.^^ -^ce. v^^- .N^" x^^' '^>, vOo^ .0^^^ "o^ ■<< -r. .^^ -^^ './■, ..n\^ -V^' .a'^ X^^ '''^-•, ' v r. ,^X^ A^- "s--. ■/, ,A'' ^^ ^ <^'% % ' -^ o' .^ -7-. \ ^ S "> '^ A %/'o:o^'j- sOa O^ ,0 o ,0- 0' ^ o> 0- ,,' "oo'' > ,'V ■J- .n\^ .A^^ o> -n.- ' a\ .. O -^ C ^ V;^ ;-^ » _rS^V, .. ^ , .0 o^ <^. % -■ '■^ .s^^' --> "^^ •s, \ ■^o ^ - ■? > ^^. ^^ « -■ •s- ^ ^ ^ % ' ^ '^ ;^- .r .^-' 'V'^^' 4_ S -i^' P ^, c^^- ^ >' '. '^o 0^ <: 1 x\^^ . . s. '^ c^ •^. ' o , . -^ ,A V\ ■7\ ,0o. ,0' \' X •"•■/:- "'^' .^ .^^:.:-^% x\' ■/', cP' . ,0 o^ .0 ^■ 'o. .-0- ,^:^ -% \ '" / . * S -^ .^0 S^ '^. % .,v^^ <• ^ , V ■* ,A ,, o \.<^ "b 0^' l\ "^ "<=-.. o^ 7^^ V ,0 o^ MANUAL OF POWER JTOR MACHINES, SHAFTS, AND BELTS. WITH THE HISTORY OF COTTON MANUFACTURE IN THE UKITED STATES. ' SAMUEL WEBBEK, C. E. 4 1 ii±.pljf- 18T9 NEW YORK: D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 549 AND 551 BEOADWAY. 1879. <~ COPYRIGHT BY SAMUEL WEBBER. 1879. a,1^ TO HON. E. A. STEAW, PRESIDENT OF THE NEW ENGLAND COTTON MANUFACTURERS' ASSOCIATION, THIS OOIXEOTION OF TESTS, OOMMENOED AT HIS BEQUEST, IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED, BY THE COMPILEE. PEEFACE TO EEYISED EDITIOIST. In preparing for tlie press a second and enlarged edition of my " Tests of Power," a somewhat more extended preface seems neces- sary, in order to explain wliat have appeared to many persons to be discrepancies in the first edition, and also to give a short explana- tion of the manner in which the results were attained. The dynamometer used in the great majority of the tests was designed by Hon. E. A. Straw, of Manchester, New Hampshire, on the same principle as the one originally invented by Samuel Batch- elder, Esq., at Saco, Maine, in the year 1836, but contained the modifications of the hydraulic regulator and second transmitting shaft, which were added to the original machine by James B. Fran- cis, C.E., of Lowell. The principle of the machine may be de- scribed as follows : A shaft containing the receiving pulley passes through the fulcrum of a steelyard, having fast on it at the end next the pulley a bevel gear, which forms one side of a " box or compound " gear. On a sleeve at the opposite end of the shaft, and revolving freely around it, are fixed another bevel gear of equal diameter, forming the opposite side of the " box," and a plain gear, which transmits the power to a second shaft parallel with the first, and which carries the delivering pulley, which is thus brought in the same line of transmission as the receiving pulley. Around the steelyard, on either side of the fulcrum, revolve freely two other bevel gears, of equal diameter with those mentioned, which complete the " box " or " compound," and which transmit the mo- VI tion from the first shaft to the sleeve, from which it is given to the second shaft by a jDair of equal gears. If the dynamometer is put in motion without attaching any machine to the second shaft, the gears revolve around the steelyard without any other resistance than their own friction, and no effect is recorded ; but if a belt be carried from the delivering pulley to the pulley on any machine, the resistance caused by such machine tends to act upon the steelyard in such a manner as to give it a motion around its fulcrum. This steelyard is made of such length that a weight hung at its extremity would describe a circle of 10 feet each revolution, if the steelyard were allowed to rotate on its f ulcnim ; and consequently the 100 revolutions would move 1,000 feet. A set of weights are therefore prepared, which are sufficient to hold the steelyard at a level poise when the power is being trans- mitted through the dynamometer, and each one pound weight is considered to move 1,000 feet in 100 revolutions, or to equal 1,000 pounds moved one foot. The steelyard is also graduated into inches and tenths, and a poise weight prepared, which represents 100 pounds moved one foot in 100 revolutions, for each inch that it is carried out on the steelyard toward its outer end, this poise being 3.84 pounds in actual weight. The weights representing 1,000 pounds are also double the actual weight necessary to represent that sum, as the steelyard would only make 50 revolutions, if left free, while the shaft was making 100. The dynamometer, being fastened in position and belted prop- erly, is put in motion, the machine to be weighed being driven through it ; and the weight necessary to hold the steelyard perfectly level while driving the machine is attached to it in the usual man- ner. Wlien this balance is properly adjusted, the revolutions of the shafts are counted by a clock driven by a worm and gear attached to one of them, and the apparent weight hung on the steelyard is divided by the number of seconds consumed in making 100 revo- lutions. Thus if 11,000 pounds be the marking of the weight hung on the steelyard, and the time of completing 100 revolutions be 10 vu seconds, the answer to the division is — ^ — ■ = 1,100 pounds lifted a foot in one second, or 2-horse power — 550 pounds lifted one foot per second being the equivalent of 33,000 pounds lifted one foot per minute, the established standard of a horse power. The amount of weight necessary to balance the friction of the dynamometer it- self, when in revolution at the desired speed, is first ascertained and deducted before making such divisions, and will average not far from five per cent, of the whole power consumed, but in all cases in these tests has been actually ascertained and deducted in each in- stance. Previous to the commencement of these operations, the dyna- mometer was compared with the one designed by Mr. Francis for the Locks and Canals Company, of Lowell, with which it was found to agree exactly, and was then further verified by over one thou- sand tests with a Prony brake, the friction pulley of which was attached to the machine in the place of the ordinary delivering pul- ley and the arm of the lever loaded with varying weights ; while by a series of pulleys the speed of the dynamometer was changed from time to time, so as to vary from 200 to 1,000 revolutions per minute. During all these tests the steelyard of the dynamometer was found to record accurately the load placed on the brake-lever, plus a certain uniform difference for the friction of the machine, which increased in a regular ratio with the velocity, and agreed very close- ly with the amount of friction observed by running the dynamom- eter without a load, and it was therefore decided to adopt the method of deducting the actual observed friction in every test. The greater part of the tests in the following tables have been taken without any previous preparations of the machines to be weighed, the dynamometer having been attached to them as they were actually in operation in the mills ; but there are some few exceptions which should be noted. All the tests at Manchaug in August, 1871, were of compara- tively new machinery, which was in the best possible order, and had been run just about long enough to get fairly eased in its bearings 5 VUl and the same remarks will apply to the tests at the Manchester Print "Works in June, 1872. The tests at Manville, Ehode Island, were of a new frame in perfect order, kept thoroughly clean and well oiled, but in an unfinished mill, where the atmosphere was damp and cool until the last day of the trials, reference to which will show that the machinery ran with less power on that day ; and the same difference will be noticed in the tests at Mount Yernon Mills, Baltimore, as well as the difference caused by the oils used for lubrication in the same trials. The tests of the Pusey Spindle at Wilmington, Delaware, and those of the Sawyer Spindle at the Appleton Mills, Lowell, were also made under the most favorable circumstances, as were those of the Pearl and Rabbeth Spindles in June, 1873, at the Pacific Mills, and those of the Rabbeth in March, 1873, at the Potomska Mills. The difference due to cleaning and lubrication will be noticed in the tests of spinning September 25-27, 1873, at the Atlantic Mills, and of the throstle frame. A, at the Stark Mills in April and November, 1871. The difference due to the atmosphere is strikingly shown in the tests of the same spinning frame, August 7th and 8th, 1872, at the Amoskeag Mills. The differences due to banding may be seen in many places, but in none more strikingly than in the tests at the China Mill in March, 1875 ; and those caused by tight belts may be seen in the trials at the Ocean Mills, June, 1873. The matter of banding is one to which it is well worth while to call the attention of spinners, as all tension beyond that actually required to drive the spindle up to its proper speed causes unneces- sary friction in the bearings, and wears out both them and the spindles rapidly. A band should never be tied on so as to be rigid, but should always retain its elasticity ; and the same is tnie in regard to belts ; and a little extra attention to these matters is always true economy. Geared machines, like drawing, speeders, and fly frames, will not of course show these differences ; but with spinning every detail must be taken into account to prove a correct conclusion as to the IX result. It lias also been found impossible to test a single loom with absolute correctness, as the dynamometer tended to register the extreme power of the heat, particularly if the speed was high. It should also be noted that the speed of the mule spindles given is the actual number of revolutions per minute, deducting the time taken up in " running in " the carriage, and not the velocity of the spindle when in operation, and the comparative power of the mules and frames is ascertained by the number of yards of yarn per spindle per minute, as compared with the foot pounds. This in the mule is equal to the length of stretch, multiplied by the number of stretches per minute, and in the frames by the number of revolutions of the front roll, multiplied by 3.141() or 3^, the diameter of the front roll being one inch. Taken as a whole, however, the results obtained have agreed remarkably with those obtained by the steam-engine indicator, when the summary of the dynamometer results was compared with the indicator cards of the same mill, after allowing for friction of en- gine, or with the calculation of the effect of the Boyden turbine in cases where water power was used, particularly in the cases shown in the summaries of tests as in mills B and I. In two cases "Swain" Wlieels have been put into mills after getting the required power by the dynamometer, namely, the Whittenton Mills at Taunton, and the Clinton Mills at Woonsocket, and in both cases have agreed exactly with the calculations previ- ously made. It should also be mentioned that in some of the mills tested, such as those at Rockport, IS^ewburyport, Gloucester, K. J., Hay- densville, Mass., and the Stark Mills at Manchester, 1^. H., much or all of the machinery was quite old, and the tests were made to ascertain the actual consumption of power, with a view to future improvements ; while in the tests previously referred to such im- provement had commenced, and the trials were for the purpose of demonstrating the prospective saving to be attained. Such as the records are they are correct, and any apparent dis- crepancies in them are usually explained at once by a full knowl- edge of the circumstances. It should also be remembered that neither very new nor very old machinery can be depended on for a fair average test of the power usually required. In the first case there is a loss of power from extra friction, in the last from extra gyration. Although the greater part of my tests have been confined to cotton machinery, there are a sufficient number of trials of woolen, worsted, and flax machines to give a fair idea of the usual amount of power required to operate them at the usual velocity, together with a short list of machine tools and miscellaneous machinery. Paper machinery has not been tested, for want of a dynamometer of sufficient capacity. To the separate tests of machines, I add in this edition the summaries of all the machines, with the power required by them, in a series of mills on different fabrics, and also tables for shaft- ing and belting; the former calculated from the tables of Mr. James B. Francis, the latter from various authorities, as well as from my own experiments, and at the request of several manu- facturers add the English tables of twist for yarn, and roving, and for the breaking strength of yarns, together with certain convenient rules for calculating drafts and numbers. I also add a corrected report of the turbine tests at the Cen- tennial Exposition, which contained a number of small errors in the official publication, though not enough to invalidate the general result. The work is completed for the present by a historical sketch of the growth and progress of the cotton manufacture in the United States, originally prepared for the American Society of Civil En- gineers, as part of a centennial record of various American indus- tries, but the publication of which has been so long delayed, from various causes, that the officers of the Society have consented to its publication in this form. Manchester, N. H., January, 1879. PEEFAOE. These tests, undertaken without any view to publication, may be found deficient in some points ; but may be depended on as correct, as far as they go. They give a representation of the power required by cottou- machinery, as actually in use, under various circumstances, in a large number of mills: some of it new, and in the best run- ning order ; some of it very old, and tested with a view to ascertain how much power was lost by using it. Part of the tests have been made to ascertain the variations due to weather, oil, and banding; but the writer believes that the notes will explain sufficiently these different points, and trusts that the information contained, as to the average power actually used, will be of sufficient value to manufacturers to justify their publication. TABLE OF OOI^TEl^rTS. PART I. PAGES 3 Explanatory Preface Power Tests of Cotton Openers and Pickers 12, 56 " " Cards 16,59 " " Railway Heads 18,59 « " Drawing Frames 20, 59 " " Roving Frames 22, 60 " " Throstle Spinning 28 " " Ring Spinning, Common Spindle 30, 62 Sawyer Pearl Rabbeth 34, 66 36, 68 36, 70 Birkenhead " 38, 70 Excelsior " 38,70 Perry " 42, 70 Pusey " 42 Miscellaneous Spindles 70 " " Mule Spinning 44,72 " " Spoolers 48,73 " " Twisters 48, 72 " " Warpers 48,73 " " Dressers 48, 73 " " Looms 46,74 " of Miscellaneous Machinery and Tools 49, 78 «' of Flax Machinery 50, 72 " ofWool " 50,74 " of Worsted " " of Shafting of Mills in full Rules and Tables for Shafting " " Belting Turbine Wheel Tests • - ^^^ Roving and Yarn Tables • • • • • ^^^ XIV PART II. CHAPTER I. PAOK Commencement of Cotton Manufacture by Machinery — Arkwright — Paul— Har- greaves — Crompton — Wyatt 1 CHAPTER II. First attempts in the United States — Bridgewater— Beverly — Philadelphia— Rhode Island, etc ^ CHAPTER III. Samuel Slater — Almy and Brown — Eli Whitney — Pliny Earle — ^Amos Whittemore. , 15 CHAPTER IV. 1800 to 1812 — Rapid Growth— Pawtucket — Paterson — Watertown — ^New Ipswich, N. H. — Samuel Batchelder — Peterborough, N. H. — Amoskeag Falls — General Statistics— 1810 21 CHAPTER V. Nathan Appleton — Power Looms — Francis C. Lowell — Patrick T. Jackson — Paul Moody— Waltham— The New England System 28 CHAPTER VI. 1812 — Beginning at Fall River — Paterson — Ludlow — North Adams — Matteawan — William Gilmore — Power Looms — Ira Draper — Rotary Temple — Statistics — 1820 34 CHAPTER VII. 1821 — Origin of Lowell — Kirk Boott — Nathan Appleton — Paul Moody — Francis C. Lowell — John D. Prince — Samuel L. Dana — Merrimac Manufacturing Company — Hamilton Company — Appleton Company — Samuel Batchelder — First Mill driven by main belts by Paul Moody — Nashua — Dover — Chicopee — Tariff of 1824 — A. & A. Lawrence — Aza Arnold — Equation Box — Saco^Cohoes — Tariff of 1828— Danforth's Cap-Spindle 39 CHAPTER VIII. Ring-Spinning — John Thorpe — William Mason — Brewster's Speeder — York Manu- facturing Company — Samuel Batchelder — Balance Dynamometer — Cotton Crop of 1834 — Boston & Lowell Railroad — Patent OflBce established — Newburyport — Amoskeag Company — Stark Mills — E. B. Bigelow — Counterpane Loom — Sta- tistics— 1840 47 CHAPTER IX. Self-Acting Mule — Ira Gay — Pitcher & Brown — William Mason — Richard Roberts — William C. Davo — Smith Mule — Higgins Mule — Potter Mule — Parr & Curtis — Piatt Brothers — Wanton Rouse — English Roving Frames — Higgins & Sons — XV FA6B First Turbine Wheels — Uriah A. Boyden — Lawrence — ^Essex Company — Atlan- tic Mills — E. B. Bigelow — Gingham Loom — Increase in si^e of Mills — Produc- tion— 1850 52 CHAPTER X. Iladley Falls Company — Holyoke — Lewiston — Rapid Growth to 1857 — Self-Stripping Card — George Wellman — Horace Woodman — Bag Loom — Cyrus W. Baldwin — Picker Staff — W. W. Dutcher — Railway Evener — D. W. Hayden — George Dra- per — Pemberton Mills — Census of 1860 — Progress of Ten Tears 58 CHAPTER XI. The Great Rebellion of 1861 — Prostration of Business — Close of the War — Revival of Manufactures, and enormous increase — " Slasher ^^ Dresser Introduced by A. D. Lockwood — Improvements in Ring Spindles — Oliver Pearl — Jacob H. Saw- yer — George Draper — Richard Garsed — Barton H. Jenks — F. J. Rabbeth — Open- ing and Picking — Creighton Willow — Richard Kitson — Whitehead & Atherton — Palmer & Jillson — Great Increase at Fall River — New Mills in New England and the Southern States 63 CHAPTER Xn. Statistics of 1874 — Calico Printing- Machines in 1876 — Ginghams — Cottonades — Cot- ton Duck — Spool-Cotton — Small Wares — Statistics of 1876 — Lowell — Lawrence — Manchester — Lewiston — Fall River — Comparative cost of Water and Steam- Power — Water- Wheels at the Centennial — Letter of Edward Atkinson to New York " Herald " 75 SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER. The Cotton Manufacture as illustrated at the Centennial Exhibition 89 APPENDICES. A. — Paper by William A. Burke, Esq 95 B.— Letter of Aza Arnold 102 12 TESTS OF POWER.— COTTON-OPENERS, Date. May, 1871 " 1872 " 1871 (( . " . Aug., 1871 May, 1872 ' Nov. 1873 Place. ( Amoskeug Mills, / I Manches'r, N. H. f j MasconometMill, ) I Newburyport, ) Amoskeag Mills, Manchaug Mill, Mass. Rockport Mill, " (1 u u Tremont Mills, Lowell, Mass., Machdte. Double Creighton Willow, Single " " Van Winkle Opener, u a u Kitson's ''• Old Pattern," u u a Kitson's Mixer, Whitehe'd & Atherton, ) JSTew Mixer. \ No. Beaters. Rev. do. 946 820 1 1 520 532 2 1,844 2 1 1 1 1,400 750 700 700 POWER OP COTTON-PICKERS. Date. Place. Machine. No, Beaters. Eevolution Beaters. May, 1871 Amoskeag Mills, 'i 36 inch Amoskeag Pattern 3 1,507 (( Manchester, N. H. )■ u u u 2 1,026 u " 1 Whitin's Pattern,* 3 1,617 June, 1871 Derry Mills, Manch'r Whitin's Lapper, 30 inch. 2 2,045 May, 1872 Rockport, Mass., u 48 " 3 1,500 April, 1873 3 " Social " Mill, ) ( Woonsocket, ) u u 3Q u 3 1,500 u a " " 30 " 3 2,100 April, 1872 Salmon Falls, N. H., Piatt's " 36 " 2 1,100 May, 1872 j Masconoinet, { i Newburyport, i " " 48 " 2 1,016 (( (( " " 48 " 2 1,066 Nov., 1873 Granite Mill, F. Riv'r " " 36 " 2 1,130 u " " 36 " 2 1,130 Aug., 1871 Mauchaug, Mass., Kitson's " 2 1,344 Jan., 1872 j Whittenton, ) ] Taunton, Mass., S u u 2 1,530 Nov., 1872 j Essex Mill, Pat- ) ( erson, N. J., i" u u 2 1,066 Nov., 1873 Westville, Taunton, li li 2 1,500 May, 1873 j Manchester Print ) I Works, f \ Weetamoe MiU, ) I Fall River, \ Kitson's Compound, 4 1,500 it " Lapper, 2 1,500 Oct., 1873 \ Merrimac Manfg. ) } Co., Lowell, f " Compound, 4 1,600 (I u u u 4 1,600 (( u u u 3 1,600 Note.— Ft. lbs., in all c«ses in this book, refers to lbs. lifted 1 ft. cer eecond. 550 of which = 1. H. P * Built at Amoskeag Shop. 13 DELIVERING COTTON LOOSE ON FLOOR. No. Rev. Pans. do. 1 1,420 1 1,183 1 1,155 1 1,360 2 i 1,456 \ 1,620 2 1,600 1 750 1 700 1 700 Lbs. Cott'n per Day. 5,000 3,000 2,000 3,000 3,200 3,000 3,000 8,330 10,900 Ft. Lbs. per sec. 6,868 2,971 891 1,149 3,298 3,151 697 3,490 3,679 Horse- Power. 12.488 5.402 1.620 2.090 5.996 5.730 1.258 6.345 6.689 Kemabks. Counter-shaft included \ F^^,^^\ I 8.024 H. P. Cotton blown through long dust-box. " previously opened in mixer " " delivered to last machine. DELIVERING COTTON IN LAP. No. Paus. Ke volution Fans. Lbs. Cott'n per Day. Wt.Lap per Yd. Ft. Lbs. per Sec. Horse- Power. Rbmaeks. 3 2. 1. 2. 1. 1 1 1,822 1,200 1,560 2,000 870 1,600 1,354 1,421 1,507 1,507 1,456 1,668 1,177 1,500 1,500 2,000 1,500 1,600 2,100 a 1,600 2,100 1,000 1,000 1,000 600 1,500 1,266 2,000 2,000 3,300 2,670 1,676 1,622 1,387 2,769 3,487 2,703 2,486 2,667 2,511 3,237 3,441 2,080 2,514 1,867 2,830 6,025 8,045 6,807 5,795 3,897 4.860 3.048 2.950 2.395 5.034 6.340 4.914 4.520 4.848 4.566 5.886 6.256 3.776 4.571 3.394 5.145 10.954 5.536 12.360 10.530 7.086 IstPi 2d 2d Ist 2d let 2d 1st Ist 2d Ist 2d Ist 2d 2d 2d 1st 2d 1st let Ist cker. 2 Beat's & Fans=2,024=3.68 2 1 " without Feed-motion =2.487 " " " —2.252 1 1 9, " & Hayden Trunk & Dust-box. 1 u 2 2 ' without Peed =3.584 2 2 2 lOi oz. ' without Feed =3.885 2 ' without Feed =2.976 2 „ 2 " with Evener. 2 2 3 11 8 12 11 oz. oz. oz. oz. " with Evener. ' on previously-opened Cotton. ' same Machine without Cotton. H ' " 1 Beater and Fan stopped 14 COTTON OPENERS AND LAPPERS. Date. Oct., 1873 Nov., 1873 May, 1873 u Nov., 1873 Jan., 1874 (( Feb., 1874 Place. j Merrimac Mnfg. ) \ Co., Lowell, f Kitson's Compound, j Tremont Mills, j. ) Lowell, ) Great Falls, K H., u j WestvUle Mill, j. 1 Taunton, ) j Clipper Mill, Bal- } ( timore, Md. ) j Jackson Co. Mills, [ ] Nashua, ) Machine. No. Beaters. 2d Lapper, Compound Revolution Beaters. C "Whitehead & Atherton 1 1 Whipper Lapper, I Mar., 1874' Boott Mills, Lowell, ittenton ] Taunton, Whittenton Mills, ) ( "Whitehead & Atherton ) i Old 1st Lapper, j 2d " Kitson Lapper, Whitehead & Atherton, Kitson Compound, Kitson Compound, ) New Style, with 2 > " Broken " Beaters, ) Kitson Compound, Old ) Style, ) ' Same Machine, 1st pair ' Beaters removed, and 1,24 in. Whipper Cyl- inder substituted by Whitehead & Ather- ton, 1,000 rev. p. min. 1.24 inch "Broken" Beater substituted for Whipper, by Kitson, 1,600 1,600 1,380 1,380 1,380 1,700 1,700 1,550 1,550 1,400 1,400 1,380 1,500 1,500 1,300 1,300 1,300 1,300 1. 1,200 2. 1,500 1,500 1,500 1,380 1,380 1,380 1,380 1. 700 1. 950 2. 1,380 1,390 1. 1,000 2. 1,390 1. 1,000 2. 1,390 15 COTTON IjAPPURS— {Continued). Revolution Fans. Lbs. Cott'n per Day. 2. 1,600 1. 2,100 2. 1,600 1. 2,100 2. 1,380 1. 1,850 2. 1,380 1. 1,850 2. 1,380 1. 1,850 1,700 1,700 1,550 1,550 1,400 1,400 1,380 1,500 1,500 1,800 1,300 1,300 1,300 2. 1,500 1. 2,000 1,500 1,500 1,380 1,380 1,380 1,880 1. 1,730 2. 1,380 1,390 1. 1,000 2. 1,390 1. 1,000 2.. 1,390 Wt.Lap per Yd. 5,000 5,000 3,000 4,500 2,250 2", 300 IJ756 4,200 3,540 3,260 3,600 4,080 2,000 3,930 3,600 3,840 4,800 3,300 3,350 4,420 3,300 Ft. Lbs. per Sec. 191- OZ. 19i OZ. II OZ. 18 OZ. 8J0Z. loi OZ. 8^02. 12| OZ, III OZ. 13 OZ. 131 OZ 14J0Z Horse- Power. 12 OZ. 8 OZ. 11 OZ. 16 OZ. 12 OZ. 13 OZ, 14 OZ. 15 OZ. 15" OZ. 191 OZ. 15' OZ. 7,333 7,414 4,815 3,889 5,864 3,744 2,615 2,923 2,141 2,410 1,667 8,871 8,518 7,106 4,482 4,623 4,448 3,918 5,116 3,687 2,830 4,383 5,883 5,674 4,590 4,525 3,282 8,142 5,047 3,906 6,308 5,000 8,691 6,588 18.33 13.48 8.75 7.07 10.66 6.80 4.755 5.315 3.891 4.382 3.080 16.128 15,487 12.92 8.15 8.407 8.085 7.123 9.300 6.70 5.145 7.969 10.607 10.818 8.346 8.228 5,950 14,805 9.177 7.102 11.505 9.091 6.711 11.978 Bemabks. let Trial, a. m., Heavy Lap. 2d " P. M., ." Speed reduced. " without Cotton passing. Speed same, Lap increased. " regular, following last machine. " " without Cotton. " reduced, Lap heavier. " " without Cotton. " further reduced. " ", " without Cotton, 2 Trials on Cotton from Bale. 1 Trial " 1 Trial without Cotton " Taken as running " Without Cotton. Opened Cotton, 1 Scratcher, 2 Beaters. Following last Machine. 2d Picker. 1st Picker, working Cotton from Bale, without Cotton. ' working Cotton from Bale, • without Cotton. Work'g Bl'k Cotton, dyed after Card'g. Without Cotton, Work'g Black Cotton, as at above test Working White Cotton from Bale. Without Cotton. Working Dyed Cotton, as before. 16 COTTON CARDS. Date. June, 1871 ii Aug., 1871 u Jan., 1872 Mar., 1872 April, 1872 May, 1872 Juae, 1872 Nov., 1872 Apr., 1873 May, 1873 Nov., 1873 June, 1873 Sept., 1873 Nov., 1873 Place. j Derry Mills, Man- ) I Chester, N. H., ) \ Amoskeag Mills, [ } Manches'r, N. H., ) Mauchaug, Mass., Whlttenton, Taunton, Haydeusville, Mass., Salmon Falls, N. H., a a Rockport, Mass., Masconomet Mill, Newburyport, Mass., j Manchester Print } I Works, N. H., f j Essex Mill, Pat- ) { erson, N. J., ) Clinton Mill, Woonsocket, Mass., Weetamoe, F. River, Granite, " j Ocean Mill, New- [ ] buryport, f Atlantic Mills, Lawrence, Mass., Westville, Taunton, Description. Hand-Stripper, Self-Stripper, Saco W. P. Co. " Breaker, " " Finisher, Mason's Breaker, " Self-Stripper, Finisher, " " Breaker, " " Single, Whitln's Self-Stripper, Saco W. P. Co. " Breaker, " " Finisher, Whitin's Breaker, SacoW. P. Co. S. S. Finsh'r, Mason's Breaker, Saco W. P. Co. Finisher, Howard & Bullough, Mason's Cylinder, Wood, Iron, J. Pettee, Single, Davol & Co., Saco W. P. Co. Self-Strip'r, Lowell Ma. Shop, Mason, > 30 116 36 110 36 128 36 128 30 127 36 120 36 120 36 120 36 120 36 125 36 125 48 137 36 123 24 133 36 127 36 120 36 115 30 130 30 132 36 120 36 136 36 125 36 125 36 125 36 130 36 130 36 130 36 130 36 130 36 156 Lb. Cot. per Day. 30 36 40 40 27 76 65 65 65 65 45 36 COTTON CARDS— (Coniinued). 17 Ft. Lbs per Sec. 44.85 78.92 46.92 70.77 98. 62. 80. 80. 70. 50.58 50.58 201.36 85. 105. 147. 40. 280. 158. 113.21 120. 92. 63.57 66.07 65. 150. 143.75 139.13 125.22 82.92 76.74 Horse- No. per H. P. of Total Cards Power. Railw'y. Railw'y- H. P. perH.P. .081^ 10 0.585 1.40 7.14 .144 11 0.645 2.229 5. .085 52 1.437 5.857 8.88 .129 13 .530 2.207 5.89 .178 28 .806 5.790 4.83 .112 10 .361 1.481 6.75 .145 22 l.Olfi 4.206 5.23 .145 11 .380 1.975 5.57 .126 9 .253 1.387 6.47 .093 64 1.020 6.972 9.18 .093 16 .233 1.721 8.26 .366 48 1.794 5.088 2.48 .155 12 .361 2.221 5.40 .191 68 2.539 15.527 4.40 .268 11 .512 3.460 3.18 .073 12 .601 1.477 8.12 .527 1.90 .288 24 .247 7.159 3.35 .206 12 .507 2.979 4.03 .218 12 *.667 3.283 3.66 .167 15 .689 3.194 4.70 .116 10 .430 1.590 6.29 .120 82 1.535 5.375 6. .118 8 .354 1.298 6.16 .273 60 2.267 18.647 3.28 .261 60 2.267 17.927 3.35 .253 9 .906 3.183 2.83 .228 9 .906 2.958 3.04 .151 9 .906 2.265 3.97 .139* 11 .803 2.337 4.71 Beharks. single Carding for Hosiery, old. " " " Tickings. 2 Tests, Doable Carding for fine Cambrica. Hand-Stripper, very old. Single Carding. Double " Hand-Stripper, old. Self Hand-Stripper, Old. Self Single Card, Coiler, 8 W'kers & Strip'ra , Hand-Stripper, Breaker, old. Self " , Finisher, " Single Carding. Breaker. Finisher. Breaker. Finisher. Single Carding. * Estimated. 18 RAUiW AY-HEADS FOR CARDS. Date. June, 1871 August, 1871 January, 1872 May, " June, April, June, September, June, August, January, March, u May, u June, April, June, September, November, 1873 1871 1872 1873 Amoskeag Mills, N. H., Mancbaug Mills, Mass., Wbittenton Mills, Mass., Salmon Falls, N. H., Eockport, Mass., Masconoraet, Newburyport, Mass. Manchester Print Works, N. H., Clinton Mill, Woonsocket, E. I., Ocean Mill, Newburyport, Mass., Atlantic Mill, Lawrence, Mass., Derry Mill, Manchester, N. H., Amoskeag Mills, Manchester, N. H., u u u a Manchaug Mills, Mass., Whittenton, Taunton, Mass., Haydensville, Mass., Salmon Falls, K H., Eockport, Mass., Masconomet, Newburyport, Mass., Manchester Print "Works, N. H., Clinton Mill, Woonsocket, E. I., Ocean Mill, Newburypoi't, Mass., (( U U li Atlantic, Lawrence, Mass., Granite, Fall Eiver, Mass., Westville, Taunton, " Descbiption. Breaker, Lap-Head, Finisher Eailway, 19 RAILWAY-HEADS FOR CARDS. No. of Cards. Diameter of Roll. Velocity of Roll. Ft. lb. per Sec. Horse-Power. 32 9 inches. 10 yds. per min. 678. 1.051 52 9.42 a 790. 1.437 28 10. 443. .806 22 10. 559. 1.016 64 7.33 560. 1.020 48, 48in 10, 987. 1.794 68, 24in 11. 1396. 2.539 36 10. I 519. .944 24 Can. 11.66 135.76 .247 32 9 inches. 12. 844. 1.555 60 5 inches. 14.5 ( 1247. 2.267 10 li inches. 320 revolutions. 321. .585 11 400 " 395. .716 11 378 " 361. .656 13 290 " 291.46 .530 10 302 " 188. .361 9 220 " 139. .253 8 230 " 128. .233 12 200 " 198.38 .361 11 360 " 282. .512 12 282 " 336. .601 12 394 " 278.57 .507 10 200 " 236.36 .430 8 200 " 194.44 .354 9 365 " 498. .906 15 412 " 379.17 .689 11 306 " 310. .564 11 312 " 441.51 .803 20 DRAWINCS-FRAMES.— COTTON Date. Place. Maker. June, 1871 Derry Mills, Manchester, K H„ Unknown, u n Amoskeag Mills, Amoskeag, u Amoskeag Co., 1st, u u a (I u u " 2d, July, u Langdon Mills, Whitin, August, u Manchaug Mills, Mass., Saco W. P. Co., 1st, u u U U (( " 2d, January, 1872 Whittenton, Taunton, Mass. Mason, u u U (( (( (( u u 11 u u (( March, u Haydensville, Mass., Whitin, April, (( Salmon Falls, N. H., Saco W. P. Co. May, u Eockport, Mass., Mason, (( u Masconomet, Newburyport, Mass., " 1st, (( a u u " 2d, June, u Manchester Print Works, N. H., Saco W. P. Co. 1st, u u a u u u 2d, November, u Essex, Paterson, N. J., Howard & Bullough, April, 1873 Clinton, Woonsocket, E. I., u a u u u u Whitin, 1st, 2d, " 3d, May, u Weetamoe, Fall Eiver, Masj- u u u •1 Whitin, 1st, 2d, June, Ocean, Newburyport, " Higgins, 1st, n (( u " 2d, November, Granite, Fall Eiver, " Whitin, 1st, (( u u 2d, (( Westville, Taunton, " U U «( Mason, 1st, " 2d, 21 DRAWING-FRAMES COTTON. No. Rolls. Rev. per min. Doublings. Draft. From To No. De liveries Ft. Lb. pel Delivery. H.P. pe Delivery • H.P. . Frame. 3 310 2 4.50 6 46.20 .084 .506 4 240 2 3. 97.g. V4.g 8 39.4 .072 .573 4 240 4 3,50 74. 80. 8 40.7 .074 .591 4 221 2 4. 79. 40. 6 62.8 .096 .580 5 226 3 4.07 115. 87. 6 60.5 .110 .662 5 226 3 4.30 87. 66. 8 57.75 .105 .842 3 400 2 5. 62.5 12.5 10 47.4 .086 .860 4 340 2 4 105. .190 ,762 4 155 3 3.50 6 66.6 .121 .727 4 220 4 4 65. .119 .474 5 196 3 3.34 109. 38. 8 45,5 .083 ,662 4 202 4 .... 8 42.73 .078 .621 5 258 3 4.83 123. r5. 6 79.40 .144 .866 5 296 3 4.68 75. ^ t8. 8 75. .136 1.091 5 184 3 3.33 12 72.4 .132 1.580 240 3 3.75 12 80.3 .146 1.753 4 338 8 6 74.72 .136 .815 4 381 4 6 104.36 .190 1.138 4 361 4 8 113.75 .207 1.655 4 380 2 20 53.27 .097 1.937 4 220 3 6 72. ,131 .784 4 210 2 12 42.65 ,078 .930 4 220 3 12 46.38 .086 1.012 4 220 3 16 38. .068 1.091 4 238 3 4. 136. 10 2. 8 63.5 .115 .924 4 238 3 4.61 102. 7 6.5 12 59.4 .108 1.296 4 312 3 4.50 135. 9 0. 4 73.21 .134 ,534 4 415 3 4.50 90. 5 5. 4 89.12 .162 ,648 22 DEAD-SPINDLE ROVING-FRAMES. Date. Place. Description. Size of Bobbin. No. Spin. Rev. Spin. April, 1871 Stark Mills, Lowell Speeder, 10^x5' 28 720 (( u Manchester, N. H., U it 8 x4 52 904 (( u u u U 1( u 64 830 June, " Amoskeag Mills, " " built 12 X 6 30 501 U li Manchester, by Amoskeag Co., 10 X 5 40 601 u u a u u 40 575 u u u (( 8x4 46 887 (( u a a u 64 782 (( a a (( u 64 906 Mar., 1872 Haydensville, Brown Speeder, 9 X 45 30 u u u u u 7x3^ 44 " 1873 Am. Linen Co., F. River, u u u 78 1277 Nov., " Westville, Taunton, (( u 60 962 Mar., 1872 Haydensville, Pettee, "Soft Bobbin," u 40 ROVING-FRAMES. Date. Place. Description. Size of Bobbin. No. Spin. 48 Rev. Spin. Aug., 1871 Manchaug, Mass., SacoW. p. Co. Slubber 12x6 590 Sept., " Wauregan, Conn., u u 52 540 u u u u Higgins & Sons' " 40 475 April, 1872 Salmon Falls, N. H., Masconomet, Newbury- u a 56 530 May, " port, Mass., Saco W. P. Co. " 60 543 June, " Manchester P. Works, u a 44 360 Mar., 1873 Am. Linen Co., F. River, Higgins & Sons' " 64 606 u a u u u (( u 60 515 u u u u u Walker & Hacking " 64 543 April, " Mannville, R. L, Prov. Mach. Co. " 68 648 May, " Weetamoe, Fall River, Curtis, Parr & Co. " 48 550 June, " i Ocean, Newbury- [ Higgins & Sons' " 48 560 u u I port, Mass., ) u a 68 560 Nov., " j Granite Mills, ^ ( Fall River, Mass., J Howa'd &Bullough" 48 630 (( u ^l ^l 56 630 23 DE AD-SPINDLE ROVING-FRAMES. Diam. of Koll. Rev. Roll. Draft. From To Ft. Lb. Frame. Ft. Lb. Spindle. H.P. Frame. Spindl's H.P. Remakks. li 175 4. 72.gr. 18.3g. 465 16.6 .845 33.67 Average half-fhll 1* 162 6. 18.3 5.i 597 11.49 1.086 47.88 Bobbin. u 149 6. 18.3 5.i 626 9.78 1.138 56.24 n 178 3.50 80. 25. 461 15.36 .838 35.80 h% 170 4. 25. 12.50 522 13.05 .949 41.15 a 159 4.24 75. 17.70 554 13.85 1.007 39.72 n 180 5.78 17.70 1.38li 682 14.83 1.240 37.10 u 126 6.04 12.50 2. hk. 563 9.06 1.023 62.56 u 144 6.04 12.50 2.1ik. 670 10.47 1.218 52.54 1* 585 19.50 1.064 28.20 H 1,037 23.58 1.887 23.32 u 125 6.60 i.25hk 4.13 h 859 11.01 1.561 50. u 175 6.50 55.gr. 0.95 h 830 13.63 1.509 40. (( 500 12.50 .910 44. ROVING-FRAMES. Diam. ol Roll. Rev. Roll. Draft. From To Ft. Lb. Frame. Ft. Lb. Spindle. H.P. Frame. Spindl's H.P. Remarks. H 152 5.63 66.gr. 0.52 h 739 15.39 1.343 35. Average half full. u 135 4.79 72.85 15.21 g 684 13.15 1.244 41.8 u 125 4.48 60. 13. 521.20 13.03 .948 42.13 .. (( 142 4.72 85. 18. 692. 12.36 1.259 44.4 " New Frame, u 183 3.80 47.9 0.56 h 796.5 13.27 1.448 41.4 u u 92 4.03 0.13hk 0.53 h 357 8.12 .650 68. " (( 212 0.43 1220 19.06 2.217 28.75 "Old Frame. it 180 0.52 1154 19.24 2.100 28. it 190 0.49 778.88 12.16 1.419 45. 11 u 107 4. 6.14 0.55 621 9.13 1.129 60. jj (( 156 150 738.5 454 15.38 9.44 .738.5 .824 35.76 58.25 n 4.17 0.12 0.50 ,1 u 150 4.17 0.12 0.50 827 12.16 1.503 45.50 >i n 174 4.53 76.5gr. 0.39 725 15.11 1.318 36.42 t> u 174 4.53 76.5gr. 0.39 862 15.51 1.567 35.75 " 24 ROVING-FRAMES.— ( Continued.) Date. July, 1871 Aug., " (I u Sept., " Jan., 1872 u u April, " Nov., " Dec, " Jan., 1873 April, " u u May, " June, " Nov., *' May, 1872 Place. Langdon Mills, N. H. Manchaug Mills, Mass. u a u Wauregan, Conn., ( Whittenton Mills, i Taunton, Mass. Salmon Falls, N. H., Essex, Paterson, N. J., u u u Wash'gton, Gloster,]Sr. J., Potomska, N. Bedford, Manville, R. I., Social, Woonsocket, R. I. "Weetamoe, Fall River, j Ocean Mills, New- I buryport, Mass., Granite, Fall River, Rockport, Mass., Description. Prov. Ma. Co. Slubber, Saco W. P. Co. Inter., City M. Co. Slubber, Higgins & Sons " Wm. Mason " Higgins & Sons Inter., How'd & BuU'h Slub., Saco W. P. Co. " Higgins & Sons " City Ma. Co. Prov. Ma. Co, 1st In., City Ma. Co. Slubber, Curtis, Parr & Co. In., Higgins & Sons In- [ terraediates. ) How'd & Bull'h Inter., Prov. Ma. Co. Slubber, Size of No. Rev. Bobbin. Spin. 48 Spin. 10x5 615 80 736 88 720 52 509 56 670 64 634 88 630 80 564 60 525 76 750 52 450 80 769 80 714 68 650 64 780 88 780 66 694 60 477 ROVING-FRAMES. Date. Place. Description. Size of Bobbin. No. Spin. 84 Rev. Spin. Julv, 1871 Amoskeag, Manchester, Prov. Ma. Co. Interm., 9x4^ 815 u u Langdon, " U 1( ; 80 773 Sept., " Wauregan, Conn., Higgins & Sons " 1 96 575 Jan., 1872 "Whittenton, Taunton, Mason " ( 72 676 May, " Rockport, Mass., Prov. Ma. Co. " 1 72 588 u u U (( Saco W. P. Co. " ( 84 604 u u Masconomet, Mass., Prov. Ma. Co. " I 80 630 June, " Manchester P. W., N. H. SacoW.P.Co.lst" I 73 550 Nov., " Essex, Paterson, N. J., How'd & Bull'h " 1 100 562 Mar., 1873 S Am. Linen Co., Fall Higgins & Sons " ( 72 730 11 u \ River, Mass., Walker & Hacking" 1 72 781 April, " Clinton, Woonsocket, Higgins & Sons Slub., ( 72 530 Nov., " j Westville, Taunton, \ Mass., Prov. Ma. Co. " ( 80 880 u u a u ( 80 576 Sept., 1871 Wauregan, Conn., Higgins & Sons Inter., 8x4 80 709 Dec, 1872 Washington, N. J., u u u 96 900 Jan., 1873 Potomska, N. Bedford, City Mach. Co. " u 104 575 April, " Manville, R. I., Prov. Ma. Co. 2d " (C 136 952 25 ROVING-FRAMES.— ( Continued.) Diain. of Roll li "ii" li li Rev. Roll. 138 133 216 130 120 173 112 176 101 200 130 95 120 140 130 130 124 145 Draft. 4. 5.03 4.03 4.03 4.80 4.50 5.14 6. 6. 4. 4.2 5.41 5.30 5.30 5.30 6.20 4.90 From 39.77g 0.521i T.ig iai.'g.' is.g." 70.25 50.ff. 0.13h 0.55 6.50" 0.50 0.50 0.39 To 0.84h 1.25 0.54 0.66 0.69 1.00 0.55 1.30 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.21 Ft. Lb. Frame. 434. 676. 1550 554. 747. 925. 600. 879. 470.6 1650 446. 577. 848. 939. 483.76 996. 780. 469. Ft. Lb. Spindle. 9.04 8.98 17.62 10.66 13.33 14.45 6.82 10.99 7.84 22.71 8.58 7.21 10.60 13.81 7.56 11.32 11.82 7.81 H. P. Frame. .789 1.300 2.819 1.008 1.358 1.682 1.091 1.595 .856 3.000 .811 1.049 1.541 1.707 .878 1.811 1.418 .853 Spindl's H. P. 60.86 62. 31,21 51,67 41.26 38.05 80.66 50. 70. 25.30 64. 76. 52. 40. 73. 48.5 46.5 70. Remarks. Half-fall Bobbin. New Frame just started. ROVING-FRAMES.— { Continued.) Diam. of Roll. Rev. Roll. Draft. From To Ft. Lb. Frame. Ft. Lb. Spindle. H. P. Frame. Spindl's H. P. Remarks. li 140 5.25 0.47 h 1.251i 575 6.84 1.045 80.58 Half-fall Bobbin. u 118 4.50 0.84 1.88 681 8.51 1.238 64.62 " ' (( 93 5.07 13.g. 1.50 723 7.53 1.314 73.06 (1 120 814 11.30 1.480 48.65 a 100 5.20 475 6.60 .863 83. (( 108 5.20 507 6.04 .924 91. u 100 5.27 0.56 1.49 537 6.72 .977 82. u 110 5.03 0.53 1.30 417 5.79 .758 95. li 107 4.20 0.69 1.45 781 7.80 1.420 70. li 138 5.50 0.43 1.20 911 12.05 1.656 43.5 .1 140 5. 0.49 1.26 858 11.92 1.561 46. u 118 4.80 1.14 326 4.59 .593 120. " Centrifugal u 174 6.50 55.g. 9.95 937 11.14 1.705 47. " Presser. u 141 3.76 55.g. 0.55 833 9.47 1.585 58. li 125 5.67 0.85 2.33 539 6.74 .981 81.5 (( 180 1,175 12.24 2.137 45. li 118 6.18 6.55 1.39 573 5.51 1.042 100. u 100 5. 1.30 3.27 885 6.53 1.610 84. 26 ROVING-FRAMES.— ( Cm/hmed.) Date. Place. Description. Size of Bobbin. No. Spin. Rev. Spin. July, 1871 j Langdon Mills, Man- ) I Chester, N. H. ) j Prov. Machine Co. } ( Fine F. Frame, f 7x3i 144 934 Aug., " Manchaug, Mass., Saco W. P. Co. 2d In., u 136 968 u a u ^ a " Fine F. Frame, u 136 979 Sept., " Wauregan, Conn., a u u 128 993 u u u u Higgins & Sons " u 128 993 Jan., 1872 Whittenton Mills, Wm. Mason " u 112 779 u u Taunton, Mass., u a (( 128 935 H (( u u u u (( 112 935 u u u u a u u 136 861 April, " Salmon Falls, N. H., Higgins & Sons " 1( 152 1060 May, " Rockport, Mass., Saco W. P. Co., " u 128 904 June, " Manchester P. W., N. H. " 2d Interme., u 144 1000 Nov., " Bssex, Paterson, N. J. How'd&Bull.F.F.F. (( 144 873 u a a u a Saco W. P. Co. " a 144 775 Dec, " Wasli'gton, Gloucst.jN.J. Higgins & Sons " 7x3 140 1350 Mar., 1873 Am. Linen Co., F. River, u u 7x3i 144 1305 April, " j Clinton Mill, Woon- ) ( socket, Mass., J u u (1 120 760 u u u u a 120 744 (1 u (1 K Prov. Mach. Co. " u 120 707 1( (1 Social Mill, " City " " u 160 1041 u a i( a (( (1 u u 160 1041 (( a u a "Wm. Mason " u 160 900 May, " Weetamoe, Fall River, Curtis, Parr & Co. " u 144 1060 June, " j Ocean Mill, New- } I buryport, Mass., f Higgins & Sons " u 136 1160 u u a u u 152 1160 ITov., " Granite Mill, Fall River, How'd&Bull'h, " u 160 1070 July, 1871 Amoskeag, Man'r, N. H., Prov. M. Co. F. F. F., 6x3 128 611 May, 1872 Rockport, Mass., li u 128 900 u u Masconomet, New'port, u u 136 1000 Jan., 1873 Potomska, N. Bedford, City Mach. Co. " " 168 900 April, " Manville, R. I., Prov. " " 184 1129 Nov., " Westville, Taunton, li u u u 128 832 Aug., 187S Manchaug, Mass., SacoW.P.Co.F.F.F., 5x2i 144 1117 June, 1871 Manchester P.W., N. H., U (( u (( 152 1340 27 ROVING-FRAMES.— ( Continued.) Diam. of Roll. Kev. Roll. Draft. From To Ft. Lb. Frame. Ft. Lb. Spindle. H. P. Frame. Spindles perH.P. Remarks. 1^ 98 5. 1.88 h. 4.76 h. 577 4.01 1.050 137. Bob. J full. 115 5.90 1.25 4. 823 6.05 1.496 91. c> X 94 6.30 1.87 5.95 716 5.26 1.302 104.5 I. u 106 5.98 1.54 4.75 910 7.11 1.655 77.4 a » 106 5.98 1.54 4.75 1,093 8.54 1.988 64.4 u u 130 6. 0.66 1.90 645 5.76 1.173 97. " "Old Pattern 104 4.54 0.88 4. 692 5.41 1.250 102. •' "New " 104 4.54 0.88 4. 584 5.22 1.063 105. 133 6. 0.66 1.90 757 5.57 1.377 99. " " Col'd Rov. 110 6. 1.21 3.62 691 4.55 1.256 121. " " NewPat'rn 98 6. 1.32 4. 512 4. .931 137. 100 5.45 1.30 3.64 646 4.49 1.175 122.5 u .; 97 5.34 1.49 4. 733 5.09 1.333 108. U .1 94 6.66 1. 3.33 873 6.06 1.588 91. u l> 141 4. 1,534 10.96 2.789 50. » u 123 6.60 i.25 4.13 1,046 7.27 1.903 76. u » 95 6.60 1.14 3.80 549 4.57 .998 120. " "Cent. Pres'r 93 6.60 1.14 3.80 506 4.22 .920 130. " " Spring " 86 6.60 1.14 3.80 418 3.44 .733 164. >t U U it 120 6.86 1.27 4.37 1,167 7.28 2.121 75.2 " " Bad order. 120 6.86 1.27 4.37 900 5.63 1.635 98. " " Sim. Frame 97 6.86 1.27 4.37 622 3.87 1.131 141. lin. 120 6.40 1.20 3.80 995 6.91 1.808 80. " " 120 6. 1.32 3.90 842 6.19 1.540 83. .L ,. u 120 6. 1.32 3.90 1,065 7. 1.937 79. " "New Frame li 126 6.40 1.21 3.88 1,414 8.83 2.570 62.25 " " u 89 5.92 1.25 3.70 256 2.00 .463 276. " " u 98 5.87 682 5.33 1.241 103. " " Old Frame. (( 100 6.17 i.49 4.50 541 4.00 .983 138. u u a 92 6.10 1.39 4.28 685 4.08 1.245 135. " " u 86 5. 3.87 9. 604 3.77 1.263 146. " " (( 125 7. 0.55 1.95 597 4.67 1.086 118. t( 61 6. 4. 12. 603 4.18 1.096 131.4 u .. (< 86 6. 3.64 10.75 631 4.15 1.147 132.5 28 THROSTLE-SPINNING. DATE. Place. Description. No. Spin. Weight Flier. Kev. of Flier. Rev. Roll. Draft. April, 1871 ( Stark Mills, ) iMan'r, KH., [ I Amosk'g Sh'p ] 23 years old, ' 128 3|oz. 3,820 94 8.27 u u 11 11 u 11 3,820 94 8.27 u u 11 c Locks and Ca- ) 1 nals Co., 30 y. ) 11 4 oz. 4,000 94 7.84 Nov., " 11 j Amosk'g Sh'p / ] 23 years, ) 11 3|oz. 4,100 100 8.27 U (1 11 11 11 11 4,220 103 8.27 u u 11 11 11 11 4,220 u u 11 11 11 11 3,690 '90 8.27 u u 11 11 11 11 3,280 80 8.27 u u 11 11 11 11 2,954 72 8.27 U (( 11 11 11 11 2,685 66 8.27 June, 1872 Amosk'g Mill 1^0.2 j Amosk'g Sh'p ) ] about 20 yrs., ) 11 4 oz. 3,071 76 9.35 u u 1 11 I 11 11 11 3,170 74 10.26 u u ' 11 1 11 11 11 3,042 73 9,35 a u ' 11 I u 11 11 3,332 78 9.35 u u 1 " 1 11 11 3^ oz. 3,226 76 9.35 (( u 1 u 3 it 11 4 oz. 3,694 96 6.65 u u 1 11 3 11 11 11 3,450 90 6.65 Aug. 7, " 1 1 u 3 (1 11 11 3,450 90 6.65 " 8, " 1 11 3 11 11 11 3,450 90 6.65 June, " 1 " 3 11 11 11 3,690 76 7.09 U (( 1 11 3 (1 11 11 3,820 79 7.09 u u 1 11 3 11 11 11 3,717 73 8.27 July, " 1 " 5 11 160 2ioz. 4,136 72 8.39 u u 1 11 5 u 11 u 4,142 64 9.93 April, " ( Appleton / i Mills, Lowell, f Lowell M.S'p.,old, 128 3ioz. 3,800 81 8. July, " Pepperell Mills, 11 11 3.45 oz 4,929 71 7. u u Biddeford, Maine, 11 11 11 4,929 71 7. a u 11 11 11 11 4,929 71 7. (( 11 u 11 11 2.83 oz 4,929 71 7. a 11 11 11 i( 11 4,929 71 7. 11 11 11 11 11 11 4,929 71 7. Feb., 1874 Nashua Mfg. Co. 11 11 4 oz. 3,778 59 8.66 DEAD-SPINDLE. 29 From 1.61 h. 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.(51 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 2. 2. 2. 2.86 2.86 1.65 3.14 3.14 3.14 3.14 3.14 3.14 2.50 To 13. weft. 13. 12.33 wa. 13. weft. 13. 13. weft. 13. 13. 13. 14. 16. 14. 14. 14. 10. warp. 10. " 10. " 10. " 14. " 14. " 16. " 24. " 28. " 12.50 " 22. " 22. " 22, " 22. " 22. " 22. " 22. " Ft. Lb. Ft. Lb. H.P. Spindl's Frame. Spindle. Frame. H.P. 74. 954 7.45 1.734 929 7.25 1.689 76. 1,077 8.38 1.959 65. 930 7.25 1.690 76. 867 6.72 1.576 81. 689 5.38 1.252 102. 722 5.64 1.313 97. 604 4.72 1.079 110. 486 3.80 .883 145. 428 3.34 .778 164. 746 5.83 1.357 94. 688 5.36 1.250 102. 767 6.00 1.395 92. 848 6.62 1.542 83. 757 5.91 1.377 93. 920 7.19 1.673 76. 881 6.89 1.601 80. 757 5.91 1.377 93. 938 7.33 1.703 75. 649 5.07 1.180 108. 740 5,76 1.345 95. 739 5.76 1.343 95. 971 6.07 1.766 90. 954 5.96 1.735 92. " 977 7.63 1.776 72. 1,102 8.60 2.003 64. 1.058 8.27 1.924 66.5 1,014 7.92 1.845 69. 927 7.24 1.686 76. 884 6.90 1.607 79.75 841 6.57 1.528 83.75 986 . 7.70 1.793 71.10 'RmiARKB. Heart Motion on Lift, A. Mangle " " Similar Frame, B. Similar to Frame B. [Mangle, leveled. Frame A changed to [and oiled. Rolls stopped. speed reduced, in full operation. " " further. Speed increased from last Trial. Similar Frame, Malleable-iron Flier, Old Frame, refitted in New Mill. Speed reduced. very hot afternoon. [in night. Rainy morning, weather changed Similar Frame. Fair day, 2 Trials, ex- Similar Frame. [ceotionally light. Banding Tests. [16J on one side, Com'n Flier, empty Bobbin, long Band, " 16 sp. across, 8 each side, .i 8 "4 Pearls Flier 16 on one side. " 16 across, 8 each side. "8 "4 Bands hard and heavy. 30 RING SPINNING Date. Place. Maker. B si No. Spin. Wt. Spin. Eey. Spindle. Rev. Roll. 100. Draft April, 1871 ( Stark Mills, ) ] Man'r, N. H., \ Lowell Ma. Shop, If in 144 12ioz 4,480 7.84 Nov., 1871 n u u 144 ii 4,480 100. 7.84 (( Amosk'gMiUs, " a Amoskeag Co., 144 144 Hi 4,480 4,380 Ma7, 1871 73.' 7.26 a u ii. u 144 u 5,100 72. 8.48 u a a 11 144 u 5,727 75. 7.76 June, 1871 u u u 128 13 5,066 62. 7.68 a a u u 128 (1 5,240 68. 8.40 July, 1871 Langdon Mills, " Saco W. P. Co. u 128 12i 5,900 62.^ 7.44 Aug., 1871 Manchaug, Mass. u a 160 10 5,857 54. 7.68 Sept., 1871 Wauregan, Conn., Whitin, u 144 12 5,028 63. 7.26 u u a (t 144 12i 4,968 54. 6.75 a u u u 144 a 5,060 53. 6.75 (( u a lA 240 a 4,930 53. 6.75 u u (( (( 240 li 5,010 64. 6.75 June, 1871 Derry Mills, ) ■ Man'r, N. H., \ i( 2 120 ^i 2,211 90. 6. Nov., 1871 Stark MiUs,KH., Lowell Ma. Shop, If 144 12J 4,524 101. 7.84 u (( (( (( 144 u 4,255 95. 7.84 u u (( u 144 u 3,893 87. 7.84 u u u (( 144 u 3,476 78. 7.84 u a a u 144 ^i 3,200 73. 7.84 Mar., 1872 Haydensville, Ms. Whitin, 1t\ 120 5,609 84. Jan., 1872 j Whittenton, [ ( Taun'n, Mass. ) William Mason, Ifl 128 12 4,325 100. 9.50 (( " No. 1 Mill, K u 128 u 4,325 100. 9.50 u it u U (( 128 ii 3,500 120. 5. u U (( U (( 128 u 3,800 100. 7.37 (( U (1 u (( 128 u 4,326 114. 8. (( U (( u (C 128 <1 3,800 100. 8. (( U (( a u 128 u 3,400 86. 7.37 (( " No. 2 Mill, (( If 160 u 4,050 130. 8. (( u u u u 160 l( 5,067 96. 9.50 (1 u u (( l( 160 u 5,067 84. 6.50 Mar., 1872 Salmon F'ls,N.F. Saco W. P. Co., a 144 11 4,972 68. 7.25 Apr., 1872 ( Appleton Co., } } Lowell, f Lowell Ma. Shop, a 144 12 5,120 100. 8. May, 1872 Eockport, Mass., William Mason, (( 72 u 5,240 68. 7.27 (( u a (( 108 (( 5,440 68. 7.27 u u Saco W. P. Co., (( 192 11 5,460 68. 7.27 (( j Masconomet, ) i Newburyp'rt, ) (C a 192 u 6,000 75. 6.66 June, 1872 Amoskeag, No. 6, Amoskeag Co., H 128 5,154 61. 7.68 u u n u 128 6,187 68. 7.68 (( a t( a 128 3,544 74.^ 11 Manches'r P. W., Saco W. P. Co., If 128 5,950 64. (( Manchester, N.H. (( (1 192 — 5,950 56. RING SPINNING. 31 From To Ft. Lb. Frame. 3.a £02 H. P. Frame. Spindl's kp. Bbmakks. 1.61 12.33 wp 750 5.21 1.363 106. Old Bands, Bobbin half full. 1.61 12.33 " 865 6. 1.572 92. Same Frame, new Bands. .... 630 4.37 1.145 126. " Rolls stopped, Spindles only. 3.80 24. " 631 4.88 1.148 126. 3.30 28! " 715 5. 1..300 110. Same Frame as last trial. Speed and Draft 4.40 34. " 845 5.87 1.587 94. Similar ' " [changed' 4.42 34. weft 727 5.68 1.322 97. 4.42 37. " 794 6.20 1.444 90. Similar to last Frame. 4.26 33. warp 698 5.45 1.268 101. 12. 46. " 596 3.73 1.084 148. Three Trials, averaged. [started that A. m. 4.33 30. " 1,306 9. 2.375 61. Wet day. Frame near open door, not previously 7. 48. " 1,111 7.70 2.020 71. Common Bobbin, 1-8 inch Bands. 7. 48. " 979 6.80 1.781 81. Chambered Bobbin, 1-16 inch Mule Bands. 7. 48. " 1,476 6.15 2.684 90. Common Bobbin and Band, Draper's Spiral 4.50 30. " 1,451 6.04 2.639 91. " " " " [Bolster. 1.33 8. " 634 5.28 1.153 104. Hosiery Frame. 1.61 12.33 " 841 5.77 1.510 95. 1.61 12.33 " 769 5.34 1.399 103. Same Frame as last, Speed reduced. 1.61 12.33 " 677 4.70 1.230 117. " " " further. 1.61 12.33 " 584 4.05 1.062 136. " " " " 1.61 12.33 " 527 3.66 .959 150. tt 11 u (( .... 23. " 782 6.52 1.423 84.4 HI: 1.90 16. " 787 6.15 1.431 89.5 Colored Kovings, Black and Orange. 16. 727 5.68 1.322 97.5 White " 1.90 9. weft 677 5.29 1.231 104. " " 1.90 14. " 649 5.10 1.180 108. " " 11. warp 820 6.40 1.491 86. Colored " 11. " 700 5.46 1.273 100. Black and White. 1.90 14. weft 680 5.31 1.237 103. White " 1.15 9. warp 1,018 6.36 1.852 86.5 " " 3.40 17. " 1,060 6.60 1.927 83. Colored " Black and Orange. 22. •' 1,055 6.59 1.917 83.5 White 3.62 25. " 735 5.10 1.336 108. 1.65 12.50 " 740 5.14 1.346 107. Average of four Tests. 3.80 28. " 501 6.96 .911 79. Old Frame. 3.80 28. " 728 6.74 1.323 82. " " 3.80 28. " 1,023 5.33 1.861 103. 4.50 30. " 1,179 6.14 2.143 90. 4.42 34. " 660 5.15 1.200 107. 4.42 34. " 789 6.16 1.434 89. Same Frame, last Trial, increased Speed. .... 14. " 480 3.75 .872 147. .... 30. " 886 6.92 1.611 80. 42. " 1.150 6. 2.091 92. 32 RING SPINNING.— {Continued.) Date. Place. Maker. ig li No. Spin- Wt. Spin. Rev. Spindle. Rev. KoU, Draft July, 1872 Pepperell Mills, Saco W. P. Co., 128 11. 'oz 5,666 84 7. li Biddeford, Me., u (I 128 (( 5,666 84 7. u (( a a 128 6.^ 5,666 84 7. (I u a u 128 11.^ 5,666 84 *T u u u u 128 u 5,666 84 7! u (( i( 11 128 u 5,666 84 7. Oct., U72 Amoskeag Mill, Amoskeag Co., H 144 u 4,600 70 7.26 (I Manchester, N.H. u K 144 a 5,250 77 7.26 u u u u 144 li 6,127 90 7.26 a (( u u 144 a 7,355 107 7.26 a u iC a 128 13. 3,090 66 9.35 u u u a 128 a 4,050 82 9.35 u u u u 128 u 5,672 115 9.35 Dec, 1872 Washington Mill, Gloucester Foun., lA 128 12. 6,000 70 7.30 a Gloucester, N. J., Whitin, H 128 a 5,890 63 7.30 li u a (I 128 u 6,356 70 7.30 a u Lanphear, u 128 6,000 72 7.30 a u Fales & Jenks, l( 128 6,000 72 7.30 Feb , 1873 j Oocheco, Do- i ver, K H., Oocheco Co., If 128 4,820 66 7.90 a u Saco W. P. Co., If 192 4,895 67 7.90 u l( (( u 192 4,895 67 7.90 April, 1873 Clinton Mill, Whitin, u 192 12." 5,460 68 8.14 u Woonsocket, E. 1. u a 192 u 5,540 69 8.14 u (( u u 128 u 5,380 67 8.14 l( u (( (C 128 u 6,020 75 8.14 a Social Mill, R. I., 11 u 192 (C 5,715 64 7.52 a u u u 192 u 5,715 64 May, 1873 j Am. Linen Co., ) Fall River, Higgins & Sons, H 224 12.»' 6,200 56 7.09 u Davol Mills, " Saco W. P. Co., a 128 11. 6,000 74 6.52 a u u u 128 " 5,270 65 6.52 i( u (( 11 128 u 5,430 67 6.52 June, 1871 Pacific Mills, Whitin, If 160 12. 6,059 73 6.79 u Lawrence, Mass., a 160 u 6,059 73 6.79 (1 u " Altered,* u a 160 160 160 ii n 7. 6,059 6,059 6,059 u (( '73" 6.79 u u IC (( u 160 u 6,059 73 6.79 (1 u Atlantic Mills, U (( Lowell Ma. Shop, a a If 160 160 176 u 12. 6,059 6,059 5,802 u Sept., 1873 96' 7.60 u Lawrence, Mass., a u 176 l( 5,802 96 7.60 Nov., 1873 Westville, Taun- William Mason, u 192 8. 5,864 107 9.45 u ton, Mass. Light Spindle, 4( 192 " 5,651 102 9.45 Mar., 1873 j Ci-escent Mill, ( Fall River, (( If 192 6. 5,570 67 7.50 ' Spindle cut off at butt, and reiduced in diameter— top as before. 33 RING SPINNING (Continued.) Prom To Ft. Lb. Frame. S.9 H.P. Frame. Spindl's Remarks. 3.14 22. warp. 850 6.64 1,545 83. Spindles banded singly. Empty Bobbin (Averages 1.667 H. P., 7.26 lb. ppi Full " i Spindle, or 77 Spindles per H. P. 3.14 22. u 983 7.69 1.788 71.5 3.14 22. u 900 7.03 1.636 78. Spindle shortened at butt. Average one-half full. 3.14 22. (1 939 7.33 1.707 75. Common Spindle, long Band, 16 Spin, on one side, 3.14 22. " 817 6.38 1.485 86. " 16 Spin, across, 8 each side. [Av. i full. 3.14 22] u 750 5.86 1.364 94. " 8 " "4 " " 3.30 24. i( 619 4.30 1.125 128. Straight Spindle. 3.30 24. u 716 4.97 1.302 110. " Same Frame, increased Speed. 3.30 24. u 978 6.79 1.779 81. " " Further " 3.30 24. u 1,553 10.78 2.824 51. " " " 1.50 14. weft. 422 3.30 .768 167. Taper Spindle. 1.50 14. u 627 4.90 1.140 112. " " increased Speed. 1.50 14. a 1,053 8.23 1.915 67. " " Further " 4. 30. warp. 853 6.64 1.551 83. Bobbin one-half full. 4. 30. (( 896 7. 1.629 78.5 " " 4. 30. (( 1,006 7.86 1.830 70. " 4. 30. a 827 6.46 1.562 85. 41 4. 30. u 776 6.06 1.410 90.5 204 11 4,900 116 8.30 a chester, N. H. a (( 204 11 5,050 118 8.30 (( a a (( 204 11 5,200 120 8.30 i( u u 11 204 11 4,736 120 8.30 u u 11 t( 204 11 5,264 131 8.30 June, 1873 (( 11 u 204 11 4,287 110 8.30 April 2, '73 Mannville, E. I., 11 H 204 11 8,300 80 5.71 u u Cast-Iron Step 11 204 11 8,300 80 • * • • u u a u u and Bolster, 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 u 204 204 204 204 204 11 11 11 11 11 8,300 8,300 8,300 u (1 (1 April 3, '73 "9,*300 '91' 5.V1 u u 11 11 204 11 8,300 80 5.71 u u U 11 204 11 7,550 73 5.71 (( u 11 11 204 11 6,870 67 5.71 l( u 11 11 204 11 6,390 62 5.71 April 7, '73 11 Brass Step and 11 204 11 9,600 100 5.71 u u Bolster, 11 204 11 8,740 91 5.71 u u 11 11 204 11 8,300 86 5.71 1.1. u 11 It 204 11 7,650 80 5.71 u u 11 11 204 11 6,870 72 5.V1 li u 11 11 204 11 6,150 64 5.71 April 9, '73 (( Eing changed, 1 ' 204 11 9,440 98' 5.71 u u 11 11 204 11 8,300 86 5.71 u u a u 204 11 7,450 77' 5.71 (1 u 11 11 204 11 6,870 70' 5.71 (( u (1 (I 204 (1 6,150 64 5.71 Apr. 11, '73 (( (( (1 204 (1 10,040 104 5.75 a (( a (( 204 11 9,080 94 5.75 u (1 (1 11 204 11 8,300 86 5.75 u (( 11 a 204 11 7,650 80 5.75 u u u 11 204 11 6,970 73 5.75 u 1( (( 11 204 11 6,000 63 5.75 Nov., 1873 Weetamoe Mills, (( li 204 11 5,760 90 9.06 u Fall Eiver, Mass., (1 11 204 11 5,760 90 9.06 Jan., 1874 Clipper Mills, u li 132 11 4,660 122 6.50 a Baltimore, Md., (1 11 132 u 4,660 122 6.50 (( u 11 11 132 11 2,700 70 6.50 41 EXCELSIOR 8PJNDIjIl.—{Coii(i>med.) From To Ft. Lb. Frame. ; P. H. P. Frame. Spindl's H. P. Remarks. 2.90 20.5 wp. 1508. 7.89 2.742 74.5 2d Frame. 4. 30.5 " 546. 2.67 .993 205. u » 4. 30.5 " 705. 3.45 1.282 159. .. .. 4. 30.5 " 929. 4.55 1.649 121. 4. 30.5 " 1174. 5.75 2.134 95.5 4. 30.5 " 1475. 7.23 2.862 76. 4. 30.5 " 1754. 8.60 3.190 64. 1.50 13. weft. 864. 4.23 1.571 130. Bobbin half full. Bands too Hght. ] Cyl. & Spin. 68.4 p. c, Twist 16 do., Rolls 15.6 do. 1.50 13. " 896. 4.39 1.629 125. 1.50 13. " 963. 4.72 1.753 116.5 " " " " " 1.50 13. " 693. 3.40 1.260 162. ( Bobbin half full. New Bands, larger, 1 Cyl. & Spin. 61.4 p. c, Twist 20 do., Kl's. 18.6 do. 1.50 13. " 772. 3.78 1.404 145. J Bobbin half full. New Bands, larger, 1 C. & S. 66.66 p. c. Twist 18.03 do., Rolls 15.32 do. Bobbin half fall. 1.50 18. " 571. 2.80 1.038 196.5 7. 40. warp 993.33 893.33 4.87 1.806 1.624 113. Half full. New Frame, a new mill. Cold and wet. " Yarn broken, Trav'r stop'd = —10.07. p. c. Roving '• Draught " = — 5.03 " Top Rolls off =— 2.69 " Bottom Rolls stopped = — 5.03 " J Bands off. Spindles stopped =—67.11 " 1 Cylinder only = — 10.07 " Half full. Weather warmer, but mill damp. 843.33 1.530 816.66 1.485 766.66 100. 1233.33 3.76 6.04 1.394 .182 2.242 '91.' r'" 40.' ' "" " 7. 40. " 916.86 4.50 1.665 122. " and cool all through the experiments. 7. 40. " 772.73 3.79 1.405 145. 11 11 n u 7. 40. " 700. 3.46 1.273 159. " 7. 40. " 646. 3.17 1.175 174. " 7. 40. " 1372. 6.73 2.495 82. " Twist-gear changed. Colder than last test 7. 40. " 1140. 5.59 2.073 98. .1 41 7. 40. " 983.33 4.84 1.788 114. " " " 7. 40. " 833.33 4.08 1.576 135. 11 » » 7. 40. " 755. 3.70 1.373 149. " 7. 40. " 714. 3.50 1.298 157. ti 7. 40. " 1190. 5.83 2.163 94.2 " Mill still very cold and damp. 7. 40. " 953. 4.67 1.733 118. " " " " 7. 40. " 834. 4.09 1.517 134.5 » 41 7. 40. " 733.33 3.59 1.333 153. 44 4. 4. 7. 40. " 573.5 2.81 1.053 195. 44 44 44 7. 40. " 1283.33 6.28 3.333 87.5 Warm day. WindS.W. 7. 40. " 983.6 4.82 1.788 114. " " " 7. 40. " 833.33 4.08 1.515 135. 44 44 44 7. 40. " 743.33 3.64 1.351 151. 44 44 44 7. 40. " 643.33 3.15 1.190 175. " 7. 40. " 500. 2.45 .909 224. it 44 4. 36. weft. 640. 3.14 1.165 175. Empty Bobbin. 4. 36. " 656.25 3.21 1.193 171. Full 1. 1. 6.50 wp 6.50 " 607.43'4.60 700.335.21 1.104 1.274 j Av. jlll. Empty Bobbin Uyerage, 4.95 lb. per Spindle. 1. 6.50 " 319. ,2.42 .580 228. 42 RING-SPINNING.— ( Continued.) Date. Place. Makeb. cs CI liin No. Spin. wt. Spin. Rev. Spindle. Rev. Roll. 61 Draft June, 1872 Amosk'g Mills, Amoskeag Co., 128 5,154 7.68 128 6,187 68 7.68 128 3,506 74 9.35 Oct., 1872 128 128 128 144 144 144 144 3,090 4,050 5,672 4,600 5,250 6,127 7,355 66 82 115 70 77 90 107 9.35 9.35 9.35 7.26 7.26 7.26 7.26 Feb., 1874 144 144 144 144 144 5,004 5,700 6,316 7,384 8,380 66 75 83 97 110 7.26 7.26 7.26 7.26 7.26 PUSEY SPINDLE. Jan., 1874 Clipper Mill, Baltimore, Md., Wilmington, Del., Pusey Bros., Wil- mington, Del., 2iin 132 3,132 108 u 132 3,132 108 If in 132 6,026 84 u 132 6,026 84 u 132 7,030 98 (( 182 .... 7,030 98 4. 4. 8.86 8.86 8.86 8.86 PERRY SPINDLE {Dead). 43 From To Ft. Lb. Frame. H. p. Frame. Spindl's H. P. Remabks. 4.42 4.42 34 warp 34 " 493. 608. 3.85 4.75 .896 1.106 143. 116. Bobbin half full. Set on Whorl which revolves around Spindle, the latter free to move. Bobbin half full. 1.50 14 weft. 339. 2.65 .616 208. " 1.50 14 " 311. 2.48 .565 226. 11 u 1.50 14 " 440. 3.44 .801 160. 1> t( 1.50 14 " 669. 5.23 1.217 105. " 3.30 24 warp 439. 3.05 .800 180. " 3.30 24 " 518. 3.60 .941 153. " 3.30 24 " 716. 4.97 1.202 110. " 3.30 24 " 956. 6.64 1.738 83. " 3.30 24 " 437.5 3.04 .795 181. " 3.30 24 " 514. 3.57 .935 155. " 3.30 24 " 639. 4.44 1.162 124. u 3.30 24 " 804. 5.58 1.462 98. u 3.30 24 " 1000. 7. 1.818 78.5 14 U [Dead.) 0.75 3 warp 1145.84 8.08 2.083 -l 2.216] Av. 0.75 3 " 1218.75 9.23 67. 2.25 20 " 404.35 3.06 .7351 .955/ Av. 2.25 20 " 525.22 3.98 156.25 2.25 20 " 521.21 3.96 .949-1 1.278] Av. 2.25 20 " 712.80 5.40 123.5 ( Empty Bobbin, a JFull ( Empty I Full j Empty IfuII = 8 oz. Tarn. = 2oz. = 2oz. A Bobbin placed on a tube which revolves around Spindle. 44 MULE-SPINNING. Date. July, 1871 Aug., 1871 Sept., 1871 n Aug., 1871 Sept., 1871 Jan., 1873 Mar., 1873 Apr., 1873 May, 1873 Nov., 1873 Mar., 1873 Nov., 1873 Mar., 1873 May, 1873 u Nov., 1873 Place. Amosk'g Mill, N.H. Langdon, " Manchaug, Mass., "Wauregan, Oonn., u u Mancliaug, Mass., Durfee Mills, Fall Eiver, Mass., j Whittenton, 1 Taunton, Mass., Haydensville, Mass. Salmon Falls, N. H. j Appleton Mills, ( Lowell, (( Rockport, Ma?s., Masconomet Mill, Newburyp't, Mass., \ Essex, Paterson, ] K J., Granite Mill, F. E., u u u Slade " Weetamoe, " a u Westville, Taunton, Descriptiok. 1 pair Smith Mules, j 1 Saco W. P. Co. Im- ] proved Sharpe & Roberts j 1 Saco W. P. Co. Our- l tis, Parr & Madely. 1 Curtis, Parr & Madely, j 1 Marvel & Davol, / Sharpe & Roberts, i Wra. Mason & Co., old, j 1 Wm. Mason & Co., I Warp -j^ Gau., new. 1 Wm. Mason & Co., 1^ Gauge, 5 months old^ 1^^ oz. warp, 1 Wm. Mason, " " " 1 '> li Gauge, 1 Saco W. P. Co., S. & R., 1 Piatt Bros. If Gauge, Same Mule, Twist ch'd, j 1 Franklin Foundery, I Geared Mule, \ 1 Saco W. P. Co., F. F. } Pattern, 1 Wm. Mason, IJ Ga., old, u u u j 1 Curtis, Parr & Co., If / inch Gauge. j Marvel, Davol & Co., ( 1 J inch Gauge, j 1 PlattBros. &Co. Ifga. ( warp. Same Mule, 1 Mason, 1^^ Gau. warp, 1 Parr & Curtis 1^ ga. wp. 1 " 1^^ " wef. 1 Wm. Mason 1^ " " No. Spin. 896 704 696 552 696 516 832 768 768 576 468 560 600 600 600 544 480 572 704 600 552 552 556 544 600 480 Ac. Rev. Spindle. 4,500 5,000 5,000 5,000 4,860 4,560 4,170 4,600 4,600 3,000 4,200 3,850 2,460 3,220 3,470 3,850 3,690 3,690 3,700 3,550 4,713 5,300 4,480 5,106 4,113 3,100 St'ch, 65 in 60 64 64 62 61 60 60 60 60 60 60 64 64 60 60 60 60 63 60 64 64 60 63 63 60 Sec. St'ch, 19. 22. 22. 21.66 21. 19.33 18. 18. 18. 17.5 17. 16.5 17.5 23.33 18. 19.5 19.5 22. 18. 19. 17. 18. 17. 17. 18. 45 MULE-SPINNING. Draft. From To START. DKATT i II II II 71.86 .131 6 .786 7.83 II 11 11 11 59.60 .108 10 1.084 9.23 II 11 II 11 166. .302 1 .302 3.31 Dynamometer applied direct to Loom. DonbtfuL 96.43 .175 1 .175 5.71 11 11 11 11 II 102.5 .183 1 .183 6.47 " " old Loom, " 85.70 .156 1 .156 6.41 " " new " " 80. .145 2 .290 6.90 " " C.-shaft. No donbt correct. 87.16 .158 1 .168 6.33 " " Loom quite new. DoubtftaL 141.17 .257 1 .257 3.89 11 11 II 11 11 116.2 .212 1 .212 4.72 " " old, 63.44 .116 4 .464 8.62 ' " Counter-Shaft. Correct. 77.60 .144 2 .288 7.09 " " " New Loom, " 55. .100 1 .100 10. II Old " " 63.33 .115 3 .345 8.70 11 II u 64.44 .117 3 .357 8.66 II 1. II 60.86 .092 4 .370 10.87 11 11 11 73. .133 2 .266 7.52 11 11 11 80. .145 2 .289 6.90 " " " Old Loom. 76. .138 1 .138 7.25 11 II 11 II 57. .104 2 .207 9.61 II II II 11 60. .091 8 .727 11. II II 11 11 32.5 .059 1 .059 17. " " direct to Looms. 44.27 .080 1 .080 12.5 11 U II 61.12 .111 14 1.561 9. *' toSliaft. 93.62 .170 12 2.043 6. It II 11 92.6 .168 4 .673 6. «« tl M 108. .196 12 2.361 5.10 II It (1 108. .196 12 2.351 5.10 11 It l( 63.44 .115 10 1.163 9. II II li 56.50 .103 12 1.233 10. II tl » 48 COTTON-SPOOLERS. Date. Place. Descbiption. No. Spin. Rev. Spin. No. Yarn. Lb. p. Spin. 1.18 H. P. May, 1857 Ind. Orc'd, Mass. Lowell Ma. S'p, upright, 100 936 23 0.215 June, 1871 Amoskeag, N'o. 3, Amoskeag Shop, 80 700 10 2.35 .342 Aug., " Manchaug, Saco W. P. Co., 100 663 46 .92 .167 Jan., 1872 Whittenton, Mason, "Skein Sp'ler," 60 . . . . 16 3.11 .340 Mar., 1873 Haydensville, Whitin, upright, " 80 800 30 3.62 ..527 April, " Salmon Falls, Saco W. P. Oo. 100 700 25 1.80 .327 May, " Rockport, u u 70 1,000 28 2.82 .359 11 u Masconomet, Lewiston Ma. Shop, 80 600 30 1.57 .228 u a Weetamoe, William Mason, 180 640 29 .81 .192 Sept., " Atlantic Mill, Lowell Ma. Shop, 96 700 15 1.62 .282 Nov., " Granite Mill, George Draper & Son, 80 630 29 1.28 .186 COTTON-TWISTERS. Date. June, 1871 Nov., u Jan., 1872 Nov., u u u Place. Derry Mills, Stark Mills, Whittenton Mill, Dale Silk Mill, Paterson, N. J., Description. j Ring Frame used as [ ( Oass. Yarn-Twister, ) Duck " Mason's Ring,No. 17 Y'n English Flier-Twister, Diam No. Rev. Lb. p. Ring. Spin. Spin. Spin. Hm 100 5,186 12.50 3i 80 2,812 10. H 48 3,400 9.23 100 3,897 4.30 .... 112 3,005 3.30 H. P. 2.273 1.467 .805 .783 .673 COTTON-WARPERS. Date. June, 1871 Aug., Jan., a 1872 May, Nov., Place. Manchaug, Whittenton, Masconomet, Granite, Desoeiftion. Lewiston English Box, Mason, Lewiston, English, No. Yarn. No. Ends. H. P. 10 230 0.171 46 383 0.118 9 240 0.119 32 400 0.177 29 358 0.113 COTTON-DRESSERS. Date. Place. Description. No. Yam. No. Ends. Yards p.Min Lb. p. Sec. H. p. June, 1871 Jan., 1872 Mar., " Amoskeag, Whittenton, Haydensville, Amoskeag Co., Old Style Mason's " Whitin's " 10 9 23 1,872 1,920 2,300 4 10 7 627 1,177 1,060 1.141 2.139 1.927 May, 1871 Aug., 1872 May, " April, 1873 May, " Amoskeag, Manchaug, Rockport, Olint'n, Woon'kt, Weetamoe, F. R., SLASHERS. Howard & Bullough, 28 2,720 20. 869. 46 2,298 28.57 855. 28 2,592 24. 702. 31 2,800 38.57 583.'^ 29 1,728 30. 395. 1.581 1.555 1.277 1.061 702 49 MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY AND TOOLS. Datb. June, 1871 Jan., 1872 July, 1871 May, 1872 July, 1871 Jan., 1872 May, " Mar., " Nov., " u u May, " u u Nov., " May, " Nov., " May, 1873 June, " u ' u Place. Amoskeag Mills, Whittenton " Langdon " Rockport, Langdon Mills, Whittenton, Rockport, Mass., u u C Paterson, N. J., ■< Whitney's Sew- ( ing Ma. Man., Rockport, Mass., u u Paterson, N. J., u u Rockport, Mass., Paterson, N. J., j Whitney's Shop, i Paterson, N. J., Manch'r P. W., ( Underbill Edge \ Tool Co., Nash- ( ua, N. H., j Collins Axe Co., i Collinsville, Ct., Descbiption. < 1 Filling- Winder, on No. 34 I Yarn, 100 Spindles, 1 Fil. Wind., 17 Yarn, 80 Spin., 1 Reel ; Skeins per 60 Spin., 1 Folding Ma., 70 yds. per min. 1 " " 75 " 1 " ^' 70 " 1 Cloth Shear, 4 Blades, f Fan to same, J Total, [ 1 Cloth Shear, 5 Blades & Fan, ( 1 Cloth Shear, 3 Blades and I Fan, 1,200 Rev. [hard wood 1 Cir. Saw, 18 in. diam., 3 in. 1 "9 in., 1 in. pine wood, j 1 Small engine Lathe, on 3-8 ( inch Iron, [cut, 1 in. Iron, 1 6 ft. Windsor Lathe, heavy 1 Upright Drill, 3-4 in. Drill, j 1 Upright Press Drill, 4 Sp., ( only 1 cutting, 1-4 in. hole, 1 Crank-Planer, 2 in. stroke, 1 5 ft. " 4 ft. " j 1 Profiling Machine, 1-4 in. ] Cutter, quick speed, [speed, 1 Pro. Ma., li in. Cutter, slow 1 Milling Ma., small work, j 1 Small screw-cutting En- ] gine, i in. Screws, j 3 Polishing- Wheels, 12 in. I Diam., 1^ in. Face, 1 Log- Wash. Ma. in Bleach'y, 1 Roll, 10ft. long, 20 in. Diam. 1 a u 27 " 1 Grindstone, 6 ft. Diam., ) 12 in. face, grinding Axes, \ 1 Grindstone, 6.6 in. Diam., 18 in. face, grinding Axes, in Wood Boxes, do. do. in Iron " Stone in Revolution alone, 1 Stone, 3 ft. 10 in. Diam,, 11 in. Face, grinding in Wood Boxes. 1 do., 2 ft. 8 in. Diam., 12^ in. Face, grind, in Wood Boxes, 1 Polishing Wh'l, 1 ft. Diam., 3 in. face, on Axes. Revolu. Ft. Lb. 2,910 793. 2,000 180 .... 2,000 516 484. . 76.5 164. 69. 216. 1171. 526. 1697. 2275. 2,070 2,056 1645. 1,300 4,000 700. 900. 51. 116. 88. 168.75 125. 135. 152. 147. 121. 122. 1,000 633. )' ibb \ 120 7650. 84 1680. 175 6260. 175 175 5263. 2807. 229 4300. 229 3645. 1,320 658. H. P. 1.442 .870 .140 .300 .126 .393 2.130 .957 3.087 4.136 3.000 1.273 1.637 .092 .212 .160 .307 .227 .245 .276 .267 .220 .222 1.151 13.818 3.055 11.383 9.57 5.103 7.810 6.627 1.200 50 FIiAZ MACHINERY. Date. Place. Dbscbiption. Size. AprU, 1871 Stark Mills, Man- 1 1st Drawing-Frame, " Tow," 4 Deliveries, u u chester, N. H., 1 2d 6 " (( (C (( 1 Roving Frame, " 48 Spindles, (( u (( 1 Fairbairn's Spinning Fra. " 108 " u u a 1 Long Line Spreader, " Flax," 1 Delivery, u u u 1 " Ist Drawing, " 2 Deliveries, (( (( i( 1 " 2d " " 6 " (( u (1 1 " Roving Frame, " 48 Spindles, U C( a 1 Fairbairn's Wet Spinning-Frame 116 " (( u a ILawson's " " » " 116 " Nov., 1872 Arkwright Mills, 1 Long Line Spreader, 1 Delivery, u a Paterson, N. J., 1 2d Drawing-Frame, 3 Deliveries, U (( (( 1 Roving-Frame, 40 Spindles, u Cl (( 1 Wet Spinning, 96 U (( (( 1 Twine-Polisher, Ordi'ry Pressure, (( u u u Ex. Heavy " WOOL MACHINERY. WOOL-CARDS. Date. Place. Description. Width. Diam. Eevolu. Ft. Lb. H.P. Jan., 1871 Oct., 1871 Derry MiUs, Manchester P.W. C 1 Davis & Fur- < ber 2d Breaker, ( 6 Workers. ( 1 Double Oylin. ] Card, 10 Work., 40 40 40 48 in. 48 " 48 " 96 130 82 500 700 659 .910 1.273 1.179 WOOL-JACKS. Date. PlAOE. Description. Eevolu. DRAFT. TWIST. Ft. U). H. P. Ft. Lb. H. P. June, 1871 Derry Mills, j 1 Davis & Fur- i ber, 200 Spin., 2,457 431 .784 361 .657 FLAX MACHINERY. 51 Draught. Gills Speed. Rolls Speed. Spindle Speed. Ft. Lb. per Second. Horse-Power. 8. to 1 180 per min. 180 " 590 2,665 "540 2,925 3,176 2*706 340 632 1,297 1,860 560 427 604 1,132 2,335 2,702 520 790 1,077 1,903 1,653 2,853 0.619 1.149 2.358 3.382 1.018 .767 1.097 2.058 4 246 7. " 1 8.i " 1 6. " 1 100 Revol'ns, 30 " 70 " 30. " 1 16. " 1 54 per min. 108 " 102 " 130 " 14. " 1 12. " 1 7.89 " 1 84 " 108 " 39 " 40 " 7.89 " 1 4 913 .947 1 486 1 957 3 460 3.005 5 186 WOOL MACHINERY.— (Cow«mwe ( Whipper, 1 Beater, ) 1. Kitson Compound, 1. Whitin Lapper, j Whitehead & Ather- I I ton Opener, J ( Kitson's Atmospheric ) "I Opener, J j Kitson's New Feed ) ] Motion, ) No. of Beaters. Diam. Beaters. 16 in. 18 in. 2. 12 in. 2. 16 in. 1. 9 in. 1. 12 in. 2. 16 in. 2. 16 in. 2. 12 in. 1. 24 in. 2. 16 in. 1. 24 in. 2. 16 in. 1. 24 in. 2. 16 in. 2. 12 in. 2. 16 in. 24 in. 16 in. 12 in. 16 in. 16 in. 1 1 j 2 Disks ( 2 Beaters 12 in. 1. 24 in. 16 in. 16 in. 16 in. Eev. per Minute. 1,380 1,380 1,380 700 950 1,380 1,390 1,000 1,390 1,390 933 1,390 1,390 1,390 1,400 1,150 1,130 1,500 1,450 1,300 1,700 1,080 1,380 1. 620 1. 666 1.1,200 1.1,430 240 PICKERS AND LAFPERS. 57 No.ofi Rev. per Fans. I Minute. 1. 1,730 2. 1,380 1,390 1. 1,000 2. 1,390 1. 1,000 2. 1,390 933 1,390 1,390 1,390 1,400 1,150 1. 1,700 1. 1,500 1,450 1,300 1,400 1,380 1,500 1,480 1,440 Wt. Lap per Yd. 1,380 16 oz 1,380 12 oz, 1,380 13 oz, 14 oz 15 oz, 15 oz. 19^ oz. 15i oz 15 oz 17 oz 13 oz 17 oz 11 oz 18 oz, 8 oz, 7 oz, 12 oz 14 oz, 16 oz. Lbs. per Day. Ft. lb. Power. Horse- Power. 3,930 4,380.53 7.969 3,600 5,883.33 10.607 3,840 5,674.70 10.318 4,800 4,525.64 8.228 3,300 3,350 8,142.86 6,308.31 14.805 11.505 4,420 5,000 9.091 3,350 6,588 11.978 3,320 7,521 13.678 4,000 6,766 12.302 3,060 4,000 2,220 6,394 7,208 4,800 11.623 13.105 8.725 5,370 5,000 4,349 4,814 7.907 8.754 4,000 6,300 11.453 2,700 3,361.61 6.112 1,600 3,000 3,400 2,844.44 3,219.51 3,463.42 5.172 5.854 6.3 4,000 4,200 7.636 4,000 193.85 .352 Eemabks. Opening from Bale. Without cotton, 5.812 H.P, " " " " " 7.969 H.P. " 8.846 H.P " " 5.950 H.P. Carded & Dyed Cotton." " 9.177 H.P. Opening from Bale. Carded & Dyed Cotton. " Cotton from Bale, Previously opened \ „ Cotton, ) Cotton from Bale. As running. Cotton from Bale. " Fed heavier on Aprons. Cotton from Bale. " Tested separate from Picker. '' 7.102 H.P. " 6.711 H.P. " 8.082 H.P. " 10.752 H.P. " 11.189 H.P. " 7,027 H.P. " 5.793 H.P. " 5.442 H.P. '■ 4.08 H.P. ■= 6.886 H.P. 58 COTTON CARDS. Date. Place. Maeeb. Width. Rev. per Minute. March, 1875 China Mills, Suncook, Wm. Mason Breaker, 36 in. 127 a K (( it " " Finisher, 36 in. 127 " (( Pembroke Mills, " " " Breaker, 36 in. 127 (1 (1 U 1( (( " " Finisher, 36 in. 127 «' '< Webster Mills, " " " Breaker, 36 in. 127 i( (( a a (' " " Finisher, 36 in. 127 April, (( Newton, Mass., 0. Fetter " 36 in. 128 August, 1876 Mass. Mills, Lowell, Lowell Ma. Shop Finisher, 36 in. 125 " i( t( 11 (I " " " Breaker, 36 in. 125 (1 K <( (( u Foss & Pevev, Single, 36 in. 125 April, 1877 Lockwood Mills, Saco W. P. Co. Breaker, 36 in. 133 (( u Waterville, Maine, " " " Finisher, 36 in. 133 (( (( « (( " ■ " " Single, 36 in. 133 RAILWAYS FOR CARDS. Date. Place. Makes. March, 1875 China Mills, Suncook, Wm. Mason Breaker, 11 11 11 11 II " " Finisher, II 11 Webster " " II II 11 i( II Pembroke " " 11 11 II 11 II Newton, Mass., II II II August, 1876 Mass. Mills, Lowell, Lowell Finisher, 11 11 11 11 11 " Foss & Pevey Finisher, April, 1877 Lockwood Mills, Waterville, " Breaker, 11 (1 II 11 11 " Finisher, COTTON DRAWING-FRAMES. Date. March, 1875 Place. China Mills, Suncook, (I II II Webster " " II II II Pembroke " " 11 II 11 Newton Mills, Newton, Mass., Maker. No. Eoll3. Mason, 1st, 4 " 2d, 4 " 1st, 4 " 2d, 4 " 1st, 4 " 2d, 4 Whitin, 1st, 4 " 2d, 4 COTTON CARDS. 59 Lb. per Day. Ft. Lbs. each. H. P. each. Cards per KaU- way. H. P. Railway. Ko. of Cards per H. P., including Railway. 45 149.60 .272 40 1.361 3.27 46 149.60 .272 9 .659 2.90 45 145.65 .265 40 1.360 3.34 46 145.65 .265 9 .424 3.20 45 180 .327 45 137.5 .250 9 .521 3.25 63 80 .145 14 .846 4.86 65 146.08 .266 8 .473 3.07 65 159.11 .283 65 192.77 .350 8 .554 2.38 48 97 .177 72 2.085 4.85 48 75.60 .137 12 .646 5.48 2Y 61.92 .112 12 .546 6.35 RAILWAYS FOR CARDS. No. of Cards. Dlam. F. Roll. 40 12 in. 9 liin. 9 Hin. 9 l+in. 14 Uin. 8 1+in. 8 l^in. 72 12 in. 12 Hin. Rev. F. Roll. 12 445 370 340 570 350 350 12 300 Draft. 4.21 3.50 3.50 3.50 Wt. Sliver. 8 oz. 95 gr. 89 gr. 89 gr. 120 gr. 90 gr. Ft. Lbs. per Sec. H.-Power. 748.91 1.361 362.5 .659 286.86 .521 233.33 .424 465.22 .846 505 .554 260 .473 1,145.83 2.085 300.3 .546 COTTON DRAWING-FRAMES. Rev. Rolls. Doublings. Draft. No. of Deliv- eries. Ft. Lb. per Delivery. H. P. per Delivery. Total H. P, 340 4 4.24 4 126.13 .229 .917 348 2 4.08 8 63.06 .114 .917 280 4 4.12 4 106.25 .194 .776 370 2 4.12 8 75 .135 1.091 310 4 4.50 3 141.02 .25 .769 380 2 4.50 6 86.24 .157 .941 312 3 4 8 80.60 .147 1.173 ■ 390 3 4 6 123.50 .224 1.345 60 ROVING FRAMES. Date. Place. Makses. Size of Bobbin. No. Spin. Eev. Spin. Diam. of Boll. Aug., 1874 I Amoskeag Co., Howard &Bullough, 10x5 56 620 1* U 11 i Manchester, 9x4.5 68 602 11 (I 11 ( 11 11 7x3.5 116 930 (1 Jan., 1811 1 Conant Thread Co., Higgins & Sons, 5x2.5 140 1120 (1 11 (1 1 Pawtucket, Prov. Machine Co., 148 1260 <( April, " ( Lockwood Mills, Saco W. P. Co., 11x5.5 64 700 H 11 11 ■| Waterville, Maine, " 10x4 88 855 H 11 11 i 11 11 11 7x3.5 160 1175 t( Dec, " ( Whittenton Mills, Prov. Machine Co., It 128 1100 " 11 K i " Wm. Mason, 11 900 11 DEAD SPINDLE Date. Place. Makee. Size of No. Eev. Diam. of Bobbin. Spin. Spin. 625 F. Roll. Sept., 1873 ^Atlantic Mills, Lowell Shop Speeder 12 X 6 34 1* 11 11 Lawrence, die No. 1. ) 1-1% 128 n 5,593 116 II 11 11 11 " 128 <' 5,593 116 II 11 II a II 128 .11 5,593 116 11 11 i No. 2, different ) form of spindle ) II 128 It 5,593 116 11 11 " " II 128 11 5,593 116 II 11 11 11 II 128 It 5,593 116 ORDINARY SPINDLE. 63 Draft. Eov'g. Tarn. Ft. Lb. Frame. Ft. Lb. Spin. H. P. Fr'me. Spindles perH.P. Kemabes. 1 2 14 warp. 1,212.50 7.58 2.205 72.5 Average half full. Heavy Bobbin, 1 oz. 1 2 14 " 1,149.37 7.18 2.090 76.6 " " " Light Bobbin, i oz. 8 2.25 18 " 1,324.56 5.93 2.405 93 " " " Hus^ey's Banding. im 3.54 28 " 878.12 6.86 1.596 80.2 " " " 7.92 3.54 28 " 638.24 4.99 1.160 110 " u u 8 2 15 " 977.28 6.75 1.717 81.5 " " " 7.'72 3.71 28.50" 857.14 6.70 1.543 83 " " " Bands rather tight. 7.72 3.71 28.50" 763.16 5.96 1.387 92.5 " " " " easy. 7.72 3.71 28.50" 941.25 7.35 1.711 75 " » " " tight. 7.72 3.71 28.50" 1,137.37 8.89 2.196 62.4 " " " " very tight. 7.72 3.71 28.50" 1,540.62 12.03 2.801 46 " " " New B'ds, " " indeed. 7.72 3.71 28.50" 915.62 7.15 1.665 77 » " " " " easy. 7.72 3.71 28.50" 875 7.81 1.591 70.5 « " " Bands aver, tight, of Mill. 7.72 3.71 28.50" 894.25 7.98 1.625 69 " U U U » » " 7.72 3.71 28.50" 610.46 5.45 1.110 101 " U U il u u u 7.72 3.71 28.50" 691.86 6.17 1.258 90 " " " Similar Fr'me, B'ds tight. 7.72 3.71 28.50" 622.60 5.55 1.131 99 " " " " " " eased. 6.78 3.62 28 " 669 5.23 1.216 105 " " " Bands properly adjusted. 6.78 3.62 28 " 677.6 5.30 1.232 104 " " " Sim. F'me, BMs prop. ad. 6.78 3.62 28 " 785.72 6.12 1.429 90 " " " " " Bands tight. 6.78 3.62 28 " 675.33 5.28 1.228 104 " " " Same '• " adjusted. 6.78 3.62 28 " 674.25 5.26 1.226 104 Bobbin i full. Bands in good order. 6.78 3.62 28 " 703.9 5.50 1.280 100 " " EoUs higher speed. 7.66 4 30 " 1,049.24 5.46 1.908 101 " " 757.7 3.94 " empty, Rolls stopped. Spindle only. " J full. Taken as running. 7.68 lldbl 40 "'"' 735.07 5.75 1.336 " 95.5 7.68 11 40 " 695.92 5.60 1.303 98.4 u ' Bands adjusted. 7.68 11 40 " 750 5.86 1.364 94.8 i; ' Spindle shortened IJ inch. 7.68 11 40 " 734.33 5.74 1.335 96 U I ' Spin, short., B'ds adj., '2d trial. 6.94 4.40 28.50" 793.75 4.96 1.443 111 I. I ' Taken as running. 6.94 4.40 28.50" 843.75 5.27 1.534 104 Full Bobbin. " " 6.94 4.40 28.50" 862.50 5.39 1.568 102 11 u Bobbin! in. longer. 6.94 4.40 28.50" 931.25 5.82 1.693 94.5 U il " " " Dampmor. 7 3 21 " 976.19 7.62 1.775 72 Av'ge i full. Bands a little tight. 7 3 21 " 898.33 7.01 1.634 78 » u ( Bands in good order, j Tested for comparison. 7.50 3 22.50" 1,059.07 8.27 1.928 66.30 " " u ti it 8.14 3.68 32 " 700 5.47 1.272 100.5 " " Taken as running. 8.14 3.68 32 " 637.50 4.98 1.159 110.4 " Draper's " Tension Regulator." 9 1.56 13.50w'ft 1,076 5.60 1.957 98.21 " " Tested for comparison. 7.60 2 15 warp. 1,160.38 6.60 2.110 83.50 " " 10 5dbl 9 " 1,017.26 7.94 1.849 70 " " Bands rather tight 7 2 14 " 683.91 5.34 1.223 103 " " " easy. .... 13 weft. 537.38 4.20 .977 Ave'ge Empty Bobbin ) >■ Speed variable. 13 " 528.03 4.11 .960 132 + Full " ) 23 " 576.92 4.51 1.049 Empty Full Bobbin tested first, 23 " 524.04 4.18 .958 131.5 Half full then empty, then \ full, .... .... 23 " 581.73 4.23 1.053 Full " J the last probably correct .... 23 " 692.30 5.41 1.259 Empty " 1 23 " 629.80 4.92 1.145 112- HalffuU " 1- Same notes as above. .... 23 " 701.92 5.48 1.276 Full " J 64 RING SPINNING.— ( Continued, ) Date. Place, Makee. Diam. No. Weight Kev. Kev.F. King. Spin. 128 Spindle. Sp. KoU. June, 1878 ( Lyman Mills No. 1, 1 Holyoke, j No.l Spindle, ) ( Coarser Y'n, ) Ife-in. 7|oz. 4,033 135 U (1 ^ 11 11 11 128 " 4,033 135 (1 u 11 II 11 128 11 4,033 135 (1 u 11 j No.l, Higher ) ( Speed, ) II 128 " 6,282 132 (1 (I 11 11 II 128 11 6,282 132 il u 11 11 II 128 II 6,282 132 t( (( II Whitin Lt. Sp., u 128 10 5,383 121 (1 <( 11 11 11 128 II 5,383 121 (( (1 11 " ll 128 11 5,383 121 t( « No. 2 Mill, II If 176 6 7,400 62 Oct., 1878 Prescott Mill, ( Lowell Shops, ) \ Reg. Sp., S 11 If 176 12 5,600 86 « (( II 11 176 II 5,600 86 11 u 11 II II 176 11 5,600 86 il (( 11 II ( Whitin Spin- 1 \ die. Cut-off } ( at Butt, ) 11 176 '^ 5,600 86 " 15, " Pacific Mills, Lawrence, 11 160 7 6,059 73 t( (( u 11 II II 160 11 6,059 73 (1 (( (( 11 11 " 160 11 6,059 73 (( (( l( 11 It 11 160 II 5,073 61 (( (( « 11 II 11 160 " 5,073 61 (1 (( « 11 11 II 160 II 5,073 61 " 22, " It 11 11 160 " 6,059 73 U (( <( " 11 11 160 II 6,059 73 (( (( l( ' II 11 11 IBO " 6,059 73 " 25, " 11 II 11 160 II 6,059 73 i( (I (( " II II 160 II 6,059 73 (1 K (1 11 II ( Regular Whi- ) 11 160 II 6,059 73 " 16, " It -< tin Spindle, >• ( Old Bolster, ) II 160 12 5,063 61 It ti II 11 II 11 160 11 5,063 61 II II 11 11 II Similar Fr., ) II 160 II 5,063 61 • i' Bolster, ) II 160 II 5,063 61 11 II li 11 11 " 160 11 6,063 61 II (1 11 11 II 11 160 11 5,063 61 II 22 " .1 Same Frame, 11 160 II 6,059 73 ii II II 11 II II 160 " 6,059 73 11 II 11 It II 11 160 II 6,059 73 " 23, " 11 II II 160 II 6,059 73 II II 11 11 11 11 160 II 6,059 73 II 11 II II 11 II 160 11 6,059 73 65 ORDINARY SPINHLE.— {Continued.) I Draft. Eov'ff. Tarn. Ft. Lb. Ft. Lb, H. P. Spindle Eemaeks. Frame. Spin. Frame per H.P. 13 weft 435.19 8.4 .791 [Av'ge Empty Bob Half full ' I 1 Speed irregular as 13 " 13 " 23 " 440.37 420.56 656.86 3,44 3,28 .8 ,765 1,194 fl63 \ Full Empty ' Half full ' ( before. ; ' 1 MlO + ' y Speed more even. 23 " 23 " 12 warp 12 " 12 " 60 " 666.67 676.47 733.33 4,99 5.73 1.212 1.24 1.333 ) * , Full Empty ' Half full ' FuU Half fill ' r ; I 1 850 888.88 1,118,42 950,82 6.64 6.94 6.35 1.545 1.616 2.033 ( Av'ge 185.4 86.6 ' V Speed irregular. 21 " 5.4 1.727 I Av'ge [ Av'ge f 96.8 86 Empty ' ) Pearl Bobbin, 6 in. * V Traverse. 842.18 21 " 21 " 1,065.57 950.82 6.05 5.4 1,938 1.727 Full Empty ' Full Empty ' ) Grains Yarn. 1 Common Bobbin, 6}^ in. f Trav. 645.78 Gr. Yarn. 21 " 28,50 " 1,049.80 1,021,28 5.96 6.38 1,909 1.857 ^.19 4.40 Wt. Bob., 347.25 gr. 6.19 4.40 28,50 " 1,191.49 7.447 2.166 73.9 Full ]■ " Yarn, 527.75 gr. Taken as found. 6.79 4.40 28.50 " 1,106.38 6.91 2.011 80 Average ' ] 6.79 4.40 28.50" 718.18 4.49 1,37 122 Empty ' 1 Lower speed, as ordi- 6,79 4.40 28.50 " 845.46 5.28 1.537 104 Full ' i f narily run. 6.79 4.40 28.50" 781,81 4.89 1.453 113 Average ' ) •' 6.79 4.40 28.50" 1,031,91 6.45 1.876 85.3 Empty Bob ) Eings centred and Bobbins 6.79 4.40 28.50" 1,202,13 7.51 2.186 73.2 Full } selected. Wt. Bob., 871.9 6.79 4.40 28.50 " 1,117.02 6.98 2.031 78.8 Average " } gr. Wt. Yarn, 541.4 gr. 6.79 4.40 28.50" 978.72 6.12 1.78 89.9 Empty " Full "1 Eings and Bobs, as above. Wt. reduc'd 10 p.ct. Weath- 6,79 4.40 28.50" 1,148,94 7,18 2.089 76.6 -er very dry and clear. Wt. 6,79 4.40 28,50 " 1,063.83 6.65 1.984 82.7 Average " still further reduc'd 20 p.ct, without ch. in power req'd. 6.79 4.40 28,50 " 807.23 6.045 1,468 109 Empty Bobbin.] [Taken as running. 6,79 4.40 28,50 " 879.52 5.5 1.6 100 • Full ' f Usual speed. 6.79 4,40 28,50 " 843.37 5.27 1.534 104.5 Average " J 6,79 4,40 28,50 " 819.28 5,12 1,49 107.4 Empty Taken as running. 6.79 4.40 28,50 " 891.57 5.57 1.621 98,8 Full ' I Usual speed. 6.79 4.40 28.50" 855.42 5.345 1.555 103.1 Average " J 6,79 4,40 28.50 " 1,014.29 6.34 1.844 87 Empty ' ) Speed increased. 6.79 4,40 28.50 " 1,157.14 7.23 2.014 76 Full ' VWt. Bobbin, 371.9 gr. 6.79 4.40 28.60" 1,085.71 6.786 1.909 81,5 Average ' 1 " Yarn, 486.7 gr. 6.79 4.40 28.50 " 1,071.43 6,7 1.948 82 Empty ' 1 Damp morning. Storm 6.79 4.40 28.50 " 1,200 7,5 2,182 73.3 Full ' y of 24th coming on. 6.79 4,40 28.50 " 1,135.71 7.1 2.065 77.7 Average ' 1 Bob. & Y'n as before. 66 RING SPINNING.— (ConimMed) Diam. No. Weight Kev. Kev. P. Date, Place. Makeb. Lowell M. Shop, King. Spin. Spindle. Spindle. Koll. June, 18'74 ( Lawrence Co., ) 1 Lowell, Mass., ) II n in. 224 4 oz 6,400 103 «( (( II 11 224 II 6,340 102 (1 (( II ti " 224 II 6,340 i 102 Sep., " " 11 II 224 5i 6,540 98 Nov., " ( Stark Mills, Man- ( Chester, N. H., Altered Throstle, n 128 II 5,130 110 ti (1 " II 11 128 11 5,130 110 Jan., 1815 ( China Mill, Sun- ) ] cook, N. H., ) Altered Mason, If 128 " 5,800 70 II u .11 Ring Frame, 11 128 II 6,000 72 Feb., " ( Renfrew Mfg. Co., i I South Adams, Whitin, altered, II 144 11 5,380 98 11 II 11 II II 144 II 6,050 110 Aug., " Stark Mills, Manchester, Lowell M. Shop, 2 128 5^ 6,070 117 t? 11 " New Frames, 2i 128 5,976 116 Oct., " Hamilton Co., Lowell, 11 If 208 4 5,600 90 II (1 II II II 208 11 5,600 90 Jan., 1876 Salmon Falls, N. H., Altered Frame, II 144 11 5,800 74 II II 11 Throstle, II 144 II 6,050 77 April, " York Mills, Saco, 11 II 128 H 5,800 82 II II 11 II II 128 5,800 st'p'd June, " Everett Mills, Lawr'ce, 11 11 128 5 3,800 58 II II " II 11 128 II 4,885 72 Aug., " Boott Mills, Lowell Shop, II 224 H 6,020 97 April, 1877 j Clinton Mills, ) I Woonsocket, \ ( Whitin, alt'd ) -j to Mod. Pat., y II 192 4i 7,500 96 ( Sawyer Spin. ) • Speed irregular all Full " through trials. Empty Bobbin] Pearl Bobbin, weight Full " }- 240.6 grains, yarn on Average " J Bobbin 458.4 grains. Empty Bobbin! Hybrid BGbbin,between „ „ J, I Pearl and Sawyer, w'ght *"" ( I'obbin 21.3.8 gr., weight Average " J Yarn on Bob. 470..3 gr, Empty Bobbin ] Sawyer Bobbin, weight Full " 1- 295.3 grains, Yarn on J Bobbin 465 grains. SPINDLE. 8 2.25 18 " 1,411.11 6.299 2.565 87.5 , 8.14 4.40 38 « 629.95 3.94 1.146 140 6.94 4.40 28 " 648.33 4.05 1.161 136 8 1.55 12.30" 1,152.50 7.97 2.095 69 8 1.55 12.30" 1,162.5 8.07 2.113 68 7.66 4 30 " 980 5.10 1.782 108 9 7.07 1.50 4.29 13.50w'ft 29 warp 1,108 955 5.33 6.63 2.014 1.736 103.24 83 8.54 2.50 22 " 865.67 6.01 1.574 9H 7 3 21 " 716.98 5.61 1.313 98 7 3 21 " 611.11 4.77 1.111 115 7 3 21 " 594.70 4.65 1.082 118 7 3 21 " 644.96 5.04 1.173 109 7.60 2 15 " 824.07 4.685 1.500 117 7.60 3.68 3.68 1.90 1.90 28 " 28 " 13.69w'ft 13.69 " 868.85 942.60 1,364.58 1,625 4.937 5.356 7.10 8.46 7.60 7 7 2.481 2.954 I Av'ge f 70.7 7.72 .3.21 28.50wp. 956.21 7.47 1.739 7.72 7.72 3.21 3.21 28.50 " 28.50 " 1,138.46 1,047.3 8.89 8.18 2.070 1.904 "'67+' 13 warp 13 " 13 " 38 " 812.5 5,08 1.477 944.44 878.47 736.21 5.90 5.49 4.60 1.717 1.597 1.339 '166+' 8.14 4.40 8.14 8.14 8.14 8.14. 8.14 4.40 4.40 4.40 4.40 4.40 38 " 38 " 38 " 38 " 38 " 762.07 749.14 736.21 753.45 744.83 4.76 4.68 4.60 4.70 4.65 1.385 1.362 1.339 1.370 1.355 'ii7.'75' 'ii8.'25 Average } full. Hussey banding, tight. Ordinary banding. I Extra large Bobbin. V 2,000 yards yarn. j New. iligher speed. Bands very tight. " tight. in good order. Bobbin J full. Pearl Spindle, like origi- nal Model in Patent Office. empty, Chambered tip, PVl Sp.No.2 " Plugged " " " u 1 Pearl Spin. No. 1. Frame y New. Bands and Belts fuU> j tight. empty, "1 Rolls too slow for speed ful'r f of Spindle, average, J Empty Bobbin Regular Pearl Bobbin, 241 grains. Yarn on Bobbin 421 gr. ! Lower Bush of Bobbin reamed out. Bobbin, 240-6 grains. Yarn on Bob. 421.1 grs. 70 RING SPINNING— (Con/mMe^;.) Date. July, 1875 (( (1 Dec, 1877 Place. Augusta, Me., Pacific Mills, IC (1 Whittenton Mills, Maker. Fales & Jenks, Whitin, alt'd to Rabbeth ;[ Diam. No. Wt. Rev. Rev.F. Ring. Spin. Spin. Spindle. Roll. If in. 128 7f oz. 5,200 63 1+ 160 H 6,200 58 " 160 u 6,200 58 m 128 4 5,135 130 Draft. 6.98 4.6 4.6 10 BIRKENHEAD Aug., 1875 Dec, 1877 April, 1875 It 11 11 1 Warp Dresser, 11 " 1 Small Skein Spooler, It II 1 Quill Winder, II II 1 27-ft. Print Drum, 3 ft, wide .... 11 II 1 18-f t. 9-in. " 3 " " 77 WORSTED MACHINERY. No. 8p. Kev. Spindles. Draft. E oving. Yam. ,l"'v^^* ^ Machine, pe t.Lb. rSpin. H.P. Machine. Spindle per H.P. 120 2,474 8.8 S .3 gr. No. 34 810 6.75 1.473 81.5 120 5,025 8 2 .06 52 968 8.07 1.759 68 182 2,500 8.8 S .3 34 744.5 5.64 1.354 97.5 144 2,470 8.8 3 .3 34 1,170 8.12 2.127 67 144 5,025 8.8 3 .3 34 1,618 1 1.23 2.941 49 144 5,820 8.8 S .3 34 2,276 1 5.1 4.135 86.4 144 2,356 8.9 3 .1 32 962 6.68 1.741 82.8 128 2,356 8.9 3 30 886.5 6.92 1.612 80 144 4,575 8.9 3 30 1,440 1 625 185 2.618 1.126 .336 55 '■'2 ■ ' * 6*2 170 .309 4 148 560 . . . 1.018 6 200 510 .942 6 240 210 .382 30 655 '9.9' 517.4 1 487.5 7.27 .94 .886 31.8 404 .735 321 .583 466 .848 345 .627 .... 813 1.478 748 1.361 '"l" 150 201.18 .366 2 200 241.66 .439 12 250 307.5 2 5.66 .559 21.4 128 3,110 1,264.29 9.88 2.8 55.6 108 2,650 1,600 1 4.81 2.91 37 Rakes', 14 sw'ps per min. 1,066.82 345.33 1.939 .628 100 bars per min. 568.62 1.033 205 " " ■ 225.45 .41 240 rev. sh. " 866.66 1.573 '"i" 250 " " 289.56 .526 265 " " 694.12 1.262 24 265 " " 694.12 1.262 24 833 250 rev. sh. " 734.44 3 85 0.6 " 1.335 .154 'iu" 2,289 ... No. 5 1,407.14 9.77 2.558 144 2,289 12 1,164.29 8.08 2.117 .... 124 1,526 1,028.37 8.3 1.87 42 148.4 .27 41 sk 25 107 .194 20 dr urns 150 373.33 165 .679 .3 "25dr urns 198 336 438.2 168.18 .611 .797 .306 "sOdr ums 1,234 •• 353.31 114 121.11 .642 .207 .22 78 WORSTED MACHINEBY.— {Continued.) Date. Plaok. Dksoeiption. Picks perMin. Ft. Lb. H. P. ( A. T.Stewart & Co., ) Mar., 18Y8 \ Worsted Mills, [ ( Glenham, N. Y., ) 1 18-ft.9-m. Pr. Dr., 6 ft. wide, 122.55 .223 1 f Tapestry Brussels L'm, 60 390.74 .71 2 8 " '^ " 80 301.85 .549 1 f Dandy 80 464.29 .844 1 f 5 Frame Jacquard " 60 573.69 1.043 1 Set 1 Dry Cans, 24 in. Diam., 46.33 .084 1 Carpet Shear, 706.66 1.284 1 Winding & Meas'g Mach., 200 .364 MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY. Date. Place. May, 1874 Mar. 1875 July, 1875 it Oct., 1875 May, 1876 u It (( Dec., 1876 (1 (1 Stark Mills, j Crosby, Morse & } I Co., Boston, ) ] P. C. Cheney & Co., ) I Goffstown, N. H., ] j Manchester Mills, ^ I Manchester, N. H., J ( Hopedale, Mass., [ ( Geo. Draper & Sons j j Douglass Braid M., ) I Providence, R. I., y Descbiption. 1 Fan in No. 3 Pick'r, 3 ft. Di., { 1 Diamond Grinding Ma- i ( chine, 12 in. Diam., j ] 1 Pulp Grinder, 4 ft. Di., [ I 4 in. Face, running alone, [ \ Same with 1 Sliding Box I 1 up, 100 lbs. pressure, ) j Same with 2 Boxes up, } I opposite sides of stone, f j Same with 3 Boxes up, [ I opposite sides of stone, ) iSame with 4 Boxes up, opposite sides of stone. Belt slipped on this trial, j 1 Cloth Shear, Print } I Cloth, 4 Cutters, ) 1 CI. sh., 36 in. CI., 4 Cutters, j 1 Soda Pump in Shop, ) I 4 in. X 8 in., f 1 Ring Polish'g Lathe, empty, Same in Full Work, 2 Mill'g Mach., 2 Rings each, 1 Small Engine Lathe, "Duster" in Foun. (Rattlebox), " " " Smaller, 1 Bench, 32 Braiders, Same, 22 " Difference, 10 " 1 Bench, 64 " j 1 Skein Spooler, 100 sk., ) ( including Counter Shaft, ) Eev. 827 2100 425 425 425 425 380 2500 2500 18 Ft. Lb. 1,396.55 364.03 666.66 1,633.33 4,466.66 6,873.24 7,859.15 1,733.33 2,566.66 94.8 244.83 451.73 555.15 44.12 416.66 313 216.15 177.88 38.27 338.62 147.83 H. P. 2.54 .662 1.212 2.97 8.121 12.5 14.29 3.151 4.666 .172 .445 .821 1.009 .08 .755 .569 .393 .323 .07 -.616 .269 79 MISCELLANEOUS MACHINERY.— ( Continued.) Date. Place. Descbiption. Eev. Ft Lb. H.P. Dec, 1876 Douglass Braid Mill, Prov., 1 Tagging Machine, 39.13 .071 1 Reel Bench, 10 Reels, 25.14 .046 1 Braid Finishing Mach., 245.83 .447 1 Straightening " 61.29 .111 1 Balling Head, 12.6 .023 Adams & Shaw, Prov.,Silverw'e, 1 Sp'd Lathe, turn'g Cups, 400 130 ..236 1 " " Wood, 1300 80.43 .146 1 Chuck " Dies, 150 53.84 .098 1 Polish'g Buffer, 6 in. Di., 2950 360 .654 1 " Spin., 1 " 2800 280 .509 1 Emery Wheel,12 " 1200 187.5 .341 Robinson's Sh., Jewelry, Prov., 1 pr. Flat'ng R'ls for Wire 113.33 .206 (( l"break'gd'nR'lsforPI. 977 1.773 SUMMARY OF POWER OF MILLS. Mill A. — Heavy Sheetings. Average No. of Yarn spun, 12.75. Description. ^ 'otal pin. Speed. H.P. ea. H.P. 1 Stick Whipper, 1 1 Double Creighton Willow, 12 2 Bacon Willows, 4 3 Kitson, 2 Beaters, 1st Pickers, Beat'rs, 1,500 Rev. 5 15 4 " 2 " 2d " " 1,500 " 5 20 SWhitins, 3 " 2,000 " 4.6 13.5 3 Amoskeag, 2 " " 1,500 " 4.5 13.5 96 36-in. Breaker Cards, Cylin'r, 126 " .144 13.824 2 Lap Heads to same, 1.25 2.5 112 Finisher Cards, " 126 " .144 16.128 16 Railway Heads to same, .687 10.992 8 Frames, 1st Drawing, 8 Deliv's each. per Delivery, .11 7.04 8 " 2d " 8 " " .11 7.04 16 Lowell Speeders, 30 Spindles each. 480 Spindle, 720 Rev. .845 13.52 28 " " 52 " 1 ,456 " 904 " 1.087 30.436 163 " Throstle Spin. Fr., 128 Spin, each, 20 ,564 " 4,100 " 1.7 277.1 5 Sawyer Spin. Ring " 128 " 640 5,700 " 1.3 6.5 2 Old St. Lowell " " 144 " 288 4,500 " 1.5 3 2 Piatt Bros' Mules, 624 " 1 ,248 3 6 4 3i-in. Ring Twisters, 80 " 320 " 2,812 " 1.467 5.868 5 Spoolers, 60 " 250 " 600 " .25 1.25 11 " 40 " 4 ,400 " 600 " .2 2.2 6 Winders for Filling, 100 " 600 " 2,900 " 1.5 9 6 " " " 50 " 300 " 2,900 " .75 4.5 2 Manchester Warpers, .171 .342 10 English " .125 1.26 2 Slashers, 1.5 3 677 36-in. Looms, 125 Picks .16 108.32 1 Banding Machine, * ' .5 Total Machinery = . 609.31 Very Heavy Shafting, estimated at 15^ = . H.P. per 1,000 Sp.=30.41 = 33 Sp. per H.P. Total = . 91.396 700.706 80 SUMMARY OP POWER OP MILLS.— (Continued.) Mill A. — ( Continued.) Per cent, of Power of Machinery, - ' Picking and Carding, 29.62 Spinning, 48.02 Dressing, 4.58 Weaving, 1*7.78 100 Mill B. — Denims, Ticks, etc. Average No. of Yarn, 11. Descbiftion. Total Sp. Speed. H.P. ea. H.P. 2 Kitson Comp'nd Opener H'ds, 2 Beat'rs, Beat'rs, 1,100 Rev. 3 6 5 " " " " 3 " 1,100 " 5.5 27.5 5 Amoskeag 1st Pickers, 2 " 1,100 " 4.86 24.3 10 " 2d " 2 " " 1,026 •' 3.048 30.48 264 Breaker Cards, Cylin'rs, 110 " .144 38.016 24 Railway Heads, F. Roll, 400 " .687 16.488 8 Frames, 4 Roll Drawing, 8 Deliv's each. 240 " del .072 9.168 8 " 4 " 2d " 8 240 " " .074 9.456 8 Lowell Speeders, 6 in. x 12 in., 30 Sp. ea.. 240 Spin., 501 " .838 6.704 16 " " 5 in, X 10 in., 40 " 640 601 " .949 15.184 30 " " 4 in. X 8 in., 64 " 1,920 " 906 " 1.218 36.54 198 Throstle Spinning Fr., 128 " 25,344 3,700 " 1.5 297 6 Parr & Curtis Mules, 672 " 4,032 3 18 12 Filling Winders, 100 " 1,200 2,910 " 1.442 17.304 13 Spoolers, 80 " 1,040 600 " .342 4.446 8 Reels, .143 1.144 16 Warpers, .171 2.736 3 Slashers, 1.581 4.743 2 Dressers, 1.141 2.282 2 Size Kettles, .153 .306 622 34-in, Looms, 118 Picks permin. .193 120.046 6 36-in. " 118 " .193 1.158 60 38-in. " 118 " " .197 11.82 217 40-in. " 118 " .2 43.4 Total Machinery = 744.221 Shafting, New, at 10 ^, = 74.442 Total = 818.643 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 27.85 = 35.9 Spindles per H. P. Per cent, of Power of Machinery, ' Picking and Carding, 29.54 Spinning, 42.33 Dressing, 4.42 Weaving, 23.71 100 81 SUMMARY OF POWER OF MIL'LS.— (Continued.) Mill C. — Fancy Fantaloonery, Shirting Stripes, etc. Average No. of Yarn, 16.6, Desceiption. Total Spin. Speed. H.P. ea. H.P. 1 Creighton Willow, 8 4 Kitson 2-Beater Openers, Beat'rs, 1,500 Rev. 4.571 18.284 44 Breaker Cards, Cylin'r, 120 " ,145 6.38 2 " Lap Heads, 22 Cards each, 10 yds, per min. 1.016 2.032 1 " " Doubler, 10 " .345 66 Finisher Cards, Cylin'r, 120 Rev. .145 9.57 6 " Railways, F. Roll, 320 " .38 2.28 6 Heads, 4 Roll 1st Drawing, 12 Deliv's, 155 " del. 121 1.454 6 " 4 " 2d *' 12 " " 200 " ".165 1.S6 3 Slubbers, 64 Spin, each, 10 in. x 5 in., ' 192 Spin., 634 " 1.682 5.046 5 Intermed'te,'72 " 9 in. x 4 in.. 360 676 " 1.48 7.4 9FineF.Fr.,136 " 7 in. x 3 in., 1,224 861 " 1.377 12.393 12 Ring Fr., 160 " No. 9 Yarn, 1,920 " 4,053 " 1.852 22.226 11 " 160 " " 16 " 1,760 5,067 1.927 21.197 10 " 160 " " 22 " 1,600 5,067 1.917 19.17 3 " 140 " " 22 " 420 5,067 1.686 5.068 8 Mas'n Mu.,576 " " 11 " 4,608 3,400 1.562 12.496 6 Reels, 60 in., 160 .143 .858 6 Skein Spoolers, 60 in.. .34 2.04 3 Bobbin Spoolers, 60 in,, .25 .75 4 Filling Winders, 80 in., '"2,000 .878 3.312 7 Warpers, .119 .833 4 Dressers, 8 yds. per min. 1.5 6 100 36-in. Plain Looms, 120 Picks .158 15.8 36 40-in. " 120 Picks .166 6 100 36-in. Crompton, 118 .234 23.45 Total Machinery = 214,244 Add Shafting, 10^,= .... 21.424 Total = 235,608 H. P, per 1,000 Spindles = 22.85 = 43.77 Spindles per H. P, Per cent, of Power of Machinery, ' Picking and Carding, 35.08 Spinning, 37.41 Dressing, 6.44 Weaving, 21.12 100 82 SUMMARY OF POWER OF MIIjIjS.— (Continued.) New Mill D. — Fine Sheetings. Average Number of Yarn, 28. Description. Total Spin. Speed. H.P. ea. H.P. 1 Van Winkle Opener, 2 4 Piatt's 36-in. 2-Beater Lappers, Beat'rs, 1,100 Rev. 4.52 18.08 64 Saco 36-in. Breaker Cards, Cylin'r, 125 " .093 5.952 1 " " " Lap Head, 22 ft. per min. 1.02 64 " Finisher Cards, Cylin'r, 125 Rev. .093 5.952 8 " " Railways, F. Roll, 230 " .233 1.864 8 Heads, 5-Roll Drawing, 32 Deliv's, " 196 " del .083 2.648 2 Slubbers, 56 Sp. ea., 12 in. x 6 in., 108 Spin., 530 " 1.259 2.518 4 Intermediates, 88 " 10 in. x 5 in., 352 630 " 1.091 4.364 8 Fine F. Fra., 152 " T in. x 3 in.. 1,216 " 1,060 " 1.256 10.048 53 R'g Spin. Fra., 144 " 7,632 4,972 " 1,326 70.808 8 Mules, 560 " 4,480 3,812 " 1.736 13.888 4 " 592 " 2,368 3,812 " 1.835 7.34 5 Spoolers, 100 " 500 700 " .327 1.635 5 Warpers, .125 .625 1 Slasher, 1.5 180 36-in. Looms, .... 125 Picks .108 19.44 136 40-in. " 125 " .116 15.776 Total Machinery = 185.458 Shafting by tests = 21.5 Total = .... 206.958 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 14.25 = 70 Spindles per H. P. Per cent, of Power of Machinery, - ' Picking and Carding, 29.35 Spinning, 49.64 Dressing, 2.01 Weaving, 19 100 Mill E. — Fine Sheetings. Avm-age Number of Yarn, 32. Dbschiption. Total Spin. Speed. H.P. ea. H.P. 1 Opener and Mixer, Beatr's, 700 Rev. 2 2 2-Beater Whitin Pickers, 2,000 " 3 6 2 3-Beater " " " 2,000 " 4 8 48 36-in. Cards, Cylin'r, 130 " .288 13.824 2 Railways to same. llf yds. per min. .247 .494 1 Doubler " .25 48 36-in. Finisher Cards, Cylin'r, 132 Rev. .207 9.888 4 Railways to same, F. Roll, 394 " .507 2.028 1 Frame, 1st Drawing, 5-Roll, 6 Deliv's, 381 " -.19 1.138 1 " 2d " " 8 " " 361 " .207 1.655 83 SUMMARY OF POWER OP MlLliS.— (Continued.) Mill E. — [Continued.) Dksceiption. Total Spin. Speed. H.P. ea. H.P. 1 Frame, 3d Drawing, 5-Roll, 20 Deliv's, F. Roll, 380 Rev. .097 1.907 5 Slubbers (Higgins), Bob. 9 in. x 4.2 in.. 352 Spin., 530 " .581 2.944 5 Fine Fr., " " 7 in. x 3.2 in., 600 750 " ■ .982 4.91 6 " (Hill) " 7 in. X 3.2 in., 680 750 " .824 4.946 52 Ring Frames, 7,328 5,800 " 1.74 90.479 16 Marvel & Davol Mules, 9,024 4,350 " 2.051 32.814 4 Spoolers, 360 2,000 " .327 1.31 4 Warpers, . .125 .5 1 Slasher, .... 1.061 343 40-in. Looms, .... 129 Picks per min. .111 37 Total Machinery =z 223.178 Shafting, 10$^, = .... 22.318 Total H. P. = .... 245.496 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles Per cent, of Power of Machinery, 15.01 = 66.6 Spindles per H. P. ' Picking and Carding, 26.88 Spinning, 55.25 Dressing, 1.29 Weaving, 16.58 100 New Mill F. — Fine Shirtings and Cambrics. Average Number of Yam, 33. Desckiption. Total Spin. Speed. H.P. ea. H.P. 1 Kitson Opener, 6 4 " 2-Beater Lappers, Beat'rs, 1,500 Rev. 4.5 18 60 Breaker Cards, Cylin'r, 120 " .125 7.5 1 " Lap Head, 1 60 Finisher Cards, " 120 " .125 7.5 6 " Railways, .5 3 2 Frames, 4-Roll Drawing, 12 Deliv's, .... F. Roll, 221 " d.1.096 1.16 2 " " " 12 " " 221 " " .096 1.16 4 Slubbers, 60 Sp. ea., 10 in. x 5 in.. 240 Spin., 615 " .789 3.156 6 Intermediates, 80 " 9 in. x 41 in.. 480 773 " 1.238 7.428 11 Fine F. Fr., 144 " 7 in. x 3i in.. 1,584 " 934 " 1.05 11.55 64 Ring Sp. Fr., 128 " 8,192 5,908 " 1.258 80.612 14 F.F. Pat. Mu., 704 " 9,856 5,000 " 2.084 29.176 4 Spoolers, 100 " 400 600 " .25 • 1 6 Warpers, .... .125 .75 1 Slasher, .... 1.5 200 40-in. Looms, Heavy Cloth, 120 Picks .2 40 200 40-in. " Light " 120 " .135 27 Total Machinerv = 247.492 Shafting, etc., 10^, = .... 24.749 Total Power = .... .... 272.241 84 SUMMARY OF POWER OF MlljliS.— {Continued.) Mill F. — {Continued.) H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 15.08 = 66.31 Spindles per H. P. ' Picking and Carding, 27.25 Spinning, 44.32 Dressing, 1.36 Weaving, 27.07 Per cent, of Power of Machinery, 100 Mill G. — Old, partially reneioed, on Corset Jeans. Average No. of Yarn, 33. Dbsceiption. rota Spin Speed. H.P. ea. H.P. 1 Single Creighton Willow, Beat'rs, 820 Rev. 5.402 2 Piatt's 2-Beater, 48-in., 1st Pickers, 1,016 (( 4.848 9.696 2 " " " 2d " " 1,066 « 4.566 9.132 68 Old 24-iu. Breaker Cards, Cylin'r, 127 (( .185 12.92 1 Lap Head to same, 36 in.. il yds. per min. 2.539 44 36-in. Finisher Cards, Cylin'r, 127 '.268 11.792 4 Railways to same. F. Roll, 360 .512 2.048 4 Heads, S-RoU Drawing, 12 Deliv's, " 258 del. 144 1.732 4 " " " 16 " 296 ".136 2.182 2 Slubbers, 60 Sp. ea., 12 in. x 6 in.. i2( ) Spin., 543 1.448 2.896 6 Intermediat's, 80 " 9 in. x 4.2 in.. 48f ) " 630 .977 5.862 12FineF. Fr., 136 " 6in.x3 in., 1 ,63$ J " 1,000 .983 11.796 36 R'g Sp. Fr., 192 " 7 ,05( , " 6,000 2.143 77.148 12 Mason Mules, 512 " 6 ,14^ V " 3,690 2.135 25.62 8 " " 480 " 3 ,84( ) " 3,690 2.045 16.36 6 Spoolers, SO " 48( ) " 600 .228 1.368 4 Warpers, .177 .71 1 Slasher, 1.5 100 36-in. Looms, 130 Picks .104 10.4 223 40-in. " 130 " .135 30.077 28 48-in. " 122 " .138 3.864 Total Machinery = 245.044 Shafting, etc., from tests, = 27.41 Total H. P. = 272.454 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 16 = 62.5 Spindles per H. P. r Picking and Carding, 31.83 Sninnine. 48.61 Per cent, of Power of Machinery, -j wfavine 1.46 18.1 100 85 SUMMARY OF POWER OF MILLS {Continued.) Mill H. — Hew, on Print Cloth, all Mule Spinning. Average No. of Yarn, 31, Description. Total Spin. Speed. H.P. ea. H.P. 1 Double Creighton Willow, .... 12 4 Piatt Bros.' 1st Pickers, Beat'rs 1,130 Rev. 5.806 23.544 4 " 2d " with eveners. (( 1,130 " 6.256 25.024 1T6 86-in. Cards, Cylin'r, 136 " .167 29.44 12 Railways to same, F. Roll 412 " .689 8.273 4 Frames, 4-Roll, 1st Draw'g, 32 Deliv's, (1 238 " del. 115 3.696 4 " " 2d " 48 " (1 238 " ".108 5.184 4 Slubbers, 56 Sp. ea., 224 Spin., 630 " 1.567 6.268 2 " 48 " 96 II 630 " 1.318 2.636 14 Intermediates, 66 " 924 K 694 " 1.418 19.852 20 Fine F. Frames, 160 " 3,200 l( 1,070 " 2.57 51.4 38 Warp Mules, Piatt Bros., 552 " 20,976 II 5,300 " 3.594 136.572 34 Weft " " 600 " 20,008 l< 4,200 " 2.732 92.888 14 Spoolers, 80 " 1,120 II 630 " .186 2.6 12 Warpers, .113 1.36 3 Slashers, .... 1 3 1,008 Looms, I 154 Picks .103 103.549 Total Machinery = 527.286 Shafting, etc., 10^, = 52.728 Total H. P. = .... 580.014 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 13.88 = 72 Spindles per H. P. Per cent, of Power of Machinery, Picking and Carding, 35.52 Spinning, 43.52 Dressing, 1.32 Weaving, 19.54 100 86 SUMMARY OF POWER OF MI'L'LS.—{Coniinued.) Mill I. — JVew, on Print Clotlis, all Mule Spinning. Average No. of Yarn, 32. Description. Total Spin. Speed. H.P. ea. H. P. 2 Kitson's Compound Openers, Beat'rs, 1,500 Rev. 11 22 3 " 2-Beater Pickers, " 1,500 5.536 16.608 144 36-in. Cards, Cylin'r, 120 .227 32.688 12 Railway Heads, .666 8 24 Deliveries, 1st Drawing, F. Roll, 220 del. 131 3.136 48 " 2d " " 210 " .078 3.72 8 Slubbers, 48 Sp. ea., 12 in. x 6 in., 384 Spin., 550 1.4 11.2 12 Intermediates, 68 " 10 in. x 5 in.. 816 " 650 1.707 20.484 20 Fine F. Fra., 144 " 7 in. x 3.2 in., 2,880 " 1,060 1.808 36.16 82 Parr & Curtis Warp Mules, 564 Sp. ea.. 18,048 " 5,110 3.025 96.8 28 " Weft " 600 " 16,800 " 4,110 2.287 64.036 8 Spoolers, 130 " 1,040 " 640 .192 1.536 8 Warpers, .366 2.928 2 Slashers, .702 1.404 800 Looms, 154 Picks .115 92.24 Total Machinery = 408.94 Shafting, etc., 10%, = .... 40.894 Total H. P. = 449.834 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles = 13.03 = 76.74 Spindles per H. P. Per cent, of Power of Machinery, ' Picking and Carding, 36.68 Spinning, 39.33 Dressing, 1.43 Weaving, 22.56 100 Indicator Cards of Engine, 470.57 H. P. Less 5% for Engines, 23.52 " Net H. P. of Mill = 447.05 SUMMARY OF POWER OF MI1,IjS.— {Continued.) Mill K. — iVeiy, on Fine Cambrics. Average Number of Yarn, 49. Description. Total Spin. Speed. HP., ea. H. P. 1 Kitson 2-Beater Opener, Beat'rs, 1,850 Rev, 6 4 " " Lappers, " 1,350 11 3.776 15.104 52 36-in. Breaker Cards, Cylin'r, 128 (( .085 4.42 1 Breaker Lap Head. 9 yds. per min. 1.437 52 36-in. Finisher Cards, Cylin'r, 128 Rev. .129 6.708 4 " Railways to same, F. Roll, 290 .53 2.12 12 Deliveries, 1st Drawing, 5-Roll, " 226 del. 11 1.324 16 " 2d " 226 .105 1.684 3 Slubbers, 48 Sp. ea., 12 in. x 6 in.. 144 Spin., 590 1.343 4.029 5 Intermediates, 80 " 10 in. x 5 in.. 400 " 736 1.3 6.5 5 Fine F. Fra., 136 " 7 in. x 3.5 in., 680 " 968 1.496 7.48 4 " " 136 " 7 in. X 3.5 in.. 544 " 979 1.302 5.208 14 Jack Frames, 144 " 5 in. x 2 in., 2,016 . " 1,117 1.096 15.344 61 R'gSpin.Fr., 160 " 9,760 " 6,800 1.084 68.292 8 Parr & Curtis Mules, 696 Sp. ea., 5,568 " 5,600 3.476 27.808 8 " " 552 " 4,416 5,600 3.222 25.776 4 Spoolers, 100 " 400 " 660 .167 .668 4 Warpers, .... .118 .472 1 Slasher, .... 1.555 288 Looms (New), 150 Picks .137 39.456 Total Machinery = 241.385 Shafting, etc., 10^, = 24.138 Total H. P. = 265.523 H. P. per 1,000 Spindles .— 13.28 = 75.58 Spindles per H. P. Per cent, of Power of Machinery, - ' Picking and Carding, 32.04 Spinning, 50.5 Dressing, 1.12 Weaving, 16.34 100 SHAFTIITG. The writer is indebted to the courtesy of James B. Francis, Esq., of Lowell, for permission to copy the formulae and tables prepared by him for the strength and velocity of shafting, after long and careful tests made for the Merrimac Manufacturing Co., and originally pub- lished by him in " The Journal of the Franklin Institute " for 1867, viz. : For 1st shafts, or prime movers, subject to the strain of gears or main pulleys : Wrought Iron. Binm = V ^^^ ^ ^- ^- ^" ^^ transmitted y No. of Rev. per min. (The breaking strain being taken at 56,000 lbs. per sq. in.) Cast Iron. Diam. = VlST x H. P. to be transmitted y No. of Rev. per min. (Breaking strain taken at 30,000 lbs. per sq. in.) gjggl Diam = 43/ 62.6 x H. P. to b e transmitted ' No. of Rev. per min. (Breaking strain taken at 80,000 lbs. per sq. in.) Being equal to 15^ times the breaking power. For 2d movers, or long lines, transmitting power : Wrought Iron. Diam. = ^ . 50 X U. P. Cast Steel. No. Rev. per min. 3/ 83xH. P. y No. Rev. per min. T No. B 25 X H. P. No. Rev. per min. Being equal to 7f times the breaking power. For 3d movers, or light counters, driving machines well supported by bearings at short distances apart : Wrought Iron. Diam. = /^ Cast " " =^/ Steel. No. Rev. per min. f 33 X H. P. No, . Rev. per min. ' 1 55.5 X H. P. No, , Rev. per min. 21 X H. P. Or 5^ times the breaking power. 89 From the above formulae the relative diameters necessary for the same strength may be obtained as follows : Wrought Iron 1 Cast " 1.184 Steel 0.855 And the necessary size for shafts of the latter materials may be calcu- lated from the following tables for wrought iron, which the writer has computed from Mr. Francis's data to an extent covering all necessary demands. These tables apply to the torsional strains, but it is often neces- sary to use shafts larger than are required to transmit the power, in order to avoid the transverse strain and consequent friction due to flexure, in regard to which I quote Mr. Francis as follows : Table of the greatest admissible Distances between the Bearings of continuous Shafts, subject to no Transverse Strains except from their own Weight. Distance between Bearings, in Feet. DIAMETER OF SHAFT, IN INCHES. If of Wrought Iron. If of steel. 1 12.2'7 15.46 17.7 19.48 20.99 22.3 23.48 24.55 25.58 26.44 27.3 28.1 12.61 2 15.89 3 18.19 4 20.02 5 21.57 6 22.92 7 24.13 8 25.23 9 .... 26.24 10. . 27.18 11 28.05 12 28.88 " In practice long shafts are scarcely ever entirely free from trans- verse strains ; however, in the parts of long lines which have no pul- leys or gears, with the couplings near the bearings, the interval between the bearings may approach the distances given in the preced- ing table. Near the extremities of a line the distances between the bearings should be less than are given in the table. The last space should not exceed sixty per cent, of the distance there given, the deflection in that space being much greater than in other parts of the line. In shafts moving with high velocities it will usually be neces- sary to shorten the distances between the bearings as given in the table, in order to obtain sufficient bearing surface to prevent heating. 90 " In factories and workshops power is usually taken off from the lines of shafting at many points by pulleys and belts, by means of which the machinery is operated. When the machines to be driven are below the shaft, there is a transverse strain on the shaft due to the weight of the pulley and tension of the belt, which is in addition to the transverse strain due to the weight of the shaft itself. Sometimes the power is taken off horizontally on one side, in which case the tension of the belt produces a horizontal transverse strain, and the weight of the pul- ley acts with the weight of the shaft to produce a vertical transverse strain. Frequently the machinery to be driven is placed above the floor, to which the shaft is hung in the story below ; in this case the transverse strain produced by the tension of the belt is in the oi:)posite direction to that produced by the weight of the pulley and shaft. Sometimes power is taken off in all these directions from the jDart of a shaft between two adjacent bearings. To transmit the same power the necessary tension of a belt diminishes in proportion to its velocity ; consequently, with pulleys of the same diameter, the transverse strain will diminish in the same ratio as the velocity of the shaft increases. In cotton and woolen factories with wooden floors the bearings are usually hung on the beams, which are usually about eight feet apart ; and a minimum size of shafting is adopted for the different classes of machinery, which has been determined by experience as the least that will withstand the transverse strain. This minimum is adopted inde- pendently of the size required to withstand the torsional strain due to the power transmitted ; if this requires a lai'ger diameter than the minimum, the larger diameter is of course adopted. In some of the large cotton factories in this neighborhood, in which the bearings are about 8 feet apart, a minimum diameter of If inch was formerly adopted for the lines of shafting driving looms. In some mills this is still retained ; in others 2^ inches and 2/^ inches have been substi- tuted. In the same mills the minimum size of shafts driving spinning machinery is from 2^ to 2^^ inches. In very long lines of small shaft- ing fly-wheels are put on at intervals, to diminish the vibratory action due to the irregularities in the torsional strain." The proper velocity for shafting has been of late the subject of much discussion and experiment, and has been greatly increased from former standards in the most approved modern mills, and a velocity of from 200 to 250 revolutions per minute is now usually adopted for carding and weaving rooms, as giving a fair proportionate size of pul- leys, where the speed of the pulleys on the cards and looms varies from 130 to 160 revolutions per minute, while 300 to 350 revolutions per min- ute seems not too much for spinning rooms, where the speed of the cylinder on the frames varies from 600 to 900 revolutions, and will 91 allow the use of 20-inch to 30-inch pulleys on the shaft, belting on to a 10-inch pulley on the frame, instead of the 6-inch or 7-inch pulleys formerly used, thus giving a much better holding surface to the belt, and from its high velocity allowing it to be much lighter while trans- mitting the same power, and with less strain and friction on the jour- nals. At these velocities a line of 2-inch shaft in the weaving room, at 200 revolutions, will transmit 32 horse-power, or drive 256 looms at 8 looms per horse-power, and one of 2^ inches, at 300 revolutions, in the spinning room, will transmit 68 horse-power, or drive 6,800 spin- dles at 100 spindles per horse-power. These sizes are, however, capable of transmitting all the power required for the whole line, and are usually diminished as the power is taken off at intervals ; but in such cases care is taken either to place the transmitting pulleys as close as possible to the bearings or to add supplementary bearings to support the shaft close to the pulleys, where it is necessary to place the latter in or near the middle of a " bay," or space between beams. In some of the latest mills the sizes given by the table for 3d movers are adopted for line shafting or 2d movers, and additional hangers for bearings are provided ; and in one new mill which the writer has recently visited the main tie beams of the mill are 10 feet apart, but the bays or spaces are divided by supple- mentary beams for the support of bearings, so that the shafting is everywhere supported at intervals of 5 feet. This gives it a sufficient resistance to flexure to permit of the use of the third table of sizes, in which the factor of safety or strength in excess of the breaking strain is 5|-, which is ample for most purposes so far as strength is concerned, although machines having a reciprocating motion, like looms and mules, will sometimes require a greater diameter, to insure rigidity of shaft and steadiness of motion. The use of "cold-rolled shafting" will also enable the further application of the third table to sizes for 2d movers or line shafting, as the experiments made by Professor Thurston, of the Stevens Insti- tute of Technology, on cold-rolled iron from the works of Messrs. Jones & Loughlin, of Pittsburgh, Pa., show its great advantage in stiffness and elasticity, as might be expected from the perfect and uniform con- densation of the fibres of the iron. We have not space here to copy the details of the experiments, but give the conclusions drawn by Pro- fessor Thurston, stating also that our own observation of mills where this shafting has been introduced leads us to believe in its great superi- ority to turned shafting from hot-rolled iron. The writer would not, however, advise the use of any line shafting less than 1^ inch diame- ter, except possibly the last length in the line. 1. The process of cold rolling produces a very marked change in the physical properties of the iron thus treated : . 92 {a.) It increases the tenacity from 25 to 40 per cent., and the resistance to transverse stress from 50 to 80 per cent. (b.) It elevates the elastic limits under both tensile and transverse stresses from 80 to 125 per cent. (c.) The modulus of elastic resilience is elevated from 300 to 400 per cent. The elastic resilience to transverse stress is augmented from 150 to 425 per cent. 2, Cold rolling also improves the metal in other respects : (a.) It gives the iron a smooth, bright surface, absolutely free from the scale of black oxide unavoidably left when hot rolled. (b.) It is made exactly to gauge, and for many purposes requires no further preparation. (c.) In working the metal the wear and tear of the tools are less than with hot-rolled iron, thus saving labor and expense in fitting. (d.) The cold-rolled iron resists stresses much more uniformly than does the untreated metal. Irregularities of resistance exhibited by the latter do not appear in the former ; this is more particularly true for transverse stress, as is shown by the smoothness of the strain-diagrams produced by the cold-rolled bars. (e.) This treatment of iron produces a very important improvement in uniformity of structure, the cold-rolled iron excelling common iron in its uniformity of density from surface to center, as well as in its uniformity of strength from outside to the middle of the bar. The proportion of length of the bearing of a shaft to its diameter is a question which has caused much discussion, and the writer has been asked to give his opinion ; and, although he does it with all modesty, he will say that he is inclined to favor a length of three times the diameter, as being the best point for practical use when the shafts can be kept well in line and well lubricated. This proportion with proper couplings will afford sufficient bearings, and by the use of swivel bearings avoid any unnecessary twist or strain at the end of the boxes. Lubrication also deserves some notice, and here the au- thor's opinions are positive, and confirmed by his tests, in favor of continuous lubrication with oil, which oil should be mixed to suit the weight in the bearing, in various proportions of mineral and animal oils. One half of each is a very good proportion for medium shaft- ing, say petroleum and sperm or lard, while for light bearings the petroleum may be three fourths, and for heavy ones the animal oil may be neatsf oot. Grease or tallow is an abomination ; and where old boxes fitted for it are in use, with holes through the cover of bearing for the tal- low to run down when it gets hot enough to melt, these holes may be filled with sponge and kept saturated with oil. 93 Table of Horse-Powei' which can be safely carried by \st Movers at different Velocities, Factor of Safety being = 15.5. .9 Kevolutions per Minute. a II 5 6 Eevolutiona per Minute. 50 100 150 200 250 300 50 100 150 200 s Horse-Power. Horse-Power. 1 .5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 108 216 324 •432 1.25 .975 1.95 2.92 3.9 4.87 5.85 6.25 122.07 244.14 366.21 488 1.5 1.68 3.37 5.04 6.74 8.4 10.11 6.5 137.31 274.62 411.93 549 1.75 2.68 5.36 8.04 10.72 13.4 16.08 6.75 153.72 307.55 461.16 615 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 7 171.5 343 514.5 686 2.25 5.69 11.39 17.07 22.78 28.45 34.17 7.25 190.54 381.08 671.62 762 2.5 7.81 15.62 23.43 31.24 39,05 46.86 7.5 210.93 421.87 632.79 843 2.75 10.4 20.8 31.2 41.6 52 62.4 7.75 232.74 465.48 698.22 931 •6 13.5 27 40.5 54 67.5 81 8 256 512 768 1,024 3.25 17.16 34.33 51.5 68.66 85.8 103 8.25 280.76 561.52 842 1,123 3.5 21.43 42.87 64.29 85.74 107.15 128.61 8.5 307.06 614.12 921 1,228 3.75 26.36 52.73 79.08 105.46 131.8 158.19 8.75 334.96 669.92 1,005 1,340 4 32 64 96 128 160 192 9 364.5 729 1,093.5 1,458 4.25 38.38 76.77 115.15 153.54 191.9 230.31 9.25 395.72 791.45 1,187 1,583 4.5 45.56 91.12 136.68 182.24 227.8 273.36 9.5 428.68 857.37 1,286 1,715 4.75 53.58 107.17 160.75 214.34 267.9 321.54 ! 9.75 463.43 926.86 1,390 1,854 5 62.5 125 187.5 250 312.5 375 10 500 1,000 J,500 2,000 5.25 72.35 144.7 217.05 289.4 361.75 434.1 11 665.5 1,331 1,995 2,662 5.5 83.18 166.37 249.54 322.75 415.9 499.11 12 864 1,728 2,592 3,456 5.75 95.05 190.11 285.15 380.22 475.25 570.33 13 1,053.5 2,107 3,160.5 4,214 Table of Horse-Power for Shafting for Long Lines of Transmission, or 2d Movers, Factor of Safety being = 7.75. a Eevolutions per Minute. a il 5 Eevolutions per Minute. II 100 150 200 250 300 100 150 200 250 300 o H Drse-Pow er. Horse-Power. 2 3 4 5 6 H 77.88 116.83 155.76 194.7 233.64 H 2.88 4.32 5.76 7.2 8.64 3+ 85.74 128.61 171.48 214.35 257.22 H 3.9 5.85 7.8 9.75 11.7 H 95.25 142.86 190.5 238.1 285.75 n 5.2 7.8 10.4 13 15.6 3f 105.46 158.19 210.92 263.65 316.38 u 6.74 10.11 13.48 16.85 20.22 n 116.37 174.54 232.74 290.9 349 H 8.58 12.87 17.16 21.45 25.74 4 128 192 256 320 384 H 10.72 16.08 21.44 26.8 32.16 4^ 140.38 210.57 280.76 351 421.14 H 13.18 19.77 26.36 32.95 39.54 4+ 15 3.. 54 230.31 307 383.85 460.62 2 16 24 32 40 48 H 167.48 251.22 335 418.7 502.48 2* 19.19 28.77 38.38 47.95 57.57 U 182.24 273.36 364.48 455.6 546.72 2+ 22.78 34.17 45.56 56.95 68.34 H 197.86 296.79 395.72 494.65 593.58 ^ 26.79 40.17 53.58 66.95 80.37 4f 214.34 321.54 428.68 535.85 643 24- 31.24 46.86 62.48 78.1 93.72 4^ 231.71 347.55 463.42 579.25 695.73 H 36.18 54.27 72.36 90.45 108.54 5 250 375 500 625 750 n 41.6 62.4 83.2 104 124.8 j 5+ 289.4 434.1 578.8 723.5 868.2 ^ 47.52 71.28 95 118.8 141.56 ' 5+ 332.75 499 665.5 831.87 998.25 3 54 81 108 135 162 5f 380.22 570.33 760.44 950.55 1,140.66 3* 61.02 91.53 122 152.55 183 6 432 648 864 1,080 1,296 3i 68.66 103 137.32 171.65 206 1 94 Table of Horse-Power for Shafting for CoutUer Shafts, well supported, or M Movers. Factor of Safety = S.lY. Eevolutions pei ■ Minute. Diameter in Inches. 100 150 200 250 300 850 400 Horse-Power. 1 3 4.5 6 7.5 9 10.5 12 l-i'^s 3.59 5.37 7.18 9.95 10.77 12.53 14.36 li 4.2'7 6.54 8.54 10.9 12.81 15.26 17.08 1-1% 5.02 7.53 10.04 12.55 15.06 17.57 20.08 4 6.85 8.77 11.7 14.62 17.55 20.47 23.4 lA 6.78 10.17 13.56 16.95 20.24 23.73 27.12 If 1.19 11.67 15.58 19.45 23.37 27.23 81.16 lA- 8.91 13.35 17.82 22.25 26.73 81.15 35.64 li 10.11 15.16 20.22 25.27 30.33 35.38 40.44 1-1% 11.44 17.16 22.88 28.6 34.82 40 45.76 If 12.87 19.29 25.74 32.15 38.61 45 51.48 IH 14.41 21.6 28.82 86 43.23 50.4 57.64 If 16.08 24.12 32.16 40.2 48.24 56,28 64.32 iH 17.86 26.79 35.72 44.65 53.58 62.51 71.44 li 19.77 29.64 39.54 49.4 59.31 69.16 79.08 ih 21.81 32.7 43.62 54.5 65.43 76.3 87.24 2 24 36 48 60 72 84 96 2-iV 26.32 39.48 52.64 65.8 79 92.12 105.28 2i 28.78 . 43.17 57.56 71.95 86.34 100.73 115.12 2-,% 81.4 47.1 62.8 78.5 94.2 109.9 125.6 2i 34.17 51.25 68.34 86.42 102.51 119.6 136.68 2A 37.09 55.63 74.18 92.72 111.27 129.81 148.36 2f 40.18 60.27 80.36 100.45 120.54 140.63 160.72 2-1% 43.44 65.16 86.88 108.6 130.82 152.04 173.76 2i 46.87 70.8 93.74 117.17 140.61 164.04 187.48 2-.% 50.46 75.69 100.92 126.15 151.38 176.61 201.84 2f 54.27 81.4 108.54 135.67 162.81 189.54 217.08 2U 58.23 87.35 116.46 145.57 174.69 208.8 232.92 2f 62.4 93.6 124.8 156 187.2 218.4 249.6 2U 66.74 100.11 133.48 166.85 200.22 233.59 266.96 2| 71.28 106.92 141.56 176.95 213.84 249.49 285.12 2H 76.04 114.96 152.08 190.1 228.12 266.14 804.16 3 81 120.5 162 202.5 243 283.5 324 The above tables are carried out to an extent beyond all probable need, but may possibly be useful in extreme cases ; and it should be remembered that the first length of shaft in a line, which carries the receiving pulley, and has to bear the vertical or lateral strain of the main belt, being also usually of considerable length, should generally be of the size given in the first table. BELTING. Ant general rule for the speed of belts to convey a given number of horse-powers will of course be somewhat varied by situation and cir- cumstances, but the writer believes that the following data and deduc- tions will be found reliable for well tanned leather belts under ordinary conditions : MoEiisr gives .551 lb. per .00155 sq. in. section as a safe working strain, which is equal to 551 lbs. per 1.55 sq. in., or 355 lbs. per sq. in., and assumes the thickness of an ordinary single belt to be .16 in., which gives the safe strain on each inch of width to be equal to 56.8 lbs. Haswell, in his " Engineer's Pocket-Book," gives the safe strain in like manner at 350 lbs. per sq. in., or equal to 56 lbs. per inch width of ordinary belt. Rankixe gives 285 lbs. per sq. in., or 45.6 per inch width, and copies from Towne's tables, in " The Journal of the Franklin Insti- tute," the following : Breaking strain per inch width in solid leather 6*75 lbs. " " " " at rivet holes of splice 362 " " " " " at lacing holes 210" Safe working tension 45 " Mr. James S. Atwood, of Wauregan, Conn., has prepared a table for his own use, based on 330 lbs. per sq. in. as a safe working tension. The very valuable collection of data and observations published by Mr. J. H. Cooper, of Philadelphia, gives a very wide range of opin- ions from various authorities, extending from 40 to 100 lbs. per inch in width of ordinary belting, as consistent ^dth safety. Mr. Cooper has also published in " The Journal of the Franklin Institute " for ]N'overaber, 1878, a paper containing a translation from the French of M. Laborde, originally published prior to 1833, and 96 based on a working tension of only 20 lbs. per inch in width, but from which Mr. Cooper deduces the following simple rule for strength, viz. : " It is the stress in pounds vjhich each inch of belt icidth loill safely and continuously bear at any velocity.'''' The tests made with Riehle's breaking machine at the Centennial Exhibition showed a breaking strain per sq. in. ranging from 3,000 to 5,000 lbs., or from 500 to 833 lbs. per 1 in. in width and \ in. in thick- ness, which I assume to be about the average of single belting. The' writer's own experience has shown him that a rule given him many years since by an experienced mechanic, of " 600 ft. velocity per 1 inch of belt width per horse-potoer^'' was perfectly reliable ; and the reasons for it may be deduced from the above data as follows : Assuming as a basis a fair average from the various tests, of a safe working strain of 330 lbs. per sq. in., or 55 lbs. for \ in. in thickness, about one quarter of the strength shown by Mr. Towne's tests at the lacing holes, we may obtain a very simple formula for velocity : 33,000 lbs. lifted 1 ft. per minute being the accepted unit of a horse- power, 1 sq. in. of belt must then move 100 ft., per minute to transmit the same, 330x100 being = 33,000 ; and \ sq. in. or 1 in. width of ordinary belting must move 600 ft. per minute, equal to 50 sq. ft. of belt per minute, which I therefore adopt as my rule for single belts. Double belting will vary from ^ to ^ or f in. in thickness, and of course require proportionately less velocity per horse-power ; and the following rules may be deduced for all dimensions, viz. : " Multiply the denominator of the fraction expressing the thick- ness of the belt in inches by 100, and divide by the numerator, for the necessary velocity in feet per minute for each inch in width ; " viz., to transmit 1 horse-power : ^ in. = 6 X 100 = 600 ft. per minute. 8 X 100 l in. = = 266.66 " " ^ 3 J in. = 4 X 100 = 400 " " The velocity and width being given, to get the horse-power : " Divide the actual velocity by the velocity per horse-power as above, and multiply by the width ; " viz., for a 12-in. belt, single, 2,400 ft. per minute : 2,400 ~ =4 X 12 = 48 H. P. 600 The velocity and horse-power being given, to get the inches in width : " Divide, the velocity by the velocity per inch obtained as 97 above, and divide the horse-power by the product ; " viz., for a belt 3,000 ft. per minute to transmit 50 horse-power : 3,000 50 H. P. = 5. = 10 in. 600 5 These rules will, however, be varied by circumstances. Belts, when stopping and starting, or shifting from one pulley to another, as in the case of looms and mules are frequent, should, on account of the wear and tear, be made wider than the power only requires. Also any great difference in the size of pulleys, materially decreasing the angle of friction on the smaller pulley, will require an increase of width, to give the necessary holding surface. Belts should be used with the grain or hair side next the pulley ; they will hold better and wear longer. So far as the capacity of the belt itself to transmit power is con- cerned, independent of the frictional surface of the pulleys, the follow- ing table may prove convenient for reference for single belts of the average thickness of ^ in., and from it may be readily deduced the available power to be derived from double belts according to their thickness. There are, however, other points to be considered than the one of the actual strength of the belt, the most important one of which is its friction or " hold " upon the pulley. It is generally conceded that the friction of a belt passing half around a pulley is equal to one half the strain on the belt ; or that an inch belt at 600 ft. per minute, with a strain of 55 lbs., would give a pressure of 27.5 lbs., and require a pulley which would give 1,200 lineal feet per minute of surface contact, to obtain the 1 H. P. to which the belt would be equal. Morin, in his "Mechanics," gives as the result of actual trials with a loaded belt over a wooden drum an average friction of 50 per cent., which Avould be increased by using a pulley covered with leather ; and a polished iron pulley, with a smooth, flexible belt, may, I think, be depended on in actual use for 50 per cent. The most scientific writers commit gross errors in treating of this question. Professor Rankine says that the rough or flesh side of the belt should be next to the pulley to get friction ; whereas the friction of a belt is due to close contact and the consequent atmospheric pres- sure from outside, so that the best result is obtained by a smooth sur- face of leather, which, being moderately elastic, admits of the com- plete expulsion of the air between the surfaces and the consequent full effect of the external pressure. Considering this established in practice, that the available friction is 50 per cent, of the strain, I find in use the following rules (which 98 agree very closely with my previous conclusions) for getting at the proper width of a belt where the speed and amount of contact surface are determined by the necessities of the case. The Page Belting Co., of Concord, N. H., gives the following for- mula : No. H. P. X 36,000 Inches width = Velocity in ft. x i contact length in inches In Cooper's admirable collection of " Belting Facts and Figures," I find the following : " Professor Thurston gives : No. H. P. X 7,000 Width in inches — Velocity in ft. x contact length in ft. Mr. F. W. Bacon, C. E., says : No. H. P. X 6,000 Velocity in ft. x contact length in ft.' Width in inches = which is only a different way of expressing the rule given by the Page Belting Co. Messrs. Hoyt Bros., of New York, say : H. P. X 5,334 w ^ Velocity x contact in ft. Van Riper, of Paterson, gives the same rule ; and some one, whose name is not given, says : H. P. X 26,000 „ W — Velocity x contact in ft. x 6 My own deductions would give, in the lerms of the Page formula : ^.,,. . ■ u N^o- H- P- X 33,000 Width in inches = ' ; Velocity in ft. x ^ contact in inches or, reduced to feet, as by Mr. Bacon, for a single belt : „ H. P. X 5,500 Velocity x contact in ft. ' or for a double belt : W— H. P. X 3,660 Velocity x contact in ft. In this rule for double belts I have assumed ^ in. in thickness and 82|^ lbs, strain ; but, if the belt be, as many are, f in. thick, it would of course bear from 110 to 120 lbs., and 267 ft. per minute would give 99 1 H. P. per inch ; and the formula for contact with one half the sur- face, or 180°, would be ^ ^ H. P. X 2,444 Velocity x contact length in ft. These formulae are based on my previous data of a velocity of 50 sq. ft. per minute, or a strain of 55 lbs. per inch on a single belt, and on the belt being in contact with one half the circumference of the pulley. Now, the friction varies with the arc of the circle with which the belt is in contact, and is only half as great on one quarter of a pul- ley as on one half of one ; so that double the surface in square inches will be required to transmit the same power in the former case that would be needed in the latter, and the numerator of the formula for single belts would be H. P. X 11,000. This will be easily understood by those who know the enormous hold given by passing the rope from a pulley-block once around a post where the whole surface is in con- tact. If one third of the circumference is in contact, the coefficient in the numerator would be 8,250. Carrying out these rules, it will be easily seen that, where high speed is to be obtained by the use of small pulleys, a much greater width of belt is necessary to get the frictional surface than is called for by the strength of the leather ; and it will be found that for cir- cular saws, cotton pickers, spinning frames, etc., a wider belt is needed than is due to the actual power transmitted. Take, for instance, a spinning frame, with a 7-in. pulley, 900 revolutions per minute, or 1,650 ft. belt velocity, and requiring 1^ H. P. One inch of belt at that speed would transmit 2^ H. P., but the contact surface of the pulley would not be over 10 in. in length, and by the above rules calls for a 3-in. belt, which is the standard size for that purpose. A good practical example of a main belt in actual use, under the writer's frequent observation, is that of a 24-in. double belt, at a ve- locity of 3,200 ft. per minute, transmitting 160 H. P. to a pulley 4 ft. 10 in, in diameter. Taking the first formula for double belts as above, the width should be 160 H. P. X 3,660 „. ,.. W = = 24.14 in. 3,200 X 1.58 (i circle) This belt has now run seven years without repair. According to the rules for the strength only, it would transmit 192 H. P., but the smaller pulley should then be 5 ft. 9.6 in, diameter, instead of 4 ft. 10 in. 100 2'able of Power which may be transmitted by Single Belts of different Widths and Velocities, averaging one sixth of an inch in thickness. Q Velocity in Feet per Minute. 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 5,000 Horse-Power. 1 1 1.33 1.66 2 2.5 3.33 4.16 5 5.83 6.66 8.33 2 2 2.66 3.33 4 5 6,66 8.33 10 11.66 13.33 16.66 3 3 4 5 6 7.5 10 12.5 15 17.5 20 25 4 4 5.33 6.66 8 10 13.33 16.66 20 23.33 26.66 33.33 5 5 6.66 8.33 10 12.5 16.66 20.83 25 29.16 33.33 41.66 6 6 8 10 12 15 20 25 30 35 40 50 8 8 10.66 13.33 16 20 26.66 33.33 40 46.66 53.33 66.66 10 10 13.33 16.66 20 25 33.33 41.66 50 58.33 66.66 83.33 12 12 16 20 24 30 40 50 60 70 80 100 14 14 18.66 23.33 28 35 46.66 •58.33 70 81.66 93.33 116.66 16 16 21.33 26.66 32 40 53.33 66.66 80 93.33 106.66 133.33 18 18 24 30 36 45 60 75 90 105 120 150 20 20 26.66 33.33 40 50 66.66 83.33 100 116.66 133.33 166.66 22 22 29.33 36.66 44 55 73.33 91.66 110 128.33 146.66 183.33 24 24 32 40 48 60 80 100 120 140 160 200 26 26 34.66 43.33 52 65 86.66 108.33 130 151.66 173.33 216.66 28 28 3'7.33 46.66 56 70 93.33 116.66 140 163.33 186.66 233.33 30 30 40 50 60 75 100 125 150 175 200 250 32 32 42.66 53.33 64 80 106.66 133.33 160 186.66 213.33 266.66 34 34 45.33 56.66 68 85 113.33 141.66 170 198.33 216.66 283.33 36 36 48 60 n 90 120 150 180 210 240 300 WATER-WHEELS. The following tables of the Turbine Wheel tests at the Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia in 1876 will be explained by the annexed extract from the Official Report made by me to Captain John S. Albert, Chief of the Bureau of Machinery. The calculations as pub- lished in the report were revised by another person after leaving my hands, and published over my name without my knowledge. Some errors were corrected, and many more introduced, and I have there- fore recalculated the whole, with the aid of Vega's logarithmic tables ; so that the results as now shown may be regarded as substantially correct. In several instances they have been confirmed by tests since made by other persons, to whom the wheels had been taken by disap- pointed exhibitors for new trials. TESTS OF TURBINE WATER-WHEELS. "The water was furnished by a pair of powerful centrifugal pumps, exhibited by Messrs. W. L. Andrews & Co., of New York, and driven by oscillating engines, which raised from 1,800 to 1,900 cubic feet of water per minute to a tank placed at the end of the Hy- draulic Annex, the overflow of which was 33 feet above the level of the water in the large tank in the center of the building, from which it was pumped. " This water usually formed the ' cataract,' which was stopped par- tially or wholly while testing the Turbines. " From this tank a wrought-iron tube or ' penstock,' 4 feet in diam- eter, descended to the ' flume,' or case in which the wheels were set, and which was 8 feet in diameter by 6 feet in height, supported by a brick wall resting on a granite bedstone. From the wheels the water 102 was conducted by an ample passage to a rack or strainer 30 feet from the wheel, and stretching across a brick tail-race 14 feet wide by 8 deep, at the lower end of which, 15 feet below the rack, was the meas- uring weir, 9 feet long, formed of a heavy cast-iron plate planed to a true edge one eighth of an inch thick, and beveled from that on the lower side at an angle of 45°. The upright ends of the weir were made of Georgia pine, cut and beveled to the same dimensions, and were carefully adjusted by Mr. Samuel S. Webber, and verified by myself. "The hook gauge, loaned for the experiments * by Mr. T. H. Ris- don, was placed in a tight wooden box 6 feet up stream from the weir, and the water was admitted to this box, for the purpose of measurement of height, by a few f-inch holes bored in the bottom of the box, 3 feet below the surface of the water ; and an examination of the very thorough test of the Tait wheel shows the sensitiveness with which the weir measurement responded to the changes of load and variation in the number of revolutions of the wheel. " The apparatus for measuring .the power consisted of a friction pulley fitted to the wheel shaft, 37.44 inches diameter and 18 inches face, which was clasped by a Prony brake, consisting of a pair of cast- iron shoes lined with wood, from one of which projected an oak arm 6 by 4 inches, through which a knife-edged eye-bolt was fastened at a distance from the center of the shaft of 10.5 feet, or the radius of a 66-feet circle. These portions of the apparatus, with the scale-pan and hydraulic regulator, 16 inches diameter, were also kindly loaned by Mr. Risdon. " To facilitate the handling of the weights, this lever was con- nected by an iron rod with the short arm of a bell-crank or scale-beam 2 feet in height, while the longer arms, which were attached to the scale-pan and regulator, were 4 feet each, thus giving a leverage of 132 to 1 for each pound placed in the scale. All the pivots or bear- ings of this scale-beam were of steel, knife-edged, and bearing in hardened iron sockets. " The weights used were United States standard, and were kindly loaned by Messrs. Fairbanks & Co. The pulley, weighing 1,000 jDOunds, rested on the shaft and step of the wheel, corresponding in some measure to the usual ' crown-gear ' ; but the brake, which weighed 1,600 pounds, was suspended by a swivel from a beam di- rectly over the center of the wheels, so as to allow perfect freedom of motion in any direction. An examination of the records will also show the sensitiveness and accuracy of this part of the apparatus, every distance and dimension of which I carefully measured and ad- justed personally before commencing the tests. 103 " The head of water acting on the wheels was ascertained by a gauge-rod, having a hook at the lower end, which was carefully kept at the level of the tail-water in a box sunk in the floor and connected with the tail-race by a perforated pipe ; while a pipe led from the case to the level of the head- water, where a glass tube enabled the observer to read at once the acting head by the graduations on the upper end of the gauge-rod. " Experiments not strictly belonging to the wheel tests were made, showing that the same wheel, with the same load, at different times repeated the number of revolutions very accurately, and proved the correctness of the apparatus. The revolutions of the wheel were as- certained by a worm-gear clock, which was thrown in and out of con- nection with the shaft of the wheel, at signals given by a bell, which was struck at intervals of one or two minutes, according to the length of test desired. " The friction pulley was accurately balanced before commencing the tests, and, when the wheels themselves were truly set, ran with perfect steadiness and regularity. " In conducting these tests I have been assisted by the following gentlemen, our watches being all set to the same time before com- mencing the tests, and simultaneous observations being taken during their entire duration. These observations being noted down as taken, a comparison of the different note-books gave a record of all the points in the test at every half -minute of its duration." "Mr. Percy Sanguinetti read the hook gauge, giving the height of water on the weir ; Mr. Philip R. Voorhees read the gauge giving the head of water acting on the wheel ; Mr. Samuel S. Webber man- aged the counting clock and read the revolutions of the wheel, and also saw that the lubrication was perfect ; while Mr. John Cotter, Superintendent of the Hydraulic Annex, kept the records of the weight and revolutions, and assisted me generally in various ways. I personally kept an eye on all points, and gave the bell-signals by which the observations were taken." " Each exhibitor was allowed free access and liberty of observa- tions during the tests of his own wheel ; and, whatever may be the accuracy of the net results obtained, the comparative ones may be depended on, as the tests were all made under similar circumstances, and the different points watched and the notes taken throughout by the same observers, none of them having any interest whatever in the result, or any opportunity at the time of knowing what the observa- tions were at other stations than their own." " It is worthy of notice that the best results have been attained by wheels taken just as they came from the shop, without any especial 104 finish or preparation, and the thoroughly exhaustive test of the Tait wheel is worth studying, as showing the accurate working of the apparatus." " The Geyelin wheel, entered by R. D. Wood & Co., was so tightly fitted in the shop that I do not think we got a fair record of its power ; and the Cope wheel used so much water that we could not carry the test out in full, but the percentage was gaining regularly up to the last trial, when we exhausted the supply of water, having reached over 1,860 cubic feet, or 14,000 gallons per minute. " The Hunt wheel also taxed the supply of water to the utmost, and the third wheel from the York Company was only tested to prove or disprove what was believed to be an unsound principle, viz., that of shallow buckets and central discharge ; and the result is confirmed by those obtained from some of the other wheels. " The leakage of the flume was large during the first six trials, but by calking and tamping with lead was very much reduced at the test of the Tyler wheel, after which test th« allowance was uniform of 14.352 cubic feet per minute waste to each wheel. In the first six tests it was taken as noted in the tables, and the amount is in all cases deducted from the water consumed per minute." The temperature of the water until November 1 was 75° Fahr., giving a weight of 62.234 pounds per cubic foot. After that date it was taken at 70°, or 62.3 pounds per cubic foot. TESTS OF WATER-WHEELS— INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876. September 18. Barker & Harris^ Turbine. 20 Inches Diameter. 1 o t o ■a 3 2 solutions jrMin. ead on heels. a ° .h bic Feet charged r Min. u li U II 0) n o . Kemabeb. 6 ^2; a ^ ^^ Wis: w 65^ S^ |o ^ P.M. P.M. Lbs. 1 5.05 5.07 23 354 31.25 .62 812.43 32.57 47.88 .6802 .096 Full Gate. 2 5.08 5.10 26 34S.5 31.22 .623 818.66 36.244 48.2 .7519 .096 (( 3 5.13 5.15 27 341.5 31.18 .63 833.28 36.882 49 .7527 .096 i( 4 5.18 .5.19 28 330.5 31.18 .626 824.88 37.02 48.5 .7631 .096 " 5 5.21 5.23 22 380.5 31.27 .6 771.22 33.484 45.48 .7362 .096 1 Gate. 6 5.27 5.29 22 287.5 81.4 .514 601.72 25.3 35.63 .71 .096 f " 7 5.30 5.32 20 299 31.45 .495 566 23.92 33.57 .7125 .096 f " 8 5.40 5.42 16 271.5 31.62 .405 405.97 17.376 24.21 .7177 .096 i " 9 5.47 5.49 13 327.5 31.66 .405 405.97 17.03 24.24 .7026 .096 i " Waste, .096 = 53.34 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from cu. ft. per minute gross, to give amount in table. 105 September 21. Risdon Wheel. 30 Inches Diameter. o O J P.M. p. o •s a P.M. 1 s .2 o Si "3 ^ a 1^ Ifi h 1° a ° u Eemabes. Lbs. 1 1 1.07 1.09 78 266 30.36 .973 1,653.85 82.99 94.69 .8768 .072 Full Gate. 2- 1.10 1.12 80 258.5 30.36 .9795 1,669.31 82.73 95.57 .8Q55 .072 " 3 1.13 1.15 82 252.5 30.37 .9804 1,671.27 82.82 95.72 .8652 .072 a 4 1.18 1.20 68 257 30.59 .8738 1,403.67 69.9 80.96 .8622 .072 i Gate. 5 1.21 1.23 70 247 30.59 .876 1,410.94 69.16 81.36 .85 .07 a i " 6 1.26 1.28 60 238 30.83 .795 1,210.38 57.12 70.41 .8112 .072 1 " 7 1.31 1.33 58 248 30.84 .7876 1,198.92 57.53 69.81 .8241 .072 f " 8 1.38 1.40 38 269 31.05 .677 951.81 40.88 55.74 .7316 .072 i " 9 1.41 1.43 40 263.5 31.04 1.68 958.44 42.16 56.11 .7513 .072 i " 10 1.44 1.46 41 258 31 .681 960.54 42.31 56.15 .7535 .072 ^ " Waste on weir, .072 give amount in table. 34.66 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from gross amount, to September 23. Knowlton & Dolan. 24 Inches Diameter. P.M. 12.28 12.31 12.40 12.43 12.46 12.50 12.54 12.57 1 1.07 1.10 1.13 1.16 ^ Lbs. 50 52 54 56 58 60 48 50 52 38 36 34 32 2 a p u « a. 333.5 324 311 302 293.5 282.5 299.5 292.5 283.5 233 243.5 256.5 270.5 a . O m a 30.82 .908 30.79 .9195 30.75 .923 30.76 .924 30.74 .928 30.73 .931 30.85 .853 30.86 .856 30.88 .859 31.18 .684 31.18 .684 31.19 .683 31.21 .678 '^ S d rj O i< 1,482.3 1,510.89 1,519.7 1,523.2 1,532.2 1,533.9 1,347.9 1,354.86 1,362.12 959.6 959.6 . 957.42 946.58 Oh a 1 = ^& « o .082 66.7 86.13 .7743 67.39 87.73 .7681 .082 67.17 88.13 .7622 .082 67.64 88.3 .7661 .082 68.09 88.75 .7672 .082 67.8 88.88 .7628 .082 57.5 78.4 .7334 .082 58.5 79.02 .723 .082 58.97 79.5 .7243 .082 35.42 35.41 .6273 .082 35.06 35.06 .6213 .082 34.88 34.88 .6194 .082 34.62 34.62 .6214 .082 EEMA.KK8. Full Gate. 52 I Gate. I to f Gate. itof " |tof " it to 4 " Waste on weii result in table. .082 = 42.15 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from gross amount, to give 106 September 25. A. iV. Wofjf. 24 Inches Dia)Aefer. o d ll t O i 1 Lbs. ■si 1^ a fcq Cubic Feet Discharged per Min. W be*; a o Eemakks. P.M. P.M. 1 12.21 12.23 64 266 30.58 .977 1,664,15 68.1 95.97 .7096 .072 Full Gate. 2 12.24 12.26 60 274 30.59 .975 1,659.03 67.95 95.73 .7097 .072 " , 3 12.27 12.29 60 287.5 30.58 .9715 1,650.07 69 95.16 .7251 .072 u 4 12.30 12.32 58 297 30.6 .968 1,641.06 68.9 94.79 .7269 .072 (1 5 12.33 12.35 56 305 30.6 .96 1,620.65 68.32 93.53 .7305 .072 «' 6 12.42 12.44 55 303.5 30.58 .963 1,628.3 66.77 93.9 .7085 .072 (( 1 12.45 12.47 57 297.5 30.56 .961 1,623.2 67.83 93.63 .7244 .072 (( 8 12.49 12.51 50 276.5 30.79 .842 1,328.65 55.3 76.97 .7184 .072 f Gate. 9 12.52 12.54 44 297.5 30.83 .83 1,300 52.36 75.58 .6927 .072 f " 10 1 1.02 30 287.5 31.08 .66 915.37 34.5 53.65 .643 .072 ■k " 11 1.09 1.11 24 272.5 31.4 .572 733.72 26,16 43.45 .6026 .072 i " 12 1.19 1.21 22 282.5 31.45 .56 709.53 24.86 42.08 .5907 .072 i " Waste on weir, .072 = 34.66 cu. ft. per minute, deducted in column of discharge. October 15. Second Test. o 6 O . 9-2 "6 1 1 1^ II a a ■ o Sag as* L S » c it (2° "55 "^ 1^ Bemarks. P.M. P.M. LbB. 1 4.34 4.36 64 300 30.18 .913 1,522.52 64.8 86.05 .7478 .04 Full Gate. 2 4.37 4.39 56 291.5 30.16 .918 1,535 65.29 87.31 .7469 .04 " 3 4.41 4.43 58 275 30.12 .923,1,547.5 63.8 87.9 .7258 .(14 " 4 4.44 4.46 60 267.5 30.12 .926 1,555 64.2 88.33 .7268 .04 (( 5 4.48 4.50 52 312 30.17 .91 1,515 64.9 86.2 .7429 .04 u 6 4.55 4.56 50 320 30.16 .905 1,502.5 64 85.66 .7489 .04 (1 V 4.57 4.59 52 307.5 30.14 .909 1,512.5 63.96 85.97 .744 .04 li 8 5.04 5.06 40 300 30.58 .762 1,161.5 48 66.83 .7183 .04 f Gate. 9 5.07 5.08 42 298 30.56 .766 1,170 50 67.43 .7415 .04 f " 10 5.10 5.11 30 284 30.83 .644 901.69 34.08 52.43 .6501 .04 i " 11 5.17 5.18 24 290 30.89 .582 773.71 27.84 4.5.18 .6177 .04 i " 12 5.19 5.20 26 271 30.9 ' ■ t .588 785.81 28.18 45.9 .6164 .04 i " Waste on weir, .040, deducted from discharge. 107 September 26, John T. JSfoye & Sons, Buffalo, JV. Y. 26 Inches Diameter. 6 as 1 IX! O 01 i 1.9 O t, 1- m II (2® a o . Eemaeks, P.M. P.M. Lbs. 1 3.28 3.30 32 285 31.11 ,697 995.52 36.48 58,41 ,6246 .072 Full Gate, 2 3.32 3.34 34 269 31.1 .698 997.71 36.38 58.52 .6234 .072 <( 3 3.35 3.37 30 294 31.1 .691 982.39 35.28 57.62 .6123 .072 (( 4 3.38 3.40 28 302.5 31.11 .686 971.44 33.88 56.99 .5944 .072 " 5 3.41 3.43 26 317 31.16 .63 851.96 32.97 50.07 .6585 .072 1 Gate, 6 3.45 3.47 26 289 31.24 .62 831,12 30.06 48.97 .6139 .072 f " 1 3.48 3.50 24 300 31.21 ,615 820.76 28.8 48.31 ,5961 .072 f " 8 3.52 3.53 22 314 31.17 .608 806.33 27.63 47.39 ,583 .072 f " 9 3.55 3.57 22 293 31.29 .542 674.23 25.78 39.79 ,648 ,072 f " 10 4.02 4.04 20 256.5 31.28 .536 660.59 20.52 38.97 ,5266 ,072 i " 11 4.05 4.07 18 272.5 31.28 .528 647.16 19.62 38.18 .5139 .072 i " 12 4.08 4.10 16 289.5 31,28 .52 631.84 18.52 37,27 .4969 .072 i " Continued September 27, 13 12.24 12.26 30 302 31 ,684 967,12 36.24 56.54 .641 .072 Full Gate, 14 12.27 12.29 28 317 30.95 ,665 926.09 35.3 54,05 .653 .072 u 15 12.30 12.32 26 325 30.8 ,664 923.95 33.8 53.67 .6298 .072 (( 18 12.33 12.35 27 320 30.64 ,668 932.53 34.56 53.88 ,6414 .072 li Leakage = 34.66 cu, ft, per minute, deducted from discharge. October 2. Ooldie <& McCullough, Gall, Province Ontario. 27 Inches Diameter. 1 o . BS t O -d 1 Lbs. 13 . 2 =" a M a ■o'S 1* as"- U 1^ ll EEMARK8, P.M. P.M. 1 12.18 12.20 52 320 30.25 .945 1,582.55 66.56 90.28 .7373 .072 Full Gate, 2 12.21 12.23 54 316 30.27 .95 1,595.22 68.25 91.06 .7495 .072 (1 3 12.27 12.29 58 303.5 30.27 .963 1,628.29 70.41 92.95 .7575 .072 '« 4 12.30 12.32 60 301 30.24 .968 1,641.09 72.24 93.59 .7719 .072 (( 5 12.33 12.35 62 299 30.2 .972 1,651.34 74.15 94.05 .7884 ,072 u 6 12.36 12.38 64 296,5 30.2 .974 1,656.4 75.9 94.34 .8045 .072 <( 7 12.39 12.41 66 291 30.18 .982 1,677.03 76.82 95.45 .8048 .072 (1 8 12.42 12.44 68 286.5 30.12 .984 1,682.17 77,92 95.55 .8155 .072 (( 9 12.45 12.47 70 281.5 30.05 .988 1,692.47 78.82 95.91 .8218 .072 " 10 12.49 12.51 50 280 30.14 .858 1,367.22 56 77.71 .7206 .072 f Gate. 11 12.52 12.54 48 285 30.15 .861 1,374.47 54.72 78.15 .7012 .072 f " 12 12.57 12.59 26 352 30.63 .848 1,343.1 36.61 77.58 .4719 .072 f " 13 1.02 1,04 30 350 30.55 .85 1,347.91 42 77.66 .5408 .072 i " 14 1.07 1.09 30 325 30.65 .782 1,187.25 39 68.62 .5683 .072 i " 15 1.10 1.12 34 312 30,65 .792 1,210.46 42.43 69.97 ,6064 .072 i " Leakage = 34.66 cu. ft. per minute, deducted from discharge. 108 October 4. John Tyler, Clarcmont, N. H. 30 Inches Diameter. I o t o 1 3 Lbs. > o A reference to the table of statistics of Fall River will show the date at which these new mills were built, and the rapidity of their increase, which, with that of other places, resulted in 18T3 in overstocking the home market with cotton goods. Another result also followed from the large increase in mule spindles. These machines were usually accompanied by foreign operatives, who brought with them all their foreign prejudices, as well as their skill at their trade, and soon attempted, by trades-union management, to fix the price of labor and dictate to the mill owners, by means of a "strike"; in which, as usual, the operatives came out the losers, after stopping the mills for many weeks. The labor of these weeks was not only lost, but the attention of manufacturers has been turned to the production of weft as well as warp yarns, by the improved light ring spindle instead of the mule. This is now the subject of ex- periment by various inventors, and has nearly passed the stage where it can be called experimental. It has been satisfactorily proved that a soft weft yarn can be spun on either the Sawyer, Pearl, Garsed, or Rabbeth spindles, at as low a cost as on the mule, by a more docile and manageable class of operatives, and with the advantage of pro- ducing an equal amount of yarn, with one half the quantity of room 73 in the mill. Many large establishments are trying one or more of these different spindles, and it seems very probable that their substitu- tion for the mule will be gradually effected, when the best form of spindle is decided upon. Besides the great increase at Fall River, the following manufac- turing establishments of note commenced operations during this period, 1871, in Massachusetts. The Potomska Mill at New Bedford, 44,000 spindles ; the Freeman Manufacturing Company, 17,000 spindles, at North Adams, in 1874 ; and the Johnson Company at the same place with 6,000 spindles. In Connecticut, in 1872, the Powhat- tan Manufacturing Company, 17,000 spindles, and the Mawhansett Company, 12,400 spindles, at Putnam ; and the Fitchville Manufactur- ing Company, 13,000, at Bozrah ; in Rhode Island, the Green Manu- facturing Company, 23,000 spindles, at Phoenix ; in 1872, the Man- ville Mill, of 70,000 spindles, at Manville ; the Moss's Manufacturing Company at Westerly, 10,000 spindles ; and the Ballou Mill of 50,000 spindles at Woonsocket, in 1873. In New York, the Lake George Manufacturing Company, 10,000 spindles at Ticonderoga, in 1872. In Maine, the Barker Mill, at Auburn, 18,000 spindles in 1872, fol- lowed by the Lock wood Mill of 32,000 spindles, at Waterville, in 1875. In Vermont, the North Pownal Manufacturing Company, 16,000 spindles in 1873. In New Jersey, the Millville Manufacturing Com- pany, 30,000 spindles in 1873, and Messrs. R. & H. Adams & Com- pany, 24,000 spindles at Paterson in 1872. ■= Michigan, the Jonesville Manufacturing Company, 5,000 spindles in 1872. Illinois, the Chicago Manufacturing Company, 5,000 spindles in 1871, and the Rock Island Manufacturing Company, 5,000 spindles in 1872. Tennessee, the Brownsville Manufacturing Company, 3,000 spindles in 1874, and the Tennessee Manufacturing Company at Nashville, 14,000 spindles in 1875. "Wisconsin, the Janesville Manufacturing Company of 10,000 spin- dles in 1874. North Carolina, the Oakdale Manufacturing Company, 4,000 spin- dles at Greensboro in 1873, and the Rockfish Manufacturing Company at Fayetteville the same year, 4,500 spindles. South Carolina shows the Graniteville Manufacturing Company of 23,000 spindles, commenced at an earlier date, the Langley Manufac- turing Company at Langley, 10,000 spindles, and the Camperdown Manufacturing Company at Greenville, in 1875, 14,000 spindles. In Georgia, the Arkwright Manufacturing Company of Savannah, 74 f 4,000 spindles in 1873, and some additions of spindles to other pre- viously built mills. Alabama — the Tallassee Mauufaeturing Company of 18,000 spin- dles. At the present moment efforts are being made for a further exten- sion of manufactures at the South, but the want of capital renders it very difficult to make much progress. A large mill has been projected, and commenced at Atlanta, and the Eagle and Phoenix Company of Columbus, Ga., are building a new M mill, and other projects are under discussion, but at the North the gen- eral feeling is that there are spindles enough to supply the present de- mand for home consumption, and that further increase must depend on the natural growth of the country, and the further development of our export trade, which was severely crippled during the Civil War, and to the revival of which the serious attention of our manufacturers and merchants is now being turned. 75 CHAPTER XII. The number of spindles in the United States in 1874 had reached to 9,415,383, distributed as follows : Total Number of Cotton Spindles in the United States, July 1, 1874. Maine 609,898 New Hampshire 855,189 Vermont 58,948 Massachusetts. 3,769,692 Connecticut 908,202 Rhode Island 1,336,843 New York 580,917 New Jersey , 1 50,000 Pennsylvania 452,064 Delaware 47,976 Maryland 110,000 Ohio 20,000 Indiana 22,988 Minnesota 3,400— 8,927,754 Alabama 57,594 Arkansas. 1,256 Georgia 137,380 Kentucky 10,500 Louisiana 15,000 Mississippi 15,150 Missouri 18,656 North Carolina 55,498 South Carolina 62,872 Tennessee 47,658 Texas 10,225 Virginia. 56,490- 487,629 Total number of spindles • 9,415,383 Number of mills ^^' Number of looms • 186,975 Number of spindles, 1874 9,415,383 Number of spindles, 1870 7,114,000 Increase in four years 2,301,383 and the cotton consumed to 1,220,000 bales, or 567,583,873 lbs., which was divided among the following products, viz.: Threads, yarns and 76 twines, 149,000,000 lbs. ; sheetings and shirtings, 707,000,000 yards ; drills, jeans, flannels, etc., 306,000,000 yards ; print cloths, 588,000,000 yards ; ginghams, 33,000,000 yards ; duck, 30,000,000 yards ; bags, 6,000,000. As print-cloths, as before stated, had been for a few years an arti- cle of great demand, it must be inferred that there had been a corre- sponding increase in printing machinery, although a portion of the cloths Avere finished as bleached and dyed cambrics, and a large amount consumed for various purposes, such as lining trunks, cheese- boxes, etc., etc., and the following table, taken from the New York " Journal of Commerce," is believed to be correct : Print Works and Number of Printing Machines in the United States, January 1, 1876. Woonsocket Co., Providence, R I 12 American, Fall River, Mass 16 Bay State, Fall River, Mass 6 Albion, Coneschocken, Pa 6 Ancona, Gloucester, N. J . . 10 A. & W. Sprague, Cranston, R. 1 30 Cocheco, Dover, N. H 13 Clyde, River Point, R. 1 7 Bunnell, Pawtucket, R.I 11 Dundee (Reed & Barry), Passaic, N. J 1 Freeman, North Adams, Mass 7 Garner & Co. , Haverstraw, N. J 20 Garner & Co., Wappinger's Falls, N. Y. , 20 Gloucester, Gloucester, N. J 12 Greenwich, East Greenwich, R. 1 7 Hamilton, Lowell, Mass 8 Hunter 8 Hartel, Holraesdale, Pa 6 Hamilton Woolen Co. (Knickerbocker), Southbridge 6 Harvey, Arnold & Co., North Adams, Mass 8 Wm. H. Locke, Passaic, N. J 7 Lodi, Lodi, N. J 3 Manchester, Manchester, N. H 14 Mystic, Medford, Mass 2 Merrimack, Lowell, Mass 18 Oriental, Apponaug, R. I 9 Pacific, Lawrence, Mass 22 Richmond, Providence, R. 1 7 Simpson, Philadelphia, Pa 13 Scott (Franklin), Paterson, N. J 7 Saunders, Southbridge, Mass 4 Smith, Philadelphia, Pa 1 William, Bustleton, Pa 4 Total 331 11 Allowing each machine to produce 200 pieces per day, a fair aver- age, for 40 weeks in the year, this would give a total of 14,400,000 pieces printed annually, of which almost the whole has been used at home, our exports of prints being very small. Within the last two years a portion of the Fall River production of cloths has been sent to England, where they have probably been printed, and distributed to other markets, with which we have not established an export trade, or with which our commerce was inter- rupted during the war. The American calicoes at the Exhibition were very highly com- mended by the Foreign Judges, and were considered to be fully equal in design, color and execution to those exhibited by any other country, although there was no representation of the higher grades of more ex- pensive goods from France. The manufacture of ginghams, cottonades, and other cotton fabrics dyed in the yarn, has also been very widely extended, and the goods of the York, Amoskeag, Lancaster, Bates, Everett, Pemberton, Whittenton, Renfrew, and Glasgow Companies, in New England, are well known and appreciated, as are also those of a number of smaller establishments in the Philadelphia district. Fine lawns and muslins have been made to some extent, although, as has been stated previously, the great bulk of cotton manufactures have been of yarns between No. 14 and No. 40, The manufacture of cotton duck for sails and tents is an American invention, and received great extension during the Civil War, and is widely scattered over the Eastern and Middle States. Spool cotton is also made in great quantities, the more notable brands being those of the Willimantic Company, at Willimantic, Conn, ; the Hadley Company and Merrick Company at Holyoke, Mass.; the Coats Thread Company at Pawtucket, R. I., Green & Daniels of the same place ; the Clark Thread Company of Newark, N. J., and Samuel Semple & Sons, of Mount Holly, Burlington County, N. J.; the Coats and Clark companies being originally offshoots from the parent establishments in Scotland. Cotton bags, woven without seam in the loom, are also of Ameri- can introduction, and are made from the waste left in the manufacture of finer fabrics, mixed with stained or lower grades of cotton. Small wares, such as tapes, braids, lamp-wicking, suspender web- bing, etc., etc., are extensively made, principally in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and in and about Philadelphia, The accompanying table shows the statistics in a condensed form of several of the larger towns and cities, which owe their prosperity, and in most cases their origin and existence, to the cotton manufacture, 78 having been first established in situations where a natural waterfall rendered a great amount of power available ; and in addition to these, the whole area of the New England States is studded with cotton mills, some of them of great size and importance, wherever suitable water power was to be found, in many cases compensating for the droughts of summer by the addition of steam. Statistics of Lowell, 1876. Name of Establibhmknt. Merrimack Mfg. Co Hamilton " Appleton " Tremont & Suffolk Mfg. Co. Lawrence " . Boott Cotton Mills Massachusetts Cotton Mills. Date of Incorpo- ration 1823 1825 1828 1830 1831 1835 1839 No. of Spindles. 158,4fi4 56,080 42,488 93,528 92,000 112,752 101,720 No. of Opera- tives. 2,700 1,225 600 1,400 1,750 1,875 1,475 Lbs. Cotton consumed annually. 6,344,000 3,900,000 4,992,000 7,280,000 9,100,000 6,760,000 9,256,000 Yards Cloth produced an- nually. 37,700,000 14,040,000 12,480,000 19,760,000 22,100,000* 23,920,000 27,768,000 Statistics op Lawrence, Mass. Atlantic Cotton Mills Pacific Mills (also worsted). Pemberton Mills (also woolens) Washington " " " Everett " Lawrence Duck Co 1846 1852 1860 1858 1860 1853 86,880 135,000 worsted 25,000 28,000 20,000 33,280 7,500 1,000 5,000 675 300 775 225 8,800,000 6,000,000 1,710,000 675,000 2,250,000 1,500,000 24,500,000 42,000,000 3,000,000 j warps, I 5,200,000 7,000,000 1,700,000 Statistics of Manchester, N. H., 1876. Amoskeag Mfg. Co Stark Mills Manchester Mills (also worsted), re- organized Langdon Mfg. Co 1831 1838 1873 1857 135,000 45,000 75,000 33,056 4,000 1,200 2,940 500 13,000,000 6,760,000 4,160,000 1,560,000 36,400,000 12,376,000 28,600,000 4,940,000 Statistics op Lewiston, Maine, 1876. Lincoln Mill Bates Mfg. Co. . . Hill " ... Continental Mills. Lewiston (also jute). Androscoggin Mills. . . Barker Mill (Auburn). 1846 1850 1850 1866 1853 1860 1870 21,740 56,196 51,000 70,000 25,000 58,450 18,576 407 1,250 1,000 1,200 850 1,100 250 1,040,000 2,023,114 2,500,000 6,000,000 2,800,000 jute, 1,011,000 4,350,000 855,000 3,000,000 8,151,000 8,000,000 15,000,000 7,000,000 bags, 2,000,000 2,000,000 * Lawrence Company also, 780,000 dozen hosiery and 46,800 shirts and drawers. Statistics of Fall River, 1876. Kame of Establishment. American Linen Co Annawam Manufactory Barnard Mfg. Co , Border City Mills Chase " Crescent '• Davoe " Durfee " Fall River Maiiufnctory , " " Printworks Flint Mills , Granite Mills King Philip Mills Mechanics' " Merchants' Mfg. Co Metacomet Mills Montauk " Mount Hope " Narragansett " Osborn " Pocasset Mfg. Co Richard Borden Mfg. Co Robeson Mills Sagamore " Shove " Slade " Stafford " Tecumseh " Troy Cotton & Wool Manufactory Union Mill Co Wampanoag Mills Weetamoe " Fall River Merino Co Date of Incorpo- ration. No. of Spindles. Total. 1852 1815 18Y4 1872 1871 1871 1867 1866 1813 1848 1872 1863 1871 1868 1867 1847 1871 1867 1871 1871 1822 1871 1867 1872 1872 1871 1871 1866 1814 1859 1871 1871 1875 82,512 10,116 28,400 72,144 43,480 33,280 30,496 87,424 25,902 13,600 45,360 76,920 37,440 53,712 85,570 23,840 7,200 9,024 27,920 37,232 36,744 42,528 21,632 37,672 37,504 37,040 34,928 42,156 38,928 44,784 27,920 34,080 1,560 1,269,048 No. of Opera- tives. 1,000 140 340 900 425 340 375 950 330 175 450 900 425 550 800 325 125 135 325 425 51.0 450 275 425 425 350 350 400 400 475 325 350 60 Lbs. Cotton consumed annually. 3,825,000 450,000 1,575,000 3,712,500 2,025,000 1,462,500 1,575,000 4,275,000 1,350,000 607,500 2,137,500 4,050,000 1,350,000 2,587,500 4,162,500 1,125,000 1,125,000 303,750 1,462,500 1,912,500 1,417,500 2,025,000 1,125,000 1,800,000 1,912,500 1,800,000 1,800,000 2,025,000 1,800,000 2,250,000 1,462,500 1,800,000 337,500 Yards Cloth produced an- nually. 21,000,000 2,150,000 9,000,000 20,500,000 12,000,000 5,750,000 5,000,000 23,000,000 7,000,000 3,500,000 12,500,000 21,500,000 5,500,000 14,000,000 22,500,000 6,500,000 2,000,000 1,225,000 8,250,000 11,000,000 7,500,000 12,000,000 6,500,000 10 500,000 11,500,000 10,000,000 10,000,000 12,000,000 10,250,000 12,000,000 8,250,000 10,000,000 9,000,000 14,270 62,628,750 343,375,000 The question of the comparative economy of steam and water- power has often been discussed, and results drawn which have proved erroneous, for want of correct data in the premises. As before stated, many cotton mills were started in the seaboard towns of New England, in the belief that steam was as cheap a motor as water, and nearly if not all of those east of Fall River have proved unsuccessful as investments. The writer had occasion to make a careful examination of the cost of power at some of these mills a few years since, and arrived at the following results : 14 80 Number of spindles Horse-powev required Tons of coal per annum Cost of " " _. r Engineer, fireman, oil, etc., includ- | ing delivery of coal: -; Total cost i. Cost per horse-power per annum Mill No. 1, Newburyp't. 17,040 275.75 1,612 $10,823.24 2,074.28 $12,987.52 47.10 Mill No. 2, Kockport. 17,904 291 1,873.5 ^2,486.78 8,556.92 $16,053.70 55.12 Mill No. 3, Newburyp't. 26,976 327.5 2,213 $14,560.00 2,701.29 $17,261.29 52 70 Mill No. 4, FaU fiiver. 84,848 450 2,632 $18,766 2,500 $21,266 45.27 Including the Fall River Mill, wliicli agrees with two other mills there very closely, the average cost of the 4 mills for fuel, oil, and labor per annum per horse power is $50.04, or for the mills east of Boston, where coal was higher, $51.64 — to which must be added about $20 per horse power for interest and depreciation on plant, or 20 per cent, of a fail' average cost of $100 per horse power for engine, boilers, and setting, engine house and chimney ; of which the engine would cost ^ at 10 per cent, depreciation ; boilers, ^ at 20 per cent.; and buildings and chimney^ at 6 per cent., making an average of about 12 per cent., which, with interest, etc., would bring the whole allowance up to about 20 per cent. This would give a total cost for steam power of $70 per horse power per annum, which may be assumed as the average cost in quantities of from 2 to 500 horse power near the sea coast of New England. This would, of course, be increased or lessened in different localities by the cost of coal. Mr. George H. Corliss, of Provi- dence, R. I., the eminent steam-engine builder, estimates the cost with his improved engines, including 20 per cent, as above, to be 16.22 cents per day per horse power, which, for 300 working days, would give $48.66 per annum. The above figures were, however, taken from the actual running accounts of mills, m ordinary years. Now at Lowell and Lawrence, the annual water rent per horse power paid to the Water Power Com- panies is $5.00 per annum ; and if the cost of wheels, pits, and flumes be estimated at $100 per horse power, there is to be added $7.00 per annum for interest, and $5.00 per annum for depreciation, making in all, for power, $17.00 per annum. To this should be added the further sum of $3.00 per annum, for heating and dressing, giving a total ex- penditure of $20.00 per annum per horse power of water, as against $70.00 for steam. At the Androscoggin Mills, Lewiston, Me., the cost of water power and heating is made up as being $14.10 per hOrse power per 81 annum ; that of steam, as being 167.92 ; interest and repairs not being included in either case. In this account the coal was taken at 18.50 per ton. There are many mills in the New England States, where the whole cost of water power, including dam, wheels and canals, has not been over $100 per horse power ; and allowing $12.00 per annum for interest and depreciation, and $3.00 more for heating and dressing, the cost in these cases would be only $15.00 per horse power yearly. Against this positive difference in the cost of power, we must set off the less cost of freight in such localities as Fall River, which, how- ever, owes much of its success to the general system of management pursued there, and to various causes which are not within the scope of this article, and the discussion of which would occupy much time and space, and involve opposing arguments. Steam power in smaller quantities, say less than 100 horse power, would cost more than the above rates, while water power would usually decrease in cost, from the need of less expensive dams and wheels. The average cost of steam engines may be taken as being : For 800 to 1,000 horse power , $20 per horse power For 500 to 600 " 30 " " " For 200 to 300 " 40 " " " For 50 to 100 " 50 " " Boilers and setting, 30 to 40 " " Engine and boiler house, chimney, etc 30 " " "The Engineer" gives the cost in England for 100 horse-power engine, with boilers and "plant" complete, as being $75 per horse power, and the cost of fuel, etc., per annum, at $50 per horse power. The cost of a first-class turbine wheel is given by the same authority as $3,500 for 100 horse-power, or $35 per horse-power. The turbine has almost entirely taken the place of the cumbrous over-shot or breast wheels, and may be procured at very reasonable prices. While the Fourneyron wheel, as improved by Mr. Boyden, has been generally used in the large manufacturing establishments of New England, the attention of engineers and inventors has been turned to the production of a less expensive wheel, of equal efficiency, and there are now a number in the market giving excellent results, which are cast in one piece, instead of being " built up " with bronze or other sheet metal buckets riveted into cast-iron plates or flanges. Several of these were tested at the Centennial Exhibition, and 82, The Risdon -wheel, which gave over 87 per cent. The National wheel " " " 83 " The Geyelin wheel " " " 83 " The Tait or Centeunial wheel which gave over 82 " The Tyler wheel which gave over 81 " and the Hunt wheel which gave over 80 " are all well made and reliable wheels. Besides these there were several others giving over 75 per cent., which may be considered as the maximum effect of the old style of wheels. Of these wheels, the Geyelin was of the Jonval pattern, with a direct downward discharge of the water ; the others were all inward and downward, as is also the case with the Swain wheel, which was not on exhibition, but which is very largely used in New England, and the form of bucket of which is the progenitor of those of several of the above-named wheels. Mr. James B. Fi-ancis, of Lowell, has obtained with this wheel a result of over 83 per cent, of effect, but the wheel is like the Boyden, a "built " and expensive one, compared with those mentioned. This method of central discharge of the water is believed to be of American origin, the type of this class having been the "Howd wheel," patented by Samuel B. Howd, of Geneva, N. Y., July 2G, 1838. Water wheels can not be strictly considered as parts of " Cotton Machinery," but their common use and economy as motors in America seem to excuse the above digression. I have aimed to trace, as concisely as possible, the growth of the cotton manufacture in the United States up to the present time, and the dates of the more important American inventions which have con- tributed to its success, and have endeavored to omit nothing which could be condensed within the space I have allowed myself for this memoir ; and I cannot bring it to a close better than by the insertion of the following article from the New York " Herald," which I am per- mitted to use by the kindness of the author, Edward Atkinson, Esq., of Boston, which states clearly our present position, as a Nation, in regard to the production of the raw material ; and also the admirable analysis of the cost of manufacture in 1838 and 1876, prepared for me by Mr. William A. Burke, of Lowell, the treasurer of the Lowell Ma- chine Shop, and read by him before the New England Cotton Manu- facturers' Association, which is inserted in the Appendix : 83 EXTEACT FROM LeTTER OF EdWARD AtKINSON TO THE " NeW York Herald." " The commanding position of the United States in respect to the production of cotton has long been admitted, but it seems probable that few even of the manufacturers themselves have been fully aware of the strong position in which the cotton manufactures of the United States now stand in relation to other countries. " A HISTORY" OF COTTON. " The subject of the production of cotton opens so wide a field that it is hard to know where to begin or end. There is no other product that has had so potent and malign an influence in the past uj^on the history and institutions of the land, and perhaps no other on which its future material welfare may more depend. Cotton belongs to this continent. When the Spaniards first entered Mexico the natives were found to be clothed in cotton, and the art of weaving and dyeing had been carried to a high state of perfection for that time among them. Then, as now, the best and most prolific varieties of the cotton plant existed there, and the plant is doubtless indigenous in Mexico. In the United States, a century ago, cotton was scarcely known as an im- portant production, and not until the invention of the saw gin, by Eli Whitney, in 1792, did it become so ; that invention renewed the life of slavery. To-day the United States furnish all the cotton used in their own limits and in Canada, and nearly three fourths the quantity consumed in their own limits and in Europe combined. There are no data by which the quantity produced and consumed elsewhere can be determined accurately, the production of Asia and Africa being un- known ; but the inhabitants of these two continents are clothed in cotton to a very large extent of their own production and manu- facture. " COTTOK MANUFACTURE. "In respect to the cotton manufacture the world may be divided into two sections — that which still adheres to the hand work, and which is by far the largest and most populous section, and that which uses complex machinery worked by water or steam power. It is common to name the divisions "civilized" and "uncivilized"; but, if there had been no previous reason for hesitating to apply these terms, the won- derful exhibition from China and Japan at Philadelphia might well teach us a lesson in modesty. " Among the machine-using nations it may, perhaps, be rightly claimed that the United States takes the lead ; not that we can assert superiority in all, or perhaps in any, special machines, but that our 84 people adopt machinery more quickly than others, and adapt it to a greater variety of purposes. The object of this paper is to mark the progress we have made in the cultivation of cotton and in the applica- tion of machinery to its manufacture, and also to forecast the work we may have yet to do. "comparative IMPORTAlSrCE TO FABRICS. " Among the three common fibers — wool, flax and cotton — which constitute the principal materials for the clothing of the human race, cotton is the most important, because it is ready for treatment by ma- chinery as soon as it is gathered ; because its conversion into cloth is least costly, and because its use for clothing is most conducive to health in respect to the largest portion of the population of the world. It is a non-conductor of heat and of electricity, while flax is the re- verse ; it is easy to spin because Nature begins to twist it in the boll, and each fiber is like a twisted ribbon, a little thicker at the edges than in the middle ; hence the fibers interlock and adhere to each other to their very points. The great inventions in cotton si^inning have not been in the twisting, which is a comparatively simple matter whether compassed upon one spindle or many, but in the extension of the strand both before and after the twisting begins. " PROCESSES OF PREPARATION. " The processes applied to the fiber in order to convert the bale of cotton into yarn for weaving are of three kinds— first, to clean and straighten the fibers and lay them alongside each other in a thick and heavy strand ; second, to extend that strand with a constant doubling of two or more ends into one in order to get the strand even ; and third, to combine the further extension and doubling of the strands with the twisting. The extreme accuracy required in the working of the machinery will be best appreciated from the fact that the No. 14 yarn, of which the coarse standard sheeting is made, weighs sixty hundredths of a grain to one yard, while the yarn in a common lawn of which a woman's summer dress is made. No. TO, weighs twelve hundredths of a grain. It follows that all the complex machinery and the twelve to fifteen processes through which the cotton must pass from the bale to the spindle are worked within the limit of about half a grain in the result, the two numbers named representing substantially the whole cotton spinning of the United States. The number indicates the number of skeins or hanks of 840 yards each in one pound avoir- dupois, or 7,000 troy grains, the cotton spinners' tables being based on troy grains and avoirdupois ounces and pounds. " If we consider our production of cotton in the light of a service 85 rendered, we then find that it stands first in rank among the material services which we render to humanity. In the cotton factories of Europe and the United States there are a little over 08,000,000 spindles, worked by about 1,000,000 men, women and children. In the operation of these spindles a little more than 6,000,000 bales of cotton, of the average v/eight of American bales, ai-e annually converted into 10,000,000,000 yards of cloth, averaging one yard wide and four yards to the pound, or 10 pounds to a piece of forty yards, or into the equiva- lent of such cloths in other fabrics. As nearly as the writer can ascer- tain, the fabric called by the trade a four-yard sheeting is about the average fabric made on the cotton spindles of the world. In this country the average would be heavier ; in Great Britain lighter. The fabric made by the Lawrence Manufacturing Company, known as LL, is a representative of this average. "This quantity of cloth would furnish 500,000,000 persons five pounds or twenty yards each annually. Of the 6,000,000 bales of cot- ton the United States now furnishes about 4,500,000 in each year, and our proportion is' year by year increasing. The eight last crops, raised by the labor of freemen, exceed the eight last crops before our civil war, then raised mainly by the labor of slaves, in the number of more than 1,500,000 bales. If, then, it is a service to men to provide for them the largest quantity of the material that best meets their need for clothing, in this one respect our rank is assured, " AMERICAN CAPABILITIES, " Then let us mark the extent to which we have yet trenched upon our resources. In this production less than 2 per cent, of the area of the cotton States is now used. What we may yet accomplish may be better comprehended by considering the condition of a single State. We will select Texas as being the State now making the most rapid progress in population, production and wealth. Few persons can realize the facts in regard to this great State except by comparison. In area it exceeds the German Empire by about 60,000 square miles ; it has land and climate fitted for the growing of almost all the products of the temperate zone ; it is underlain to a large extent with coal. But, in respect to cotton, on less than one half of one per cent, of its area it last year produced one half of all the cotton consumed in the United States, and 4 per cent, of its area would be capable of producing all the cotton now consumed in Europe and the United States, or 6,000,000 bales. Whenever the fertile land of Texas, which constitutes nearly three fourths its area, is settled with the same density of population as Massachusetts, one person to each three acres, it will contain nearly 40,000,000 people. 86 " Under what conditions is this work of cotton production now ac- complished or yet to be done ? No longer by the forced labor of the slave upon the plantation, but by the labor of freemen and largely of freeholders on the farm. In most of the States where it is now grown, cotton constitutes the salable or money crop of the farmer, who, in other respects, is becoming entirely independent as to his subsistence. Raising food and meat to a greater extent than ever before, the Southern farmer still finds in cotton the means wherewith to furnish himself with money for other purchases. Cotton being therefore more and more the surplus crop or profit of the farmer as distinguished from the planter of old time, it becomes more difficult to determine its cost, its annual quantity until each year's crop has been actually delivered, or the price at which its production will be checked. In Texas, the State that has increased its crop about 80 per cent, over the largest ante-war crop, by far the largest portion is now raised by farmers owning their own lands. Her last croj) was nearly 700,000 bales, and within one or tAvo years at farthest it will be 1,000,000, mostly culti- vated by white labor. " COST OF PRODUCTION. " In answer to a very extended inquiry lately made, the writer has received estimates of the cost of the production of cotton ranging from six to fifteen cents per pound, the latter cost, however, having been given by one who on 600 acres of land made only four bales the pre- vious year. The general range of the estimates of cost were six to ten cents. But one answer to the question of cost was the most signifi- cant. One said : " I have a nephew twenty years of age who, with- out the least detriment to his schooling, and working Saturdays, pro- duced 4 bales of cotton." It may be asked what did this lad's cotton cost to produce ? The average estimate of cost is nine and six tenths cents per pound ; those who give the higher rates basing their esti- mates upon the jjurchase of provisions at present prices ; those who give the estimate of six to seven cents basing them upon provisions being raised on the same farm. The significant fact in all the estimates is that the lowest come from Texas, North Carolina and Georgia, which are essentially farming States, while the highest come from Mississippi and Louisiana, the States which were formerly par excellence the country of the large planters. " IMPROVEMENTS. " According to these returns, the centennial year is also marked by greater improvements than ever before in the selection of seed, in the improvement of tools, in the use of fertilizers, and in the average crop 87 per acre, positive evidence having been given of the production of 2,500 iDOunds of lint or clean cotton on a single measured acre in Georgia. It was not claimed that this had been or could be profitable, but it is significant of the experiments that are being tried in many- places. The average estimates of profitable work range from 400 to 1,000 pounds of lint or clean cotton per acre, according to the quality of the soil and the kind of work done or the fertilizers used. The last ten years have also witnessed the conversion of the seed of the cotton plant into many useful articles but little known before. " In respect to the estimates of the cost of raising cotton it does not yet appear that any very accurate data exist under the new system ; skillful men, who, immediately after the war, feared utter ruin unless the price could be maintained at 20 cents per pound, now admit having made a fair profit at 10 cents. It may be doubted whether the cost can ever be defined. If the farmer can raise an ample supply of grain, vegetables, meat and fruit for subsistence, and can also produce more or less cotton for sale, the cotton represents profit or surplus rather than cost, and under such circumstances its production would not cease, although it might be checked, even if it should decline to 6 or 8 cents per pound. " OLD A]N"D NEW METHODS. " The future increased production of cotton in the United States and the time within which our staple will take the place of all inferior gx'ades is, therefore, only a question of numbers and intelligence. In respect to intelligence it is not to be questioned that the planter of old time had far more skill than many of the farmers of the present day, but the system of labor to which that skill was applied imposed bad conditions that could not be surmounted, and it enforced the use of tools and methods unfit for the purpose. These methods may have assured prosperity to the few at the cost of the many, but it was the high price and not the low price of cotton that limited the extension of the crop. Twenty years since every bale that could be made by the force then upon the cotton field was required for use, and under the steadily advancing price the capital needed for opening new fields as steadily increased with the advancing price of slaves, until, in 1860, it cost 50 per cent, more to buy and stock a cotton plantation to raise the cotton for a given factory than it did to build the mill and fill it with machinery. All this has changed, and in the five years last past more than a million persons have migrated from other States or from abroad to the fertile lands of Texas, and the independent free- holder will only be prevented from making more and more cotton each year by the low price and not by the ^high price that it may bring. That no such check is very near may presently be made apparent. 88 " IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED. " In one respect great improvement is needed, and but little has yet been made. The separation of the lint from the seed is the process that should be mostly fitly accomplished, but which is now most rudely done. The best saw gin of the usual construction, unless most care- fully attended, tears, breaks, doubles and otherwise injures the staple, and but a small proportion of the cotton now made is delivered to the spinner in the best condition. Two new cotton gins were exhibited at Philadelphia, which promise excellent results — the roller gin made by Messrs. Piatt Brothers & Co., of England, and the needle-point gin made by the Messrs. Remington, of Ilion, N. Y. If these machines can be made to produce quantity in ratio to the quality of the staple which they deliver, their wide introduction cannot be long delayed. " PACKING, ETC. " The methods of packing, covering and handling cotton in the United States is now unfit in the extreme, and as the competition be- comes greater with declining prices it is to be hoped and expected that better methods will be adopted. At present it is alleged that it is not profitable to attempt better methods, but the time can not be far distant when the bale of cotton will be as carefully prepared and pro- tected as the bale of cotton fabrics. Such care and attention was formerly impossible. It must be remembered that the slave system rej^elled and degraded free labor ; its malign effect was never more tersely expressed than by Henry A. Wise, of Virginia, who said, " The negroes skin the land and the white men skin the negroes." But all this has passed by, and the professor of a South Carolina college who was sent out of the State because he said, when the ordinance of seces- sion was presented to him, " That is not what South Carolina wants — she needs manure," is now engaged in providing that valuable com- modity, being at the head of one of the large works established since the war for converting the phosphatic rocks that underlie her coast lands into the material that her exhausted soil so much required. " THE GOOD TIME COMING. " With local self-government assured and the colored race fully pro- tected by the urgent competition for their labor, it cannot now be doubted that the fertile soil and the mild climate of the South will soon attract to other portions as large an immigration as is now pour- ing into Texas ; and as new branches of industry are established and a moi'e dense population grows up or comes in, even though the negro should quit the fields and take to other occupations in towns and villages, as it is alleged he will do, there can be no doubt of the con- tinued increase of the cotton crop." 89 EXHIBIT OF MACHINERY AND FABRICS AT CEiNTENNIAL. SUPPLEMENTARY CHAPTER. The cotton manufacture of the United States, as illustrated at the Centennial Exhibition, although very comj^lete in its collection of the various fabrics made in the country, was very deficient in its illustra- tion of the processes by which they were produced, many of the best machines being entirely unrepresented, and some of those shown not being in operation, while in no case was a complete system of cotton machinery shown by any exhibitor. There were, however, machines from various sources on exhibition, from which we can trace the operation of the various processes which the cotton undergoes in its progress from the bale to the cloth, and we will endeavor to note these in their proper order, with some comments on their peculiarities. First in order was the opening and picking machinery of the Kitson Machine Co., of Lowell, consisting of two machines — the first one for opening the cotton, from the bale, and partially cleaning it from seed and leaf, and forming it into a lap, which is taken to the second machine, where it is still further cleaned, and where three of these laps are united into the one which goes to the card. The second machine did not differ essentially from the " Lappers " in ordinary use in the United States and England, but the first one had a radical modification, in the addition of a toothed cylinder (or pair of disks, both forms being employed) to tear open the hard masses of cotton as they are taken from the bale, and to loosen them, before sub- jecting them to the blows of the "beater," whose office it is to knock out the seeds and sand, while the cotton is carried forward by a cur- rent of air against a wire gauze cylinder, which forms it by its revolu- tion into a sheet or lap. The processes of opening cotton have varied considerably in times past, according to the character of the staple to be treated ; but the mode most commonly adopted of late years, for the 90 great bulk of middling and ordinary cottons, has been that of the " Beater " so-called, a straight steel bar, of which two or three were set on arms, parallel with and 7 to 12 inches distant from a shaft re- volving from 1,200 to 1,800 times per minute, thus giving the beaters a velocity of from 5,000 to 8,000 feet per minute. These bars strike the cotton as it issues slowly from a pair of feed rollers, and by their velocity drive the seeds and heavy substances downward through a grating underneath, while the cotton is carried on with the beaters till it is sucked off by an air draught on the side opposite to the feed rolls — as above mentioned. With loosely packed and di'y cotton this mode is not objectionable, but, when it has been heavily compressed and subjected to moisture, the hard " mats " thus formed are very difficult to open, causing great strain and wear on the machines, and consuming an unnecessary amount of jDOwer, besides causing more or less injury to the staple, and it is to obviate these difficulties that Mr. Kitson's "Atmospheric Opener " was constructed. These machines are now being introduced to great satisfaction in many large cotton mills — both in America and England. The next machine in order is the card — of which there was not one of the ordinary form on exhibition, the only machine shown being Messrs. Foss & Percy's " underflat " card, which aims to do double the work of the ordinary card, with only ^ more power, and only the same amount of floor space in the mill. The novelty of this machine lies in the arrangement by which the " Card Flats " are held up by springs to the under side of the carding cylinder, thus giving double the working surface ; and in so revolving the cylinder that it strikes the cotton downward instead of upward from the feed rolls, thus knocking any dirt and sand which may have escaped the picker doAvn into a space prepared to receive it, instead of carrying it up and lodging it in the " Top Flats." This machine is but of very recent introduction, and it is not yet possible to speak authoritatively of its merits, but it was favorably esteemed by the judges, and is now being thoroughly tested, with excellent results, in several of the mills at Lowell and other manufacturing towns. Of the next process, the " Drawing-Frame," there was only a single specimen exhibited, and that one not in operation : from the Saco Water Power Machine Shop, of Biddeford, Me. This machine was thoroughly well built and finished, and may be considered as a fair specimen of the machines at present used for that purpose. The same establishment also sent a very perfect set of Roving or " Fly Frames," three in number, of excellent finish and construction, 91 and a self-acting mule, of the Parr-Curtis pattern, which may all be taken as good specimens of the best type of cotton machinery in use at the present day. The Providence Machine Company also exhibited an excellent set of roving frames in operation, which were noticeable for the high velocity and great ease of their movements, but which differ little in essential points of construction from those of the Saco Water Power Machine Company. Messrs. Fales & Jenks, of Pawtucket, R. T., had on exhibition the " Combined Fly Frame and Speeder " of Messrs. Mayer & Chatterton, which had several excellent features, combining very ingeniously some of the best points of two systems ; having the long flyer of the speeder separated from the spindle, thus admitting of economy of time in dressing and the more perfect " wind motions " of the fly frame. No examples of the spinning frames which have been in ordinary use for many years were on exhibition, but two varieties of the new light ring spindle, which is rapidly being introduced, were shown in operation, viz., one frame of the " Sawyer spindle," by Messrs. Geo. Draper & Sons, of Hopedale, Mass., and one frame built by the Lowell Machine Shop, and exhibited by the Willimantic Co., in which half the spindles were of the Sawyer pattern, and half of a combination of the "Sawyer" and "Pearl" patents. This frame was shown running at a very high speed, and spinning No. 160 yarn ; but, as both these spindles have been described in another place more fully, it is unneces- sary to say more about them here. Messrs. Draper & Sons also exhibited a twister with the Sawyer spindle, a spooler with the " Wade " bobbin holder, a new and very ingenious improvement, and a Warper, containing several new and valuable inventions. The Lewiston Machine Shop, of Lewiston, Me., also contributed a Warper, of the very best plan and construction, and one which is in very extensive use and highly commended in many of our best mills. The display of looms was quite large, and contained several pat- terns of the well-known Crompton loom, from Worcester, Mass.; the Knowles loom, from the same place ; the Thomas loom, from the Lewiston Machine Shop ; the Lyell loom, which was shown weaving jute canvas, 8 yards wide, grain-bags, sheetings, and women's corsets, the latter, by an application of the Jacquard motion to the warp, being produced shaped to the body, and the loom weaving 8 at once. Other looms were exhibited by Thomas Wood, of Philadelphia, Jas. Long, Bros. & Co., Philadelphia, L. E. Ross, Providence, R. I., Wolfenden, Shove & Co., Cardington, Pa. All these looms were excel- lent for their intended purposes, and very thoroughly illustrated that 92 branch of manufacture, especially so far as related to figured or " fancy woven " fabrics. Messrs. George Draper & Sons also exhibited loom-temples such as are in universal use in the United States, and double adjustable spinning rings. The Willimantic Co. of Willimantic, Conn., made a very fine display of cotton in its various states of progress from the bale to the yarn, and showed the two very ingenious automatic machines invented for them by Ilezekiah Conant, for spooling sewing cotton, and for ticketing the spools. Messrs. Butterworth & Co., of Philadelphia, exhibited drying cans, for bleached or printed fabrics ; Messrs. Palmer & Kendall, of Middle- town, Conn., have a very ingenious drying and tentering machine for mosquito nettings, lawns, and other light cloths ; and Messrs. Hope & Co., of Providence, R. I., showed two patterns of their very ingenious Pantograph engraving machines. There were some smaller exhibits, but the above list comprised all the machinery of any importance in the American department, while the display from other countries was so meager as to allow of no par- ticular comparison. The display of fabrics was much more extensive, consisting of 142 exhibits, ranging, with one or two exceptions, from No. 8 to No. 40 yarn, as the basis, and comprising a very great variety of styles of cloth, from cotton duck to fine muslins, ginghams, and printed calicoes, from different parts of the Union. A full list would be simply a repetition of the official catalogue, and it may be condensed by saying that Maine was represented by the following exhibits, viz : Cotton duck from the Westbrook Manufactur- ing Company of Portland ; tickings, cottonades, cheviot shirtings, seamless bags, sheetings, shirtings, jeans, quilts, ginghams, and silesias from the different mills at Lewiston ; cottonades, denims, tickings, dress goods, skirtings, and shirtings from the York mills at Saco ; sheet- ings, shirtings, drills, and jeans from Biddeford ; and sheetings and shirtings from the Cabot mills at Brunswick and the Farwell mills at Lisbon. New Hampshire also made an extensive display, consisting of tickings, denims, awning stripes, cotton flannels, ginghams ; fancy shirtings, jeans, drills, duck, seamless bags, printed calicoes, sheetings, and shirtings, from the mills at Manchester ; quilts and sheetings from theMonadnock mills, at Claremont ; cotton flannels, sheetings, shirtings, and print cloths from Nashua, sheetings and shirtings from Great Falls, and knitting cotton from Morse, Kaley & Co., of Milford.' Massachusetts was largely represented by print-cloths, printed cali- coes, shirtings, and muslins, from Fall River ; sheetings, shirtings, drill- 93 ings, cotton flannels, printed calicoes and furniture-coverings, and bleached and dyed cambrics from Lowell ; printed calicoes and lawns, cottonades, tickings, cheviots, denims, and dress goods from Lawrence ; spool cotton, lawns, muslins, thread, twine, and yarns, from Holyoke ; cotton flannels from Chicopee, denims and dress goods, from Palmer ; sheetings and sateen jeans from Salem ; sheetings and shirtings from New Bedford and Waltham ; ginghams and yarns from South Hadley ; ginghams, skirtings, and dress goods from South Adams ; cottonades, shirtings, tickings, denims, awning-stripes, and dress goods from Whittenton ; ginghams from Lancaster ; and print cloths, cambrics, and printed calicoes from Southbridge. Rhode Island, as might be expected, as the birth-place of the cotton manufacture in America, made a wide and varied exhibit of brown and bleached cottons and dyed and printed fabrics, from a number of mills in different parts of the State, all having their business headquarters at Providence. Woonsocket, Pawtucket, Warren, Westerly, Lonsdale, Pontiac, and other manufacturing towns were well represented ; and the lawns and muslins of the Lonsdale Co., and the similar fabrics from the Berkeley Co., are worthy of especial notice from the perfection of their manufac- ture and the fineness of the fabrics ; the sateens of the Berkeley Co. being made of No. 100 warp and No. 150 weft, and supposed to be the finest goods made in the United States. Spool cotton of excellent quality was also exhibited, and a great variety of bleached and colored goods from different bleacheries and print-works. Connecticut sent denims, ducks, cheviots, tickings, and fancy stripes from Norwich ; shirtings and cambrics from Wauregan, Putnam, and Taftville ; mosquito nettings from Middletown ; and sewing cotton from Willimantic, the latter being of especial merit for its smooth- ness, softness, and strength, and is mentioned in another place, in con- nection with the machinery employed to produce it. New York had fewer exhibitors, sheetings and shirtings from Utica and the "New York Mills," silesias, cambrics, etc., from Saratoga, comprising her list. New Jersey was more fully represented, and sent spool cotton from Newark and Mount Holly ; ginghams, print-cloths, and printed and dyed fabrics, from Gloucester ; cotton towelings and dusters from Paterson ; bleached shirtings, cambrics and silesias, printed linings, umbrella cloths, window hollands, tilloting cloths, etc., from Millville, and cotton yarns and wicking from Wortendyke. Pennsylvania showed awning stripes, tickings, printed and dyed calicoes, and muslins in great variety— cottonades, ginghams, cotton yarns, and a gieat variety of cotton fabrics of medium fineness, from the immediate vicinity of Philadelphia ; cotton flannels, nankeen, and 94 tickings from Lancaster ; counterpanes and quilts from Allento^^oi and Lancaster ; and tickings from Linwood. Delaware sent tickings from Wilmington, and warp yarns from New Castle. Maryland took the lead in cotton duck, with three very fine exhibits from Baltimore. North Carolina sent sheetings, from Great Falls, Rockingham Co. Georgia exhibited very good sheetings from the Alabama and Georgia Manufacturing Company, of West Point. Mississippi contributed excellent heavy cotton, and mixed cotton and wool fabrics, from the Mississippi Manufacturing Company of Wesson, and also excellent yarn from F. E. Whitfield, of Corinth, which had been manufactured directly from seed cotton, by an appara- tus attached to the card, which performed the same purpose as the gin. Indiana completed the list of the States of the Union represented, with staple heavy sheetings from Evansville. Canada exhibited staple sheetings, shirtings and yarns, tickings and bags, from Hamilton, Dundas, and Toronto, and New Brunswick sent yarns from St. Johns ; and these should fairly be included in the list of distinctively American exhibits, as the skilled labor which they have drawn from the United States has been a great element in their success. In taking a general survey. of the subject, a tendency to the manu- facture of finer fabrics was noticeable in Massachusetts, and especially in Rhode Island, and also in the newer mills in Maine. New Hamp- shire excelled in the heavier goods, such as denims, drills and tickings, though the finest tickings are from Pennsylvania, and Maryland made a specialty of duck ; Massachusetts and Rhode Island took the lead in ginghams, print cloths, and dyeing and printing, in the quantity pro- duced, although for excellence in dyeing and printing Pennsylvania and New Hampshire fairly disputed the palm with them ; while for great variety of minor manufactures, the region directly about Phila- delphia excelled. The Southern States made a small but creditable exhibit, and the time will come when with peace, and attention to industry instead of politics, they will make the greater part of their ordinary clothing- fabrics, while the North, as it is now doing, turns its attention to finer goods. With this short comment we will close this memoir of the growth of the cotton manufactures of the United States up to the period of the Centennial Exhibition of 1876. 95 APPENDIX A. PAPER BEAD BY WILLIAM A. BURKE, ESQ., OF LOWELL, BEFORE THE NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF COTTON MANUFACTURERS, OCTO- BER 25, 1876. — STATISTICS RELATING TO THE COST OF MANUFAC- TURING DRILLINGS AND STANDARD SHEETINGS IN 1838 AND 1876. " Mr. President and Gentlemen : I have been requested by your Board of Governinent to present to this meeting some statistics of the cost of manufacturing drillings and standard sheetings in the years 1838 and 1876. "These statistics were collected at the request of Mr. Samuel Webber, to be used in his work, soon to be published, on the ' Centen- nial History of the Cotton Manufacture ' in this country. " The mills I have chosen are the No. 1 Mill of the Boott Cotton Mills, in Lowell, Mass., and the mill of the Jackson Company, in Nashua, N. H. " The year 1838 is as far back as the records were complete enough to be relied on. " For convenience of comparison, the items are arranged in a col- umn for each of the years 1838 and 1876. " The No. 1 Boott Cotton Mill was one of four mills built and equipped ready for operation by the ' Proprietors of Locks and Canals on Merrimack River,' and was started in 1836. It was filled with ma- chinery for making drillings only. The building, water-wheels, gear- ing, and machinery were of the latest and best construction at that time, and fully equal to those of any mill in Lowell. " The machinery in the mill was as follows : Two conical wil- lows. Two pickers or lappers, with 2 beaters each. Twenty-eight breaker-cards, with main cylinders 37 inches in diameter and 37 inches wide, with a leader- in 6f inches in diameter, and 12 top flats ; 15 96 draught, 32. Two lap-winders for making a lap for the finisher cards, from 32 breaker card slivers. Twenty-eight finisher cards, with main cylinders same size as the breaker cards, and with 14 top-flats ; draught, 31.27. First set of drawing-frames had 16 deliv- eries, and doubled 3 into 1 ; draught, 4.12. Second set of drawing- frames had 24 deliveries, and doubled 4 into 1 ; draught, 3.76. Third set of drawing-frames had 24 deliveries, and doubled 4 into 1 ; draught, 3.17. Six speeders of 18 spindles each, having bobbins with heads 6^ inches in diameter and 8 inches long between the heads ; draught, 5.7 ; twist, .71 per inch. Ten fine speeders or stretchers, of 36 spindles each, having bobbins with heads 5 inches in diameter and 7 inches long between the heads ; draught, 6.13 ; twist, 1.2 per inch. The coarse or speeder roving was doubled on the stretchers. Twenty-eight flier and dead-spindle throstles, of 128 spindles each, for making warp ; 800 yards of yarn put on a bob- bin. Twenty flier and dead-spindle throstles, of 128 spindles each, for making filling ; 400 yards of yarn put on a quill ; draught on all the throstles, 9.94. Three thousand five hundred and eighty-four warp and 2,560 filling spindles, making 6,144 spindles in the mill. Eight ' cradle ' warpers, for putting 250 threads and 5,000 yards in length on a section beam. Twelve dressing-frames, carrying 8 section beams each, having 2 fans, and drying the sized yarn with the air of the room, or that coming from the furnace which warmed the mill. Ten cuts of 32 yards each, when wove, were put on a loom beam. One hundred and seventy-six looms for weaving drillings 30 inches wide. " The comparison is made for four weeks (24 days) in May, 1838, and for the same length of time in May, 1876. " The statistics for 1876 were very kindly given by Mr. A. G. Cumnock, the present agent of the Boott Cotton Mills. " Since 1861 all the mills owned by the Boott Cotton Mills have been renovated and enlarged (one new mill added), supplied with ad- ditional motive power, new shafting, and an entirely new suit of machinery of the latest construction, arranged for the greatest econ- omy in operating. " The number of spindles in all the mills when they were started, in 1836-37, was about 28,000. The present number of spindles is about 113,000, and of looms 2,550, while the capital stock is the same as in 1836, viz.. $1,200,000. "All these renewals and additions have been paid for fi*om the earnings, and the mills are believed to be equal to any in New Eng- land for economy in working and in the quality of the cloth manufac- tured. 97 BooTT Cotton Mill No. 1. May, 1838. Mat, 1876. Organigation of Cloth (Drillings), viz. : Number of the yarn (average) 13.64 Threads in the warp 2,000 Picks of filling per inch Weight in yards per pound Hours of labor per week Pounds of cloth made in 306 hours Pounds of cloth made in 240 hours * Number of looms used Yards woven on a loom in 60 hours Number of spindles run Pounds spun per spindle in 60 hours Number of Operatives, viz. In card room (including picking) — Males Females In spinning room — Males Females (including spoolers) In dressing room — Males , Females (including warper tenders).. . In weaving room — Males Females Total Males . . . Total Females . Total operatives Pounds of cloth produced by each operative in one hour. Cost of labor per pound — For picking, carding, and roving For spinning (including spooling) For warping and dressing For weaving Total cost of labor per pound. Average of Wages paid {Board included, Overseeing excepted). In printing and carding rooms — For males, per day For females, per week 50 2.91 m 71,686 176 245+ 6,144 2.292 14.3 33 13.93 2,196 50 2.85 60 71,882 194 264 6,965 2.58 9.33 11 * On account of the changes made in the machinery and its position, the pounds of cloth given as made in May, 1876, are 196 more than were made in May, 1838. 98 BoOTT Cotton Mill No. 1. — {Continued.) Average of Wages paid {Board included, Overseeing excepted). In spinniDg room — For males, per day For females, per week (including spoolers) In dressing room — For males, per day For females, per week (including warpers and web- drawers In weaving room — For males, per day For females, per week Price of board in corporation houses — For males For females May, 1876. $1.00 4.2^ 1.25 5.40 1.00 5.88 3.25 2.10 Note. — In addition to the $2.10 per week paid by females for board in IS'TB, the company pays 30 cents per week to the boarding-house keeper, making $2.40 in all. "The mill of the Jackson Company was put in operation in 1832, but, as the accounts for the first year were not kept in detail, the six months ending June 1, 1838, and the six months ending April 80, 18T6, are taken for comparison. Jackson Company. Number of spindles Number of looms Average number of yarn , . Weight of cloth in yards per pound Cost of labor per pound 4.805 cts. General expenses per pound , ; 2.137 cts. Cost of cotton per pound at the mill ' 12.73 cts. Percentage of waste, net ' 12.91 Total cost of cloth per pound ' 21.99 cts. Total cost of cloth per yard } 6.64 cts. Total cost of print cloth per yard , | 5.726 cts. Yards of cloth made in 6 months I 2,832,575 Pounds of cloth made in 6 months j 960,195 Average price per yard received for sales ! 8.50 cts. Profit per yard, net I 1.86 cts. Pounds spun per spindle in 641 hours I 2.71 Pounds woven per loom in 64^ hours 81.51 Yards woven per loom per day of 11 hours 41.03 1876. 23,888 786 13.25 2.932 3.59 cts. 2.605 cts. 14.132 cts. 12.11 22.289 cts, 7.601 cts. None made. 4,737,681 1,615,791 8.549 cts. .948 cts. 2.635 80.09 39.14 99 Jackson Company. — ( Continued.) Six months is equal to 154 days, or 25f weeks of 6 days each. — Hours of labor per week, say Operatives employed — Males Females Hours of labor for 6 months = 154 days = 25f weeks of 6 days each Cloth in pounds produced in one hour by each operative . . . 1876. 64i 82.64 352.40 435.04 1,655.0'7 2.275 " When the mill began work, it had 10,240 spindles and 860 looms. No record of the machinery appears to have been kept until June 1, 1841, when the number of spindles is given as 12,500. I assume that in 1838 there were 12,000 spindles and 400 looms. For a few years the company made a small amount of print cloths, but they were dis- continued, and the whole product of the mill has been ' Indian Head ' standard sheetings, so favorably known over the whole country. " The statistics were kindly furnished by Frederic Amory, Esq., of Boston, the treasurer of the Jackson Company. " The cost of labor, the number of operatives, and the average of wages paid in each department could not be ascertained for the six months in 1838, and of course are omitted for the six months in 1876. " As the reduction in the cost of labor and the number of opera- tives employed does not appear to be as great at the Jackson Com- pany as at the Boott Cotton Mills, it is but fair to remark that the Jackson Company continue to use the flier and dead-spindle throstle for spinning (most of it the same as when the mill was started), and have not until recently substituted ' slashers ' for the old-style ' dress- er ' in sizing the warp yarn. " My purpose is to show what progress has been made as regards the labor-cost of making drillings and standard sheetings from 1838 to the present time. Although the comparison is made on No. 14 yams, yet I think an equally favorable result would be found on finer numbers, say as fine as No. 30. " As regards prices for labor, we know that is always affected by the demand and supply of labor. Wages are now greater than they were thirty-eight years ago, but not as large as within the past few years. " The wages as given at the Boott Cotton Mills, after deducting 100 the prices paid for board by males and females, show at the present time an increase in the wages of males (overseers are not included) of sixteen and one half cents per day, and of females of eighty-nine cents per week, more than the net wages received by them in 1838, or an increase of 40 per cent, for males and 47 per cent, for females. " At the Boott Cotton Mills the labor-cost on drillings is 1.94 cent per pound less in 1876 than in 1838, and is distributed as follows : Less in card room SGl'J cent. " in spinning room 3722 " " in dressing room 5319 " " in weaving room 6*744 " 1.9402 " " But a greater difference appears in the amount of cloth produced by each operative. This is shown by the fact that at the Boott Cot- ton Mills one hour's work by each person gives 3.33 pounds of cloth in 1876 and but 1.012 pound in 1838. "At the Jackson Company, in 1876, one hour's work gave per hand 2.275 pounds of cloth, and in 1838 but .9852 pound. I presume the records of other mills would show equally well. " How has this improvement been obtained ? I will specify a few of the changes that have taken place since 1838, as they appear from my observation : " First. Larger mills, with better oj^portunity for arranging ma- chinery to economize labor. The size of cotton mills, as established at Lowell forty years ago, was 6,144 spindles for No. 14s and about 8,500 spindles for No. 30s, and the machinery for weaving the yarn into cloth. At this time a 20,000 spindle mill is a moderate size, and we have them of 50,000 sj)indles, or even more. " Second. Improvements in the construction and workmanship of machinery and many important inventions and attachments to save labor and perfect work. I will note but some of the principal ones : The Wellman Top Card Stripper, the use of lap-heads (so called) where double carding is practiced, eveners on railway-heads, the stop- motion on drawing-frames, great improvements on mules, the intro- duction of the ring and traveler spinning-frames, also of the ' slasher ' for sizing yarn, and the filling stop-motion on the loom. These are but few of many improvements familiar to all of us. " Third. The number of looms a weaver is now able to tend has more than doubled. In 1838 two looms to a weaver was the rule, though there were cases of three or more being tended by one person. Now the practice is for four to six and even eight looms to be run by 101 one weaver. At the Boott Mills 34 weavers tend 194 looms ; and, if tAvo of the 34 are "room girls," then 194 by 32 would give a trifle more than six looms to a weaver. " Fourth, The reduction of at least one half of the piecings in the progress of the cotton from the bale to the cloth. We now make longer laps and use larger cans for the drawing-sliver ; by improve- ments on fly-frames and on speeders, we double at least the length of roving laid on a bobbin, and thus enable a spinner to tend more spin- dles. We double the length of yarn wound on a quill or bobbin ; we wind three times as much weight of yarn on a ' section ' or ' slasher ' beam, and we double at least the number of cuts or pieces on the warp beam for the loom. " These are the principal changes that occur to me as having op- erated to increase so largely the amount of cloth made by each per- son employed. They are the result of the experience and persistent labor of many years, have been of slow growth, and obtained by a little here and a little there. " I might give another reason for the progress made, especially within the last fifteen or twenty years. We are more sensible of the advantage of keeping well informed and ' posted ' in whatever relates to economy in cost of production, and for that object there is now a greater interchange of information of what is being done in our mills than was formerly the custom. " This association is an important aid in that direction, and now, in the eleventh year of a flourishing and I hope permanent existence, is carrying out the purpose set forth in the preamble to its constitu- tion, viz. : ' Promoting a more intimate acquaintance with each other, and collecting and imparting information as to the best methods of manufacturing cotton.' " 102 APPENDIX B. LETTER FROM AZA ARNOLD TO THE CHAIRMAN OF THE COMMITTEE ON PATENTS, UNITED STATES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. " Washington, September 6, 1861. " Hon. Elisha Dyer, Chairman, etc.: We are informed that the differential speeder is claimed by Mr. Appleton as a Waltham invention. But the author of Waltham inventions made no such claim. No improvement on cotton machinery appears to have been made at Waltham, up to 1826, except by Paul Moody ; he was chief mechanician of Waltham, and claimed to be the inventor of the Waltham speeder ; he claimed eight improvements on the machine, but they proved not to be new. Jonathan Fisk also built the same kind (Waltham speeder) at Medway, and took five patents on the machine. William Hines, of Coventry, R. I., had made imjirovements on the speeder and patented before them. And it is remarkable that the parts claimed by Moody are the identical parts which are super- seded by my compound motion, and were never used in a differential speeder. I shall refer to the case of Moody vs. Fisk in a future page, to show that Moody's claim jaroves the Waltham speeder to be essentially different. Paul Moody took charge of the Lowell establish- ments, and Jonathan Fisk took charge of the Dover factory. And I shall show that neither Moody nor Fisk knew any method of compound- ing two different motions, and producing their differential, for four years after I had the machine in operation. I was well acquainted with Moody, saw his machines, and considered that he improved the speeder by adopting the long flier ; but the long flier was invented by Asa Gilson, at Dorchester. I have used both Hine's and Fisk's speeders, .and well remember the difference. " If I exhibit a little egotism in this reminiscence, you will excuse it when you consider the local prejudice that was exercised against my machine as a Rhode Island invention. I invented the differential speeder, and put it in operation in 1822, at South Kingstown, and it was soon in operation at Coventry, Scituate, Pomfret, and a dozen other places, but for three or four years it was discountenanced at Waltham, 103 and Lowell, the Waltham speeder being exclusively used in both places until I had constructed and put in operation the Great Falls factory, at Somers worth, N. H., which actually produced 30 per cent, more goods per week than the Waltham or Lowell factories had pro- duced, of equal quality. This brought down the directors of the Lowell factories to our place at Somersworth, to inquire into the cause of so great a difference. It brought also Mr. Moody, their engineer, and Mr. George Brownell, the foreman of the Lowell machine shop ; they also sent the celebrated mathematician, Warren Colburn, to see if our calculation was correct. I had the pleasure of exhibiting and explaining all the minutiae of the Rhode Island invention a third time, and the result was that Mi-. Colburn told Moody that it was mathe- matically correct, and that it was the only plan that he had heard of by which the machine could be made adjustable to all sizes of ropings. We notice the case Moody vs. Fisk (2 Mason Rep., 112), tried at Boston, October term, 1820, In the defense, it was proved that the improvements claimed by Moody were not new, neither were they invented at Waltham. William Hines, of Coventry, had made improvements on the speeder, and patented in February, 1819, pre- vious to Moody's date. Moody's patent was vacated for want of novelty. The object of referring to it is to show that Moody's claim proves the Waltham speeder to be a different machine from the dif- ferential speeder. In summing up his claims, he says : ^^ First, I claim the position of the rolls. Second, the two upper cones. Tliird, the method of moving the belt on the two lower cones, and that of communicating motion from the lower cones to the spindles, and all the mechanism and method of communicating motion, from the upper driven cone to the arbors or axles of the endless screws, and perpendicular racks or screws that raise, and the spindle rail. Fifth, I claim the method and machinery by which the said motion communicated to the spindle raW is changed from an ascending to a descending motion, and the manner of connecting the same with the wagon carriage. Sixth, the wagon and the wagon carriage, gallows frame, catch wheel, the cycloid cam, slide lever and pulley shaft, which raises the belt on the upper cones, and all the similar parts that raise the belt on the lower cones (except the cycloid, or cycloid cam), with all the parts, movements, and mechanism connected with the same. Seventh, the flier tubes, and method of applying and using them. Eighth, the rotary motion of the cams, and the intermediate gear work. ' And further, I claim that these my inventions are applicable, not only to this machine which is adapted to one size of roping, but may be pro- portioned and applied to the making of any other kind of roping." So, by his own showing, the Waltham speeder makes but one size of 104 roping. It is proper to remark that my compounding wheels super- sede all the second pair of cones, cycloid cams, the cycloid racks, the second cone belt, and the method of moving the belt, which required to be brought up by ratchets and catches, with teeth of different lengths, graduated to suit one size of roping, and which could not be used to make a different grade of roping, finer or coarser, but require another set of parts graduated differently to suit any other size of roping, and this proportioning and adjusting of the machinery was required at each change from fine to coarse, or from coarse to fine. The object of my inventing the differential speeder was to do away with the intricate construction, and to simplify and extend the use of the machine, so that one set of gears can be adjusted to each and every size of roping by merely changing the pinions. When Mr. Moody came to me for an explanation of my invention, we had a free and full discussion of its parts and properties. I I'emarked to him that the exact difference between the retarding motion and a certain uniform motion would be always right for the accelerating motion. He seemed not to recognize the fact, and spoke doubtfully of it ; I then remarked that the same cause that required the graduating of one, required the graduation of the other, for both depend on the diameter of the roping. Therefore, I take the advantage of using this differential for the accelerated motion, rather than to use another pair of cones and belt fixtures ; but I have another more important advantage by so doing, that is, whenever it is required to alter one graduation, the other always keeps right along with it ; whatever may be the rate of change required, these motions are always reciprocal to each other. Therefore, I use a rack with equal teeth for moving the belt, and move it by a pinion of any requisite number of teeth, so as to adapt the same machine to any size of roping by merely changing the pinions. " Up to this time, the differential speeder had not been seen at Waltham or Lowell, neither had the authors of Waltham inventions taken the pains to investigate its merits. But after this, I had a cordial and good understanding with both Moody and Fisk, I have subsequently been informed by Mr, George Brownell that, soon after this interview, they commenced making my kind of gears at Lowell, and not only built my kind of speeders, but also took up their Waltham speeders, and geared them over, and converted them into differential speeders, by putting in my compound motion. This is a historical fact of some significance ; George Brownell, I think, is still living at Lowell, and will confirm these remarks ; James Dennis, Gideon C. Smith, and Daniel Osborn, who were with us at Somersworth, may, perhaps, recollect some of the circumstances. While on the subject 105 we may remark further that the speeder (fly frame) had been used in England, but the compound motion or differential had never been applied to an English machine, until Charles Richmond carried to England a model of my wheels (unbeknown to me). He was there in 1824-5, when IMi-. Houldsworth took up the subject of improving the fly frame. Dr. Ure informs us that Houldsworth applied the differen- tial system and patented it in 1826 ; that is, three years, after the date of my patent. It was not requisite for him to claim it as his orig- inal invention. I have been informed, through a former partner of Charles Richmond, that the model which he carried to England was made in Taunton, and was sold in England, and had since been patented there. We said that J. Fisk did not understand producing and using the differential motion until three years after we had the machine in operation. It happened that J. Cowing, in describing my speeder, told Fisk that it had but one pair of cones, and one cone belt. Fisk remarked, then it could not work. Cowing replied, "but it appears to work right well, and makes more roping than the Waltham speeder." Mr. Fisk then entered into argument, saying, " It is impos- sible to produce both graduations by one pair of cones and one belt, because, while one is a retarding motion to vibrate the spindle rail, the other requires to be an accelerated motion for the winding up." So it was evident that he did not understand it, or he would not have made this assertion. If my differential speeder had ever been supposed to have been a Waltham invention, we should have heard of it during my three years' contest with six corporations of Lowell, yet not a word of any such claim was offered, but, on the contrary, they tacitly acknowl- edged my right to the invention ; and after having the law repealed, thereby defeating my first claims up to that time, they then gave me $3,500 for the right to use the same for the last year of the term of my patent. And this they did after searching all the evidence that could be found against my claim. Mr. Lyman, of Boston, who acted as their agent, who paid me the money and received the license for them, told me they found no evidence against it. Few readers will take the trouble to understand the specific difference between two complex machines ; but when one mode of operation enables the manu- facturer to produce twenty per cent, more goods, with the same cost of labor than has before been done, it becomes of national impor- tance. Dr. Ure well remarks that, since the differential system has been adopted, manufacturers have been able to produce a better article at a less cost, and have thereby increased the trade. " I am, dear Sir, most respectfully, " Your friend and servant, "AzA Arnold." INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES. NOW READY. In 12mo and bound in cloth. NOa l> FORMS OF WATER, in Clouds, Rain, Rivers, Ice, and Glaciers. By Prof. John Tynpall. $1.50. 2. 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