the early part 
 of whose reign Roman Catholics and non-con- 
 formists were equally proscribed. The statement 
 of this claim on behalf of Charles I. bears its own 
 refutation. Besides, the charter remained the 
 fundamental law of the Province during both 
 the tolerant and intolerant periods of its his- 
 tory, and it gave no shield or protection to the 
 Roman Catholics persecuted for their faith dur- 
 ing the latter period, or during the brief regime 
 of the Puritans in 1650-60. It is plain, there- 
 fore, that the honor does not belong to Charles 
 I. and that toleration is not to be found in the 
 provisions of the Charter. 
 
 The originators of this liberal and enlightened 
 policy of religious toleration were Sir George 
 Calvert and his son Cecilius, and to them and 
 to them only, belongs the honor of its origin. 
 When Sir George visited his Province*of Ava- 
 lon in Newfoundland in 1627-8, just after his 
 conversion to the Roman Catholic Church, he 
 erected a Roman Catholic Chapel and a Protest- 
 ant place of worship at the same time, and 
 secured for the latter the ministrations of one 
 
MARYLAND 
 
 Rev. Erasmus Stourton, This divine, on his 
 return to England, lodged an information against 
 Lord Baltimore for permitting the celebration 
 of the mass in his colony. If prosecuted, this 
 charge would have subjected Calvert, under the 
 law of England, to a heavy fine, one half of 
 which would have gone to the Reverend in- 
 former, and to imprisonment. But owing per- 
 haps to the favor of the king, or to the in- 
 fluence of powerful friends at court, the prose- 
 cution came to naught. 
 
 Cecilius Calvert was 19 years of age, when, 
 with his father and family, he became a Ro- 
 man Catholic. The change of faith of father 
 and son in the face of the intolerant laws 
 and the still more intolerant sentiments of 
 the times, furnish indisputable testimony to 
 the sincerity of their convictions. They sac- 
 rificed station, honors, offices. Both had been 
 conscientious Protestants ; they were now become 
 equally conscientious Roman Catholics. No two 
 men in England were so capable as this father 
 and son, to feel and realize by their experience 
 — and their observation, as well — for it was 
 the era of the Thirty Years' war with all its 
 horrors — the wrong, the injustice, the folly and 
 the crime of religious persecution; and they 
 resolved that in any colony where they should 
 hold sway, they would have none of it. This 
 noble resolve Cecilius afterward faithfully and 
 religiously adhered to throughout his long and 
 eventful career, as Lord Proprietary, notwith- 
 standing strong provocations and the free hand 
 he had to abandon this enlightened and liberal 
 policy he inaugurated in Maryland, if he had 
 chosen to do so ; certainly as to the large body 
 of dissenters and non-conformists with the 
 Church of England. 
 
 In his first instructions for the government 
 of the Colony, given to his brother Leonard on 
 the sailing of the expedition, he enjoined this 
 policy on him, and repeated this injunction in 
 subsequent instructions. These instructions 
 Leonard, sharing no doubt the sentiments of his 
 father and brother, faithfully carried out in 
 his able administration of the affairs of the 
 Province. 
 
 In 1649, Lord Baltimore, exercising his right 
 under the charter to initiate legislation, sent to 
 Governor Calvert a body of sixteen laws to be 
 submitted to, and enacted by, the Assembly. 
 Among them was the celebrated Toleration Act 
 of 1649. If not actually drawn up by Lord 
 Baltimore himself, this Act was drawn up at his 
 dictation. The Roman Catholic phraseology of 
 some of the names used, and the identity of the 
 language with that of the instructions previously 
 sent out by him on this subject, leave no doubt 
 on this point. ''Whereas." is the noble preamble 
 to this Magna Charta of religious liberty, "the 
 enforcing of the human conscience in matters of 
 religion hath frequently fallen out to be of 
 dangerous consequence in those commonwealths, 
 in which it hath been practised, and for the more 
 quiet and peaceable government of this Province, 
 and the better to preserve mutual love and amitv 
 amongst the inhabitants thcrenf. be it enacted 
 that no person or persons whatsoever, within 
 this Province professing to believe in Christ 
 Jesus, should, from henceforth, be in any ways 
 troubled, molested or discountenanced for or on 
 respect of his or her religion, nor in the free 
 exercise thereof, nor in any way compelled to the 
 belief or exercise of any other religion against 
 
 his or her consent.^' For any violation of this 
 act, a fine was to be imposed and the offender 
 was made liable to a civil suit for damages at 
 the instance of the party injured. The act did 
 not long remain on the statute book. When the 
 Puritans overthrew the Proprietary's government 
 in 1650, they convened a new Assembly. To 
 this Assembly Roman Catholics were declared 
 to be ineligible, and were not allowed to vote for 
 members of it. The first thing this Assembly 
 did was to repeal the act of 1649, and to pass one 
 in^ lieu of it, which contained this provision, 
 "That, nono who profess and exercise the Papis- 
 tic religion, commonly known by the name of the 
 Roman Catholic religion, can be protected in 
 this Province, by the laws of England, formerly 
 established and yet unrepealed, nor by the gov- 
 ernment of the commonwealth of England. But 
 are to be restrained from the exercise thereof ;* 
 of which all persons concerned were required to 
 take notice. By a subsequent clause of this act 
 it was provided "that all persons who professed 
 faith in Christ Jesus . . . shall not be re- 
 strained . . . provided that this liberty 
 shall not be extended to popery or prelacy.^* 
 This excluded Roman Catholics and Episcopal- 
 ians. The contrast between the acts of 1649 and 
 1654 is striking. On the restoration of the Pro- 
 prietary to his government in 1660, the first 
 thing done was to repeal this law and put the 
 act of 1649 again on the statute book; and 
 there it remained until, as a result of the Protest- 
 ant revolution in 1690, it was again repealed and 
 followed by a body of severe and stringent laws 
 against Roman Catholics, which made the Pro- 
 prietary himself as long as he remained a Catho- 
 lic, and the Catholic Colonists the only outlaws 
 for conscience sake in a Province, opened by their 
 liberality to the professors of every Christian 
 Creed. This condition of things continued until 
 1776. In the Declaration of Rights which pref- 
 aced the first Constitution of the State of Mary- 
 land adopted in that year, the principle of re- 
 ligious liberty announced for the first time in 
 1649 was enlarged and proclaimed as the in- 
 alienable right of the citizen, and a part of the 
 fundamental law. 
 
 Pof>ulation. — Maryland had a population in 
 1790 of 319,728; (1S50), 583.034: (1870), 780,- 
 844; (1890), 1,042,390; (1900), 1,188.044. In 
 1900 the negro population was 235,064; foreign 
 born, 93,834. The principal cities are Baltimore 
 (pop. 508,957); Cumberland (17,128); Hagers- 
 town (13.591); Frederick (9,296); and An- 
 napolis (q.v.) 3,525. 
 
 The Press. — There are six daily papers pub- 
 lished in Baltimore: 'The Sun,> established in 
 1837; 'The American, > established in 1794; 
 ''[he Herald'; 'The German Correspondent'; 
 'The Daily Record.' morning papers; 'The 
 News'; 'The World,' afternoon ii.ijkms; three 
 weekly papers, 'The Catholic Mirror' ; 'The 
 Methodist Protestant.' and 'The Telegram.' 
 Evcrv comity town has two newspapers. 
 
 Bibliojiral^hy. — Rozmon. McMahon, McSlicrry, 
 Sc'iarf, 'Histories of Maryland'; Browne, 
 'History of a Palatinate'; Hall's 'Lords Balti- 
 more' : Maryland Geological. T,and Office, and 
 .Statistical Reports; 'Marvlnnd Archives'; 
 Mnrvland Historical .Soc-ety Publications; Fiske. 
 'Virginia and Her Neighbors,' and 'Critical 
 Period in History of the United States^ ; 
 Foard's 'Maryland as It Is'; Adam's 'T.and 
 Cessions.' a. Leo Knott, Baltimore. Md. 
 
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