M H Saw. ^H BlH ni ■ BH SBIRHE HH h mi WKtiEEBHttWtSfm RHUS rwRBj MHHESi mlt^ HEK fimHwnM fM'WQf fl^H ^ Class MMS^ Book ^l +L JL f5 * & 3 fe M MANCHESTER AS IT IS: OR, NOTICES OF THE INSTITUTIONS, MANUFACTURES, COMMERCE, RAILWAYS, ETC. OF THE METKOPOLIS OF MANUFACTURES: INTERSPERSED WITH MUCH VALUABLE INFORMATION USEFUL FOR THE RESIDENT AND STRANGER. WITH NUMEROUS STEEL ENGRAVINGS, AND A MAP. Jfttatxdjestn: : PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY LOVE AND BARTON: LONDON! W. S. ORR AND CO., AND BALL, ARNOLD, AND CO. 1839, \0 boo LOVE AND BARTON, PRINTERS, MANCHESTER, TO JONATHAN COCKER, ESQ., OF SALFORB, AS A MARK OF RESPECT AND ESTEEM, AS WELL AS AN EXPRESSION OF OBLIGATION FOR THE KIND INTEREST HE HAS TAKEN IN THE COMPILATION OF THE FOLLOWING PAGES, THIS SMALL VOLUME IS VERY RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, BY LOVE AND BARTON. NOTICE, The Publishers of " Manchester as it is" take this oppor- tunity of stating, that a principal part of the Contents of this work has been furnished by parties connected with the insti- tutions, objects, &c, described; and where such has not been the case, the descriptions have been drawn up, with a view to accuracy, from the most authentic sources. To those gentlemen who have so kindly furnished the necessary informa- tion, the Publishers beg to express their deep sense of obligation. The plates which embellish the work are all from original designs, with the exception of that of "the Athenaeum,' ' which, by permission of Mr. Worthington, Honorary Secre- tary to that institution, is reduced from Mr. Barry's original drawing. The engraving of the " Bridge water Foundry" is from a sketch kindly furnished by Mr. James N as myth, one of the partners of that establishment. All the plates have had advantage of the abilities of Mr. Stephenson, a gentle- man who, for several years past, has been studying under the direction of Finden, the celebrated Metropolitan engraver, and whose productions have, from time to time, appeared in first-class of illustrated annuals. Altogether, this little work, it is hoped, will be found to contain much valuable matter for reference to the residents ; and much that may serve as a silent cicerone to the visitor, who desires to obtain some knowledge of the manners and institutions of this great Emporium of England's staple manu- factures. No, 10, Market-street, Manchester, July 25, 1839. A 2 CONTENTS. CHAPTER L PAGE. Situation of the Boroughs of Manchester and Salford — Retrospective Review — Extent of the Cotton Trade — Geology of Manchester — Coal Field of Lancashire — Condition of the Working Classes — Commercial Men, &c. 9 CHAP. II. Places of Worship 41 CHAP III. Charitable Institutions 61 CHAP. IV. Benevolent, Moral, and Religious Societies 73 CHAP. V. Education, &c 80 CHAP. VI. Literary and Educational Institutions 100 CHAP. VII. Literary and Scientific Institutions 110 CHAP. VIII. Libraries 127 CHAP. IX. Clubs 136 CONTENTS. CHAP. X. PAGE. Amusements, etc. 138 CHAP. XL Town's Offices — Buildings —and Public Compa- nies — Markets— Fairs, etc. etc 145 CHAP. XII. New Bailey Prison — Law Courts, etc. ., 163 CHAP. XIII. Railways 168 CHAP. XIV. Cemeteries 179 CHAP. XV. Vicinities of Manchester 181 CHAP. XVI. Eminent Persons — Writers — Newspapers, etc.... 185 CHAP. XVII. Commercial and other Buildings — Commerce, etc. 191 CHAP. XVIII. Warehouses— Mechanics, etc 200 CHAP. XIX. Registration Offices— Starting of the Railway Trains— Post Office Regulations — Omnibuses — Hackney Coach Stands, and Regulations —Coach Offices — Hotels and Inns— Police Districts — Charter, and Wards under the Charter , 222 LIST OF PLATES, Bridgewater Foundry Frontispiece. Collegiate Church opposite page 41 Royal Infirmary 61 Royal Institution 61 Chetham College 80 Blind Asylum, and D eaf and Dumb School 88 Female Penitentiary 88 Athenaeum 100 Union Club House ]00 Natural History Society's Hall 124 Corn Exchange 124 Zoological Gardens, (plan) 138 Town Hall, Manchester 145 New Concert Hall 145 Town Hall, Chorlton-upon-Medlock 146 Town Hall, Salford 146 Exchange 391 Portico 191 Plan of Streets and Railways, in Manchester 244 CHAPTER I. SITUATION OF THE BOROUGHS OF MANCHESTER AND SALFORD — RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW — EXTENT OF THE COTTON TRADE — GEOLOGY OF MANCHESTER — COAL FIELD OF LANCASHIRE — CONDITION OF THE WORKING CLASSES — COMMERCIAL MEN, &C. SITUATION AND SCENERY. Manchester is situated on the east bank of the river Irwell, in the south-east corner of the county palatine of Lancaster. Salford bears the same rela- tion to Manchester that Southwark does to London. Across the Irwell there are, as will be subsequently particularized, several handsome bridges, by means of which communication is carried on between the two boroughs. Manchester and Salford are 184 miles distant from London by coach-road, and 211 miles distant by railroad. The boroughs cover a space equal in extent to nearly 3000 acres, and include the following townships : — Ardwick, Brad- ford and Beswick, Cheetham, Chorlton-upon-Med- lock, Harpurhey, Hulme, Manchester and Newton; Salford, Pendleton, Broughton, and Pendlebury. i Besides the Irwell there are two other rivers flowing through parts of the towns ; the Irk, which dis- charges itself into the Irwell to the north of Man- chester, and the Medlock, which empties its waters into the Irwell at the south-western side of the town. These rivers are made extensively available for manufacturing purposes ; hence their waters near the town are thick, black, and filthy. The scenery in the neighbourhood of Manchester is very beautiful. From the preface to a poem en- titled " A Prospect of Manchester," published B 10 SITUATION AND SCENERY. in 1813, the following excellent description of it is extracted: — " The view of the country which has been the occasion of the present composition, is one which may be caught from any of the first range of hills adjacent to the great northern road. If an ima- ginary line be drawn upon the map from the mouth of the Mersey, and another from the mouth of the Kibble, meeting each other a few miles behind Manchester, they will include within them the view here alluded to. " This plain, upon which are placed so many flourishing towns, is bounded to the left by the hills of Cheshire and Derbyshire ; more distantly, the high hills of Wales may be observed. To the right, the hills of Lancashire confine the prospect, stretch- ing up into Westmoreland and Cumberland. The front of the view opens to the west in one continued flat, extending down to the sea. And the back ground is made up by the bleak and barren moun- tains of Yorkshire. " The grandeur of this view consists in the mag- nitude of the plain, and the completeness of the hilly barrier encompassing it. The beauties consist rather in objects of art than of nature ; for, whenever a country becomes populous, nature is always com- pelled to give way to the convenience or the caprice of man. Travellers contemplating this prospect, are struck with the number of large towns and vil- lages brought into view at one time, and from one point. Manchester, Stockport, Ashton, Oldham, Bolton, Bury, and Middleton, with innumerable small villages, may be observed within a few minutes' ride. The great roads may be traced by the various inflections of the houses upon the flat ; long portions of canal frequently break upon the eye ; clumps of trees and young plantations point out the seats oft he nobility and gentry ; a few patches of brown moss- RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW. 1 1 land relieve ; and the whole forms a scene rich and magnificent, rarely equalled, perhaps nowhere ex- celled." RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW. In the year 1 774, according to a census then taken, the parish of Manchester contained 41,032 inhabitants ; according to the parliamentary census of 1831, it contained a population of 270,961. Eight years have elapsed since that period, and it may fairly be presumed that the present popula- tion will amount to at, least three hundred thousand souls ! Such an increase to take place in a period within the memory of many individuals, is perhaps unparalleled. There are many old inhabitants living who recollect the town when very circumscribed in its limits. They remember a time, for instance, when Ardwick Green, now connected with the town by continuous lines of houses, was a long country walk — when the site of the present substantial warehouses in New Market-buildings was a pool of water— when the present handsome sheet of water in front of the Infirmary was a stagnant pond— when Oxford- road and Lower Mosley-street, and all the districts beyond, were yet fields and gardens — when High- street, and Cannon-street, and the upper end of Market- street, and St. Ann's-square, were private dwellings. They can recollect the first factory erected in the town — the one in Miller's-lane — and the crowds of people that flocked to see the high chimney be- longing to it, when it was in progress of erection— they remember Strangeways, when a public-house, its bowling-green, and the pile called Strangeways- hall, were the only encroachments on green fields and pastures stretching even to Hunt's-bank — they tell of the time when a coach to Liverpool started at six o'clock in the morning, and reached its destination at the same hour in the evening. To the present 12 RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW. generation the reminiscences of these not very aged individuals, seem marvellous ; but their accuracy is unquestionable. It is within the last sixty years that Manchester has multiplied its population by seven, and has risen from comparatively a small town to be one of the most populous and important places in the world. The very recent extension of its borders will account for the absence, except in a few anti- quated districts, of old buildings in its neighbour- hood. There is a modern appearance in the houses in every suburb, which indicates their erection to be of recent date. Notwithstanding this circumstance, Manchester has high claims to antiquity. The Col- legiate Church and College extend those claims four hundred years back. Beyond that period, Doomsday Book and other ancient records substantiate them for several antecedent centuries ; and Mr. Whittaker conjectures the date of the foundation of the town to be five hundred years before the birth of Christ. Without attempting any description of, or rather speculation as to so remote a period, we may remark that Mr. Whittaker seems to have no doubt that the " Roman invaders of -this country fixed a station for a body of troops in a place since called Castlefield, to which they gave the appellation of Mancunium." A town was raised in the neighbourhood, and a castle was erected. In the times of the Saxons the old town was deserted, and about the year a.d. 627, another town was founded. In the Danish invasion this new town was in a great part destroyed. About a.d. 920, the king of the Mercians ordered the city of Manchester to be fortified.* Doomsday Book mentions two churches as existing at the time of its compilation, and calls the town a manor. In 1301, Thomas Grelle granted a charter to Manchester, and constituted it a borough. In 1313, John de la Warre • Aikin. RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW. 13 became lord of the manor of Manchester. The manor-house was on the site of the college ; it was called Baron's Court. A descendant of the family, in 1422, became rector of Manchester. He founded the college. The present fabric of Christ's Church, now called the Old Church, was erected about this date. The town now became a place of note. Leland, who travelled through the kingdom in the reign of Henry VIIL, describes Manchester as " the fairest, best builded, quickest, and most populous town of Lancashire." Camden,* speaking of the town in his time, mentions its fame for the manufacture of stuffs called " Manchester cottons," which were a species of woollen cloths. After all that can be said in relation to the anti- quity of Manchester, that which must ever excite the greatest interest is the rise and progress of the arts of manufacturing, for which the town is pre-eminently celebrated. In an act passed in the reign of Edward VI. in 1552, Manchester cottons are noticed, it being ordered " that all full wrought to the sale shall be twenty-two yards long and three-quarters of a yard wide, and weigh thirty pounds to the piece." From other expressions in the act, it appears that Manchester cottons were at that time made of wool. In Elizabeth's reign an act was passed which autho- rized the queen's aulneger to set his seal to manu- factured cloth. In 1641, owing to a pestilence in the town, it is stated that most of the inhabitants living upon trade were ruined in their estate. Fustians formed one of the earliest articles of ma- nufacture in Manchester. Humphry Chetham, the founder of the Blue Coat School, was, according to Aikin, a dealer in fustians. Notwithstanding the celebrity of the town for manufactures, no great increase of population took place till the latter end * Born 1551 ; died 1623. b 2 14 RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW. of the eighteenth century. In 1717 the population was only 8,000. Half a century more elapsed before the town tripled that amount. About that date trade and population began to present an altered aspect. In the year 1769, Ark- wright obtained a patent for spinning by rollers. The great hindrance to manufactures, which a scarcity of yarn had occasioned, was the prompting cause to this invention, Hargreaves, Crompton, and Lees, followed Arkwright in obtaining patents for various important machines. Their discoveries, succeeded by many great improvements being made in the con- struction of the steam-engine — which, in this neigh- bourhood, began to be used as the principal moving power — constituted a new era in the history of Man- chester. As proof of the progression of the cotton trade, it may be stated that, in 1768, the whole trade did not return more than £200,000 to the country; whereas, in 1788, it amounted to seven millions ster- ling. The principal manufactures were originally located near Manchester; but thence, as from a cen- tre, they gradually extended to the adjacent towns ; and wherever they diffused themselves, wealth * began to abound and population to increase. The * The early manufacturers of the town realized great pro- fits, which seem to be satirically alluded to in a burlesque pamphlet, published in Manchester about the year 1785 (as it is thought), entitled " The Adventures of a Sixpence ; shewing the method of setting up tradesmen without money.'' The writer, in one part of his essay says, in allusion to the character who is made the subject of ridicule : " I soon found by the exorbitant profit he laid upon all his goods, that if he got paid for two parts out of three, he was no loser. Sixpence a-piece these laces pick, Don't think 1 cheat or cozen ; At Manchester they cost last week At least two groats a dozen." By "costing that sum in Manchester," the expenses of pro- duction or manufacture are doubtless alluded to. COTTON TRADE. 15 peculiar advantages of Lancashire made the county almost a monopolizer of this source of national wealth. A district rich in coal-fields, contiguous to an impor- tant port, possessing excellent facilities of transit* — few other localities possessed such advantages,; — none had so great a combination of them, and therefore none could successfully rival the manufactures of Lancashire. Trade continued rapidly to increase. In 1802, the imports of cotton into Great Britain amounted to 281,383 bags, and since that time a regular progression has gone forward. As the raw material more particularly intended for the Man- chester markets is brought into Liverpool, a list of the imports into that port for a series of years will best convey an idea of the amazing increase of the cotton trade in this town and neighbourhood. YEARLY IMPORTS OF COTTON INTO LIVERPOOL, FROM 1807 TO 1837, INCLUSIVE (IN BAGS).t Years. Imports Years. Imports. 1807 196,467 66,215 267,283 320,421 170,133 171,581 143,394 182,345 1815 273,560 276,930 314,181 425,395 366,186 458,693 413,151 453,903 1808 1809 1816 1817 1810 1818 1811 1819 1812 1820 1813 1821 1814 1822 Years. Imports. Years. Imports. 1823 578,547 447,960 706,305 4^9,256 756,366 631,359 641,362 793,411 1831 1832 793,367 778,785 843,859 839,951 769,579 1,023,263 1,033,773 1824 1825 1833 1826 .. 1827 1834 1835 1828 1829 1830 1836 1837 * The Bridge water Canal was opened in 1761. t In 1755 the import of Cotton into Liverpool from America was only 5 bags; in 1786, 6 bags ; and in 1787, 108 bags. 16 COTTON TRADE. EXTENT OF THE COTTON TRADE IN GREAT BRITAIN. The following statement * will afford interesting information as to the progress and present extent of the cotton trade of Great Britain : — 1820. Consumption of Cotton in Great Britain (Porter's Tables) 152,829,633 lbs. 1834. do. do, do 302,935,657 1835. do. do. do 326,407,692 1836. do. do. do 363,684,232 1837. do. (Part. Ret. No. of 1838) 378,019,680 1838. do. do. an authentic return 460,000,000 Shewing an increase during the last four years of fifty-three per cent ! " According to the report of the Factory Commis- sioners, there were employed in cotton- spinning fac- tories 229, 1 34 persons ; the general average of the wages of the persons employed about Glasgow was 10s. 5 id. per week.f A proportionate rate, both in numbers and amount, may be allowed for the in- creased trade in this and other departments; and placing it in this way, the produce and value of the cotton trade will stand thus — Consumption, 1838. £. 700,0001b. Sea Island, at 25d 729,166 453,COO,OC01b. other sorts, at lOd. 18,875,000 Cost of raw material 19,604,166 Spinning Factories — 229,134atl0s.5id. per week wages £5,773,062 114,567 Inc. 50 per cent 2,886,531 8,659,593 Power -looms — 60,000 at 12s. 7d. per week wages 1,964,000 30,000 Inc. 50 percent 982,000 2,946,000 Bobbinet and Hosiery Trade — 211,000 (Mr. Baines) wages 1,100,000 105,500 Inc. 50 per cent 550,000 1,650,000 * See an article in Manchester Chronicle, March 16, 1839. t In Manchester, the average is a trifle more. COTTON TRADE. 17 Printers, fyc. 8fc. — 240,000 at 10s. wages 6,240,000 120,000 Inc. 50 per cent 3,120,000 9,360,000 Hand-loom weavers 280,000 at 12s. gross 8,596,000 Replacing machinery eight years, tak- ing at the rate of increased capital, 4,312,500 Intst. on increased capitl. £62,000,000 3,100,000 Add for all other charges, oil, gas, flour, clerks, counting-houses, &c. &c, say 4,000,000 9000 capitalists or masters, at wages, chief workmen, say £75 per annum, yearly 675,000 12,087,500 Cost production yearly £62,908,259 " The capital, fixed and floating, in every branch of the cotton trade, was, in 1834, £40,973,872; the produce £53,220,091 ; and, by the same rule, the capital fixed and floating in the trade for 1838 ought to be £62,961,082. " The increased consumption of cotton in 1838, beyond the consumption of 1837, was 21 \ per cent. The increased exportation of cotton goods was 4 per cent. ; the increased export of cotton yarn about 6 per cent.; consequently the increased home con- sumption of cotton goods last year must have been \\\ per cent. Lord Stanley, in the late debate on the question of the corn laws, enumerated the extent of steam power added in the cotton districts of Lan- cashire, contracted in 1835 to be ready towards the close of 1837? to be about 8,600 horses' power. The proportion for the rest of the cotton districts of the kingdom would be 1,400 horse power, making to- gether 10,000. According to the report of the Fac- tory Commissioners there were, in 1834, in cotton factories, 33,000 horse power steam, and 11,000 horse power water, together 44,000 horse power ; the increase, 10,000, on which is 22^ per cent , corresponding very nearly, indeed, with the in- 18 COTTON TRADE. creased consumption of cotton which took place last year." Mr. M'Culioch has estimated that " allowance being made for old and infirm persons, children, &c, dependent upon those actually employed in the vari- ous departments of the cotton manufacture, and in the construction, repairs, &c, of the machinery and buildings required to carry it on, the entire cotton manufacture must furnish, on the most moderate com- putation, subsistence for from 1,200,000 to 1,400,000 persons." The subjoined table of the reduced price of the same article of manufacture at various dates, will serve for a comment on the results of machinery : — £ s. d. Price of No. 100 cotton yarn, 1786 1 18 per pound. Ditto ditto ditto" 1800 9 5 do. Ditto ditto ditto 1833 2 11 do. Price of one piece of calico in 1814 14 7 Ditto ditto ditto 1833 6 0£ We may conclude this section by observing that Manchester and the neighbouring towns seem to be the established locality for cotton manufactures. To es- tablish mills at a distance from this locality is almost impossible. In rural districts wages may, it is true, be lower ; but then in such places the master is the servant of his hands, (even supposing he can always obtain skilled labour) ; and they may compel him to accede to any exorbitant demand they please, under a threat that if he refuse his works shall be stopped. In Manchester this is not the case. Being the ren- dezvous of workpeople, there are always many want- ing situations ; and this circumstance prevents em- ployers from being perplexed with vexatious annoy- ance from workpeople. And there is never likely to be any scarcity of hands ; for as those employed in many manufactures are unacquainted with any other trade, leaving the town would, to them, be almost certain poverty. IMPROVEMENTS, &C. 19 STEAM POWER IN MANCHESTER AND SALFORD. The following is the report of a committee of the Manchester Statistical Society, appointed to ascer- tain the amount of steam power employed in various branches of manufacture in the parliamentary bo- roughs of Manchester and Salford. 1838 : — Total of Salford. the two Boroughs. Employment of the reported Horse Man- Power. Chester. HORSES POWER. Cotton-spiniiing and weaving 5272 Bleaching, dyeing, printing, &c... 756 Machine-making, foundries, &c... 508 Silk-throwing and manufacture... 237^ Cotton thread and small wares ... 27Cf Collieries 106 Sawmills 141 Engraving for printing calicoes, &c. 75 Fustian shearing 46 Breweries 16 Flax-spinning . — Chemical works 55 Woollen 36 Variously employed, but in no * department amounting in the j- 408 aggregate to 50 horse power 704 521 226 104 36 100 14 6 34 62 70 11 22 6036 1277 734 34U 306 206 155 81 80 78 70 66 58 436 7926| ... 1998 ... 9924J IMPROVEMENTS-LOCAL GOVERNMENT, &c. Besides increasing rapidly in extent, the towns of Manchester and Salford are annually improving in the elegance of their appearance. Perhaps no town in the kingdom possessed, in proportion of half the wealth, has been so destitute, until lately, of orna- mental buildings and good streets as Manchester. This circumstance may be accounted for by the want, until within the last few years, of public funds for the improvement of the town. Liver- 20 IMPROVEMENTS, &C. pool,* with her dock dues and wealthy corporation, can afford to deck herself out in external gaiety: and in this respect, perhaps, she excels Manchester ; but the latter town, and Salford also, have lately become possessed of a source of wealth, derivable from gas works (mentioned elsewhere), which is applied solely to their improvement, Many impor- tant alterations have already taken place, and many others are in contemplation. The spirit of improve- ment is contagious, and from the " Improvement Committee" of the police commissioners it has spread among private individuals. Owners of property come forward to meet the proposals of the " Committee of Improvement ;" and, consequently, widened streets became ornamented with good houses. Market-street is a notable example : from a dirty narrow lane, it has been converted into one of the handsomest streets in England. On the passing of the Reform Bill, Manchester and Salford were enfranchised, — the former borough returning two members, the latter one. The first election took place in 1832. There were five can- * The following may prove interesting : — " In the year 1837, 15,038 vessels entered the port of Liverpool. The tonnage for the same amounted to £191,330. In 1834, the number of vessels belonging to the port of Liverpool alone was 937, comprising in the whole, 202,063 tons burthen. 11,397 seamen were employed in connection with them. The docks of Liverpool are so extensive, that, with those now in progress, they will contain a total area of water of upwards of one hundred and eleven acres, and pre- senting a broad quay space nine miles long. The extreme length of the river wall, when completed, will be rather more than two and a half miles. Prince's Dock alone cost the amazing sum of £461,059, exclusive of the land, which is valued at £100,000." — See Simms Public Works of Great Britain. LOCAL GOVERNMENT. 21 didates for Manchester, who ranked thus at the close of the two days' poll : — M. Philips 2923 Whig. C. P. Thomson 2069 Whig. S. J. Loyd 1832 Moderate Conserv. J. T. Hope 1560 Conservative. W. Cobbett 1305 Radical. Total votes 9689* In Salford there were two candidates. The fol- lowing is a statement of the close of the first poll: — J. Brotherton 712 Liberal. W. Garnett 518 Conservative. Total votes 1230f The first elected candidates for both Manchester and Salford, have been ever since, and are still, the representatives of these boroughs. Manchester and Salford are municipal boroughs ; and, according to their ancient charters, have the privilege, respectively, of electing a boroughreeve. The affairs of both towns as to lighting, watching, and regulating them, are managed by commissioners of police, who are elected annually. Recently, Man- chester, including the principal surrounding town- ships, has had a charter of incorporation granted, (particulars of which are given elsewhere), and the privileges and immunities secured under the Muni- cipal Corporation Act are extended to this borough. Thos. Potter, Esq. is the present mayor. Manchester still retains her boroughreeve, in the person of Thos. Evans, Esq., who was elected at the court-leet of the lord of the manor, in October, 1 838. The borough * The constituency of the borough of Manchester, in 1838, numbered 11,995 votes. t The constituency of the borough of Salford, i» 1838, numbered 2,227 votes, c 22 GEOLOGY OF MANCHESTER. of Salford is not incorporated under the Municipal Corporation Act ; therefore its management and jurisdiction have undergone no recent change. John Leeming, Esq., is the present boroughreeve. GEOLOGY OF MANCHESTER THE COAL FIELD OF LANCASHIRE. GEOLOGY OF MANCHESTER. The rocks exhibited round Manchester belong to the saliferous and carboniferous groups, the stratas exposed being the Upper New Red Sandstone, Magnesian Limestone, Lower New Red Sandstone, or JRothe Todte Liegende, Upper Coal Measures. The extensive range of new red sandstone spreading over the rich lowlands of Cheshire, has its north- eastern terminus here. Near Medlock-bridge, Higher Ardwick, it rests unconformably upon the coal strata. Near the Vauxhall-gardens, St. George's-road, it is found covering the magnesian limestone. The mag- nesian limestone which, in the north of England, is several hundred feet in thickness, is here very limited, chiefly consisting of clays or marls. The true lime- stone is in several beds of a few inches thick, which, as well as the intervening clays, contain remains of aviculae, axinse, &c, fossils characteristic of the same formation in Yorkshire. Below this is the rothe todte liegende, which is well exhibited at the Vauxhall delph, where it may be seen resting unconformably upon the coal measures. It is here very unlike the same formation in Durham, bearing a more close resemblance to the new red sandstone, and contains none of the coal plants found at the above locality. The most interesting deposits exhibited near Man- chester are certainly the upper coal measures, as seen at the Ardwick limestone works, and at the weir on COAL FIELD OF LANCASHIRE. 23 the river Medlock, near Pinmill-brow. At the former localities three beds of limestone are worked : they form nearly the top of the carboniferous series, being more than any other coal strata in the neighbour- hood. Their connection with the coals of Clayton and Bradford may be traced by following the banks of the river towards the canal aqueduct. The lime- stones are supposed by some to have been formed in fresh water, but this is doubtful. On the opposite side of the town, a fine example of a fault or dislocation occurs ; it runs along the valley of the Irwell, and disappears amongst the hills above Bolton. Its vertical extent is unknown, but is probably not less than seven hundred feet. At the collieries of Mr. Fitzgerald, near Pendleton, the upper coals (corresponding in some degree with those at Bradford) are met with, and continue to the cele- brated Worsley collieries, where they also form the top of the series. As we approach the range of hills seen near Oldham, Rochdale, Bury, Bolton, and Chorley, the coals and rocks of the lower parts of the series exhibit themselves. The different beds in connection with the coal- seams contain many of the characteristic fossils of the carboniferous group : remains of fish have been found with most of the coals, whilst extinct and tro- pical forms of plants are in many places extremely abundant. The fish chiefly belong to the Sauroid and Lepidoid families of M. Agassi. The plants are ferns, fruits, gigantic reeds, and arborescent forms of cryptogamous plants, as well as many others of doubtful affinities. THE COAL FIELD OF LANCASHIRE. It has been calculated that the available coal beds of Lancashire amount in weight to the enormous sum of 8,400,000,000 tons. The total annual con- 24 COAL FIELD OF LANCASHIRE. sumption of this coal, it has been estimated, amounts to 3,400,120 tons. Hence it is inferred that the coal field of Lancashire, at the present rate of con- sumption, will last 2,470 years.* Two thousand persons, it is believed, are employed in supplying Manchester alone with coal. For the following extract, which bears upon the subject, we are indebted to Wheeler's History of Manchester, a work which may be consulted with advantage by all persons wishing to prosecute their researches on Manchester : — " The coal strata have never been found, except lying between the magnesian limestone and the mill- stone : the former crops out at Ardwick, on the south-east, and the coal stratum commences in the adjoining township of Bradford. Taking the line of the Rochdale canal as a guide, the various coal strata crop out one after another, until, in the neighbourhood of Littleborough, the last valuable seam, appropri- ately called the ' Mountain Mine/ is discovered. Under this there is no mine of value. Taking the direction to the right or left, the same facts present themselves — towards Oldham, Bolton, Bury, Ashton, and indeed round the whole circumference of Man- chester. Beyond this boundary there is another extensive field in the Wigan district ; so that Man- chester has, in her own immediate vicinity, a copious supply of coal from the mines of Pendleton, Pendle- bury, Worsley, Ashton, Dukenfield, Oldham, Roch- dale, Middleton, Radcliffe, Tonge, Great and Little Lever, Darcy Lever, Hulton, &c. ; and travelling beyond this circle of about ten miles there is the second or Wigan coal district, embracing the districts of Hindley, Abram, Leigh, &c. Somewhat more out of the line, there are the Haydock, Huyton, Pember- ton, St. Helens', and other collieries ; but the facili- * Elias Hall. COAL FIELD OF LANCASHIRE. 25 ties of conveyance being greater towards Liverpool than towards Manchester, the produce of those mines goes almost wholly to supply the former town. Wigan is the ultimate point from which coal are now sent to Manchester. The weekly consump- tion of Manchester and neighbourhood is estimated at about 26,000 tons ;* and it is believed that of this quantity only about a thousand tons are derived from the Wigan district. Until within the last three or four years, when the trade was encouraged by a re- duction of about a shilling in the ton on the Duke of Bridgewater's canal, no coal whatever came from that quarter, but as the mines more immediately contiguous to Manchester begin to fail, the remoter places will of course come to aid the market. At present, Bolton and Oldham supply the great bulk of coal : it is stated that forty boats, each contain- ing twenty tons, are employed by one colliery alone in that district. Pendleton, in point of situation, has the superiority over other collieries, inasmuch as the mines are within two miles of the centre of the town. Other coal-owners, however, are compelled to lower their prices to meet this advantage. At present, from 7s. 6d. to 8s. per ton is the rate at which coal is laid down at the engine-houses of factories, whilst for private consumption it is charged as high as 12s» * " It has been calculated, that in London, each individual consumes a ton of coal in the year. In these districts the consumption will, no doubt, be greater. A witness before a recent parliamentary committee, estimated the consumption of coal in factories after the rate of three quarters of a ton per week for every horse power. In a calculation for Man- chester, however, a very great addition must be made for the consumption in dye-works, bleach- works, foundries, &c. &c, which are said to use double as much coal as the cotton fac- tories. Taking the consumption of the town at 26,000 tons weekly, and the price at only 7s. 6d., Manchester pays above half a million yearly for coals. It must be remembered, how- ever, that coal for private houses is much higher priced than that for factories." c2 26 INFLUENCE OF MANUFACTURES. the ton. In 1831, engine coal obtained 10s. per ton, but the opening of new or the extension of old collieries at Pendleton, near Rochdale, and at Wors- ley, brought down the price to 6s., and since that time it has gradually recovered." The following calculation was furnished to the Manchester Statistical Society by Mr. Meadows : — COAL BROUGHT INTO MANCHESTER IN 1834 AND 1836, 1834. 1836. Tons. Tons. By Canals 463,238 ... 579,728 By Turnpike Roads and Railways 273,770 ... 334,263 Total 737,008 915,991 CONDITION OF THE WORKING CLASSES, COMMERCIAL HABITS, &C INFLUENCE OF MANUFACTURES, &c. Manchester has, by some means, obtained at a distance, an unenviable notoriety on account of its rioting propensities. It is a matter of observation at home, that the exhibition of these propensities is a sure index of bad times. When trade is good, and the operative is fully employed, he has neither time nor inclination to grow disorderly ; but when- ever the reverse is the case — when, for instance, the operatives are working " short time," and they are compelled to live upon half their usual earnings — this circumstance, and the idle time on their hands, are almost sure, among the thousands of men who are here solely dependant upon their daily labor, to produce riotous discontent ; and there is never wanting a " leading spirit," who, more intellectual than the mass, knows how to " direct the storm," and perhaps scruples not to accelerate its progress, in order to derive pecuniary emolument to himself. Such have been the characteristics of several of the Manchester riots. INFLUENCE OF MANUFACTURES. 27 The following excellent observation on the influ- ence of manufactures on the morality and good order of the working classes, are extracted from a speech made by the Rev. R. Parkinson, M. A., Fellow of the Collegiate Church, Manchester, at a public charitable meeting, in February, 1839: — " I believe that a feeling is becoming very preva- lent elsewhere, that there is something in the charac- ter of manufactures which is unnatural, and opposed to the will of God. Now I maintain that that state to which we are tending in manufactures is as much the will of God as agricultural pursuits. I am aware that an able and well known poet has said — and the saying has almost passed into a proverb — " God made the country, but man made the town," — meaning, of course, that the country was the most proper place for man to dwell in, and that the occu- pations of town-life were unnatural. I think, on the contrary, that, instead of an agricultural population, the people of this country were meant to be one of a very different character. I have no national pre- dilections for my present mode of thinking. My birth and early education put me in a very different position from the one in which I now am; but being now an inhabitant of Manchester — having had ample opportunity of observing and judging — and being in a position where I can have no motive for a partial judgment, I maintain, that if we can strike an aver- age of all classes of our population and the popula- tion of other districts, we shall find that the morality of this district will not be below that of the most primitive agricultural population. I have the au- thority of a high military officer, and also that of other persons, for saying that the streets of Man- chester, at ten o'clock at night, are as retired as those of the most rural districts. When we look at the extent of this parish, containing at least 300.000 28 INFLUENCE OF MANUFACTURES. souls — more than the population of the half of our counties — can we be surprised that there is a great amount of immorality ? But a great proportion of that immorality is committed by those who have been already nursed in crime in districts of the country supposed to be more innocent than our own, and are, apparently, added to the number of those who swell our police reports, not so much because we hold out greater facilities in rearing them, as that they are apprehended through the superior vigilance of our police. I think it desirable that I should state this, as being an impartial observer, and one coming from a distant part of the country ; and as I see gentlemen of the press here, I hope that my evidence may be recorded." And a recent writer in Blackwood, although wrong in many of his remarks with reference to Manchester, comes near the truth in the following lines : — " All attempts to radicalise Manchester must fail. The working classes are not, on the whole, demo- cratic. Parson Stephens may teach radicalism and levelling to a few hundred vagabonds — as Henry Hunt once did the same thing, on the now almost forgotten field of Peterloo. But take the people in a mass in Manchester, they are essentially men of business. . . . This is undoubtedly the cause of their wealth and prosperity — and is one reason why they are pacific and loyal. Occasional ebullitions are but of little real importance. In a few weeks the traitor and the treason are forgotten — and the men return to the power-looms, or the self-acting mule." The following information, connected with the manufactures of this neighbourhood, respecting the operatives employed in such manufactures, it is hoped will be found interesting. It is collected from the valuable papers of the Manchester Statistical Society, published about four years ago, and may therefore be considered as authentic : — WORKING CLASSES. 29 DWELLINGS OF THE WORKING CLASSES. The agent of the Statistical Society visited 37,724 of the dwellings of the working classes in Manchester and Salford, which may be thus classified : — Houses 29,037 } Single rooms 4,270 [ 37,724 Cellars 4,417) Of this number, 27,281 were found to be comfort- able, and 10,443 uncomfortable. The average weekly rent paid for these 37,724 dwellings was 2s. 1 Id. per week, making an annual rental of £286,073. The afore-mentioned dwellings are tenanted by 169,223 individuals, 18,295 of whom occupy the cellars. These 169,223 individuals may be subdi- vided into — Children under 12 years of age ... 53,699 Do. above 12 do. ... 30,691 Grown up persons 84,883 169,223 There are amongst this number of children, 30,268 who earn wages ; and there are 43,473 who attend either a Sunday or day school, occupations. There are employed in cotton factories in Manchester and Salford 18,353 Other factories in Manchester and Salford... 1,433 Hand-loom weavers 3, 1 92 Persons employed in warehouses 7,007 Do. do. manufactures 7,067 Do. do. building trades 4,515 Do. do. clothing trades 6,280 Occupations not classed 23,952 71,799* * From the expression contained in the report of the society 30 FACTORY SYSTEM. STATE OF EDUCATION IN MANCHESTER AND SALFORD. Sunday School Education Statistics will be found under their proper head. Pupils attending Day and Evening Schools may be thus classified : — t^ o 7 7 Number of Number of Day Schools. Schools. Scholars. Dame Schools 295 6,265 Common Boys' and Girls' Schools.... 221 8,604 Superior Private and Boarding Schools 143 3,816 Supported solely by the Scholars 659 18,685 Infant Schools do 1 26 Do. assisted by the public... 7 996 Other Charity Schools, Schools at- tached to Public Institutions, &c... 34 4,969 Total 701 24,676 Evening Schools. Exclusive of those attached to Sunday Schools, and the Classes at the Me- chanics' Institution, &c, supported by the Scholars 109 1,723 Free, or supported by others 5 261 Total 114 1,984 Total Number of Schools and Scholars, 932 56,189 INFLUENCE OF THE FACTORY SYSTEM ON HEALTH. The condition of the young people employed in factories was, a few years ago, the subject of pathetic statements in the House of Commons and elsewhere, from which it was made to appear, that, through the severity of their labours, they were deprived of na- ture's fair proportions, and ushered into mature life in page 12, it appears that they have had no opportunity of testing the correctness of this analysis by information from any other source but the books of the agents employed by them, and that, consequently, they do not pledge themselves for its complete accuracy. FACTORY SYSTEM. 31 (when they survived so far) a miserably stunted race of beings, threatening to produce a wide-spread de- generacy. As long as figures of speech had been permitted to reign, these statements would have passed current, and the public mind would have received them as truth. But what said figures of arithmetic ? When the royal commissioners appointed for the purpose began to inquire into the real state of the case, instead of contenting themselves with a mere ocular survey of the children, they resolved to subject them to a test which could not err. They resolved to weigh and measure them. They took factory boys and girls from various places, the former to the number of 410, and the latter 652, and a large but lesser number of children of both sexes not em- ployed in factories; and, on weighing and measuring the one against the other, they found that there was scarcely any difference in either respects between the two sets of children. We need not give the formal table in which the weights and sizes at different ages are set down, but we shall present the general result. The average weight of a number of boys and girls employed in factories between the ages of nine and seventeen, was for the former 75.175 pounds, for the latter 74.739 : the average weight of an equal num- ber of boys and girls of the same ages, not labouring in factories, was for the former 78.680, for the latter 75.049. The average stature in inches of a number of factory boys and girls was, respectively, 55.282 and 54.951, while the average stature of an equal number of non-factory children at the same ages, was, respectively, 55.563 and 54.971. The non- factory boys were thus the heavier by less than a twentieth, and taller about a hundredth ; while the factory and non-factory girls were almost identical in both size and weight. Perhaps more extensive inquiries are wanting to give complete satisfaction on this question ; but, in the mean time, enough has 32 RELIGION. been done to show that the outcry as to the effects of factory labour in stunting the human frame in youth, is founded on pure surmise, and not worthy of being listened to for a moment.* RELIGION OF THE HEADS OF FAMILIES AND LODGERS IN THE DWELLINGS EXAMINED. There are 50,429 persons of an age to make a profession of religion among the dwellings examined; and their peculiar tenets may be thus classified : — Members of the Church of England .... 26,600 Protestant Dissenters .. 12,061 Roman Catholics 7,236 Jews 51 Making no religious profession! 4,481 50,429 The above number, 50,429? may be thus classified, as regards country : — English 39,439 Irish 8,070 Scotch 1,023 Welch 1,762 Foreigners 135 TRADES' UNIONS- Trades' unions are common in Manchester, and " strikes," as they are termed, are by no means infre- quent. Experience does not seem to teach workmen the wisdom of allowing trade to be open, and "masters and men" to be unrestricted in their operations. One effect of " strikes" is the invention of machines to supersede the use of manual labor. For this pur- pose, the boiler-rivetting machine, the self-acting mule — with a host of minor machinery — have been * From Chambers' Journal, No. 379. t Under this head were classed all those who declined to give information upon this subject trades' unions. 33 brought into use. The frequent and insufferable an- noyances which engineers have experienced from trades' unions — by which annoyances unionists are so absurd as to think, that ultimately, they can raise wages, — have tended to give more force to that course of events which is destined to carry this country to the highest pitch of mechanical perfection. The desire to free themselves from the effects of a dastardly system of impotent tyranny, by which every improvement would be nipt in the bud, added to the insolent and foolish conduct of some of these asso- ciations, have only served to stimulate the inventive skill of the mechanical minds of the country ; and the result is those admirable contrivances which are enabling mechanicians to perform such wonders in overcoming the resistance of the material world. In this view good has resulted from much serious evil : let the praise, however, be given to those whose unconquerable energy has risen triumphant over the odious spirit-breaking difficulties of unions and strikes. A few interesting particulars respecting one of these unions may be learned from the following ex- tracts from a letter which appeared in the Man- chester Guardian, in March, 1839. Whether from a master or a journeyman, we cannot learn. The letter begins by stating that there is now in Manchester a strike among a certain class of mechanics, for the avowed purpose of compelling their employers to shorten the hours of labor, which are ten hours per diem. It then proceeds: — " Probably, gentlemen, you are not generally aware of the extensive combination that exists amongst the men, to bring about a few things as objectionable in principle as they will be to the trade generally, if effected. They have rules for the regulation of their conduct, that, if suffered to be carried out, will be destructive of the men's liberty, and place the direc- D 34 trades' unions. tion of labor of the whole trade under the guidance of an interested and designing few. It may not be generally known (while they profess to be organised as a club for the avowed purpose, as the preamble of their rules and orders state, of assisting each other in case of sickness, old age, or other infirmities, and the burial of the dead, which is a most laudable cus- tom — ay, and very ancient too), that a year or two ago, a number of delegates from different parts of the country assembled in Manchester, and, as their report of May, 1837, says, 6 completely remodelled these laudable rules and regulations,' and made their ancient sick and burial society into a trades' union club, and directed a part of its monies to be applied to promoting delegations for the purpose of increasing the numbers in the union, and also for promoting turn-outs, for shortening the hours of labor, &c. &c. But a few extracts from these new regulations will best explain their object." The extracts from the rules are given, then follows: " I think there is sufficient to be gathered from their rules, that, to attempt to follow out these mea- sures, would be next to madness; yet they are being acted upon at present in more instances than one ; and should the masters view these things with indif- ference much longer, the only privilege left them, as employers, will be that of paying their wages. As the journeymen's wages are so good, averaging from 32s. to 36s. per week, and, in some individual cases, 38s. for ten hours' labour, we should conceive that the moral condition of the men would improve, for they are proverbially low and unprincipled ; but, if we may judge from their late general conduct, their prosperity is much abused on their part. I am in- clined to think that the temptations held out by their tramp allowance, to change and rove about the coun- try, acts with a baneful influence upon their morals. It is astonishing to see the sums they raise by sub- trades' unions. 35 scription, and yet how recklessly it is lavished. It appears from the report of 1837? that the amount of contribution in the whole was £5,992 2s. 8fd.; their expenditure amounted to £4,513 4s. 2-^d. ; out of this sum only £2,000 9s. 8id. was paid to sick and funerals, the rest to tramps, and sundry other ex- penses, delegates, &c. &c. ; and they levied a new contribution, called a contingent fund, to be appro- priated to the delegations, turn-outs, &c, which, from November to May, 1838, produced £2,231 17s.2id.; but tramps, allowances, delegations, and turn-out expenses, amounted to £4,848 12s. Id; consequently they were obliged to draw very freely on the other funds. " The report of 1837 states, c We have expended near seven hundred pounds this last year on turn- outs ; the expense has been great, and the good effect small.' In fact, every cause was lost but one. How these men are duped ! You shall see what account the report gives of the conduct and practice of the tramps, while taking their summer rambles, and spending the steady, sober workmen's earnings. The secretary reports, page 18, in the report of 1837> at the time the delegates were assembled, < I had as" many letters as would have taken half an hour to have read them, from a many of our branches, as to the nuisances committed by some of our tramps, such as doing wilful damage to the property of land- lords, and taking property away with them; and also committing nuisances * * * and to such an extent has it been practised, that he despaired of having a decent club-house in the kingdom. So much for tramping allowance. " While other branches of journeymen have suf- fered a reduction of wages, from a variety of causes, it is a matter upon which the masters may congratu- late themselves, that, through the few past years their 36 trades' unions. 3 give business has so flourished as to enable them to give an advance in wages unparalleled in trade. But, should the men persist in enforcing their oppressive and injurious rules, it will become the imperative duty of the masters to unite to act on the defensive, and, at all events, resist any further encroachments on their privileges." The foregoing are sensible observations, and serve practically to illustrate a " workman's union."* * The following extracts from a very scarce tract, published by the Rev. John Clayton, A.M., in 17oo, entitled "Friendly Advice to the Poor, written and published at the request of the late and present Officers of the Town of Manchester," will furnish a curious picture of the state of society in Man- chester, particularly of the lower classes, at that period. In one place the author states, with apparent surprise, that " The poor alone keep open a number of shops and support a multitude of trades, to which our wise forefathers were absolutely strangers. The business of retailing milk, butter, coals, and so forth, are new methods of getting a livelihood, unknown in this town till very lately. And yet it is com- monly reported, that many families are handsomely main- tained, and even some considerable fortunes raised, by each of these articles." The author appears to think that such "inconsiderable dealings" would have been impossible to have resulted in "considerable fortunes," but for the "mismanage- ment of the poor." The poor of Manchester in 1839 would find great inconvenience in the absence of such " retailing" shops as are here mentioned. The author alludes to the condition of the dwellings of the poor, thus : — " A roof beset with cobwebs, walls bespattered with every kind of filth, and furniture covered with dust and dirt, is a nauseous loathsome sight, a matter utterly inconsis- tent with reputation, and totally destructive of health and comfort ; and yet so common a case, that one needs but visit their poor neighbours to see what room there is for this com- plaint. Indeed this spirit of nastiness so generally prevails, that nothing less than that most exalted charity which beareth all things, endureth all things, can invite us to go into these wretched habitations, whereby the poor are often excluded from many assistances they might otherwise have received from their more wealthy neighbours. For whilst they con- tinue so sordid as that their cottages are noisome and infec- COMMERCIAL HABITS. 37 COMMERCIAL MEN OF MANCHESTER. This section of our work appears the most proper in which to notice the peculiarities of that part of the Manchester community engaged in the higher branches of commerce. The habits of Manchester men of business are marked by the utmost persever- ance and energy. Unlike the merchants of London or of Scotland (as we are informed), they permit little relaxation to be associated with the stern demands of business. With the exception of a week's or a fortnight's holiday at Southport or a trip to Wales, during the year, nothing but sickness is allowed to interfere with a daily attendance to the business of commerce or manufactures. And this attention is tious, they prevent the visits of those who would relieve them ; and they will hardly be esteemed proper objects of compassion, because they do nothing to help themselves. So little pains are requisite to keep a small house clean, that nothing can be said in excuse for this distress. Half an hour's washing, sweeping, and brushing every morning, would main- tain the face of decency for the day ; and therefore the neglect- ing it bespeaks a love of filth, a beastly delight in wallowing in the mire, an abject mind, that is altogether unworthy of encouragement." — These remarks would apply with equal force to many of the poor of Manchester in 1839, just eighty- four years after they were written. The following remarks are so pertinent to some of the poor of the present day, that we will make no apology for present- ing them, in order to show that the social condition of the class who are addressed bear a great similitude to some of the same class of the present day : — " Could we be happy enough to see a general spirit of industry diffused among the poor, their gains would be greatly augmented ; and were those used with frugality and good economy, they could not fail of afford- ing a sufficient supply of all necessaries, and might in time improve a slender pittance into a decent competence. Our streets would then no longer swarm with idle vagrants, sturdy beggars, and such wretched objects as provoke resentment rather than kindle compassion. A starving family would no longer reproach its idle extravagant master, nor the persons, habits, and lodgings of the poor be too nauseous to be visited and relieved by their wealthy neighbours." d2 y 38 COMMERCIAL HABITS. ences not for a few hours only in the day : it commences early in the morning, and is protracted to a late hour in the evening. It is a common thing to see the leading merchants of the town — some of them possessed of wealth to the amount of a quarter of a million sterling — posting from their country villas to their counting-houses between eight and nine o'clock in the morning ; and many of them do not return home (except to a hasty dinner) till nine or ten o'clock in the evening. Business becomes a habit; and this habit becomes a pleasure ; and on this ac- count — more than from mere love of gain — they are impelled to proceed onwards in a vocation which, on account of its enterprise and excitement, presents to them the greatest of earthly charms. That this attention to business is consistent with — what is by some persons considered incompati- ble — the utmost liberality, the many noble charitable institutions the town can boast of, is sufficient evi- dence. Indeed, it may be affirmed, that no town pos- sesses a greater number of charitable and benevolent commercial men ; and the charity and benevolence of Manchester tradesmen are commensurate with the scale of their commercial transactions. Commerce, instead of contracting, appears to expand their cha- rity, and the princely contributions which they pour forth when occasions demand them, are indications of the liberal and benevolent spirit for which the town is distinguished. We need only to refer to the names which appear on the lists of subscribers to the Infirmary and Dispensaries, to the School for the Deaf and Dumb, to the Blind Asylum, to the Church Building Society, to the Wesleyan Centenary Fund> to the fund for erecting a College for the Indepen- dents in Manchester, and many others, in order that our assertions may be verified. A custom which exists in Manchester frequently creates surprise in the minds of strangers — namely 3 COMMERCIAL HABITS. 39 the early hour which is devoted to the dinner-meal. Between one and two o'clock is the usual Man- chester dinner hour. The following lively sketch, with reference to this subject, taken from a recent article in Blackwood's Magazine, is tolerably accu- rate. The writer affects severity in the tone of his remarks ; but the early dinner hour is, we venture to predict, unalterable. The writer says — u The rush of the clans from the mountains — of the cataracts from the Alps into the valleys beneath — of three thousand pent-up school-boys, all detained for bad conduct, and then let out at once, only just in time to reach home before dark — of soldiers in a revolt — of Irish peasants in a row — or of the Paris students at an emeute — might be compared to the scenes which may be daily witnessed in the ' city' portion of Manchester when the clock strikes one. No other comparison could be instituted which could express this mighty movement as the moment of DINNER draws near! Now I am willing to confess that I was ignorant, wholly ignorant, till I beheld the scene, that Manchester dines at ONE!!! Rich, poor, ignorant, learned, Destructive, Conservative, Dissenter, Churchman — the mass — yes, the mass, all dine at One ! ! This would be a deplorable state of things for any people; but, for Manchester ware- housemen, with their clerks, porters, servants, friends, visitors, all to rush at one o'clock to dinner, leaving the bank, the manufactory, the office — all — all — to take care of themselves — is that which no man in his senses would be justified in believing, unless ocular demonstration prevented him from doubting the ac- curacy of the fact. In a vast many houses of busi- ness, not even one solitary clerk is to be found at the counting-office from one to two — and, not in one out of fifty is the principal to be seen from one to three ! Thus, the very heart of the day — the very best portion for mercantile operations — -when the light 40 MANCHESTER DINNER HOUR. most is best, when the head is clearest, and when, in almost all countries professing to be civilized, men devote their time to their most important avocations, is con sumed at Manchester by the DINNER !" ' lyler T ! CHAPTER II. PLACES OF WORSHIP. THE COLLEGIATE CHURCH, Situate on the banks of the river Irwell, on the road leading to Strangeways, being the parish church, claims precedence. Its noble appearance is pre- possessing, and its antiquity makes it an object of interesting enquiry. It was built in the year 1422. The style of architecture is gothic, highly orna- mented. The reputed founder was Thomas, Lord De la Warre, but Holling worth says that " several other persons were concerned in it besides De la Warre. Who did most in the building of it is not certainly known, but the names and armes* of the Stanleys, Wests, RadclifFes of Radcliffe, Byrons, Radcliffes of Oardsall, and others, now or lately in the windows, doe witness their assistance," The building, which was originally constructed of a soft stone, has undergone considerable repairs ; indeed many parts of it may be considered rebuilt. The external as well as the internal walls of the church are adorned, after the fashion of the dark ages, by the suspension of grotesque figures, some of which most significantly appear to return the observer's gaze. The interior of the church is comfortable and capacious. Like our cathedrals, only a portion of the building is devoted to public worship. There are many objects in this church worthy the visitor's notice. The beautiful stained glass windows, with their inscriptions and paintings ; the monumental effigies, interesting at least to the antiquary ; the distinctive divisions of the chapels which belong to 42 COLLEGIATE CHURCH. families of consequence in the neighbourhood ; the carved work ; the records of good men's deeds,* which are blazoned forth " deathless to fame ;" and the ornamental roof, will each afford matter to in- terest the curious or observant. The stalls in the choir are decorated with devices, which, considering the sanctity of the place, are more ingenious than appropriate. Carved representations of swine ; of men playing at back-gammon ; an ape with a bottle ; a fighting cock ; a hare superintending culinary ap- paratus, among which is a spit, with an empaled human being, are in odious taste; and being the production of an age in which superstitious reverence was paid to the sanctity of " the temple," are calcu- lated, by their appearance in such a position, to excite no ordinary degree of astonishment in the mind of a beholder. Notwithstanding such a criti- cism, the choir is one of the finest in the kingdom, and the tabernacle work, which has wonderfully with- stood the ravages of accident and time, is unrivalled. The altar-piece is a fine tapestried representation of the death of Ananias and Sapphira. It was fixed in its present place in the early part of the last century, and was, as an inscription informs us, the gift of Mr. Brooke. Standing on the steps leading to the com- munion table, the view looking west is very grand and cathedral-like, and from this position the beauties of the venerable interior are most striking. Many deeds and other documents connected with * One in particular deserves especial notice, namely, that which displays the character of Dauntesey Hulme, Esq., whose public and private charities have for ever associated his memory with the attribute of benevolence. The Man- chester Royal Infirmary received from him at various times not less than £20,000; and the House of Recovery is indebted to his munificence for at least £4,000. Such philanthropists deserve to be had in remembrance longer than mural tablets can perform their office. COLLEGIATE CHURCH. 43 the foundation of the Collegiate Church were sent to London by a parliamentary officer, during the civil wars, in the time of Cromwell ; and it is supposed they were destroyed in the great fire there in 1666. Much valuable and interesting information respecting the church is thus for ever lost. In the tower there is a fine peal of bells, which are nearly as ancient as the church itself; and on holi- days, or days of public rejoicing, they are frequently put in requisition. " Th' Owd Church," as it is provincially desig- nated, is known and celebrated far and wide. Its altar has witnessed the joining together of thousands of happy, and perhaps some unhappy, couples. This church is the most popular sanctuary in the whole parish for the solemnization of matrimony. The fees are less than those demanded at other churches, all of which have to pay tribute to it. It is amusing to witness the crowds of candidates for nuptial ho- nours which present themselves at the expiration of Lent, during which season the fees are doubled. Indeed, so numerous are they, that wedding is cele- brated by wholesale. A chaplain, of facetious memory, is said accidentally to have united, at this season, the wrong parties; and, when the circumstance has been represented to him, has replied — " Pair as you go out ; you're all married ; pair as you go out !" and this verbal certificate appeared, among the happy throng, to be quite satisfactory, and each man failed not to find his mate. The following animated sketch of the marriages at this church, is extracted from " A Home Tour through the Manufacturing Districts in the Summer of 1835," by Sir George Head:— " I attended the Old Church at Manchester one Monday morning, in order to witness the solemniza- tion of several marriages I had reason to suppose were then and there to take place. I had heard on 44 COLLEGIATE CHURCH. the preceding Sunday the banns proclaimed as fol- lows: * For the first time of asking, sixty-five ; for the second time, seventy-two ; for the third time, sixty. Total, one hundred and ninety-seven.' " Having been informed that it would be expe- dient to be on the spot at eight in the morning, I repaired thither at that hour. Operations, however, did not commence before ten. The latter is the usual time of proceeding to business, although, in cases of persons married by license, eight o'clock is the hour. "When all was ready and the church-doors opened, the clergyman and clerk betook themselves to the vestry ; and the people who were about to be married, and their friends, seated themselves in the body of the church, opposite the communion table, on benches which were placed there for the purpose. Not less than fifty people were assembled, among whom I took my seat quietly, without being noticed. A party who had arrived in a narrow vis-a-vis fly, most ex- clusively paraded in the mean time up and down (as if unwilling to identify themselves with the humbler candidates of matrimony) in another part of the church. The people at first took their seats in solemn silence, each one inquisitively surveying his neigh- bour; but as the clergyman and clerk were some time in preparation, the men first began to whisper one to another, and the women to titter, till by degrees they all threw off their reserve, and made audible remarks on the new comers. There was little mau- vaise honte among the women, but of the men, poor fellows! some were seriously abashed; while among the hymeneal throng there seemed to prevail a sen- timent that obtains pretty generally among their betters, namely, the inclination to put shy people out of conceit with themselves. Thus, at the advance of a sheepish-looking bridegroom, he was immediately assailed on all sides with, i Come in, man ; what art COLLEGIATE CHURCH. 45 afraid of ? Nobody'l hurt thee/ And then a general laugh went round in a repressed tone, but quite suf- ficient to confound and subdue the new comer. " Presently a sudden buzz broke out — ' The clergy- man's coming,' and all was perfectly silent. About twelve couples were to be married, — the rest were friends and attendants. The former were called upon to arrange themselves altogether round the altar. The clerk was an adept in his business, and performed the duties of his office in a mode admira- bly calculated to set the people at their ease and direct the proceedings. In appointing them to their proper places, he addressed each in an intonation of voice particularly soft and soothing, and which car- ried with it more of encouragement, as he made use of no appellative but the Christian name of the per- son spoken to. Thus he proceeded : < Daniel and Phoebe; this ivay, Daniel; take off your gloves, Daniel. William and Anne ; no, Anne ; here, Anne ; f other side, William. John and Mary ; here, John; oh! John.' And then addressing them all together — < Noiv, all of you, give your hats to some person to hold.' Although the marriage ser- vice appeared to me to be generally addressed to the whole party, the clergyman was scrupulously exact in obtaining the accurate responses from each indi- dual." The neighbourhood of the church has lately under- gone considerable improvements. The noble artifi- cial road, constructed on the margin of the river, is only of very modern date. Formerly there was no carriage road round the church, and the site of Victoria-terrace was occupied by a narrow foot-path, and a range of old buildings. The newly constructed thoroughfare was thrown open to the public in the spring of 1838, and certainly no alteration in the town is more creditable to the judgment of the " Improvement Committee of Manchester" than this. 46 TRINITY CHAPEL, SALFORD. The Collegiate Church now stands forth with excel- lent effect : beforetime it was disfigured, obscured., and almost disguised. The times of divine service, and the officiating ministers, are enumerated in another page. In the sabbath service there is a variety of sacred music introduced ; and, after the plan of many of our cathe- drals, there are several choristers who chaunt the responses. A very striking effect is produced in the gallery of the church by the appearance of the boys from the Blue Coat School. The chapter-house, wherein the warden and fel- lows transact the business of their office, is a fine old apartment. Near it, entering the church for the registry, there is a fine mural tablet of Chantrey's, to the memory of Mrs. Frances Hall, a benefactress of the poor, and a liberal contributor to many local charities. During the year 1838, there were solemnized at this church — Baptisms 5, 1 63 Burials 1,457 Marriages 2,615 The church built next in the order of time is TRINITY CHAPEL, SALFORD, which was erected in the year 1634, by Humfrey Booth, of Salford. There is nothing in this church which makes a detailed description necessary. The same remark applies to nearly all the churches in Manchester and Salford. Most of them are of com- paratively modern date, and several have been erected within the last few years by the commissioners for building churches. Of the latter class are the following : — St. Matthews', Camp-field (which cer- tainly has some architectural elegance), St. Philip's, Salford, St. George's, Hulme, and St. Andrew's, Ancoats. OLD CHAPELS. 47 THE OLDEST CHAPEL now existing, belonging to the Wesleyan Methodist body,* is in Oldham-street, the corner of Dale-street ; it was built in the year 1780. The oldest chapel belonging to the Independent body is in Cannon- street ; it was built in the year 1762. The .Roman Catholics have a chapel in Rook-street, as ancient as 1746. The Unitarians possess a chapel in Cross- street, originally the first dissenting chapel in the town. It was destroyed by a mob in 1714, and re- built ; enlarged in 1737? and again in 1788. On the following pages we insert lists of the places of worship, with the times of divine service. * The following account of the first preaching-house, or room, used by the followers of the Rev. John Wesley, may afford interest to some of our readers. The narrator says : — " The site of the house was a rock on the bank of the Irwell, exactly over the main sewer, excavated out of the solid stone, through which the water pours itself into the river. It is north side of Blackfriars'-bridge, imme- diately adjoining it. This is a remarkable circumstance, by which its precise situation may ever be known. The house itself stood at the bottom of a large yard, known at that time by the name of the ' Rose and Crown-yard,' which name was derived from a public-house at the top of it, whose sign -board had those representations, and whose front looked into Deans- gate. The entrances to it were two, — the one of which was the * Rose and Crown-entry,' leading out of Deansgate, the door of the public-house being on the right hand, — and the other at the bottom of the yard, on the left hand, which came out beside the ' Ring of Bells ' public-house. ****** * * * " The garret was generally well filled when there was preaching ; and I have heard my mother say that she was often afraid of the roof falling through, for one of the main beams was very much cracked. Mr. Hopper, and others, used to preach in it. My father left the house in 1760, the interior of which was afterwards burnt, but again repaired and occupied as a dwelling-house. Sometime about 1805, it was taken down, together with the other houses, and a number of warehouses, which go by the name of ' Bateman's -build- ings,' were erected in their stead. " — Methodism in Manchester, 48 CHURCHES. -B,B -»■» ** w >» » no i mi i w rt rt 5r! « si «i ^^ i «ci2.S.Spl5-t S «5 C.S B <£><£> SO CO « 2 s« II •C<5 -B.W c/i 02 a> •gas ss 3 B £ £-B 3 « tf S • A -• , O 03 fp-i ^|> b 77^£ . u . o :.S :£ .m * „ b ;^ „ CD +J c a> »h B H B pq go ;Spq O^ > » > L) B . oi" B • " ■ Sg^S CHURCHES. 49 CN CO CO CO CO CO COCO COCO CO CO coco CO H« HcHcJ -*SH« -*M He*-fcr4c* HoMeJ Hd -« Hc*He» -fc» OO OO O OOO ©o II co So T3 CJ ^3 . £ O CJ i gas :S : Has & ■= T3 C »h cj . |>CO CO ZZ *cj"^ p 05 ■as >- a -h i'3 SPh VS 4 o o >» HH .S CO COCO COCO CO CO CO GO COCO CO CO Ifl'Jl H §11 If: E 2 2 b-c • 'O ° 3U £~ £5 > > s > > £ > > >CJ^CJCJ«OCJCJ MM 4 §| > > > > > CJ CJ CJ CJ CJ CO " Oh §^ gp ^co ^? - CJ s- 3 a PQ - OhW cj^ CJ<^< CJ 3° 113 50 ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICTS. ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICTS. The churches in Manchester and its vicinity have recently had districts (which, practically, correspond with parishes) assigned to them, and marriages may now be solemnized in them all. It may be observed that the Parish Church retains it& immunities. The descriptions of most of these dis- tricts are extracted from the Gazette of March 29, 1839. — Only one side of any street forming the boundary of a district is to be included in such district : — All-Saints' District, in Chorlton-on-Medlock, comprises Downing-street to the river Medlock, river Medlock up to the bound- ary between Hulme and Chorlton-on-Medlock, such boundary up to the boundary between Moss-side and Chorlton-on-Medlock, such boundary up to the boundary between Rusholme and Chorlton-on-Med- lock, such boundary to Oxford-road, Oxford-road to Booth-street, Booth-street to Upper Brook-street, Upper Brook-street to Rusholme-road, Rusholme- road to Downing-street. The church will accom- modate fifteen hundred persons. There are four hundred free seats. Saint Andrew's District is comprised within the boundary between Manches- ter and Newton, commencing at the point where the Rochdale canal enters Newton, up to the river Med- lock; the river Medlock to the London-road, the London-road to Store-street, Store-street to Great Ancoats-street, Great Ancoats-street to the Rochdale canal, and the Rochdale canal to the point where it enters the township of Newton. The church will accommodate two thousand persons. There are seven hundred free seats. ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICTS. 51 Saint Ann's District is comprised within St. Mary's -gate, Market-street, Mosley -street, Bond-street, Princess-street, Poole- street, Brazennose-street and Deansgate, to St.Mary's- gate. The church will accommodate eleven hundred and seventy -five persons. There are one hundred and forty-four free seats. Saint George's District is comprised within Swan-street, St. George's-road, up to the township of Harpurhey, the boundary between that township and Manchester up to the boundary of Newton, the boundary between that township and Manchester up to the Rochdale canal, the Rochdale canal to Great Ancoats-street, Great Ancoats-street to Swan-street. The church will ac- commodate twelve hundred and ninety-three persons. There are five hundred and forty free seats. Saint George's Chapelry District, Hulme, consists of and comprises the township of Hulme. There are sittings in the church for two thousand and two persons, of which twelve hundred and fifty-five are free- Saint James's District is comprised within Mosley -street, Bond-street, David-street, Brook-street to the river Medlock, the river Medlock to Ardwick-bridge, the London-road and Piccadilly to Mosley-street. The Church will accommodate fifteen hundred persons. There are seventy-two free seats. Saint John's District is comprised within Camp-street, Charles-street, Wa- ter-street, Lower Ir well-street to the river Irwell, river Irwell to the New Bailey-bridge, Bridge-street, 52 ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICTS. Water-street, Irwell-street, Cumberland-street ; and a direct line from thence across Deansgate to Brazen- nose-street, Brazennose-street, Poole-street, Princess- street, Cooper-street, Peter-street, Lower Mosley- street, Great Mount-street, Watson-street, Alport- town : and a direct line from thence across Deans- gate to Camp-street. The church will accommodate twelve hundred persons. There are two hundred and fifty free seats. Saint Mark's District, in Cheetham, consists of and comprises the township of Crumpsall, and that part of the township of Cheet- ham which is next adjacent to the township of Crump- sail, and is separated from the remainder of the township of Cheetham by Smedley-road, Smedley- lane, the Old Bury-road, and Halliwell-lane, The church will accommodate eight hundred persons. There are sixty-four free seats. Saint Mary's District is comprised within Cumberland-street, Irwell-street, Water-street, Bridge-street to the river Irwell, river Irwell to Blackfriars'-bridge, Blackfriars'-street and Deansgate to Cumberland-street. The church will accommodate nine hundred and ninety-seven per- ons. One hundred and fifty free seats. Saint Matthew's District is separated from Salford and Hulme by the rivers Irwell and Medlock. Its northern boundary is Charles-street, Camp-street, and Alport-town to Lower Mosley-street. Its eastern boundary is the Rochdale canal branch, skirting round from Lower Mosley-street to Cambridge-street, as far as the point where the latter crosses the Medlock. The church will accommodate two thousand persons. There are one thousand free seats. ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICTS. 53 Saint Michael's District is comprised within Miller-street, St. George's-road, up to the road which bounds the Endham-hall estate to the south, such road up to the wood bridge over the Irk, near Smedley Hall, and the boundary be- tween the townships of Manchester and Cheetham, from that point to Miller-street. The church will accommodate one thousand persons. There are one hundred free seats. Saint Paul's District is comprised within High-street, Thomas's-street, Hilton- street, Lever-street, Great Ancoats-street to Store-street, Store-street to the London-road, Lon- don-road, Piccadilly, and Market-street to High- street. The church will accommodate eleven hun- dred and forty-seven persons : no free seats. Saint Peter's District is comprised within Cooper-street, Peter-street, Ox- ford-street to the River Medlock, the River Medlock to Brook-street, Brook-street, David-street, Bond- street to Cooper-street. The church will accommo- date eight hundred persons. There are twenty free seats. * Saint Philip's District is bounded on the south by Regent-road, on the west by Cross-lane, on the north by a portion of the parish of Eccles, river Irwell, and Peru-street, and on the east by Ford-street, Irwell-street, Stanley-street, and the river Irwell. There are two thousand four hun- dred sittings in the church, fifteen hundred of which are free. i * This, as well as the districts belonging to St. Matthew's, St. George's (Hulme;, and St. Saviour's, were assigned, prior to the date of the Gazette from which descriptions of all the rest have been copied. 54 ECCLESIASTICAL DISTRICTS. Saint Saviour's District, Chorlton-on-Medlock, is bounded on the east by the township of Ardwick, on the south by the townships of Moss-side and Rusholme, on the west by Oxford- street, and on the north by Booth-street, part of Upper Brook-street, and Rusholme-road. There is ac- commodation in the church for seventeen hundred and ninety-seven persons, including six hundred free seats. Saint Stephen's District, in Salford, is comprised within the street leading from Chapel-street to the New Market, East Mar- ket-street, and .Rosamond-street to Peru-street, Peru-street in a direct line to the river Irwell, the river. Irwell to Broughton-bridge, Broughton-road, Paradise-street, Garden-lane, Foundry-street, and Chapel-street to the street wherein the boundary commenced. The church will accommodate four- teen hundred persons. There are six hundred and eighty free seats. Saint Thomas's District, in Ardwick, consists of and comprises the township of Ardwick. The church will accommodate thirteen hundred persons. There are three hundred and eighty free seats. Trinity District, in Salford, is comprised within Foundry-street, Garden-lane, Paradise-street, Broughton-road, the river Irwell, the north-west side of Stanley-street, Irwell-street, and Chapel-street, to Foundry-street. The church will accommodate eight hundred per- sons : no free seats. WESLEYAN METHODIST CHAPELS. 55 WESLEYAN METHODIST CHAPELS. The Methodist body divide the town and neigh- bourhood into what are termed circuits. Of these there are four in Manchester. The following is a list of them, and of the times and places in each in which divine service is performed : — Wesleyan Methodist Places of Worship in the Manchester First Circuit. Places of Worship. I Hours of Di- : vine Service | on Sabbath. There is also preach- ing on the evenings of M...A...E Oldham-street, Manchester • • • V i nl r 2 i 6 Wesley Chapel, Manchester 104 — 6 Cheetham Hill 104 3 6 Blackley ! 10* — 6 Newton Heath, Stocks Harpurhey Prestwich , Waterloo Place Rooden Lane , Cheetwood , Moston Kersall Moor , Half Acre Colly hurst, Burton's Buildings 10i — - 2! 10* — — 3 10J — m — Monday and Saturday at Tuesday, Wednesday, Monday, Wednesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Tuesday, Thursday, Tuesday, Tuesday, — — 6 10* — - 7 7 7 7 n ?* 7 Salford, or Second Manchester Circuit. Irwell-street Gravel-lane Brunswick Worsley .. Walkden Moor Swinton Irlams-o'th'-Height Booth Town Regent Road Woodlands Parsonage Salford Workhouse Broughton Road School New Manchester Monton Green Irlam, Leigh Circuit...... 104 3 m — 10* 3 104 01 104 »J1 J0* 10* 10* 2 3 6 3 6 3 _ — 6 21 — — 6 10* 2 — Wednesday, Thursday, Wednesday, Thursday, Wednesday, Monday, Monday, Thursday, Tuesday, Friday, 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 n 56 WESLEYAN METHODIST CHAPELS. Third, or South Manchester Circuit. Grosvenor-streetChorlton-on-M Oxford-road Ancoats George-street, Hulme Wesley-street, New Islington.. Chancery-lane Crescent, L ongsight Longsight Chorlton Withington Openshaw Northen Droylsden Beswick Rusholme OrmoDd-street Greenheys M. A. E. 10* 10* 10* I0h 10} 10i 2^ 6 -2 u — 6 — 6 — 6 — 3 — 10* 10* 10* 10* 10* 2* 3 — 3 Wednesday, Thursday, Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Tuesday, Tuesday, Tuesday, Tuesday, Tuesday, Monday, Wednesday, Thursday, Wednesday, Monday, Thursday, Fourth Manchester Circuit. Bridgewater-street Hulme Davyhulme Barton Eccles Urmston Throstle Nest Gorton's Buildings Green-lane Cadishead, Leigh Circuit . Queen-street Quay-street 10 9 1 ^2 2 6 I Monday, 6 J Tuesday, 5* (Wednesday, 6 Wednesday, Monday, Thursday, Thursday, Tuesday, Wednesday, 7 J n 8 n n 7 7 7* n n As the list of Wesleyan Ministers is annually un- dergoing some changes, it is thought better not to insert any names. Every information of the ap- pointments of the various preachers, their residences, and of the several Sunday and week-day services, may be obtained, on application to the Printers of this volume. PLACES OF WORSHIP OF OTHER DENOMINATIONS. 57 g ftcoco ^a, ooo o ft,CO CO % Is Is Pi ££ (U ■9eo n *2 Seas. » p o « $8f H £ S 5* £ « -a U '~ /s ^ / ~ A "~^ s s J J ... a - o « gS N £ a ffi >> 05 oH,^ to ■Q rrj 60.5 2 °2 2 © 12 ^¥ g g S * Bif till) 0-5 03 ►* O^H S « ass O ^^ 3 O Q >- a £ § o£W ^^ J i o .y a i ai: ^ 3 3 3 £ c " c t a 3 g> &== « «, g . s -fill II _ a> ea o e ,2 8 2*1 iit» o „ 73K ^ ° cu +3"E C i*Ssg*g2§ o^ C -S ea-S °° « S 73 © 73 5 " >, rt rt rt rt rt c3 ri rt ec rt ?J 7s *o1 « tN CN A 43 a a, " eo o3 03 < PS GO 03 05 43 43 ooo oo O OOOOO oo O O &S.54 £-Ch — 2. — z. z. a ~z. A &4M4 o IhrM h O S M >-5 3 m O O 60 PLACES OF WORSHIP OF OTHER DENOMINATIONS to • : u but are enabled to give the one published in March, 1838. At that date there were 353 paupers in the house, classed as follows : — Men. Worn. Boys. Girls. Total. Remarks. 3 1 17 5 26 Employed out of the house. 16 39 55 Employed in the house. 40 54 94 Infirm. 5 14 1 20 Lame. 2 1 3 Blind. 2 7 9 Idiots and Lunatics. 9 10 1 20 Sick. 51 38 89 Attend the house school 2 6 8 Fits. 13 15 28 Infants. 1 1 Boarder. Total No. in the house, \ March 24, 1838... J 353 CHARITIES. 71 The consumption in 1837-8, in this establish- ment, of Bread, was 66,546 lbs. Beef and Mutton 16,077 ... Coals 5,018 cwt. The average total cost, per head, of paupers in this workhouse was, in s. d. 1828 — 9 ... 3 11^, when the average no. of paupers was 134 1829-30 ... 4 8±, ... , 139 1830-1 ... 4 U, 140 1831— 2... 3 9, 159 1832—3 ... 4 7h 157 1833—4 ... 3 2, ... ... ... 174 1834—£ ... 2 llf, 209 1835—6 ... 2 11, 220 1836—7 ... 2 81, 236 1837— 8 ...3 8J, 321 The poor's rate, in Salford, for the year 1825, was 2s. in the pound, 1826, ... 5s. ditto. 1827, ... 5s. ditto. 1828, ... 4s. ditto. 1829, ... 3s. ditto. 1830, ... 3s. ditto. 1831, ... 3s. ditto. 1832, was 5s. in the pound. 1833, 1834, 1835, 1836, 1837, 2s. Is. Is. Is. 3s. ditto, ditto, ditto, ditto, ditto. The charities of Salford, which now produce a large sum annually, will, at the expiration of certain leases, be greatly augmented ; and as they are solely applicable to the relief of the poor of that borough, it is presumed that, ultimately, the poor's rate will be very trifling in amount. CHARITIES. There are several other charitable institutions in the towns of lesser magnitude, which, to describe, would lead too much into detail. However, it may 72 CHARITIES, not be out of place to mention here, that there are public charities in Manchester, dispensed by the Boroughreeve for the time being, to the amount of £2,392 per annum ; and in Salford similar charities exist, to the amount of £1,600 per annum. CHAPTER IV. BENEVOLENT, MORAL, AND RELIGIOUS SOCIETIES. Under this head may be classed those institutions which have for their object the improvement either of the physical or moral condition, or both, of the community. THE MANCHESTER AND SALFORD TOWN MISSION Has its offices in Charlotte-street. This society was established in 1837. Its objects may be best described by an extract from the first annual Report, published in May, 1 838 : — " The society's opera- tions are confined exclusively to Manchester and its vicinity. The densely populated districts of the poor in this large town are selected, and about 500 families are assigned to the care of an individual, who has previously undergone a strict examination, as to his fitness for the office of a Missionary to the poor. Amongst these families the Missionary la- bours day by day, reading the Scriptures from house to house, and conversing with the inmates on reli- gious subjects, lending the Word of God to such as do not possess it, holding small meetings for the perusal of the Scriptures, exhortation, and prayer, urging the people to attend the public preaching of the Gospel, prevailing upon parents to send their children to the nearest Sabbath-school, distributing approved religious tracts, and visiting the sick. The boatmen on our rivers and canals are not overlooked, one Missionary being employed exclusively for their benefit. The Missionaries have also been made the medium of private and public benevolence, having the best opportunities of ascertaining the real neces- sities of cases which occur in their districts. g 2 74 TEMPERANCE SOCIETY. From the liberal manner in which the institution has been supported, the Managers have been enabled to engage forty-five agents, including a paid secre- tary, who resides at the office. The catholicity of the society is evident, from the fact, that these have been appointed altogether irrespective of the deno- mination to which they belong, being composed of members of the Established Church, Methodists, Independents, Presbyterians, Baptists, and Mora- vians. They are cautioned to beware, directly or indirectly, of attempting to promote the interests of a party, the sole object of the mission being to bring sinners to the Saviour, and to lead them to take his word as a light to their feet and a lamp to their path. Each of the Missionaries has a Superinten- dant, appointed from amongst the subscribers, to whom he delivers a weeklyrecord of his proceedings." The affairs of the society are managed by a Com- mittee of sixteen, including a Treasurer and two Honorary Secretaries. The supporters of this society have felt so im- pressed with its adaptation to promote the moral and spiritual welfare of their fellow-townsmen, that fifteen gentlemen have each come forward to sub- scribe sixty guineas per annum ; and eleven sub- scribe to the amount of thirty guineas and upwards. The income of the society, in the second year of its existence, was about £2,200. THE MANCHESTER AND SALFORD TEMPERANCE SOCIETY. In allusion to this society, it may be premised, that the first regularly organized Temperance So- ciety was formed at Boston, in America, in Febru- ary, 1826. The pledge of membership then adopt- ed was, abstinence from ardent spirits, and mode- ration in fermented beverages. These principles were introduced first into Ireland in 1829, by Pro- TEMPERANCE SOCIETY. 75 fessor (now Dr.) Edgar. The first public meeting, to promote temperance, held in Manchester, took place May 12, 1830. A society was then formed, which continued its operations under the auspices of several public-spirited gentlemen, until the latter end of 1834. A public meeting was held in the General Baptist Chapel, Oak-street, February 26, 1835. The moderation pledge was abandoned, and a new so- ciety was formed, having only one pledge, — absti- nence from all intoxicating beverages. For some time the Oak-street Temperance Society continued to flourish, adding members daily, and extending its influence, Fifteen branch associations were formed in Manchester, and several in the neighbouring towns. The extraordinary success of Teetotalism * in Manchester excited considerable interest in other places, and ultimately reached to America. The result of this society's operations is now about 500,000 members, in the United Kingdom; 2,000,000 in America, beside many thousands in other foreign parts. In September, 1835, the Oak-street Society form- ed itself into the Manchester and Salford Temperance Society, j There are twelve branch associations which hold weekly meetings, the number of members is about 8,000 ; of which about 500 are reformed drunk- ards. The present secretaries are G. D. Thomson, A. M., and Mr. Samuel Hague. The society is supported principally by its own members, who are chiefly of the working classes, with the limited aid of some benevolent individuals. Its annual income and expenditure is about £200. * A Provincialism ; meaning a total abstinence from intoxi- cating beverages. t An executive committee, for the transaction of the gene- ral business of the society, meets the last Tuesday in every month, at Marsden's Temperance Hotel, Oldham-street. 76 PROVIDENT SOCIETY. Since its commencement, it is estimated, that about £50,000 have been saved from the dram-shops and public-houses, and devoted to the comforts of the poor. About 300,000 copies of " The Star," a weekly periodical, advocating temperance, edited by the Revds. F. Beardsali and J. Barker, have been pub- lished and circulated by this society. THE DISTRICT PROVIDENT SOCIETY In St. James's-square. The main object of this in- stitution is "to elevate and improve the condition of the working classes, and to assist in conveying the offerings of private benevolence into a proper and deserving channel. Through the medium of domiciliary visiting, the society seeks to cultivate a kindly feeling between the rich and the poor ; and to improve the condition of the latter, by encou- raging cleanly, provident, and contented habits.' ' The society also discourages the practice of indiscrimi- nate alms-giving, and collects, by means of its agents, the weekly savings of the poor, for which it holds out a premium. The number of persons relieved by the society, for the year ending May, 1838, was 657, which number may be thus analysed : — Weavers 237 Labourers .... 103 Printers 27 Shoemakers . . 23 Spinners 21 Fustain Cutters 21 Joiners 18 Dyers 16 Tailors 11 Piecers 7 Painters,... 6 Smiths 6 Bakers 5 Bricksetters ... 4 Mechanics 3 Sawyers 3 Strippers 3 Porters 3 Winders 2 Warpers 2 Reelers 2 Makers-up 2 Total Widows ., Hatters 2 Cork Cutters ... 2 Sailors 2 Brewer Clerk Carder Hawker Image maker . . . Nailer Saddler 538 119 657 COMMERCIAL CLERKS* SOCIETY. 77 THE COMMERCIAL CLERKS' SOCIETY. This benevolent and useful society was estab- lished in the year 1802. Its object is to secure commercial men and their families against destitu- tion, on the occurrence of any reverse of fortune. The society consists (without limitation as to number) of gentlemen, persons in trade, and of those employed as clerks or principal servants in mercantile houses, in the counties of Lancaster, Chester, Derby, or the West Riding of Yorkshire. The society is governed by a president, vice- president, treasurer, three trustees, three auditors, and a committee of twenty-four members, elected annually, and who meet once a fortnight for the transaction of business, and whose services are ren- dered gratuitously. The annual subscription was formerly one guinea, with an admission fee of two guineas, or the pay- ment of nine guineas, in addition to the admission fee constituted the subscriber a life-member : subse- quently the annual subscription was raised to two guineas, and the admission fee to six guineas and upwards, according to the age of the person, and thirteen guineas for a life membership. It was originally intended that the members re- quiring the assistance of the society should receive one guinea per week ; the widows £20 per annum ; their children £5 per annum till twelve years old ; and orphans £10 per annum till fourteen years old. At the time this society was established, the cal- culations by which such institutions should be guided were comparatively imperfect ; and hence this so- ciety, like many others, had claims made upon it to so great an amount as to compel it to limit the allowance to one-third of the amount originally contemplated. The first claim upon the society was made in 1 808, 78 PENITENTIARY. and from that time to August, 1838, the following sums have been paid : — To sick and infirm members... £11,781 3 5 To widows and children ...... 18,238 1 1 Toorphans 2,434 3 £32,453 4 9 The society has a permanent fund of £17? 686 14s. 7d. invested in chief rents and mortgages. The interest of this fund, with the annual subscription of the members, and assistance from an auxiliary fund, consisting of donations from merchants and other gentlemen of the town and neighbourhood, enable the society to meet the annual disbursements which are about £1300. During the year ending August, 1838, forty-four decayed members, ten orphans, and ninety-five widows of deceased members were relieved. Mr. Cottam is the secretary. THE ASYLUM FOR FEMALE PENITENTS, Or, as it is generally called, " The Penitentiary/' is situate in Embden-place, Greenheys. It was established in 1822, in a building in Rusholme-road, Chorlton-upon- Med lock ; but these premises be- coming inadequate to the purposes of the institution, the committee made a call upon the public for funds towards the erection of a new building. That call was liberally responded to, £1,680 being speedily contributed, when the present handsome edifice was commenced. The asylum is now completed, and affords space for the accommodation of several times the present number of inmates. In Decem- ber, 1838, the number it contained was forty-seven. From want of accommodation and funds, about 300 unfortunate women have, since its first establishment, been refused admittance. From the date of its institu- tion up to June, 1838, 242 were admitted. Theexpen- BIBLE SOCIETY. 79 diture for the year ending J une, 1838, was about £550. The income (owing to collections being made in sundry churches and chapels,) reached to nearly £800, of which amount £97 was the earnings of the inmates. # THE AUXILIARY BIBLE SOCIETY. The Depository of this society is in St. Peter's- square. From a report, published in October, 1838, it appears that, during the preceding twelve months, the issues from the Depository were — Bibles ,.. 1638 Testaments 1452 Total 3090 During the same period the Ladies' Association issued — Bibles 345 Testaments 192 Total 537 Making the entire issue from both societies, during the year, 3627 Bibles and Testaments. This num- ber, added to the previous issues, makes the aggre- gate amount of Bibles and Testaments, circulated in this vicinity through the medium of this Auxiliary, up to the period stated, 136,207. The annual subscriptions received during the same year amounted to £594. Mr. John Gunson is the assistant secretary. The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and the Religious Tract Society, have each depots in the town. CHAPTER V. EDUCATION, &C THE COLLEGE, On account of its antiquity, as well as being a build- ing in which charitable education is dispensed, claims priority of notice. It is situate between the Colle- giate Church and the river Irk, on whose banks, near its confluence with the Irwell, the edifice is built. The College is supposed to be as old as the Collegiate Church. It was founded by the De la Warres, in the reign of Henry VI. It was the resi- dence of the warden and fellows of the church until after the death of Henry VIII., when it was sold to Edward, Earl of Derby, in the hands of whose des- cendants it remained until the civil war broke out, when it was seized on behalf of the parliament. It was used by the army as a barracks, and as a prison, and consequently became very much delapidated. About this time, Humphry Chetham, a merchant, residing at Turton Tower, near Bolton, and at Clay- ton Hall, conceived the idea of founding a Blue-coat hospital, and library ; and the College to his views appeared a most suitable building in which to esta- blish his charities. He accordingly expressed, in his will, a desire that it should be purchased by his executors, which desire they were enabled to fulfil soon after the Restoration, when the building again became the property of the Derby family. The purchase was made of the celebrated Charlotte de la Tremouille, Countess of Derby,* defender of Lathom * Countess of the unfortunate James, Earl of Derby, be- headed at Bolton in 1651. If BLUE-COAT HOSPITAL. 81 house. Possession of the building being obtained, the executors of Chetham proceeded to execute the benevolent will of the founder of THE BLUE COAT HOSPITAL, Which provides for the education and support of eighty poor children, from six till fourteen years of age, when they are apprenticed. Forty was the original number mentioned in the will, but the funds are so ample that the number has been doubled.* The Blue-coat Boys are elected from various townships, in proportions according to the directions left by the founder of the hospital. From Manchester, there are 28 boys elected. Salford, 12 Droylsden, 6 Crumpsall, 4 Bolton, 20 i Turton,. 10 Total, 80 The vacancies are filled up on Easter Monday. In order that a boy may gain admission, a form of petition is necessary. This form may be obtained on application to the Governor of the College. Be- fore being presented, it must be signed by the Over- seers and Churchwardens of the township wherein the applicant may have resided. One entrance into the College is from Hunt's Bank ; and the trustees have recently erected a handsome stone gateway, having carv^i thereon the arms of the founder, with his family motto, "Quod Tuum Tene," and the following dates, " Founded, a. d., 1653. Incorporated, a. d., 1665; * For an account of the valuable Library in Chetham College, the reader is referred to the head "Libraries." H 82 BLUE-COAT HOSPITAL. Another entrance is through an ancient doorway in Long Millgate, whichleadsto the yard or play-ground, on entering which, at certain hours, the visitor will be surrounded by a cluster of Collegians, each of- fering some trifling article of his own manufacturing, for sale. College balls, from their elastic and re- bounding qualities, were formerly celebrated through- out the town amongst a class by whom such qualities can be appreciated. The visitor having entered the yard, will do well to inquire for a guide, when a juvenile cicerone will be summoned by a bell. The guides are a privileged class, and are duly trained by their own fraternity, to the right per- formance of their functions. With little preli- minary ceremony, they usher the visitor into an apartment, in which he is directed to look here, and gaze there, — at sundry wonderful objects. As if it were profanity to linger too long on any one object in particular, the worthy guide makes a quick transition from one to another ; and the curious stranger, if he get a hasty glance, must subdue all further curiosity. The taciturnity of the youthful guide on all subjects not in the catalogue of curiosities, forbids any question in search of expla- nation, and his imperturbable gravity seems impos- sible to relax itself into the furthest approximation to a smile, even when he points to the (i cock that crows when he smells roast beef." Like the priests of the Delphic Apollo, he appears to have imbibed a peculiar inspiration to fit him for the high duties of his office, and so long as he is officiating its influ- ence remains. After exploring the various galleries and the Library, the visitor may descend into the College buttery and taste the wheaten bread, and take a draught of the wholesome ale, which form a solid foundation for the boys to build a good meal upon. Blue- coat Hospital is under the superin- tendence of Mr. Crossley, the Governor. FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL. 83 THE FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL Is situate near the gate of Chetham Hospital, in Long Millgate. The new school has been recently erected, the old one alone becoming inadequate to the accommodation of the applicants for admission — a consequence of the increasing population of the town ; and both schools are now numerously occu- pied. This institution is one whose exterior has nothing remarkable to commend it ; but its internal advantages are great, and are prized by the com- munity for whom they were designed. The school was founded by Hugh Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, in the year 1520; and the original building re- mained in existence as late as the year 1776, when it was taken down, and the present old school erected on its site. The endowments of the school have increased so much in value, that the report of the " Commis- sioners appointed to inquire concerning Charities in England, for the Education of the Poor," stated the income (in the year 1825) to exceed £4,000. At that date little more than half that sum was annu- ally expended, leaving a vast accumulating surplus. On an application being made to the Court of Chancery for power to appropriate the surplus to some useful purpose, permission was grantee! to expend £10,000 on a new school and house for the High Master. The statute of the school provides for twelve exhibitions at Oxford and Cambridge. The value of these is now £60 each. Besides these, there are fifteen other exhibitions, founded by Hulme, of Kearsley. Boys educated here have also a claim in rotation with other schools to sixteen scholar- ships in Brazennose College, Oxon, and to an equal number in St. John's College, Cambridge: these vary in annual value from £18 to £26. The High Master's salary is £600 per annum, with house rent and tax free. The present High 84 DEAF AND DUMB SCHOOL. Master is the Rev. Dr. Elsdale. In this school are taught the classics, and the principal modern Euro- pean languages, mathematics, writing, arithmetic, and modern arts and sciences. SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB,* The design of which is to afford instruction to deaf and dumb children of all ranks and conditions in life, is situate almost adjoining the Botanical Gar- dens, Stretford-road, and opposite the entrance to Tr afford Park. This excellent institution was established in the year 1823. At that time the only schools of in- struction for the indigent deaf and dumb in England were the London and Birmingham Asylums, the former only affording means of entirely gratuitous instruction to the poor. The applications for ad- mission into both these institutions were so numerous that it was with great difficulty a child from a dis- tance could procure admission. Many children being thus prevented from becoming applicants, the de- sign of forming an institution in this neighbourhood suggested itself to a number of benevolent gentle- men, who, on making their intentions publicly known, were speedily supported by the character- istic philanthropy distinguishing this neighbourhood. The result of an inquiry made in some of the principal factories and Sunday schools in the town, as to the number of deaf and dumb persons known to the parties employed, or taught therein, was, that from one mill the houses of twenty-five individuals, known to the hands employed were made known ; from one Sunday school the names of eleven were * There are 8000 deaf mutes in England ; the institutions at present in operation are not capable of educating more than 600. It is calculated that at least one-eighth of the whole number are within the age and other qualifications generally prescribed for education. It, therefore, seems necessary that more extended provisions should be made for their instruction. — Newspaper paragraph. DEAF AND DUMB SCHOOL. 85 returned. These facts being ascertained, an active canvass of the town and neighbourhood was insti tuted, a sufficiency of funds for the commencement of the institution on a small scale procured, and the establishment was commenced. In England the proportion of the deaf and dumb is about one in 1500; consequently, supposing the population of Manchester to be 300,000, there are 200 deaf and dumb individuals contained therein. Mr. Vaughan, long the assistant to the late Jos. Watson, L.L.D., the enlightened and benevolent superintendent of the London Asylum, was ap- pointed master to the infant institution, and under his superior management the school soon became popular. The public seeing the progress made by the pupils placed under his care, liberally came for- ward to its assistance, and the premises occupied by the charity in Stanley-street, near the New Bailey, became too small to receive the number of children which its funds could support. A building had long been in contemplation, and a fund for its erection had been commenced ; but now the conductors of the institution felt themselves called upon to make active and vigorous exertions for its accomplishment. The town and neighbour- hood were again canvassed, and a handsome sum was obtained ; but the most important aid which the fund received arose from the proceeds of a Ba- zaar, which was held in the large room of the Town Hall, in April, 1836, was most numerously at- tended, and the receipts, including the proceeds of a ball, amounted to upwards of £4,000. After deducting all expenses, the sum of £3,848 was paid over to the treasurer of the building fund. The trustees of the bequest of the late Mr. Hen- shaw, for the endowment of a Blind Asylum, having about this time succeeded in raising a fund for the erection of a building for that purpose, it was h2 86 DEAF AND DUMB SCHOOL. agreed between them and the committee of this institution to erect the two buildings in the imme- diate locality of each other. After-considerations induced the committees more immediately to unite the two institutions by the erection of a chapel in the centre. The cost of the portion of this splendid pile of buildings occupied as the Deaf and Dumb Institu- tion, including the purchase of the land, was about £11,000. The accommodation provided is calcu- lated for one hundred children, besides containing apartments for the masters, private pupils, and the requisite members of the establishment, and the building is so constructed, that in case it should be required increased accommodation could be obtained at a slight cost. The children admitted within its walls are taken from Manchester and the surround- ing counties ; no instructions as to locality existing in the rules except to those counties in which there is a school for the Deaf and Dumb established. Thus admitted, each child has to be provided with clothing, according to a list furnished to its friends, who are required to find securities to keep up the same during the continuance of the child at the school. If the parents be in indigent circumstances the children are instructed and maintained gratui- tously ; but if the parents can afford to pay some- thing towards their support, the committee after an enquiry into their circumstances, fix the sum, vary- ing from 2s. per week to £20 per annum. The period for education occupies five years, with the usual vacations at Christmas and Midsummer. The children are admitted into the school by election of Governors. The election takes place annually, ge- nerally in the month of May or June. Previous to the day of election each subscriber is furnished with a list of the candidates, containing a list of their cases, and the circumstances of their friends. With this list the subscriber marks with his initials the DEAF AND DUMB SCHOOL. 87 names of the parties whom he wishes to be admitted according to the number to be received into the school ; and at the close of the poll, which com- mences at eleven in the morning, and closes at three in the afternoon, the votes are added up, and those children which have the largest numbers are declared duly elected. A subscription of £1 Is. per annum " shall, during its continuance, entitle the subscriber to one vote at all elections of children into the school : a subscription of Two Guineas per annum to two votes, and so on in the proportion of one vote for every Guinea subscribed." — " Every donation of Ten Guineas, at one time, shall entitle the donor to one vote at all elections of children into the school ; a donation of Twenty Guineas shall entitle the do- nor to two votes, and so on in the proportion of one vote for every Ten Guineas." And all Governors are allowed to vote by proxy. There are now under instruction — Boys 46 Girls 28 Total 74 and there are also upon the books many candidates. Divine service takes place in the chapel twice every Sunday, during the summer months, at eleven o'clock in the morning, and at half-past six in the evening ; in the winter months at eleven o'clock in the morning, and at half-past three in the afternoon. The minister is the Rev. T. Buckley, M. A., late curate of St. Paul's, in this town. Full cathedral service is regularly performed by one of the most efficient choirs in the neighbourhood. The present master of the institution is Mr. H. B. Bingham, late of the Exeter institution, Mr. Vaughan haying died in 1834. The other officers of the insti- tution consist of a patron and patroness ; a presi- dent ; twelve vice-presidents ; treasurer and sub- 88 BUND ASYLUM. treasurer; secretary, and a committee consisting of. twenty-four individuals. The public, generally, are admitted into the institution only on Wednesdays, between ten and one o'clock.* THE BLIND ASYLUM Forms the other wing of the same building. Its origin is attributable to the late Mr. Henshaw, of Oldham, who, about twenty years ago, bequeathed the sum of £20,000 for the endowment of an asylum for the blind, which sum was to be appropriated whenever a suitable building was erected for the re- ception of inmates. The original sum having doubled itself, the Manchester people began to arouse themselves, and they commenced a subscrip- tion for the building. In a short time nearly £9000 was subscribed. The asylum will accommodate 1 50 inmates. Its object is to provide for the aged and impotent blind, and to afford such instruction to the * This institution is deeply indebted to the exertions of the late Mr. Bateman, who was "the early friend, the con- stant unwearied supporter, and the unflinching advocate of its wants in every period of its existence." The last re- port of the institution issued early in 1839, alludes with great respect to Mr. Bateman's memory, and remarks : — " On a reference to the minutes of the proceedings of their prede- cessors in office, your committee find the name of Mr. Bate- man associated with every act of any, even the most trivial importance, from the day in which your institution was pro- jected till the time of his being seized with the sickness which laid him on the bed of death. In June, 1823, the establish- ment of a school for deaf mutes in this town was first con- templated, and the wretchedness of the twofold calamity of deafness and dumbness was too painfully forced upon Mr. Bateman, by the unhappy circumstances of two members of his own family being afflicted, to allow him to remain for a single day inactive after the first application on the subject made to him by Mr. Robert Philips, to whom this institu- tion looks more especially as its founder, though it were in- justice to the memory of the dead not to look upon Mr. Bateman as a most valuable ally conjointly concerned in the good work." I MA'. ":>3i@@3Lo T 7 ler ^ el ' • J.Stephanson"^: : : AIL IE JPEESinnEMTni&IM. JUBILEE AND LANCASTERIAN SCHOOLS. 89 indigent blind capable of working, as will enable them, in some degree, to provide for themselves. Mr. and Mrs. Wm. Hughes have recently been elected master and matron. THE JUBILEE SCHOOL Is an institution for the education of girls of a humble station in society, who have here such mat- ter taught them as will qualify them for the dis- charge of the duties of domestic servants. They are admitted between the ages of eleven and thirteen years, and are placed in situations at the discretion of the committee of ladies. The institution is situate near the Manchester Workhouse, in Strange ways, and was established, as its name imports, on the celebration of the fiftieth year of the reign of George III. The late Mrs. Hall, of King-street, bequeathed upwards of £10,000 to this institution, in the year 1832, when its benefits were immediately extended, and girls to the number of forty were thenceforward admitted. Domestic servants from this establishment are in great request. The building does not present any thing particu- larly attractive in its appearance. THE ROYAL LANCASTERIAN SCHOOL Is a large building, situate in Marshall-street, Old- ham-road. This excellent institution, which is well worthy of attention, provides, gratuitously, the ele- ments of learning to the children of the poor ; and on so extensive a sca^e. that upwards of one thou- sand boys and girls are under instruction. At the date of the last meeting (early in 1839)? there were in the school 736 boys, 338 girls, and the total num- ber of children registered in the books, from the commencement, was 21,358. The amount of in- come for the preceding year was £251, derived from subscriptions, and £30 from funded property. 90 NATIONAL AND SUNDAY SCHOOLS NATIONAL SCHOOLS. There are two schools bearing this appellation. The first is situate in Granby-row, London-road ; the other is in Great George- street, Chapel-street, Salford. These schools were founded in 1813, (the latter having been removed to its present site,) and have for their object the gratuitous instruction of the children of the humbler classes of the community. SUNDAY SCHOOLS. There were, in Manchester and Salford, in 1834 and 1835, no less than 1 1 7 Sunday schools, affording Sabbath instruction to 42,950 scholars. The follow- ing tables, extracted from the reports of the Statisti- cal Society of 1835, will afford a correct analysis: — SUMMARY OF THE SUNDA.Y SCHOOLS, AND OF THE SCHOLARS IN MANCHESTER. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. tes... SCHOLARS. Boys. Church Establishment 25 Wesleyan Methodist 18 Catholic i 9 Independent 9 Methodist New Connexion .. 5 Baptist 3 General Baptist 2 Primitive Methodist j 2 Bible Christian j 2 Welsh Independent j 3 Scotch Church Scotch Secession Church ... New Jerusalem Church Unitarian Independent Methodist Arminian Methodist Welsh Baptist.. Welsh Methodist 4938 4209 1912 2070 700 656 192 190 271 413 65 96 65 196 180 37 18 95 Total. 186 16303 16893 33196 Girls. 5346 4857 1968 1989 753 527 158 211 130 366 50 92 85 87 140 42 12 80 Total on theBooks 10284 9066 3880 4059 1453 1183 350 401 401 779 115 188 150 283 320 79 30 175 SUNDAY SCHOOLS. 91 SUMMARY OF SUNDAY SCHOOLS, AND OF THE SCHOLARS IN SALFORD. RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. Church Establishment (where of seven connected with Churches) Ditto ditto at Poor House Wesleyan Methodist Independent Catholic Methodist New Connexion ... Primitive Methodist Unitarian Wesleyan Association Welsh Independent Bible Christian New Jerusalem Church Independent Methodist United Christian , Unconnected with any religi- ous body iH-3 o SCHOLAl Boys. Girls. 8 1272 1410 1 31 28 5 1318 1312 4 711 776 2 256 357 2 288 265 1 334 368 1 151 70 1 116 97 1 96 80 I 51 47 1 60 30 1 25 40 1 i 7 8 i 110 40 Total on theBooks 2682 59 2630 1487 613 553 702 221 213 176 98 90 65 15 150 Total 31 | 4826 4928 I 9754 The day on which Her Majesty was crowned, a most delightful spectacle was presented at Ardwick, one of the suburbs of Manchester, by upwards of forty thousand Sunday scholars, and twelve hundred and eighty charity scholars assembling upon the extensive Green, who sung in one vast chorus, the national anthem. There were various other exhibi- tions and pageants upon that occasion, but no sight was more attractive, or excited more interest than this. The following is a list of the schools that were then assembled : — The Blue Coat School 80 The Collegiate Church School 60 The Ladies' Jubilee School 40 92 INFANT SCHOOLS. The Lancasterian School 1,100 Sunday Schools of the Established Church.. 13,000 The Ministers and Friends of the Wesleyan Methodist Schools in the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Circuits 4,600 The Ministers and Friends with the Sunday Schools of all Denominations 5,900 The Ministers and Friends with the Schools in the Sunday School Union 9,000 The Catholic Clergy and Friends with their Day and Sunday Schools 5,000 The Ministers and Friends with the Unita- rian Schools 1,000 The Ministers and Friends with the New Jerusalem Schools 800 The Ministers and Friends with the Primi- tive Methodist Schools 1,000 INFANT SCHOOLS. One of the earliest Infant schools, established in Manchester, is in Saville-street, Oxford-street, Chorl- ton-upon-Medlock. It was founded in 1826. The character of its system and arrangements is so well known as to place it at the head of such establish- ments. To those persons interested in education, a visit to this school is particularly deserving atten- tion ; and the master, Mr. Hartley, feels honoured by an opportunity of exhibiting the proficiency of his infant pupils, whose acquirements reflect great credit upon his ability in tuition, and whose order and discipline speak well for his patience The practice of music applied in aid of the mnemonic faculties, is here seen in perfection, The master of the school is frequently engaged to start similar institutions, of which there have been many recently established in the town and neighbourhood. Saville- street school contains about 160 scholars. In a book kept for the purpose of registering the names MEDICAL AND SURGICAL SCHOOLS. 93 of visitors, those of the Bishop of Chester, the War- den of Manchester, and Dr. Boothroyd, appear amongst many hundreds of others ; and the same book contains numerous testimonies to the progress of the children, and the efficiency of the master. There are 2000 children under instruction in the In- fants Schools in Manchester. The principal schools besides Saville-street, are in Lower Mosley-street, Buxton-street, Canal -street, Ancoats, one near St. Matthew's church, and one in Bridge-street, Strange ways. DAY AND INFANT SCHOOLS. In connexion with the Wesleyan Methodist body, there are two of these valuable institutions. One is situate in Chancery-lane, Higher Ardvvick ; the other is situated at Islington. The object of these schools is not to supersede the use of Sunday schools, but to instruct the children of the poor on those subjects which, in the estimation of the con- ductors, cannot be taught with propriety on the Sabbath day. In connexion with the Strangeways chapel, are a girls' day school and infants' school, which have been established since the opening of the chapel. SCHOOLS OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY In Manchester, are situate in Pine-street and Marsden-street. In these institutions lectures are delivered on all the subjects connected with surgery and the practice of medicine, and so efficient are the lecturers, and their arrangements, that an examining body before a committee of the house of commons, gave the following unsolicited testimony : — " That no class of pupils is better prepared than those who have been educated solely at Manchester." 94 EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY. Both these institutions possess " museums of na- tural and morbid structure," and also medical libra- ries, which are open to the pupils, and employed by the lecturers as a means of instruction. In a recent number of Blackwood's Magazine it is remarked : — " To Manchester belongs the honour of having established the first provincial school of medicine and surgery, and the example thus set, has been followed by Birmingham, Sheffield, Bristol, Hull, Nottingham, and other towns. The medical schools in Manchester are now in a flourishing and satisfactory state. There was a time, and that not re- mote, when the question of provincial medical schools was at best a doubtful one, and when there was reason to apprehend that the courses of public instruction pursued in the metropolis, would be superseded or interfered with by these local establishments. But experience has shown that these apprehensions were ill founded ; and it is now demonstrated, that the general interest of the profession has been promoted by the spirit of emulation, and increased activity and zeal, excited amongst the metropolitan lecturers by the generous rivalry of provincial teachers." Mr. Jordan, of Manchester, was the first to esta- blish a provincial school, and Mr. Turner to found one which superseded entirely the necessity of the pupil going to London for anything more than his examination — a school, in fact which completed every department of medical education. THE MANCHESTER SOCIETY FOR PROMOTING NATIONAL EDUCATION Was established in November, 1837, by a number of gentlemen, who united for the purpose of urging upon the legislature the duty of establishing a system of National Education^ calculated to fit the people for the right discharge of the various duties of their station ; and which, whilst religious, should not be EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY. 95 sectarian in its character. They designed at once proceeding to establish cheap and efficient schools in the poorest and most neglected parts of their own town. The objects of the society are thus stated in the rules : — 1st. To collect and disseminate information upon the existing state of Education in this country, and amongst the population of Lancashire in particular. 2nd. To aid, by its advice and by recommending properly qualified instructors, all those who may be disposed to improve the Education and training of the industrious classes of Manchester and the neigh- bourhood. 3rd. To endeavour, by petitions and other con- stitutional means, to obtain from Parliament a legis- lative provision for securing to all classes of the community an improved and a permanent System of Education. 4th. To establish, at the earliest possible period, and to maintain a school or schools for the education of children and the qualifying of young persons, of both sexes, to fill the office of teachers. 5th. All schools established by this society, or supplied by it with teachers, shall be open to the children of parents of all religious denominations. — Bible classes shall be formed in every school in which the entire volume of the Holy Scriptures, without note or comment, shall be read by the children, ex- cepting from this rule Catholics and Jews only. By its local efforts the society has established ju- venile schools in the following localities : — Gould- street, St T Georges-road. For Boys and Girls. Number of scholars, about 150. The system of tuition is a modification of that of Poussin, and is nearly identical with that pursued in the schools of the Glasgow Education Society. Its distinguishing features are,— the assembling of all the pupils in the 96 EDUCATIONAL SOCIETY. gallery, at stated times, for examination ; recre- ation in the play -ground, under the eye of the mas- ter, who is thereby enabled to observe, and to che- rish or restrain the developements of character amongst his charge ; and the training of both sexes together, for the sake of the beneficial influence which, under proper regulation, they exercise upon each other. Wilmot- street, Hulme. For Boys, This school is under the superintendence of a teacher from the Normal seminary, Borough-road, London. The number of scholars is about 200 ; in consequence of recent alterations, however, ac- commodation will now be afforded for 300. Wilmot- street. For Girls. In this school about 100 children are placed under the care of a female teacher from the Borough-road institution ; subject to the superintendence of a Com- mittee of Ladies. The fees are 3d. per week in the first school, and 4d. in the others. Books are provided gratis. The course of instruction comprises reading, writing, English grammar, arithmetic, geography, and draw- ing, with a daily familiar lesson in some branch of science. In the Girls' school, sewing and knitting also are taught, and instruction is given, as far as is practicable in domestic duties. The moral improve- ment of the children, the cultivation of right dispo- sitions, the formation of good habits, and the im- planting of sound principles, are studiously attended to in these schools. A donation of £10 10s., or upwards, at one time, or an annual subscription of £1 Is. constitutes a member. Amongst the subscribers are some of our wealthi- EDUCATION OF FACTORY CHILDREN. 97 est merchants and manufacturers — members of the established church, and of all denominations of dis- senters. Messrs. T. H. Williams, 15, Brown-street, and Edwd. Worthington, solicitor, Fountain-street, are the Honorary Secretaries. EDUCATION OF FACTORY CHILDREN. The following is extracted from the report of Leonard Horner, Esq., the factory inspector of this district, furnished on the motion of Mr. Grote, M. P., that Her Majesty would be pleased to give directions that each of the four factory inspectors report sepa- rately, at the period of his quarter's report, ' on the effect of the educational provisions of the Factory Act,' &c. Mr. Horner gives a list of 29 factories or esta- blishments, where he considers the educational pro- visions of the act to have been observed in the most efficient manner. We have not space to notice all ; but select a few of those in this neighbourhood in which the greatest number of children are taught : — =• 1. Birleyand Co. Manchester — 31 boys and 21 girls taught reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, sewing, and knitting ; school fees paid by the firm ; been in operation 26 months ; children attend school, which is on the premises, in four sets ; books used are the Edinburgh Sessional School books ; lessons on objects and New Testament. 4, Cook, Hyde, and Co. Manchester — 60 girls taught on the premises, reading, writing, arithmetic, sewing, and knitting ; children pay Id. each, weekly, and the remainder of the expenses are paid by the firm ; 1 1 months in operation ; two sets ; Edinburgh Sessional School books, Nos. 1, 2, and 3. 12. James Guest, Manchester. — 35 boys, 9 girls ; taught on the premises, in two sets ; reading and writing, children paying 3d. each, weekly ; in opera- tion two years ; spelling book and New Testament, i 2 98 EDUCATION OF FACTORY CHILDREN. 16. Thomas Houldsworth, Manchester. — 35 boys, 1 1 girls, taught on the premises, in one set, reading, writing, and arithmetic, for which they each pay 4d. weekly ; in operation a year ; Edinburgh Sessional School books. IS. James Kennedy and Co. Manchester 56 boys, 17 girls, taught on the premises, in one set, reading, writing, and sewing, for which they pay 3d. each ; in operation two years ; Bible, Testament, and explanatory pictures. 19. John Lees and Sons, Gorton, near Manches- ter — 38 boys, 16 girls, taught in three sets, on the premises, reading, writing, arithmetic, and geo- graphy ; school fees paid by the firm ; in operation two years ; Irish National School books. 20. M'Connel and Co. Manchester— 20 boys, 44 girls, taught in two sets, on the premises, reading, grammar, writing, arithmetic, geography, sewing, and knitting, for which the children pay respectively 2d. and 3d. weekly, the remainder being defrayed by the firm ; in operation 17 months ; Irish National School books, and Edinburgh Sessional School col- lection. 21. New Bridge Mill Twist Co. Manchester — 137 boys, 9 girls, taught in two sets, on the pre- mises, reading only, at the cost of the firm ; in ope- ration 25 months ; spelling book and Bible. 22. John Pooley and Son, Hulme — 38 boys, 6 girls, taught in three sets, not on the premises, read- ing and writing, for which they pay 2d. each, weekly ; in operation two years ; spelling books and New Testament. The total number of children taught in these 29 factories are 1,115 boys, 705 girls. Arithmetic is taught in 12 of the 29 ; geography in 5 ; sewing and knitting in 9 ; sewing in 4 more ; and in one school, at Brocksbottom, near Bury, — besides reading and writing, sewing and knitting,- — singing is taught the EDUCATION OF FACTORY CHILDREN. 99 children, who get this education for 3d. each, weekly. The Edinburgh Sessional School books appear to be most extensively used ; and in the country mills, the " Reading-made-easy" and the Scriptures. Of the 29 schools, 20 are on the premises of the mills or factories. In 16 of the 29, the whole cost of the schools is defrayed by the firms, and in three others it is partly paid by the firm, and partly by the chil- dren themselves.* From Manchester Guardian. LofC. CHAPTER VI. LITERARY AND EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS. THE ATHENEUM, Bond-st., is an Institution established for the pur- pose of affording persons of the middle classes in so- ciety, chiefly young men, a suitable resort for reading the public prints, and for attending lectures, also to enable them at a moderate charge to enjoy the bene- , fits of a library. These privileges and many others are secured to subscribers, on payment of 30s. per annum. A splendid building has been erected for the purposes of this institution, from the design of Mr. Barry, of London. When complete, this insti- tution will perhaps be without a rival in the king- dom, and it is certainly worthy the taste and opu- lence of the town. There are, connected with the institution, classes in which are taught the French and Italian languages, and in which music and phre- nology may be studied. Occasionally public concerts are given to the members. The following extracts from the Third Annual Report, read in January, 1839, may prove inte- resting. The number of subscribers for the first quarter of 1838 was 1227 For the second 1110 Forthe third 905 For the fourth 979 The members have access to forty-three English newspapers, including thirteen published daily, one three times a week, and five twice a week ; four Irish papers, including one daily, one published twice a week, and two three times a week ; five Scotch papers, including two twice a week, and one . _: : THE ATHENEUM. 101 thrice a week ; one French, three German, and a file of American daily papers ; six quarterly reviews ; and nineteen monthly and five weekly magazines. In the Library there are 3,960 volumes, being an increase of 822 during the year. The library in- cludes works on moral and mental philosophy ; poli- tical economy, &c, 139 ; history and biography, 748 ; science and art, 251 ; poetry, 236; novels, 928. About thirty of these volumes are donations from friends of the Institution, Fifteen courses, making a total of 73 lectures, have been delivered in the institution during the year. The following accounts of receipts and expendi- ture was appended to the report : — " The balance of account rendered to the last an- nual meeting was £115 9s. ; the receipts during the year have been £1,964 14s. 7d. consisting of £60 for three life members : £307 10s. for annual sub- scriptions ; £ 1 , 1 77 1 0s. for half-yearly ditto ; £25 1 0s. from classes ; £131 2s. 6d. admissions to concerts ; £103 lis. 8d. for magazines, newspapers, and waste paper sold ; £78 8s. 3d. for rent of coffee-room ; £43 10s. 7d. for fines; £11 3s. 8d. interest, and sundry other items ; making a total of £2,080 3s. 7d. The payments amount to £2,219 14s. 8d. ; making a balance of £139 1 Is. Id. due to the treasurer. The payments may be classed under the following heads : — Investments £280, being the amount of books bought — Extraordinary expenses, £50 10s. lid — - Ordinary expenses, £1,889 3s. 9d. Of this amount the principal items are £415 9s. lOd, for newspa- pers ; £367 9s. lOd. for lectures; £138 5s. 2d. for concerts; £154 17s. 4d. for salaries ; £76 8s. Id. for gas rent and fittings; £131 13s. 8d. for book- binding and stationery; £43 15s. for advertising; £28 7s. lOd. for taxes; £93 18s. 9d. for classes ; £280 rent to Royal Institution ; £81 rent of coffee- room, &c. &c. 102 mechanics' institution. THE MANCHESTER MECHANICS' INSTITUTION. The object of the Institution is to instruct the working classes in the principles of the arts they practise, and in other branches of useful knowledge, excluding party politics and controversial theology. At the small expense of five shillings a quarter, the workman may not only acquire a more thorough knowledge of his business, and a greater degree of skill in the practice of it, but he will also be better qualified to advance himself in the world ; better enabled to secure the means of support and enjoy- ment, and better qualified to promote the education of his children. The principal means in operation for the accomplishment of results so beneficial, are lectures, evening classes, a library and reading room. The last annual report of the Institution is dated February, 1839. It appears that the ordinary receipts during the past year amounted to £2,109 ; the dis- bursements to £2,177; leaving a balance due to the treasurer. On the building account, the receipts (which include the receipts of a public exhibition) amount to £2,120 ; the disbursements to £386 ; leav- ing £1,733 at the disposal of the building committee. The building of the Mechanics' Institution cost the sum of £6,600, It was the first building erected in England for a Mechanics' Institution. It is ex- pected that the debt owing upon it will, in the course of this year, be entirely liquidated ; and that the building will be free for ever, for the purposes of a Mechanics' Institution. At the close of the year 1838> the number of sub- scribers was 1161. Of this number there were, Under 14 years of age 51 Between 14 and 21 years of age 446 Above 21 years of age 664 Total 1161 mechanics' institution. 103 The following is a general classification of their respective employments : 1 . Principals, engaged as Merchants, 7 ~£q Manufacturers and Machinists j 2. Mechanics, Millwrights and En- 7 , ~< gineers J 3. Overlookers, Spinners and other i «o Mill hands J 66 4. Building Trades 89 5. Sundry Trades, chiefly handicraft 105 6. Warehousemen 173 7. Clerks 86 8. Artists, Architects, Engravers,&c 47 9. Professional Men 8 10. Schoolmasters 12 11. Shopkeepers and their Assistants 69 12. No Profession 12 J3. Ladies 8 14. Youths 152 Total 1161 Sixty-five lectures were delivered during the year ; and the total numbers of persons who attended them were 20,650 males, and 4,800 females. The library connected with the Institution contains 5,036 volumes, classified as follows ; — WORKS. VOLS. Pure Sciences 216 ... 312 Mixed Sciences 737 ... 1635 History 463 ... 1167 Polite Literature 587 ... 1853 Parliamentary Reports 10 ... 15 Pamphlets bound 24 ... 26 Appendix unclassified 18 ... 20 Further additions... 8 Total 5036 104 mechanics' institution. The deliveries of books in 1837, were 38,000; last year, 42,000 ; and the sura total of the deliveries of books to read since the opening of the library in 1 824, is upwards of 300,000. The following tabular form presents a comprehen- sive view of the classes, and the attendance there- on : — Average Subjects taught On List. Attendance Grammar 122 ... 55 German Language 8 ... 6 Arithmetic 154 ... 66 Elocution and Composition 28 ... 21 Mechanical Drawing 64 ... 39 Chemistry, Mutual Instruction. Landscape and Figure Drawing. ..... 46 ... 28 Vocal Music , 24 ... 16 Natural History, Mutual Instruction Writing 138 ... 70 Algebra, Geometry, and Mensu- V -. ~ , ~ ration J French 25 ... 18 The following is an enumeration of the various kinds of articles in the last exhibition ; an exhibi- tion which was visited by upwards of 130,000 per- sons, without any material damage occuring to any of the articles exhibited : — 31 Models of Steam Engines. 79 Models of useful Machines, and ingenious Mechanical Contrivances. 20 Models of Ships, Packets, Boats, &c. 400 Specimens of beautiful Manufactures, and of superior workmanship in the Arts. 12 Models of Public Buildings. 40 Specimens of Papier Mache and Cabinet Work. 19 Time-Pieces and Clocks. 90 Philosophical Instruments. mechanics' institution. 105 160 xlncient and Modern Cariosities. 1050 Medals, Coins, and Plaster Casts of Medallions 59 Landscape Paintings. 35 Painted Portraits. 64 Historical and Allegorical Paintings. 13 Paintings illustrative of Natural History. 290 Engravings. 140 Indian Ink and Coloured Designs and Draw- ings. 28 Specimens of Glass, painted and stained. 30 Busts. 20 Figures in Marble and Plaster of Paris. 200 Natural Curiosities. 300 Botanical Specimens. 7000 Mineralogical and Geological Specimens. 1120 Birds. 100 Quadrupeds and Reptiles. 4000 Shells. 10000 Insects. 1000 Coralines. 26300 This exhibition, as well as one held in the pre- ceding year, was instituted for the purpose of reduc- ing the debt upon the building of the Institution. The number of contributors to it was 360, who gra- tuitously and benevolently allowed the articles in the exhibition to remain for a period of several months; thus conferring a lasting benefit on the Institution. The Institution is under the deepest obligation to Sir Benjamin Heywood, Bart., who, from its com- mencement, has taken the most active interest in its welfare, and whose name must always be associated with its history. Mr. Henry Day, Jun., is the Honorary Secretary. The building is in Cooper- street. 106 SALFORD MECHANICS' INSTITUTION. SALFORD MECHANICS' INSTITUTION Is situate in Chapel-street, Salford. This Institution is not intended to oppose that of Manchester, but is established for the convenience of the artisans of the borough in which it exists. It is conducted on simi- lar principles to those of the Manchester Mechanics' Institution. Though only in its infancy, it promises to answer well the objects of its founders. The first annual meeting of this Institution was held in the month of June, 1839. After a brief ad- dress from tbe chairman, the honorary secretary read the report of the directors, which embraced a state- ment of the steps taken by the directors previous to and since the opening of the Institution, on the 20th of June last. Classes had been opened for Arith- metic, Algebra, and Geometry ; Grammar, Writing, Architectural, Ornamental, and Perspective Draw- ing. The number of members at that time was 16 life, 127 yearly, 19 half-yearly, and 351 quarterly. The library comprised 964 volumes and 28 pamph- lets ; 466 volumes had been purchased, the re- mainder were donations : every precaution had been taken not to admit books of an immoral or improper tendency; and the directors urged on the sub- scribers the importance of increasing the stock of books. During the year, 37 paid lectures, and 13 gra- tuitous ones, had been delivered. A museum had been commenced, but could not yet boast of a large collection of specimens. Mr. Drew is the honorary secretary. THE SCHOOL OF DESIGN. This Institution was formed in 1838. Its rooms are in the building of the Royal Institution, Mosley- street. The objects of the Society are to give instruc- tion to students, by means of competent masters, SCHOOL OF DESIGN. 107 in design — including ornamental drawing, flower drawing, drawing the human figure, perspective, geometry, civil engineering, architecture, model- ling, light, shade and colour, pattern-drawing for calico printing, fancy weaving, &c. ; delivery of lectures on painting, sculpture, anatomy, zoology, botany, &c. : the formation of a museum for the ex- hibition of casts, models, paintings, designs, me- chanical inventions, and other works of art ; and of a library of books and engravings. Persons who pay £10, or subscribe one pound per annum, have free personal access for themselves ; and persons paying £20 or upwards, or subscribing two pounds per annum, have free access for them- selves and all the members of their families, (except males above twenty years of age,) to the drawing school, library, museum, meetings, exhibitions, and all other public parts of the Institution, subject to to the regulations of the council. The following is an extract from the first report of the Institution, published in February, 1839: — " The school was opened on the first of October last, and thirty-six pupils have been admitted, con- sisting of 12 Pattern Designers 1 Cabinet Maker 9 Artists 1 Printer 5 Architects 5 Miscellaneous Oc 1 Engineer cupations 1 Glass Stainer , — 1 Coach Painter 36 Total, attending chiefly in the evening, regularly — Of these students, 12 are qualified to draw from the round, either statues or busts ; 1 3 are good copyists ; and 1 1 are elementary students ; and the council have every reason to be satisfied with the general pro- gress of the pupils." The receipts up to the date of the report were, £369 ; Mr. Bell is the master. 108 LYCEUMS. ANCOATS LYCEUM Is situate No. 1 07, Great Ancoats-street. The lecture- room is in Lever-street, under the Wesleyan Asso- ciation chapel. This Institution embraces the following objects : — A library and news-room, supplied with the best newspapers and periodicals ; a coffee-room ; weekly meetings for friendly intercourse, and mutual im- provement ; occasional meetings of members and their families for musical and other rational recrea- tion ; classes for children and adults in the essential branches of education ; and lectures on subjects of popular interest. The subscriptions are 2s. per quarter, payable in advance. Females Is. 6d. per quarter, to the library, lectures, and classes. The classes, which include Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, Grammar ; and (at a small extra charge) Sewing and Knitting, have separate accommodation, are attended by a competent female teacher, and periodically visited by a committee of ladies. Mr. John Perkins is the honorary secretary. LYCEUM, CHORLTON-UPON-MEDLOCK, Was established November, 1838. This Institution comprises within its design the educational advan- tages of a mechanics' institution, library, popular lectures, classes, &c, together with a news-room, coffee-room, and other features of a recreative charac- ter. The very moderate subscription of 2s. per quarter for each member is adopted. The secretary is Mr. Perkins. SALFORD LYCEUM. There is also an Institution denominated the ci Salford Lyceum," established in the borough of Salford. The objects and arrangements are similar to those of the Lyceums just noticed. THE PARTHENON. 109 THE PARTHENON, Is an Institution of a character kindred to that of the Lyceums, previously mentioned. It chiefly ori- ginated with members of the Temperance Society, although it is not exclusively composed of tempe- rance members. Its objects are the promotion of literature, and the diffusion of knowledge among the working classes. Lectures are frequently delivered to the members on various subjects. The annual subscription is eight shillings. The rooms of the Institution are in^Smithfield, Shudehill. k2 CHAPTER VII. LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS. THE ROYAL INSTITUTION, Mosley-street, is an institution particularly worthy of notice. It is a splendid stone building, erected after the design of Mr. Barry, the architect of the new houses of parliament. The cost of the land and building has exceeded £30,000. The object of the Institution is to encourage literature, science, and the arts. It was established at a public meeting held in the year 1823. There is an exhibition of paintings, by modern artists, within its walls every year, to which the public are admitted on payment of one shilling. Every three years there is an exhi- bition of paintings by the old masters, and by artists of decided celebrity, which is greatly enriched by the liberality of the nobility and gentry of the neigh- bourhood, who send the choicest pictures from their own collections to grace these exhibitions, and to gratify the public. The Duke of Wellington and Lord Francis Egerton may be named among the distinguished patrons of art who have in this way contributed to enhance the value and attraction of this exhibition. During the year ending March, 1839, there were two exhibitions, one of modern, the other of ancient paintings. The first was visited by 4129 individuals, the latter, by 3212. Governors and their families, and annual subscribers only, are admitted to the lectures, for the delivery of which there is a theatre w 7 ithin the building, which will accommodate about 800 persons. His late majesty, George IV., presented to the Institution a series of casts from the Elgin marbles, which adorn the en- LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. Ill trance. A splendid full-length marble figure, by Chantry, of Dr. Dalton, has lately been deposited in the exhibition room. It is intended to occupy a permanent site within the hall of the Institution. This splendid work of art, so creditable to the artist, and to the public spirit of the subscribers, forms a great attraction to the inhabitants of the town as well as to strangers. In connexion with this department of the Institu- tion, the handsome donation of our townsman, Sir Benjamin Hey wood, Bart., of £500, deserves record. The interest of this sum is annually distributed to the successful competitors for what is named " The Hey wood Prize," for paintings. The town of Manchester cannot boast of a greater ornament than the superb building of this Institution. THE LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY Holds its meetings in its rooms, in George-street, opposite St. James's church. This society was in- stituted in 1781. Its first secretary was Dr. Thomas Henry, whose chemical discoveries have so much tended to enrich the town of Manchester. There are about 150 members in the society, the oldest of whom living is Robert Philips, Esq., of the Park, whose date of admission is 1783. The next is Sir George Philips, Bart., who joined the society in 1785. The third member in seniority is the cele- brated Dr. Dalton, whose entrance is dated 1794. Dr. Dalton has been for some years president of the society, and regularly attends its meetings, which are held every alternate Friday during the winter months, from seven to nine o'clock. The society has published many volumes of transactions, which have been the vehicle by which some of the most important chemical discoveries of modern times have been given to the world. Dalton's New System of Chemical Philosophy, and his immortal discovery of 112 LITERARY AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY. the Atomic Theory, as well as many other of his discoveries, were first published in these transactions. Numerous valuable papers by other eminent men are inserted. Indeed, the repute of these transactions has caused them to be in demand on the continent, and they appear translated into several foreign lan- guages. The members of this society are admitted by ballot, and their admission is presumptive evidence, that they are qualified to become mem- bers of such an association, by literary or philoso- phical attainments. The society takes a standing so high in the estimation of men of .science, that it is neither probable or desirable unqualified admis- sions will ever take place. It seems almost necessary, whilst alluding to the Li- terary and Philosophical Society, to speak a little more at length of Dr. Dalton, the ornament of the soci- ety, and the boast of our town. The fame of the Doctor is so extended, that it would be superogatory to dwell upon it ; and to enter into the detail of those discoveries upon which it is built, is a work capable of being performed only by some able man to whom those details are familiar. The Doctor has recently been afflicted with a severe illness, and his recovery was doubted by many of his friends. The writer of these remarks has often encountered him since his convalescence in his daily walks, and conceived, with many other persons, that he had abandoned severe study, and was giving relaxation to a mind which had been allowed little repose for half a century ; but the writer was mistaken, for on being referred by a friend of the Doctor's, a mem- ber of the council * of the society, to him for information respecting the Philosophical Society, he found him in the house of the society, in his labo- ratory, apparently deeply engaged in some chemi- * John Davies, Esq. THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 113 cal experiments. He was seated alone, his head covered with a close dark velvet cap, and before him on a table were placed several glass vessels, the contents of one of which he was rapidly stirring, in- tently gazing upon the effect of the motion. His fine venerable appearance, surrounded by a variety of chemical apparatus, — his thoughtful countenance, — the time, place and circumstance, — conveyed to the mind of the writer the beau ideal of a philoso- pher. The Doctor, with a courtesy the narrator had no right to expect, ceased his experiments, to afford the information that was sought ; and dispatched an attendant up stairs for the necessary documents. The attendant returned, not being able to find them of a date sufficiently recent ; and on communicating his want of success to the Doctor, the aged philo- sopher* made no remark, but proceeded in search of them himself, and soon returned with them in his possession. The writer was struck with the charac- teristic nature of the action ; and this instance of perseverance reminded him of a speech made by the Doctor at an anniversary meeting of the Pine- street School of Medicine, just five years ago, in which the following passage occurred, " If 1 have succeeded better than many who surround me, in their different walks of life, it has been chiefly, nay, I may say almost solely, from unwearied as- siduity" THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY Has its rooms in Falkner-street. This Society was instituted in 1 838, and has for its objects, to investi- gate the mineral structure and organic remains of the earth, (and especially of the coal measures of the south of Lancashire, and that of the new red sandstone formation of Cheshire) ; to inquire into the statistics and machinery of mining ; to collect * Dr. Dalton was born in 1766. 114 THE STATISTICAL SOCIETY. books, sections, maps, models, and mining records ; to publish transactions with suitable illustrations ; and to form a museum to be open gratuitously to the public. The management of the affairs of the society is vested^in a council. The first special general meeting of the society was held in the Royal Institution in January, 1839, when, from the report, it appeared that the society consisted of 225 members. This number shows how much the interest in the science and discoveries of geology has increased in the public mind ; and it is also evidence, that such a society was required in Man- chester, to concentrate and systematize the labours and contributions of many enquiring and intelligent individuals. The society has decided upon the for- mation of its Museum, which has every prospect of being well and soon furnished with ample and valu- able collections of minerals and fossils. Every facility is offered by the society for the reception of contributions relating to the objects it has in view, whether by papers, sections, or speci- mens presented by members, or others not belonging to the society. At the ordinary monthly meetings, strangers have the privilege of admission through the introduction of any of the members. Some of the first men in geological science have already been pleased to accept the honour of having their names enrolled as honorary members ; and there is every reason to look forward to the society being well supported from all parts of the neigh- bouring counties. Lord F. Egerton is the presi- dent ; Mr. Thomas Ashworth, and Mr. H. C. Camp- bell, are the secretaries, THE MANCHESTER STATISTICAL SOCIETY Is an Institution of modern date : it was established in 1834. Its objects are, " the collection of facts PHRENOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 115 illustrative of the condition of society, and the dis- cussion of subjects of social and political economy ; totally excluding party politics/' The subscription is two guineas annually from ordinary members. Admission is by ballot. Gentlemen distinguished for their ability and zeal in cultivating statistical inquiries, and living at least ten miles distant from Manchester, may be admitted as corresponding members. No subscription is re- quired from them. The ordinary meetings are held during the so- ciety's session, viz., from the first of October to the first of July, with intervals not exceeding six weeks between each meeting. Members are expected to communicate to the society papers on statistics, and on subjects of social and political economy, particularly on such as may be of local interest. This society has already published several valuable papers on the state of education, on the condition of the working classes, the increase of steam-power in Manchester and Salford, &c. ; and many of the gentlemen connected with it are indefatigable in their exertions to further its objects. Communica- tions for the secretary may be addressed to the care of Sir Benjamin Heywood, Bart., & Co., bankers, Manchester. THE PHRENOLOGICAL SOCIETY. This Society was instituted in 1829. During the first year of its existence, a purchase was made of a full set of two hundred and ten casts of heads, masks and skulls, from Messrs. Luke O'Neill and Son, of Edinburgh, being copies of the entire collection of the Phrenological Society in that city. That col- lection, at the time, was considered one of the best ex- tant. Since then at least one hundred casts have been added to the Manchester Society's collection 116 PHRENOLOGICAL SOCIETY. by purchase, and by contributions from friends and members. Several real skulls have also been pre- sented or obtained, and some excellent mouldings of the brain by Mr. Bally. There is a library attached to the Society, con- taining almost all the works that have been written upon phrenology ; especially may be mentioned, the great work of " Dr. Gall on the Functions of the Brain," and also all the well-known and appre- ciated works of Drs. Spurzheim and Andrew Combe, and of George Combe, Esq. This Society has always made it a principle to disseminate, as well as to collect, every information upon the doctrines, in all their bearings, of Gall and Spurzheim, and has, consequently, published all the most important of the papers or essays read before it. Its members have also given free public lec- tures ; and through its exertions and influence, the public of Manchester have had opportunities of hear- ing nearly all the most distinguished advocates of the science. The meetings of the Society, (besides occasional conversational meetings,) have, of late, beer held on the second Monday in each month, in the rooms un- derneath those occupied by Mr. Bally, artist, in King-street; but they are now held in Falkner- street, where the library and the casts, &c. are placed. The books are allowed to be taken out by members only ; but strangers are at all times ad- mitted free to inspect the casts, &c. on the intro- duction of a member. Election by ballot, being proposed and seconded by members, having a ma- jority of three-fourths of the members present, and an annual subscription of one guinea, are the terms of membership. Mr. J. P. Lynill is the honorary secretary, and Mr. J. Loyd curator of the casts, &c. The Society consists now of about forty members, besides a large number of corresponding members, GALLERY OF CASTS. 117 residing at a distance, or abroad. It has some ho- norary members, who are eminent as phrenologists, and have been elected on account of their superior ser- vices to the science, or to the Society. The proceedings of the Society generally consist in the reading of papers or essays upon subjeccs allied to, or bearing upon phrenology, or in the communication, by mem- bers, of any phrenological facts that may have come under their notice. In connexion with the Phrenological Society we may mention MR, BALLY'S GALLERY OF CASTS, which is well worth the visit of the phrenologist, or indeed of any one interested in looking upon a col- lection of busts of the great ones of the earth. It contains upwards of one thousand casts of skulls and masks, taken from nature, many of which were procured on the occasion of the proprietor's journey on the continent with the celebrated Dr. Spurzheim. Placed round the gallery is a selection for study : these are in number thirty-six. They are arranged with printed illustrations, show- ing the use and abuse of the phrenological develop- ment of each of the organs, and exhibit these organs in a great variety of combinations. Even to the anti-phrenologist the assemblage of so many celebrated persons, of different ages, and of every variety of character, station, and clime, is an interesting field for an hour's con- templation. Thus may Shakspeare, Tasso, Pope, Burns, Moore, Thomson, La Fontaine, Words- worth, Crabbe, Pierpoint (of Boston, U. S.), &c, be brought together ; as may the features of Cicero (brought from Rome by Dr. Spurzheim), Voltaire, Sheridan, Garrick, Home Tooke, Roscoe, &c. Amongst statesmen are Edmund Burke, Pitt, i 118 GALLERY OF CASTS. Fox, Perceval, Doctor Franklin, Huskisson, Lord Brougham, &c. — Robert Owen, Joseph Hume, and other living men " of note," are also to be found. Amongst modern divines and preachers are Drs. Chalmers, Raffles of Liverpool, Montgomery of Bel- fast, Drummond of Dublin, Bunting, &c. ; Revs. William Roby, Robert Newton, James Martineau, Rammohun Roy, &c. Of royalty there are some examples, as Henri Quatre, George III. and George IV., Napoleon (taken after his death, at St. Helena), Robert the Bruce (from the Phrenological Society of Edinburgh), the Duke of Sussex, &c. Amongst musicians may be found Haydn, Neukomm, Dus- sek, &c. ; in mechanical science, Watt, Stephenson, Brunei, &c. ; in other departments of science. Sir John Herschell, John Hunter, Audubon ; in paint- ing, Sir Thos. Lawrence, Sir David Wilkie, Liver- seege, and others. Of phrenologists, the principal are Drs, Gall and Spurzheim, Mr. Geo. Combe, Mr. Hewitt Watson, and Sir Geo. Mackenzie. There is a collection of skulls and casts, exhibiting national peculiarities, as seen in those of the Hindoo, the New Zealander, the Charib, the Esquimaux, the Chinese, the Turk, and the Australian, with those of the ancient Egyptian (mummy), ancient Greek, an- cient Briton, and ancient Peruvian form of heads. There are various idiots, five of one family ; but the most singular part of the collection is that of the heads of criminals, principally murderers, most of whom have been executed for their crimes. Amongst them are Burke, Hare, Corder, and Greenacre ; Eu- gene Aram, Bellingham, David Haggart, Mary M'Kinnis, &c. The Continent contributes Fieschi, of " infernal machine" notoriety; Lacenaire, a French writer, who committed murder ; and a cast of the head of Margaretha Gottfried, who was executed at Bremen in 1828, for having poisoned, during a suc- cession of years, both her parents, her three children, ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY. 119 her first and second husbands, and five or six other individuals. Amongst those criminals locally noto- rious, are Wm. Heaton, of Warrington, murderer ; Tong, who murdered a child in Hulme, and then cut his own throat ; and Patrick and Edward Donnelly and Lawrence Curtis (three of a gang of Irish high- waymen), who were executed at Shrewsbury. The collection of the skulls of birds, the smaller quadru- peds, reptiles, and fishes, is very good ; and there is also a neat collection of miniature busts for a cabinet, each exhibiting the development of the thirty-five or thirty-six organs of phrenologists. THE ARCHITECTURAL SOCIETY Was established in 1837, for the purpose of diffusing a general taste for architecture and the fine arts, as well as for affording to members of the profession opportunities for friendly intercourse and mutual im- provement ; and to junior members facilities for pur- suing their studies, by the establishment of a library of standard works on art for circulation and refer- ence ; periodical meetings for reading papers and discussion ; and occasional exhibitions and conver- sazione. The rooms of the Society, in Cooper-street, are open to the members, for perusing the periodicals, referring to the books, and studying from the casts, every day from nine o'clock in the morning till six in the evening ; and the library, which already con- tains many valuable publications on the fine arts, is open every Wednesday and Saturday evenings from seven till nine, for the issue of books. The general meetings are held at seven o'clock in the evening, on the first Wednesday in each month, from July to April inclusive, when an original paper on some subject connected with art is read and discussed. Each member has the privilege of 120 INSTITUTION FOR FRACTICAL SCIENCE. introducing a friend to these meetings, which are frequently highly interesting. A conversazione is held once a quarter, at which works of excellence in every branch of art are exhi- bited, and to which artists have free admission, on application to a member of the council. In addition to the advantages at present afforded by this Society, the council are taking active mea- sures for forming a museum of models and casts, and for the establishment of honorary rewards for com- petition in various branches of art. A friendly intercourse is maintained with the Royal Institute of British Architects, London ; and members of this Society, visiting the great metro- polis, have free access to the rooms and meetings of the Institute, on applying to its secretary, and producing their tickets. Mr. J. W. Hance is the honorary secretary.* MANCHESTER INSTITUTION FOR THE ILLUSTRATION AND ENCOURAGEMENT OF PRACTICAL SCIENCE, Is in progress of formation. Its objects are, 1. To provide a well-selected and ample collection of models and apparatus, calculated to illustrate the most important branches of the arts and manufac- tures, and for the display of experiments combining philosophical instruction with general entertainment. 2. To afford facilities for demonstrating practically such elementary principles in mechanics, chemistry, and other departments of practical science, as admit of direct application to the useful arts. 3. To exhi- bit the progress which has been gradually making, * As a proof that this Society is not without its fruits, one of its members, Mr. E. Hall, still in his clerkship in an archi- tect's office, has carried off from all competitors throughout the kingdom, the medal of the Royal Institute of British Ar- chitects, by his prize essay on the Grecian and Roman styles of architecture. BOTANICAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. 121 and which may still be made, in branches of know- lege subservient to productive industry. 4. To sti- mulate research, and foster inventive talent, by ho- norary or pecuniary rewards. 5. To furnish, like the Adelaide Gallery in London, such attractions to the junior members of the community, as would allure them to the acquisition of valuable knowledge, by affording them pleasure in the pursuit of it. The sum of £12,000 is about to be raised in shares, to carry out the above object, The offices of the Institution are at the corner of Cross-street, St. Ann- street. THE BOTANICAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Was established in 1827. " The Botanic Gardens" are situate at Old Trafford, on the Stretford Road, and cover a space of sixteen statute acres in extent. The Society was formed for the purpose of encou- raging the study of botany and horticulture. There are in the summer season several exhibitions of fruits, flowers, plants, &c, in the Gardens, which are much frequented by visitors on such occasions. The income of the Botanical Society for the years 1837-8 amounted to £1,443. The expenditure, owing to an extraordinary outlay, was £2,185. Of this sum £1,013 had been paid on account of the new conservatory and forcing houses. An annual subscription of two guineas entitles the subscriber to free admission to the Gardens, during the current year of his subscription, for himself and all the resident members of his family ; he is also entitled to introduce strangers, residing not less than ten miles from the Gardens, on payment by each stranger of one shilling for the use of the Society. The Gardens are very tastefully laid out in the ornamental style. There is an extensive arboretum, containing some fine specimens of various kinds of trees and shrubs, planted on the east, west, and south l2 122 BOTANICAL AND HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. sides of the Gardens ; such kinds only as are most conspicuous and interesting, being placed in more public situations. The plant houses and conserva- tory form a beautiful and imposing range of glass, three hundred and twenty-one feet in length, con- structed on the curvilinear plan by Messrs. Clarke and Jones, of Birmingham, and heated by hot water in large pipes. The conservatory is in the centre of the range, about forty feet high, with a spacious dome-shaped roof, terminating in a point. It seems firmly constructed, and has withstood the most severe hurricanes without a pane of glass being broken. The visitor will find here some very rare and beau- tiful plants from all quarters of the globe. The ba- nana (musa sapientum) is growing here with even more than tropical vigour. There are some fine spe- cimens of the plantain tree, (musa paradisiacaj, the sago palm, (cycas revoluta), the fern palm, (sabal blackbumiana), the torned leaved palm, (caryola urensj, the date palm, (phoenix dactyli/eraj, the cinnamon tree, (cinnamo?numverumJ, the elephant's foot plant, (Testudinaria elephantissisj, the India rubber plant, (ficus elasticaj, and the pitcher plant, (nepenthes distillatoria). There is also a choice assortment of New Holland and Cape plants, includ- ing banksia dryandras, the interesting Moreton B?y pine (aruacaria cunninghamia), and the Nor- folk bland pine (aruacaria excelsa). On the front lawn there is a splendid specimen of the aruacaria imbricata, from Chili. In the lower part of the Garden, advantage has been taken of some natural springs of water, to form an or- namental lake of considerable extent, which is highly picturesque in appearance. In one part it is crossed by a romantic-looking bridge, beyond which the vi- sitor finds himself in an Alpine region of miniature rocks and caverns. At the termination of the lake there is an extensive rockery, formed of tuffa from AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. 123 Derbyshire, which, when supplied with plants suitable to such a locality, will have a very interesting appearance. Behind the rockery is the rosarium, which is supplied with a great number of plants. Adjoining the rosarium the visitor will find a peach wall, covered with glass, two hundred and fifty feet in length, which, in the blooming season, presents a great attraction. This wall forms a part of the boundary of the fruit garden, in which there is a great variety of apples and pears, and specimens of the various methods of training wall and standard fruit trees. Within this enclosure there is a range of forcing houses, two hundred and forty-six feet in length. Before deciding upon the site of the Gardens, the directors, to secure a situation free from smoke, ap- plied to Dr. Dalton, who furnished them with the results of his experience on the course of the winds for a period of forty years. From these results, it was ascertained, that, dividing the year into ten equal portions of time, during seven of those portions the wind would blow directly from the present site to- wards the town, and that during only one of those periods would it blow from the town towards the Gardens, the westerly winds prevailing during seven- tenths of the year. The Botanic Garden of Oxford, through the me- dium of Dr. Daubeny, has been supplied with the duplicate seeds of this society. There are four hundred and forty hereditary mem- bers enrolled. Mr. S. E. Cottam, Brazennose-street, is the secretary of the society, and Mr. Campbell the curator. THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY Was established in 1767 — before Manchester became the centre of a purely manufacturing district. It holds its meetings annually, generally in the month 124 HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. of October, on the occasion of which an exhibition is made of fat cattle, implements of husbandry, &c, and premiums awarded to deserving exhibitors. Prizes are also held out to farmers who can prove that they possess the best managed farms ; and agri- cultural servants, of long standing, are rewarded for good conduct. Lord Francis Egerton presided at the dinner which followed the last exhibition. Mr. Hampson, of High Legh, and Mr. Dixon, near Old- ham, are the secretaries. THE HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY Is a society established for the purpose of exhibiting fruit, flowers, and plants ; and, in the proper seasons of the year, is a source of great attraction in the town. The exhibitions are usually held in the Corn Exchange. Prizes are awarded for the best speci- mens of the various productions. THE MANCHESTER SOCIETY FOR THE PROMOTION OF NATURAL HISTORY, Whose Museum is in Peter-street, was established in the year 1821, its foundation being a collection of British and foreign insects, collected by the late Lee Phillips, Esq. From this nucleus the collections were rapidly extended, especially in the department of foreign ornithology, as might be expected, from the opportunities afforded by the vicinity to Liver- pool. At the present time, the ornithological col- lection stands the first in the provinces of Britain, if not of Europe. The other departments are not so richly supplied. The collection of British insects is very large, and the foreign Lepidoptera and shells are far from despicable. The departments of geo- logy and British conchology are the most deficient, especially the latter ; but with such funds as the society possesses, it may, with good management, be made to rival some of the first metropolitan insti- E "111 ^©(SimT' - T © IE < NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 125 tutions. Originally members were admitted by bal- lot, on payment of an annual subscription of £2 2s., and an admission fee of £10 10s. ; but the Institution has lately been materially modified. The admission fee has been made hereditary, the subscription lower- ed, and annual subscribers of £2 2s. and £1 Is., have been admitted, whilst on certain days the public are admitted on payment of one shilling. It is undoubtedly one of the most interesting Institutions of which the town can boast. The following regulations have been published by the Council : — The Museum is open to ladies and strangers every day (except Sunday, Christmas day, and Good Fri- day), on payment of one shilling each for admission. The hours of exhibition are from Nine a.m. to Six p.m., from the 1st March to the 1st November ; and fron Nine to Four during the remainder of the year. The Museum is also open to resident non-sub- scribers on the afternoon of Monday and Friday, from Twelve o'clock until the hour of closing, on an order signed by the Governor, and on payment of one shilling each. Boarding and day schools, and the working classes, will be admitted on payment of sixpence for each individual ; and Sunday schools, on payment of threepence each. A special application must in every case be made by letter to the secretaries, spe- cifying the number for whom admission is required. Tickets of admission are advertised to be sold at various places in town.* The last report of the Society, dated January, 1839, states, that " The whole of these regulations were fully adver- * Among others, the printers of this volume, are appointed by the Council to sell them. 126 NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. tised, and the following amounts have been received for admissions, from the 16th Oct., 1838, the day of opening, to the 16th of January, 1839: — For 315 strangers' tickets £15 15 " 40 to ladies and gentlemen of Man- chester 2 " 15 to Sunday scholars 4 £17 19 being after the rate of about £70 per annum. Not one individual has applied for admission as being of the working class." " The Council feel it requisite to draw the attention of the Governors to the state of the income and ex- penditure of the Society. Previous to the alteration in the rules, the number of members was 41 6, whose subscriptions, at £2 2s., pro- duced , £873 12 The current expenses of the Society for chief rent, interest, curator's salary, servants' wages, &c, amount, per annum, to about 650 Thus there was a surplus, available to purchases, &c, of 223 12 0" The actual state of governors and subscribers, in January, 1839> was as follows : — Governors, 446. If the subscriptions should be reduced to £1 Is., they will produce £468 6 Subscribers of £2 2s. per annum, 94.... 197 8 Ditto of £1 Is. ditto, 7.... 7 7 £673 1 Captain Thomas Brown is the Curator of the Society. CHAPTER VIII. LIBRARIES, CHETHAM LIBRARY Is in the same building as Blue Coat Hospital, (see page 81) and, as the name imports, owes its origin to the same worthy gentleman. It consists of up- wards of twenty -five thousand volumes, and there is an annual provision for its augmentation. The inhabitants of the town are allowed free access to this Library, under certain regulations. It contains one of the best collections of books in the kingdom, and is very rich in old theology and anti- quities. It also possesses several valuable MSS. — The catalogue ; in three thick 8vo. volumes, may be purchased at the Library. The following excellent notice of Chetham Library is so complete and interesting, that we believe its insertion will prove acceptable : — The existence in a town like Manchester of a library, containing upwards of twenty-Jive thousand volumes, to which the public have the privilege of free access, is a fact which, we have sometimes thought, ought from time to time, somewhat oftener at least than once in a generation, to be brought pro- minently under the notice of the community ; that those who, from slender means, are unable sufficiently to gratify their love of reading — it may be, their thirst for knowledge. — may become acquainted with this means of doing so, without cost to themselves, There are probably many strangers in Manchester, sojourners here a while, as there are doubtless many new-comers now resident in the town, who may from these cir- 128 CHETHAM LIBRARY. cumstances be unaware of the existence of this noble institution. That it is not more known may also be in some measure owing to its locality, in a part of the town, passed till of late years by no great tho- roughfare, save during the races at Kersal Moor. The secluded position, too, of the college or hospital, standing in a large area, apart from any buildings, and not fronting any street, tends still more to keep one of its chief treasures, its library, from the prac- tical view of the community. We say practical, be- cause we are quite aware that the building is visited by groups of people, chiefly from the country, and on holiday occasions, who go there merely to see a a few sharks' teeth, lizards, bows and arrows, &c, stuck against the walls, and of which they are fur- nished with an unconsciously ludicrous description, or naming, by one of the scholars of Chetham's Hos- pital, or free school, which is in another portion of the same edifice. The probability is, that not one in a hundred of such visitors has the slightest idea that the vast number of books by which he sees him- self surrounded, all carefully locked up in the cases, are accessible to him, or to any one ; the only re- quirement and restriction being, that he shall enter his name in a book kept for the purpose, read the books in the library during the prescribed hours, and return each to the librarian before he quits the li- brary. We have perhaps said enough to shew that this library is not so well known, or at least made so extensively available, as it ought to be. The Rev. J. RadclhTe's catalogue of the Chetham Library (1791) forms two thick octavo volumes, each being appropriated to one part of the library. A short summary of the classes and divisions of the works, without entering into the subdivisions of their classification, will suffice to show in what branches of science, art, and letters, the library at that time was most richly abundant. The first volume of the CHETHAM LIBRARY. 129 catalogue comprises the three great classes, theology, jurisprudence, and history. In theology, the first division is assigned to the Holy Scriptures, includ- ing polyglot and various editions and translations, ancient and modern ; altogether (including 25 com- mentaries, indices, and lexicons), 123 works or copies. The second division comprises interpreta- tions and commentaries, rabbinical writings, &c. ; in all, 512 works, some of them exceedingly curious. The third division includes the works of the fathers, and other ecclesiastical writings ; in all, 237. The fourth division is appropriated to canonical and pon- tifical law, the councils, &c, and contains 136 works. The fifth to liturgies, to which 91 works relate. The sixth, to the writings of the schoolmen and dogma- tists, 85 in number. The seventh, to miscellaneous theological writings, under various subdivisions, in- cluding church discipline, sacraments, theological systems, theological philosophy, books relating to piety and moral reformation, homilies, sermons, con- troversial writings, &c. ; 740 works. Thus the class theology includes 1,920 works. — The second class, jurisprudence, including the ancient Greek and Ro- man works, translations and treatises thereon, and commentaries on the English, Irish, and Scotch laws, decisions, &c, 303 works. — The third class is history ; the first division of which, geography, in- cludes 168 works ; chronology, 34 ; heraldry, ge- nealogy, &c, 37 ; politics, 36 ; universal history, 57 ; sacred or ecclesiastical history, 333 ; ancient history, 147 ; and history, as relating to Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal, Belgium, Germany, the Northern European States, Asia, Africa, and America, England, Scotland, and Ireland, 725 works. Antiquities and inscriptions are treated of in 67 works ; and numismatics, including monies, mea- sures and weights, in 98 ; making a total in this class of 1,920 works ; and in this part or volume of M 130 CHETHAM LIBRARY. the catalogue, a total of 3,930 works, and, of course, of more than double that number of volumes. The second part or volume of the catalogue con- sists of the classes of sciences and arts, and " Literce Humaniores" — the last, including philology, the classics (ancient and modern), and manuscripts. In the class of sciences and arts, the numeral propor- tions of the works are somewhat amusing ; thus in philosophy there are 145 ; in mathematics (includ- ing geometry, trigonometry, astronomy, and astro- logy!), 301 ; optics, 26 ; mechanics, 18; music, 9 ; the arts, 45 ; the military art, 20 ; the naval art, 10 ; pictures, sculpture, and engravings, 58 ; architec- ture, 32 ; arts, graphic, and typographic (writing and printing), 17 ; medicine, 383 ; physics, or na- tural philosophy, 92 ; universal natural history, 34 ; natural history of particular regions, 29 ; mineralogy, 37 ; the history of animals, — quadrupeds, birds, amphibious creatures, fishes, shell fish, &c, and in- sects, 109 works ; chemistry, 17 ; and botany, 218. The total number of works in the class science and arts is 1,609. In the next class "Literce Huma- niores? the division of philology embraces 184 works ; classic authors, 788. [Of this class, there are 105 works of the Greek poets, orators, and phi- losophers ; 390 of the Latin poets, historians, orators, rhetoricians, and philosophers, including disserta- tions on classic authors ; 49 on criticism, various reading, &c. ; 13 on mythology; 17 on the fables of the Romans; introductions to the art of poetry, 12 ; recent poets, Greek and Latin and Asiatic, with Spanish and German poets and writers, 1 8 ; mo- dern Italian poets, 31 ; English, 50; French, 12; various works in Latin, Italian, French, and English polygraphy, &c, 9L] The next and most curious division in this class is the manuscripts, of which some are of singular beauty, others are valuable for the local records and information which they con- CHETHAM LIBRARY. 131 tain, and others again are interesting, as being the originals of some published works of celebrity. The divisions above noticed give a total in the class " Liter ce Humaniores" of 1,000 works. The second and last part or volume of this catalogue contains 2,793 works ; and the two volumes or parts of the catalogue (of 1791) include 6,723 works, in one or more volumes. A third volume or part, also called the first sup- plement to the catalogue, was compiled, and indexes added by " Gulielmus Parr Greswell," and this vo- lume was printed in 1 826. It contains the titles, &c, of the works added to the library during the thirty-four or thirty-five years since the publication of the catalogue of Mr. Radclifie. These additions appear to be : — Theology, 214 works ; jurispru- dence, 29 ; history, 363 ; science and arts, 327 ; liter (B humaniores, 289 ; oriental literature, 33 ; and manuscripts, 151. Of these manuscripts 16 are oriental ; and as there are no orientalists in this neighbourhood, the subjects even of some of them are only given conjecturally in the catalogue. Twelve other manuscripts were purchased of the executors of the late Mr. Thomas Barritt, and these chiefly relate to pedigrees and genealogies of Lan- cashire and Cheshire families, surveys of estates, sketches of ancient residences, &c. The total in this volume of the class Literce Hu- maniores (including 33 works of oriental literature, and 151 MSS.) is 473; and the total number of works in this supplement of 1826 appears to be 1,306; thus exhibiting a total in the three volumes now forming the printed catalogue, of 8,029 works. The third volume contains a separate index to eaoh volume of the catalogue, arranged, alphabetically, by the authors' names. The apportionment of the 8,000 works in the printed catalogue would appear to be as follows : — 132 OLD SUBSCRIPTION LIBRARY. Theology, 2,134; jurisprudence, 337; history, 2,283; science and arts, 1,936 ; letters (including 195 ma- nuscripts), 1,489. All the books added to the library within the last eleven or twelve years (since the publication of the supplementary catalogue of 1826) are entered in a book kept for that purpose, by the librarian. This book resembles the index to a ledger, in order to preserve the alphabetical arrangement, and it is not easy to estimate the number of works which have been added to the library within this period. It may be sufficient to observe that many of them are very valuable, some scarce, and others so costly that they can only find a place in the libraries of the wealthy noble or commoner, or in such public institutions as the one under notice. Of such character are the works on art, collections of eugravings, &c, and illustrated works, as that of M. Agassiz on fossil fishes, &c* A memorial having been presented to the feoffees of Chetham college, at their annual meeting on Easter Monday, 1839, requesting them to extend the hours of reading in the library, that body kindly acceded to the request, and the library is now open from six to eight o'clock every evening, except on Saturday. As this boon was applied for on behalf of the working classes, and has been granted for their especial instruction, it is to be hoped that a numerous portion will avail themselves of so great a benefit. The present librarian is the Rev. Campbell Grey Hulton, M.A. ; the deputy-librarian (appointed in 1835), Mr. John Shelmerdine. THE MANCHESTER OLD SUBSCRIPTION LIBRARY, In Ducie Place, claims notice. This Library was established in 1765. From a report, published in 1769, the following is an extract : — * Manchester Guardian, October 10, 1838. OLD SUBSCRIPTION LIBRARY. 133 " The Scheme for Establishing a Circulating Li- brary in Manchester, has met with such Approbation and Encouragement from the Public, that it is now become an Object of considerable Importance. A numerous and valuable Collection of Books agreeable to the following Cataloguehas already been purchased : In the Choice of them a constant Attention has been paid to the different Tastes of Readers, and the ut- most care has been taken to fix upon such as would be generally agreeable and useful ; and the number of Subscribers are so greatly increased since the com- mencement of the Society in the Year 1765, that it is hoped they will not only have an Opportunity of procuring every modern Publication which is worthy of Notice, but will in Time be able to enrich their Collection with the most valuable Productions in the English Language." The catalogue published in 1769 contains 622 .distinct works in various departments of literature. The " Novels and Books of Entertainment" occupy only thirty-four numbers, from 564 to 598, and comprise a collection of works of the " Clarissa Har- lowe" class. An old copy of this catalogue, in the possession of the present librarian, contains prefixed, what is presumed to be the cost of the several works in the catalogue. The total sum amounts to £298. The number of subscribers in 1769 was 203. The same catalogue contains the following " Law and Regulation :" — " That every Person who becomes a Subscriber, and pays two Guineas Purchase Money at Entrance as a supply for raising a Sufficient Stock of Books, and six Shillings annually to support and carry on the design, shall be deemed a Proprietor, be entitled to a Share in the Stock, and have an equal Power, by Vote or otherwise, in directing all Affairs rela- tive to it." Since the period alluded to this Library has been M 2 134 NEW SUBSCRIPTION LIBRARY, &C. steadily progressing in the accession of books, and the present number it contains is nearly twenty thou- sand volumes of valuable literature, in every depart- ment of knowledge. The number of subscribers in 1831 was about four hundred. The value of a share is nearly ten guineas (originally one guinea), and the annual subscription is twenty shillings. Mr. Bam- ford is the librarian, at a salary of one hundred pounds per annum. The following are the hours during which the Library is open : — TuesdY' I Morning, 10 to 1 ; Aftern. 4 to 7. Wednesday, 10 to 1, morning, only. Frlda 8 ^ 7 ' |^ Mornin g> 10 to 1 ; Aftern. 4 to 7. Saturday, Morning, 10 to 4 in the Afternoon. THE NEW MANCHESTER SUBSCRIPTION LIBRARY Is situate in Exchange Buildings, the entrance being from the Exchange-street door. This Library was established about forty years ago, in Broom-street, Withy Grove. It contains about twelve thousand volumes. The proprietors' tickets are worth five guineas each. The subscription is twenty shillings per annum. Mr. Kemp is the librarian. THE LIBRARY FOR PROMOTING GENERAL KNOWLEDGE Is situate in Newall's Buildings, Market-street. This Library, which was established in 177 1? and revived in 1802, contains about ten thousand volumes. A proprietor's ticket is worth about three pounds, The subscription is sixteen shillings annually. Mr. M'Gaffie is the librarian. Besides the above, there are, in Manchester and Salford, various public Circulating Libraries, from which non-subscribers may obtain volumes for peru- LIBRARY OF GENERAL KNOWLEDGE. 135 sal. In addition to these, it may be proper to remark, that the Portico, the Athenaeum, the va- rious Mechanics' Institutions, and Lyceums, each possess libraries, some of which are very extensive. Of course, members only have access to them. CHAPTER IX. CLUBS. THE UNION CLUB HOUSE Is an elegant modern stone building, erected after a design by Mr. Lane. In internal arrangements, this establishment is surpassed by few of the clubs in London. The number of members is limited to 400 ; and their admission is by ballot, one black ball in five excluding. On the event of a vacancy, there are numerous applications for admission. The entrance fee is forty guineas, and the annual sub- scription five guineas. The affairs of the club are managed by a committee of twenty-one. The prin- cipal merchants, bankers, and professional gentle- men, are its proprietors and members. Many gentle- men, who have been compelled, by the encroach- ment of commercial buildings, to take up their abode in the country, doubtless appreciate the comforts of an establishment in town, conducted with all the regularity, and enjoying all the ex- clusiveness, of a private dwelling. The dining-room, on the ground floor, is a noble apartment, in which as many as 120 members frequently dine. The tea-rooms, and the breakfast-rooms, and the drawing-room, are on the first floor ; as well as several dining-rooms for private parties. The story immediately above is occupied by sleeping apart- ments and dressing-rooms. The whole of the rooms are elegantly furnished, and have an air of substan- tiality, unincumbered with unmeaning or unneces- sary ornament. For each of the dining-rooms there is provided a separate service of plate. There are a good library and reading-room on the ground THE ALBION CLUB. 137 floor, and a billiard-room and cigar saloon on the first floor. Adjoining the sleeping-rooms are warm and shower baths. In the various apartments the utmost order is ob- served, and the quietness of a private house is strictly preserved. The bill of fare, as to charges, is regulated by the committee, as in fact is every other charge, whether for wine or beds. Members, therefore, know be- forehand exactly what will be the amount of ex- penses they incur. The club was established in 1825, and is situated in Mosley-street. Mr. G. E. Marsden is the honorary secretary. THE ALBION CLUB, Situate in King-street, is an institution of a kindred character with the preceding. It was opened in March, 1837. According to the printed rules, it consists of 300 members, who each pay a subscrip- tion of five guineas annually, and twenty-five guineas on admission. Candidates are balloted for. Twenty members at least must ballot, and one black ball in four excludes. The affairs of the club are managed by a committee. Mr. Sale is the honorary secre- tary. CHAPTER X. AMUSEMENTS, ETC. THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. These delightful Gardens are upwards of fifteen acres in extent, and are situate at Higher Brough- ton, about a mile and a half from the Exchange, on the New Bury Road. Non-subscribers are admitted without tickets, on payment of one shilling each. The Gardens have only been recently formed, but they are rich in animals ; and the position of their site, with the tasteful manner in which the land is laid out and adorned with the products of the vege- table kingdom, render them one of the most at- tractive objects in the neighbourhood. It would be out of place here to give a catalogue of the animals, as a descriptive account may be purchased for a trifle at the Gardens; but the subjoined plan, and the references, may be useful to those who pay only a hasty visit to them : — REFERENCES TO THE PLAN. A. Entrance Lodges. M. Polar Bears' Den and Bath B. Menagerie for Carniverous N. Pelicans' Pond Animals. 0. Dahlia Bed. C. Monkey- House. P. Flower Garden. D. Aviary for the Gallinaceous Q. Terrace. Birds. R, Moveable Cages. E Aviary for Foreign Birds. S. Winter Repository and F. Elephant's House. Store Rooms. G. Maze, or Labyrinth. T. Garden Curator's House. H. Bears' Pit. U. Keeper's House. I. Eagles' Aviary. X. Geological Museum. K. Refreshment House. Y. Archery Ground. L. Lake. Z. Rockery. I I ?-■ EL, . I SEW El'ET lOAB NEW CONCERT HALL. 139 At the second annual meeting of the Society it was stated, that since the opening of the Gardens, in the spring of 1838, to the month of October, in the same year, inclusive, there were about forty-two thousand admissions, at one shilling each, which produced, within a fraction, the sum of £2,100, Besides this source of income, the Society receives annual subscriptions to the amount of £500. The town offices of the Society are in King-street. Mr. Looney is the secretary, and Mr. Mearns is the botanical curator. THE NEW CONCERT HALL, Lower Mosley-street, corner of St. Peter's Square, is a modern erection. The exterior presents nothing very remarkable ; but the internal arrangements are fitted up with a splendour which is in accordance with the musical spirit for which Manchester is cele- brated. There are about six hundred subscribers at five guineas, who, besides their own, have each two tickets, which are transferable to ladies, or to gentlemen residing twelve miles distant. So great is the number of applications for admission as mem- bers, that as many as two hundred names are usually on the books ; and persons have frequently to wait several years before their chance by rotation arrives, the members being limited in number. To gratify the critical taste of Manchester, which is admitted to be of a high order, the first talent is always engaged. The orchestra consists of about fifty performers. Admittance to the Concerts is not purchaseable, and no person can enter except by a subscriber's ticket. There is no fixed evenings of per- formance, the Concerts being regulated according to the opportunity which may be presented of obtaining metropolitan professional talent, Mr. T. W. Win- stanley, York-street, is the honorary secretary. 140 GLEE CLUB, AND CHORAL SOCIETY. THE GENTLEMAN'S GLEE CLUB, Established 1830, holds its meetings the first Thurs- day evening of each month, from September to April inclusive, at the club room, Ladyman's Hotel, Bridge-street : the hour of assembling is half-past seven. It consists of eighty members, besides those who are honorary, among whom the names of the first musical composers in England are to be found. Prizes are occasionally offered for glee composi- tion, which are open to general competition. The main object of the society is the encourage- ment of native talent, whether amateur or profes- sional. It is generally admitted that there is no musical club out of London that, for excellence, can be placed in comparison with the Manchester Glee Club. Strangers admitted only by the introduction of members. The prize glees, for which the society gives an- nual premiums, become the property of the club. Mr. H. B. Peacock, of St. Ann's-square, is the honorary secretary. Besides the society just noticed, there are several other glee clubs in Manchester and the neighbour- hood, some of which include, amongst other mem- bers, both amateur and professional vocalists, of considerable talent. Our limits preclude us from noticing them separately ; but all give evidence of the rapidly growing taste for this species of English musical composition. THE MANCHESTER CHORAL SOCIETY Holds its meetings in the Royal Institution, Mosley- street. This society was established in 1833, by a few gentlemen, lovers of music, who, at first, had no other object in view but the formation of an amateur CHORAL SOCIETY. 141 choral club, and, therefore, the members were limited to the small number of thirty. It was soon found, however, that the original intention could not, with " harmony," be carried into effect, as the solicitations for membership both from amateurs and professional gentlemen were numerous and importunate. It was, therefore, determined to throw the club open, and to admit any candidate, whether musical or not, who, on being balloted for, had the votes of two- tb irds of the members present. The number of mem- bers which at the present time is about 200, together with nearly as many candidates for admission, show how much this act of disinterestedness has been appre- ciated. The object of the society is the promotion of choral and concerted music. Ever since the for- mation of the society, it has been considered, by the committee, best to confine the accompaniment of the music to the organ : their desire being to form a school for the improvement of the choirs of the neighbourhood. All the members of the choir are singers engaged at churches and chapels. Not con- sidering itself as a mere vehicle of amusement, but as a school of music, the society claims a high rank. Owing to the liberality of many musical gentlemen, it possesses a most valuable and extensive library of music. The choir consists of upwards of eighty voices ; and nothing more sublime can be conceived than the magnificent effect of the choruses in the compositions of Handel, Haydn, Mozart, and other great masters. On a public night upwards of 500 persons have been present ; each member having, in addition to his own, two tickets, which are trans- ferable to ladies, strangers, and minors. Gentlemen residing within a distance of five miles, are entitled once (only) each season, to the privilege of a stranger. The season of the society commences in September ; and after the necessary rehearsals, public perfor- mances are given until the month of May following. N 142 THEATRES AND THE ASSEMBLY ROOM, Members have the privilege of attending rehearsals. The society is much indebted to the organist, Mr. Wilkinson, who has laboured gratuitously, ever since its formation, with the most praiseworthy zeal. Mr. R. D. Jones is the honorary secretary. THE THEATRES. There are two Theatres in Manchester, one the Theatre Royal, under a patent, in Fountain-street ; and the other, the Minor Theatre, in Spring Gardens. The buildings present uninteresting exteriors ; but the interior of the Theatre Royal is large and commo- dious, and at the commencement of the season of 1838-9 it was handsomely fitted up and decorated. The surrounding edifices are occupied mostly as warehouses, so that these buildings appear as obtruders upon the commercial character of their neighbours. The Minor Theatre, at the commencement of 1 839, was converted by Mr. Ducrow into an arena for eques- trian performances. On great public occasions, such as the election dinners given to the late John Thos. Hope, Esq., a conservative candidate for the repre- sentation of this borough ; and to Mark Philips, Esq., and the Right Hon. Charles Poulett Thomson, its present representatives ; and a dessert, on the occasion of a large meeting in reference to the sub- ject of national education, the Theatre Royal has been used as a banquetting-hall. This Theatre was also the scene, at the musical festival of 1836, of the most splendid fancy dress ball perhaps ever known in the provinces, when upwards of five thou- sand persons, in fancy costumes, thronged its area. THE ASSEMBLY ROOM In Mosley-street, opposite the Portico, is in a dark looking brick building, which has nothing whatever in MANCHESTER RACES, 143 appearance to recommend it. The room is patronised by the highest grades of the community ; but in conse- quence of the removal of many Manchester families into the country, its support has fallen off considerably. In the same building is a room occupied as a club-room, frequented principally by gentlemen out of business, and by clergymen and professional men. The ex- pense of the building was upwards of £6,000. It was built in 1792. At the last musical festival, the As- sembly Room, by the erection of a wooden gallery, was made to communicate with the Theatre Royal, so as to accommodate the subscribers to the fancy dress ball. THE MANCHESTER RACES Are held on Kersal Moor, about two and half miles from Manchester, in Whitsun-week every year. They were established in 1730, and in 1735,* were discon- tinued for some years. Dr. Byrom,f the celebrated * Wheeler's Manchester. t Dr. Byrom must have written against the races previously to the year 1733, for in this year there was published, by the Rev. Cattell, M, A. of the Collegiate Church, in reply to Dr. Byrom, a tract, entitled " Remarks upon the Serious Dissuasive from an intended subscription for continuing the Races, &c. with a Serious Dissuasive word or two to the Dissuader." Mr. Cattell defends the races, and uncharitably attributes to Dr. Byrom motives that are akin to those ridi- culed by Butler, in his satirical poem of Hudibras. Mr. Cattell's pamphlet, though full of wrong sentiment, is valua- ble, as furnishing, incidently, an account of the low moral condition of the country at that period. He states that the " Dissuader'' might have found a subject more obnoxious than horse-racing, "to display his talent upon," " when," he con- tinues, " our cities swarm with intemperance, lewdness, and debauchery, and our presses groan with atheistical and im- moral authors. When fraud, violence, and corruption are countenanced by such powerful numbers, and authorised by such high examples, as to give a kind of sanction to vice and injustice. When blasphemy and profaneness stalk barefaced in 144 HEATON PARK RACES. inventor of a system of stenography, a native of Kersal, made strong attempts to put them down, and wrote a pamphlet containing a very urgent dissuasive against attending them. These races are more celebrated for the vast number of persons attending them from all the neighbouring districts, than from the choice des- cription of the sport, or the aristocratic character of the visitors. Some years as many as 1 00,000 persons have congregated round the course. HEATON PARK RACES Are of a somewhat different character, being after the model of Goodwood, and are held in the Park of the Earl of Wilton, about three miles north of Man- chester. Admission is had only for equestrians, or parties in vehicles, and by ticket only from his lord- ship's steward. our streets, and men shall even dare to curse their God and look upward. When hell, with all its honors, is despised as a mere ignis fatuus, and heaven exploded as a fool's para- dise. When eternity is drolled upon as the drowsy dream of lazy divines, Christianity ridiculed as a shallow inconsistent fiction, and the Divine Founder treated as an ignominious impostor.'' "Among these," continues Mr. Cattell, "our Dissuader" might have chosen an adversary, &c. &c. The low state of morality in England, in the early part of the 18th century, is alluded to in strong terms by Southey, in his " Colloquies on the progress and prospects of Society.'' , : ji2:: fc CHAPTER XI. TOWNS OFFICES, BUILDINGS, AND PUBLIC COMPANIES, MARKETS, FAIRS, &C. &C. THE TOWN HALL, King-street, is a handsome stone building, the foun- dation of which was laid in 1822, It was erected from a design by the late Mr. Goodwin, at a cost, including land and furnishing, of upwards of £40,000. There is in it every convenience for the public business of the town. The Police office occupies one end, and the gas and comptroller's offices are in another part of it. There is a large room in the centre of the building, 130 feet long and 38 feet wide,, in which public meetings, exhibi- tions, and bazaars, are frequently held. This room is decorated with a variety of pictorial embellish- ments, in fresco painting, by Mr. Aglio, the au- thor of "Mexican Antiquities." The dome, at the end towards the east, or Cheapside, represents an allegorical commemoration of the termination of the contest with Napoleon. The painting over the chimney-piece, at the same end, represents the meet- ing of Lord Macartney and the Emperor of China. The painting opposite the fire-place is the represen- tation of the King of Persia giving audience to a deputation from England, on the subject of trade. The dome, at the cupola end, is adorned with another allegory, relating to the British empire. The paint- ing opposite the fire-place, at the same end, is a re- presentation of Sebastian Cabot's landing on the American continent. The dome, in the centre of the room is devoted to representations of the heathen n 2 146 TOWN HALLS, &C. divinities, and to personifications of the four cardi- nal virtues. The long frieze over the window is descriptive of the argonautic expedition said to have taken place 1263, B. C. This handsome building is not in the best situa- tion for showing itself to advantage ; although of late years its approaches have been considerably im- proved. The widening of King-street in front of it (still in progress) has, in some measure, relieved it from its former obscurity. SALFORD TOWN HALL Is situate in Chapel-street, Salford. It is a neat building of stone, of modern date, after a design by Mr. Lane, and is found to be conveniently arranged for the purposes for which it was intended. The Salford police office occupies one portion of the building. Other portions of it are occupied by the offices of the guardians and overseers of the poor, the clerks to the commissioners of police, &c. The Hall contains a large room, frequently used for the purposes of large public meetings. It may be en- gaged for lectures, concerts, &c. CHORLTON-UPON-MEDLOCK TOWN HALL Is situate in Cavendish-street, in the township. It is built of stone, and is from a chaste and pleasing design by Mr. Lane. Part of this building is occu- pied as the Dispensary ; the other portion is oc- cupied by the officers of the township, municipal and parochial. THE CHURCHWARDENS' OFFICES Are situate in Fountain-street. In them the busi- ness connected with the relief of the poor for the township of Manchester is conducted. Mr. Lings is the comptroller. WfUBm ; - : &S) :"■ ". V: :':..,.. ':■ _. : . MANCHESTER AND SALFORD GAS WORKS. 147 THE MANCHESTER GAS WORKS Are the property of the town, and the profits are applied towards its improvement. Annually, large sums derived from this source are expended in widening streets, or making new thoroughfares, &c. There are several depots of gas, and stations for making it. The principal manufacturing station is at Colly- hurst, and the principal depot is in Water-street, near St. Mary's Church. The Manchester Gas Works were established in 1817 ; the Gas Act was obtained in 1824. The amount of capital invested in the works is £194,000. The quantity of gas made last year was 1 64 millions of cubic feet. The original price of gas was 14s. 6d. per 1 000 cubic feet ; the pre- sent price is 7s. There are main pipes of three-inch diameter and upwards, to the extent of eighty two miles, to convey the gas through the town. These pipes extend from the extremity of the township of Newton on the east, to the Toll Bar on the Stretford Road on the west ; and from the boundary of the township of Chorlton-upon-Medlock on the south, to the extremity of the Township of Cheetham on the north. The establishment is under the control of a Board of thirty Directors, ten of whom are annually chosen from the Commissioners of Police. Comptroller, Mr. Thomas Wroe, Town Hall, King-street. THE SALFORD GAS WORKS. These works are situate in Lamb-lane, near the centre of the Township, and are the property of the leypayers. They were erected in 1835, under an Act of Parliament ; capital £20,000. The profits are appropriated to the improvement of the town, the extension of the works, and the liquidation of the debt. The quantity of gas made last year was twenty 148 WATER WORKS COMPANY. six millions of cubic feet; the price, 8s. per 1000 cubic feet. There is only one station connected with these works, for the manufacture, &c. of the gas. . Most of the manufactories and shops, and many private houses are supplied with this light. The township of Pen- dleton is also supplied with gas from these works. The main pipes are about eight and a half miles in extent, varying from two to twelve inches in diameter. These works are managed by a Board of Directors or Committee, chosen annually from the general body of commissioners, consisting of the boroughreeve and constables, and twenty one burgesses. Mr. John Chadwick is the Manager. THE MANCHESTER AND SALFORD WATER WORKS COMPANY Was established in 1808, by several persons, who, trading together as copartners in the business of stone pipe manufacturing, determined to form a water works company, and to apply for an act of parliament to enable them, under its provisions, to supply the towns of Manchester and Salford with water. The intended company, made an agree- ment with Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart., Lord of the Manor of Manchester, and owner of an ancient water works in the town, to purchase from him his right, privilege, and property of supplying the town with water, and also all the aqueducts, reservoirs, machinery, main pipes, &c, connected with such supply. Subsequently, the present com- pany, under the title of " The Company of Proprie- tors of the Manchester and Salford Water Works," obtained an Act of Parliament, and to this company the stone pipe company alluded to, transferred by sale, their right of supplying the towns of Manchester and Salford. The Manchester and Salford Water Works Com- WATER WORKS COMPANY. 149 pany have, at various times, obtained powers to extend their works into the several contiguous town- ships of Huhne, Chorlton Row, Ardwick, Newton, Cheetham, Broughton, Pendleton, Beswick, Brad- ford, Droylsden, Openshaw, Audenshaw, Gorton, and Denton. The first reservoirs and works established by this company, were situate in the township of Beswick ; but in the year 1823, the company obtained an Act of Parliament to form, in addition, very large reser- voirs in the township of Gorton. To convey the water through the towns, pipes of stone were first laid down ; but these being found incapable of sustaining the pres- sure of the fluid, they were abandoned, and iron pipes were substituted. The surface of the water in the service reservoir, at Beswick, is about 110 feet above the height of the Old Bridge,* in Manchester ; that at Gorton is about 140 feet above that level. The water is supplied to many thousands of tenants, and is admitted to be of excellent quality, having been frequently tested by some of the first chemists of the present day, and by them, pronounced to be the best water, for general purposes, that can be procured in this neighbourhood. The length of the iron mains laid down is upwards of seventy miles. The daily consumption of water is the enormous amount of 1,400,000 gallons, or thereabouts. The Railway Companies are supplied by the Water Works Company, with large quantities of water for the use of their locomotive engines, and it is found to answer their purpose much better than any other water that can be procured. The Liver- pool and Manchester Railway Company, with which is connected the supply for the Grand Junction Railway Company, consume, at this time, for their * Recently taken down, and the Victoria Bridge erected in its stead. 150 FIRE ENGINE ESTABLISHMENT. engines, nearly 30,000 gallons of water daily. Many persons take the Company's Water for their engine boilers, on account of its possessing the peculiar quality, as regards its influence upon iron, of anti- corrosion, which property effects a considerable sav- ing, not only in the preservation of the boilers, but in the consumption of coals. The character of the water may be stated as being pure and soft, and free from any mineral impregnation. The Water Works Company place fire plugs at convenient distances in those streets through which the pipes pass. These plugs have frequently been of great service in cases of fire. It often happens that the water may be played from one of them on the top story of a building without the aid of a fire engine : this was the case at a fire which occurred a short time ago in Miller-street, when a factory, the oldest in the town, erected by Mr. Arkwright and others, was destroyed. The great resources of water this company possesses, which are available to the inhabitants of all the main roads leading out of Manchester, make it a matter of surprise that the wealthy inhabitants of the suburbs, do not, more frequently, avail themselves of the • means thus afforded them of decorating their villas, by the erection of fountains. Mr. Paton is the Company's Superintendent. MANCHESTER POLICE FIRE ENGINE ESTABLISHMENT. Engines, Apparatus, &c. This establishment is perhaps the most effective in the kingdom. Connected with it there are seven engines, four of them with cylinders nine inches diameter, each made in this town, on a new prin- ciple, and of very superior construction. The cylinders of the others vary from five to eight inches diameter. FIRE ENGINE ESTABLISHMENT. 151 Each engine is equipped with 270 feet of leather hose pipes, two branch pipes, two ladders (which can be jointed together in case of need), two axes, two saws, two crowbars, two wrenches, and eight buckets. There are eighteen iron stakes four feet long, 1 50 yards of rope attached to them of various lengths, for the purpose of being fixed in front of premises on fire to keep off the crowd. A mounted water-barrel, holding 260 gallons, is constantly kept filled, to be taken out with the en- gine, for the purpose of affording a supply of water until it can be obtained from the Water Works Company's mains. One horse is kept in readiness, day and night, to take out an engine. Other horses are hired when necessary. There is also a fire-escape upon a new construction, and much approved of, capable of being elevated to a height of forty feet. It will enable the branchmen of two engines (if necessary) to play in perfect security upon a level with rooms, of any height, not exceeding forty feet, which may happen to be on fire, and great advantage is derived from having, by this means, the branchmen so placed as to enable them to play with precision on the flame. A des- cription of this fire-escape will be found in the Me- chanics' Magazine of April, 1833, No. 507. Superintendence. The superintendent, when at fires, has the entire management of the firemen and engines, and is also empowered to employ any number of assistants he considers necessary. The present superintendent, to whom the merit is due of the very efficient state of this department, is Mr. Wm. Rose. Firemen. There are forty-four firemen, who are furnished gratuitously once in two years, with a hat and suit 152 FIRE ENGINE ESTABLISHMENT. of clothes, which are allowed to be worn only when on duty. Each fireman has a board over his house door, painted with the words " Police Fireman." The watchmen are acquainted with the address of each fireman, and it is their duty, on an alarm of fire, to call up every fireman on their respective rounds. One engine can thus be turned out with its complement of men in five minutes, and the whole establishment, after an alarm is given, in fifteen mi- nutes. The firemen are required to attend monthly, or oftener, if the superintendent think it necessary, in their uniforms, at the Police Yard, to work the en- gines, for the purpose of ascertaining the state of the pipes ; and to practise the coupling and uncoupling of the hose, so that the operation may be performed in the shortest possible time. On these occasions the members of the fire engine sub-committee attend to inspect the men, and ex- amine and report to the general committee on the state of the engines and pipes. Expenditure, The superintendent is paid £200 per annum ; the firemen are paid as under : — 1 Sergeant £5 0s. per ann. 1 Messenger 4 „ 3 Corporals, (each) 4 „ 6 Branchmen, (each) 4 „ 29 Firemen, (each) 3 3 „ The last- mentioned work at the levers of the engine. There is one man regularly employed to clean and oil the pipes and working apparatus of the engines. In addition to the foregoing annual allowance, each fireman is paid for attending on the inspection days, one shilling per month in the winter months, and in the summer months sixpence. All the before- mentioned expenses are paid out of the police rates. FIRE ENGINE ESTABLISHMENT. 153 When the firemen attend at a fire, they receive from the owners or occupiers of the property on fire, or from the insurance office, if the property be insured, the following allowance, viz., — 1. For attending when an alarm is given, one shilling each, provided the alarm be not a false one. 2. If the fire continues for any length of time not exceeding one hour, one shilling each, and sixpence per hour for every hour afterwards. The assistants who may be called on are paid sixpence each per hour. The average annual expense of the establishment is about £550, towards which £240 per annum is subscribed by six Insurance Offices, viz.,. — The Man- chester, the Guardian, the West of England, the York and London, the Norwich Union, and the Atlas. The offices which do not subscribe are charged for the use of the engines at fires according to the following scale; but no charge is made for engines if the property on fire be assessed at less than £35 per annum, or on property which is not insured. For each turn-out of an engine when not used, provided it does not exceed one hour, £1. If more than one hour, and less than two ... If two hours, and less than three Three hours & upwards One Engine £ 2 3 4 Two Engines £ 3 Three Engines £ 4 Four Engines £ 5 Five Engines £ 8 10 List of Pines, Sec. for Firemen. 1. For attending a fire intoxicated, or getting in- toxicated at any fires, to forfeit five shillings, and the pay allowed for that fire. 2. Any man wearing his clothing when not on duty, or appearing in the streets after any fire in his uniform, when his services are dispensed with, to forfeit one shilling. 154 THE BARRACKS AND BRIDGES. 3. Any man absenting himself from Church or Chapel, unless through sickness, shall forfeit six- pence. 4. For attending fires in the night without hat, jacket, key and belt, to forfeit sixpence. 5. For appearing with dirty clothes, belts, or rusty keys, on Sundays or inspection days, to forfeit three- pence. The forfeit to be doubled for the Sergeant, Corporals, and Branchmen, offending as above. 7. The above fines to be deducted out of the first money due to the men. And on the first inspection day, after the forfeitures amount to ten shillings, there shall be a trial of quickness and skill between each set of firemen, as follows : — viz., each Corporal to take out his engine and men, and complete it with six lengths of hose pipes, and two suctions ; to pump water for five minutes, then coil up the pipes, and re-pack the engine. The set completing this, in the most expeditious and workmanlike manner, shall receive the ten shillings. THE BARRACKS. The Cavalry Barracks are in Chester-road, Hulme, and occupy a considerable space of ground. They afford accommodation for 262 horses, 399 men, and 20 officers. The Infantry Barracks are in Regent-road, Salford, and afford accommodation for 700 men and 35 officers. Both these barracks are in healthy situations, and are so spacious as to afford ample room for infantry exercise and cavalry evo- lutions. BRIDGES. The principal bridges are over the Irwell. The oldest bridge was situated at the upper end of Deans- gate, and its date was supposed to be so far back as the reign of Edward III. The increasing inter- BRIDGES. 155 course between Manchester and Salford rendering it imperative, not only that the approaches to the old bridge should be improved, bat that the thoroughfare should be widened, it was resolved, in 1837, to take the old bridge down, and to erect a new one in its stead. The Victoria Bridge, on the site of the Old Bridge, is now completed, and was opened on the anniversary of her Majesty's accession, June 20, 1839. The old bridge had been twice widened, once on the south side, or that nearest Blackfriar's bridge, and once on the other side, in 1776, when the chapel erected by Thomas de la Booth was finally taken down. This chapel had been rebuilt in 1505 ; but, afterwards falling into decay, it was used for upwards of a century as a kind of dungeon, for the evil-doers of both Manchester and Salford, till its removal in 1776. There are old persons yet living in the neighbourhood, who recollect the chapel when ap- propriated to this " vile use," and who state that the prisoners used to thurst their hands through the grating of the dungeon, to beg alms of the passen- gers traversing the bridge. The ceremony of setting the key-stone of the Victoria bridge took place on Saturday, March 23, 1839, when the following inscription, engraved on the silver trowel used on the occasion, was read : — " This silver trowel was presented by Charles Carrington, of Croft's Bank, Barton-upon-Irwell, in the county of Lancaster, bridgemaster for the hun- dred of Salford, to Humphrey Trafford, Esq., of Trafford, in the said county, who, on March the 23d, 1839, did therewith set the key-stone of Victoria bridge (so called by permission of her most gracious Majesty, Victoria the First), which consists of one elliptical arch, one hundred feet in span, with a rise of twenty-two feet, and a road-way forty-five feet in width ; and was erected in lieu, and upon the site, of Salford Old Bridge (supposed to have been 156 CANALS, ETC. built A.D, 1365), over the river Irwell, between Manchester and Salford. The cost of the bridge was defrayed by the inhabitants of the hundred, and its approaches widened at the expense of each town, A.D. 1839" There are five other bridges across the Irwell, four of which, namely, Broughton bridge, Black- friars 9 bridge. Regent bridge, and Strang eways bridge, take a toll ; the other bridge, the New Bailey bridge, formerly levied a toll, but in 1 803 it was abandoned, and since that time the bridge has been free. CANALS AND OTHER WATER COMMUNICATIONS. The history of the Canals in and about Manchester would fill a large volume. Little more can be given here than a mere sketch of them. The first water conveyance between Manchester and Liverpool was by means of the Mersey and Irwell Navigation. So early as 1720 considerable improvements were made on this line ; but it was reserved for the late Duke of Bridgewater* to make a more perfect communication * The following remarks on this great undertaking are from M'Culloch's Statistics of the British Empire : — " The Duke of Bridgewater was the owner of an estate at Worsley, about 7 miles from Manchester, in which were valuable coal-mines ; but owing to the heavy cost of conveying the coal by land- carriage to Manchester, the demand for it was comparatively limited. Under these circumstances, the Duke revived the idea that had been previously entertained of making Worsley brook navigable to the river Irwell, which was itself navi- gable to Manchester. But Brindley, who was fully aware of the superiority of canal navigation over that of almost any river, more especially of one so deficiently supplied with water as the Irwell, recommended his Grace to construct a canal from Worsley to Manchester, and to carry it on the same level all the way by means of an acqueduct 39 feet high over the Irwell. The Duke having approved of this bold design, it was carried into effect, under the direction of Brindley, with wonderful skill and judgment, and the most perfect success, CANALS, ETC. 157 between the two towns. His celebrated canal, con- structed under the direction of Mr. Brindley, was opened in 1761. It was the commencement of a new era in water communication, and proved to be a most valuable source of wealth to its proprietor. Lord Francis Egerton has succeeded to all the canal property of its late owner; and his lordship enjoys their vast revenues, which, notwithstanding the ri- valry of other conveyances, remain undiminished. The offices of the Bridgewater Canal are at Knott- Mill, the lower end of Deansgate. The principal agent in the carrying department is Mr. George Marsden. The Manchester, Bury, and Bolton Canal was The canal was afterwards extended through Cheshire to Run- corn, at the bottom of the estuary of the Mersey, and has ever since been, notwithstanding the competition of the rail- road, the principal channel by which all sorts of heavy goods are conveyed between Liverpool and Manchester. " The opening of this canal w r as productive of vast advan- tage to the publi^ having immediately lowered the price of coals in Manchester to half its previous amount, and supplied a speedy, cheap, and regular channel of communication be- tween that town and its port. It was happily, also, highly advantageous to its noble proprietor, who risked a large for- tune on the enterprise. " The success that attended this project excited the public attention, in all parts of the empire, to the advantages that might be derived from such undertakings, and gave a won- derful stimulous to canal navigation. Brindley had early con- ceived the magnificent idea of joining the four great ports of Liverpool, Hull, Bristol, and London, by a system of grand canals, from which subsidiary canals might be carried to the contiguous towns; and though he died in 1772, at the pre- mature age of 56, he had the satisfaction to see his projects considerably advanced towards completion." The Grand Trunk Canal, the Birmingham and Fazeley ditto, the Birmingham and Worcester ditto, the river Severn, the Coventry Canal, the Oxford ditto, the Grand Junction ditto, and the river Thames, in addition to the Bridgewater Canal, complete the internal communication between the four great ports of the kingdom. o 2 158 CANALS, ETC. projected in 1791. The office of this canal is in New Bailey-street, Salford. The Ashton and Peak- Forest Canal Act was obtained in 1792. The office is in Ducie-street, Piccadilly. James Meadows, Esq. is the principal agent. The Rochdale Canal was projected in 1794. The office is in Dale-street, Port-street. These canals receive into them branch cuts from various other places. The Mersey and Imvell Navigation Company's offices are in Water-street. Thomas O. Lingard, Esq. is the principal agent. To furnish an idea of the profitable nature of some of these navigation companies, it may be stated that the Mersey and Irwell Company's shares, originally of the value of £70, sold, before the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, for a sum as high as £1250 each! Notwithstanding the rivalry of railways, the ton- nage upon canals, &c. is still very heavy. According to the evidence on traffic given before a committee of the House of Lords on the Cheshire Junction Railway Bill, in 1836, it was proved that the water carriage between Manchester and the following places, namely, Birmingham, West Bromwich, Wed- nesbury, Worcester, Gloucester, Wolverhampton, Dudley, Bilston, Tipton, Stourbridge, Stourport, Shropshire, Shrewsbury, South Wales, the Potteries, Newcastle, Stone, Stafford, Nantwich, Chester, Middlewich, Sandbach, North wich, and Staffordshire, amounted annually to 364,098 tons. The trade from Manchester to London, and the other south- ward traffic (not included) added to the foregoing, will give about 700,000 tons per annum, at the least. MARKETS. 159 MARKETS. There is not in Manchester a general market, like St. John's, in Liverpool, or like the celebrated New- castle Market. The markets here are scattered over various parts of the town, and are under the control of the Lord of the Manor, Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart. The Cattle Market is in Smithfield, Shudehill, and another has recently been established in Cross-lane, in Salford. These are held every Wednesday. The following tables, extracted from the Statis- tical Society's Reports, will be found interesting, STATEMENT OF THE CONSUMPTION OF BUTCHER'S MEAT IN MANCHESTER, AND THE ENVIRONS, IN THE YEAR 1836. Average ANNUAL CONSUMPTION. : weight L of Carcass. NUMBER OF Quantity to each Person. Carcasses. Pounds. Cattle Sheep lbs. 560 68 2 40,820 105,040 96,668 11,791 22,859,200 7,212,746 3,576,716 1,061,190 lbs. oz. 66 8 21 Lambs 37* 90 10 7 3 1 Calves Offal (edible) 254,319 34,709,852 1,387,308 101 4 9 Total 36,097,160 105 Estimated total population of Manchester and its environs, 343,562. — This paper cannot be considered as anything more than an approximation to an ac- curate statement. Carcasses and joints may be brought into or sent out of the town, and hides of carcasses consumed in the town may be sold to a distance, an exact account of which it would be diffi- cult to obtain.* * The following remarks on the increased consumption of butcher's meat in England, is extracted from M'Culloch's Statistics of the British Empire : — " The change that has 160 MARKETS. The principal Vegetable Market in Manchester is held on Saturday, on which day the Market-place and Smithy-door are thronged with farmers and country people who flock to town with their agricultural produce. Besides this market, there are the Fish Market, held in a handsome stone building in the Market-place, — the Butchers' Market, held under the Manor Court Room. Brown-street, — and another taken place during the last half century in the consumption of butcher's meat, is still more extraordinary than that which has taken place in the consumption of corn. The quantity made use of has been wonderfully increased, and its quality signally improved. From 1740 to about 1750, the population of the Metropolis fluctuated very little ; amounting, during the whole of that period, to about 670,000 or 675,000. Now, during the ten years ending with 1750, there were at an average, about 74,000 head of cattle, and about 570,000 head of sheep sold annually in Smithfield Market. In 1831, the population increased to 1,472,000, or in the ratio of about 218 per cent. : and at an average of the three years ending with 1831, 156,000 head of cattle, and 1,238,000 head of sheep were annually sold in Smithfield ; being an increase of 212 per cent, on the cattle, and 217 per cent, on the sheep, as compared with the numbers sold in 1740-50. It consequently appears that the number of cattle and sheep consumed in Lon- don has increased, since 1740, about in the same proportion as the population. The weight of animals has, however, a good deal more than doubled in the interval. In the earliest part of the last century, the gross weight of the cattle sold at Smithfield did not, at an average, exceed 3701bs., and that of the sheep did not exceed 281bs. ; whereas, at present, the average weight of the cattle is estimated at about 8001 bs., and that of the sheep at about 801bs. Hence, on the most mode- rate computation, it may be affirmed, that the consumption of butcher's meat in the Metropolis, as compared with the popu- lation, is twice as great at this moment as in 1740 or 1750. " In most other parts of the country, the increase in the con- sumption of butchers' meat has been even greater. In thinly peopled agricultural districts, very little is consumed, but in manufacturing and commercial towns it is quite the reverse ; and their vast increase, during the last half century, more than justifies the inference, that there has been, at least, a corres- ponding increase in the consumption of butcher's meat." FAIRS AND PUBLIC BATHS. l6l Butchers' Market, held in a recently- erected building in London-road, which however, it is expected will be shortly taken down, to make way for the erection of the Manchester and Birmingham Railway Station on its site. The Butchers' Shambles, at the top of Bridge-street, occupy an extensive plot of ground ; and behind them are the Pork Shambles. FAIRS. In Manchester and Salford there are four annual fairs, which may be thus enumerated : — Manchester. Knott-mill Fair, held in Easter-week, behind St. Matthew's Church, Campfield, Acres' Fair, held on the three first days in October, on the same site. Salford. Whitsun Fair, held in Chapel-street, on Whitsun- week. Dirt Fair, held in the same place, on the 17th November. THE MANCHESTER PUBLIC BATHS Are situate in George-street, adjoining the Infirmary. They are exceedingly well regulated, convenient and spacious. The insertion of the following regu- lations connected with them will be found useful : — 1. All persons to pay for bathing before they are admitted to the baths. 2. All subscribers to the baths to pay their sub- scriptions the first time of bathing. 3. The Matlock, Buxton, and private hot baths are constantly kept ready ; and the vapour bath will be prepared at half an hour's notice. 4. The private warm, or hot air, the warm, or hot water, the vapour, and the medicated baths only, 162 PUBLIC BATHS. will be prepared for the use of the public on Sundays in cases of urgency. 5. Ali persons that spit in any of the baths to pay one shilling ; and no person will be permitted to make any further use of these baths who shall have defiled or improperly used them. TERMS FOR THE USE OF THE BATHS, AS ESTABLISHED 28TH MARCH, 1831. Non- Subscribers to pay, s. d. For a Cold Bath, or Cold Shower Bath 1 „ Matlock or Buxton Bath 1 6 „ ( Private Warm, or Hot Water Bath 2 6 „ „ Warm Shower Bath 1 6 ,, „ Vapour Bath 2 6 „ ,, Vapour & Hot Bath when used together. 4 „ ,, Harrogate Water Bath 4 „ „ (Children under Seven years of age) 2 6 „ „ Bath of other Medicated Water 3 „ „ Hot Air Bath 3 „ „ Sulphureous Fumigating Bath 3 „ ,, Shampooing Bath 7 CHAPTER XII. NEW BAILEY PRISON, LAW COURTS, ETC. NEW BAILEY PRISON Is situate in Salford, near the New Bailey Bridge, on the banks of the river Irwell. The building of this prison was commenced by the celebrated Mr. Howard, in 1787> who laid the first stone of the part now appropriated to females. The walls which sur- round the prison are an oblong, with iron chevaux defrize, and flanking towers at intervals, loop-holed for musketry. The governor's house, offices, session- house, and lockups, are in the principal front towards the river, in a line with the boundary wall, and abut- ting into the area of the prison. The principal entry into the prison is, most inconveniently, the public one to the session-house, police-office, and lockups. This prison is remarkably healthy, being under the vigilant surveillance of Mr. Oilier, surgeon, who visits it once a day, and oftener if required. There is a selection of prayers read daily, and two full services are performed on the sabbath by the chap- lain, the Rev. C. F. Bagshawe. No books are ad- mitted into the prison, but such as are examined by the chaplain. The labours to which offenders are consigned are the tread -mill and the sand-milh The gross expenditure per annum of this prison, as per a published report in 1837-8, is £8256 13s. Od. The amount of prisoners' earnings, for the same period, was £331 3s. 5d. Several other deductions reduce the expenditure of the prison for the current year to the net sum of £7571 8s. 5d. 4 The following table may afford some information relative to the progress of crime. It is a return of 164 NEW BAILEY PRISON. the number of persons received into the general lockups in Manchester, &c. during the month of September, in the following years : — 1828 1829 1830 553 525 627 1831 1832 1833 606 718 720 1834 1835 1836 864 903 1040 The total number of persons confined in the prison in the course of the year ending October, 1836, was 6,551, namely, 4,783 males and 1,868 females. The prison is capable of containing, at one time, 583 male and 214 female prisoners, making a total of 797. The average number of prisoners is 700, The cost of a male prisoner is 2JJd. per day ; of a female, ljjd. per day. For the year 1837-8 the sum of £2,534 17s. 9d. was expended in food for the prisoners, namely : — For Bread, Meal, Pease, Salt, and) o^^oa q < Pepper / iWd4 y 5 Butchers' Meat 505 1 Potatoes 295 7 4 £2534 17 9 The following is a table of the number of prisoners tried at the Court-House, Salford, in the following years : — 1794 1800 1805 1810 150 441 252 241 1815 1820 1825 1827 497 906 993 983 1830 1834 1836 1837 842 1112 1031 1313 From the 22nd of January, 1794, to the 6th of January, 1838, there were 94,340 persons committed. The New Bailey Prison is one of the best con- ducted prisons in England ; and the order and clean- liness which prevail are no doubt highly conducive to the healthy state of the prison. It is stated in the LAW COURTS. 165 Commissioners' Report,* that one of the female pri- soners contrives to get committed at stated periods for the purpose of recruiting her health ! Mr. Dun- stan is the governor, at a salary of £600 per annum. LAW COURTS. Administration of Justice, &c. Besides the daily Police-office Court held at the New Bailey Court- House, Salford, there are the fol- lowing courts of law and equity held in Manchester and Salford : — the Quarter Sessions, for the trial of felonies, misdemeanors, &c. which are fixed by Act of Parliament, 1 1 Geo. IV. cap. 70, and are held as fol- lows, — Lancaster, on the Monday in the first whole week after the 28th of Dec, the 31st of March, the * "By a return of prisoners in the New Bailey, who are known to have been at large, committing depredations for the periods specified, it would appear that 40 thieves had been plundering for a year, 50 for two years, 17 for three years, 10 for four years, 5 for five years, 1 for six years, 3 for seven years, and 1 for nine years ; total, 127 prisoners. The ave- rage duration of each prisoner's career of depredation before the imprisonment is stated to be two years and three months. If this be deemed a startling state of things, it must by no means be taken as reflecting on the. vigilance of the Manches- ter police ; for, by a similar return from Knutsford gaol, of 114 prisoners, we find that 10 were known to have been at large, committing depredations, for a year, 16 each for two years and for three years, 17 for four years, 13 each for five years and for six years, 5 for seven years, 4 for eight years, 3 for nine years, 6 for ten years, 4 for twelve years, 2 for twenty years, and 3 for upwards of twenty years ! The average du- ration of each prisoner's career of depredation, before the im- prisonment, was Jive years! By another return we find that the career of depredation of the New Bailey prisoners was shorter than in most other places In the City of London prison, Giltspur-street, it was two years and three quarters ; City of London Bridewell, two years and a half; County Prison, Warwick, two years and three quarters ; and County Prison, Petvvorth, (Sussex,) five years" Manchester Guar- dian paragraph. P 166 LAW COURTS. 24th of June, and the 11th of October ; Preston, on the Wednesday following ; Salford, on the Monday following ; and Kirkdale, on the Thurs- day but one following. The Intermediate Sessions for Salford are always fixed by the justices at the preceding quarter sessions. The other courts are, — the Salford Hundred Courts which is held every Thursday three weeks ; the County Court, held every four weeks ; the Manchester Court Baron, held every Wednesday three weeks ; and the Court of Requests, which is held every alternate Wednes- day. The Commissioners of Bankrupts' Rooms are at No. 6, St. James's-square. In addition to those above enumerated, Her Ma- jesty in privy council has granted a court of quarter session and commission of the peace to the borough of Manchester, and has been pleased to appoint Robert Baynes Armstrong, Esq. to be the Recorder of the borough. By the charter a Court of Record is also granted to the borough, for the trial of causes not exceeding £20. These courts are held in the Court Room, Brown-street, in which also is held the borough daily Police Court. There are for the protection of trade against swind- lers, and for the prosecution of felons, several societies established in the town, which are elsewhere noticed. In allusion to the administration of justice, it may be stated that, to render it more prompt and effec- tual, a stipendiary magistrate (a barrister of at least five years' standing,) is appointed by the chancellor of the duchy, under an act of parliament passed for the purpose, to sit daily in the New Bailey Court- House. His salary is £1,000 per annum. The present magistrate is Daniel Maude, Esq., who suc- ceeded J. F. Foster, Esq., who, on the death of James Norris, Esq., was unanimously elected by his brother magistrates chairman of the quarter sessions. SOCIETY FOR THE PROSECUTION OF FELONS. 167 The coroner for the Manchester division of the county is Mr, W. S. Rutter, whose office is in Back King-street ; and the coroner for the borough of Manchester is Mr. James Chapman : his office is in York-street. THE SOCIETY FOR THE PROSECUTION OF FELONS AND RECEIVERS OF STOLEN GOODS. This society, established for the purpose of prose- cuting, at the joint expense of a number of persons, those offenders who may commit depredations upon any member of the society, holds its meetings on the first Mondays in March, June, September, and De- cember, at seven o'clock in the evening, at the house of Mr. Challender, Blackfriars' Inn. Messrs. Oswald Milne and Sons are solicitors to the society. CHAPTER XIII. RAILWAYS. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY COMPANY.* The station is in Water-street. The immense warehousing of the company is well worthy the at- tention of a visitor, as indeed are all the offices, in which are managed its vast affairs. A history of the rise, progress, and completion of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway would occupy too much space in a work like this; and as there are several small accounts published, at a low price, we refer the reader to them. At the same time, the follow- ing statement may not perhaps be considered with- out value. It shows, among other things, that the cost of constructing the railway, and the expenses of the works, up to December, 1838, was £1,376,073. * Statistics of the London & Birmingham Railway. — Thirteen miles of the railway are laid level — fifty-two at an inclination varying from one foot to fourteen feet in a mile — and forty-seven at inclinations varying between four- teen and sixteen feet per mile. The greatest difference of level between any two parts of the line is three hundred and eight feet ; the gradients change forty-four times. The longest continued length of level rails is about four miles ; the greatest extent of any gradient is seven miles and a half ; but there is an inclination in one direction, varying from one gradient to another, measuring fourteen miles. From Lon- don to Birmingham fifty- five miles ascend, forty-four descend, and thirteen are level. The land occupied by the railway and stations may be estimated at nearly two thousand acres. — History of the London and Birmingham Railway. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY. 169 Receipts and Disbursements of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company, For the Half-year ending Z\st December, 1838. RECEIPTS. Coaching Department £79,277 3 2 Merchandise, do 54,215 7 Coal, do 3,201 6 expenses. £136,693 10 8 Bad Debt Account £392 1 8 Coach Disbursement, do 11,051 4 5 Carrying do do 11,189 3 Coal do do 743 13 4 Cartage (Liverpool) do 321 2 4 Do (Manchester) do 3,622 1 6 Charge for Direction... .do 384 6 Compensation (Coaching) do 81 16 7 Do (Carrying) do 506 9 11 Coach Office Establishment do 746 8 2 Engineering Department do 175 Interest and Rent do 7,008 14 5 Locomotive Power do 26,427 10 11 Law Disbursement do 200 Maintenance of Way do 4,481 16 9 North Tunnel Disbursement do 854 13 5 Office Establishment do 1,505 15 1 Police do 1,133 14 8 Petty Disbursement do 45 Repairs to Walls and Fences do 1,182 6 Stationary, Engine Disbursement... 668 4 10 ] Tunnel Disbursement do 468 5 1 Tax and Rate do : 3,340 6 8 Waggon Disbursement do 4,449 9 3 -80,978 18 Nett profit for Half-year ending 31st Dec. 1838. £55,714 12 2 Statement of Receipts and Expenditure on Capital Account, From the commencement of the undertaking to the Z\st Dec. 1838. RECEIPTS. £ S. d. To Amount of joint Capital in Shares and\j ooj qaq jo q Loans....: J ' ' Do. of Dividends not paid 802 3 8 Do. of Reserved Fund and Interest.. 4,486 17 2 Do. - Surplus in hand after payment") •. 053 q q of the Sixteenth Dividend j ' Do. Nett Profit for the half-year end- 7 ^71419 9 ing the 31st of December, 1838 J Dfhi r*, £1,443,897 19 p2 170 LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY. EXPENDITURE. By Amount of Expenditure on Construction") , w^ ,v_ ,„ ,, of the Way and Works J 1,376,073 16 11 Do. of Arrears and Calls 837 2 6 Do. in the hands of Messrs. Moss and Co., Bankers, viz. Reserved Fund and Interest, £4,486 17 2 Balance 42,649 12 9 47,136 9 11 Do. Balance of Book Debts due tothe") moxnin o Company / 19 > b5 ° 10 2 £1,443,897 19 6 The proprietary of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway is distributed as follows : — Value. Amount paid up. 51,000 Shares, £100 £100 7,968 Half do 50 35 11,475 Quarter do. 25 25 Out of the main line, between Manchester and Liverpool, there are several Branch Railways, lead- ing to Bolton, Runcorn, St. Helen's ; and the Grand Junction, and the North Union Railway Branch out this of line.* * The following singular instance of Manufacturing Despatch as connected with Railway transit is copied from a late No. of the Preston Chronicle : — " On Thursday afternoon last, Mr. W. Taylor, cotton manufacturer, of Preston, purchased a consi- derable quantity of cotton from Messrs. Bateson and Sons, Liverpool, which was sent by Messrs. Tattersall and Clare, Mr. Taylor's brokers, to Mr. J. Hargreaves, jun. to be con- veyed to Preston by the North Union Railway; and, although it did not actually leave Liverpool till after three o'clock yesterday, (Friday morning,) it was delivered at Tulketh Factory at eight minutes past nine o'clock, and before eleven o'clock part of it had passed through the several operations of mixing, scutching, sapping, carding, drawing, slubbing, roving, and spinning. At half-past eleven o'clock, a portion of it was made into cloth by the power-loom ; and at twenty minutes past four o'clock in the afternoon, three and a half yards of good, perfect shirting cloth was forwarded by Mr. Taylor to Messrs. Tattersall and Clare, by the train leaving Preston at twenty minutes past four, and would, in course, be delivered LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY. 171 Mr. Porter, in bis valuable work, entitled " Pro- gress of the Nation," &c, observes : — " It is a singu- lar fact, that of all the railways constructed and con- templated, up to the opening of the Liverpool and Manchester line, not one was undertaken with a view to the conveyance of passengers. In the prospectus published by the projectors of that work, it was in- deed held out as possible that one-half of the num- ber of persons then travelling by coaches, between the two towns, might avail themselves of the rail- way, in consideration of the lower rate for which they would be conveyed, and the directors expected to realize an income of £20,000 per annum from that source ; but the chief inducement held out to subscribers was the conveyance of raw cotton, manufactured goods, coals, and cattle." Mr. Porter then gives a table which shows how much the anticipations of the projectors were at variance with the result. He then proceeds : — " The great success attending this splendid work being in a principal degree attributable to the pas- to them before seven o'clock the same evening. We have no doubt but that this morning (Saturday,) hundreds of gentle- men on 'Change will have an opportunity of seeing cloth, the weft of which was made Irom cotton that had been conveyed from Liverpool to Preston and back, (eighty miles, including the distance from the delivering station to the factory,) and had passed through the various operations necessary for its production, in the short space of fifteen hours, after deducting one hour for dinner, during which time the manufactory was not at work ; and this was done without any very extraor- dinary hurry or exertion. From the foregoing, it appears that the time occupied in the whole of the operations, from first opening the cotton bags to the production of several yards of the fabric, was somewhat under six working hours. How forcibly does this fact remind us that we live in the age of enterprise — in the very millenium of railway velocity ! Last evening, a dress was worn by the weaver of the cloth, pro- duced from the same raw material sent from Liverpool yester- day morning." 172 GRAND JUNCTION BAILWAY. sengers conveyed by it, the chief inducement thence- forward to embark in similar undertakings has been the number of travellers, and not the amount of goods to be conveyed. Hitherto it has been found, in nearly every case where a railroad, adapted for carrying passengers, has been brought into opera- tion, that the amount of travelling between the two extremities of the line has been quadrupled, In the case of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, the income derived from this source has enabled the Company to meet a large amount of extraordinary expenses, and to divide, regularly, ten per cent, an- nually upon the capital, although the outlay in the construction of the work has been more than double the sum contemplated in the original estimates." The passengers on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway numbered, in 1831 445,047 1832 356,945 1833 386,492 1834 436,637 1835 473,847 Mr. Green is the principal agent in Manchester. THE GRAND JUNCTION RAILWAY Connects Manchester and Liverpool with Birming- ham. The offices belonging to this railway adjoin those of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company's. Mr. Baker is the principal agent. The Directors do not publish statements of their accounts ; but the following extracts from the Man- Chester Guardian of February 2nd, 1839, may serve to supply, in some measure, this desideratum. — " On Wednesday last, at one o'clock, a meeting of the proprietors of the Grand Junction Railway, was held at the Cotton Sales Room, Exchange-buildings, GRAND JUNCTION RAILWAY. 173 Liverpool. John Moss, Esq. chairman of the board of directors, presided. " The secretary, Mr. Chorley, read the report de- tailing the results of the half-year's business. The results of the business for the past half-year were stated to be exceedingly satisfactory. The total receipts for coaching, &c. were £161,410 6s. 3d. an increase of £44,669 16s. 8d. over the year in 1837, and a great increase over that of 1838. This, added to the receipts in other departments, gave a total of £178,039 9s. lOd. " The chairman said, the expenses had averaged 53 per cent., which included those for repairs as well as all other charges. The proprietors, it was hoped, would be satisfied, not only with the increase of income, but with the dividend of £6 per share, which was to be declared. The charge for the maintenance of the way was, for the six last months ending December 31st, 1838, £14,570. " Though the expenses had been great in the several departments, — in the maintenance of the way and engines, — yet, notwithstanding this, they were justified in paying to the proprietors a dividend of six per cent., and had still a surplus of £1,700. There were but few undertakings that could offer a more favourable report ; as it made manifest their great prosperity, and showed how advantageous the concern was for the investment of capital, and they anticipated still greater results. He was proud to inform them, that the best possible feeling existed between them, and those who directed the other lines. He would particularly mention the London and Birmingham, and the Liverpool and Manchester. " The accounts were next read by the secretary. It appeared that the grand total of receipts, includ- ing £934 14s. 8d. for interest, and a balance of £281 9s. lid. was £179,275 14s. 6d. The ex- penses were £93,971 10s. 7d. The capital was 174 MANCHESTER AND LEEDS RAILWAY. stated to be £1,200,980, The total outlay had been £1,786,079 10s. 4d. The stock and materials were valued at £149,104 lis, 4d." This Railway is 82J miles long. There are Value. Amount paid up. 10,918 Shares £100 £100 10,918 Half-shares 50 20 MANCHESTER AND LEEDS RAILWAY. This line is not yet completed, but is in a very forward state. From the report read at the last half- yearly meeting, March 18th, 1839, it appears that, " The contracts for the entire works have been let for the aggregate sum of £1,153,166 ; to secure the completion of which, the directors calculate it may be necessary to apply a further sum of £230,633 for contingencies and extras, which is 20 per cent, upon the contract price. To this must be added £150,000 for iron rails, and the same amount for parliamentary expenses, engineering, management, salaries, interest on loans to the time of opening the line, &c. making a total, for the formation of the entire railway, of £1,933,799. The disposable capital of the company arising from 13,000 shares at £100 each, and £433,000 of loans, is £1,733,000; which leaves a balance required by the company to complete their present undertaking of £200,799. " The whole of the works have proceeded in a rapid and satisfactory manner : the embankments are very high and numerous, some of them being seventy feet in height ; but the material is of such excellent quality, there is not the slightest appearance of derangement, nor do we expect any will take place. The large culverts under these heavy embankments, which required so much care to make safe, are all in a perfect state." The line as far as Littleborough, was opened for passengers on the 4th of June, 1 839* The Manchester Terminus will ultimately be at SHEFFIELD AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY. 175 Hunt's Bank. The distance between the towns by this line, will be sixty miles. Mr. Jellicorse is the secretary in Manchester. In this railway, there are Value. Amount paid up. 13,000 Shares £100 £50 13,000 Half Shares 50 5 THE SHEFFIELD AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY Will terminate at Chancery Lane, Ardwick, joining the Manchester and Birmingham line at that point. The length of this line will be 392 miles. It was commenced in October, 1838. In this railway there are 7>000 shares, of £100 each. Amount paid up, £10 each. THE MANCHESTER AND BIRMINGHAM RAILWAY. This railway has been recently commenced. The Manchester terminus is to be on the south side of Store-street, a little beyond the back of the London Road Market. The town offices of the company are in Bond -street. In this railway there are 30,000 shares, of £70 each. Amount paid on each, £15. THE BOLTON RAILWAY Commences in New Bailey-street, in Salford. It is carried over that town by a series of splendid brick arches, which have a very singular appearance when viewed from any of the streets over which they are constructed. Its course is almost parallel with the Canal to Bolton, a distance of twelve miles : one committee apparently manages both under- takings. According to the report of the 9th January, 1839? there had been conveyed over the line, since the opening of the railway, on the 29th May, 1838, 228,799 passengers, which number confirms the 176 JUNCTION RAILWAY. opinion originally formed of this portion of the traffic. The Canal report is incorporated with that of the railway. It appears from the one we allude to above, that the Railway receipts of 1838 were £13,722 19 Canal do. do 17,192 6 9 Dividends arising from shares 770 5 The expenses during the same period were — Railway £13,088 7 4 Canal 7,527 11 2 Leaving a balance of profit, arising from the joint Companies, of upwards of eleven thousand pounds. The line being in an incomplete state when opened, the expenses connected with the railway for this year, were necessarily heavier than they will usually be. In this railway there are 6,201 shares, of £100 each. Amount paid up, £78. Mr. Ritson is the secretary. THE JUNCTION RAILWAY. The Manchester and Leeds Railway Company have just passed a bill through parliament, which enables them to bring their terminus to Hunt's-bank, whence it is proposed, by the Liverpool and Man- chester and the Bolton Railway Companies, to ex- tend the line so as to form a chain of communication with their respective railways. The Manchester and Leeds Railway Company's directors, in their report for March, 1 839, observe, in reference to this junc- tion, that " immense advantages are likely to arise to the towns of Manchester and Salford, from a junction of the Manchester and Leeds Railway with that of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway Company. The land required for the purpose is either not occu- pied or very partially so, or covered with property of comparatively little value. The portion immedi- RAILWAY TRAVELLING. 177 ately required for stations, with a very small excep- tion, is already secured on very advantageous terms. The stations of the two great companies associated in this junction are immediately contiguous to the centre of the town, and particularly convenient to the Exchange and the Post-office, the distance not exceeding five hundred yards, and are admirably situated to promote the object for which the public money has been expended upon the great thorough- fares by which they are surrounded, and especially by the opening of the new Victoria Bridge, to secure to the borough of Salford a participation in the same benefits with that of Manchester." On again referring our readers for extended informa- tion to the respective Guide Books of the various rail- ways in this neighbourhood, we cannot refrain from presenting the following lively extract, bearing upon the subject of railway travelling, from No. 125 of the Quarterly Review. " There are, no doubt, many of our readers who have yet to receive those common-place impressions which are made upon the mind of a traveller when for the first time he sees and hears the engine, as from a point in advance on the railway it retro - gradingly approaches in order to be hooked on a train, composed, as on the London and Liverpool line, of eighteen or twenty huge cars, besides private carriages on runners, caravans full of horses, wag- gons of heavy goods, &c. &c. The immense weight, upwards of eighty tons, to be transported at such a pace to such a distance, when compared with the slight neat outline of the engine, the circumference of whose black funnel-pipe would not twice go round the neck of the antelope, and whose bright copper boiler would not twice equal the girth or barrel of a race horse, induces the stranger to apprehend for a moment that the approaching power must prove Q 178 RAILWAY TRAVELLING. totally inadequate to its task ; but the tearing, deaf- ening noise with which the noble animal of man's creation advances to his work satisfactorily demon- strates that it has itself no fear, but comes as a bride- groom out of his chamber, rejoicing, like a giant, to run his course. " If the character of this noble creature be consi- dered for a moment with that of a horse, the com- parison is curious. With sufficient coals and water in his manger, which, it must be observed, whenever he travels, he takes with him, he can, if the aggregate of his day's work be considered, carry every day for 10 miles, at the rate of 16 miles an hour, the weight of an army of 21,504 men, of 10 stones and 10 lbs. each ; whereas a good horse could not, at the same pace, and for the same distance, continue to carry every day more than one such man. For a distance of 80 miles he can carry the weight of 2,688 men at a rate (16 miles an hour,) that neither the hare, the antelope, nor the race horse could keep up with him. No journey ever tires him; he is never heard to grumble or hiss, but for want of work ; the faster he goes, the more ravenously he feeds ; and for two years he can thus travel without medicine or surgery. It requires, however, about £2,000 a year to support him." For a list of the various hours of starting of the several railway trains, the reader is referred to the end of this book. CHAPTER XIV. CEMETERIES. RUSHOLME ROAD CEMETERY. This cemetery was established in 1821, and includes amongst its supporters many of the most respectable families in Manchester and its vicinity. It was first founded, and has been uniformly conducted, on the most liberal principles, and is resorted to by Episco- palians, Catholics, Friends, and Dissenters of every denomination, all parties being allowed, if so disposed, to bring their own minister, to use their own form of service, and to adopt their own mode of burial. The number of interments, from the commence- ment to the present time, amounts to upwards of 29 ? 000 ; and the Registry of all the essential parti- culars connected with each is kept with the greatest distinctness and care. The public have free admission to visit the tombs and graves of their friends every day during working hours, and on every Sunday afternoon until the funeral services have closed. The registrar is the Rev. H. H. Jones. HARPURHEY CEMETERY Is a beautifully arranged burial ground, situate about two miles from Manchester, on the Middleton road, having ornamental gateways, sacristy, &c. The grounds cover a space of twelve acres. The Rev. Jonathan Wood is the registrar. 180 ARDWICK CEMETERY. ARDWICK CEMETERY, As well as the last-mentioned, is a recent foundation, and occupies eight acres of land. It is situated on the Gorton road, and possesses a fine sandy soil. The proprietary is divided into 3,000 shares of £10 each. The sum of £18,000 has been expended in the purchase of land, enclosing it, and in buildings. The Rev, James Bradley is the registrar. CHAPTER XV. VICINITIES OF MANCHESTER. SUBURBS OF THE TOWN. Those places may be mentioned as suburbs which, although in fact a continuation of the town, are separated from it by being distinct townships. These are, — Chorlton-upon-Medlock, on the Congleton road ; Ardwick and Longsight, on the London road ; Ancoats, on the Ashton road ; Miles Platting, on the Oldham road; Harpurhey, on the Rochdale road ; Cheetham Hill, on the Bury road ; Strange- ways and Broughton, on the new road to Bury ; Pendleton (adjoining Salford) on the Preston road ; and Hulme, on the Chester road. In several of these suburbs there are very pleasant localities. For instance, the Crescent, in Salford, is a fine range of good houses, commanding an exten- sive prospect ; and the high and elevated situation of the old road to Eccles, leading from Pendleton, renders it a most interesting neighbourhood. From places contiguous to it, beautiful and extensive pros- pects may be gained, not only of the towns of Man- chester and Salford, which appear to be on a plain, but also of more distant towns. The view is bounded by the Cheshire and Derbyshire chains of hills. Ardwick Green is another pleasing suburb, forming an imposing entrance into the town from the south, and is ornamented by a fine miniature lake, surrounded by handsome dwellings. The upper end of Oxford- road (Chorlton-upon-Medlock,) is also an excellent entrance into the town, and bears a strong resem- blance to the neighbourhood of London, on the Surrey road. The Victoria Park } which is one of the most Q2 182 OLD HALLS. interesting places in the vicinity of Manchester, is situated about two miles from the town, in the town- ships of Rusholme, Moss Side, and Chorlton-upon- Medlock, and is comprised within a ring fence, which extends from the London road on the north, to the Oxford or Rusholme road on the south. It contains 140 acres of land, and is the property of a company of gentlemen chiefly resident in Manchester and the neighbourhood, who are incorporated by an Act of Parliament (5th William IV.) The objects of the proprietors are to erect villa houses, at rents varying from £100 to £250 per annum, free from any pos- sible nuisances that in other situations may arise from the vicinity of smoke and manufactures ; and to combine, with the advantage of a close proximity to the town, the privacy and advantage of a country residence, which, in the rapid conversion of all the former private residences of the town into ware- houses, has long been deemed to be a desideratum. There are at present about fifty gentlemen's seats, either occupied or in progress of erection, in this park, as well as a church, which is intended to con- tain twelve hundred sittings. This building, which is to be of stone, and in the pure style of Gothic architecture, will be, when completed, a very hand- some edifice ; and placed as it is, exactly opposite the termination of Upper Brook-street, will become alike conspicuous and ornamental to the whole of its neighbourhood. There are in the park five miles of roads, laid out in crescents, terraces, &c, with ornamental planta- tions on either side ; so that a few years will produce a beautiful effect, and afford many attractions which have been hitherto unknown to Manchester. — The town offices of the company are in Brown-street. Mr. Everett is the secretary. OLD HALLS IN AND ABOUT MANCHESTER. This class of buildings are few, and some of the PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD. 183 edifices are much degenerated. Several of them are divided into separate dwellings, and are tenanted by persons of the poorer classes of society. Others have become semi-modernised, and consequently have lost their attractions ; a few only remain objects of interest, which, on account of their antiquity and good state of preservation, are worthy of inspection. Dr. Aikin enumerates the following : — Names. Date when occupation ascertained. Strangeways Hall Unknown. Broughton Hall Queen Elizabeth. Smedley Hall Unknown. Colly hurst Hall Charles the Second. Hough Hall Unknown. Garratt Hall Henry the Seventh. Old TraffordHall The Conquest. Oardsall Hall Unknown. Clayton Hall Charles the First Kersall Hall Unknown. Edgecroft Hall Queen Elizabeth. Clifton Hall Henry the Seventh. Birch Hall King John, Barlow Hall Henry the Sixth. Chorlton Hall Queen Elizabeth. Ancoats Hall Unknown. Hulme Hall The Conquest. The last mentioned forms the scene of Mr. Ains ■ worth's romance of " Sir John Chiverton." PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF MANCHESTER. The following is a list of the principal towns in the neighbourhood of Manchester, with their distances from this town, and their respective population. Stockport 7 Miles 70,000] Ashton 9 „ 35,000 1 Stayleybridge 7 „ 4,000 | Estimated Bolton 12 „ 65,000' number Bury 8 „ 15,000 Rochdale 12 „ 60,000 Hyde 5 „ 8,000 Oldham 7 „ 35,000 j of inhabitants. 184 PRINCIPAL TOWNS IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD. Stockport is celebrated for cotton manufactures, hat making, &c. There are coaches to Stockport every hour from the Talbot Inn, Market-street. Ashton and Stayleybridge, celebrated also for their cotton mills, have conveyances to and from Man- chester every hour, from the Talbot Inn, Market- street. Bolton is celebrated for cotton mills, and iron and bleach works. Conveyances, by railway, from the station, New Bailey-street, Salford. Bury is celebrated for cotton mills, dyeing, iron works, and bleaching. There are coaches from the Corn Exchange Inn, Hanging-ditch. Rochdale is celebrated for woollens, flannels, cot- ton printing, &c. Conveyances, by railway, from St. George's-street, Oldham-road. Hyde and Denton are celebrated for cotton mills, hat making, &c. There are omnibuses from the Commercial Inn coach-office, Market*street. Oldham is celebrated for cotton mills, extensive collieries, &c. There are coaches from the Mosley Arms, Shudehill, and from the Old and New Boar's Head, Hyde's Cross. CHAPTER XVI. EMINENT PERSONS, WRITERS, NEWSPAPERS, ETC. EMINENT PERSONS, ETC. The following is a list of eminent persons and modern writers,* connected with Manchester, either by birth or residence : — Lord De la Warre, who was rector of Man- chester in the beginning of the 15th century, and founder of the Collegiate Church. He died in 1427. Hugh Oldham, bishop of Exeter, who died in 1529, is supposed to have been a native of Man- chester. He was the founder of the Manchester Grammar School. John Bradford, a martyr, in the reign of Queen Mary, was born in the reign of Henry VIII. It is said of him, that " he was of a most gentle nature, and even his enemies wished for the preservation of his life." Doctor John Dee. This remarkable man was born in London, in 1527, and fixed his residence in Manchester, in 1596. He was accused of necro- mancy, although a warden of Christ's Church; and died miserably poor, in 1608. John Booker, the learned imposter, was born in Manchester, in 1601. He published " The Bloody Almanack," and " The Bloody Irish Almanack ; or rebellious and bloody Ireland discovered, in some Notes extracted out of an almanack printed in Wa- terford, for this year, 1646, &c." John Byrom, the inventor of a System of Short * Abridged from Wheeler's History of Manchester. 186 EMINENT PERSONS, ETC. Hand, and a poet of considerable talents, was born at Kersall, near Manchester, in 1691. This gentle- man was a contributor to the Royal Society, and furnished three papers to the " Spectator." He died in 1763, aged 71. Dr. S. Ogden, vicar of Danurham, Wiltshire, was born in Manchester. This divine possessed great talent ; but was remarkable for his bluntness of manner and disposition. He died in 1778, aged 62. Dr. Thomas Percival, of whom the late arch- bishop of Dublin writes, u He was an author without vanity, a philosopher without pride, a scholar with- out pedantry, and a Christian without guile*" was born in Warrington, in 1740, and lived in Manches- ter a considerable portion of his life. He died in 1804. The Duke of Bridgewater, born in 1736, a nobleman, whose name must ever be associated with Manchester. He projected and carried into execution the canal between Manchester and Run- corn, which bears his name. Although the Duke made a return to the income tax of £1 1,000 a year, (derived from his canal property and coal mines,) he lived, during many years, upon an expenditure of only £400 per annum. He practised this economy in order to embark all his resources in the national work which he had determined to complete. He died in 1803. Charles White, an eminent surgeon, who died in 1813; and Thomas Barritt, the famous anti- quary, who died in 1820, were both inhabitants of Manchester. Thomas Henry, a celebrated chemist, settled in Manchester, in the year 1764. To this gentleman, the world is indebted for many valuable discoveries in chemistry, as applied to the arts. He was a contributor to the " Transactions of the College of Physicians, London," and became a Fellow of the 1 EMINENT PERSONS, ETC. 187 Royal Society in 1773. He died in 1816, aged 81 years. Dr. Henry, son of the preceding, claims, on account of his proficiency in chemical science, a distinguished place in the Biography of Manchester Men* Lord Brougham, in his address to the Me- chanics' Institution in Manchester, in 1 835, referred to Dr. Henry in the most respectful terms as being his fellow-student. "I met," he said, "an old and worthy friend of mine, a man of great ability and learning, your townsman, Dr. Henry. We were fellow-collegians, and learned chemistry together — though, God wot, he learned a great deal more than I did." Dr. Henry died in 1836, aged 61 years. Dr. Dalton, born near Cockermouth in 1766, has been an inhabitant of Manchester upwards of forty years. His Meteorological Observations, — his discovery of the Atomic Theory, — and his profound Philosophical Acquirements, (especially in chemical science,) have gained for him the reverence and es- teem of the learned in all countries. He is member of various learned societies, and is the author of many scientific papers. The habits of perseverance and deep thought, acquired in his younger days, seem to have steadily increased with his years, and the old age of the venerable philosopher is conse- quently attended by these characteristics. Sir Robert Peel, Bart., the father of the pre- sent Baronet, was, for many years a merchant of Manchester. He was born in 1750, at Peel Fold. He was one of the earliest calico printers in the town, and acquired, by trade, an enormous fortune. He was the author of a pamphlet, entitled " National Debt Productive of National Prosperity ." He re- presented the Borough of Tamworth in parliament for many years, and died in 1830, at the age of 80 years. Mrs. Fletcher, better known as Miss Jeivsbury, 188 MODERN WRITERS. was a native of Manchester. Her literary pro- ductions " Lays of Leisure Hours," and " Letters to the Young," have been, and continue to be, de- servedly popular. She died in 1833. Henry Liverseege, born in Manchester, in 1803, was a promising artist. His paintings were ex- hibited in the Royal Academy, and indicated the the hand of a master. His death took place in 1832. Charles Swain, born in 1803, is a Manchester Man. Southey has said of him and his works, — " His poetry is made of the right materials. If ever man was born to be a poet, he was : and if Manchester is not proud of him yet*, the time will certainly come when it will be so." T. K. Harvey, the author of " The Devil's Progress, Poetical Sketch Book," and various other poetical productions, served a clerkship to the law in the town of Manchester. W. H. Ainsworth, the popular author of " Rook- wood," iC Jack Sheppard," and several other literary productions, is a native of Manchester, and De Quincey, the author of " Confessions of an English Opium Eater," is said to have been born in the house known as the Princes' Tavern, in Cross- street, corner of Princess-street, in Manchester. At the age of 15, De Quincey "not only composed Greek verses, in lyric metres, but could converse in Greek fluently and without embarrassment," so perfectly, that one of his own masters, who was himself a scholar, has said of him, " that boy could harangue an Athenian mob better than I could an English one." Mrs Marshall, authoress of several popular juvenile works, resides in Manchester. Robert S. M'All, LL. D., (the minister of the Independent Chapel, Mosley-street,) celebrated for his eloquence, and high literary and philosophical attainments, died in 1838. NEWSPAPERS. 189 In a work, entitled " Manchester Poetry/' edited by Mr. James Wheeler, and published in Decem- ber, 1838, we find the following names connected with Manchester, either by birth or residence. Some of the names have been mentioned before, but we present them again, in order to furnish a list of the principal of those who have, at various times, avowedly been connected with the publication of poetry in Manchester. John Byrom. Samuel Bamford. Mrs. Fletcher. Ner Gardiner. Charles Swain. James Everett. Dr. M'All. Rev. Hugh Stowell. W. H Ainsworth. Rev. E. D. Jackson. Rev. R. Parkinson. Henry Wheeler. J. Riddall Wood. Rev. W. Gaskell. William Mort. William Harper. NEWSPAPERS. There are five newspapers published in Manches- ter, all of which are issued on Saturdays, with the exception of one only, which is published twice a week, the other day being Wednesday. The fol- lowing is a list of them, with a statement of their political bias : — The Chronicle and Standard, established in 1781, is published on Saturdays. The average circula- tion, according to the last Stamp-office return, for the first three months of 1839> was 2,923. Conser- vative politics. Office, St. Ann-street. The Guardian, established 1821, is published on Wednesdays and Saturdays. The average circula- tion is 5,615. Whig politics. Office, Market- street. The Courier, established 1825, is published on Saturdays. The average circulation is 4,61 5. Con- servative polities. Office, St. Ann's-square. The Times, established 1828, is published on R 190 NEWSPAPERS. Saturdays. The circulation is 2,884. Whig poli- tics. Office, Ducie-place. The Advertiser, established 1828,' is published on Saturdays. The circulation is 4,000. Radical po- litics. Office, Market-street. There are also established two advertising papers, which profess to publish no political opinions, con- fining themselves merely to the diffusion of adver- tising matter. The following is a list of some of the earliest Lan- cashire newspapers : — The Liverpool Courant, printed by S. Terry, Dale-street ; No. 18, July 18th, 1712. Manchester Weekly Journal, printed and sold by Roger Adams ; No. 325, March 15th, 1725. Wliitwortlis Man- Chester Gazette; No. 1, December 22d, 1730. The British Courant, or Preston Journal, printed by James Stanley and John Moon, 1745. Harrop's Manchester Mercury; No. 1, March 3d, 1752. The Manchester Journal, printed by S. Scholfield and M. Turnbull ; No. 1, March 2d, 1754; and Williamsons Liverpool Advertiser ; No. 1, May 28th, 1756. CHAPTER XVII. COMMERCIAL AND OTHER BUILDINGS, COMMERCE, ETC. THE EXCHANGE, * Market-street, is an important public building. It was opened to the public in 1 809. The area of the room in which the merchants assemble is 4,060 feet, and the principal light is from a lofty semi- circular dome, the glass of which, it is reported, cost upwards of £140. There is, over the fire-place, a portrait, by Lawrence, of Colonel Thomas Stanley, formerly one of the representatives of the county. The number of subscribers to the Exchange, in Oc- tober, 1838, was 1,958 ; of which 1,386 resided in town, and paid two guineas per annum ; and 572 were country manufacturers, who attend the Man- chester markets only three days a week : this class pay only twenty-five shillings per annum. Great complaints have been made, by subscribers, of want of room and accommodation ; but the committee of the Exchange have commenced a series of enlarge- ments that will, it is believed, leave no ground for complaint. Above the Exchange room is a large apartment in which public meetings are frequently held. There are also sundry other rooms in which are contained subscription libraries, &c. Strangers, by getting a subscriber to introduce them, may have access to the Exchange room for three days ; and the joint introduction of two subscribers is a passport for a month. The best time for seeing " high Change" is on a Tuesday, being marjgg; 192 THE PORTICO, CHAMBER OF COMMERCE, ETC. day, about one o'clock, when a spectacle will pre- sent itself to the visitor, that cannot fail to excite ideas in his mind of the magnitude of the business transactions of Manchester merchants, and the rapi- dity with which they appear to dispose of them. THE PORTICO, Mosley-street, is a neat building, of the Ionic order, and was one of the first public buildings of modern Manchester. The date of its erection is 1806. It embraces a reading-room, in which are contained the public prints, and a library, which is tolerably ex- tensive. The institution is supported by some of the leading merchants and professional gentlemen of Manchester, who are also its proprietors. THE CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES Is an institution not requiring an extensive build- ing, and is located in the Arcade, Town Hall Buildings, King-street. It consists of upwards of 300 of the most respectable merchants and tradesmen, who are " British subjects." Its objects are to pro- tect trade generally, and to watch more particularly over the commercial interests of the surrounding neighbourhood. On the introduction of matters into parliament affecting trade or manufactures the cham- ber is promptly on the alert ; and, in cases of emergency, has despatched deputations to confer with ministers. The subscription is one guinea per annum ; the in- come, consequently, is upwards of £300. So much practical benefit has accrued from the acts of this chamber, that similar institutions have been esta- blished, not only in this country, but even in India, with all of which the Manchester Chamber is in cor- respondence. Mr. Thomas Boothman, jun., is the secretary. CORN EXCHANGE. 193 THE CORN EXCHANGE, In Hanging Ditch, is a handsome edifice, erected from a design which Mr. Lane adapted to it from that of a temple of Ceres, on the river Ilyssus. It is a pedimented frontispiece, of the Ionic order : six columns, the bases of which are seven feet above the pavement, and the pillars, twenty-one feet in height, support the pediment. The centre is flanked by small wings, divided and ornamented by pilas- ters, between which is an entrance door at each ex- tremity of the front The upper one only is gene- rally open ; the other being used occasionally, when large assemblages are collected in the room. The front work, seen between the columns, is of rustic work, rising about twelve feet above the basement, beyond which it is of plain stone. On entering the door, ascending a few steps, and passing through a covered lobby, the visitor finds himself in a spacious, well-lighted hall, well adapted to the purposes for which it was erected. This room measures, from the centre of the front to the back, about seventy feet ; and from side to side, about eighty feet ; and there is a small committee room at the back, com- municating with the Exchange room. The large room is separated into three avenues by the ranges of stands for the corn merchants, &c. Two ranges of light ornamental columns of cast iron support a roof in three compartments, the north side of each compartment being of glass, and thus the light is thrown direct on the tables, while the glare of the sun is avoided. This edifice, which cost £3,250, was opened in January, 1837, with a dinner, given by the shareholders and their friends. The area of the room is nearly 600 square yards, which, at four persons to the square yard, will give standing room to 2,400 persons. The room is used every Satur- day, for the purposes of a Corn Exchange, and is r2 194 BANKS. let for lectures, floral exhibitions, and religious and other public meetings. Upwards of 800 persons are said to have been present at a dinner of the Anti- Corn Law Association in this room, in January, 1839. BANKS. There are several old established Private Bank- ing Houses in Manchester, besides Joint Stock Banks. The following list of them may be useful to visitors: — Banks. Shares. Value. Paid up. Branch of Bank of England Private Sir Benjamin Hey wood & Co.... Private...* W. Jones, Loyd & Co Private Daintry, Ryle & Co Private Cunliffes, Brooks & Co Private Scholes & Co Private Bank of Manchester 74,103 £100 £10 Manchester and Liverpool Dis- trict Banking Company 82,000 100 15 Commercial Bank of England . . . 52,034 ...... 5 5 Union Bank of Manchester 24,000 10 10 Manchester and Salford Banking Company 25,210 20 10 South Lancashire Bank 20,195 10 7£ THE SAVINGS BANK, Cross-street, King-street, established, January 31st, 1818, for the purpose of affording to the labouring classes of the community, a secure and profitable investment for such sums of money as they may be able to save, has most admirably answered the design of its foundation. From the report of this bank, published in 1839, it appears that deposits to the amount of £337,880 are placed to its debit. The total number of accounts at that time opened, was 11,862. The following tables may interest the reader : — BANKS. 195 Classification of Depositors, up to November 20th, 1838. Males. Females. Total. Tradesmen, Shopkeepers, Artificers, Publicans, or their Wives 9206 ... 2568 ... 11774 Persons employed in Factories, Ware- houses, or as Porters, &c 4789 ... 845 ... 5634 Domestic Servants 930 ... 5370 ... 6300 Widows 997 ... 997 Minors 2083 ... 1856 ... 3939 Weavers 1332 ... 389 ... 1721 Labourers 864 864 Farmers 473 ... 85 ... 558 Other descriptions, not particularly specified 1382 ... 2468 ... 3850 35637 Friendly Societies 77 Charitable Societies 189 35903 Classification of Single Deposits, from the commencement in 1818 to 1338. Deposits of £0 1 and not exceeding £0 5 17364 Above 5 „ 10 6 17827 „ 10 6 „ 110 31577 ,,110 „ 500 70557 .,500 „ 10 26663 „ 10 „ 20 16023 „ 20 „ 30 11037 „ 30 „ 40 648 „ 40 „ 50 609 „ 50 „ 100 689 Exceeding 100 69 193,062 The bank is open for receiving deposits every Tuesday and Thursday from eleven to one, and from three to five o'clock ; and every Saturday from half-past nine to one, and from three to seven o'clock ; and for repaying the deposits every Saturday from half-past nine to one, and from three to seven o'clock. Open on Wednesdays for transacting business in Government Annuities only. 196 GUARDIAN SOCIETY AND STAMP OFFICE. THE GUARDIAN SOCIETY, For the protection of trade against swindlers, &c. is an institution well supported, and affords to its members useful information on subjects likely to af- fect their interests. The subscription is trifling, and assists, after paying necessary expenses, in the crea- tion of a fund to defray the cost of such prosecutions as are instituted at the instance of the society. Mr. Cottam, Brazennose-street, is the secretary. THE STAMP OFFICE Is situate in Newall's Buildings, Market-street. It is the head office of a district which includes the fol- lowing towns, viz: — Stockport, Ashton, Oldham, Todmorden, Rochdale, Bolton, Bury, Preston, Gars- tang, Poulton-on-the-fylde, and Kirkham. John Shuttleworth, Esq. is the distributor. The publishers intended, with permission of the distributor, to give a series of tables, showing the amount of bill and receipt stamps and probate duty paid into the Manchester Stamp Office, by way of furnishing an incidental illustration of the extent of the trade in the manufacturing district, and the amount of revenue derived from the manufac- turing community by the tax laid upon bequests. On enquiry, however, it was found that, owing to various circumstances, such tables would, for the purpose intended, be very incomplete, and lead only to erroneous conclusions ; they are, therefore, omitted. The Table of Newspaper Stamps, &c. shews a remarkable progression in the amount issued within the short space of five quarters. The following extracts from the books kept at the Stamp Office may prove interesting : — POST OFFICE. 197 Amount of duty paid into the Manchester Stamp Office on Stage Coaches of every description, for the quarters ended at the following dates : — April 5, 1838 £4950 15 9 July 5, 1838 4731 13 7 Oct. 10, 1838 6245 4 2 Jan. 5, 1839 . 5607 10 6 April 5, 1839 5208 11 10 Account of the number of Newspaper Stamps issued from the Manchester Stamp Office, for the quarters ended as under : — Newspaper Stamps. Supplementary Stamps, April 5, 1838... 1,326,642 at Id, ... 19,000 at 0£d. July 5, 1838... 1,452,152 „ ... 44,500 „ Oct. 10, 1838... 1,614,587 „ ... 10,500 „ Jan. 5, 1839... 1,519,157 „ ... 4,300 „ April 5, 1839... 2,039,235 „ ... 36,500 „ Amount of duty for Advertisements paid into the Manchester Stamp Office, for quarters ending at the following dates : — April 5, 1838 £1168 11 2 July 5, 1838 1200 18 7 Oct. 10, 1838 1278 16 6 Jan. 5, 1839 1098 19 6 April 5, 1839 1107 19 6 THE POST OFFICE* Is situate in the rear of the Exchange. R. Peel Willock, Esq. is the postmaster. The times of the arrival and departure of the mails are given in ano- ther place. A few particulars in relation to this department of the public revenue are here presented. * The number of franked letters passing through the Gene- ral Post Office, amounts to an eleventh of the whole— the total of chargeable letters being 78,000,000, while the franked are 7,036,000, annually. By adding 44,500,000 newspapers, we have the sura total of the material carried yearly by the mails. 198 POST OFFICE. It appears from the statement of Mr. Bokenham, of the London Post Office, that, connected with the Manchester Post Office, there are twenty -three letter carriers ; and that within the limits of their rounds, a sum, for postage, amounting to £891 was collected, on a fair average week in the early part of 1 839. Of this sum, £530 was paid by subscribers to the boxes, at the windows of the office. These boxes are let for one guinea each per annum, and into them the letters for the subscribers are collected and de- posited. The subscribers amount, in number, to nearly 1000. " It might have been expected that the greater facility of personal communication between Liver- pool and Manchester, afforded by the Railroad, would have diminished, in a very sensible degree, the number of letters passing between the two towns ; such, however, is not the fact, the post office revenue, derived from such letters, having been actually in- creased more than six per cent., as appears by the following statement : — Amount of Postage. Cost of Conveyance. 1828 £13,342 £223 1829 12,759 223 1830 12,701 223 Average 12,964 223 Amount of Postage. Cost of Conveyance. 1831 £13,506 £465 1832 13,336 535 1833 14,556 645 Average 13,799 540 " In 1835, the gross receipts of the post office re- venue for the United Kingdom, in the undermen- tioned towns, omitting the fractions, were as follow: — POST OFFICE. 199 London £664,189 Birmingham 30,802 Bristol 33,730 Hull 15,219 Leeds 22,192 Liverpool 82,639 MANCHESTER 64,373 Nottingham 9,098 Sheffield 12,215 Edinburgh 41,959 Glasgow 39,954 Dublin 69,862 Belfast 10,971 Cork 13,022 " The total expense of collecting the postage re- venue in 1835, was nearly £600,000. The total nett revenue for the same year, amounted to nearly one million and a half"* Porter's Progress of the Nation. CHAPTER XVIII. WAREHOUSES, MECHANICS, ETC. WAREHOUSES. To form a proper conception of the commercial character of Manchester, a visit should be paid to the Exchange on a Tuesday, and a tour made among the warehouses. Beginning with Cannon-street and looking through the openings right and left till he reaches High-street, the visitor will find ample material for observation. He may then enter High-street, and perambulate Church-street, Bread- street, Bridgewater-buildings, New High-street, Spring-gardens, Fountain-street, York-street, Mos- ley-street, George-street, cum multis aliis, and the bustle and activity, the loading and unloading of waggons, the carriers' carts waiting to receive packages, and the dyers' and bleachers' vans waiting to deliver pieces, the waggon-loads of cotton,, the immense iron-hooped bales for exportation, drawn along the streets, which, with the most hasty glance he cannot fail to notice, will convey to his mind an idea of the amazing amount of commerce that is daily transacted. There are several firms in Manchester who each make sales to the extent of one million sterling per annum, and who employ in their respective establish- ments nearly fifty salesmen and clerks. Within the last few years Mosley-street contained only private dwelling-houses : it is now converted almost entirely into warehouses ; and the increasing business of the tovvn is rapidly converting all the principal dwelling- houses which exist in that neighbourhood into mer- WAREHOUSES. 201 cantile establishments, and is driving most of the respectable inhabitants into the suburbs. So great, about the year 1 836, was the demand for such conver- sions, that some of the land in Mosley-street, in- tended for warehouse erections, sold for a rental of 14s. per square yard per annum! On land pur- chased at so high a rate new buildings have generally been erected ; and, to make the most of it, a more than usual number of warehouses are raised on a limited space, the towering height of which make up for their contracted width. The exterior of many of the Manchester warehouses and places of business are very imposing and, in some instances, beautiful. The noble warehouses of Messrs. Potter and Norris, in George-street ; of Messrs. Wood and Westheads, Piccadilly ; Messrs. Henrys', in Port- land-street; Messrs. Crafts and Stell, in Nicholas- street, are of the former description ; whilst the Manchester and Salford Bank, in Mosley-street ; the South Lancashire Bank, in York-street ; and the warehouse belonging to Messrs. Hargreaves, Dugdale, and Co. 5 in Meal-street, are of the latter. It should be observed, that Manchester has drawn within itself a considerable portion of the silk trade, and this branch of commerce is in a flourishing con- dition. To get his mind thoroughly impressed with the magnitude of the manufactures of Manchester, the visitor should take a walk among the mills ; and what- ever his notions may be respecting their smoke and steam, and dust, he will be compelled to indulge in feelings of wonder at their stupendous appearance. Many of these mills are immense buildings, raised to the height of six, seven, and eight stories, erected at an expense of many thousands of pounds, and are filled with machinery, costing as many more. The capital sunk in a single mill will sometimes be £50,000, and frequently is as much as £100,000. Some of the mills contain nearly 2,000 hands. A 202 MILLS AND FACTORIES. visit to one of the largest mills, if an introduction can be procured, is a gratifying treat. The rooms are kept in the most perfect state of cleanliness, and the strictest order and regularity prevail. Every operation is performed by rule, and the sub- division of labour is carried out in the most minute manner. After the mills, the foundries and machine-mak- ing, and steam-engine establishments, present attrac- tions of the highest interest to strangers. THE MILLS AND FACTORIES OF MANCHESTER Are of various sorts ; viz. : — Cotton spinning mills, Silk spinning mills, Woollen spinning mills and fac- tories, Smalhvare factories, and Power-loom weav- ing factories. It is not our purpose to supersede the use of a Directory, by giving a catalogue of these mills ; nor can we point out any mills in particular, where stran- gers are admitted : indeed, it may be as well to re- mark, in order to save trouble and prevent disap- pointment, that it will be impossible to gain admis- sion into the mills, unless the applicant has a letter of introduction from some person known to the pro- prietors. Nothing short of almost intimate ac- quaintance with the mill proprietors will ensure ad- mission, The objection generally entertained is not founded so much upon a fear of admitting persons who might take away with them information that the mill owners wish to monopolize, as it pro- ceeds from the fact, that visitors occupy the time of an attendant, and disturb the attention of the ope- ratives throughout the mill. The loss accruing from this cause is frequently more than can readily be calculated. If the stranger, reading this, have letters of introduction, well ; if not, he had better content himself with viewing the exterior of these immense COTTON MILLS. 203 hives of industry. To enable him to do so readily, we will direct his steps to an interesting cluster of mills, situate in Chorlton-upon-Medlock, leading out of Oxford-street, on the right hand, on the banks of the river, including the large pile known as the Oxford-road Twist Co.'s Mill, in that street. Among these buildings are the extensive Cotton Mills Of Messrs, Birley & Co., in which, including build- ings and machinery, since their erection, several hundred thousand pounds of capital have been sunk ! A few particulars respecting the mills belonging to Messrs. Birley & Co. may not be uninteresting, es- pecially as they will convey an idea of the capital employed* by a single establishment, certainly one of the largest in Manchester. The number of hands em- ployed by this firm is 1,600, whose wages annually amount to the sum. of £40,000. The amount of * Mr. Farey, in his " Treatise on the Steam-Engine," says: — "An extensive cotton mill is a striking instance of the application of the greatest powers to perform a prodigious quantity of light and ' easy work. A steam-engine of 100 horse power, which has the strength of 880 men, gives a rapid motion to 50,000 spindles, for spinning fine cotton threads : each spindle forms a separate thread, and the whole number work together, in an immense building, erected on purpose, and so adapted to receive the machines, that no room is lost. 750 people are sufficient to attend all the operations of such a cotton mill ; and by the assistance of the steam-engine, they will be enabled to spin as much thread as 200,000 persons could do without machinery, or one person can do as much as 266. The engine itself only requires two men to attend it, and supply it with fuel. Each spindle in a mill will pro- duce between two and a half and three hanks (of 840 yards each) per day, which is upwards of a mile and a quarter of thread in twelve hours; so that the 50,000 spindles will pro- duce 62,500 miles of thread every day, of twelve hours, which is more than a sufficient length to go two and a half times round the globe." 204 COTTON MILLS. moving power is equivalent to the labour of 397 horses. The number of spindles in the mills is about 80,000. The annual consumption of raw cotton is about 4,000,000 lbs. weight! The annual consump- tion of coal is 8,000 tons. It will perhaps excite surprise in a person unacquainted with the nature of machinery, when informed that the annual consump- tion of oil,* for the purpose of oiling the machinery, is about 5,000 gallons ; and the consumption of tallow, for the same purpose, 50 cwt. The annual cost of gas is £600. One room alone, belonging to this firm, contains upwards of 600 power-looms. f Besides the hands engaged in the cotton department, * Sperm oil is very extensively used in the mills in Manches- ter and the neighbourhood. With reference to the importance, as a branch of commerce, of the Sperm Whale Fishery, we find, in No. 126 of the Quarterly Review, that, " from the port of London alone, an average of 70 sail of fine ships, of a burthen ranging from 300 to 400 tons, are annually on the look-out for spermaceti whales." "In 1823, the first introduction of sperm oil from the Australian colonies took place, the princi- pal part of which was brought from Sydney ; and when, in 1836, the imperial measure was introduced, we find that the enormous quantity of sperm oil altogether imported into Lon- don during that year, amounted to 6083 tons !" — See Beale on the Natural History and Fishery of the Sperm Whale. t The following statement of the progress of the power- loom is taken from Mr. Baines's " History of the Cotton Manufacture :" — " In 1813 there were not more than 2,400 power-looms in use ; yet this was enough to alarm the hand -loom weavers, who, attributing to machinery the distress caused by the or- ders in Council and the American war, made riotous opposi- tion to all new machinery, and broke the power-looms set up at West Houghton, Middleton, and other places. Neverthe- less, the great value of the power-loom having now been proved, it was adopted by many manufacturers, both in Eng- land and Scotland ; and it will, no doubt, in time, supersede the hand-loom. The rapidity with which the power-loom is coming into use is proved by the following table, the parti- culars of which were stated by R. A. Slaney, Esq., M.P., in COTTON MILLS. 205 the following description of mechanics are employed in this mill : — Millwrights. Painters. Mechanics. Moulders, Joiners. Turners. Bricklayers. Smiths. Plumbers. The establishment in which the fabric is manu- factured for water-proof clothing, such as " Macintosh Cloaks" belongs tb Messrs. Birley and Co. and is a the House of Commons, on the 13th of May, 1830, and which rest on the authority of Mr. Kennedy : — " NUMBER OF POWER-LOOMS IN ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND, In 1820. In 1829. In England 12,150 45,500 In Scotland 2,000 10,000 Total 14,150 55,500 " ESTIMATED NUMBER OF POWER-LOOMS IN GREAT BRITAIN, In 1833. In England 85,000 In Scotland 15,000 Total 100,000 ** While the number of power-looms has been multiplying so fast, the hand looms employed in the cotton manufacture are believed not to have diminished between 1820 and 1834, but rather to have increased. " In the former year they were estimated by Mr Kennedy at 240,000. In 1833, Mr. Grimshaw, a spinner and manu- facturer of Colne, gave his opinion before the Committee of the House of Commons on manufactures, &c, that the number of hand-loom cotton weavers in the kingdom was about 250,000 ; whilst Mr. George Smith, manufacturer, of Manchester, esti- mated them at only 200,000. In the year 1834, several in- telligent workmen and manufacturers, from Glasgow, gave evidence to the Commons' Committee ' on hand-loom weavers,' that there were 45,000 or 50,000 hand-loom cotton weavers in Scotland alone." — Porter sProyr ess of the Nation. "' s2 206 COTTON MILLS. part of their concern. The number of hands era- ployed in this business, varies from 200 to 600. The immense amount of 250,0001bs. weight of Indian rubber is annually consumed in the process of manu- facture, to dissolve which, 1 00,000 gallons of spirits are employed. The method of paying the wages of the work- people in Messrs. Birley and Co.'s establishment, is one that is worthy of imitation, and ought to be made known. By procuring a large amount of sil- ver and copper every week, each individual receives his or her wages separately before leaving the pre- mises, thus obviating the necessity of going to the public-house or beer-shop to seek change, a practice much too general on the Saturday evenings. To a stranger the paying of so large a number of work- people would appear a work of some difficulty, but so excellent are the arrangements, that the whole amount is counted and distributed for payment, by one individual, in about two hours. Dr* Ure remarks, " A well-arranged power mill combines the operation of many work-people, adult and young, in tending with assiduous skill a system of productive machines, continuously impelled by a central force. How vastly conductive to the com- mercial greatness of a nation, and the comforts of mankind, home industry can become, when no longer proportioned in its results to muscular effort, which is by its nature fitful and capricious, but when made to consist in the task of guiding the work of mecha- nical fingers and arms, regularly impelled with equal precision and velocity by some indefatigable physical agent, is apparent to every visitor of our cotton, flax, silk, wool, and machine factories. This great era in the useful arts is mainly attributable to the genius of Arkwright. Prior to the introduction of his system, manufactures were everywhere feeble and fluctuating in their developments, shooting forth luxuriantly for SILK MILLS. 207 a season, and again withering almost to the roots, like annual plants. In our spacious factory apart- ments the benignant power of steam summons around him his myriads of willing menials, and assigns to each the regulated task, substituting for painful mus- cular effort upon their part the energies of his own gigantic arm, and demanding in return only attention and dexterity, to correct such little aberrations as casually occur in his workmanship. Under his auspices, and in obedience to Arkwright's polity, magnificent edifices, surpassing far in number, value, usefulness, and ingenuity of construction, the boasted monuments of Asiatic, Egyptian, and Roman des- potism, have, within the short period of fifty years, risen up in this kingdom, to shew to what extent capital, industry, and science, may augment the re- sources of a state, while they meliorate the condition of its citizens. Such is the automatic system, replete with prodigies in mechanics and political economy, which promises in its future growth to become the great minister of civilization to the terraqueous globe ; enabling this country, as its heart, to diffuse along with its commerce the life-blood of knowledge and religion to myriads of people still lying in the region and shadow of death/' — Dictionary of A/ts, fyc. Silk Mills. One of the most interesting of these mills in Manchester is that belonging to Mr. Louis Schwabe, situate in Portland-street. Mr. S. spins, or throws, and dyes his own silk, and manufactures nearly all descriptions of silk damasks and brocades. The silks for the decoration of the most magnificent apartments in the mansions of the nobility, and also of the royal palaces, are furnished from this concern ; some of these splendid silks sell as high as seven guineas per yard. To produce this work, which is held in so much estimation, the Jacquard machine is principally 208 SMALLWARE MILLS. employed, and also the machines for embroidering ; the latter are only in use at this establishment, as Mr. S. now holds the patent for this invention. Under the superintendence of Mr. S., the productions of this beautiful machinery have been brought to such per- fection, that any quantity of the most complicated embroidery, comprising an infinite variety of brilliant colouring, can be produced, and, when compared with the years of constant and fatiguing exertion consumed in producing work of a similar description in former times, in a very short space of time. Small ware Mills. In these establishments, of which there are several in Manchester, the articles of cotton, worsted, and silk tapes are very extensively manufactured. To trace the various processes a piece of tape passes through, and the various employments it affords, before it comes into the market, is a very curious and interesting occupation. Beginning, then, with the first commercial operations, — the cotton used in the manufacture of tapes, having been warehoused in Liverpool, is sold on account of the importer, and bought to the order of the manufacturer by cotton brokers. It is conveyed by canal or railway to Manchester ; and when delivered at the works of the purchaser, is weighed, assorted, mixed, and spread, with a view to obtain equality in the staple. It is then taken to the willowing machine to be opened and rendered floculent ; thence it is transferred to the blowing machine, which cleanses it from dust, and makes it feathery. Attached to the blower is a lapping apparatus, by which the cotton is taken up and laid in a continuous fleece upon a roller, in order that it may be conveniently carried to the carding engine, there to be made into a fleece of the most equable texture possible ; hence it is handed to the drawing frame, where it is blended with the pro- SMALLWARE MILLS. 209 duction of all the carding engines connected with the particular set or system to which it belongs. It is next passed through the slubbing frame, afterwards, through the jack or roving frame, and then through the throstle or spinning frame, upon which it is made into yarn or twist. From the throstle, the yarn, if intended for warp, is forwarded to the winding frame, but if intended for weft, to the reeler ; after- wards, that which is wound is delivered to the warper, that which is reeled, to the pin winder. The weaver next operates upon it, passes it through the loom, rubs up the tape, and consigns it to the taker-in, who examines the fabric, and transfers it to the putter-out, who sends it to the bleacher. When bleached, it is handed to the scraper, whose business it is to take out the creases, and open the tape, by running it under and over iron scrapers. This having been done, the piece is put through the callender, when it is pressed between hot bowls and rendered smooth and glossy. It is next taken to the lapping department, where it is neatly folded by young women, after which, the maker-up forms the pieces into parcels, containing the required quantity, and places them in a powerful press to make them compact. He next papers them, and sends them to the warehouse, for sale. Thus in its progress, from the raw material, a piece of tape has afforded employment to the broker of the merchant, to the broker of the manufacturer, to the carrier, to the mixer of the cotton, to the ten- ters of the willow, of the blower, of the carding en- gine, of the drawing frame, slubbing frame, roving frame, and throstle; to the doffer, bobbin-winder, reeler, warper, pin-winder, weaver, taker-in, putter- out, bleacher, scraper, callender-man, lapper, maker- up, and salesman ; or, to at least twenty-five per- sons before it leaves the warehouse of the manufac- turer, where 12 pieces, of 18 yards each, or 216 210 STEAM ENGINE MANUFACTURERS, ETC. yards of cotton tape, of nearly half an inch in width, and containing 9? 170 yards of yarn, are sold for eighteenpence ; or 12 yards of finished tape, con- taining 509 yards of yarn, for the small sum of one penny. Some idea of the extent to which this manufacture is carried on in Manchester may be formed from the fact, that, at the works of Messrs. Wood and West- heads, upwards of 1,240,000 yards of goods, not ex- ceeding three inches in width, and composed partly or entirely of cotton, linen, silk, or worsted, are woven in one week, or upwards of 35,227 miles in one year. Steam Engine-making, and Engineering, One of the principal establishments in Manchester, in these departments, is that belonging to William Fairbairn, Esq., situate in Canal-street, Great Ancoats-street. To persons unacquainted with the nature of working in iron, an admission into these works affords, perhaps the most gratifying spectacle which the town can present of its manufactures in this metal. Consequently, almost every person of distinction visiting the town contrives to procure an introduction to the proprietor before leaving it. In this establishment the heaviest description of ma- chinery is manufactured, including steam engines, water wheels, locomotive engines, and mill geering. There are from 550 to 600 hands employed in the various departments ; and a walk through the exten- sive premises, in which this great number of men are busily at work, affords a specimen of industry, and an example of practical science, which can scarcely be surpassed. In every direction of the works the utmost system prevails, and each mechanic appears to have his peculiar description of work assigned, with the utmost economical subdivision of labour. All is activity, yet without confusion. STEAM ENGINE MANUFACTURERS, ETC. 211 Smiths, strikers, moulders, millwrights, mechanics, boiler makers, pattern makers, appear to attend to their respective employments with as much regularity as the working of the machinery they assist to con- struct. In one department mechanics are employed in building those mighty machines which have aug- mented so immensely the manufacturing interests of Great Britain, namely, steam engines. All sizes and dimensions are frequently under hand, from the di- minutive size of 8 horses' power, to the enormous magnitude of 400 horses' power. One of this latter size contains the vast amount of 200 tons or up- wards of metal, and is worth, in round numbers, from £5,000 to £6,000. The process of casting metal is conducted here on a very large scale. Castings of 12 tons weight are by no means uncommon : the beam of a 300 horses' power steam engine weighs that amount. Fly- wheels for engines, and water-wheels, though not cast entire, are immense specimens of heavy castings. A fly-wheel, for an engine of 1 00 horses' power, mea- sures in diameter 26 feet, and weighs about 35 tons. In this establishment some of the largest water- wheels ever manufactured, and the heaviest mill- geering, have been constructed ; one water-wheel, for instance, measuring 62 feet in diameter. The average weekly consumption of metal in these works in the process of manufacturing, owing to the quan- tity of wrought-iron used, and the immense bulk of the castings, is 60 tons or upwards, or 3,120 tons annually. The preparation of patterns, — wood fac-similes of the castings, — is a very costly process. Every piece of machinery, before it can be cast, must be constructed in wood ; and these patterns^ as they are termed, are made to form, in sand, the mould into which the liquid ore is poured. Fifty men are 212 STEAM ENGINE MANUFACTURERS, ETC. daily employed in making patterns. The patterns, which are part of the proprietor's stock in trade, are worth many thousand pounds. After being used, the most important are painted and var- nished, and laid carefully aside, in a dry room, to be ready for use when machines may accidentally get broken, or to aid in the construction of new ones. The patterns are made frequently of mahogany. A most curious machine is employed for the pur- pose of planing iron ; and, by means of its aid, iron shavings are stripped off a solid mass of metal with, apparently, as much ease as if it were wood, and with the greatest regularity and exactness. Not the least interesting department of these works is that appropriated to boiler making. Boilers, for steam engines, are composed of a number of plates of wrought-iron, about §■ of an inch in thickness. They are riveted together, with rivets about J of an inch diameter, holes to receive which are punched through the plates, by a powerful, yet simple, ma- chine, with as much facility as if the resistance was mere air. The process of riveting was, on the old method, an extremely noisy one ; but a new plan is adopted here, and by it the work is performed silent- ly, and much more efficiently. Some time ago about 50 boiler makers were employed by Mr. Fairbairn. They " struck," as it is termed, because their em- ployer infringed, as they considered, upon their pri- vileges, by introducing a few labourers, not in " The Union," to perform the drudgery connected with the work. On this occurring, Mr. Fairbairn and Mr. Robert Smith invented a machine which superseded the labour of 45 out of the 50 of his boiler makers. The work is performed by the machine much quicker, more systematically, and, as before said, without noise. This extensive concern forwards its manufactures to all parts of the world. The stranger is told, on LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE MAKERS, ETC. 213 enquiry, that this article is for Calcutta, that for the West Indies ; this for St. Petersburgh, that for New South Wales : and there are, besides, men belonging to it located in various parts of Europe, who are employed, under the direction of Mr. Fairbairn, in superintending the erection of work manufactured on these premises. Many of the hands employed receive from £2 to £3 weekly wages, and scarcely any, except common labourers, receive less than 25s. per week.* From these facts, some idea of the capital necessary to conduct a concern of this description may be imagined. In addition to the above, Mr. Fairbairn has an establishment at Millwall, London, where upwards of 400 hands are employed in the manufacture of steam engines, and in the building of iron steam boats, and other vessels constructed of the same material. In the Manchester establishment, Mr. Fairbairn and Mr. Eaton Hodgkinson have conducted various important experiments, which have been published from time to time in the " Transactions of the Man- chester Philosophical Society,'' and in the " Reports of the British Association." Locomotive Engine and Tool-makers. Under this head may be classed several extensive works, in and about Manchester, f One of the largest is that possessed by Messrs. Nasmyths, Gas- kell, & Co., situated at Patricroft, four and a half miles distant from Manchester, and immediately ad- joining the Liverpool and Manchester Railroad, at * The total weekly wages amount to nearly one thousand pounds ! t Messrs. Sharp, Roberts, & Co 's, Messrs. Peel, Williams, and Co 's, are among the first in importance. T 214 LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE MAKERS, ETC. that part where it crosses the Bridgewater Canal, which great national work forms the boundary or frontage of the ground on which the above establish- ment is erected, and which, in consequence, has been named, " The Bridgewater Foundry." These works have a frontage to the railroad, as well as to the canal, to the extent of 1,050 feet ; which circumstance supplies every possible facility for communication, either by land or by water car- riage. One of the " stopping stations" of all the second class trains being opposite, persons desirous of visiting these works, can be set down at the entrance gate. The distance in time, from Man- chester, is only from ten to fifteen minutes. The above establishment is of very recent erec- tion, having been in existence only about two and a half years. There are employed at present about 300 men ; the greater part of whom, together with their families, live in cottages which the proprietors have erected for their accommodation. The situa- tion of these works is not only most admirably adapted for the purposes for which they have been erected, but it also secures, in a great degree, good health to the men employed ; for, being surrounded on all sides with green fields, and being, moreover, on the west side of Manchester, a very long lease of pure air is secured ; a circumstance of no small im- portance, as regards the health and comfort of the workmen employed. The whole of this establishment is divided into departments, over each of which a foreman, or a responsible person, is placed, whose duty is not only to see that the men under his superintendence pro- duce good work, but also to endeavour to keep pace with the productive powers of all the other departments. The departments may be thus speci- fied : — The drawing office, where the designs are made out ; and the working drawings produced, LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE-MAKERS, ETC. 215 from which the men are to receive the necessary information Then come the pattern-makers, whose duty is to make the patterns, or models, in wood, which are to be cast in iron or brass : next comes the Foundry, and the iron and brass moulders ; then the forgers or smiths. The chief part of the pro- duce of these two last named pass on to the turners and planers, who, by means of most powerful and complete machinery, execute all such work on the various articles as require either of these operations ; besides which, any holes that are required are at this stage bored, by a great variety of drilling machines, most of which are self-acting. Then come the fit- ters and filers, who, by means of chisels and files, execute all such work as requires manual labour, and perform such delicate adjustments as require the individual attention of the operative : in conjunction with this department is a class of men called erectors, that is, men who put together the frame- work, and larger parts of most machines, so that the two last departments, as it were, bring together and give the last touches to the objects produced by all the others. A machine having passed through these departments, is now ready for a coat of paint, which having received, it is taken to pieces (after all the parts are marked, so as to enable its being put together when it arrives at its destination), the bright parts are smeared with tallow, and, if required, placed in packing cases, which are then handed over to the foreman of the labourers, who, by means of the crane or railroad, place them in the canal boat or railway waggon. With a view to secure the greatest amount of convenience for the removal of heavy machinery from one department to another, the entire establish- ment has been laid out with this object in view ; and in order to attain it, what may be called the straight line system has been adopted, that is, the various 216 LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE-MAKERS, ETC. workshops are all in a line, and so placed, that the greater part of the work, as it passes from one end of the foundry to the other, receives, in succession, each operation which ought to follow the preceding one, so that little carrying backward and forward, or lifting up and down, is required. In the case of heavy parts of machinery, this arrangement is found exceedingly useful. By means of a railroad, laid through, as well as all round the shops,* any casting, however ponderous or massy, may be removed with the greatest care, rapidity, and security. Thus nearly all risk of those frightful accidents, which sometimes occur to the men, is removed. The railroad sys- tem is now beginning to be as much attended to, and its advantages felt in concerns of this nature, as it is in the transit of goods and passengers. Nearly one uniform width is preserved throughout all the workshops of this extensive concern, namely, 70 feet ; and the height of each is 21 feet to the beam. The total length of shops on the ground floor, already built,, amounts, in one line, to nearly 400 feet. There are, besides, four flats of the front building, each 12 feet high, 100 feet long, and 60 feet wide. Into these rooms a perfect flood of light is admitted by very large windows on the side walls, as well as through sky-lights in the roof. The Foundry occupies one portion of this build- ing, namely, 130 feet by 70 feet, in which great apartment or hall there is not a single dark corner : a point of vast importance where the operations are conducted with a black material, namely, the mould- ing sand. The iron is melted in one or more of four cupolas, according to the weight of the casting. The cupolas vary from three to six feet in diameter, and when all are in active operation, melt thirty-six tons of iron. The great cauldron, or pot, in which the * Abbreviation of " work-shops." LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE-MAKERS, ETC. 217 metal is contained, is placed, during its transit from the furnace, on a carriage, which moves along a rail- road in front of the four cupolas ; and thus any por- tion of melted metal can be received and conveyed, with the most surprising rapidity and ease, to any point of the surface of this great hall. These great pots contain, at times, each six or seven tons of melted iron, and, by means of a crane, whose arms sweep every part of the foundry, are handed from place to place as if wholly devoid of weight. The crane posts are two great cast-iron columns, around which the crane arm swings. The columns serve at the same time as supports to the roof, and by proper ties, the strain of such great weights is diffused over the whole building, and each brick made to share the load. The blast of air for the furnaces is supplied by a fanner, 5 feet in diameter, made to revolve at the rate of 1,000 revolutions per minute, the air or blast being conveyed under ground in a brick tunnel, from which it is distributed to each furnace by sheet-iron pipes, varying from three to nine inches, according to the size of the furnace at work at the time. There are at present fifty -six turning lathes, of all sizes, at work in this establishment, several of which are what is called self-acting,* — that is, the * " We may here with propriety say a word on the subject of self-acting tools, the more so because it is by means of these admirable adaptions of human skill and intelligence that we are giving to the present age its peculiar and wonderful cha- racteristic, namely, the triumph of mind over matter. " By whom or when the slide principle was first intro- duced we need not now enquire ; suffice it to say that, by means of this principle, a most wonderful substitute has been found for the human hand in the fabrication of al- most all parts of mechanism, whether the substance to be operated upon weighs tons or grains. The slide principle is that which enables a child, or the machine itself, to operate on masses of metal, and to cut shavings off iron, as if it was de- T 2 218 LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE-MAKERS, ETC. work has only to be placed in the lathe, and the tool set, and the machine does the remainder of the work with unerring accuracy and ease. Planing machines are extensively used here. The immense power of one of these machines may be imagined, when it is considered that the amount of resistance against the edge of the knife which planes the iron is, in a large machine, as much as thirty tons. This fact leads to the consideration of the hardness of the instrument which has to encounter, for perhaps a day together without becoming in- operative, this immense resistance. By means of this admirable machine every variety of geometri- cal figure can be produced with the most absolute accuracy — such as the plane, the cylinder the cone, and the sphere. And as all possible varieties of machinery consist merely of these figures in com- bination, there is now every facility for producing whatever may be required. Besides the manufacture of every description of engineers' tools, another branch of business for prived of all hardness, and so mathematically correct that even Euclid himself might be the workman ! It is by the slide principle that we are enabled to fix a steel cutter into an iron hand, and constrain or cause it to move or slide along the surface of a piece of metal in any required direction, and with the utmost precision. By means of this principle all the practical difficulties hitherto encountered in the extending and improving of machinery generally, were, at one blow, cleared away. By its means the formation of every geometrical figure became a matter of the greatest ease, and a principle of abso- lute and unerring exactness took the place of manual dexterity. " The impulse given by the slide principle, to the manufac- tures of this country, in the construction of machines for forming other machines, can scarcely be imagined. On the application of an unerring principle to machine- making machinery — which tools may be defined to be — the mechanical energy of Great Britain, sprang forward at once to that supreme station which she now maintains, and which, if her artisans keep pace with the times, she will ever retain." — Note by a Practical Engineer. LOCOMOTIVE ENGINE-MAKERS, ETC 219 which this establishment has been erected, is that of locomotive engines,* a branch of business which is rapidly acquiring great importance, and which will have few rivals as to magnitude. Lancashire appears to be completely taking the lead in this manufacture, which, from its very nature, can be carried on only on a large scale. From this establishment machinery is sent to all parts of the world. One of its customers is the Pasha of Egypt, who has had made here, for the use of his arsenal, a neat low-pressure engine. He intends em- ploying it to bore cannon, which he finds still neces- sary, to keep his refractory neighbours in subjection. Respectable persons desirous of seeing the inte- rior of the establishment, will, we are enabled to state, at all times find the most ready admission, by an application at the works. — (See Frontispiece.) In this small volume, — which is not intended to trench upon the ground occupied by several valu- able works,f recently published, having relation to Manchester and its manufactures, — the want of space prevents any lengthened remarks upon the productions of the u great workshop," as Manchester * The room occupied by the steam, in a locomotive boiler, is ordinarily equivalent to ten cubic feet, Ten cubic feet of water will produce in steam, when expanded to the density of the atmosphere, as much as would occupy 18,000 feet of space. The steam is confined in the boiler by a pressure three times that of the atmosphere, so that, escaping from its confinement, it expands to three times the space it there oc- cupied. t Persons wishing for information on Manchester and its manufactures may, with advantage, consult Wheeler's History of Manchester. Barnes's and Dr. Ure's History of the Cotton Manufacture, Dr. Ure's Philosophy of the Cotton Manufac- ture, and the volumes in Lardners Cyclopadia on Working in Silk, and in Metals, will be found collaterally useful, as well as various mechanical works and publications on the Steam Engine. 220 BLEACHING, DYEING, ETC. has been termed. The specimens we have presented may possibly prove interesting, at least to the stran- ger. It should be borne in mind, however, that they are only specimens, — mere samples of that materiel^ if we may so speak, of which this manu- facturing and mechanical town is composed. It would be an easy matter to take more samples from the bulk. These we have presented, not merely because they are among the first of their kind — but because we have been so circumstanced as to be able to obtain the descriptions of them with a con- siderable degree of accuracy. Having introduced their importance to the notice of the reader, we must refer him to other works for more detailed par- ticulars. The kindred trades of bleaching, dyeing, and calico printing, are carried on very extensively in the suburbs of the towns. These trades are among the most useful of the arts, and the first scientific talent that the kingdom can boast is em- ployed in many concerns, in experimenting on, and in improving, their various processes. With bleaching the name of the late Dr. Henry's father must ever be associated. He was the first who introduced into Manchester the discovery made by a French chemist, of the uses of oxy- muriatic acid and chlorine, in whitening cloth — " a discovery which soon led to a complete revolu- tion in the trade of this town and neighbourhood." The arts of dyeing and calico printing* have re- * " In consequence of the duty imposed upon printed cottons, we are acquainted with the quantity which has under- gone the process at different periods in England, up to the year 1831, when the duty was wholly repealed. The quantity printed in 1796 was... 20,621,797 yards. In 1800, it had increased to 32,869,729 „ In 1814, it had further increased to... 124,613,472 „ And in 1830, had reached to 347,450,299 „ Being more than ten times the quantity printed at the begin- ning of the century/'— Porter s Progress of the Nation, BLEACHING, DYEING, ETC. 221 ceived great assistance from such men of science as Drs. Dalton, Warwick (the inventor of the colour called " Warwick green"), and Henry ; and Messrs. Da- vies, Thompson, Mercer, and others, including Ber- thollet, the celebrated French chemist ; and in most of the establishments in which these arts are wrought out, some one or more of the principals are, practi- cally, men of eminent scientific talent ; in fact, it is almost indispensable that they should be, in order that the trades be rendered profitable* In connexion with calico printing, it may be observed, that many persons earn large sums by designing new patterns for this branch of trade. Such persons should, how- ever, possess a knowledge of chemistry, or they may spend much labour in vain. It is an easy matter to depict beautiful patterns ; but unless the colours which they may contain be arranged according to chemi- cal principles, to work the designs would be im- practicable. To talented designers, high prices are paid for patterns. Many persons gain a livelihood by importing from France, the moment they make their appearance, small pieces of the newest patterns of prints. These they offer to the calico printers, who usually purchase them at high rates. CHAPTER XIX. REGISTRATION OFFICES — STARTING OF THE RAILWAY TRAINS POST-OFFICE REGULATIONS — OMNIBUSES — HACKNEY COACH STANDS AND REGULATIONS — COACH OFFICES — HOTELS AND INNS — POLICE DIS- TRICTS — CHARTER, AND WARDS UNDER THE CHARTER. REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND MARRIAGES.* As neglecting to register births, marriages, and deaths, according to the Registration Act, may, * In the appendix to the first annual report of the Registrar General, there is an abstract of the causes of death, drawn up by Mr. Fan, the author of the article Vital Statistics, in Mr. M'CuUoch's " Statistical Account of the British Empire. A new classification of diseases is given, well adapted to sta- tistfcal purposes, with a uniform system of names, which, it is recommended, should be adopted in all the registers. The following are some of the causes of death in the halfyear ending December 31st, 1837. The total deaths registered were 148,701, the causes not having been specified in 7,094 cases : — Males. Females. Total. Consumption 12,968 14,786 27,754 Convulsions (chiefly infants) ... 5,798 4,931 10,729 Typhus fever 4,439 4,608 9,047 Pneumonia, or inflammation of the lungs 3,187 2,637 5,824 Small-pox 3,050 2,761 5,811 Measles 2,340 2,392 4,732 Hooping-cough 1,277 1,767 3,044 Scarlatina 1,238 1,282 2,520 Child-birth 1,265 1,265 Violent deaths 3,605 1,240 4,845 Sixteen persons died of hydrophobia, and 13 of them were males ; 15 were struck dead by lightning (in the autumn quarter) — 11 were males, and 4 females. The deaths of 63 REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS, ETC. 223 owing to the want of accurate information, cause inconvenience to many persons, we have subjoined persons were ascribed to starvation ; of 85 to intemperance. Males appear by the registers to be more intemperate than females — for, of the 85 who died by intemperance, 70 were males, and 15 females : 67 males and 12 females died of gout ; 86 males and 9 females of trembling delirium, or what is sometimes called drunkard's delirium. It has been well known, since the time of Dr Price, that the mortality is higher in town than in country districts ; but it had not been directly ascertained to what classes of diseases the excessive mortality was due. The appendix to the report exhibits in two comparative tables the diseases of the town and country population ; the difference is principally in the epidemic class, such as typhus, small-pox, &c. and in convul- sions, and other infantile diseases. The following table ex- hibits the relative mortality of females for the half year, in several large cities : Of the relative Mortality of Females in Leeds, Birmingham, Manchester, London, Liverpool, and in England and Wales. — Annual deaths to 100,000 living. Epedemic, &c. diseases Sporadic diseases : — Typhus Of the nervous system Of the respiratory organs Phthisis Of the organs of circulation ... O f the digestive organs Of the urinary organs Of the generative organs Of the joints Of the integumentary system.. Of uncertain seat Old age Violence Unspecified diseases 369 115 309 515 401 9 127 7 58 16 ■9*3 go §1 418 126 250 623 494 54 214 166 138 35 55 229 156 45 48 All causes '1804 21012378 259032891972 565 180 414 722 510 13 209 3 58 19 4 161 128 42 40 -iP CD to 697 196 400 657 402 33 177 4 52 14 2 270 218 32 34 1110 339 544 860 670 20 228 1 58 7 10 214 163 40 10 459 129 284 551 415 19 133 4 42 12 3 232 197 35 V.p. 224 REGISTRATION OF BIRTHS, ETC. the following extracts, from an " Explanatory Notice" on the subject, issued from the General Registry Office, London, in September, 1 837, which will af- ford useful information : — Births. " The birth of any child, born after June, 1837, may be registered by the Registrar of the District in which the child was born, within six weeks after the birth, without any payment being required. After six weeks, and within six months, the expense of registering will be 7s. 6d. After six months, the birth cannot be registered at all. " It is advisable that parents causing the births of their children to be registered before baptism, should state to the Registrar the name by which they in- tend they shall be called, which will save the trouble and expense of having the baptismal name inserted in the Register afterwards. When a child is bap- tized before registration of birth, it is not necessary to obtain a certificate of baptism, and to shew it to the Registrar. A certificate is requisite only when the child is baptized after registration of birth, and the parties, having previously stated no name, or a Number of Inhabitants to a Square Mile. Leeds 2,624 Birmingham 31,487 Manchester and Salford 4,799 Metropolis 23,864 Liverpool and West Derby 4,617 England and Wales 265 These facts may throw some light upon the factory ques- tion. It appears, for instance, that the mortality is higher in Liverpool than in Manchester ; yet the air of Liverpool is famous for its salubrity, and the Manchester division abounds in a manufacturing population. In 1831 the population of the Liverpool division was 218,233 ; that of the Manchester division, 236,935 ; yet the deaths in the year ending June 30, 1838, were in an inverse ratio, namely, in Liverpool, 9,042, in Manchester, 8,373. — Courier. REGISTRARS OF DEATHS AND MARRIAGES. 225 different one, wish to go a second time to the Re- gistrar to have the baptismal name inserted." Deaths* "Every death after June, 1837, may be regis- tered at any time, by the Registrar of the District in which it took place, tvithout any payment being required. It ought, if possible, to be registered be- fore burial ; and a certificate of registry should be obtained from the Registrar (who is bound to give it tvithout payment), and given to the minister offi- ciating at the funeral^ who, if this is not done, will for so officiating be liable to a fine, unless within seven days ha gives notice to the Registrar. " Persons bringing a corpse, without certificate of registry, for interment, at a distance from the place where the death occurred, should inform the minister of the name and address of the Registrar of the Dis- trict in which that place is situated ; and persons who are without other means of ascertaining the name and address of the Registrar of any District, may do so by application by letter to " the Regis- trar General, General Register Office, London," communicating the name of the parish ; in reply to which the name and address of the Registrar for that parish (if there is only one Registrar) will be sent by letter, free of postage, by the general post." Marriages. " Persons may be married as before, according to the rites of the Church of England, by licence, by special licence, or after publication of banns. Per- sons may also be married, according to the rites of the Church of England, without publication of banns, on production of a Superintendent Registrar's certi- ficate. " Persons may also be married otnerwise than ac- u 226 REGISTRARS OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS. cording to the rites of the Church of England,- in a registered place of worship, or at the Superinten- dent Registrar's office, on production of a Superin- tendent Registrar's licence, or certificate. A mar- riage by licence «may be solemnized fourteen days sooner than by certificate. All requisite informa- tion respecting the steps to be taken for obtaining a certificate or licence, will be given on application by the Superintendent Registrar of the District. " At the General Register Office in London, on demand, and on payment of 3s. 6d., any person may obtain a copy of the entry of any birth, death, or marriage, registered in any part of England or Wales, which copy being stamped with the seal of the Office will be ' received as evidence of the birth, death, or marriage to which the same relates, with- out any further or other proof of such entry.' " Registrars, &c, for the Manchester Division. LOCAL OFFICERS. Manchester Division — Wni, Johns, Esq., M.D., Superintendent Registrar; Register Office, 7, Lloyd- street, Cooper-street; hours of attendance, from 10 till 4 o'clock, daily, (Sundays excepted.) REGISTRARS OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS. 1. Ancoats District, known as Police District, No. 1,— John Bennett, surgeon, 42, Mill-street, An- coats; hours of attendance, from 8 till 10, a.m., 1 till 3, and 4 till 6, p.m. 2. St. George's District, known as Police Dis- trict, No. 2, — Thomas Worthington, surgeon, 7? Old- ham-road, New Cross ; hours of attendance, from half-past 10 till 1, and 6 till 8. 3. Market-street District, comprising Police Dis- tricts, Nos. 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, and 12, — Richard Webb, solicitor, 18, Brown-street; hours of attendance, from 8 till 10, a.m., and 12 till 2, p.m. REGISTRARS OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS. 227 4. London Road District, comprising Police Districts, Nos. 4 and 7, — Joseph Ashbury Smith, surgeon, 24, Piccadilly ; attendance all day. 5. Deansgate District, comprising Police Districts, Nos, 10, 11, 13, and 14, — George Moody, accountant, 27, Cooper-street ; hours of attendance, from 8 till 10 a.m., 2 till 3, and 6 till 7, p.m. 6. Cheeiham District, comprising Cheetham, Broughton, and Crumpsall, — Thomas Robinson, as- sistant overseer, Cheetham. 7. Prestwich District, comprising Prestwich, Great Heaton, and Little Heaton, — Daniel Hope, assistant overseer, Prestwich. 8. Blackley District, comprising Blackley and Harpurhey, — Luke Smethurst, overseer, Blackley. 9. Failsworth District, comprising Fails worth and Moston, — Joseph Lancashire, corn-dealer, Fails- worth. 10. Newton District, comprising Newton, Bes- wick, and Bradford, — Samuel Lancashire, post-mas- ter, Newton Heath. DEPUTY REGISTRARS OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS. 1. Ancoats District, Albany Featherstonhaugh, 42, Mill-street, Ancoats. 2. St. George's District, William Cowgill, 5, Oldham-road, New Cross. 4. London Road District, W. R. F. Lane, 24, Piccadilly. 5. Deansgate District, William Viner Johns, 7, Lloyd-street, Cooper-street. REGISTRARS OF MARRIAGES. Manchester Division, William Viner Johns, 7, Lloyd-street, Cooper-street; and Richard Webb, 18, Brown-street. Marriages may be solemnized at any of the under- mentioned places, or at any Church in Manchester, 228 REGISTRARS, ETC. FOR CHORLTON-ON-MEDLOCK. Cheetham, Prestwich, Blackley, or Newton, by giv- ing notice to the Superintendent Registrar : — Register Office 7, Lloyd-street, Cooper-st. Cross-street Chapel Cross- street. St. Augustine's Chapel Granby-row, Christ Church Every-street, Ancoats. Independent Chapel Cannon -street. St. Marys Chapel Mulberry- street. St. Chad's Chapel Rook-street. St. Patrick's Chapel Livesey-street. Grosvenor -street Chapel ...Grosvenor-street. Independent Chapel Mosley-street. Lloyd-street Chapel Lloyd-street. New Jerusalem Church Peter-street. York-street Chapel York-street. Scotch Church St. Peter's- square. Particular Baptist Chapel.. St. George's- road. Day and Sunday Schools... Lower Mosley-street. New Connexion Chapel ...Oldham-street. Tabernacle Gartside-street. Registrars, &c v for Chorlton-upon-Medlock Division. Chorlton Division. — Mr. John Latham, jun., Superintendent Registrar ; office, Town Hall, Chorl- ton-upon-Medlock ; open from 10 till 4. REGISTRARS OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS. Chorlton-upon-Medlock Disfrict. — P. H. Hol- land, surgeon, 108, Grosvenor-street; hours of at- tendence, 9? a.m. 2 and 6, p.m. Hulme District, comprising Hulme and Moss- side, — Mr. John Pownal, schoolmaster, York-street, Hulme ; hours of attendance, from 9 till 4. Ardwick District, comprising Ardwick, Rusholme, Lavenshulme, Gorton, and Openshaw, — Thomas Flanagan, Garden-street, Union-street, Ardwick. Stretford District, comprising Stretford and Chorlton- cum-Hardy, — T. H. Bagshaw, schoolmas- ter, Stretford. REGISTRARS, ETC. FOR SALFORD. 229 Didsbury District, comprising Didsbury, With- ington, and Burnage, — S- Gaskell, Didsbury. REGISTRARS OF MARRIAGES. Thomas Flanagan, Ardwick, and John Pownall, Hulme. Registrars, €cc, for Salford Division. District of Salford Union. — Mr. John Hope, Superintendent Registrar, Town Hall, Salford. REGISTRARS OF BIRTHS AND DEATHS. Regent Road District — Mr. B. Youngman, 34, Oldfield-road, Salford. Greengate District — Mr. J. Hill, St. Stephen's- street, Salford. Pendleton and Pendlebury District. — Mr. Allen, 1, Chester-place, Pendleton, Salford. Barton and Worsley District. — Mr. F. Maudley, Superintendent Registrar, 33, Hampson-street. Barton-upon-Irwell District. — John Cheadle, High-street, Eccles. Worsley and Clifton District. — John Berry, Old Clough-lane, Worsley. Flixton, Urmston, Irlam, and Cadishead Dis- trict Rev. W. A. Cave, Flixton. Patricroft District. — Mr. W. Lewis, Patricroft. REGISTRARS OF MARRIAGES. J. Hill, St. Stephen's-street, and W. Lewis, Patri- croft. Marriages may be solemnized at any of the under- mentioned places, or at any church in Salford, Bar- ton, and Worsley, by giving notice to the Superin- tendent Registrar. SALFORD DISTRICT. Independent Chapel Chapel-street, Salford. Ne \Zitz.* ndevmien *. \ New winds ° r ' saif ° rd - u 2"" 230 LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY TRAINS. New Jerusalem Temple .Bolton- street, Salford. Unitarian Meeting -House Greengate, Salford. BARTON AND WORSLEY DISTRICT. Independent Chapel Barton -upon-Ir well. Independent Chapel, Monton Green, Barton-upon-Irwell. All- Saints Roman Catholicl m re a -d <. r n qi j > Irafford, Barton-upon-IrwelL Notice respecting Marriages. On the 6th of June last, the Superintendent Regis- trars received a Circular from the Registrar General, as follows : — 1 Sir, — In consequence of an opinion which I have received from the Law Officer of the Crown, I hereby direct, that from this time forward you do not issue a Certificate for any Marriage to be solomnized in a district in which neither of the parties intending Marriage reside at the time of giving notice: — I am, Sir, Your obedient Servant, J. H. LISTER, 1 To the Superintendent Registrar. Registrar General.' LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY TRAINS, ETC. The following are the times of departures from Liverpool-road, Manchester : — From Manchester to Liverpool. First Class. Morning. „ 15 „ Afternoon. „ 15 Evening. Second Class. 7 30 Morning. 10 11 45 „ 2 45 Afternoon.* 5 30 7 50 Mixed, and stops only at Newton and Parkside. ON SUNDAYS. First Class. Morning. Afternoon. 15 Evening. Second Class. 7 Morning. 5 30 Afternoon. 7 15 Mixed, and stops only at Newton and Parkside. ' Except on Sundays, when this train does not start^till 3. LIVERPOOL AND MANCHESTER RAILWAY TRAINS. 231 FARES. By first class train, four inside, Royal Mail £0 6 6 By first class train, six inside, Glass Coach 6 By second class train, Glass Coaches 6 By second class train, Open Carriages 4 6 For the conveyance of four-wheeled Carriages, each 10 For the conveyance of two-wheeled Carriages, each 15 For the conveyance of one Horse 14 For the conveyance of two Horses 10 For the conveyance of three Horses 14 From Manchester to Preston and Wig an. 7 30 Morning Second class train. 9 ,, First class train. 11 15 „ First class train. 2 45 Afternoon..... Second class train. 5 ,, Mixed train. ON SUNDAYS. 7 5 30 Morning I Mixed trains Afternoon J Mixed trains. FARES. To Preston, first class £0 7 6 ,, second class 5 To Wigao, first class 5 ,, second class 3 6 From Manchester to Bolton. 9 Morning First class train. 11 15 ,, First class train. 2 45 Afternoon Second class train. 5 30 ,, Second class train. ON SUNDAYS. 7 Morning ~) Q , . . ■-. 5 30 Afternoon |Second class trains. FARES. First class carriages £0 2 6 Second class carriages 2 From Manchester to St. Helens. 7 30 Morning ") 10 „ | 1145 „ j> Second class trains. 2 45 Afternoon | 5 30 „ : J 232 GRAND JUNCTION RAILWAY TRAINS. ON SUNDAYS. 7 Moraine; > a , , . . 5 30 Afternoon | Second class trains. FARES. Inside £0 4 Outside 3 From Manchester to Runcorn Gap. 2 45 AfteToon:::.:::::::::.\\\\'::::.\l Secoiidciass trains - ON SUNDAYS. 5 30 S^^ tpains - FAEES. Inside £0 4 Outside 3 For better security, passengers are requested to take carpet bags and small packages inside the carriages ; and every description of luggage must be plainly and fully d irected . The weight allowed for each passenger is 60 lbs., beyond which a charge at the rate of 3s. per cwt. is made. Parcels for Wigan, Preston, and the North, are booked at the Parcel Office, Market-street. GRAND JUNCTION RAILWAY TRAINS, ETC. The following are the times of departure, from the Station, Liverpool-road, as regulated on the 20th of June, 1839:— From Manchester to Birmingham and London. 3 30* a. m. first class, joins London train at 8 30 a. m. 6 a. m. mixed class, ,, 12 a^m. 8 15 a. m. first class, „ 1 15 p. ML 10 30 a. m. first class, „ 3 30 p. M. 12 15 p. m. first class. 4 p. m. mixed. 7 p. m. first class, ,, 12 a. v. * The 3 30 a. m. train from Liverpool, starts from the station, Edge Hill, to which place any passenger wishing to go by this train must proceed to take his place. GRAND JUNCTION RAILWAY TRAINS. 233 ON SUNDAYS.* 3 30 a. m. first class, joins London train at 8 30 a. m. 8 15 a. m. mixed, „ 1 15 p. m. 10 30 a. m. „ 7 p. m. „ „ 12 A. M. By the trains at 8 15 a. m. 10 30 a. m. and 7 p.m. on week-days, and at 8 15 p. m. on Sundays, first class passengers, horses, and carriages, may, if re- quired, be booked throughout to London (but not to any other place on the London and Birmingham line,) without a change of carriages at Birmingham ; but only a certain number can be booked by each train in this manner : and no horses can be booked further than that town, unless they belong to a car- riage or passenger accompanying one of the above- mentioned trains. Horses and carriages should be at the station and booked at least a quarter of an hour before the time of departure. FARES TO BIRMINGHAM. Four inside Coach £1 3 Six inside first class Coach 1 1 Second class closed Carriages 17 Third class open Carriages, by 6 a. m. train 11 Children under 10 years of age half price. Children in the arms .free. One Horse 2 Two Horses, if one property, and in one box 3 Three Horses, if one property, and in one box 4 Dogs, each ! 3 Gentlemen's Carriages, four wheels 3 Gentlemen's Carriages, two wheels 2 Passengers in Private Carriages 17 Servants 14 Grooms in charge of Horses, if ridiug in same box... 14 Servants in attendance on their Employers may ride outside, if there be room, by first class trains, at second class fares, namely 17 * The trains on Sundays stop at first class stations only. 234 MANCHESTER AND BOLTON RAILWAY TRAINS. FARES FROM BIRMINGHAM TO LONDON. Day Trains. Night Trains. Four inside Coach £112 6 £112 6 Six inside Coach 1 10 1 12 6 Passengers in Private Carriages 1 1 5 Servants 10 15 One Horse 2 10 Two Horses, if one property, and in one box 5 Three Horses, if one property, and in one box 6 Gentlemen's Carriages , 3 15 Passengers ought to see that their luggage is safely loaded on the carriages before starting, and that it is legibly directed with the owner's name, address, and destination. MANCHESTER AND BOLTON RAILWAY TRAINS, ETC. The departures from the Railway Station, New Bailey- street, Salford, are as follow : — From Manchester to Bolton. First Train, 7 a.m., not stopping on the road. Second Train, 8 a.m., stopping at Pendleton Bridge Sta- tion; Dixon Fold Station; Stoneclough Station; and Moses- Gate Station. Third Train, 9 a.m., not stopping on the road. Fourth Train, 10 a.m. stopping at the stations. Fifth Train, 11 a.m., not stopping on the road. Sixth Train, half-past 1, stopping at the stations. Seventh Train, 4 p.m., not stopping on the road. Eighth Train, 5 p.m., stopping at the stations. Ninth Train, 6 p.m., not stopping on the road. Tenth Train, 7 p.m., stopping at the stations. ON SUNDAYS. First Train, 8 a.m., stopping at the stations. Second Traiu, 6 p.m., stopping at the stations. FARES FROM MANCHESTER TO BOLTON. First Class Coaches..... 2s. 6d. Second Class ditto Is. 6d. Children under seven years of age Half-price. The charge for parcels are regulated by weight and size. Passengers may be booked at the Company's Station, in Man- chester, for all parts of the North. MANCHESTER AND LEEDS RAILWAY TRAINS. 235 MANCHESTER AND LEEDS RAILWAY TRAINS, ETC. This Railway, at present, extends only to Little- borough. Passengers for Todmorden, Yorkshire, and the North, are booked at Messrs. Lacy and Al- len's coach offices, Royal Hotel, Market-street, Man- chester ; and leave by the Trains at 8, 9, and 1 1 o'clock in the morning, and at 1, 4, and 6 o'clock in the afternoon. The Highflyer, Defiance, Celerity, Duke of Leeds, Cornwallis, Perseverance, and the Miller coaches await the arrival of the Trains at Littleborough, and proceed forward immediately. FROM MANCHESTER. 8 o'clock morning. 1 o'clock afternoon. 9 o'clock do. 4 o'clock do. 10 o'clock do. 6 o'clock do. 11 o'clock do. 7 o'clock do. to Rochdale only. FARES. To Mills Hill :— First Class Is. 6d. Second Class Is. Od. Third Class 0s. 6d. To Rochdale : — First Class 3s. Od. Second Class 2s. Od. Third Class Is. 0d. To Littleborough : — First Class 4s. Od. Second Class 2s. 6d. Third Class Is. 6d. Children under seven years of age, for first-class carriages, are charged second-class fare ; for second class carriages, third-class fare. There is no reduc- tion for the third-class carriages. Infants in the arms are not charged. Omnibuses are in attendance at St. George's-st. Station, to convey passengers to the Grand Junction and Liverpool Railways ; and coach passengers are taken by Messrs. Lacy and Allen's omnibuses to the Royal Hotel, gratis — (July 15, 1839.) 236 POST OFFICE REGULATIONS. POST OFFICE REGULATIONS. The following are the arrivals and departures of the principal Mails at this office, as regulated on the 21st of June, 1839:— Arrivals. Departures. London 6 45 a. m 6 45 p.m. „ 7 15 p. m 3 15 a.m. Bristol and West of England... 6 45 a. m 6 45 p. m. Birmingham 6 45 a. m 3 15 a. m. ,, 4 15 p. m 10 15 a. m. „ 7 15p.m 6 45 p.m. Edinburgh, Glasgow, Carlisle, and Preston 6 15 a. m 3 15 a.m. „ 8 45 p. m 4 p.m. Liverpool 6 45 a. m 3 15 a. m. ,, 8 35 a. m 8 45 a. m. „ 12 35 p. m 11 a.m. ,, 3 35 p. m 145 p.m. „ 6 20 p. m 4 45 p.m. ,, 8 45 p. m 7 p.m. Ireland 6 45 a. m 3 15 a. m. , 8 35 a. m 4 45 p. m. „ 3 35 p.m. Leeds, York, and Hull 2 30 a. m 7 45 a. m. „ 3 15 p. m 9 p. m. Derby, Nottingham, & Leicester 3 45 a. m 6 45 p. m. „ 3 45 p. m 9 a. m. Arrivals. Departures. Box closes. Altrincham 4 15 p.m. ... 9 a.m. ... 8 30 a.m. Ashton and Glossop 4 30 p.m. ... 7 a.m. ... 6 30 a.m. „ 10 p.m. ...9 a.m. ... 8 30 a.m. Blackburn 8 a.m. ... 5 p.m. ... 4 30 p.m. Bolton 8 45 a.m. ... 6 45 a.m. ... 6 30 a.m. ,, 4 45 p.m. ... 8 45 a.m. ... 8 30 a.m. „ 6 45 p.m. ... 4 45p.m. ... 4 30p.m. Burnley, Bury, & Colne 4 45 p.m. ... 9 a.m. ... 8 30 a.m. Bury 10 15p.m. ... 5 15p.m. ... 4 30p.m. Oldham 4 20 p.m. ... 9 a.m. ... 8 30 a.m. „ 10 0p.m. ... 5 0p.m. ... 4 30p.m. Stockport 5 p.m. ... 6 30 a.m. ... 6 15 a.m. „ 10 p.m. ... 5 15 p.m. ... 4 30p.m. Wilmslow 4 5 p.m. ... 9 a.m. ... 8 30 a.m. The letter-box closes for the principal London, Birmingham, and Western Mail, at six o'clock in the evening, For the second London and foreign bags, and the OMNIBUSES, STAGES, ETC. 237 other Mails departing at a quarter past three in the morning, the box closes at twelve at midnight. Letters can be forwarded, if received five minutes before the time of departure, on the payment of the usual fee. The first and principal delivery of the London, Birmingham, Western, Irish and Scotch letters, and also those from Preston, Leeds, York, &c, com- mences at eight o'clock in the morning. The carriers deliver letters three times a day in the town, and are also despatched to Radcliffe, Prest- wich, Stand, and Whitefield, every morning (Sun- days excepted) at nine o'clock. Bags are brought from the following receiving- houses, twice a day, namely, at half-past seven in the morning, and at four in the afternoon, but on Sun- days at half-past seven o'clock only : — T. Dickin, saddler, Downing-street, Ardwick ; P. Sherran, shopkeeper, New Windsor ; T. Hilton, 117, Chapel- street, Salford ; L. Parkinson, grocer, Husholme- road ; R. Wood, druggist, Great Ancoats-street ; W. Johnson, grocer, Knott-Mill ; F. Newton, Every-street, Ancoats* OMNIBUSES, STAGES, ETC. To several of the suburbs of Manchester there are Omnibuses, Stages, &c, regularly plying. The usual charge is sixpence each passenger, whether in- side or out. The following are a list of Omnibuses, with their times of starting, &c. : — Cheetham Hill, from the Swan, Market-street, every half hour Eccles, from the Swan, Market-street, at 9 J, 10, and 11 in the morning ; and at 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 in the evening. Greenheys, from New Brown-street end, at 9, 10, x 238 HACKNEY COACHES. and 11 in the morning; and at 1, 2f, 3, 4, 5 J, 6^, and 7-| in the evening. Greenheys, ( Batty 's), from Cunliffe and Co.'s Bank, Market-street, every half hour, from 9 in the morning till 8 at night. Higher Broughton and Zoological Gardens, from Hardy and Unthanks, Market-street, at 9j in the morning ; 1^, 2, 3 J, 4^, 5, 6, 7, and 8 o'clock in the evening. Longsight, from Pall-mall, Market-street, at 9 and 10 in the morning ; and at 1, If, 5, 6J, and 8 in the evening. Lower Broughton and Zoological Gardens, from the lower end of Market-street, at 1,1^, 3, 3 J, 5, 6, 7, and 8 in the evening, except Sundays, at a quar- ter to 1. Pendleton, from the Swan, Market-street, every quarter of an hour. Upper Brook-street and Plymouth Grove, New Brown-street, at %\ and 9\ in the morning ; and 1, 2J, 5, 6, 7, and 8 in the evening. HACKNEY COACHES. The Hackey Coach stands are in St. Ann's-square, Piccadilly, Railway Station, Water-street, St. Peter's Church, Hunt's Bank, Tame-street, An- coats, and New Cross, Manchester. New Bailey, Chapel-street, opposite St. Philip's Church, Salford. All- Saints' Church, Upper Brook-street, Tuer- street, Oxford-road; and Lloyd-street, Burlington- street, Chorlton-upon-Medlock. Ardwick Green, Ardwick. The following is a list of fares which are allowed to be taken by Hackney coachmen, as regulated by the Commissioners of Police : — COACH OFFICES. 239 Day Fares for Carriages drawn by Tivo Horses. s. d. For every such carriage, hired, or taken any distance, not exceeding two-thirds of a mile, or one thousand, one hundred, and seventy-two yards 1 Exceeding two-thirds of a mile, and not exceeding one mile, or one thousand, seven hundred, and sixty yards 1 6 And for every succeeding third of a mile, or five hundred and eighty-six yards 8 If for time, then, for any time not exceeding a quarter of an hour 1 For every succeeding quarter of an hour 6 For every stoppage to take up more than one, and for every stoppage to set down more than two, an additional 6 For every quarter of an hour waiting after being called... 6 For every person above four, an addition of one-forth of the whole fare. Day Fares for Carriages drawn by One Horse; such Carriages not being allowed to carry more than four persons, besides the Driver. s. d. For any distance not exceeding one mile 1 For any time not exceeding a quarter of an hour 1 For distances exceeding one mile, and time exceeding a quarter of an horn*, two-thirds of the rates and fares allowed in those respects for carriages drawn by two horses. The Night Fares commence at 12 o'clock, and are double the Day Fares. There are no Cabs licensed in Manchester, COACH OFFICES. The principal Coach Offices in Manchester, are adjoining the Royal Hotel, Market-street ; Mosley Arms, Piccadilly ; Talbot Inn, Market-street ; Com- mercial Inn, Brown-street; Swan Inn, Market-street; Star Inn, Deansgate ; and King's Arms Inn, King- street. 240 POLICE DISTRICTS. HOTELS AND INNS.* The following are the principal Inns and Hotels in Manchester, viz. — Royal Hotel, (a coaching house,) Market-street. York Hotel, (a family house,) King-street. Talbot Inn, Market-street. King's Arms Inn, (a coaching house,) King-street. Commercial Inn, (a coaching house,) Market-street. MendeVs Hotel, Bridge-street. Ladymans Hotel, Bridge-street. Star Hotel, (a coaching house,) Deansgate. Hush Inn, Deansgate. Swan Inn, (a coaching house,) Market-street. Mosley Arms Hotel, (a coaching house,) Piccadilly. Albion Hotel, Piccadilly. Flying Horse Inn, Market- street. Bywaters Hotel, Peter-street. Clarence Hotel, Spring-gardens. POLICE DISTRICTS. For the convenience of public business, the towns of Manchester and Salford are divided into districts, which are thus apportioned by the Commissioners of Police. Names and Boundaries of the Police Districts of Manchester. No. 1, New Cross District, bounded by the New Cross and Great Ancoats-street, Oldham-road, and the River Medlock. No 2, St. Michael's District, bounded by Oldham- street, Swan-street, Milller-street, part of Long Mill- gate, to Scotland bridge, and along the river Irk. No. 3, Collegiate Church District, bounded by Scotland bridge, and part of Long Millgate, to and through Miller-street, by Shudehill, Hanging-ditch, * In 1773 the only Inn in Manchester, where Wine might he purchased, was the Bull's Head, in the Market-place, at that time the principal Inn. Very few were the houses, which, at that time, sold Spirits. POLICE DISTRICTS. 24.1 Cateaton-street, down to Salford bridge, the river Irwell, and the North-side of the said Church. No. 4, St. Clement's District, bounded by Great Ancoats-street, Lever- street, and the river Medlock. No. 5, St. Paul's District, bounded by Lever- street, New Cross, Swan-street, Shudehill, Nicholas Croft, High-street, Market-street, and Piccadilly. No. 6, Exchange District, bounded by Market- street, St. Mary's-gate, Deansgate, Cateaton-street, Hanging-ditch, Withy-grove, Nicholas-croft, and High-street. No. 7, Minshull District, bounded by Piccadilly, London-road, Portland-street, Brook-street, and the river Medlock. No. 8, St. James s District, bounded by Picca- dilly, Portland-street, Bond-street, and Fountain- street. No. 9, St. Ann's District, bounded by St. Mary- gate, Market-street, Fountain-street, Brazennose- street, Princess-street, and Deansgate. No. 10, Oxford-street District, bounded by Bond- street, Brook-street, Mosley-street, and the river Medlock. No. 11, St. Peter's District, bounded by Mosley- street, the river Medlock, Deansgate, Brazennose- street, and Princess-street. No. 12, St. Mary's District, bounded by Old Bridge-street, Deansgate, Bridge- street, and the river Irwell. No. 13, Old Quay District, bounded by Bridge- street, Deansgate, Quay-street, and the river Irwell. No. 14, St John's District, bounded by Quay- street, Deansgate, the Canal, the river Medlock, and the river Irwell. Names and Boundaries of the Police Districts of Salford. No. 1, Blackfriars' District, bounded by Old x2 242 POLICE DISTRICTS. Bridge-street, Chapel-street, New Bailey-street, and the river Irwell. No. 2, Islington District, bounded by New Bailey-street, Bank-parade, Oldfield-road, the Man- chester, Bolton & Bury Canal, and the river Irwell. ♦No. 3, Oldfield-road District, bounded by the Manchester, Bolton and Bury Canal, the river Irwell, the township of Pendlebury, the New-road to Eccles, Regent-road, and Oldfield-road. No. 4, Crescent District, bounded by Oldfield- road, the New-road to Eccles, the townships of Pen- dlebury and Pendleton, the Crescent, and Broken- bank. No. 5, St Philip's District, bounded by the townships of Pendleton and Broughton, Broughton- road, Pleasant-street, St. Stephen's-street, White- cross -bank, the Crescent, and New Windsor. No. 6, St Stephen's District, bounded by Chapel- street, St. Stephen's-street, and Bury-street. No. 7, Trinity Chapel District, bounded by Chapel-street, (including Trinity Chapel,) Bury- street, St. Stephen's-street, Pleasant-street, Brough- ton-road, and Greengate. No. 8, Greengate District, bounded by the town- ship of Broughton, the river Irwell, Old Bridge- street, Greengate, and Broughton-road. WARDS UNDER THE CHARTER. As in the case of the Commissioners of Police, so under the Charter of Incorporation recently granted to Manchester, the Borough is apportioned, into what are called " Wards." It may be proper to notice here, that the Charter includes the district comprised within the boundries of the townships of Manchester, Ardwick, Chorlton-upon - Medlock, Beswick, Hulme, Cheetham. WARDS. 243 It is dated the 23rd day of October, 1838. " It grants to the body corporate all the powers, au- thorities, immunities, and privileges enjoyed by the Boroughs named in the Municipal Corporation Act, as fully and amply as if Manchester had been in- cluded in the Schedule of that Act." The Council consists of a Mayor, sixteen Alder- men, and forty-eight Councillors. Under the provisions of the Charter, the Borough is divided into fifteen WARDS, Manchester includes nine, the out-townships six, called New Cross Ward, I St. Ann's Ward, St Michael's Ward, j All- Saint's Ward, Collegiate Church Ward, | St. Luke's Ward St. Clement's Ward, Exchange Ward, Oxford Ward, St. James's Ward, St. John's Ward, St. George's Ward, Medlock Street Ward, Ardwick Ward, and Cheetham Ward. The boundaries of the Wards correspond with the Police Districts as follow, New Cross, the same as No. 1 Police District. St. Michael's No. 2 Collegiate Church Nos. 3 and 5 St. Clement's No. 4 Exchange.... Isos. 6 and 12 Oxford Nos. 7 and 10 St. James's Nos. 8 and 11 St. John's Nos. 13 and 14 St. Ann's No, 9 The above include the whole of the township of Manchester. Chorlton-upon-Medlock is divided into Two wards, namely, All- Saints' Ward, including all the township west of Oxford-Road and York-street; and St. Luke's Ward, which includes the remainder of the township. 244 WARDS. The township of Hulme is also divided into Two wards, namely, St. George's Ward, which includes that part of the township west of Knott Mill, Jackson's-lane, Jackson-street, Preston-street, and Moss-lane; and Medlock-street Ward, including the remainder of the township. Ardwick Ward includes the townships of Ardwick and Beswick. Cheetham Ward, the township of Cheetham. New Cross Ward returns six Councillors, and the other fourteen wards three Councillors each. REFERENCES TO THE FIGURES ON THE MAP, Which are marked to indicate the Localities of the Principal Chapels. NO. 1. Baptist. 2. N. Connexion Methodist. 3. Wesleyan. 4. Independent. 5. Unitarian. 6. Baptist. 7. Swedenborgian. 8. Welsh Chapel. 9. Welsh Chapel. 10. N. Connexion Methodist. 11. Swedenborgians. 12. Wesleyan. 13. Wesleyan. 14. Cowherdite. 15. Unitarian. NO. 16. Wesleyan. 17. Catholic. 18. Catholic. 19. Christ Church. 20. Catholic, 21. Wesleyan. 22. Christ Church. 23. Catholic. 24. Independent. 25. Wesleyan. 26. Evangelical Friends. 27. Wesleyan Association. 28. Independent. 29. Baptist. 30. Independent. Note.— On the accompanying Map, the Railways completed, and those for which Acts of Parliament have been obtained, are denoted by a thick black line. Railways in contemplation only, such as the several Junction Railways proposed, are marked with a double-thin line. The Bolton Junction, commencing at the Bolton Station, in New Bailey Street, in Salford, and running into the Leeds Junction, which will ter- minate a little higher than the Leeds Station, in Oldham-road, has only just obtained an Act of Parliament. Of course the dark line marking its track, will not be mistaken for a completed Railway. INDEX. A PAGE Advertisement Duty paid in Manchester 197 AgHcultural Society 123 Architectnral Society 119 Ardwick Cemetery 180 Assembly Rooms 142 Athenceum 100 B Banks 194 Barracks . . . s 154 Baths , 161 Bally 's Gallery of Casts 117 Bible Society 79 Bleaching and Calico Printing 220 Blind Asylum 88 Blue Coat Boys 82 Blue Coat Hospital 81 Bolton Railway 175 Boroughreeve's Charities 71 Botanical Society , 121 Bridges 154 Bridgewater Canal 156 Butcher's Meat consumed in England ...... 159 Butchers* Meat consumed in Manchester 159 C Calico Printing 220 Canals, 8fc 156 Cemeteries 179 Chamber of Commerce 192 Charter of Incorporation 243 Chetham College 81 Chetham Library 127 Choral Society 140 Chorlton-up oh- Medio ck Dispensary 63 Churches, List of 48 Churchwardens' offices 146 Club, The Albion 137 Club, The Union 136 Coach Offices 239 Coal, Consumption of , 25 Coal Field of Lancashire 23 Collegiate Church » . . 41 INDEX. Collegiate Church, Marriages at the 45 Commercial Clerks* Society 77 Commercial Men of Manchester t 37 Concert Hall 139 Corn Exchange 193 Cotton, Consumption of 17 Cotton Mills 203 Cotton Mills, Note on. 203 Cotton Trade, Capital in the : 17 Cotton Trade, Extent of the 16 Cotton Trade, Number of persons employed in the 18 D Bolton, Br 112 Bay and Infant Schools 93 Beafand Bumb in England, Number of 84 Beafand Bumb School 84 Binner Hour 39 Early History, Sketch of. 12 Early Manufacturers 9 profits ., 14 Ecclesiastical Bistricts 50 Education, State of 30 Education of Factory Children 97 Educational Society and its Schools 94 Eminent Persons, Writers, 8fc 185 Exchange, The 191 Eye Institution * 65 F Factory Children, Education of 97 Fairs 161 Fire Engine Establishment of the Police , , 150 G Gas Works, Manchester , . , 147 Gas Works, Salford 147 Geological Sketch . . 22 Geological Society 113 Glee Club, The Gentleman's 140 Glee Club 140 Grammar School 83 Grand Junction Railway 172 Guardian Society 196 H Hackney Coaches 238 Harpurhey Cemetery 179 Horticultural Society 124 Hotels and Inns 240 INDEX. House of Recovery j 63 Humane Society 66 I Imports of Cotton into Liverpool , 15 Improvements 19 Increase of Manufactures , 14 Increase of Population 11 Influence of Manufactures on Morals 26 Influence of the Factory System on Health 30 Infant Schools 92 Infirmary, Royal 61 J Jubilee School 89 Junction Railway 176 L Lancasterian School* 89 Law Courts , 165 Libraries, Circulating 135 Library, New Subscription 134 Library, Old Subscription 132 Library of General Knowledge 134 Literary and Philosophical Society Ill Liverpool, Docks 1 Tonnage 20 Liverpool and Manchester Railway , 169 Lock Hospital ? .. .. 65 Local Government c , , . . 21 Locomotive Engine and Tool-makers 213 London and Birmingham Railway, Note 168 Lyceum, Ancoats 108 Lyceum, Chorlton-upon-Medlock 108 Lyceum, Salford 108 Lying-in Hospital 63 M Manchester and Birmingham Railway 175 Manchester and Leeds Railway , 174 Markets 159 Mechanics' Institution, Manchester 102 Mechanics' Institution, Salford 106 Medical Schools 93 Medical Officers ... 64 Members of Parliament and Constituency 21 Mills and Factories 202 N Natural History Society 124 National Schools 90 Night Asylum for the Poor 66 INDEX. New Bailey Prison 163 Newspapers 189 Newspaper Stamps in Manchester 197 O Oldest Chapel 47 Old Halls 182 Omnibuses 237 P Parthenon 109 Patients, Charitable, Increase of 64 Penitentiary 78 Phrenological Society 115 Places of Worship 48 to 60 Poets in Manchester 189 Police Districts 240 Poors' Rate, Amount of, in England 68 Portico, The 192 Population 11 Post Office 197 Post Office— Departure of Mails, Sfc. , 236 Power-looms 204 Practical Science, Society for the encouragement of. ..... 120 Prisoners, 164 Provident Society 76 R Races, Manchester 143 Races, Heaton Park , 144 Races, Defence of, in 1733 143 Railways 168 Railway Despatch 170 Railway Travelling 177 Railway Trains, Times of Starting : — Liverpool and Manchester and Branches 230 Grand Junction 232 Bolton 233 Leeds 235 Registrars of Births, Marriages, and Deaths 222 Registrars, First General Annual Report of the 222 Religion of Heads of Families 32 Royal Institution 110 Rusholme Road Cemetery 179 S Salford Dispensary 62 Savings' Bank 194 Scenery about Manchester and Salford 10 School of Design 106 Schools of Medicine 93 Y INDEX. Self-acting Machinery 218 Sheffield and Manchester Railway 175 Silk Mill 207 Situation of Manchester and Salford 9 Smallware Mills 208 Society for Prosecution of Felons 167 Sperm Oil, Note on 204 Stage Coach duty in Manchester 197 Stamp Office 196 Steam Engine-making and Engineering s 210 Steam Power, Amount of 19 Suburbs of the Town 181 Sunday Schools 90 Sunday Scholars at Ardwick 91 T Temperance Society 74 Theatres 142 Town Mission 73 Town Hall, Manchester 145 Town Hall, Salford 146 Town Hall, Chorlton-upon-Medlock 146 Towns in the Neighbourhood , . . . 183 Trades' Union 32 Trinity Chapel 46 V Victoria Park 181 Warehouses, Notice of 201 Wards under the Charter 242 Water Works Company , 148 Wesleyan Preaching House, The First 47 Wesleyan Circuits 55 Working Classes — their Dwellings 29 Working Classes — their Occupations 29 Working Classes, Condition of the, in 1755 36 Workhouse, Manchester 68 Workhouse, Salford 69 Z Zoological Gardens 138 LOVE A>'D BARTON, PRINTERS, MANCHESTER. -® ADVERTISEMENTS. J. STEPHENSON, FROM LONDON, HISTORICAL, LANDSCAPE, AND COMMERCIAL ENGRAVER, &C. | Respectfully announces to his friends and the public, that he I has removed from Ridgefield to more commodious offices j At No. 1, Market-place. J. S. has also to acquaint them that the business in future will be carried on under the firm of STEPHENSON AND ROYSTON; at the same time acknowledges with gratitude the patronage so greatly extended towards him during the short period he has resided in Manchester, and trusts that strict attention to the execution of orders entrusted to himself and partner will merit a continuance of the same. S. and R. having the advantage of many years' practical experience in the highest branches of the Profession, for Publishers, Bankers, Merchants, Manufacturers, &c, wish to direct the attention of those interested in each respective business to their originality of design and superior execution. S. and R. flatter themselves, that the favour of an inspec- tion of their Specimens will be a sufficient recommenda- tion for their support. J ADVEKTISEMENTS. ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS, HIGHER BROUGHTON, | One mile and three quarters from the Manchester Exchange, \ '/from whence Omnibuses run to the Gardens at the following ! | hours: — in the forenoon at ten o'clock, and after noon at one, J five minutes past one, half-past one, half-past two, three, four, \five, six, and seven, — fares, sixpence each person. \ These extensive Gardens occupy upwards of fifteen acres \ ' of land, laid out in the best style of landscape gardening, ' with flowers, hardy shrubs, forest trees, pleasant prome- nades, arbours, rustic seats, tents, &c, &c. The collection of animals is extensive and valuable, ar- | ranged in buildings more spacious, well ventilated, and i ! adapted to the nature of the animals, than has hitherto been \ \ attempted in similar establishments ; and it is presumed that ! i every animal will be found to possess more of its natural ; | habits, in consequence of the adaptation of the buildings, ; than is generally found. From among the numerous col- ; lection may be named — A beautiful African Lion and Lioness. Three Bengal Tigers, Seven Leopards, Puma, Jackall, Wolves, Polar Bears, Brown Bears, i A fine Female Asiatic Elephant. A Female Indian Rhinoceros, Dromedary, Buffalo, Zebu Bull, Cow, and Calf. Pair of Sambur Deer, Red Deer, Wapiti Deer, Axis Deer, and Fallow Deer. Llama, Alpaca, Vicugnas, &c. Foreign Sheep, Porcupines, Kangaroos, &c. THE AVIARY Is stocked with a choice assortment of Macaws, Parrots, Cockatoos, ! Lories, Widdah Birds, Weaver Birds, Nutmeg Birds, yellow and red \ Bishops, Java and Cut-throat Sparrows, with a many others from j i every part of the known globe. THE LARGE LAKE \ Is graced with Swans, Chinese, Canadian, Wild, Astrachan, and Swan , Geese, Widgeon Teal, Pochards, Pin-tail Ducks, Mallards, &c.; and ; the smaller lake with Pelicans, Storks, Sea Gulls, &c. &c. THE GALINACEOUS AVIARY 1 Contains three varieties of Pea Fowl, Guinea Fowl, Gold, Silver, and i Pied Pheasants, Turtle Doves, Pigeons, &c; Dogs from China, Aus- 1 tralia, Africa, and South America ; Bloodhouuds, Foxes, Badgers, &c; a fine Boa Constrictor, Alligators, &c; Racoons, Cavies, Ich- neumon, Emus, &c. IN THE MONKEY HOUSE Are ten varieties of the Quadmanna, to which additions are constantly being made. THE CAMERA OBSCURA Is fitted up with the latest improvements, from which an animated ! view of the pleasing and ever-changing scene below can be obtained, ! as well as a panoramic view of the neighbourhood. THE ARCHERY GROUND ; Is upon a beautiful lawn, with turf butts. Ladies or gentlemen j | wishing to enjov this ancient game of skill, can be accommodated with ; bows and arrows, at a small charge per hour. ADVERTISEMENTS. CHUBB'S NEW PATENT DETECTOR LOCKS Give perfect security from all attempts to pick or open them. They are made of all sizes, and adapted for every purpose I to which a lock can be applied. . (Extract from Br. Lardner y s Cyclopaedia, No. 42, page 273 J " There can be no doubt but that the construction and arrange- ment of the parts in Chubb's invention do combine in a very high de- gree the four principal requisites of a good Lock, viz. security, sim- plicity, strength, and durability. The first, particularly, is increased ; beyond calculation by a contrivance which not only renders it impos- ; sible to be picked or opened by any false instrument, but also detects \ the first attempt to open it,— thereby preventing those repeated efforts to which even the best Locks are sometimes exposed. " It has been found that the durability of Mr. Chubb's Lock is fully ! equal to its security : to test it on this point, a rather singular expe- | dient was resorted to at an early period of its history. An iron-rim ! Lock was attached to a steam engine in the dock-yard, at Portsmouth, | bv which method the bolt was shot backwards and forwards upwards of FOUR HUNDRED AND SIXTY THOUSAND TIMES; [ and yet, notwithstanding this amazing trial and friction, the Lock I was not in the least injured." CHUBB'S Patent Fire-proof Strong Rooms, Chests., Safes, \ Boxes, and Iron Doors, Which are perfectly secure against the force and ingenuity of the most skilful and determined Burglar ; and are Fire- Proof, as the following severe test, to which, a Box made on this principle has undergone, fully proves : — " Saw Mills, Grosvenor -basin, Pimlico, Jan. 25, 1836. " We certify, that these papers were enclosed in Chubb's Patent ! Fire-Proof Box, and exposed in the furnace of a steam engine of 22 ! horse power, by which the box became red hot in three minutes, and ' remained in the furnace in that state for a considerable time, and j were taken out in our presence perfectly uninjured. "R. R. Arnz, "E. W. Lower, " R. Goodman, Engineer." Patent Fire- Proof Boxes, forming a complete security for Deeds, j Plate, Jewellery, &c, of all sizes, on sale or made to order. ALL THE ABOVE ARE FITTED WITH CHUBB'S PATENT DETECTOR LOCKS. IjHf Wrought Iron Fire-Proof Chests, Safes, and Iron \ Doors for Strong Rooms, Japan Deed Boxes, Cash Boxes, on \ sale and made to order, all fitted with the Detector Locks, at \ CHARLES CHUBB AND SON'S, 3, St. Mary's Gate, Manchester. Y 2 ADVERTISEMENTS. BEART'S fatent SELF-ACTING PNEUMATIC FILTERS. The brilliant and rapid results produced by Heart's Patent Self-acting Pneumatic Filter make it an invaluable acquisition TO COFFEE DRINKERS, by extracting all the aromatic quality in four or five minutes, ; and producing a more delightful beverage, than by any other | means yet offered to the public : TO CHEMISTS, by filtering Tinctures of the most glutinous nature, Decoc- tions, &c, in a few minutes, as bright as crystal, some of \ which would require many hours by the ordinary method : TO WINE AND SPIRIT MERCHANTS, I by filtering Foreign and British Wines, Spirits, Liqueurs, &c, to the very bottom of the vessel, rapidly and effectually : TO CONFECTIONERS, COOKS, ETC. by filtering Water, Soups, Jellies, Gravies, &c, in a most ! \ beautiful and satisfactory manner. MANUFACTURERS, WOLVERHAMPTON. SOLD BY E. FILDES, Iron and Tinplate Worker, Jnd authorized Gas-fitter for Manchester, Salford, $ Neighbourhood j 15, MARKET-STREET, MANCHESTER. -<* ADVERTISEMENTS. YORK HOTEL, 1 I I L I H®W Ki NG-STREET, Rfflff\lKJ©[K][lSTS[Sa ROBERT SWYER. ADVERTISEMENTS. CHARLES SWAIN, ©ngraber, 2 6 ; Fennel-street, (near the collegiate church,) MANCHESTER. DOMINIC BOLONGARO, CARVER, GILDER, PRINTSELLER, AND PUBLISHER, 32, MARKET-STREET, l^andjestrr, Has constantly on hand a large collection of ancient and modern Engravings ; Railway, Mechanical, and Sporting Prints ; Drawings on Silk for Embroidery ; Mathematical Instruments ; and every material used by Pattern De- signers, and for the Arts generally. OLD PAINTINGS CLEANED AND RESTORED. Manufacturer of Barometer s. Thermometer 's,Hydrometers,fyc. DEALER IN FOREIGN BIRDS AND SKINS. ADVERTISEMENTS. BOTTLED AT OPORTO. THIS FINE OLD PORT WINE, Bottled at the wine lodges of the celebrated Portuguese < firm of "Wye and Co. Oporto, has been pronounced by the { most competent judges to be the finest and purest specimen ] of the wines of the Alto Douro. At 42s. per dozen, bottles ] included, or in the Portuguese cases of three dozen at six ! guineas per case, bottles, duty, and cases included. TERMS, CASH, NET, ON DEEITERY. The chests, in which Wye's Ports are imported, have the ; marks of her Majesty's customs painted on them, and every \ cork has Wye at the top and bottom of it. Purchasers in wood can have their wines direct from ] Oporto in pipes, hogsheads, and quarter pipes, the same as ! in bottle, at £77 yer pipe, £39 per hogshead, or £19 10s. the \ quarter pipe, duty included. "W". S. Walsh and Co. of London, having appointed Mr. C. D. Hope sole agent in Manchester for the sale of their ] wines, have consigned to him the following, under the en- gagement that they are the highest character of foreign j wines imported. Old and Superior Sherry Wine, direct from Jerez de la Frnntera, in Andalusia, in dozen bottles 44s. White Port, from the house of Wye and Co. Oporto, the six- teenth shipment 50s. Constantia, in pints 44s. Vino Vergine, a rich sweet Wine of Vesuvius, in pints 20s. Tinto De Rota, in pints 20s. Lagrima De Malaga, in pints 20s. West India Medeira 48s. Closvougeot 84s. Volnav 60s. Cote Rotie 50s. Shah of Persia's Wine, or the Wine of Shiraz, the vines are cultivated by the Guebres, or fire worshipers, in pints 50s. The above rates include the Bottles and Case. TERMS — CASH, NET, ON DELIVERY. C D. HOPE, ©ommtssiou i&erdjant, Cross-street, Sing-street, (next door to Fletcher's sale rooms,) MANGGaisiim. \ ADVERTISEMENTS. GOLD & SZ1.VER WATCH SSAUFACTUR^ZIS, ! WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. W. MAYO AND SON, 13, BSarket- street, (Opposite New aW s Buildings, J Beg to tender their best thanks to their friends and the public of Manchester, Salford, and surrounding districts, for the liberal support they have received during a period of j : six years ; and, being desirous to merit a continuance of ; | their favours and patronage, would invite their attention to • the prices of some of their Watches, &c, in order to convince them that nothing can be gained by purchasing the (so ; called "London Made,'') believing that many can bear testi- ! mony as to the "value" of the " warranted," when spun to the length of 200 miles, although they may travel by steam. Ladles' size Gold Vertical Watches, jewelled, from £9 9 Ladies' size Gold Lever Watches, jewelled, from 14 14 Gentlemen's size Gold Lever Watches, jewelled, from 16 16 Fine Gold Guard Chains, weighing three sovereigns 4 Fine Gold Guard Chains, weighing four sovereigns 5 Silver Lever Watches, any size, from P 15 Silver Lever Watches, Flat and Skeleton, for the waistcoat pocket, from 8 8 Silver Verge Watches, from . 3 3 Eight Days Timepieces, suitable for shops, offices, inns, &c. from 4 W. M. and Son desire further to state, that all their Leyer Watches are made on the latest improvements, i. e. — the detached escapement, and with maintaining power to go while winding up ; and that every Watch is manufactured under the immediate inspection of Mr. Mayo, Sen. so that they can, with the greatest confidence, guarantee and re- commend them, while they are enabled to compete with any one in the trade, either in price or quality. All kinds of Clocks, Watches, and Jewellery, cleaned and ; repaired with care and despatch. — Charges moderate. THE TRADE SUPPLIED WITH WATCHES ON THE SAME TERMS AS AT THE MANUFACTORY. ADVERTISEMENTS. fatent LETTER-COPYING MACHINES. KITCHXE'S : PATENT COPYING PRESSES, with every necessary ; apparatus, for taking instant copies of Letters, Accounts : Current, &c, are sold by LOVE & BARTON, Whole- i sale and Retail Stationers, No. 10, Market-street, ! Manchester. W. MOUNTCASTLE, 21, (late 11,) Market-street, MANCHESTER. THESE are to require you to swear and admit Mr. : : WILLIAM MOUNTCASTLE into the place and quality j ! of HATTER, at Manchester, in ordinary to HER < j MAJESTY ; to have, hold, exercise, and enjoy the said \ : place, together with all rights, profits, privileges, and advan- j | tages thereunto belonging ; and for so doing this shall be I | your warrant. — Given under my hand and seal this second | ! day of April, 1838, in the first year of Her Majesty's reign. CONYNGHAM, $ Lord Chamberlain. ! To Her Majesty's Gentleman Usher in daily waiting. | Mr. William Mountcastle has been sworn and ad- ! mitted in conformity with the above Warrant. WILLIAM MARTEN, Gentleman Usher to the Queen in daily waiting. \ AD VERTXSEMENTS. WELSH SLATE WORKS, NEWTON-STREET, GREAT ANCOATS-STREET. Slate Rooms and Office, No. 26, St. Ann's-street, Manchester. The Proprietors having, in addition to their works at j Ancoats, just completed the erection of extensive machinery ! for working Slabs at their extensive Quarries in North : ; "Wales, whereby they avoid the carriage of waste, have the \ \ satisfaction to announce that they are enabled to effect a very < : considerable reduction in prices. They court the atten- j tion of Architects, Builders, and others, to their Slate \ j Rooms, where will be found patterns of most of the under- ; mentioned articles : — Slate Chimney Pieces, of various pattern, from 6s. ■upwards. Slate Cisterns, the purest and strongest receptacle for water. Slate Baths, plain, and adapted to the figure, in French polished mahogany. Slate Filtering Machines, of various designs, and on the most approved principles. Slate Headstones and Monuments, plain and carved. Slate Slabs, for Butlers'' pantries and larders. Slate Skirtings, of all patterns. Slate Mangers, circular or long. Slate Slabs, for billiard tables and bagatelle boards. Slate Drain and Sink Stones. Slate Salting and Milk Vessels. Slate Hearth Stones. Slate Mangles, in cast iron and wood frames. And a variety of other articles to which Slate is applicable. The slate of which the above are manufactured is of a j ; beautiful jet black colour, free from spots or stains of any \ • kind, approaching ebony in appearance, or black marble, j when polished. It is at least six times as strong and durable : i as the hardest stone, and not liable to be affected by heat or j I frost. N. B.— A large Stock of Roofing Slates, Ridge Tiles, ; Writing Slates, Pencils, &c, constantly on hand. Or