GassJ " \ &3 Book TOPOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTIC MANUAL STATE OF NEW-YORK. SECOND EDITION. CONTAINING AN ACCOUNT OF THE GRAND CANALS, SCHOOLS, FINANCES. &c. NEW-YORK , TBLISHED BY E. BLISS AND E. WHITE, No. 128 Broadway. 182% JLISS AND E. WHITE, BOOKSELLERS, No. 123 BROADWAY, NEW-YORK, constantly for sale an extensive assortment of BOOKS, in the various branches of literature, among which are the following : Scott's Family Bible, 5 vols, quarto. Octavo Bibles, with and without apocrypha. Diamond Pocket Bibles, elegant edition, in different bindings and at various prices. Diamond Pocket Testaments, do do Bennett's System of Book-keeping. Watts's Psalms and Hymns, various editions. Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 6 vols, octavo with plates. Views of Society and Manners in America. Stewart's Elements of Natural Philosophy, Boston edition Schoolcraft's Tour. Schoolcraft's Mines of Missouri. Historical Society Papers, 3 vols. Walsh's American Register, 2 vols. Elements of Scholastic Science. Waverly Novels, 7 vols. Ditto separate. Greenleaf 's Grammar, simplified. Say's Political Economy. Matthews's do Walker's Sermons, 2 vols. Chapman's Interest Tables. American Dispensatory. Denman's Midwifery, with notes by J. W. Francis, M. D. and It; engravings. Richerand's Physiology. Magendie's Physiology. Wistar's Anatomy, 2 vols. Hooper's Medical Dictionary. Hosack's Nosology. Farrier's Medical Histories. Toxicological Synopsis. Cobbett's American Gardener*" Howard's Domestic Economv. A BRIEF TOPOGRAPHICAL AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF THE EXHIBITING The Situation and Boundaries of the several Counties — the Cities, Towns, Pvlountfiins, Lakes, Rivers, Creeks, Sic. in each — the Villages, and other places within the limits of each Town — distances from the Seat of Government, &c. AND DESIGNATING The principal Places and the seat of the Courts, fyc. in each County — Hue places in which Post-Offices arc kept — the Incorporated Villages, 4"C. 77v; SECOND EDITION— ENLARGED AND IMPROVED. CONTAINING, ALSO, AN ACCOUNT OF THE GRAND CANALS ; TIIE Population of each Town and County — the situation of the Finances, Property, and other Puhlick Concerns of the State — with much other Statistical matter. NEW-YORK : PUBLISHED BY E. BLISS AND E. WHITE, No. 128 Broadway. PKINTED BY D. FANSHAW, No. 20 Slote-Lane. 1322. EXPLANATION. 1. The column under the word "Towns" contains all the toions legally constituted and incorporated in the county. £. The column under the words " Villages, fcc." contains the villages and other places (if any) in the county, placed against the town, within the li- mits of tvhick they are situated. 3. The figures next on the right hand of the towns show the number of inhabitants in such towns. 4. The figure 1 at the left hand of a town, village, or other place, in either column, shows that to be the most considerable place in the county — figure 2 the next — and figure 3 the next, in like order : — taking into consideration, as well the situation and publick business, as the wealth, populousness, buildings, accommodations, and trade of such place. 5. This mark "[inc.]" placed at the right hand of a village, shows it to be incorporated, and declared such by law. 6. The other names in the column headed " Villages and other places," which are printed in Itaiick letters, are the names of considerable compact set- tlements, considered and known by common consent and custom as Villages, though not declared such by law. 7. COURTS. The places where the Courts are held in each county are designated by an asterisk, thus " *," placed immediately on the right hand of such places. 8. CLERKS' OFFICES of the several counties are usually kept at one or the other of the shire or court towns : * # * But where it is known they are not, the place where they are kept is designated by the letters "(C.C. O.)" placed next on the right hand of such place. 9. POST-OFFICES are kc^pt at those places which have a dagger, thus "•£," placed also on their right hand. 10. The figures of the last column, on the right hand of the whole page, ex- press the number of miles the place against which they are set is distant from ALBANY, the Seat of Government — reckoning on the shortest practicable travelling route. [See Index at the end.) District «/" New-York, ss. BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the 28th day of February, in the forty-sixth year of the In- dependence of the United States of America, STERLING GOODENOW, ofthe said District, hath deposited in this Office the title of a Book, the right whereof he claims as author and proprietor, in the words following, to wit: " A brief Topographical and Statistical Manual of the State of New- York: exhibiting the Situation and Boundaries of the several Counties — The Cities, Towns, Mountains.Lakes, Rivers, Creeks, fee. in each — The Villages and other places within the limits of each town — Distances from the Seat of Government, &c. — And designating the principal places, and the seat of the Courts, &c. in each county—The places in which Post-Offices are kept — The incorporated Villages, &.c. Se- cond Edition, enlarged and improved — Containing, also, an account of the grand Canals: the popu- lation of each town and county : the situation ofthe Finances, Property, and other publick concerns of the State ; with much other Statistical matter." In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United Slates, entitled, "An Act for the encourage- ment of Learning, by securing the Copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such Copies, during the times therein mentioned ;" And also to an Act, entitled •• An Act, supple- mentary to an Act, entitled An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies of Maps, Charts, and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such Copies, during the times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the Aits of Designing, Engraving, and Etcning His- torical and other Prints." JAMES DILL, Clerk of the District of Ifezo-Yorfi. OS 10 PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. — Q<©0— 1 HE first edition of the New-York Manual having been favourably receiv- ed by the publick, I should long since have manifested my gratitude by issu- ing an improved edition, but for a pressure of otber concerns, and a desire to embrace in it the Census of 1820. I now submit to the publick an edition, which I have found it more difficult and laborious to prepare than it would have been to follow the advice of publishers and others, and to compile a ponderous volume. The great increase of the divisions of territory, the pro- gress of improvement, and other important changes since 1811, have vastly augmented the mass of matter which pertains to the subjects of the work. It is much easier to describe at length, and to write over many pages, than to compress matter, and still render it clear and full. But it having, from the first, been my great object, as stated in the conclusion of the Statistical part, to render the advantages of the state more known to all, and to put it in the power of thousands of our own citizens, who have not much money or time to spare for books or study on such dry details, to understand pretty fully the situation and affairs of the state in a little time, and for a trifling sum — I have rejected all suggestions of adding maps, hundreds of pages, or binding. Maps of the State are now seen every where — book-making is foreign from my de- sign — and abound book could not so well be carried in the pocket, like a news- paper or almanack, as this is intended to be, whenever it is desirable. I look- ed only to use, convenience, and economy : for facts, thus condensed, and presented, in their results, in a strong light, are more easily and distinctly re- membered or recollected than long descriptions of them. The world, I be- lieve, feels the inconvenience of knowledge and ideas being scattered through millions of mighty volumes. It has cost me too much time, however, to crowd the seeds of books, as it were, into a thin pamphlet I have also found it difficult, sometimes impossible, to ascertain many little common facts with precision ; and my topographical information from Erie, Genesee, Tioga, and Herkimer, has not been so minute as I expected. But I assure the publick, I shall useall means in my power to render future editions, if called for, as perfect as possible. I believe this is correct, in the way in which any fact is stated, to the close of 1821, and may be relied on. Calculations and conjectures are accompanied by the reasons for them. I have striven to make the account of the Grand Canals, and the grounds of their expected value to the community, as minute and full as possible in so brief a sketch ; which, with other new matter and tables, has compelled me to delay the publication, and to increase the number and size of the pages, and price accordingly. I have also added a full Index of all names and subjects in the work. An Explanation of the columns, marks, figures, and whole arrange- ment of the Topographical part, is placed on the preceding page. Having no ambition of authorship, I omitted to insert my name in the for- mer edition, except in the certificate of copyright ; which (as many suppose) gave occasion for some singular mistakes and misstatements. In order that no one should bear another's burdens, I subscribe my name to this preface. I have now only to render, in this general way, my cordial thanks to several correspondents in different parts of the state, for the great assistance they have afforded me ; and to add, that I shall be equally grateful for any further in- formation or corrections, which may enable me to make the Manual more worthy of publick favour. STERLING GOODENOW. Neio-York, February 2.0th, 1822. IKY&OIVUCTOTIX TfcEai&ftJSS. THE following Tables, and part of the plan of their arrangement, were ori- ginally made for my own use only. Tin- reasons and necessity for them, be- ing the same to an individual as to the publick, will be sufficiently understood, When I shall have explained, in the course of these remarks, the general use and convenience of this Manual. When I had partially executed my original design, several persons wishing for copies, and suggesting the great conve- nience such a kind of pocket Register, or verbal map, as it were, might be to the generality of readers, travellers, and men of business, I enlarged and im- proved the plan, and undertook to collect sufficient facts to make it full and correct. The time and pains necessary to be spent in doing this, however, have been greater than was at first imagined, and the publication was, conse- quently, long delayed. The great extent of this State, the number and variety of important posts and situations it contains, as well as the flourishing commerce, agriculture, and manufactures, which its rapid settlement has suddenly exhibited to the world, all tend to render its topography not only interesting, but very different from that of most other states, and difficult to be well understood even by its own and oldest inhabitants. The rapidity of its settlement and improvements has so far outstripped a swift legislative career of municipal regulations, and of local and territorial arrangements, that even a thorough knowledge of all the statutes of this State would by no means enable a person to understand all its divisions and subdivisions — much less to tell ivhere, or within tvhat county or town, many of the well known and established settlements and villages are situated. Hence arises another difficulty, almost peculiar to this State, namely, that of several places bearing the same name : — for although the legislature very properly made an attempt, in 1808, (and at sundry times since,) to give new names to all those towns which had a name previously appropriated to some- other town, the remedy, even in-4hat respect, was not quite complete ; and, after all, it was found that so many places within the limits of sundry towns had taken and retained the name of the town from which some of their inha- bitants have migrated, or for which some of them have a fondness, that we still have neighbourhoods, settlements, post-offices, and villages, named several times over after older towns and villages. These not being towns of them- selves, but wholly contained within the limits of some town corporate — which has (for all purposes of elections, state and county affairs, assessment of taxes, maintenance of the poor, &c.) a distinct and different name, they remain un- altered by the legislature. Many of these villages and places will, as popula- tion and wealth increase, be erected into separate towns ;* but, if they should * Such lias already been the case with Lansingburgh, Utica, Athens, Ithaca, Salina, Wa- terford, New-Lebanon, Lyons, Saratoga Springs, Oswego, New-Baltimore, Lewiston, Saugerties, Sand Lake, Fort'EtWard, Colesvifle, Pleasant Valley, and Hyde Park, which have been taken from the towns of Troy, VVhitestovna, Cattskill, Ulysses, Onondaga, Half- moon, Canaan, Sodus, Saratoga, Hannibal; Coxsackie, Cambria, Kingston, Greenbush, Berlin, Argyle, Windsor, ami Clinton, and erected into distinct and separate townsby their for- mer village-names. But the villages r>f Auburn, Cooperstown, Geneva, Ogdensburgh, Sandy- hill, New-Hartford, Sag Harbour, Setauket, Monncello, Little Falls, Peekskill, Skanea- teles, Rochesterville, Syracuse, Clinton, and many oilier considerable places, are all iiithin tiie limits of, and belong lo, towns having ether and ili1]erent names — which is the reason of their not being fennd in the returns of votes, electors, inhabitants, assessments, valuations; fcc, INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. be permitted to retain the same names, the difficulty will rather be increased, than obviated, by such circumstances. And, as these places acquired their names by common consent and usage only, it may, with some, be a matter of doubt how far it might be proper for the legislature to interpose to do away such confusion. It is certainly to be regretted, that in naming any new town, legislatures have permitted the adoption of a name which had been already appropriated to any place in the United States : for the towns, cities, and vil- lages, in one state, now seem to be little else but the repetition of the names of another ; and it has become absolutely necessary, in doing business with any safety, to designate, in writings and directions, the state, as well as the city, town, ear Village. But it is very remarkable and strange that, any one state should allow of tiro or more incorporated towns, within its territory, bearing the same or nearly the same name: yet we still have in this state, " Stamford" md " Stanford," and " Charleston" and " Chariton," Hempstead and Hampstead,*' " Minden" and " Mendon" as names of towns; besides, two different towns by the same name of" Harrison," two named " Concord," and two " Freedom." These might easily be rectified by prefixing the word New to the present name, or adding ville, burgh, or the like. But, without going into a total and thorough reformation, it will be difficult wholly to avoid the occurrence of mistakes on account of the near resemblance there is in the sound and appearance of such names as the following : Genesee and Geneseo ; Ote- go, Otsego, and Otisco ; Owego and Oswego ; Le Roy and Le Ray ; Cayu- ga and Cayuta ; and Plattsburgh and Prattsburgh. In addition to this, the names of counties have been usurped by towns situ- ate in other counties, and the names of towns also by new counties — Thus, the Counties of Montgomery, Clinton. Courtlandt, and Sullivan, were so named after there were towns of the same names in the counties of Orange, Dutchess, West-Chester, and Madison — and Schoharie County contains the towns of Jefferson and Broome ; Dutchess county, the towns of Washington and Clinton ; Oneida county, the town of Steuben ; Sullivan county, the town of Rockland; and Essex county, the town of Lewis; which last mentioned six towns were so named after there were counties erected by the same names. And now there is the town of Monroe in the county of Orange, Hamilton and Sullivan in Madison, Livingston in Columbia, Franklin and Tompkins in De- laware, Putnam in Washington, Richmond and Seneca in Ontario, Greene in Chenango, Chenango in Broome, and Columbia and Warren in Herkimer. That such confusion of names is perplexing and troublesome not only to strangers and travellers in this state, but to its own citizens and inhabitants, I need not remark. 1 have heretofore noted these circumstances to members of the Legislature ; and, in one instance, I took the liberty, in the winter of 1810, to propose to a member of the Assembly, that the town of Tioga, being in Broome county, and having within itself the village of Owego, (while on the opposite side of the creek and in the county of Tioga lay the town of Owego,) should by law take the name of Owego, and give its name to the town then called Owego in Tioga county. But perhaps it was considered (as the sub- jects of this Manual will probably be by many) as too trivial and unimportant to occupy the attention of any one, much less that of the Legislature. But so will not think any one mortal who may, by the confusion of which I have been speaking, utterly lose the title of lands, the collection of a debt, the arrest of a run-away, goods sent by carriers, or information contained in letters or packets mis-sent or mis directed. In 1813, however, the Legislature" did alter . — — , * In my former edition I printed this latter name, Neiv- Hempstead, as it was in the original law erecting that town, though it was called Hempstead only, iii the Revised aws of 1801. I presumed there was a mistake in the laws of 1801, and so a member of the Legislature, of that year, has since informed me. He states, that it was passed and ordered to be engrossed " New-Hempstead ;" and so he supposed it had been, till he found it Hempstead only, after it had passed the Council of Revision. In the Revised Laws of 1813, it is called " Hampstead ;" and so I accordingly print it — taking care, as between this town and two others in Queens county, to be " right to" an e, if not " to a *." P INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. the name of Owego to that of Tioga, and Tioga to Owego, leaving- the village of Owego in a town of its own name, and the town of Tioga in the county of Tioga. AND FIRST— This variety and confusion of names and situations renders it further neces- sary in the transaction of business to designate not only the State, but always the County, and sometimes (where a village is meant) even the , own, if the place in view be in the State of New- York.* And to ascertain all this, is im- possible to most people, without the help of a Directory or Manual of the kind I have prepared. This, therefore, was the first object of my original Tables ; and on inspecting them and considering the plan, I found I could em- brace a variety of other objects of equal convenience. Accordingly, I pro- ceeded to designate, by & particular mark, (as noted in the Explanation, page £,) the seat of the Courts in each County — the places where, there is any Post- Office — which are the places of the first notoriety or importance, in each county — the distance from the Seat of Government to most of the towns or villages — and the number of inhabitants in each county and town, &lc And I hope the convenience of the plan will not be found less than the use of the Tables : inas- much as it presents all these facts to the eye at one view, instead of leaving them to be looked for,one by one, through sundry pages ; and exhibits, as it were, a geographical skeleton of the State by Counties. 1 could devise no other plan ■which would give so much information in three times as many pages ; nor could it in a different mode be obtained in thrice as much time. In addition to the above named objects, I concluded to add the boundaries of each county, which would show at once its relative situation and all the coun- ties to which it lies contiguous ; and to these I superadded the rivers, lakes, and streams — the bays and harbours — the mountains,&c.by which the. natural advan- tages of each county for commerce ; for navigation and other uses of water ; for air, climate, agriculture, &c. could the more easily be imagined. So that with * Names of Places. — Notwithstanding all the Legislature has done on the subject, the confusion and similarity of names increase ; and it is made still more embarrassing to the people by the Post Office Department at Washington. Among many instances, I will only mention, that the villages established by law in this State, by the names of " Binghamton" and " Esperance," are, by the P. M. General, called Chenango Point and Scoharie Bridge, And some of our loose and indefinite names, and names taken from neighbouring states or old and celebrated countries, (which my limits do not permit me to set forth at length) add greatly to the perplexity. We have Sardinia and Italy, Denmark and Norway, and even Russia and China, all in this state. We have candour, summit, hope, harmony, and other abstract terms converted into names of tow?is ; and may yet have fairness, base, love, and melody •equally ■perverted. We have a pair of Baths, Mancliesters, Romes, Auroras, Johnstowns, &c. and the names of " Hamilton, Washington," and " Union Village" are spread over the state as " plenty as blackberries." Yet it is as easy to form a new name -as to find an oid one not already in use among us; as any one may see, who will observe the different names of places in this state formed with the single word IVest — at least eleven already. And the great incon- venience daily occasioned by the present situation of the state in this respect, has induced many to hope and believe that the Legislature will yet attempt a reform. A gentleman had a letter addressed to him at Croton in the town of Courtlandt in West Chester county, called in the Post Office books Courtlandt Town : it did not reach him, and was supposed to be lost or purloined — and the important information did not arrive in time to be of any use. Three months afterwards it arrived from " the drooping West," where it had been sent on a pilgrimage, (not to Mecca, but to JVomachy, or the war of names,) because there is a village called Courtlandt village in Courtlandt county ! There ought to be no town or village in any one county by the same or a similar name with another county, town, village, or place. Would not the inhabitants of the several places bearing the same name, if the Legislature should recommend it to their consideration, mu- tually arrange this matter, and all, but one place, take other names? In the last law incorpo- rating the village lately called Union Village in Rensselaer county, that name is properly dis- carded, and "Nassau" substituted in its place ; though, as this is the name of the whole territory of the town of Nassau, it would be better to have assumed an entirely different or new name, as the inhabitants of" Hamilton," in the town of Madrid, have more wisely done, by discarding the name of Hamilton, and substituting Waddington therefor. A thorough re- form on this point throughout the state would be alike useful and important to our own citi- zens, and those of other states and countries who have friends or business in this. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. the use of a page or half page, any person can, in a few minutes, obtain a con- siderably minute knowledge of the geographical situation, topography, and civil divisions and settlements of any county ; and in a day or two, of the whole state. Whether ever so great and well digested a collection of such minute, perhaps trifling knowledge, could deserve to be published even in a small book, some persons may probably question. Certainly any one single fact in this Manual — as the exact situation of a certain place — whether there be a post-office in any particular town or place — where the Courts in this or that county are held — whether there be legally any such toivn as the one in question, or whether it be only a village or other place with a distinct acquired name, &c. — seems a very simple thing and a trivial inquiry. But, although there is scarcely a citi- zen who will not want, twenty times a year, to ascertain some one of these facts, which may be of considerable consequence at the time, yet he will seldom be able to do so till such knowledge has ceased to be to him important. And it is not unfrequenlly the case that these kinds of compilations (to make which is the business of " every body and nobody," and therefore seldom undertaken) prove of more real publick service and utility than many other works which it might be both pleasant and reputable to compose. Yet I hesitate not to risk this publication, because I deem statistical and to- pographical accounts of any portion of a country of no inconsiderable impor- tance, both in a historical and political point of view. And I have observed, with regret, the general apathy which prevails in our country on the subject of collecting and embodying/crcte and information of this nature, while visionary and speculative essays and writings, as well on statisticks and history, as on politicks, are sought for with so much avidity. The advantages which the political and literary world derives from such works as those of Sir John Sinclair, will be acknowledged by the statesman and historian at least. And the Tables of Mr. Blodget, and Mr. Coxe's " View" of the U. S. although not either so full or minute as to give distinct views of particular states, deserve even yet more commendation than they have receiv- ed. [The excellent and more copious publications of Mr. Pitkin and Dr. Sey- bert on the statisticks of the United States, have appeared since the above re- marks were first published, and are valued in a degree somewhat nearer their great use and merits than such works formerly were. Their details, however, relate chiefly to commerce and revenue.]* * In preparing my first edition, in 1811, I had added some illustrations of the great import- ance of works more full and particular, like Sir John Sinclair's, in stating the ability and means of each state, county, town, and settlement, to furnish not only subjects of commerce and materials for manufactures, but arms and munitions of war, and the subsistence of armies : — And, ] had asked, in case war should ever be the lot of the United States, of what immense advantage would it not be to the War Department, and especially in the calculations and contracts of Purveyors and Commissaries, to have before it, as well, tables and statements of the number, quality, and amount of the horses and other cattle, and of all kinds of manufac- tures and natural and agricultural productions (for any given year or years) in any and every portion of our country where it might be necessary to clothe, equip, or subsist) armies — as of the local situation, state ol the roads, and channels of transportation, and relative dis- tances of places, to or through which it might become necessary or convenient to di- rect their march ? (a) But fearing it might be deemed an impertinent digression, or swell the work beyond my prescribed limits, I struck it oul of the copy. Yet, ere one year had elapsed, war was declared, and 1 received a Circular from the U. S. Pur- veyor of Public Supplies, requesting minute information relative to many of these and some other particulars in this state. It was not then possible for any individual, or publick body, or officer, (nor would it be even now,) very fully or satisfactorily to comply. In common with others, what facts I possessed or could collect, I imparted. But it is now known to the world how deficient was our knowledge and policy in this behalf, and how expensively and lamely our prosecution of the war hobbled on through 1812 and 13. The disasters of that period should teach us hereafter to have the knowledge of our means and strength, and where and in what proportion they are to be looked for, plainly before us. It would by no means be just to lay all our losses and failures in the early part of that war, to the account (a) Early in the last war, an order was sent from some of the Departments, directing a lake vessel to proceed to a foundery in Onandaga Hollow, there to load with cannon shot and shells, and then to proceed to Rome in Oneida county, and there discharge said cargo ! ! ti INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. But such a mass of information as the works of Coxe, Blodget, and others, Were designed to give, I have not attempted to embody in these few pages — it Would have destroyed my two-fold secondary object, brevity and cheapness. Few of the thousand little particulars of the date of the settlement of places, of incompetent rulers and generals of that day, or to some dissatisfaction among the -people and a partial want of concert or union of views in our councils. The complete success of our little navy bears strong testimony to the great advantage of knowing how and where all supplies are to be procured, and whither exertions can most effectually be directed. If the course of ships is naturally easier than the march of armies, so much the more is it requisite to know the exact situation of every part of the territory: and, our country was as capable of supplying sufficient armies as the navy, had provident measures been as early adopted for the land as for the sea service. The event having made me regret that I struck these considerations from my first edition, it behoves me to consider the propriety of restoring them in this : and when, on recurrence to letters I received since that period from sundry publick agents, 1 find the plan I was then about to suggest supported by the judgment of those who were then in a fair situation to appre- ciate the utility of it, (and approved in express and decisive terms by the Purveyor of Publick Supplies,) 1 hope I may be excused for saying, that it could not but conduce to great national convenience, to establish, at the seat of Government, a Publick Ojfice ibr the collection, deposit, and digestion, in order and form, of all such information as is alluded to in the foregoing ob- servations. Except tor the constitutional necessity of equalizing the representation in Con- gress, it is all quite as important as a return of the number of inhabitants in the Union. And, although it might be done in some sort in the offices of one of the heads of the Departments, yet it would be vastly better attended to, and more complete and useful, if committed to a separate officer, whose special duty it should be to have all uch materials well arranged, properly classed, and intelligibly digested. For this purpose a separate and distinct office, or a branch of one of the Departments, seems quite as proper and necessary as a Patent Office. The returns and de- tails in relation to a part of these subjects, which some of the individual states are preparing, are not in the power of the national government: and if they were, (and they will probably be made publick, or transcripts obtained,) still similar inlbrmation from the neio states and ter- ritories is yet more important, as occasions for having recourse to it much oftener occur in those parts of the Union than elsewhere. The enormous expenses of the recent expedition to the Council Bluffs, and the sufferings of some of the troops at that post for want of good supplies, are sufficient to confirm this remark. And when the extension of our territory to Cape Florida and across the rocky mountains to the Pacifick Ocean, our occupation of the mouth of Columbia river, and the difficulties we may possibly have with other nations in that quarter, are duly considered — the idea of making provision for obtaining the most particular topographical and statistical knowledge of the whole of our country, which our situation and circumstances will admit, and for a suitable office and competent officers to digest and preserve it, is strongly fortified by the past experience of this and all older nations. Similar views, no doubt, as well as the extension and protection of our frontier settlements and the Indian trade, entered into the policy of government in undertaking expeditions for exploring sundry rivers and portions of the country west of the Mississippi and around the Great Lakes. And, as such a mass of matter as these expeditions, and future surveys, cen- suses, travels, &tc. must necessarily form, might, I should conceive, be more than it is conve- nient or consistent with other important duties oi the Secretary of VVar or of State ; an office, of the kind, here humbly suggested, would give greater value to the facts collected, by bringing them together at a single point and in a clear and digested form, for the use and easy inspection of every branch and officer of government and their agents, and others whose interests or curiosity might render such information either necessary or desirable. At the same time it would not less subserve the purposes of geography and the cause of American education and learning generally, than that of internal commerce, natural history, and na- tional policy and improvement — inasmuch as very interesting and valuable publications might, under publick authority or permission, be occasionally issued from such a magazine of materials. The travels of Pike, Lewis and Clarke, and Schoolcraft, have been of much service, although embracing too much territory to be full or minute on many points. One would suppose we have already experienced inconveniences and losses enough, from calcu- lations, projects, and expeditions founded, or in some measure proceeding, on loose or exag- ?erated accounts, vague information, or mere conjecture. A reliance in all publick measures as well as in foreign commerce and revenue) on nothing but actual returns, minute and exact details, and specif ck facts, which such an establishment would soon place within the reach of the government, would be found, in the result, as good policy as it is true economy. Tne well remembered exhortation of the immortal Washington — to preserve peace, be pre- pared for war — a principle of policy so eloquently enforced by the amiable Fenelon in the 14th book of Telemachus (a) — is not more salutary or economical in reference to the preser- vation of peace than of independence and national prosperity. To prevent the necessity of relying on other nations for revenue or employment, learn to employ yourselves, and that (a )— Car le vrai moyen d'eloigner la guerre et de conserver unc longue pais, e'est de cultiver Ies arnres, &c, INTRODUCTORY REMARKS — :GOVERNMENT. 9 the number of houses, character and occupations of the inhabitants, soil and productions, face of the country, seasons, prospects, publick buildings, schools, roads, bridges, curiosities, local commerce, manufactures, agriculture, flocks and herds, wealth, fee. could come within the small compass of my plan. The publications of the New-York Historical Society have afforded considerable in- formation on the topographical and statistical history of some parts of the state. But the anticipations of Dr. Miller, expressed twenty years ago in his Retro- spect of the 18th century, were not in any degree realized, till the appearance of Mr. Spafford's Gazetteer of this state, in 1813 ; which, though not the most judicious in its arrangement, nor very clear and happy in its style, gave the pub- lick a great and valuable collection of the various particulars above mentioned. A new and improved edition of this useful work is in preparation, which, with the advantage of the Returns of a new State Census of various household manu- factures, and of horses, sheep, and cattle, as well as of the Electors, (now near- ly completed,) will doubtless give a very minute and full view of the situation, wealth, and improvements of the State of New-York — indisputably the most interesting portion of the Union. SECONDLY. To pursue the more immediate purpose of these remarks, I ought perhaps to state some reasons which have governed me in the further arrangement and execution of my plan. And — 1. The division into Counties was not less natural than convenient. The people are represented by counties in the lower branch of the Legislature,* and employment will soon produce ample means to pay for its encouragement and protection. Or, in other words, to prevent the surprise and embarrassment of a total failure of revenue from abroad, live as if that revenue had already ceased. If revenue constitute " the sinews of war," what sort of preparation is it, which leaves those sinews to be cut off by the very de- claration of war itself? But to know when and by what degrees such a sound policy am, with propriety, be intro- duced, a precise knowledge of the amount of consumption and supply of all articles of neces- sity, convenience, or ornament, required in a country ; and also of the actual amount produced in it, as well as what it could produce if sufficiently encouraged ; is absolutely requisite in all rational plans of policy or finance. And if all such necessary details of the present re- sources, skill, and ability of this country to sustain itself in all things, were collected in one view, statesmen would no longer doubt, that a system of national policy and revenue might be commenced, which, at no distant day, would render us truly independent of the rest of the world — and leave our councils unshackled by the awkward necessity of putting all statements of our financial affairs in a holy-day dress ; or by the political dread of asking a small additional contribution from ovrselves to makeup deficiencies, which are the natural consequences of our own improvidence. (c) Our resort, then, to foreign countries would be voluntary in the go- vernment as well as individuals ; and at such times and places, and for such things only, as profit, convenience, taste, or pleasure should dictate. (c) When the Debt of the U. S. which was but #20,570,027 in 2811-12, has run up to #93,423,005 at the close of 1821, and we have lo borrow millions annually to support the government, is it not time to think of some way of escaping the British " Blessing" of a publick debt and inability to pay even the interest of it without borrowing? I love not to dwell on gloomy prospects : but let those reflect with complacency on the present state and course of our finances, who can— non ego. " Government. — This does not fall strictly within the first objects of this work ; yet it may be useful to observe, that the Legislature consists of a Senate and Assembly. The Jls- uemblii now consists of 126 members annually elected, as stated further on in the Table of Population ; but, by the Amended Constitution, after this year it will consist of 128 members. The Senate is composed of 32 members, four from each of the following 8 districts, into which the state is divided. After the first election, one from each district, is to be elected annual- ly, viz. ' 1st District— The counties of Suffolk, Queens, Kings, Richmond, and New-York; 162,758 inhabitants. 2d_West-Chester, Putnam, Dutchess, Orange, Rockland, Ulster, and Sullivan ; 169,907 inhabitants. 3d— Greene, Columbia, Albany, Rensselaer, Schoharie, and Schenectady ; 168,584 inha- bitants. 4tk— Saratoga, Montgomery, Hamilton, Washington, Warren, Clinton, Essex, Frankljnj and St. Lawrence ; 163,350 inhabitants. Sih— Herkimer, Oneida, Madison. Oswego, Lc\vis ; and Jefferson ; 165 ; 352 inhabitants, 10 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS NAMES, Uc. not by Towns, as in New-England — most of the publick concerns, which do not come within the general and immediate province of the Legislature, are con- ducted by the Counties as separate communities — each County has a separate civil commission and list of publick officers — and therefore each County may (in a comparative sense) be considered as an independent and distinct depart- ment. Accordingly this is the division and distinction most commonly used in speaking of the different parts of the State. 2. The first sub-division is into Toiv?is, including the Cities, which for most general purposes, are considered in the same class :* These towns are from 2 or S to 6, 8, 10, or 15 miles square, or more, as the circumstances and settle- ment of their territory may render most proper ; and they frequently embrace villages and other places which have, in common and constant use, different and distinct names. And the number of such places is increasing. Some spot favourable for manufactures, or for the transaction of mercantile or other busi- ness, suddenly becomes populous ; and, if remote from an earlier settled or 6th — Delaware, Otsego, Chenango, Broome, Courtlandt, Tompkins, arid Tioga ; 169,18G inhabitants. 1th — Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, and Ontario; 163,505 inhabitants. '.Uh — Steuben, Livingston, Monroe, Genesee, Niagara, Erie, Allegany, Cattaraugus, and Chautauque ; 155,000 inhabitants. The Governor and Lt. Governor are to be elected biennially by the people at large. The latter is presiding; officer of the Senate. Judicial Power. This is vested in — 1, The court for the trial of Impeachments, and the Correction of Errors, composed of the Senate, Chancellor, and Judges of the Supreme Court — 2, The Court of Chancery — 3, The Supreme Court, now 5, but hereafter to be only 3 Judges —4, Circuit Courts, not less than 4 nor more than 8, fo be established by the Legislature — 5, Courts of Common Pleas, and General Sessions of the Peace in each county — 6, Mayor's Courts in Albany, Troy, and Hudson — 7, A Marine Court ; n New- York — 8, Justices' Courts — and 9, The Court of Probates (1 Judge) at the seat of Government, and a Surrogate in each county. Members of Congress. As new districts are to be made before a new election, it would be useless to set forth the present districts. The State will send 34 Representatives. * I have printed the names of towns and other places as 1 deemed most correct after con- siderable examination and study. Courtlandt and Guilderlandt should no more be spelled Cortland and Gilderland, than Sehaghticoke should be Skaltecook, or Hamilton Hamilton — although some persons choose to pronounce the latter as if written thus. Kortlandt was probably the original spelling ; but, if the French Court have usurped the place of the Dutch Kort in the first syllable, that seems no good reason why we should retain the C and omit the U, or murder the last syllable altogether. It should be Courtlandt or Kortlandt, or else Shortland at once in plain English. Neither should French printing or pronunciation, nor English rapidity of sound, cause us to write Canandarq for Canandaigua, or Chetoque and Chetok for Chautauque, or to say Cocknewogger and Shinnecock, instead of Caughnawaga and Shinneeaugh — merely because Chateaugay was a French settlement, and properly called Shattogai, or because we have turned Daughstadah and Saughquada, Sahdequada, or Saugh- quoit (Indian names) into Dockstedder orDoxtedderand Sockwoit. Overslaugh might as well be written Overslctw and pronounced Overslok. The spelling of Oghqttctgo is believed also to be the most correct at this day. For although Lay's Map calls it Coo£quago, and Spafford and Eddy write Oquago ; yet I think the Indian oharacteristicksg/t should no more be wholly omitted (as they vary not the pronunciation) than the regiment of letters we find in some au- thors should be retained. Judge Marshall writes Aiioqiiaqua, Gen. Washington, Onongua- gua, (a little confounded with Onondaga,) and others Oimnquago. Mr. Jefferson calls the Tribe which gave it a name " Aughquaghas,' preserving the characteristicks gh throughout, with the French Au tor O. The place, it would seem, should be called Oghquagho, or " Oghquago," as 1 have printed it. But Mr. Allen, in his American Biog. Diet, speaks of '' Onohoghgwage, or as it is sometimes written, Oughquaugha, on the Susquehannah river." Mr. Jefferson also calls what (by a French Ch and the omission of some letters) we have reduced to Chenango, " Vtsanango." And " Cashington" on one map, and " Kushjchtun" on another, is what is notv more correctly written Cocliecton. Some persons frequently make mistakes by adding the syllable Neiv to such towns as Dur- ham, Canaan, Marlborough, &c. — also by improperly adding the syllable town, as Phelps- town, Catherinesiown, Lyonstown, &c which are " Phelps" " Catherines," and " Lyons," only : Some again omit it improperly, as Philips, Elizabeth, Orange, &ic. instead of Philips- town, Ehzabethtown, Orangetown, &c. as they should be written. Mr. Spafford thinks the town should always be omitted ; but when the law of the land has fixed the name, whether ' Beekman" or " Beekmantown" pleases us best, I think it should "be " so set down," as it may be necessary to adopt each name lor different places, as is now the case with Beekman and others. CIVIL DIVISIONS AND POPULATION. 11 more noted part of the same town, requires a separate name, as much as if an imaginary line sundered it from the territory of the town. And if it did not require or deserve a distinct name, still so long as it has one in common and gen- eral use, and is by such name distinguished from other places, it is as necessary to know what and where such place is, as if it were formally named by law. And therefore where a town of large extent has in it a village of the same name with itself, as Johnstown, it is some times essential (and always safest) to de- signate the village of the same name, it' that be the place intended ; as otherwise the person or thing might be supposed to be. in the village of Caughnawaga, or in some farming or other part of the town, some miles distant from either. S. Hence the second sub-division into "villages, &ic." which in one column includes all the villages and other places and posts which have acquired a dis- tinct name. All these places are set directly against the town in which they are situated ; and I have distinguished all those places which have from 15 to 20 houses compactly situated, as villages, further designating such of those vil- lages as are incorporated as bodies politick. In making these distinctions I may and most probably have omitted to designate some places in the newer counties as villages which are considerable enough to deserve that name ; but these omissions can be but few. And of other places still fewer, I believe, that deserve to be mentioned, are omitted. On the other hand, there may be a few names put down, which some may perhaps think should have been discarded. But all places that may be named, or spoken of, or referred to, in the publica- tions of the day or in publick proceedings,* should be located in their proper town or corporation — more especially, if in or near cities and towns of great notoriety and resort. On this account 1 have put down the islands and other places in and near New-York, Long-Island, the Highlands, Niagara Falls, &c. And history has rendered it important to designate the local situation of for- tresses and other military posts which have at any time been established in the State. On the whole, I cannot but have some hope that this Manual will answer most of the purposes proposed. And as one object was to exhibit the improve- ments and increasing strength, resources, and importance of the state more ful- ly than it has heretofore been done in so brief a sketch, the following facts, es- timates, and vie or exempted, &c. lotal 259,387 entitled to vote under the amended Constitution, if qualified by sufficient residence. - J MILITIA and MUNITIONS of WAR. 1 in VT ?* miHtia ° f the State re S ular, y enrolled amounted to 1 02,068. In 1820, Infantry 111,749, Artilllery 7145, Light do. 800, Cavalry 1,142, and 2 thTaVtilW^ „ iW " Cd ' su PP° sed 4;°00-in all 124,836. But the returns from wardf of 3 0oo> "T^' and froD J the CaVal T stU1 moie so - In ^ "P" of 3,000 cavalry were returned. The whole number enrolled in 1820 was probably about 130,000-genera% well equipped. eni011ea,n 1820 Arsenals, &c. These are established at New- York Alhanv RnmP Pl^tc Ordnance, 125 brass and 129 iron pieces— 254 in all • a m™^-., . a vettes, 21,790 cannon-shot; 545 shells ; 1,008 rounl' of SSioTXS do. strap do. 7 caissons ; 21 tumbrils, &c. «mmster snot, 89* ^»iw,fec.-S0,47S muskets ; 29,372 bayonets ; 29,122 ramrods ; 588 rifles ■ 222 pr. horseman's pistols ; 639 swords and cutlasses ; 19,964 cart id " e boxes and belts; 17,089 bayonet belts; 16,881 do. scabbards; 6 ke-s flints 680 S S «V 74 \ C i l { Dp , kettleS ; 5 ' 895 kn "P*«*« ; 58 bass drum ; msna e dmms 203 fifes; 33 bugles; 199 stands of colours :&c. ' New York Albany Troy Brooklyn, with the Navy Yard, Schenectady . Poughkeepsie Utica 123,706 12,630 5,260 5,210 3,949 3,401 2,915 Hudson . Neuburgh Canandaigua . Auburn . Lansingburgh . Rochesterville . Sackett's Harbour ) ' besides A. &. N 'y ) ' 2,900 2,877 2,100 2,024 1,700 1,502 337 Cattskill Geneva . Kingston . Buffalo . Ogdensburgh Waterford Ithaca Cooperstown 1,443 1,357 1,1C3 1,100 959 950 859 783 N^KSffi » 18M» -as 9,637,999, of which 7,861,710, of which Npw v£l , efee uh "f Papulation of the U. S. and T. was 72,397-N. York^?-S^Ki^ *»«* P™ -Engaged in comroerce lures 349,247-N, York more tlfan 1 6 h _ in r ~ Y ° rk " early . 1 - 5th : - ,n manufac- mm than l-4th. * bth ~ and for e>£ners not naturalized 53,655-N. York MANUFACTURES. 1^> Ammunition, &C.—378 bbls. of powder ; 38 half do. do. 516 quarter casks do. 352 boxes of catridges for muskets; 35 kegs do. for do. 26 boxes pistol cartridge— 46,000 musket cartridges ; &u\ Besides a great variety and quantity of other ne- cessary equipments, tools, and implements of war suitable for the above— gun carriages, travelling forges. &c. &e. Many cannon, arms, and equipments have been furnished to the militia : besidts which, considerable military stores are due this State from the U. S. by the settlement of 1818. MANUFACTURES. The U. S. Census of 1810 furnished data for the following statement for this State— Looms 33,068 ; yds. cloth (all kinds) 9,099,703— value §5,002, 891: 82. Tan Works 867 ; val. of leather $1,299,542 : 16. Distilleries 591 ; value §1,685,794 : 40. Breweries 42 ; val. §340,765 : 68. Fulling Mills 427 ; enhanc- ed val. of cloth §679,126 : 87. Paper Mills 28 ; val. §233,268 : 00. Hat Manu- factories 121 ; val. §249,035 : 00. Glass Works 6; val. (besides bottles he.) §716,800 : 00. Powder Mills 2 . val. 10,400 : 00. Rope Walks 18 ; val. §538, 000 : 00. Sugar Houses 10 ; val. §420,706 : 00. Oil Mills 28 ; val. §49,283 : 75. Blast furnaces 11 ; val. §205,300 : 00. Air Do. 10 ; val. §156,720 : 00. Cut Nail Manufactories 44 ; val. §276,932 : 80. Forges 48 ; val. §185,240 : 00. Trip Hammers 49; val. (return of work from 2 of them only) §1,600 : 00. Rolling and Slitting Mills 1 ; val. §33,120 : 00. Total value— §12,085,525 : 62. Also, 413 Carding Machines — value included in cloth above ; and 26 Cotton Manufactories, not included above, the cloth there mentioned being the manu- facture of families only. These returns were (in most of the counties) believed to be much short of the real amount ; and the tow cloth was wholly omitted in all but two counties. Instead of one, there were several Rolling and Slitting Mills ; and the nail, hat, paper, and rope manufactories, furnaces, &c. exceeded the number returned as above. No woollen manufactories were returned, though there were some in operation ; and as many new manufactories were begun, and more contemplated, it was not doubted but the annual amount of our manufactures, 1811 and 1812, exceeded 16,000,000 per annum— probably it was near 20 millions* The returns of the U. S. Census for 1820, are not yet in a situation to enable me to state the result in this State, or make a com- parison with the above. The same may be said of the census just taken by or- der of the State government, but not yet fully returned. From partial returns of the State Census, I do not find that any account of the cloth or other articles made in the numerous incorporated or other manufactories has been taken. It will therefore be difficult if not impossible, for some time at least, to estimate with precision the present amount of our manufactures. Manufacturing Companies and Capital. — Before the general act of 1811 (as it is called) thereliad been incorporated 47 Companies with upwards of 9 mil- lions capital, besides 19 others, the amount of whose capital I cannot ascertain. Some few of the 47 no longer exist, and some of the 19 may not have gone in- to operation — but the capital of the whole exceeds 11 millions. Under the general act, 129 companies with §7,742,500 capital had been established in June 1818, since which time about 35 more, with about §2,257,500 capital have been founded: — making in the whole State about 230 companies with 21 millions capital, of which a considerable part may not have been paid in. Besides these, there are many large manufacturing establishments founded and carried on by individual enterprise. And the convenience with which cloths can be obtain- * T. Coxe, Esq. estimated the total vttlue in 1810 (and it is said from the Marshal's re- , turns) at over 25 millions — Mr. Spaflfbrd, in 1811, sets it at 30 — and Dr. Morse says by the Marshal's returns for 1812, it was over 33. I must think them all too high ; and I never be- fore heard of the data of the last estimate. But much depends on what is included in the term manufactures. If all we eat, drink, wear, and use as utensils on farms, in trades, or other- wise — if all raw cotton which we do not produce in the state — [and why not add flour, ships, and carriages, which we do produce and manufacture ?] — were taken into the account, we might say 50 or 60 millions annually at that, period. Some have included carded wool, and then added the whole valueof the cloth made of it ; and all accounts include linseed oil — might not cider, bricks, butter, pies, soap, sausages, news-papers, &c just as well be included? 14 MANUFACTURES SALT, &c, ed for raw materials from these manufactories, as well as their excellent qua- lities, has very naturally interrupted, in some degree, the progress of similar kinds of Manufactures in families. — Calculating hy a return from Ontario county, and from four towns in different parts of the State, {one of these including the city of Hudson,) and averaging the results among the whole population of the State, exclusive of the city of New- York, I find, according to such an average of the returns, that the total number of yards of cloth, manufactured in families, does not probably much exceed thut of 1810 ; but the proportion of fulled and other woollen cloth is greater, and the quality improved and value much enhanced. It has become more fashionable and cheaper to dress in the fabricks of our rapidly increasing manufactories. And our manufactures of iron, paper, hats, leather, nails, hollow-ware, and many other necessary and valuable articles, as well as our breweries, furnaces, and all kinds of mills and machinery, have greatly increased — in most counties doubled or trebled, and in some more than quadrupled. Still greater increase has taken place in the manufactures of all the finer kinds of hard-ware — in silk and other fine goods — in carpets, hosiery, all kinds of lace and trimmings, he. So that, including the productions of our manufactories of all kinds, the present annual value of our manufactures proba- bly exceeds 40 millions of dollars. [[EFAfter the above was committed to the press, I received a Summary of the late State Census for 1821 ; and I here add the residts of the Actual Return, as it was too late to substitute them for the foregoing matter. By these, not only the facts will be now ascertained, but by comparing them with the above, the degree of accuracy or fairness in my calculations may be judged of. Fulled Cloth manufactured, during the year 1820, in families, 1,958,712 yards — Flannel and other woollen cloth, not fulled, 2,451,107 do. — Linen, cot- ton, and other woollen cloth 5,635,985— Total, of all kinds, 10,045,804 yards, family manufacture — being over 7 and l-4th yds. to each person. Number of Iron Works, 107 — Oil mills 189 — Trip hammers 172 — Cotton and woollen manufactories 184 — Fulling mills 991 — Distilleries 1,057 — Man- ufactories of pot and pearl Ashes 1,226 — Carding machines 1,233 — Gristmills 2,132— Saw mills 4,304.] In this estimate I take no account of Ashes, Flour, Sugar, or SALT. Of this last article there were made in Onondaga (now town of Salina) in 1810 about 453,840 bushels, (though in 1800 only 42,754,) and in Cayuga, Sen- eca, Ontario, and Genesee, about 71,160 bushels — in all about 525,000 — value at the works #147,000 In 1820 there were made in the town of Salina 554,776 bushels. From the Springs in that town three millions of bushels at least could be made annually, if the demand justified it, yielding the State a yearly revenue of #375,000. I have no returns or estimate of the quantity made in Cayuga, Seneca, and other counties. The net revenue to the State on Salt made in the Western district,* in 1820, was #67,038.67. LANDS and PRODUCTS. I have never had sufficient data to calculate the quantity of ashes, maple- sugar,f flour,| butter, cheese, &-c. made, or the grain, flax, wool, cattle, sheep, * The State was divided heretofore into four Senatorial Districts — the Western was the largest, and till within a few years included Herkimer and all the counties west of it. Eight districts are now established as mentioned before, and the former names superseded. + In two towns in Ontario County (viz. Seneca and Phelps) 169,983 lbs. of maple sugar were made in 1821— probably 12 to 15,000,000 in the State. \ In 11 months of 1813 and 14, there were inspected, in the port of JVeiv York, 389,617 Bbls. wheat fiour, 38,736 do. rve do. 18.000 do. hid. meal, and 252 do. buck-wheat do. = 446.5Q5 Bbls. all kinds. LANDS AND PRODUCTS. 15 horses, swine, beef, pork, poultry, vegetables, the various kinds of fruit, &c. raised annually in the State, so as to make any tolerable correct valuation of our products, lands, and property. Judging from partial returns, and comparing these with our population (ex- clusive of the city of New-Fork,) I calculated that the whole Slate, in 1811, contained about 300,000 horses, 1,000,000 neat cattle, and 1,280,000 sheep. The two former, especially the first, were probably much over-cakulated. The present number (in 1821) calculated by the returns from Ontario and four towns in different parts of the State, as the quantity of cloth above is calculated, (ex- clusive of the city of New- York,) is probably about 320,000 horses, 1,200 000 neat cattle, and 2,500,000 sheep. [Under the same circumstances, and for the same reasons, as stated at the close of the preceding Article on "Manufactures," I here add the residue of the results derived from the State Census of 1821. Number of Acres of Ithpromd Land, occupied in the State, 5,717,494 — being something over four and a quarter acres to each person in the State. Number of neat Cattle 1,215,049 — nearly one to each person — Horses 262,623 ; a little more than one to every five persons — Sheep 2,147,351 ; nearly two to each person.] The valuations of real and personal property, made by the assessors in the several counties in the State, were 314 million dollars for 1818 — 282 millions for 1819 — 256 millions for 1820— and but 242 millions for 1821* The valua- tion had been higher in earlier years, especially in 1812 — 13, when Mr. Spafford estimated the value of every species of property in the State, however "extrav- agant it might appear to some," at 500 millions. Considering the high prices of that period, and the circumstances mentioned below, the estimate, though probably too high, was not very extravagant. Since 1812 — 13 there have been a great accession of population and vast improvements in most kinds of property and accommodations for business, comfort, and convenience ; and nothing has left the State, except specie and stock in the funds. Yet, although those things which we call property are more abundant and of better quality in general than 8 or 10 years ago, and the amount of efficient labour and skill greatly increased, so that our senses do not permit us to doubt that the sum total of property is greatly augmented — the value of it is estimated by a large body of discreet men to be less than formerly, and less and less every accruing year. Is money, then, (and its representative, stock,) of no advantage in a country, or its removal from that country no disadvantage ? And, although the vaiue of things is relative ; and, among themselves and in relation to one another, the total amount of their real worth, if measured or estimated by or in reference to the country alone in which they are, or to which they belong, and not by or in reference to any thing out of or beyond, or by any thing to be done out of or beyond that country — must always be the same ; and thus leave it immaterial, in a similar point of view, whether estimated at five dollars or 5000 millions : — yet, while any thing is to be done with or in any foreign country, is not the medium or means of doing it a desideratum with the country which is to do it ? And when that medium or the means either does not exist, or not in sufficient ex- tent, in such country, and the foreign country will not accept any thing the former has as a substitute — or only at so low a price as not to exceed the a- mount of the same medium which must be expended to furnish the substitute to such foreign country — must not a resort be had to other countries for that medium or the means, and thus the value or price of the former's property come at last to be measured or estimated by foreign countries ; or, the business or transaction in view be abandoned ? In the vear ending in Feb. 1819, were inspected in the same place, 328,399 Bbls. wheat flour, 91,226 do. rye do. 57,734 do. meal, and 1,486 buck wh. do. = 478,845 Bbls. alt kinds. * The U. S. valuation of the real property and slaves onhi in this State, in 1813, was over 266 millions. 16 LANDS AND FRODOCTS. Is not this, or something like this, the reason why we must pay our taxes in such medium (money,) and a good reason also for the Assessors' putting that estimate of value on our property, which they think it will bring in money? And must it not necessarily be so, as long as we. deal with any body or in any thing out of or beyond our own country ? And if we do not wholly shut our- selves out from the rest of the world — and I trust we never shall — and yet con- tinue to part with our money and stock to foreign countries for what we might, in most instances, produce with them at home ; or, if we still go abroad for ar- ticles, the manufacture of which would put in circulation here sums of money, now lying useless or at small interest for want of employment — must not the estimated value of our lands and products sink down year after year to half or a quarter what it now is, and till it will take a tenth, an eighth, or a fifth part of a farm and its improvements to pay their proportion of the yearly publick burdens ? For if scarcity of money or want of employment multiplies paupers and legal proceedings against criminals, the pub)ick*burdens are as much in- creased as by direct taxation. But these are questions for the professors of" Political Economy," who seem determined to deluge the world with as great a literary flood as erewhile de- scended from the clouds of religious controversy. Yet the stumbling block of money's value and use, and the " balance of trade and exchange" (the oppro- brium politicorum,) so often divide and confound them, it is feared but little more light, to discern " the right way," will be derived from their works than emanated from the voluminous polemicks in theology. But however they may resolve or ridicule these questions, I cannot doubt, that if the funds which have left this country since 1816 were returned, & our produce taken in lieu of them as formerly, the assessors' valuations would amount to nearly 400 millions, and every species of property in the State greatly exceed 500 millions in value. As matters now stand, however, we should consider, that the assessors gen- erally estimate property within the cash value ; and, also, that they cannot pos- sibly reach all that is taxable. 1. They probably include little or none of the property of the following Companies, Societies, &lc. viz. 20 for internal naviga- tion — sundry Libraries — do. Steam-boats — do. literary — do. dams, £&c. — do. bridges and turnpikes (12 millions) — over 100 relief, friendly, assistance, chari- table, religious, and bible societies — some masonick and other societies — the funds and property of the several incorporated cities and villages, and of the towns and counties — do. of colleges and academies, &c. — all holding more or less stock, capital, or estates. 2. They do not reach all the 21 millions of bank capital, and 8 millions Insurance capital. 3. Much of the 21 millions of man- ufacturing capital is exempt from taxation. And 4th — if to all this we add the property and funds of the State, all publick buildings, and other things not tax- ed, it will be obvious that the valuation of 1821 is no safe criterion of the total worth of property in the State. Of Products, not mentioned above, there are inexhaustible beds of Gypsum (or Plaster of Paris) along the line of the Erie Canal and on lakes and streams leading to it, which are already a source of considerable profit. Water-lime, a most valuable material recently discovered in great profusion in sundry coun- ties along the Erie Canal, will soon be an article of great use in constructing cellars, walls, and buildings, as, well as canals, inasmuch as it becomes equally hard and adhesive in water as in air, and impenetrable by the elements and ver- mine. Common lime, Slate of the first quality, and Iron-Ore of the best kind, are abundant. Bricks are made in every part of the State, and some quarries of good marble for buildings are worked. Coal is found in sundry places, from which good specimens have been produced. Lumber of most kinds and good quality is a source of great annual profit ; and the abundance and variety of Fish, as well in our lakes and rivers, as in our bays and harbours, yield considerable emolument to our citizens. Agricultural Societies have been formed in almost every county, the seve- ral Presidents of which (or delegates in their room) constitute a Board qfJigri- cidlure, for the promotion of agriculture and domestick manufactures infaw- ROADS, BRIDGES, BANKS, INSURANCE, &tc. 17 tliee. To These Societies #15,000 had been paid by the State previous to Ja- nuary 1821. These arrangements, and the exertions of the Society for the Pro- motion of Useful Arts, are rapidly producing great improvements in the culti- vation of our lands, in manufactures, and in the quantity and quality of our products. ROADS AND BRIDGES. In 1811 the provisions made for Roads and Bridges, besides the numerous roads and bridges authorized to be laid out, made, and built, at the risk of indi- viduals or expense of the counties, the state, or the lands benefited thereby — were S6 Bridge Companies with #509,000 stock, and 185 Turnpike Companies with #7,558,000 stock, extending their roads over a length of 4,500 miles, about one third of which was completed. At present the number of Bridge Companies {besides those above excepted, several corporations sole, and toll-bridges own- ed by individuals,) is 56, with about #850,000 stock ; and Turnpike Companies 278, with about $11,000,000 stock, and their roads extending over about 6,000 miles, of which probably two thirds or more are completed. Moreover, the grants heretofore made by the Legislature, for the construction of Roads and Bridges, amount to about #622,000. BANKS. In 1811 the Capital Stock of the several incorporated Banks was calculated at #11,690,000 ; though it was not known how much of it had actually been paid in — probably 10 millions. There are now in the State 39 incorporated Banks and Branches, besides the U. S. Branch Bank and three Savings Banks, which latter do not discount. The Charter of Mr. Jacob Barker's Exchange Bank has expired, and its business is suspended or abandoned. At the end of these Statistical remarks will be found a Bank-Table containing as many par- ticulars as I could put on a page. How much the Colleges and Academies have subscribed is unknown to me. Nor do I know how much has been paid in by individuals on the capital Stock. The State has sold out part of its stock, and now holds only #407,740. Laws have also been passed allowing nine of the Banks to reduce their stock — the Bank of America to two millions. The reduction allowed, in the nine, is #6,365,000. I know not to what extent there has been an actual reduction — probably #5,000,000 ; and as the amount authorized is #26,720,000, the present capital stock is twenty-one million — ex- clusive of the U. S. Branch Bank and the three Savings Banks. Total number of Banks and Branches 43. INSURANCE COMPANIES. Of these there are 16 in the city of New- York, and 24 in the whole State, with a Capital Stock of about eight millions of dollars in all — chiefly for Fire and Marine Insurance, though some of the Offices insure on lives, annuities, transportation, ships in harbours or docks, &lc. [Three or four of the earliest established Companies have closed their business, and are not included in the above statement.] COMMERCE AND SHIPPING. Foreign Commerce was nearly suspended during the late war, and the gene- ral peace in Europe, together with the consequent change in most of our com- mercial relations abroad, has prevented and probably will long, if not for ever, prevent its revival to an extent any way proportionate to our increased means. But the difference in this State is not so great as in most others. In 1821 there arrived at the port of New-York 912 foreign vessels — in 1794, 941. At some ports of the U. S. only about one quarter as many arrived in 1821 as in 1803. But the coasting and inland trade of New- York has increased in much greater extent than the foreign has diminished. 18 COMMERCE AND SHIPPING, U. S. REVENUE, &c. In 1807, the amount of exports from New- York to foreign countries was #26,857,963— in 1810, it was #17,202,330— and #13,691,244, in 1820, being about 1 -5th of the whole U. S. exports. In 1 803, the tonnage of this State was 149, 1 58 tons— in 1 8 1 0, it was 276,557— in 1816,309,290 besides that on the lakes— and in 1819, that of New-York Dis- trict alone was 229,190, Sag-Harbour and Hudson Districts about 7,500, and on the lakes about 5,310: in all 244,690 — considerably over l-5th of the whole owned in the United States. The unrivalled situation of the City of New-York, both for foreign and in- land trade, gives it a great preference over other ports. The establishment of regular lines of packets to Europe for freight and passage, and the increasing trade with the Southern and South Western States, have excited new enterprize in ship-building ; and the number of ships built the last year exceeds that of former times. And for strength, beauty, and excellence of workmanship, the ships now built in New- York are not exceeded by any in the world. U. S. REVENUE AND POST-OFFICES IN NEW-YORK. In 1792 the revenue on imports, &c. collected by the U. S. in this state, was #1,169,809, being a little less than l-4th of the whole paid in the U. S. In 1800 it was considerably less than l-3d — in 1810, a little more than l-3d — and in 1815, it was #14,491,739, being nearly 5-12ths do. About one third of this is derived indirectly from the trade of other states; and so is probably nearly one third of the amount of our exports. The U. S. revenue from foreign commerce, tonnage, &ic. has been greatly diminished since 1816, and was only about 15 millions and a half in 1820, nearly half of which (probably S-7ths) was collected in New- York, where upwards of a million dollars of U. S. reve- nue on imports were secured during the first six days of January 1822. The number of Post-offices in the state was 364 in 1811, being over l-7th of the whole (2,440) in the U. S. In 1 820 there were 4,030 in the U. S. and in this state there are now (Dec. 1821) 722, being about l-6th of the whole num- ber now in the U. S. U. S. MILITARY POSTS, kc. IN NEW YORK. The U. S. Military Posts, at present occupied in this state, are — Governor's Island and New-York harbour, West Point, U. S. Arsenal at Gibbonsville (in Watervliet,) Plattsburgh, Sackett's Harbour, and Fort Niagara in the town of Porter. The great cantonment at Greenbush is no longer occupied as a post. The U. S. have also an Arsenal in the city of New -York. There are also two U. S. Naval stations : one, New-York harbour, including the extensive Navy Yard at the Wallabout, in Brooklyn — the other, Sackett's Harbour, on Lake Ontario. THE GRAND CANALS. In 1810 Commissioners were appointed to explore the whole route of inland navigation from the tide-waters of the Hudson to lakes Ontario and Erie, and to report what further improvement could be made therein. It was consider- ed that the resources of the Western Inland Lock Navigation Company, of 1792, which had confined its views to the connexion of the Mohawk river, by West Wood creek and Oneida lake, to Seneca river, (and only in batteaux or boats of 8 or 10 tons,) were inadequate to improvements commensurate with the situation and convenience of the state. The Commissioners, after an ac- tual survey in person, made a favourable report in 1811, and another in 1812, estimating the cost at from 5 to 6 millions. The war, however, necessarily suspended the undertaking ; and the National Government, to which applica- tion was made, declined any co-operation in the great project, which many persons in this state opposed as impracticable, or useless if completed. But on a lucid, comprehensive, and most able memorial to the Legislature, from the city of New- York, seconded by Albany, and sundry counties in the western district, (with the expression of a favourable opinion by the legislatures of ma- THE GRAND CANALS. 19 ny of the individual states, especially Ohio, Massachusetts, Tennessee, and Vermont, and among the people of Indiana, Kentucky, Illinois, and Michigan,) such proceedings were had, that in 1816 the Commissioners re-examined the route of the Erie Canal by sections and single miles, and estimated the ex- pense of completing it, at $4,881,733. A similar examination was made with a view to connect lake Champlain with the Hudson and the Erie canal, and the expense estimated at $871,000 — making $5,052,738 for both. On considering the reports of these examinations and estimates, the legisla- ture, in the spring of 1317, established " The Canal Fund," and authorized the Commissioners to commence the Erie and Champlain canals; and on the 4tkof July, 181 7, the excavation was commenced at Rome. On the 21st October, 1819, the water was let into the Erie Canal — the next day the first boat passed on it between Rome and Utica — and on the 23d, the navigation was formally open- ed. In November following, the water was also let into the Champlain Ca- nal, and on the 24th of that month the first boat navigated it from Fort Ed- ward to Whitehall. In May, 1820, commenced the navigation of the whole Middle section of the Erie Canal, (from Utica to Montezuma on Seneca river, near its source in Cayuga lake,) a distance of 96 miles; and although toll was not taken till July, yet $5,244 were received that year. The works on the Champlain Canal not being fully completed, no toll was exacted for the con- siderable quantities of lumber, &,c. that passed through it. During the last year, (1821,) great progress has been made in opening this canal towards Wa- terford, not far from which village it will unite with the Erie Canal and the Hudson. The Erie Canal has also been completed and navigated from Utica, upwards of 27 miles, on the Eastern section, past the Little Falls ; and thence to the Hudson, much of it is excavated. On the Western section, 63 miles (from Seneca river to Rochester; ille on Genesee river) are nearly in a navi- gable state, and will be opened early next season : and the residue is under contract. And at the end of the next year, (1823,) or by July, 1824, both ca- nals will be completed and navigable ; all which, embracing an extent of 425 miles, will have been accomplished in seven years. The course, extent, dimensio7is, and navigation, of these canals, are as fol- lows : — The Erie Canal, from the Hudson, at the cities of Albany and Troy, passes through the counties of Albany, Saratoga, Schenectady, Montgomery, Herkimer, Oneida, Madison, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca, Ontario, Monroe, Genesee, Niagara, and Erie, into lake Erie at Buffalo, about 365 miles. The Champlain Canal passes from the same point, (or from the Erie Canal near it,) in Albany county, through Saratoga and Washington counties into lake Champlain at Whitehall, about 62 miles. Each canal is 40 feet wide at the water's surface, 28 at bottom, and 4 deep; and the tow-path is from 6 to 10 feet wide, and 2 to 3 feet higher than the water. They are navigated by boats, rafts of timber, &,c. which are not allowed to go faster than 5 miles an hour. The boats are from 50 or 60, to 70 or 80 feet long, and 8 to 13 wide, carrying from 40 to 70 or 80 (and even 100) tons, and drawn by one, two, three, or more horses, (all tandem,) as circumstances require, by means of a tow-rope. - There are 9 locks, (90 feet long and 14 wide,) and already upwards of 100 handsome bridges over the canal from Utica to Montezuma, which was inter- sected by more than 50 publick roads. Several aqueduct bridges or arches in some places carry the canal 20 to 30 feet above the waters passing under them. These and the locks will be more frequent on the other sections, as the summit water-level extends, (from 8 miles east of Utica to Syracuse,) without a lock or interruption, 67 miles — which is without a parallel in the world. The canals pass alternately through flourishing settlements, highly cultivated fields, rich meadows, deep forests, and morasses ; by large villages ; in sight of lakes; and over considerable rivers — presenting the greatest variety and beauty of prospect. Mile-boards are erected, and the canals handsomely fenced, as fast as finished. The packet-boats are large and commodious, having every convenience to lodge and entertain from 25 to 45 or 50 passengers each, in as good style as the steam-boats on the Hudson or Delaware ; for all which, in- cluding the passage, only 3 to 4 cents per mile is charged. Having relays of 20 THE GRAND CAINALS. horses, these boats run (night and day) 90 to 100 miles in 24 hours. The market and other boats run from 30 to 45 or 50 miles a day. Large basins or harbours (about an acre each) are made at villages and suitable stopping places, and will be multiplied as business shall increase. There are two in Uti- ca already. Toll. — The canals are the property of the state, but like turnpikes, are pub- lick highivays for all to pass (conforming to established rules) on paying toll, which is (now) permanently fixed by the constitution, including all future ca- nals, thus — for EACH MILE; viz. merchandise, 2 cents — grain, flour, pro- visions, ashes, fcc. 1 cent ; and salt, gypsum, lime, stone, bricks, iron-ore, &tc. J cent a ton — boats for transportation 1 mill each ton of their capacity ; boats for passengers, 5 cents (for all) — wood for fuel, 1 cent a cord — posts and rails for fencing, 2 cents per 1000; shingles, 1 mill do. boards and sawed stuff, 5 mills do. pipe staves, 1 cent do. hogshead do. 7 mills do. barrel do. 5 mills do. — round or square timber, 5 mills per 100 solid feet — and other articles 1 cent a ton. The amount of net revenue derived from toll on the Erie Canal in 1821 was #20,224:38— on the Champlain Canal, $1,386:84— Total $21,611:72. The Expense. — Such experience, and skill have been acquired, and such im- provements and discoveries made in various branches of the work, that al- though many alterations in the plan have been adopted, and in most of the aqueducts, arches, he. solid stone and mason work substituted for wood work as first proposed, yet the cost has fallen within the estimates of 1816. The dis- covery of water-lime not only imparted facility, durability, and security to the construction of locks, aqueducts, and embankments ; but added an important article to our items of commerce. In the first year it was found that much of the work could be done for less than the estimates ; and during the last year itwas done in some cases for half the estimated price, and in others for still less. Yet all concerned found their account in it. The estimates of 1816 put the whole of the Erie Canal at over $13,800 per mile. The Middle section was finished at an average of $11,792 per mile. This was the least expensive portion ; yet the 27 miles from Utica to Minden, including more than half the lockage to Schenectady and the mountain at the Little Falls, (the greatest obstacle on the Eastern section,) will cost but little more per mile than the Middle section. And the two canals will be finished 25 or 30 per cent belter in work, materials, and construction, than was calculated, for five millions ; or, half a million less than the estimates of 1816. Revenue, benefits, and national importance of the Canals. — It is calculated that the average-toll on every thing passing the canals, will be about equal to $5 a ton for the whole length of the Erie Canal, and less than $1 on the other. And when it is considered that the completion of the former will reduce the whole expense of transporting a ton from Buffalo to New- York (on an average as above) from $100, to 10 or $11, and that it will at once command all the trade from the borders of the four great western lakes, (nearly equal in extent to the whole sea coast of the U. S.) in addition to what will arise along the canal — there can remain no doubt, that these canals will be sources of almost as much profit to the state, as advantage and convenience to the people in their vicini- ty. Besides the agricultural products of the west part of Vermont and the north part of this state, vast quantities of timber, spars, masts, and lumber of all kinds — the excellent iron of Clinton, Essex, Warren, &tc. — and the fine mar- ble of Vermont, (most of which has heretofore been sent to Canada,) will find a better market through the Champlain Canal. Lumber and excellent tim- ber for various uses, will pass to the Hudson from the west through the Erie Canal. Great quantities of staves have already been sent to Utica and even to Albany. Salt, gypsum, and water-lime will pass on the canals to the east and north part of the state, to Vermont, and to the states south-west of the lakes. This is independent of all the ordinary productions of farms and of the mass of merchandise which must pass the canals. We must further consider the advantages the Canals will afford to manu- factures, and for barter and exchange within the state itself— the numerous excellent situations and privileges for all kinds of machinery driven by water— THE GRAND CANALS. 21 the many cities and villages that will rapidly arise on the borders of these Ca- nals* — and the immense Canal business these alone will furnish. The last sea- son property equal to about 72,000 tons passed Utica on the Erie Canal, al- though only about a quarter of its extent whs navigable, and the business only in its commencement. Upwards of 2,000 tons of shipping [boats] are already employed on this section. Some suppose 4 to 500,000 tons (reckoning both ways) will annually pass from Albany to Buffalo soon as this Canal is finished, yielding over two mil- lions toll. Others believe it will be much more But if it should be only equal to 100,000 tons, both ways, or about 1-Sd up and 2-Sdsdown, from the Hudson to lake Erie ; and if we allow the transportation and passages originating or ending between these points (which is certainly a loiv estimate) to be equal to 100,000 tons carried through the whole route — making an average of 200,000 at #5 — an annual revenue of one million will be the result, exclusive of toll on the numerous boats. Before the year 18S0 it must amount to more than this. But allow only half of it, for the first few years, and we have $500,000 yearly from the Erie Canal alone ; and it is a moderate calculation, that the toll on the Champlain CanaU and on the boats of both, will meet all expenses of both, for repairs, collecting the toll, fee. In addition to this and to the auxiliary canals already opened from Syracuse to Salina, and from the Erie Canal to the Turnpike at Chittening (1 and 1-2 to 2 mills each) the Oswego Canal from lake Ontario to unite with the E. C. by Onondaga lake at Syracuse, 32 miles, and for which examinations and es- timates have been made, will be constructed for less than #250,000, soon after the others are finished. This will extend the business of the E. C.to Oswego, Jefferson, and St. Lawrence Counties, and to Upper Canada (as the Cham- plain Canal would to lower Canada) should those countries, at some future day, be on an equal footing of freedom with us, which is not at all improbable. Another Canal to unite the E. C. with Canandaigua lake, and another with Se- neca lake and Tioga (or Chemung) river, are now in contemplation. Cayuga lake is already united with it by the head of Seneca river ; and Oneida, Owas- co, and Skaneateles lakes, might be added to the list at a small expense. And even Otsego will eventually be united with the E. C, and navigation extended through the whole country along the Susquehannah, till it receives the Tioga in Pennsylvania. If any one will examine the map of the State,f he will at once perceive that these narrow lakes — all affording easy and safe navigation, some of them 15 or 20, others 35 to 40 miles long, and most fortunately lying transversely instead of laterally with the Erie Canal — will, from their adjacent country and streams, afford a vast proportion of transportation, and sites and privileges for villages and manufactories, not taken into the account above : and, that but little of the State will be left without participation in the signal bene- fits of the Grand Canals. The completion of these auxiliary works would in- crease the revenue from Canals (above calculated) 30 per cent. And from a personal acquaintance with the soil, situation, and productions of much of the western and northern parts of the State, and with the intelligence, enterprise, and excellent habits of the inhabitants, I cannot but feel confident, that by the 2d or 3d year after opening the two Grand Canals, the net revenue (above all expenses) will be much nearer a million, than half a million, annually— and in 10 or 12 years nearer two millions. I here calculate only for the trade derived from this State and countries now doing business on or through the Great lakes. But we must add to all the above the vast trade which will come from the whole country on the Ohio river above * Lockport, a village in Niagara County, where the Erie Canal crosses the mountain ridge, contained but 3 families on the 29th of July last. On the first day of January last, (5 months later,) it contained 2 apothecary shops, 4 stores, 5 taverns, sundry groceries and victualling houses, (making 50 buildings in all,) and 337 inhabitants, with a regular weekly neics paper ! ! Syracuse, Buckville, Jordan, Brutus (at Weed's Basin,) Couastota, and other villages have already arisen on the borders of the Canal since it was commenced. t The excellent map of the late Mr. Eddy, or the correct and beautiful little map in Mr. ^pariord s Uazetteer— which are the best maps that designate recent divisions of the ter- 22 THE GRAND CANALS, OHIO, &c. the fa!!? at Louisville, when the Ohio Canal* between that river and Lake Erie (which will certainly be commenced ere long) shall be completed. The Illinois Canal, connecting lake Michigan with the Illinois and Mississippi rivers, will soon after be added to the immense chain of navigable waters ; and at no very distant day Pittsburgh and the Allegany river, and the Wabash and lake Michi- gan itself (by the St. Joseph's) will l>e connected with lake Erie and our Canal. Then, a single view of the map of the U. S. and a consideration of the differ- ence between New- York and New-Orleans in climate, market, and facility of foreign intercourse, will convince any one, that most of the country north of Nashville and New Madrid will trade with New-York. The fact, that a ton may then be transported from St. Louis or Nashville, to New-York, (via Cin- cinnati,) for between 15 and $20, and on the return for 25 to $30, (less than a third of the former cost from Buffalo to New- York,) can leave not a doubt on the mind, that chief of the trade of the Upper and Middle Mississippi, the Mis- souri, and their tributaries, with all the fur trade to the Rocky mountains, must eventually pass through the Erie Canal. If half of this anticipation should be realized, (and much of it certainly must,) who will undertake to calculate our revenue from this source ? It will by no means be confined to two or three millions annually, nor to five or six, 40 years hence. Besides soon paying off (in conjunction with the Canal Fund) whatever balance of debt, incurred by these works, may remain after their completion, it will undoubtedly enable the State to defray all the expenses of government without any future State taxes, and (in the language of the Presi- dent of the Commissioners) " to patronize literature and science — to promote education, morality, and religion — to encourage agriculture, commerce, and manufactures — and to establish the interests of human improvement upon an imperishable basis and to an incalculable extent." As promoting one of these great "interests," we can soon make loans, at moderate use, if desired, to as- sist the western States in similar undertakings. The direct benefits, moreover, which this great work will confer on a large portion of our citizens, as individuals, are immense; and, to the people of Western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, and Upper Canada, they will be but little less important.! The discoveries and experience it will disclose to our sister States for their aid in like improvements — the flood of industry it will set in motion in the interior — and the friendly intercourse and community of in- terests it will promote and cherish between the east and the west, so fondly an- ticipated by Washington, in his affectionate farewell to his countrymen, as the only effectual means of preserving the Union of the States — is above all estima- tion. In a commercial, political, moral, and social point of view, it has at once theeffectofthrovvingdown, aswiththehand of magick,the mighty Alleganyand Apalachian Mountains, heretofore the great line of national division. In point of navigation it will render the tohole Union east of the Mississippi, as it has al- ready rendered the whole of New England with part of New-York and Low- * The State of Ohio has increased in population from 45,000 in 1800, to 581,000 in 1820. She is now next to Virginia in representative population by the Census of 1820 ; and, at this moment is before Virginia in free white population, and in that respect the third State in the Union. Her population in 1830 will equal that of Pennsylvania iu 1820 ; and in 1840 to 45 she will be the second State in the Union. In Agriculture, at no very remote period she may be first, if she add, to the advantages our Erie Canal will give her, a Canal of her own through "the centre of her territory to her commercial capital. In 1819, her militia amounted to 83,000 ! t The Massachusetts " Middlesex Canal," connecting Boston harbour with the Merrimack (a river chiefly in New- Hampshire,) is 27 miles lonsr, 30 ft. wide at top, 20 at bottom, and 3 deep— and cost #470,000. The net income in 1808 was $7,000— in 1810, $14,000— in 1815, $25,000— and in 1817, $32,000. Timber in New Hampshire, which before was worth no- thing, is now worth from 1 to $3 a ton standing. In this article alone, N. Hampshire (though wholly above the Canal,) is benefited several millions ; and the price of woodland in that state has risen 3 or 4 to 10 dollars per acre. On and near the Canal the value of lands has been enhanced 100 or 200 percent, in some cases, 500: and for some distance on each side, 30 or 40 per cent. CANAL AND SCHOOL FUNDS, SCHOOLS, &c. 23 er Canada, an Island. In the words of a traveller on the Erie Canal, it will be "a monument of national munificence unparalleled in Europe or America, and matched only by the immense aqueducts of China." It will most forcibly illustrate the truth of this apothegm: — " Although men are accused of not knowing their own weakness ; yet, perhaps as few know their own strength." Other states, and perhaps the nation — perhaps even other nations — might profit by the illustration. It is solely the work of a single state, containing less than a million and a half of souls ! In the language of the Commissioners, it " ex- hibits the most impressive example of the beneficent effects of a free govern- ment upon the character of a community, which the United States have yet produced, since the adoption of the Federal Constitution." And, next to the establishment of American Independence — which led the way for the emanci- pation of so many other oppressed nations of the earth — it is the greatest achievement of the age. THE CANAL FUND. This fund was established in April, 1817, and is under the Superintendence of "the commissioners of the Canal Fund." It consists of — 1, Duties on goods sold at auction ; 2, Do. on Salt manufactured in the Western District ; S, Com- mutation for the tax on Steam-Boat passengers ; 4, Stock in theW. Inland Lock Nav. Co. 5, Canal tolls ; 6, certain contingent proceeds of lotteries ; 7, #250,000 taxes on lands adjacent to the Canals (not yet assessed); and 8, Grand Island in Niagara river, lands in the Salt Springs Reservation (valued at #500,000) and 104,632 acres of land given by companies and individuals. The last three num- bered items are as yet unproductive. The Commissioners of this Fund are authorized to borrow certain sums on the credit of the State, to repay which, the above property and revenue, as well as all the tolls, are permanently pledg- ed, first by law, and now by the Constitution. The Revenue from the Jive sources first above-named was, in 1820, #213,572. Loans and Expenditures. — The amount borrowed in 1817, 18, 19, and 20, is #1,492,500— the amount of revenue #733,826 : 94, making the receipts #2,226,- 326 : 94. During the same 4 years these Commissioners paid out in Canal expen- ditures (including interest on loans, &tc.) #2,208,758 : 12. [See Note to the Arti- cle " State Funds, Revenue, and Expenditures" — post.] The amended Constitution prohibits the legislature from selling or disposing of the Canals or the Salt Springs — these are for ever to remain the property of the State. SCHOOL FUND AND COMMON SCHOOLS. The Fund set apart by the State for the benefit of Common Schools amount- ed, in 1810, to #483,326 : 29— the previous year's revenue of which was #16,427:64— besides which 314,770 acres of unsold land then belonged to this Fund. In 1820 it amounted to #1,21 5,526 and about 25,000 acres of land, (escheated to the State,) probably worth #150,000. The Revenue was #77,141 : 58. By the amended Constitution, the proceeds of all lands belonging to this State (except such as have already been reserved or set apart to publick purposes, or ceded to the U. S.) which shall hereafter be sold, are to be added to the above fund, which is to remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which is to be applied to the support of common Schools. These lands are about 970,000 acres, valued at about #1,100,000. Also 2,228 acres along Niagara river (valuable,) 600 do. in the Oswego villages (do.) and about 39,000 do. yet in the possession of the Oneida, St. Regis, and Onondaga Indians, which will eventually fall into the hands of the State, worth #300,000, or more. There are also some mil- lions, perhaps, of unlocated lands, and much which has escheated, that will ul- timately come to this fund. Likewise Carlton and other islands. Besides this, there were early granted to sundry towns, lots for the support of the Gospel and schools— quantity and value unascertained. 24 SCHOOLS, LITERARY INSTITUTIONS, &c. Application and Effects. — The annual interest or revenue of this fund is dis- tributed according to population among the several towns, on their raising an. additional sum, equal to their quota, or greater (not exceeding double the amount,) for the same purpose. In 1816 returns were received from 338 towns, in which were 2755 school districts, from 2631 of which, district returns were received : in these 2631 districts $55,720, were received and distributed, and 140,106 children instructed. The returns for 1820 {none from Richmond County) were from 545 towns, in which there are 6,332 sch. dist. From 5,489 of these, district returns were received : $146,418 were received and distribut- ed, and 304,559 children taught therein. No. of children between 5 and 15 residing in said 5,489 districts, 317,633. The returns not being from the whole state, nor yet altogether perfect, the money distributed is not all stated — it must have been $160,000, besides local funds from lands previously set apart for schools, &c. as above mentioned. More children, also, were probably instructed than are returned. The pro- portion actually instructed \n these schools, compared with the whole residing in the districts, was, by the return, in 1815, as 4 to 5 — in 1818, as 8 to 9 — and in 1820, as 24 to 25. The money from the School fund is sufficient to support these schools three months in the year ; and when they continue on the town- money, poor children are still generally allowed to attend. And the Superin- tendent of Common Schools justly remarks, that the number of children who do not attend some school, or otherwise receive some education, is very small . — and, that "of the rising generation in this state, very few will arrive to matu- rity without the enjoyment and protection of a common education." All this includes but little of the ci'ty of New-York, where districts are not formed ; but whatever portion of the school fund revenue is distributed there, goes to some schools set up by sundry charitable or religious societies and churches. The Economical School, and a great many Lancaster and excel- lent Free Schools, in that city, are otherwise supported, by some direct grants of the legislature, by societies and donations in the city, and other sources. There are in that city vast numbers of excellent private schools, and many charity and sunda}' schools. Such is the case, too, in the cities of Albany, Troy, Schenectady, and Hudson; and in Brooklyn, Poughkeepsie, Utica, New- burgh, and other large villages. There are Lancaster Schools established also in Albany, Troy, Schenecta- dy, Hudson, Poughkeepsie, Catskill, and many other places ; and sundry ether grammar schools incorporated in different parts of the state — all in ad- dition to the common schools. UNIVERSITY AND LITERATURE FUND. The " fund for the promotion of Literature," in 1820, amounted to$13S,S17, besides 3,519 acres of land worth 25 or 30,000 dollars. There are also funds in the hands and under the direction of "The Regents of the University," who have the general superintendence of colleges and academies, $45,1 15. To the Regents have also been granted, for the bfnefit of Columbia and Union Colle- ges Governor's Island in New-York harbour, considerable tracts of land at Ti- con'deroga and Crown Point, and 1,724 acres at Lake George. The annual revenue of this fund is about $5,000. COLLEGES, ACADEMIES, LITERARY INSTITUTIONS— STASE MUNIFICENCE. 1. Columbia College, in the city of New- York, to which has been granted at sundry times about $281,000, besides the Botanic Garden (called $84,000, but not available to a third of that sum,) and its portion of the lands above mentioned. , , 2. Union College, in the city of Schenectady— similar grants to about $418,500, exclusive of its portion of the last mentioned lands. 3. Hamilton College, at the village of Clinton in the town of Paris, Oneida county— similar grants to about $106,000. [The residue of its funds were made up by donations and subscriptions— amount unknown.] LITERARY INSTITUTIONS AND GRANTS RELIEF, &c. 25 \* " Washington College," to be established on Staten-Island, for which a charter was conditionally granted, has not been organized. 4. The College of Physicians and Surgeons in the city of New-York — grants amounting to $35,000. 5. The College of Physicians and Surgeons in the Western District, at Fair- field, Herkimer county — do. #1 5,000. 6. A College, on an extensive plan, for the education of each sex in sepa- rate buildings, has been founded at Ithaca in Tompkins county, and large build- ings begun — relying, as yet, on donations and contributions. 7. Presbyterian Theological Seminary, at Auburn, Cayuga county — 1819. 8. General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States, in the city of New- York, united with the Seminary of this Diocess — 1821. 9. Branch of the same Seminary at Geneva, Ontario county. 10. Hartwick Literary and Theological Seminary, at Hartwick, Otsego county — 1816. 11. Academies, chartered by the Regents of the University, at Albany, Au- burn, Ballston, Blooming-Grove, East-Hampton, Kinderhook, Canandaigua, Aurora (Cayuga county,) Cattskill, Cherry-Valley, Cambridge, Poughkeepsie, Delhi, Flatbush (Kings county,) Fairfield, Goshen, Greenville (Greene county,) Geneva, Hudson, Johnstown (Montgomery county,) Kingston, Lansingburgh, Lowville, Montgomery (Orange county,) Newburgh, North- Salem, Ononda- ga, Cooperstown, Oxford (Chenango county,) Oyster-bay, Plattsburgh, Pom- pey, Schenectady, Potsdam, Jamaica, Salem (Washington county,) Warwick, anil Whitesborough — 58. The Legislature has also incorporated an Academy at Mount Pleasant; Female Academies, at Waterford, Cattskill, and Albany ; and The Wesleyan Seminary (for both sexes) in the city of New-York — 5. There are also Academies at Huntington, New Rochelle, Bedford (West-Cbes- ter county,) Orange-town, Claverack, Waynesburgh (Rockland county,) White Creek, Hyde-Park, Granville, Middlebury, Waddington, fl*d Union Village (Washington county,) 12 : and, at sundry other places, a?;out25 more, from which I have no particular information — making about 70 hi all. [And the United States' Military Academy is at West Point, Qr^>ge county, in this State.] Some of these Academies, particularly that in Mf'^J, have two or threr able Professors, besides the Principal, and are Lw«dsomely endowed, by So- cieties and individuals. From the " Literature fund" the Regents have alrea- dy distributed among these Academies $67,000— chiefly to the first 38. 12. There is also the Institution in the city of New- York for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, to which the S^te has granted #22,500, and #2,500 more annually. The American AcMemy of Fine Arts, to which #20,000 have been granted, with the privilege 4 holding estate to the value of $5,000 an- nually* The New- York ffi^orical Society — The Lyceum of Natural Histo- ry, (and similar institutions -*t Troy and Cattskill)--The Literary and Philoso- phical Society The Or*a an Asylum Society — The JVcw- York Hospital (in- cluding the establishment of the Lunutick Asylum, &c. kc.) — and many others to some or all of vvliich, the Legislature has, at sundry times, granted money to the amount of 700 or 800 thousand dollars. And to these latter miscellaneous state-charities may be added, 550,000 to the sufferers by the late war on the Niagara river — about #40,000 annually to vari- ous other purposes of improvement or relief— #10,000 annually towards the support of foreign poor in the city of New- York— and #14,500 annually to the * " The American Academy of Language and Belles Leitres," (which some publications have inadvertently confounded with that of the " Fine Arts,") was projected by some literary gentlemen in the city of New-York, and is established on a broad basis, well calculated to promote the best interests of education and free government, and to elevate the literary cha- racter of the country. But, as it is a general (or more properly national) institution, witu members in every suite, and some of its most learned and efficient friends in the extreme parts of the Union, its locatiou, I understand, is not yet definitively settled. News-papers and Printing, —There are published in the State 99 pubhek papers wecA/';— i 4 26 STATE MUNIFICENCE, FUNDS, REVENUE, he. Indians in this state.* Moreover, many legislative acts of assistance or indem- nity have been passed in favour of skill and merit— many immunities bestowed to foster useful ingenuity. The state has throughout protected Fulton and Livingston in the rights and extensive privileges it granted for the invention or improvement of the Steam-Boat, which has formed a new era in the inter- course of the world. And during the Revolution, the state set apart an im- mense body of the first land in the Union, called the " Military Tract," to re- ward those who fought the battles of their country. Perhaps the world will yet believe that all republicks are not always ungrateful — or, at least, not al- ways ungenerous. STATE FUNDS, REVENUE, AND EXPENDITURES. In 1810—11. The Revenue and Expenditures of the State were, in the abstract, as follows : — Lands, about 1,000,000 acres unsold : and State Funds $4,191,803 : 25, (in 1800 about #2,900,000 : 00) the annual revenue of which is now #278,489 : 96 — besides which the Receipts at the Treasury, from various other sources, were, for the year 1810, #626,042 : 88 (for 1791 #127,648 ; for 1800 #192,028 : 71)— and during the same time were paid out #606,328 : 22 (in 1791 #143,417 : 64, and in 1800 #261,765 : 03.) Estimated expenses for 1811, #268,366 : 22. Debts which the State owed, besides some small unliquidated demands, #880,000 (in 1800, #346,234 : 98.) Which (exclusive of the School Fund and Land, and of the 1,000,000 acres publick lands above named) gave about #30,000 annual excess of revenue over expenditures, and a permanent fund ex- ceeding the publick debt #3,311,803 : 25. In 1820—21. Since 1811, much of the State funds has been set apart for particular objects included under some of the foregoing heads; and undertaking the Canals, and other works, together with making considerable grants to sundry institutions, has necessartiy consumedmuch publick money. All the Za?i 22404 [ 32686 45266 47775 51412 46615 Oneida*** J 22047 33828 50997 Ontario 1 107S 15218 42026 61185 New-York 11 2116? 5 23614 S3131 00489 96372 123706 Total, m i 16333( 238904 34012C 586141 959049 1372812 33 COMMON SCHOOLS, 1821.— VALUATION. Note.— The 1st column of figures in this Table exhibits the No. of towns and cities— The 2d, the No. of School-districts in the towns which have made reports to the Secretary of State, who is now, ex officio, Superintendent of Common Schools — The 3d, the No. of districts which have reported — The 4th, the average No. of months schools were kept — The 5th, the amount (in dolls.) of money rec'd in the districts which have reported — The 6th, the No. of children taught in such districts — The 7th, the No. of do. between 5 aud 15, residing in same districts — The 8th and last, the amount of the Assessors' Valuation of real and personal pro- perty, in dollars — All for 1321. V* Hamilton county is included in Montgomery ; and the Valuations for Rich' mond and Franklin are only estimates, the returns not being received. Albany 8 121 120 JO 4862 6758 7600 7484647 Allegany 11 83 63 769 2280 2341 816984 Broome 8 123 99 7 1711 4393 4079 1747397 Cattaraugus 10 1702549 Cayuga 13 181 175 8 4911 11287 11217 2591726 Chautauque 11 128 85 6 975 3868 3331 1G98415 Chenango 17 226 201 7 4550 11220 9551 3231330 Clinton 6 48 41 8 1373 2199 2434 1298322 Courtlandt 10 116 106 7 2396 6063 5462 1790964 Columbia 14 171 157 10 4744 8487 9670 6612886 Delaware 17 176 156 7 3400 8061 7683 3801970 Dutchess 16 212 193 10 6860 10239 10872 11964749 Erie 13 105 74 6 1253 3726 3566 2208928 Essex 14 92 87 7 1825 3885 3838 965079 Franklin 6 35 32 7 639 1340 1314 600000 Genesee 26 235 228 7 2840 11829 10156 4694634 Greene 10 102 92 9 2728 4374 5915 4433874 Herkimer 15 159 144 8 4349 9278 9230 5183913 Jefferson 18 165 139 7 3071 8444 8000 2483671 Kings 6 17 17 10 1063 662 2515 3513164 Lewis 8 57 54 6 1043 3005 2803 1598689 Livingston 12 113 91 7 1740 5110 5391 2177901 Madison 12 172 162 8 4848 11600 9851 3192165 Montgomery 15 186 169 8 5354 9389 11333 5076345 Monroe 14 159 143 7 2522 3610 7955 3249194 New- York 1 14738 6609 68285070 Niagara 7 40 22 6 169 1184 1130 1184547 Oneida 21 267 242 8 6831 15894 14491 5869632 Ontario 21 325 235 8 6379 17737 17513 6358473 Onondaga 12 203 199 8 5816 12968 12866 2952400 Orange 11 172 154 10 5482 8177 11299 7792753 Oswego 12 100 75 7 1283 3691 3275 1422519 Otsego 21 256 250 8 6257 14622 13443 4919378 Putnam 5 65 56 7 1441 2420 3210 1746602 Queens 6 55 53 11 2867 2127 5169 5876775 Rensselaer i4 172 163 10 5659 10577 11801 6634920 Richmond 4 17 17 11 870 777 1844 670000 Rockland 4 34 27 10 1050 1339 2252 1856404 Saratoga 19 182 181 9 1910 10297 10663 5324310 St. Lawrence j. 17 137 100 6 1249 4186 3992 1864089 Schenectady 6 44 43 9 1193 2328 2735 1845850 Schoharie 9 123 108 9 2997 5669 6697 2534937 Seneca 7 124 91 8 3186 6575 6581 3193266 Steuben 15 156 136 6 1943 5645 5956 1654097 Sullivan 7 54 48 & 1129 1969 2308 1325171 Suffolk 9 108 92 7 2430 5003 5276 4889474 Tioga 9 131 98 7 1808 4654 4563 1959604 Tompkins 7 105 100 7 3621 6872 7021 1332240 Ulster 13 114 107 9 3791 5184 7529 2259716 Warren 9 64 52 6 890 2175 2376 1098767 Washington 16 231 216 7 5684 12711 11599 4997021 West-Chester 21 143 139 3 3673 5482 7624 8105942 Grand Total 613 6,659 5,882 8 157,195 332,979 S39,258 241,983,532| 34 BANKS IN THE STATE OF NEW-YORK. [IO= See Article, " BANKS," on page 17, ante.'] Title of Bank. 1 Bank of New-York 2 Bank of Albany 3 Bank of Columbia 4 Manhattan Company 5 Farmers' Bank G New- York State Bank 7 Merchants' Bank 8 Mohawk Bank 9 Bank of Hudson 10 Mechanicks' Bank in ] the city of N. York \ 11 Union Bank 12 Mechanicks' Si Far- ' mers' Bank in the city of Albany ' 13 Bank of Troy 14 JlnOffi.ce of Discount j &, Deposit of Do. at < 15 Middle District Bank 16 An Office of Discount j Si Deposit of Do. at < 17 Bank of Newburgh 1 3. An Office of Discount j St Deposit of Do, at < 19 Bank of Utica 20 AnOffice of Discount \ &, Deposit of Do. at \ 21 Bank of America 22 Phoenix Bank 23 City Bank of N.York 24 Ontario Bank 25 Branch of Do. at 26 Bank of Lansingburgh 27 Cattskill Bank 28 Bank of Orange Co. 29 Bank of Niagara 30 Jefferson Co. Bank 31 Bank of Geneva 32 Bank of Auburn 33 BankofWashington \ and Warren \ 34 Bank of Pittsburgh 35 Greene County Bank 36 Central Bank 37 Bank of Chenango 38 Franklin Bank of the ) city of New-York £ 39 Bank for Savings in \ the city of N. York $ 40 Albany Savings Bank 41 Bank for Savings in the village of Utica 42 North River Bank of the city of N. York 43 Office of Discount fy Depositof theU.S.B. When in corporat- ed. 1791 1792 1793 1799 1801 1803 1305 1807 1808 1810 1811 do. do. do. do. 1812 Amount ol Stock au- thorized. Ot which state sub- cribed. 1120000 360000 200000 2050000 345000 680000 1470000 205000 325000 2000000 1800000 630000 30000 550000 50000 65000 45000 20000 50000 30000 180000 180000 5000 15000 550000 450000 1000000 do. 6060800 do. 700000 do. J200000I 1813 500000 do. do. do. 240000 400000 400000 1816 400000 do. 1817 do. do. do. 1818 do. do. do. 1819 1820 1821 do. 1816 400000 400000 400000 400000 300000 90000 200000 200000 500000 50000 50000 00800 20000 Do Uoll &. Acad may sub 55000 55000 20000 15000 40000 40000 10000 20000 500000 S Cap. of mother bank at f I Philad. 35,000,000 > Place ivhere. New- York Albany Hudson New-York Troy Albany New-York Schenectady Hudson New-York Do. Albany- Troy Waterford Poughkeepsie Kingston Newburgh Ithaca Utica Canandaigua New-York Do. Do. Canandaigua Utica Lansingburgh Cattskill Goshen Buffalo Adams Geneva Auburn Sandy Hill Plattsburgh Cattskill Cherry-Valley Norwich New- York Do. Albany Utica New-York Do. NEW-YORK [City,]*f containing Ten Wards, which in elec- tions, taxes, &c. constitute Ten Towns ; and 74 places of pub- lick worship ; and 2 Colleges. So NEW-YORK CITY AND COUNTS, (being Manhattan or York Island, with Blackwell's, Manning's, Great and Little Barn, and other small islands, in York Bay and East River,) Is bounded N. by Hudson's river and West-Chester Co. E. by Spuyten Devil creek orHaer- lem river, and by low water mark on the Long-Island side of East river; S. by East river and York Bay ; and W. by the New-Jersey line on Hudson's river ; containing 123,700 inliabUants, ol whom 516 are Slaves. Towns. Inhab. Villages and other places. ( flcer/eni ; f . 136 Bloomingdak ; 139 Manhattanville ; 1 35 Elgin [Botanick Garden;] 140 Inclebergh ; Peterslield ; Rose Hill ; Bellevue ; Mount Vernon ; 140 Haerlem Heights ; Fort Washington at ) Mount Washington ; £ > 123,706 ) Fort Prince ; Fort Tryon ; Fort George ; North Fort ; Fort Gansevoort ; 142 Fort Wood, on Bedlow's Island ; 140 Crown Fort, on Ellis's Island ; Fort Columbus and ) ^ , T , , Castle Williams, on \ Governor's Island; Castle Clinton, or West Battery ; 144 Bussing's Point ; Kingsbridge ; 130 Hell-Gate ; 137 Corlaer's Hook ; 144 Kip's Bay ; 141 [ Greenwich, (a) (a) This village is now nearly merged in the compact City itself, and will soon lose its distinctive character and name in the general mass of population and buildings. The rapid march of improvement has also swept away " Richmond Hill" and other eminences, cover- ing their sites with streets and dwellings. , ROCKLAND COUNTY Is bounded N. W. by Orange Co. E. by Hudson's river, which separates it from West-Ches- ter Co. and S. W. by New-Jersey ; and contains 3,837 inhabitants, of whom 124 are Slaves. Rivers, fyc. — Part of Hudson's, Hackinsack, Passaick, and Ramapough rivers; the Slote creek, &.c. Mountains, fyc. — Part of the Highlands, Nyak Hills, &,c. Towns. Inhab. Villages and other places. 3 Clarkstown ; f 130 New City, at Rockland Court-House ; * Slaughter's Landing ; [ Verdrietige Hook. f 2 Ramapough ; f j New Antrim ; Kakiak ; I Dater's Works. Wayntsburgh ,• Suffernsville ; Gibraltar ; Old Fort Clinton ; Smith's Landing ; Stoney Point ; Dunderbergh. Tappan; f Slote Landing ; Nyak ; Greenbush. Clarkstown Hampstead Haverstraw f Orangetown \ 1G03 2072 2700/ 2257 128 126 JIG 114 121 120 127 127 36 Towns. Brookhaven t 5218 SUFFOLK COUNTY, (on Long-Island,) Is bounded N. by L. I. Sound, E. and S. by the Ocean, and West by Queens County ; and contains 24,272 inhabitants, of whom 323 are Slaves. Bays, fyc. — Huntington Bay, Gardeuer's do. Great Peconick do. Great West do. Great South do. Shinnecaugh do. Toad do. Bull- Head do. Mecoxdo. Quonick do. Drown Meadow do. Setauket do. Stoney Brook harbour, Aeabontick do. Three mile do. Ronconcoma Pond, Sagg Pond, &c. Rivers, fyc. — Peconick, Connecticut, Patchogue, Nissaquague, Conetquot, and Oriwauke rivers — Mattatuck creek, &c. Inhab. Villages and other places. '2 Setauket ;\ 202 3 Patchogue ; -j- , 204 3 Stoney Brook ; 200 Millers Place : 210 Coram ; 204 Old Man's ; 207 Moriches ; f 126 Fireplace (or Carman's ;) f 212 Middle Isla7id (or Middletoion ;) f 207 West Middle Island (or New Settlement ;) 3 Drown Mt adoio ; \ 204 Rocky Point ; 213 JVeio Village, (or West Fields;) Blue Point ; Brookfield, on St. George's Manor ; Old Field (or Sharp) Point ; Smith's Point at Mastick ; "Crane Neck ; Mount Misery ; 206 Squantick ; Bald Hill. S East- Hampton ;f 256 Ammeganset ; Accobonnuck ; Wenseoat ; North West ; Gardiner's Island ; Montauk [Point ;] « Napeage Harbour. '2 Huntington;} 184 2 Babylon, or Huntington South ; 3 Queens Village, on Lloyd's Neck ; Cold Spring Harbour; Crab Meadow (or the Hook ;) f ' Half- Hollow Hills ; Cow Harbour ; Dixhills ; f Commack ; Eaton's Neck ; West Hills. 3 Islip ; 195 Nichols's Patent ; Oak, Cap Tree, Grass, and Fire Islands, f 3 Riverhead (and Suffolk C. H.) * t 2S4 Wading River ; ' Ocquebogue ; Baiting Holloic. East-Hampton 1616 Huntington 4944 f 182 Islip f Riverhead 1156 1857 J7 Towns. SUFFOLK COUNTY Continued. Inbab. Villages and other places. (3 The Branch (C. C. O.) Smithtown f Southhold 195 2868 •{ South-Hampton 4229 < Shelter-Island Hauppausrue ; Mills's Pond; 197 1874 \ Head of th^ Harbour at Sherriwaugh ; The River, or Philips' s Mills ; 192 Winnecomick. Southhold ; f 244 Sterling ; Mattatuck ,*f Oyster Pond Point ;\ 259 Cutchogue ; f Fisher's, Robin, Plum, Gull, Ram, ? and Little Hog Neck Islands : £ Harshamomoque. 1 Sagg-Harbour [inc.] (Dep. C. C. 0.)+ 244 3 Bridge- Hampton ; f West-Hampton ; j 3 South- Hampton ; \ Flanders ; Sagg ; Mecoxe ; Canoe-Place ; Hog's Neck ; Shinnecaugh Plains ; Speyunk ; Qjiogue ; Beaverdam. 389 Shelter and Great Hog Neck Islands, 244 RICHMOND COUNTY, (being Staten Island,) Is bounded N. by Newark Bay or Arthur Kull Sound, E. by York Bay, S. by the ocean, and W. by the aforesaid Bay or Sound, which separates it from New-Jersey ; and contains 6,135 inhabitants, of whom 532 are slaves. Creeks, fyc. — Fresh-kill and other small creeks. Towns. Castletown f Northfield Southfield Westfield Inhab. Villages and other places. ' 1 Tompkinsville, at the > Quarantine Ground ; £ [ Clove Hills. > Shooter's Island & Meadows ; \ Blazing Star Ferry. ■ 2 Richmond ;* (a) 3 Old Town; Fort Richmond, Fort Hudson, & Fort Tompkins ; Signal Hill ; Great Kills. Prince's Bay ; Manees Point ; Ward's Point ; Smoaking Point; \, Amboy Ferry. (a) Part of the village of Richmond is in Northfield. 1527 1980 1012 1616 at the Narrows. 151 157 154 3« 166 17S OJ/EENS COUNTY, (on Nassau or Long-Island,) Is bounded N. by Long-Island Sound, E. by Suffolk Co. S. by the Ocean, and W. by Kings Co. and East river ; and contains 21,519 inhabitants, of whom 559 are slaves. Bays, fyc. — Rockaway, Parsonage, Merrick, Jerusslem, Cow, Jamaica, Oys- ter, and Little Neck Bays ; Hempstead Harbour, Oyster Bay do. Cold Spring do. Flushing Bay ; Newtown Creek, &c. Towns. Inhab. Villages and other places. f2 Flushing [inc.] f 159 Whitestone ; Black Stump; Flushing 2230 (b) , late Breakabeen. J ' 3 Livingstonville ; j Gilboa. f Lawyersville. f Towns. Inhab. Blenheim t 1826 Broome 2680 Cobelskill f Carlisle t Jefferson 2440 1583 1573 Middleburgh 3782 Schoharie 3820 Sharon Summit. 3982 1468 43 S& 41 Strasburgh. 3 Middleburgh Bridge ; f West Middleburgh. f 1 Schoharie [C. H.] * t 2 Esperance [inc.] at ? , Schoharie Bridge ; I ' 3 Sloansville. f Beekmanville.. 40 38 44 34 26 30 47 RENSSELAER COUNTY Is bounded N. by Washington Co. — E. by Vermont and Massachusetts. — S. by Colwmbia Co. and W. by Hudson's river, which separates it from Albany and Saratoga counties; and contains 40,153 inhabitants, of whom 483 are slaves. Rivers, Creeks, fyc. — Part of Hudson's river, and part of Hosick river ; Poes- ten-kill, Wynans-kill, Little Hook creek, Quacken-kill, Tomhanick creek, Sankanissick creek, Moordenaars-kill, Tackewassick-kill, Tierken-kill, &c. Sand-lake, &tc. &c. Mountains, Sfc. — Petersburgh and Hosick mountains. Towns. Berlin Brunswick Greenbush Grafton Hosick t Inbab. 1986 2318 2764 1611 3372 3 Berlin, f Villages and other places. Lansingburgh 2035 Nassau 2873 Petersburgh f 2248 Pittstown 3372 Stephentown f 2593 Sand Lake 3302 Schodack 3493 Schaghticoke f 2522 TROY [city] * \ 5264 C 3 Greenbush [inc.] f < Bath ; ( U. S. Cantonment. S3 Hosick Falls ; Hosick 4 Corners ; Mapletown. < 2 Lansingburgh [inc.] ? , \ with 4 churches. \ T X 3 JYassau ; \ I Brainerd's Bridge, f Rensselaer's Mttls. ( Pittstown ; f I Tomhanick. | ( 3 Sand Lake ; t < 3 Rensselaer ; ( Poeslenkill. X Schodack Landing ; t I Castlelon. t 1 3 Schaghticoke Point ; \ Spiegel-Town. C Four Wards — and 6 churches 2 Mount Ida Falls ; ( Wynans-kill. 15 11 1 1 2 17 30 29 83 8 11 25 21 18 cist 10 12 9 8 20 11 6 7 CLINTON COUNTY Is bounded N. by Lower Canada — E. by Lake Champlain, which separates it from Vermont — S. by Essex Co. and W. by Franklin county ; and contains 12,070 inhabitants, of whom 2 are slaves. Rivers, fyc. — Big and Little Chazy rivers, Little Sable river, Saranac river, part of Great Sable river, &c. Lakes, Bays, 8fc. — Part of Lake Champlain, Chateaugay lake, the pond at Chazy head, Cumberland Bay in Lake Champlain, &c. Towns. Beekmantown Champlain Chazy Mooers Plattsburgh Peruj Inhab. 1340 1616 2313 567 3519 2710 Villages and other places. ( 2 Champlain ; ♦ \ Point au Fer ; ^ Rouse's Point. ( 3 Chazy ; \ I Duerville. ( 1 Plattsburgh [inc.] * f J Salmon River ; Cumberland Head ; Crab Island. Union Village ; Hackstaff's Mills ; Peru Landing ; Valcour Island. 102 196 186 180 190 170 166 162 163 48 WASHINGTON COUNTY Is bounded N. W. by Lake George, which separates it from Warren Co.— N. by Essex Co. and by Poultney river, which separates it from Vermont — E. by Lake Champlain and Vermont — S. by Rensselaer Co. — W. by Hud- son's river (which separates it from Saratoga Co.) and by Warren Co. and contains 38,831 inhabitants, of whom 150 are slaves. Rivers, Creeks, fyc. — Part of Hudson's, Poultney, Pawlet and Hosick rivers ; Batten-kill river ; [North] Wood creek ; Moses, East, White, and Black creeks, part of Half Way brook, k.c. Lakes, fyc. — Part of Lakes George and Champlain, Big Pond, South Bay, &c. Villages and other places. 3 Argyle;\ 45 Fort Miller. ] 43 Cambridge ; \ 35 Buskirk's Bridge, f Part of Union Village. 33 3 Fort-Ann [inc.] f 60 Fort-Edicard. \ 52 2 Union Village [inc.] 34 Franklinton. 35 Granville ; ] 60 3 Fairvale, or North-Granville. j 61 South- Granville. 55 70 Towns. Argyle Cambridge Easton t Fort-Ann Fort-Edward Greenwich f Granville Inhab. 2811 2491 3051 2911 1613 3197 3727 Hampton Hartford \ Hebron t Jackson t Kingsburyf Putnam Salem Whitehall White-Creek 963 2493 2754 2004 2203 892 2985 2341 2377 East Hartford ; West Hartford. West Hebron. | 2 Sandy-Hill [inc.] * \ Kingsbury. Hutton's Bush. 1 Salem [inc.] * \ 2 Whitehall [inc.] \ Little White-creek ; Walloomscoick. 54 52 76 46 70 36 WARREN COUNTY Is bounded N. by Essex Co. — E. by Lake George and Washington Co. — S. by Hudson's river and Saratoga Co. and W. by Hamilton Co. and contains 9,453 inhabitants, of whom 7 are slaves. Rivers, Creeks, o/c. — Part of Hudson's river, part of the North branch of the same, part of Schroon river, part of East Stoney creek, part of Half Way brook, &c. Lakes,Sfc. — Part of Lake George, part of Schroon lake ; Brandt lake, Friends lake, Loon lake, French pond, &c. Mountains, &fc. — Crane's mountain, Canada and Oak mountains, North West Bay and Tongue mountains, the mountains around Lake George, and much other mountainous country. Villages and other places. Towns. Inhab. Athol 570 Bolton f 1087 Caldwell Chester | Hague \ Johnsburgh Luzerne f Queensbury Warrensburgh r23 1013 514 727 1430 2433 956 Narrows of Lake George. Caldicell ; * t Fort George, and Fort Wm. Henry. Chester. Natural Stone Bridge. 2 Glen's Foils. 67 70 62 83 90 88 85 55 53 72 49 SARATOGA COUNT* Is bounded N. by Warren and Washington Counties, N. and E. by Hudson's river, which separates it from Washington Co. S. by Mohawk river, (which separates it from Albany and a part of Schenectady Co.) and also by the north line of Schenectady Co. and W. by Montgomery and Hamilton Go's, and contains 36,052 inhabitants, of whom 123 are slaves. Rivers, Creeks, fyc. — Part of Hudson's, Mohawk, and Sacondaga rivers ; Kayaderassoras, Fish, and Glowegee creeks ; part of Chuctenunda creek ; Snock kill, Anthony's kill, Dwars kill, Mourn kill, part of Aelplaats kill, &c. Lakes, Sfc. — Saratoga, Long, and Round Lakes : Owl Pond, &.c. Mountains, fyc. — The Kayaderassoras mountains, and other hilly country in the northern parts of the county. Inbab. Villages aud other places. ( 3 Ballston ; t 23 2047 I Ballston Hill (old C. H.) / Burnt Hills. Towns. Ballston Concord f 571 Charlton 1953 3 Charlton, f 24 Corinth 1490 Edinburgh f 1469 55 Greenfield t 3024 37 Gal way Hadley 2579 798 Galway. f Hadley, at Jessup's Landing, f ( The Borough; Middletoion ; f S3 56 17 IS Halfmoon 4024 £ Valley Forge. t 2 Essex ; t < Brookfield ; t ( Split Rock, t 3 Jay. t C Elba Iron Works ; < Great Plains ; ( The Flatts. Mount Discovery. Dorninick. < Moriah ; t I Pendleton. ( 3 Ticonderoga ; f 1 Fort Ticonderoga ; j Mount Defiance ; ^ Mount Hope. 3 Westport. t 3 Willsborough. f 159 12S 130 139 150 142 156 115 112 130 145 BROOME COUNTY Is bounded N. by Courtlandt Co. E. and N. by Chenango Co. E. by Delaware Co. and river ; S. by Pennsylvania, and W. by Tioga Co. and contains 14,343 inhabitants, of whom 25 are slaves. Rivers, Creeks, &r. — Part of the Delaware, Susquehannah, Chenango, Tioughniogha and Otselick rivers : part of Owego creek : Nanticoke, Oghquago, and Chocoanut creeks. [Some mountainous country.] Towns. Berkshire f Chenango Colesville (a) Lisle Owego Sanford (a) Union Windsor (a) f Inbab. 1502 2626 3053 1741 2037 3354 Villages and other places. Westville. I Binghamton [inc.] — \ at Chenango Point ; \ 3 Colesville ; t 1 Harpersville. t ] 3 Lisle ; t Chenango Forks, f 2 Owego. t Randolph, t Union ; t Nanticoke ; t Chocoanut. 3 Oghquago. t *t 160 148 125 121 132 170 127 150 154 128 fa) The population of Sanford and Colesville is included in that of Windsor. Inliab. 51 MONTGOMERY COUNTY Is bounded N. by Hamilton Co.— E. by Saratoga Co.— S. by Schenectady, Schoharie, and Otsego Counties, and W. by Herkimer Co. and contains 37,569 inhabitants, of whom 349 are slaves. Rivers, Creeks, &c— Part of Mohawk river, part of Sacondaga river, part of Schoharie river or creek, part of East Canada creek, Garoga creek, Stoney creek, Otsquago creek, Chuc- tenunda creek, West Stoney creek, Canajoharie creek, Nowadaga creek, &c. Lakes, Ponds, fy-c. — Lakes or ponds at the head waters of East Canada and Garoga creeks, and other ponds in the north west part of the county. [Some part of the country is mountainous, near the Mohawk, and in the north west part of the county.] Villages and other places. 3 Amsterdam ; f Fort Johnson. Fonda's Bush. 3 Voorheisville ; f Smilhstown ; Corrystown. f 3 Canajoharie ; f Bowman's creek ; { Frey's Bush. Florida ; f Warren's Bush ; Fort Hunter — at } Old Mohawk Town. S Amsterdam S171 Broadalbin f 2428 Charleston f 5365 Canajoharie 4677 Florida 2745 17 3d 38 40 50 35 SS ( 1 Johnstown [inc.] * f j 3 Caughnawaga ; f Johnstown Bfayfield Minden f Northampton Oppenheim Palatine Stratford 6527 <{ 2025 1954 Kingsborough ; Tripe's Hill ; Albany Bush ; ( The Nose. J 2 Mawsonsville [inc.] f ) May field, f \ Fort Plain ; I Otsequago. f 3 Northampton — at ) , the Fish House ; \ ' 1291 •{ Cranberry Creek ; f Mount Joy ; Great Fly (or Vlaie.) St. Johnsville. f (2 Palatine ;| | S Stone Arabia ; (Indian Settlement.) £ Boonville. | Bridgewater. | Taberg. \ Deerfield. ( 3 Clinton — seat of ? , Hamilton College. £ ' Paris- Hill ;| Hanover ; Saughquoit ; f Paris Furnace ; t Brothertown (Ind. Vil.) Manchester, f Rome — on the site ? r . -, # , of Fort Stanwix. $ Linc,J T WrighVs Settlement. JVaterville ; Sangerfield (centre.) j Steuben, f Trenton — alias ) r . -. , Oldenvarneveldt. J LlnC-J T Utica- ron the site oQ Fort Schuyler, (C. C. \ [inc.] \ O.) with 4 churches. ) 112 114 120 85 92 104 118 102 104 106 98 117 108 96 94 108 93 CS Vernon ; f 110 Vernon 2707 ] Oneida Castleton (Ind. Vil.) > , and P. O. called " Oneida." 5 T 114 ( ( t Verona ; t 112 Skenandoa ; j 115 Verona 2447 i Fort Royal — at > Wood creek Landing ; y Fort Bull ; 121 Fort Rickey. Vienna \ 1307 125 Westmoreland 2791 Hampton. \ 107 (2 fVhitesborough [inc.] * f 96 "Whitestown 5219 1 a i JYew- Hartford ; \ Middle Settlement ; Oriskany. t 96 98 102 Western f 2237 Elmer's. | 116 55 JEFFERSON COUNTY Is bounded N. W. by St. Lawrence river and the Thousand Islands, N. and N. E. by St. Lawrence Co. E. by Lewis Co. S. by Oneida Co. and W. by Lake Ontario ; and contains 32,952 inhabitants, of' whom 5 are slaves. Rivers, Creeks, fyc.— Part of Biack, Indian, and Owegatchie rivers ; Chaumont river ; Stoney Creek, North Big Sandy creek, Soutli Big- Sandy creek, Perch creek, Sic. Lakes, Bays, <^c— Part of Lake Ontario; several small lakes near Indian river ; Hungry Bay, Chaumont Bay, Black river Bay, Sackett's Harbour, Henderson's Harbour, &c. Islands.— Part of the 1000 Islands, and those mentioned below. Towns. Inbab. Adams 2467 Alexandria (a) Antwerp t Brownville Champion 1319 3990 208p Ellisburgh Hounsfield Henderson Le Ray Lorraine f Lyme Orleans (a) Pamelia t Philadelphia (a) Rodman Rutland t Watertown Wilna t 3531 Villages and other places. 3 Adams, t Alexandria ; Grand, Wolf, and other Islands. Oxboiv. | 3 Brownville. \ Champion, t Ellisburgh ; t Wardwtll ; f Ellisville. f 1 Sackett's Harbour [inc.] f 3429 •{ Fort Tompkins and > Madison Barracks. 5 1919 2944 1112 I ( 4 Naples — at \ . Henderson Harbour. S Stoney and Galloop Islands. 1724 { 4 Le Raysville. Carlton Island ; t I 4 Cape Vincent, at \ , Gravelly Point ; 5 T Port Putnam ; Chaumont ; t *> Grenadier and Fox Islands. 1342 Williamstown.\ \ Teresa, at the High Falls ; 1 Friends' Settlement. 1735 1946 2766 648 4 Whitesville. Tylersville. SL Watertown, [inc.] * \ 4 CarthageA 160 200 180 175 160 155 176 180 175 200 196 185 174 184 178 768 171 158 (a) These 3 towns were taken from Brownville, since the census of 1 820. LEWIS COUNTY Is bounded N. by St. Lawrence Co. E. by Herkimer Co. S. by Oneida Co. W. by Oneida Co. and W. and N. W. by Jefferson Co. and contains 9,227 inhabitants and no slaves. Rivers, Creeks, &ic. — Part of Black and Moose rivers; parts of Independence and Beaver rivers ; the head waters of (Great) Fish creek, and of Indian river, Great Salmon creek, and Mohawk river; the head waters of one branch of Oswegatchie river ; Deer creek, Otter creek, he. with some small lakes or ponds. 150 145 142 135 Towns. Inhab. Villages and other places. Denmark t 1745 Copenhagen. Harrisburgh t 520 Lowville 1943 1 Lowville. f Leyden t 1812 Marti nsburgh 1497 2 Martinsburgh. * \ Pinckney t 507 1 [ 3 Turin ; f Turin 1812 < The High Falls ; ) Coxeville. Watson (a) (a) Taken from Leyden in 1821. 56 ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY Is bounded N. W. and N. by St. Lawrence river, E. by Franklin Co. S. by Hamilton and Herkimer Co's. and S. W. by Herkimer, Lewis, and Jefferson counties ; and contains 16,037 inhabitants, of whom 8 are slaves. Rivers, Creeks, fyc— Part of St. Lawrence (or Iroquois) river ; Osvvegatchie, Grass, Racket, and St. Regis rivers ; part of Indian river ; and sundry smaller streams. Lakes, fyc. — Black Lake, Cranberry Lake, part of Tuppers lake, and several smaller lakes at the head of Oswegatchie, Grass, and Racket rivers, and near Indian river; Chippeway bay, kc. [Some moun- tainous country.] Villages and other places. Canton ; f Tiie Natural Canal. De Kalb—hte ? ^ Canton De Kalb Fowler ] Gouverneur Hopkinton Louisville Lisbon Massena Russel Rossie Inhab. 1337 709 605 765 581 331 930 944 Madrid \ 1930 Morristown 827 Oswegatchie 1661 Parishville Pierrepontf Potsdam 594 235 1911 486 Williamstown. Kilkenney. f Gouverneur. \ Hopkinton. f Louisville — late ) Racketon, at the falls. 5 Lisbon ; \ Indian village. Massena ; f Chesterfield, f 202 200 5 2 Waddington ; f }S Col 869 { Columbia. \ Morristown. f 1 Ogdensbwgh [inc.] * f Fort Van Rensselaer ; Fordsville. 3 Parishville. f 2 Potsdam, j 3 Russel ; f De Witt, f f 3 Rossie [Iron Works ;] f Port Madras, on Stockholm f 822 i (Jhippeway Bay : Part of the 1 000 Islands. 192 225 235 220 250 232 227 198 212 220 208 227 190 194 206 230 OSWEGO COUNTY Is bounded N. by Jefferson Co. E. by Lewis and Oneida Co's. S. by Oneida Lake and r>ver, and Onon- daga and Cayuga Co's. and W. by Cayuga Co. and Lake Ontario; and contains 12,374 inhabitants, and no slaves. Rivers and Creeks. — Oswego and Salmon rivers ; part of Oneida river, Salmon, Grindstone, Catfish, Little Sandy, Scriba, and other creeks ; the head waters of the west branches of Fish creek, &c. Lakes, fyc. — Part of Ontario and Oneida lakes; Fish lake; Sandy creek Bay, Four mile Bay, &c. Towns. Constantia f Granby \ Hannibal J Mexico f New Haven f Orwell f Oswego Redfield t Richland f Scriba t Volney Williamstown. f Inhab. 767 555 935 1590 899 488 992 336 2728 741 1691 652 Villages and other places. 3 Rotterdam ; f Fort Brewerton. Mexico Point ; Four Corners. \ 1 Oswego. * f ^ 2 Pulaski ; * I Sandy Creek. \ C 3 East Oswego ; < Fort Osvego ; ( Old Fort Ontario. 3 Ostoego Falls.} 140 160 177 172 180 170 180 175 180 165 67 CHENANGO COUNTY Is bounded N. by Madison Co. E. by Unadilla river, which separates it from Otsego Co. and by Delaware Co. S. by Broome Co. and W. by Broome and Courtlandt counties ; and contains 31,215 inhabitants, of whom 7 are slaves. Rivers, fyc — Part of the Chenango, Susquehannah, Unadilla, and Otselick rivers. [Some hilly country.] Towns. Jnhab. Villages and other places, C3 Bainbridge ; t 115 Bainbridge 2290 < Bettsburgh ; t 124 ( South Bainbridge. f Columbus t 1805 as Coventry t 1432 122 German t 2675 South German, f 115 Greene 2590 Greene. ] ISO Guilford 2175 $ 3 Guilford ; t I Mount Upton, t 104 106 Lancaster 2366 S 3 Lancaster, late \ r -, \ New Berlin. J L ,nc -J 1 90 Macdonough 789 Norwich 3257 S 2 Norwich [inc.] * \ \ North Norwich. 100 Otselick t 526 Oxford 2317 ( 1 Oxford [inc.] t I Knappsburgh. i 119 Pharsalia f 873 114 Plymouth t 1496 Frankvitte. 107 Preston 1092 108 Sherburne 2590 3 Sherburne, t 98 Smithville 1553 118 Smyrna t 1S90 105 STEUBEN COUNTY Is bounded N. by Ontario Co. E. by Seneca Lake, which separates it from Seneca and Tompkins counties, and by Tioga Co.— S. by Pennsylvania, and W. by Allegany Co. and contains 21,989 inhabitants, of whom 46 are slaves. Rivers, Lakes, Creeks, fyc. — Part of Tioga (or Chemung) river ; Conhocton and Canisteo rivers ; and Mud, Canoe, Tuscarora, Conicodeo, and other creeks ; part of Seneca Lake and Crooked Lake ; Mud, Loon, and Little lakes, &c, [Some mountainous country.] 260 250 255 234 2S2 220 225 267 228 Towns. Addison lnhab. 651 Villages a Bath 2578 1 Bath [inc.] * t Canisteo 891 3 Canisteo. t Conhocton f 1560 Dansville 1565 3 Dansville. f Howard 1140 Hornellsville (a) 2 Ark Port, t Jersey 912 Jersey. f2 Painted- Post; i Painted -Post 2088 \ Campbelltown ; ] Lindsleytown ; 1 ^ Erwintown. Prattsbnrgh 1377 3 Prattsburgh. 1 Pulteney t 1162 Reading 3009 < 3 Reading ; f I Salubrla. Troupsburgh 650 Wayne 3607 Roscommon. 1 Wheeler 798 (a) Population included in Canisteo, from which this town was ejected 8 58 MADISON COUNTY Is bounded N. by Oneida Lake, and N. E. by Oneida creek, both of which separate it from Oneida Co.— N. E. and N. also, by Oneida Co.— E. by Unadilla river, which separates it from Otsego Co.— S. by Chenango Co. and W. by Courtlandt and Onondaga Counties ; and con- tains 32,208 inhabitants, of whom 10 are slaves. Rivers, Creeks, &c— The head waters of Chenango river ; part of Unadilla, Otselick, and Tioughniogha rivers ; Canasaraga, Cowasselon, and Chitteningo creeks ; part of Oneida creek, &c. Lakes, &c. — Cazenovia Lake, and part of Oneida lake. [Some hilly country.] Towns. Inbab. Villages and other places Brookfield;] 93 Beaver Creek. \ { 1 Cazenovia [inc.] \ I New Woodstock, f Brookfield 4240 Cazenovia 3909 De Ruyter j 1214 Eaton 3121 Georgetown | 824 Hamilton 2681 Lebanon \ 1940 Lenox 3360 Madison 2420 Nelson | 2329 Smithfield 3338 Sullivan 2932 \ $ 2 Morrisville [inc.] * t I Eaton. | $ 2 Hamilton [inc.] \ I Chenango-Forks, t Smith's Valley, f 3 Lenox ; f Clockville. | 3 Madison. ] Erieville ; t Argos. 2 Peterborough;] 3 Perrysville. \ 3 Canasaraga ; \ S Chittening ; New-Boston ; ^ Cowasselon. ISO 131 117 120 123 106 114 116 120 105 128 125 124 121 124 127 123 118 TOMPKINS COUNTY Is bounded N. by Seneca and Cayuga Counties — E. by Courtlandt Co. — S. by Tioga Co. — and W. by Seneca Lake, which separates it from Steuben Co. and contains 20,681 inhabit- ants, of whom 6 are slaves. Lakes, Creeks, k.c, — Part of Cayuga and Seneca Lakes ; Fall, Six Mile, Cascadilla, and other creeks ; part of Salmon creek of Cayuga, &c. Towns. Dry den j Enfield (a) Groton Hector | Ithaca (a) Lansinj. Ulysses (a) | Inhab. 3951 2742 4012 3631 6345 Villages and other places. Pall Creek. | Peachtown. I 1 Ithaca [inc.] * \ > Ithaca Falls. 2 Ludlowville ; f Goodwin's Point ; Salmon Creek Falls. 2 Tremainsville ; ] Jacksonville ; t Port-Lawrence. 170 165 195 180 182 188 185 (a) Population of Enfield and Ithaca included in that of Ulysses, from which they were prccted. 59 ONONDAGA COUNTY Is bounded N. by Oswego Co. and by Oswego and Oneida rivers, and Oneida Lake, whici. separate it from "Oswego Co. — E. by Madison Co.— S. by Courtlandt Co. andW. by Cayuga Co. and contains 41,467 inhabitants, of whom 59 are Slaves. Rivers, Creeks, he. — Part of Seneca, Oswego, and Onondaga rivers ; Salina river (or On- ondaga Outlet ;) Skaneateles Outlet ; Onondaga, Nine Mile, Butternut, and Limestone creeks ; the head waters of Tioughniogha river; part of Chitteningo creek, &c. Lakes, &c. — Onondaga, Otisco, Skaneateles and Fish lakes; part of Oneida and Cross lakes ; the Green lakes or ponds, &tc. [Some hilhj country.] Camillus Manlius Inhab. 5791 Cicero \ 1303 Fabius 2494 .Lysander 1723 5372 6501 5552 1726 6701 1294 Villages and other places ( 3 Elbridge ; ] j 3 Jordan; j 4 Camillus;] y Ionia. | ( Bridgeport ; ■{ Three River Point ; ^ Chittening-Landing. 4 Fabius. t 4 Baldwinsville ; \ Snow's Bridge. r 1 Manlius [inc.] (a) f 3 Jamesville ; ] 4 Fayetteville ; \ 4 Eagleville ; Orville ; | Youngsville ; 4 Four Corners ; Manlius Centre ; Green Lakes ; [ Deep Spring. ( 2 Skaneateles ; \ j 3 Marcellus ; f ■{ 4 Clintonville ; \ Borodina ; \ { Marietta, t ( 2 Onondaga Hollow ; f { 3 Onondaga West- Hill ;*\ { Onondaga (Ind.) Castle. 4 Amber. ] ( 3 Pompey ; \ j 4 Delphi ; j ^ Pompey Jf est- Hill ; \ | Oran ; t. ^ Pompey East Hollow. Marcellus Onondaga Otisco Pompey Spafford t Salina {b) Tully t (a) This village was once called " Derne"— then « Manlius Square"— but only. (£) The Great Sdt Springs are in this town, around the Onondaga Lake margin. ( 2 Salina ; \ j 3 Syracuse ; ] 1814 ^4 Liverpool;] j 4 Geddesburgh ; f ^ Corinth. 1194 Tully- Flats. 165 167 155 158 147 137 142 136 135 141 144 140 163 157 160 155 147 149 150 155 144 136 147 139 154 150 148 153 151 15'2 now "Manlius" , in and near its 60 CAYUGA. COUNTY Is bounded N. by Lake Ontario— E. and N. E. by Oswego Co.— E. by On Ondaga and Courtlandt Co's. — S. by Tompkins Co. and W. by Seneca Co. and Cayuga Lake, which separates a part of it from the said Co. and con- tains 38,897 inhabitants, of whom 48 are slaves. Rivers, Creeks, $'c— Part of Seneca river ; Ovvasco Outlet ; part of (Cayu- ga) Salmon creek ; Ovvasco Inlet, and other creeks. Lakes, fyc— Owasco Lake ; part of Ontario, Cayuga, Skaneateles, and Cross Lakes— Duck and other ponds, and Nine Mile Bay. [Valuable Salt Springs.] Towns. Aurelius Brutus Catof Conquest (a) I Genoa Ira (a) Locke Mentz Owasco t Sempronius 1 Scipiof Inhab. 7923 3579 4021 2585 2559 3010 1290 .',033 8105 792 Villages and other places. 1 Auburn [inc.] * f 2 Cayuga ; | Union Springs, f 3 Brutus — at Weed's Basin. 4 Cato-Corners. •t 4 King's Ferry ; f Genoa (late Tetertown ;)f | Indian-Fields. + 3 Locke, f 2 Bucksville ; 2 Montezuma ; f \ 3 Throopsville. t (4 f2 14 Montville ; Kelloggsville ; \ Moravia. Aurora ; \ Levana ; Poplar Ridge ; f North Scipio ; t Cayuga Castle. 170 179 182 172 185 180 170 173 176 171 168 163 164 183 184 178 in: Sterling j Victory {a) (a) The pupulation of these three new towrts included in that of Cato. ALLEGANY COUNTY Is bounded N. by Genesee and Livingston Co's. — E. by Steuben Co. — S. by Pennsylvania, and W. by Cattaraugus and Genesee Co's. and contains 9,330 inJmbitants, of tvhom 17 are slaves. Rivers arid Creeks. — Genesee river ; Conicodeo and other head waters of Canisteo river (the N. W. branch of the Susquehannah ;) the head waters of Cattaraugus creek, which falls into Lake Erie : the head waters of Olean, Oswaya, and other creeks, (which fall into the Allegany river, the chief branch of the Ohio ;) Caneadea, Van Campen's, and ether creeks, which fall into the Genesee. [The country, though not mountainous, is of course very high.] Villages and other places. Towns. Inhab. Alfred 1701 Almond (a) Angelica 1510 Caneadea 696 Centreville 421 Cuba (6) Friendship 662 Hume (c) Independence (a) Nunda 1188 Ossian 921 Pike 1622 Rushford 609 (a) [Taken from Alfred.] 1 Angelica ;*\ Philipsburgh Mills ; Belvidere. Seneca Indian Village. (b) [Taken from Friendship.] (c) [Taken from Pike.] (a) [Taken from Alfred.] 2 Nunda. 285 288 281 61 SENECA COUNTY Is bounded N. by Lake Ontario, E. by Cayuga Co. and Lake, S. by Tompkins Co. and W. by Seneca Lake, which separates it from Ontario Co. and also by said Co. and contains 23,619 inhabitants, of whom 84 are slaves. Rivers ty" Creeks. — Seneca Outlet, part of Seneca river, part, of Canandaigua (or Clyde) river; Tuckyhannock creek, &c. Lakes, Bays, Sfc. — Part of Ontario, Cayuga, and Seneca Lakes ; Port Bay, East Bay, Little Sodus Bay, and part of Great Sodus Bay, all in Lake Ontario. [Several Salt Springs.] Towns. Covert Fayette Galen f Junius f Ovid Romulus f Wolcott t Inhab. 3439 2869 2979 511S 2654 3698 2867 Villages and other places. ( 4 Farmer ; f \ Ingersol's Store, t J 4 Scawyace ; \ Canoga Springs. (3 Clyde late ) j Lauraville, at > f the Block House ; ) [ Galen Salt Works. ( 1 Waterloo ; * t J 3 Seneca-Falls ; f j 4 West Cayuga ; \ Crane Town. $ 2 Ovid [inc.] t I Bailey Town. ( 3 Lancaster ; t j 4 Apple Town; J Plymouth ; ^ De Mott's Store, f ( 3 Port Glasgow ; f | Adams's Mills ; ■( Port Bay ; | Wolcott East ; f ^ Sloop Landing. 196 187 190 186 187 182 180 205 200 202 205 LIVINGSTON COUNTY Is bounded N. by Monroe Co. E. by Ontario Co. S. by Steuben and Allegany Counties, and W. by Genesee Co. and contains 18,444 inhabitants, (a) Rivers, Creeks, Lakes, fyc. — Part of Genesee river; part of Honeoye Outlet ; Canaseraga, Casequa, and Canesus Creeks ; and the head waters of Conhoc- ton river ; Canesus Lake, and part of Hemlock Lake. _ Towns. Inhab. Avon (a) 1933 Caledonia (a) 2645 Geneseo 1598 Groveland t 1273 Lima 1963 Livonia 2427 Leicester f 1331 Mount Morris 1002 Sparta t 1475 Springwater 1154 Yorkf 1729 Villages and other places. 2 Avon, t 3 Caledonia — at ) + Big Spring. \ T 1 Geneseo. * j- 3 Williamsburgh. 3 Lima, f Livonia, f 2 Moscoiv. f S Mount Morris, t Canewagus Reservation. 130 240 2S8 240 225 228 243 245 248 230 241 (a) No slaves, unless a small portion of the 35 in Genesee before the division : and the town of Avon now includes a part of the population of Rush in addition to the numbers set against it— on the other hand, the population set against Caledonia includes all that of Wheat- land in Monroe County, as the census was taken before the division. ONTARIO COUNTY Is bounded N. by Lake Ontario, E. by Seneca Co. and Seneca Lake, S. by Steubeo Co. and W. by Livingston and Monroe counties, and contains 61,185 inhabitants, and no slaves, (a) Lakes, fyc. — Canandaigua, Scameatiea, Honeoye, and part of Hemlock lake ; part of Seneca Lake which separates part of this Co. from Seneca Co. and part of Crooked and Ontario Lakes. Rivers, Creeks, &c. — Part of Canandaigua river; Hemlock and Honeoye Outlets; Mud, Flint, Red, and Salmon creeks ; the Outlet of Crooked lake,&e. Bays. — Part of Great Sodus Bay in Lake Ontario. [Some Salt Springs.] Towns. Benton f Bloomfield t Bristol t Canandaigua Farmington t Gorham f Italy Jerusalem t Lyons Manchester (b) Middlesex f Milo Naples Ontario f Phelps | Palmyra Richmond Seneca Sodus f Victor Williamson f 3557 3621 2429 4680 4214 3991 728 1610 3972 2718 2612 1038 2233 5688 3724 2765 4802 2013 2084 2521 Villages and other places. 3 Penn Yan ; f Hopetovvn ; Cashong. 3 West Bloomfield ; j East Blooinfield. \ 1 Canandaigua [inc.] with 3 churches. 4 JYew-Salem ; Broivnville. Chapin's Mills. Mount Calvary ; Friends' Settlement. 3 Lyons, f 3 Manchester; | Sulphur Spring. 4 Rushville ; t West River, t Part of Penn Yan. (c) 4 Naples. \ In man's Cross Roads, f 3 Vienna; \ 4 Orleans. 3 Palmyra [inc.] f Richmond (Hill.) f 2 Geneva [inc.] ) . S churches. £ 3 Troupsville ; Arms's Cross Roads, f Victor, f ' 4 Pultneyville ; f Williamson South ; f Rogers's Cross Roads, f 200 220 215 217 208 214 200 210 196 212 209 216 224 197 210 225 192 211 218 216 (a) In 1820 Ontario contained 87,540 inhabitants; but in 1821, part of this county and part of Genesee were erected into new counties by the names of Monroe and Livingston, leaving the populationof Ontario as above. Genesee county also contained 58,093 inhabitants in 1820, but since the above named division, on\y 40,200, as in the Table of "Progressive Popula- . tion," ante, page 32, and post, page 64. • (b) The population of this town, which was lately erected from Farmington, is included in that of the latter. (c) A small part only of this village lies on the south side of the outlet of the Crooked lake, in the town of Milo. &6 MONROE COUNTY Is bounded N. by Lake Ontario, E. by Ontario Co. S. by Livingston Co. and W. by Genesee Co. and contains 26,855 inhabitants, (a) Rivers, Lakes, fyc. — Genesee river; Gerundegut (or Irondequot) and Stone creeks ; part of Black, Allen's, Salmon, Sandy, and other creeks ; and Gerun- degut and Braddock's Bays, and part of Lake Ontario. Towns. Inbab. Villages and other places. C 3 Carthage, \ , .. or Clyde ;\ W T 238 Brighton 1972 ( Brighton, t 235 Clarkson 1612 3 Clarkson. t 255 Chili (6) (6) [Taken from Riga.] C 1 Rochesterville [inc.] * t 236 Gates f 2643 < 3 Charlotte ; t ( Hampton's Landing. 240 Henrietta 2181 232 Mendon t 2012 Ogden 1435 245 Parma t 1342 Braddock's Bay. 248 Penlield 3244 2 Penfteld. t 227 Perrinton t 1664 Pittsford 1582 ( 3 Pittsford ; t I Hanford's Landing. 221 Rush (a) 1701 231 Rigat 3139 West Pultney. 244 Sweden t 2716 3 Lawrence. 254 Wheatland (a) Scottsville. 237 (a) Of slaves, the same tiling is to be remarked as in the note to Livingston county ; the same also, as to the population of Rush and Wheatland. As to Carthage, since both Laura- ville and the river from the junction of Mud creek with Canandaigua river [or outlet] are now generally called " Clyde," I have set down " Carthage" first, as the proper name still, though this village too is sometimes called " Clyde." But as there is also a Carthage in Jefferson county, and "almost" one in Dutchess, if the Monroe Carthaginians themselves still insist, " Delenda est Carthago" — esto deleta : and let the Ctydes perplex and confound each other, or one of them assume a different name, as it may seem meet to those concerned. NIAGARA COUNTY. Is bounded N. by Lake Ontario, E. by Genesee Co. S. by Tonnewanta river or creek, which separates it from Erie Co. and W. by Niagara river, which separates it from Upper Canada ; and contains 7,322 inhabitants. [This County and Erie together contain 15 slaves only.] Rivers, Lakes, Sfc.— Part of Niagara and Tonnewanta rivers ; Wilkins's, Howell's, Tuscarora, Cayuga, and other creeks ; and part of Lake Ontario. [Some hilly country, and sundry Salt Springs.] Towns. Cambria t Hartland Inhab. 1134 1448 Villages and other places. 3 Hartland. t Lewiston Niagara Porter Royalton Wilson 869 \ { 484 ^ Lewiston ; (a) t Tuscarora Villages (Ind.) Five Mile Meadows ; Fort Gray. Manchester ; t Fort Schlosser ; Niagara Falls ; t Navy Island and part ? of Grand Island. 5 Youngstoivn ; t Fort Niagara. 2 Lockport. 3 Eighteen Mile Creek. (a) The seat of the courts not ret being fixed, they sit at present in Lpwisttfn. I 850 1849 688 310 316 312 319 320 320 319 320 296 200 64 GENESEE COUNTY Is bounded N. by Lake Ontario — E. by Monroe and Livingston Co's. — S. by Allegany and Cattaraugus Co's. — and W. by Erie and Niagara Co's. and contains 40,200 inhabitants, of whom (with a small portion in Monroe and Livingston Counties) 35 are slaves. Lakes, Rivers, Sfc. — Part of Lake Ontario ; Silver Lake, Jefferson Lake, and some smaller lakes ; part of Tonnevvanta river or creek, with all its head waters; part of Allen, Black, and Cattaraugus creeks; Anyocheeca, Oak- Orchard, Johnson, and Sandy creeks ; and the head waters of Sulphur-Spring, Ellicott's, and (the three branches of) Buffalo creeks, &c. [Several valuable Salt Springs.] Inhab. Villages and other places. 1496 3 Alexander. 261 1519 2 Attica. \ 264 " 1 Batavia;*] 256 Tonneivanta (Ind. Vil.) 269 254 248 Towns. Alexander Attica Batavia 2537 Bethany f Bergen t Barre f Bennington \ Byron (a) \ Castile (b) Clarendon (c) China Covington f Elba Gainesville Gaines f Le Roy Middlebury Murray f Orangeville Pembroke \ Perry Ridgeway f Sheldon f Shelby Stafford! Warsaw 1691 2438 1767 796 780 2144 1333 1088 1134 2611 1782 1561 1556 2576 2317 1496 887 1158 2069 1658 (a) [Population included in Bergen.] (b) [Do. do. in Perry.] (c) [Do. do. in Sweden, Monroe Co.] 3 Gainsville. t S Oak- Orchard, f 2 Le Roy. ] 3 Middlebury. t Holle.y ; Sandy-Creek. South Pembroke. | 3 Perry. \ Loomisville. t 2 Warsaw. \ 250 262 246 253 250 268 273 260 CATTARAUGUS COUNTY Is bounded N. by Cattaraugus creek, which separates it from Niagara Co. and by Genesee Co. — E. by Allegany Co. — S. by Pennsylvania — and W. by Chautauque Co. and contains 4,090 inhabitants, of whom 2 are slaves. Rivers, Creeks, fcc. — Olean river, and part of the Allegany and Connewango rivers : Oswaya, Tusquiatossee, Tunianguant, Oil, lchsua, Great and Little Valley creeks: part of Cattaraugus creek, &c. [Considerable hilly country.] Villages and other places 2 Ellicottville. * f Towns. Inbab. Ellicottville (a) Freedom (a) Farmersville (a) Great- Valley ' 271 Hinsdale (b) t Ischua 1453 Little-Valley 484 Olean t 1047 Perrysburgh 835 Yorkshire (a) (a) (b) The population of the four towns marked (a) is included in that of Ischua— and the population of Hinsdale in thai of Olean. Oil Spring. 3 Franklinville. t Friend's Settlement at Tunessassah, 1 Hamilton. 300 295 325 300 65 ERIE COUNTY Is bounded N.by Tonuewanta river or creek, which separates it from Niagara Co. E. by Genesee Co. S. by Cattaraugus river or creek, which separates it from Cattaraugus and Chautauque Co's. and W i>* Ijak. die and Niagara river, which separate it from Upper Canada; and contains 15,663 inluxbitants. [This Co. and Niagara together contain 15 slaves.] Rivers, Creeks, and Lakes. — Part of Niagara river and Tonuewanta and Cattaragus creeks; Buffalo creek, (consisting of 3 branches, viz Seneca, Cayuga, aad Cazenove creeks;) Ellicott's, Cauquaga, Two Sisters, Sulphur Spring, Ransonfs, Smokes, Conjockeda, and other creeks. Islands.— Part of Grand Island, Bird Island, and two other islands, all in Niagara river. Villages and other place. Williamsvilfo ; t 285 Part of Grand Island. 298 Boston. | 310 Buffalo [inc.] * \ 296 Black- Rock;] 296 Buffalo 2095 ^ on the Buffalo creek Reserve. J Towns. Inhab. Amherst 768 Aurora f Boston 1285 686 Clarence f f 800 3278 Collins (a) Concord f Edenf Evans (6) f 2782 1065 Hamburgh 2034 Holland Sardinia (a) Wales 768 903 Ransom's Grove ; 275 West-Clarence. \ {a) [Taken from Concord.] 312 Angola, t Cold Spring. Sturgeon Point. 317 (b) [Taken from Eden.] Smithville; Barkersville ; 304 East Hamburgh, t (a) [Taken from Concord.] CHAUTAUQUE COUNTY Is bounded N. N. W. by Lake Erie, N. by Lake Erie and Erie Co. E. by Cattaraugus Co. S. by Pennsylvania, and W. by the same state ; and contains 12,568 inhabitants, of whom 3 are slaves. Rivers and Creeks. — Connewongo river; Cosdauga, Walnut, Chautauque, Canadaway, and French creeks ; part of Cattaraugus creek, Chautauque Outlet, Cattaraugus South Branch, &tc. Lakesfac. — Chautauque, Cosdauga, and Bear Lakes, and part of Lake Erie. [Some high and hilly country.] is. 360 367 344 335 331 341 S39 360 370 (a) The population of these three towns is included in that of Chautauque, from which tliev were taken since the census. " ' 9 Towns. Inhab. Villages and other places. Chautauque 2518 Mayville. * \ Clymer (a) Ellicott 1462 I Jamestown ; \ Fairbank. ] Ellery (a) Gerry 947 Sinclair sville. Hanover f 2217 $ Forrestville ; Cattaraugus Harbour. Harmony 845 Fredonia ; f Pomfret 2366 < Dunkirk ; t Bull's Mills. Portland ] ' 1162 Westfield. \ Ripley ] 1111 Bethesda. Stockton (a) To all the names of counties, towns, villages, and other places in the State, as contained in the Topogra- phical part of this Manual ; with reference to the pages, whereon the county or counties, in which they are, willbefound,with other information as set forth in the EXPLANATION on the second page :— *,* And, also, to all the subjects contained in the Statistical part of the same — the latter placed Alphabeti- cally after the former mi Italick letters. Adams 55 Adams's Mills 61 Addison 57 Adgate's Falls 50 Accobonnuck 36 Albany 45 Albany Bush 51 Alexander 64 Alexandria 55 Allegany 60 Alfred 60 Almond 60 Amber 59 Amboy Ferry 37 Amenia 42 Amenia Union Society 42 Amherst 65 Amity 41 Ammeganset 36 Ancram 46 Ancram Iron Works 46 Andes 44 Angelica 60 Angola 65 Anthony's Nose 40 Antwerp 55 Appleby's Island 40 Apple Town 61 Apoquague 42 Argos 50 Argyle 58 Ark Port Arms's Cross Roads 62 Athens 45 Athol 48 Attica 64 Attlebury 42 Auburn 60 Augusta ' 54 Augusta Works 41 Aurelius 60 Aurora 65, 60 Austerlitz 46 Avon 61 Academies 24 Agriculture 16, 17 American Academy ofL.andB.L. 25 of Arts 25 Arms, fa. 12 Arsenals 12, 18 Assembly, members 32 Assessors' Valuation Black Rock 65 Bush wick 39 of real and per- Black Stump 33 Buskirk's Bridge 48 sonal property in Blazing Star Fer- Bussing's Point 35 the State 15 72 ry 37 Butter Hill 41 * „ t Blenheim Block House, see 46 Buttermilk Falls Butternuts 41 county 33 52 Clyde Byram River 40 B. Bloomfield C2 Byron 64 Babylon 36 Bloomendale 13 Banks 17 72 Bailey Town 61 Bloomingburgh 44 Bank-Table 34 Bainbridge 57 Bloomingdale 35 Bridges (and roads) 17 Baiting Hollow 36 Blooming Grove 41 Balance of trade Baker's Falls 49 Bloomville 44 and exchange 16 Baldwinsville 59 Blue Point 36 C. Bald Hill 36 [The] Boght 45 Caatsbaen 43 Ballston 49 Bolton 48 Cairo 45 Ballston Spa 49 Bompus Hook 39 Caldwell 48 Ballston Hill (Old Boonville C2 Caledonia 61 C. H.) 49 Borodina 59 Cambridge 48 Bangor 49 Boston G5 Cambria 63 Barkersville 65 Bovina 44 Camden 54 Barker's Point 39 Bowman's Creek 51 Campbelltown 57 Barnegat 42 Braddock's Bay 63 Camillus 59 Barre 64 Brainerd's Bridge 47 Canaan 46 Barren Island 39 [The] Branch 37 Canajoharie 51 Batavia 64 Breakabeen 46 Canandaigua 62 Bath 57 47 Bridgeburgh 41 Canasaraga 58 Bath-House 39 Bridge-Hampton 37 Candor 53 Beaver Creek 58 Bridgeport 59 Caneadea 60 Beaver Dam 37,44,45 Bridgeville 44 Canewagus Reser- BeaverkUl 43 Bridgewater 54 vation 61 Bedford 40 ,39 Brighton 63 Canisteo 57 Bedlow's Island 35 Bristol 62 43 Cannonsville 44 Beekman 42 Bristol Glass Canoga Spring 61 Beekmantown 47 Works 43 Canterbury 41 Beekmanville 42 ,46 Broadalbin 51 Canton '56 Bellevue 35 Brookneld58,36,41 Cantine's Settle- Bellevale 41 50 ment 53 Belvidere 60 Brookhaven 36 Canasy Landing 39 Bemus's Heights 49 Brooklyn 39 Canoe Place 37 Bengal 42 Broome 50 ,46 Cape Vincent 55 Bennington 64 Bronx 40 Carlisle 46 Benton 62 Brotherfown 54 Carmel 40 Bergen 64 Brownville 55,62 Carlton Island 55 Berkshire 50 Brunswick 47 Caroline 53 Berlin 47 Brutus 60 Carman's, see Bern 45 Bruynswick 43 Fireplace Bethany 64 Buckram 38 Carpenter's Point 41 Bethel 44 Bucksville 60 Captain's Island 40 Bethlehem 45 ,41 Buffalo 65 Cap Tree Island 36 Bethesda 65 Creek Indian Carthage 63, 55 42 Bethpage 38 Villages 65 Castile 64 Bettsburgh 57 Bull's Mills 65 Castletown 37 Big Flats 53 Burlingbam 44 Castleton 47 Big Shandakan 43 Burlington 52 Castle Clinton 35 Binghamton 50 Burnt Hills 49 Cashong 62 hYDEX. Cato Cato Corners Catherines Catberinestovvn Cattaraugus Harbour Cattskill Cayuga Cayuga Castle Cayuta Caughnawaga Cazenovia Cedar Swamp Centreville GO, Champion Champlain Chapin's Mills Charlotte Charlton Charleston Chaumont Chautauque Chateaugay Chateaugay 4 Corners Chatham Chatham 4 Cor- ners Chazy Chemung Chenango Chenango Point Chenango Forks Cherry-Hill Cherry-Valley Chester 48, Chesterfield 50, Chili China Chippeway Bay Chittening Chittening Land- ing Chocoanut Churchtown Cicero Cincinnatus Clarence Claverack Clarendon Clarkstown Clarkson Clarksville Clermont Clifton Park Clinton 47, 42, Clintonville Clockville [The]Clove 37,41,4 Clove Hills Clyde 61, - Clymer Cobelskill Cochecton Coeymans Coeyman's Land- ing Cohoes Falls IjU Colchester 44 GO Collebergh 40 53 Coldenham 41 53 Cold Spring 42 , 65 64 Cold Spring Ha r- C.3 bour 36 '14 Cold Spring Land- 60 ing 4,0 60 Collins 65 5.3 Columbia 46, 53 , 36 51 Columbiaville 46,71 53 Columbus 57 43 33 Coles's Mills, see 43 Dosoris 33 55 Colesville 50 17 Commack 36 62 Concord 49 65 63 Conhocton 57 49 Conquest 60 51 Constable 4-7 55 Constantia 56 65 Cook-house 44 49 Cooperstown 52 Copenhagen 55 49 Coney Island 39 46 Coram 36 Corinth 49 59 46 Corlaer's Hook 35 47 Cornwall 41 53 Cornwall Land- 5? ing 44 50 Corrystown 51 53 Courtlandt 52 40 45 CourtlandtTown 40 52 Courtlandt Vil lag 5 52 ■11 Coventry 57 56 Covert 61 63 Cove Neck 3C 64 Cow Harbour 36 56 Cowasselon 58 58 Coxeville 55 Coxsackie ■15 59 Coxsackie Land- 50 ings 45 ■16 Crab Meadow 36 50 Crab Island 47 52 Craigville 41 65 Cranefown 61 46 Crane Neck 36 63 Cranberry Creek 51 35 Cross River 40 6.3 Croton 40 52 Crown Fort 35 •16 Crownpoint 50 49 Crumhorn Hills 52 5-1 Cuba GO 59 Cumberland Head47 53 Cutchogue 37 42 Canals 18—23, 72 37 Canal Fund 23 63 Capital — in Banks 17 65 — Manufactures 13 46 — Road and Bridge 1-1 Companies n 45 — Insurance Com - panics 17 45 — Companies, So - 4 5 defies, Corpora iions, fyc. not reached by Asses- sors Calllt—M. of in the Slate Cities and Villages, theprincipalones, 11, 12 City of Mu>- York 2.1 Civil Divisions of the Stale — — their nature and variety 4, 5 — their order and arrangement 9, 11 — their number, population, fy increase 1 1 Cloth made 14 Colleges Commerce andship ping 17 CommonSchools23,12. Table of 33 Common School Fund Congress, members of 10 Courts 10, 71, 72 D. Danby 53 Danford Cove 40 Danube 53 Dansville 57 Danville 50 Dater's Works 35 Davenport 44 Decatur 52 De Canlillon's Landing 42 Deep Spring 59 Deerfield 54 Deerpark 41 De Kalb 56 Delaware 44 Delhi 44 Delphi 59 De Mott's Store 61 Denmark 55 Deposit 44, 71 De Ruyter 53 De Wint's Land- ings Carthage 42 De Witt 56 Dickinson 49 Dixhills 36 Dolsentown 41 Dominick 50 Dosoris 38 Dover 42 Dover Plains 42 Drown Meadow 36 Dry Brook 44 Dryden 58 Duansburgh 43 Duck Pond 38 Duerville 47 Dunderbergh 53 Dunkirk 65 Dunning-Street 49 Durham 45 Dutchess 42 Dutch Kills 39 Dutch Settlement 53 Debt, National 9 — State 27 — city ofJY. Y. 27 E. Eagleville 59 Eaton 58 Eaton's Bush 53 Eaton's Neck 36 East-Bloomfield 62 East-Chester 40 East-Camp East- Hamburgh 65 East-Hampton 36 East- Hartford 48 East Kaater's kill Falls 45 Easton 48 East- Oswego 56 East Woods 38 Eden 65 Edinburgh 49 Edmeston 52 Eighteen Mile Creek 63 Elba 64 Elba Iron Works 50 Elbridge 59 • Elgin 35 Elizabethlown 50 Elmer's 54 Elmira 53 Ellery 65 Ellicott 65 Ellicottsville 64 Ellisburgh 55 Ellis's Island 35 Ellisville 55 Enfield 58 English Kills 39 Ephrata 51 Erie 65 Erieville 58 Ervvintown 57 Esopus 43 Esperance 46 Essex 50 Evans 65 Exeter 52 Elections 9 Electors(Voters)li 70 Expenditures of ll t State Gov't. 26 27 — city ofJY. Y. C\ri F. Fabius 59 Fairbank 65 Fairfield S3 Fairvale 48 Fall Creek 58 68 INDEX. Former 61 Farm ersvi lie 64 Farmington 62 Fayette 61 Fayetteville 59 Federal Stores 16 Fireplace 3' Fire Islands 36 Fisher's Island 37 Fish- House, see North- ampton 51 Fishkill 42 ,71 Fishkill Landing 12 Fishkill Upper Do 42 Fishkill Hook 42 Fish Lake 44 Five Mile Meadows 63 Fly Creek 52 Flanders 37 Flatbush G r ,48 [The] Flatts .'-.0 Florida 51 . 41 Florence 54 Floyd 54 Flushing 3" Flushing Alley 38 Fonda's Bush 51 Fordham (manor of) 40 Fordsville 56 Forrestburgh 44 Forrestville 65 Fort Neck 38 Fort- Ann 48 Foit-Covington 4'! Fort-Edward 48 Fort-Miller 48 Fort-riain 51 [Old] Forts Ontario. Clinton, Indepent - ence, and Constitu- tion, under letter Fort Prince 35 — Tryon 35 — George (N. Y.) 35 — George (L. G.) S5 •-Wood M — Gansevoort 35 — Columbus 35 — Washington 35 — Richmond 37 — Hudson 37 — Tompkins 37 55 — Diamond 39 — Lawrence 39 — Stevens 39 — Swift V.'i — Lewis 39 — Greene S9 — Fayette 40 — Clinton 41 — Putnam 41 — Montgomery 41 — William Henry 48 — Crownpoint 50 — Ticonderoga 60 — Johnson 51 — Hunter 51 — Herkimer sa • — Schuyler 54 — Stanwix 54 — Koyal 54 — Rickey 54 — Bull 54 — Oswego 56 — Brewcrton 56 — Van Rensselaer 56 — Gray 63 — Schlossev 63 — Niagara 63 Four Corners 56 ,59 Fowler 51 Fox Island 55 Franklin V. , 44 Franklinton 48 Franklinville 64 Frankville 57 Freedom 64 , 12 Freehold 45 Freetown Fredonia French Mills Frey's Bush Friends' Settlement 56, 62, 64, 71 Friendship 60 Finances 9, 23, 27 Flour 14, 15 Funds of the State in general for Canal Com. Schools Literature G. Gaines G ainesville Galen Galen Salt Works Galloop Island Galway Gardiner's Island Gardnertown Garrattsville Gates ayhead erfdesburgh Genesee Geneseo Geneva (J enoa German Germanflats Germantown Gerry Georgetown Ghent Gibbonsville Gibraltar Gilboa Glasgow Glen's Falls Glenville Goodwin's Point G orham Goshen Gouverneur Governour's Island Grafton Granby Grand Island Granville Grass Island Gravelly Point, see Cape Vincent Gravesend Gravesend Bay Gravesend Point Gray Court Great Fly (or Vlaie) Great Neek 52! its danger from 65 party violence 29, 30 49 Grand Canals (the) 18,72 51 anti-ipated cost of 19 when begun 19 opened 19 to be romp eted 19 eourse and extent 19 dimensions, ire. 19 rami ner ofnavigatingl 9 26 i boats and passage on 19—24,72 toll 20, 72 expense 20 revenue and benefits 20. 21 trade and transporta- tion on 20—22 branches and exten- sions of them 21 villages and manu- factures on them 21 benign effects on the ountry^form of go- vernment, and peo- ple of the Union at large 21—23 H. Hackstands Mills 47 Hadley 49 Ha?rlem 35 Harlem Heights 35 Half Hollow Hills 36 Ilalfmoon 49 i lallett's Cove 39 Hamburgh 65, 52 Hamilton 51,45,58,64 Hampstead 35 Hamptenburgh 4 1 Hampton 48,54,41 Hampton Landing 63 Hancock 44 Hanford's Landing 63 Hannibal 56 Hanover 65, 54 Harbour Head, see Head of the Harbour 37 Harbour Hill 39 HardenburgU's Mills 44 55, 63, 65 48 36 G reat Hog Neck IslandS7 iGreat Kills Great Plains ; Great-Valley iGreene IGreeneville Green burgh jGreenbush Greenfield Green Island Greenkills Green Lakes Greenwich Grenadier Island Groveland Groton Guanos Bay Guilderlandt Guilford Gull Island Government, as Harmony 65 Harpersfield 44 Harpersville 50 Harrishurgh 55 Harrison 40, 52 Harshamomoque 37 Hartford 48 Hart Island 40 Hartlaod 63 Hartsville 42 Hirtwick 52 Hauppaugue 37 Haverstraw 35 37 Haviland's or Hew- 33, 50 lett's Point 39 64 Hebron 48 45, 56 Hector 45,41 Hell-Gate 40 Hempstead 47,35 Hempstead Harbour 49 Hempstead Plain Hi-nderson 43 Henderson Harbour 59 Henrietta 48, 35 Herkimer 55 Herrick's Hewlett's Island High Island 39 [Hillsdale 45iHinsdale 57 Hog's Neck 37 Hwg-Island rung- llulland ed under the amended Holley j Constitution 9 Homer | of the people 28—30 Hope to be preserved on- Hopetown [ ty °y their watchful- Hopeville I ness 29, 30, 72 Hopewell Hopkinton 56 HornellsviUe 57 Hosick 47 Hosick Falls 47 Hosick 4 Corners 47 Hounsfield 55 Howard 57 Hudson 46 Hume 60 Hunter 45 Hunter's Island 40 Huntington 36 Huntington South 36 Hunt's Point 40 Hyde-Park 42 Horses in the State 15 Inclebergh 35 Independence 60 Indian Fields 60 Indian Village 56 Ingersol's Store 61 Ionian's Cross Roads 62 Ionia 59 Ischua 64 Islip 36 Italy 62 Ithaca 68 Ithaca Falls 53 Improved land 15 Fndians 26 Insurance Companies 17 J. Jackson 48 Jacksonville 58 Jamaica 38 Jamestown 65 Jamesville 59 Jay 50 .1 eiferson 55, 45, 46 lericho 38 Jersey 57 Jerusalem 62, 38 Jessup's Landing, see Hadley Johnsburgh 48 Johnson's Settlement 63 Johnstown 51,46 Johnsville 42 Jordan 59 Junius 61 Judicial power 10 K. Kakiak 35 Keene 50 Kellogsville 60 Kent 40 Ketchum's Corners 49 Kilkenney 56 Kinderhook 46 Kinderhook Landing 46 Kings 39 Kingsborough 51 Kingsbridge 35 Kingsbury 48 King's Ferry 60 Kingston 43 Kingston Landing 43 Kiskidom 45 Knappsburgh 57 Knox 45 Kortw right 44 L. Lake Maria 43 Lake Pleasant 51 Lancaster 57, 61 Lansing 68 Lansingburgh 47 Latintown 43 Lattingtown 38 Lassellsville 51 Lauraville, sec Clyde Laurens 52 Lawrence 63 INDEX. 69 Lawrence Neck and Masonville 11 Money and Stocks 15, 1 6 mistakes and cot Point 38 tfastick 3.; Munificence of the State fusion caused by 5, G Lawyersville 16 Watinicock Point 38 17,24—26 care, and full di scriptio\ of, meet Lebanon 5? Wattatuck 31 N. Leo 54 ttati iwan 42 Xanticoke 50 sary in writing 11 Leicester 61 rtayfield 51 Sapeage Harbour 3G should^ br altered 56 Lenox 58 Mayville 65 Naoenagh 43 Natural furiosities 31 Le Ray 55 Mecoxe 37 Np'ok-s 62, 55 P eductions 16 31 Le Raysville 65 Wechanicb 42 Nanvwsburgh 44 Ntws-papers 25 Le Roy 64 .VIeclianicksville 40 Narrows (The) Leurenkill 13 Mendon 63 of Lake Geo. 48 0. Levana 60 Mentz 60 of York Bay 35 Oak Hill 45.48 Lewis 55 50 Meredith ■1! Nassau 47 Oak Island 36 Lewisbnrgh 13 "derricks' S8 Natural Canal 56 Oak Neck 33 Lewis's Landing 42 Merritts Island 41 Stone Bridge 48 Oak Orchard 64 Lewiston 63,71 Mexico 56 Navy Island C5 Oaksville 52 Lexington 45 Mexico Point 5i Navy Yard (U. S.) S9 Oblong 42 Lexington Heights 45 Midilleburgh 46 Near Rockaway 38 Ocquebogue Ogden 36 Leyden 55 M'ddleburgh Bridge ■W. Nelson 58 63 Liberty •14 Middlebury 64 Nevesink 44 Ogdensburgh 56 Lima 61 Middiebush 42 New Antrim 35 Ogbquago 50 Lindsleytown 57 Middlefield 52 New-Baltimore 45 Oil Spring 64 Linlithgow 46 Middle Island 86 New Berlin, see Lan- Old Field Point 36 Lisbon 56 Middle Settlement 54 caster 57 Old hoit Clinton 35 Lisle 50 Middlesex 62 New Boston 58 Constitution Independence 40 Litchfield Middeltown 44,36,41 , IS New Britain 41 40 Lithgow 42 MiddleviUe 53 Ntwburv 41 Ontario 56 Little Britain li Milan 42 Mew-Castle 40 Old Indian Castle 53 Little Falls 53 Milford 52 New City 35 Oldenbaineveldt, see Little I log Neck Isl- Milfordville 52 New City Island 40 Trenton and 37 Miller's Place 36 New Hackensack 42 Old Man's 36 Little Lakes 53 Mill Neck 36 New Hamburgh 42 Old Mohawk Town 51 Little Neck 38 Mill River Hollow 38 New-Hartford 54 Old Town 37 Little Keck Bay 38 Mills's Pond 31 New-Haven 56 Olean 64 Little Plains 38 Miiltown 40 New Hurly. 43 Oneida 54 Little Shandakan 43 Milo 62 New-Johnstown 45 Oneida Castieton 54 Little Valley 64 Milton 49 43 New-Kingston 44 Oneida (P. 0.) 54 Little White Creek 18 Minden 53 New Lebanon 48 Onondaga 69 Liverpool 59 Minerva 50 New Lebanon Springs 46 Hollow 59 Livingston 61 , !'■' Minisink 41 Ne>v Lisbon 52 West Hill 59 Livingstouville 46 Moftits Store (P.O.) 16 New Lotts 39 Castle 59 Livonia 61 [Old] Mohawk Town 51 New Pahz 4S Ontario 62 Locke 60 Mohawk Flats 43 New Pallz Landing 43 Oppenheim 51 Lockpovt 63 i 21 Moii a 49 N ewpon 53 Oran 59 Loomisville 64 Moinbackus New Rochelle 40 Orange 41 Lorraine 55 Monroe 63 11 New Rocbelle Landing 40 Orange Nail Factory 41 Louisville 56, 52 Monroe Works 41 New Salem 62 Orange town 35 Lower Red Hook Land- Montank Point 36 New Sco'.land 45 Orangeville 64 ing 42 Montezuma 60 New Settlement 3b Oriskany 54 Lowville 6,5 Montgomery 51 41 NVw Stockbridge 54 Orleans 62 Low Point, see Car- Monticello 14 Newtown 39, 43, 49,53,71 Orville 59 thage 42 Montville 60 Newtown Landing 39 Orwell 5H Lloyd's Neck 36 Mooers 17 New Utrecht 39 Ossian 60 Loydsville 52 Moravia 60 New Village 36 Oswegatchie 56 Ludlow ville 58 Moreau 49 New Windsor 41 Oswego 56 Lumberland 44 Moriah 50 Ne\v Woodstock 58 Oswego Falls 56 Luzerne 4': Moriches 36 New-York 35 Otego 52 Lyme 55 Morrissiana 40 Niagara 68 Otisco 59 Lyons 62 Morristown 56 Niagara Falls 63 Otisville 41 Lysander 59 Morrisville 58 Nichols's Patent 36 Otsego OtseSek 52 Lands Sf Products 14 -16 Moscow 61 Niskayuna 43,45 57 Legislature 10 Mosher's Mills 46 Nobletown 46 Ofsequaga 51 Literature Fund 24 Mott's Cove 38 North Amenia 42 Ovid 61 Mount Calvary 62 Northampton 5) Oxbow BS M. Mount Defiance 50 North Blenheim 46 Oxford 67 Maedonough 57 Mount Discovery 50 North-Castle 40 Oyster-Bay 38 Madison 58,45,71 Mount Kdmeston 52 Northeast 42 Oyster Pond Point 37 Madison Barracks 55 Mount Hope 41 ,50 Northfield 37 Mallory's Settlement 53 Mount Ida Falls 47 North Fort 35 P Malone 49 Mount Joy 5! North Granville, ste Painted-Post 57 Malta 4.' Mount Misery 36 Fairvale 48 Pakatakan 41 Mamakating 41 Mount Morris 61 North Hempstead 3! Palatine 51 Mamaroneck 40 Mount-Pleasant 40 North Norwich 5" Palatine-Bridge 51 Manchester 62, 63, 54 Mount-Upton 57 North Salem 4( Palmertown 43 Manhattauville 35 Mount Vernon 35 North Scipio 60 Palmyra 62 Manheim 53 Murray 64 Northumberland 4t- Pamelia 55 Manees Bay 37 Musqueto Cove 38 North West 36 Paoli 11 Manlius 59 Magazines 2 J, 18 Norway 52 Papnkunk 4t Manlius Centre 59 Manufactories and Norwich 5" Parma 63 Manor of Fordham 40 other taorhs 14 Norwich Society 5l Taris 54 Mapletown 47 Manufactures 13 [The] Nose 51 Paris Hill 54 Mai-bletown 43 Manufacturing Comp a- Nunda 6( Paris Furnace 54 Marcellus 5B nies 13, 14 Nyack 35 Pariskville fit-. Marietta 59 Middlesex Canal 22 Nyack Toint St Parsonage Point 40 Mc.rlbo rough 43 Military Posts (U. S ) 18 Nam-..s of plares, same- PatchogTie 36 Martinsburgh 55 Militia and munitions ness and similarity of Patterson ■10 Maryland 52 of War 12 5, 6', iC Pawlings 42 Massena 56 Mineral Waters 31 Orthography of 10,71 Peach town 5P 70 PeekskM Peenpack Pelham Pembroke Peudleton Penfield Penn-Yan Perrinton Perry Perry sburgh Perrysville Peru Peru Landing Peterborough Fetersburgh Petersfield Peth Pharsalia Phelps Philadelphia Thilipsburgh Philipsburgh Mills Philips's Mills Philipstown Pierrepont Piers town rike Pinckney Pint's n»-i INDEX. 40,43 Slaves ]J treasury « — of the ^f places", 3^^%" k 29 happy effi cts of its cessation or rlXtion- 23 ' 29 ' 72 bs S h hf T 1 d ~°o J flt S c tate r WESS* % t T£ l nttes 32 Russia of the V. States 12 Rutland how employed 12 Rye - — excess of ma [ e , 2 | J Sj*\P°P*lation-Table bj Wrinting 63\Publick lands, see 64 Common School and 64) State Funds 471 47 Quaker-Hill 58 Quarantine Ground ^ I L Tora Pliinsville 37 35 (Queens 33 3g « Queens °ourt House ' S9 57 Queensbury 62 Queens Village 55 Quorue 40, 41 ' 60| 37 iRacketon, see 401 Louisville 56 Ram Island 52 Knmapoug-h 60 Randolph 55 (Ransom's Grove 40lRawsonsville 43, 53|Raynortown 42 Reading 52 Kedfield 63 Red Hook 47 [Upper and Lower] 39IRemsen 43 j Rensselaer 11 Rensselear's Mills 42 Rensselaerville 40, 42, Rbinebeck 43, 50 Rhinebeck Flats ol L R . hine "eck Landing 39 Richfield fc 57 Richland 47 Richmond, 65 (Richmond Hill 59 Riders ville 59|Ridg'ewav 59 Riga 60 Riker's Island 43 Ripley 63 [The] River, see r?L PI,ili Ps's Mills blJRiverhead 61 (Robin Island 58|Rochester 56|Rochestei-viIle 55 Rockaway Beach 521 Neck f n L Ne "] Rockaway 40 Rockland 42 Rockland C. H. 57 Rocky Point 52 (Rodman 57 Rodman's Neck ^qId„5.. 49 Sempronius 44 1 c^» nun and men ... office enhanced by our elevated situa- tion a,d abun- dant means 28 Revenue of the State 26 27 C'WiV.r. 27 U.S.inJV.y. 18 permanent system of, might be esta- blished, without reliance on other nations 9 72 48 \ Review of t he p rogres's, ab situation, and pros- I pects of the State 27—30 nrujf: fttij D..-.-J -_ hoods and Bridges I S 56 Sackett's Harbour 37 Sagg 35 Sagg-Harbour 50 Salem 65 Salina 51 Salisbury 38 Salisbury [Mills] 57 Salmon Creek Falls ob Salmon River 42,39 Salubria do. I Sand Lake 42 Sands's Point 52 Sandy-Creek 47 Sandy-Hill 47 Sanford 45 Sangersfield 42 1 Saratoga 42 Saratoga Springs 421 Sardinia 52/ Saugerties 56 1 Saughquoit 3J,62| Saw Pits So, 62|Scarsdale 49/Scawyace 64jSchaghticoke 63 — P i nt Schenectady , Schodack / Schodack Landing 4 Schoharie Schoharie Bridge Schroon Schryer's Hook — bchuyler 38 Schuylersville 38 Schuyler's Island a ° ocipio 35, 44jScotchtown S5 Scotia 36, 38 Scott 55|Scottsville 40 Scriba IT 65 39, 43 Rome 49 (Romulus 56|Rose Hill 57 Rosendale Roseville Roscommon Rossie Rossie Iron Works Rotterdam Rouse's Point Roxbury Royalton Shooter's Isiand and Aleadows gj Sidney ' Sidney Plains 44 ^Jgnal Hill 37 Sing-Sing 4Q oinclairsvillo 65 Skaneateles 59 [Skenandoa 54 Slaughter's Landing 35 Sloansville 45 'Sloop Landing Sloat Landing 'Smith borough JSmithfield Smith's Landing Smith's Point .Smith's Village 'Smithville Smith's Vallev Smithstown Smith town Smoaking Point Smyrna [Snarlingtown Snow's Bridge Sodus Solon Soraers Ifouth Bainbridge (South Durham Southeast Southfield .South German South Granville South Hampton |South Harpersfield (Southhold South Oyster-Bay South Pembroke 'South Salem (Spaflbrd Sparta ISpeckenkiU .Speeds ville [Spencer .Spencer-Corners Spencer's Corner [Spencertown Speyunk Spiegel-Town Split Rock Springfield Springtown Springville Springwater Squantick St. George's Manor ot. Johnsville St. Lawrence St. Regis Staatsburgh Stamford Stanford Stanton Hill Stepbentown Sterling 61 35 53 58 35 36 41 57,65 £8 51 37 37 57 42 59 62 52 40 57 46 40 37 57 48 37 44 37 38 64 44 59 61,40 42 62 40,48 - •" Duaron 43, 56 Sharp Point, see Old 4J Field Point. 44 Shawans-unk 63 Shelby 38 Sheldon 63 Shell's Bush 60 Shelter-Island 62 jShenevas Flats 5b I Sherburne 53 Sherriwaugh, see Har-' 55 bour Head 37 1 40 Shmnecaugh Plains 37 I onokan 43 INDEX. n auuiiiCi- Society 53 Sunswick 39 Swartkill 43 Sweden 63 Syracuse 59 Salt and Salt Springs 14, 23, 59—63 — — revenue from 14 Seminaries of Learning 23—26 Senatorial districts 9, 10 Sheep in the State 15 Ship-building 18 Slavery, to cease 12 Slaves — No. of, at dif- ferent periods 12 Societies — of various kinds 16 Statisticks — use and im- portance of 7, 8, 9 Strife for power and place, incident to great publick wealth and patronage 28, 29 Sugar (maple) 1 4 Summary views of the State, its scenery, beauty, and variety 31 T. Taberg 54 Taghconick 46 Tagheonick Flats 46 Tangore 48 Tappan 35 Teller's Point 40 Ten Mile River 44 Teresa 55 The Nose 51 The River, see Philips's Mills. ( Thompson 44 Thousand Islands 55, 56 Three River point 59 Throg's Neck 40 Throopsville 60 Ticonderoga 50 Tioga 53 Tomhanick 47 Tompkins 58, 44 Tompkinsville 37 Tonnewanta Indian Village 64 Tremainsville 58 Trempersville 44 Trenton 64 Troupsburgh Troupsville 62 Troy Truxton 52 Tuckahoe 40 Tully 59 Tully Flats 59 Tunessassah 64 Tuscarora 63 Two Brothers (islands) 39 Tylersville 55 Table of Batiks 34, 72 of Progressive Po- pulation by Coun- ties 32 • of Common Schools and Va- luation of proper- ty by do. 33, 72 Territory of the State — its extent and fine situation 31 Thirst for domination criattd by prosperity 29 Tonnage of the State and U.S. 17,18 Topographical Tables of the several coun- ties — their arrange- ment and use 6, 7 — commence at p. 35 Travelling — accommo- dations, facilities, and inducements for 31 Turnpikes and T. Com- panies 17 U. Ulster 43 Ulysses 58 Unadilla 52 Union 50 Union Village 48, 45 47 Union Springs 60 United States Navy Yard, see Brooklyn 39 Unity Mills 41 Unqua Neck 38 Upper Red-Hook 42 Landing 42 Utica 54 71 United States revenue 18 Post Offi-.es 18 Military Posts 18 Naval Stations l c : Magazines and Arsenals « 18 Debt in 1812 and 1821 9 72 University 24 V. Valcour Island 47 Valentine's Hill 10 Van Schaick's Island 45 Verbank 42 Verdrietige Hook 3.1 Vernon 54 Verona 54 Valley Forge 50 Verplanck's Foint 40 Victor 62 Victory 60 Vienna 54 ,62 Virgil 62 Volney 56 Voorheisville 51 Valuation (State) 15,33 by the U. S. 15 Value of all property in the State 16 Villages — what 11 Villages and cities the principal ones and population 11, 12 W. Waddington 56 Wading River 36 Waehkunk 43 Walkboght 39 Wallkill 41 Walloomscoick 43 Wales 65 Walton 44 Wappinger's Creek, see New-Hamburgh 41 Wardsbridge, see Montgomery 41 Ward's Point 37 Wardwell 55 Warren 48, 53 Warrensburgh 48 Warsaw 64 Warwarsing 43 Warwick 41 Washington 48,42,45 Washingtonville 41 Washington Hollow 42 Waterford 49 Waterloo 61 Watertown 55 Waterville 44, 54 Watervliet 45 Watson 55 Wayne 57 Waynesburgh 35 Wells 51 Wenscoat 36 West Batterv 35 West Bloomfield 62 Westbury S9 West Camp 43 West-Cuyuga West-Chester 40 West Clarence 65 Western 54 Westerlo 45 West Farms 40 Westfield 37, 65 West Fields 36 Westford 52 West-Hampton 37 West Hartford 48 West Hills 36 West Kaater's Kill Falls 45 West Middleburgh 46 West Middle Island 36 CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. Westmoreland West Northeast West-Point Westport West Pulteney West-River West-town Westville Whale Neck Wheatland Wheatley Whitesborough White-Creek Whitehall White-Hall White Lake White-Plains Whitestone Whitestown Whitesville Whortleberry Island 40 Willett 62 Williamsburgh 39, 61 Williamson 62 Williamson South 62 Williamstown Willsborough W'lna a Wilson ^ Wilton Windham Windsor Winfield Winnecomick Wirtemburgh Wolcott Wolcott East Wolf Island Wolver-hollow Woodstock Worcester Wright's Settlement 54 Wynans-kill 47 War, munitions of, i[C. 12 -preparations for in peace 7, 8, 9 — one couse of ex- pense and embar- rassment in the last 7, 8, 9 Washington's ad- vice on it 8 Yankey Bush 53 Yankey Town 43 Yellow-Hook 39 Yonkers 40 York 61 Yorkshire 64 Yorktow n 40 Young Hopewell 43 Youngstown 63 Youngs ville 59 54 42 41 50 63 62 41 60 38 63 38 54 48 48 45 44 40 38 54 55 The great difficulty of correcting the proof sheets of such crowded pages, abounding with so many marks, figures, &c. as the foregoing, has rendered it necessary to note some unavoidable errours and omis- sions. 1. Ina small part of the impression, the words "Mountfiins" and " paincipal" appear instead of " mountains" and •' principal." In the preface, (3d page,) 15th line from the bottom, the comma before ™ and" should be sti-uck out. and the word " the" should be inserted between " and" and " price." 2. In 12th page, 31st line from top, for morters read mortars— 15th page, 2d line from top, read tolerably instead of tolerable— 28th page, 29th line from top, strike out the comma after the words " while yet"— 30th page, 3d line from bottom Cof the note J the beginning of the quotation should be af- ter and not or/a»-e the word " would-be :"— and the 64th page, instead of " Friend's Settlement," read " Friends' Settlement." 3. In 54th page, Et the village of UTICA, instead of " 4 churches," read "5 churches." It should also be added, that the SUPREME COURT, by law, now holds its October Term at Utica— the other tAree Terms are held m May at New- York, and in January and August at Albany. 4. In 33th page, town of Oyster-Bay, strike out " Cow Harbour," which is in Huntington (n. 36 ) and was inserted in page 38 by mistake. In the 18th page,2d line above the words "GRAND CANALS," for " Wallabout," read " Wall.iboght," as it is in page 39— for which orthography the same reason exists as tor that of The Boght in Albany county. I believe nobody would think of writing it, The Bout. ,£' A , lhe several names of Fishkill, page 42, Deposit, page 44, Columbixville, page 46, Newtown, (Tioga.) page 53, Madison, ('Madison Co.) page 58, and Lewiston, page 63, read " [inc.]"— these places being also villages incorporated by law. Page 9, note (c) for 2811, read 1811. 72 SUPPLEMENT. While the Manual was in the press, some changes were taking place, and new facis were received, in relation to some of its subjects : — 1. COMMON SCHOOLS, ante, page 23.— From the Report of the Secretary of State I have inserted (page 33) a Table, exhibiting the situation of these schools in the several counties. Thejirst column is a \ht\e varied, and the whole of the last added for the Assessors' Valuation of property It is but seven years since the State began effectually to put tlie sys- tem in practice; and since that period, the number of children annually instructed in these schools has increased from 140,000 to 333,000. The Secretary observes, that the number of districts still increases annually- Besides the number of children from 5 to 15, residing in the districts reported, and the number actually taught therein, in 1821, (as at the foot of the 7th and 6th columns of the Table,) 27 towns made no reports, and 1 1 more only imperfect ones. These facts, and those mentioned (page 24, ante,) relative to city and other schools, justify the Secretary in estimating the number instructed, in 1821, at 375,000 — more than one fourth of our whole population : and this, too, during at least eight months in the year ! 2. BANKS, pp. 17, 34. — It should be noted, that the business of Niagara and Jefferson county Banks has been suspended, and that of Hudson Bank has nearly or wholly ceased. 3. INSURANCE COMPANIES, p. 17. — Since this article was-written, two more Compa- nies, have been incorporated in the city of New- York, and applications for others are pending in the Legislature. 4. STATE CENSUS, pp. 12, 14, 15.— In this return of electors, manufactures, &tc. three towns were wholly omitted, no returns from them having been made. The number of all de- scriptions of voters is, therefore, at least 260,000 ; and all the other statements are a little short of the actual amount. 5. TOLL»n the Canals, p. 20.— The Constitution, Art. 7, Sec. 10, declares that toll, not less than tire rates named in said 20th page, "shall be imposed," &c. and, until the Canal- loans and expenses are fully paid, said toll shall not be "reduced or diverted." It is con- sidered as fixed at those rates for some time, at least, though it can be raised ; and it may be- come necessary to add something to those rates, after the whole extent shall have been com- pleted long enough to ascertain the amount of the navigation. %* The number of boats, which (in 1821) passed the collector's office at Rome, on the Erie Canal, was 2,731. 6. COURTS (" Judicial Power") p. 10. — The Oyer and Terminer (criminal court) was not enumerated in this article, because it is unknown what arrangement will be made respecting it by the Legislature, in providing for the new circuit courts. 8". CIVIL DIVISIONS (towns) pp. 11, 33.— Since January 1, 1822, and before the 4th of March, four new towns were erected, which I have inserted in their proper counties — making 617. Sundry others will be erected before the Legislature adjourns, and the names of some, perhaps, altered. Such may be easily inserted with a pen in their appropriate places. 9. NEWS-PAPERS, Sic. p. 25.— I purposely omitted the many semi-weekly papers issued from daily-offices, not considering them separate establishments, and desiring to be rather tvithin than without the actual number and amount, in all things. 10. NATIONAL DEBT — Industry — System of Revenue — Economy — Resources, Review, Prospect's, &c. pp. 8, 9, 27 — 31. — Since the first forty of these pages were printed, an able writer in the " Ithaca Chronicle," has (without descending to particulars) given a brief and most interesting view of the happy circumstances and prospects of the State ; in which I am glad to find powerful support in all I have written in a humbler manner. And in relation to the necessity and practicability of a permanent system of revenue, even the editors of lead- ing papers of various and opposite politicks seem generally to concur in the opinion, now ex- pressed by some of our representatives, that something must be done. New or longer loans are proposed in Congress, under the title of " Exchange of Stocks ;" which, though doubtless necessary, on our present system, should awaken the attention of the people to the means of extricating the nation from such embarrassments. I can never believe it necessary to veil our real situation from the eyes of the people of this country. They are not so much " their own enemies," as not to be trusted with the naked truth. And for this plain, blunt reason, a member from Kentucky desired " to have things called by their right names — they would then be belter understood by the people." If the facts and information, mentioned in pages 7, '), and 9, were collected and presented to us in one view, such an " Account of Stock," with such a country and population, would make us ashamed to borrow six millions yearly to pay the interest of borrowed money ! Cheerfully would the people support, nay loudly call for, some fair and open measures gradu- ally to discharge the debts of the nation. And when it is confessed in the Capitol, that it is now " the first time in many years, that Congress has gone into an examination of our finan- cial concerns" — an examination elsewhere should be oftener instituted. " Many years" more of delay or disguise would end in ruin. However pure and patriotick may be the intentions of our rulers, the people, in a government of themselves, can preserve it only by " unceasing vi- gilance." On this condition we hold our liberty. No nation ever found or ever will find " an- gels in the form of men to govern it." Errours, if not abuses, will occur ; and with a double set of governments and rulers, either of which (the stale or national) has power to bind us to an) 7 amount, our duty is imperative. No one, who values these governments or loves his country, should neglect an opportunity to inculcate it. The good character and high stand- ing of men in office, and the salutary guards and checks in the constitution and laws, may af- ford some security : but if these are not examined or compared with measures, they lose their use and effect. And, at last, the preservation of all rests in the watchfulness of the people — " For, if they do not guard themselves, " All other guards are vain." 73 SKCOND SUPPLEMENT, Containing the Alterations and Auditions made since 1821. O* In the county of Livingston, [see page 61,] the town of FREEPORT, contain . ing 1238 inhabitants in 1820, was inadvertently omitted. It should have been in - serted between the towns of Caledonia and Geneseo, and in the Index, page 68. lis name has recently been changed by law to that of Boiver&ville. The mark [inc.] t > designate an incorporated village, was also omitted after Sing-Sing, (p. 40,) which is an incorporated village. See also page 71, " Corrections and Additions." Since March 1st, 1822, there have been erected and established two New Counties and 69 new towns, and the names of 8 towns have been altered' • as follows : WAYNE COUNTY Is bounded N. by Ontario Lake, E. by Cayuga Co. S. by Seneca and Oi - tario Co's. and W. by Monroe Co. and contains about 22,500 inhabitants, (by census of 1820.) Rivers, Lakes, fyc. — Part of Mud Creek (or Clyde river) and of Canandaigua river or outlet, Salmon and other creeks ; part of Ontario lake, Great Sodus, Little Sodus, East, and Port bays, &c. Towns, &fc. — It contains the following 8 towns, taken from Ontario Co. (page 62) except Wolcottand Galen, which are taken from Seneca Co. (page 61) as follows — the " Villages and other places" being the same as set against each town on pages 61 and 62. The courts are held in the village of Lyons in the town of Lyons. Galen 2,979 inhab. Ontario 2,233 inhab. Lyons 6,163 do Sodus 2,013 do Macedon (included in) Williamson 2,581 do Palmyra 3,724 do Wolcott 2,867 do YATES COUNTY Is bounded N. by Ontario Co. E. by Seneca lake, which separates it fron i Seneca Co. S. by Steuben Co. and W. by Ontario Co. and contains ab< ut 13,725 inhabitants (by the census of 1820.) Rivers, Lakes, Sfc. — The outlet of Crooked Lake and part of Flint creek ; the greater part of Crooked Lake, part of Canandaigua Lake, and part of Se • neca Lake. Towns, fyc. — It contains the following 7 towns, taken from Ontario Co. (page 62) except Barrington and Starkey, which were taken from Wayne, ami Reading in Steuben Co. (page 57) as follows — the " Villages and other places,' 1 being the same as set against each town (except those recently erected) on pages 57 and 62. The courts are held in the village of Penn-Yan, in the town of Benton. Barrington 1,200 inhab. Benton 3,357 do Italy 728 do Jerusalem 1.610 do Middlesex 2,718 inhab. Milo 2,612 do Starkey 1,500 do COUNTIES ALTERED. 1. Ontario Co. (page 62) has been reduced by the towns of Lyons, (ami a part of Phelps,) Macedon, Palmyra, Ontario, Sodus, and Williamson, bein^ set off to form Wayne Co. and Benton, Italy, Jerusalem, Middlesex, and Milo, to form Yates Co — which leaves 'tis population about 33.506 (by the census of 1820.) 10 74 2. Seinkca Co. (page 01,) by the annexation ol tl$ e towns of (ialen and Woi- cott to Wayne Co. has been reduced in population to 1 6,773 (by the census of 1820.) 3. Steuben Co. (page 57,) by the annexation of Barrington and Starkey, new towns formed out of Wayne and Reading, to Yates Co. (to take effect Jan. 1, 1826,) has been reduced in population to about 19,289 (by the census of 1820.) 4. Broome Co. (page 50,) has, by the annexation of the towns of Berk- shire and Owego to Tioga Co. been reduced in population to 11,100 (by the census of 1820.) 5. Tioga Co. (page 53,) has been enlarged by the addition of the two towns of Berkshire and Owego from Broome County, as above mentioned ; and the courts are held part of the time at the Village of Owego instead of Spencer. But the towns of Cayuta, Caroline, and Danby have been taken from this county and annexed to Tompkins Co. and the name of Cayuta changed to that of Neivfield — thereby taking more inhabitants from it, than it received from Broome Co. and leaving the population (of Tioga Co.) but 14,716, according to the census of 1820. 6. Tompkins Co. (page 58,) has received an addition of the three towns last mentioned {Caroline, Neivfield, and Danby,) from Tioga Co. making its population 26,179 (by the census of 1820.) 7. Essex Co. has been enlarged by the addition of some little territory on the Western side, not yet inhabited. 8. Otsego Co. has been enlarged by the addition of a part of the town of Franklin in Delaware Co. which has been annexed to the new town of Hunts- ville, by which the population of Otsego Co. may have been augmented to about 45,856, according to the census of 1820. 9. Delaware Co. has, by the above addition to Otsego Co. been reduced in population to about 25,687, according to the same census- 10. Greene Co. has, by the annexation of a part of the town of Sauger- ties to that of Catskill, received an addition of probably about 1000 toils population. 11. And Uesteii Co. from which part of Saugerties has been taken, has consequently been reduced in population by the same amount. NEW TOWNS ERECTED. In Allegany Co. Andover from Independence, Allen and Scio from Angel- ica, Eagle from Pike, and Orrinsburgh from Cancadea, 5. In Broome Co. Conklin from Chenango, and Vestal from Union, 2. In Cattaraugus Co. Ashford from EUicottville, Cold-Spring and Connewango from Little Valley, and Otto from Pike, 4. In Chautauque Co. Busti from Ellicottand Harmony, Cllington from Gerry, Mina from Clymer, and Villenova from Hanover, 4. In Cayuga Co. Auburn and Fleming from Aurelius, and Ledyard, Spring- Port, and Venice from Scipio, 5. In Chenango Co. Lincklaen from German, 1. In Clinton Co. Saranac from Plattsburgh, 1. In Columbia Co. Copake from Taghconick, and Stuyvesant from Kinderhook, 2. In Dutchess Co. Pine-Plains from North-East and Amenia, 1. In Erie Co. Alden and Erie from Clarence, 2. In Genesee Co. Oak-Orchard from Ridgeway and Gaines, Wcathersfield from Oraogeville, and Northton (now changed to Yates) from Ridgeway, 3. In Herkimer Co. West-Brunswick from Norway, 1. In Ma- dison Co. Fenner from Cazenovia and Smithfield, 1. In Montgomery Co. Glen from Charleston, and Root from Charleston and Canajoharie, 2. In Monroe Co. Greece from Gates, 1. In JYiagara Co. Lock port from Royal- ton, Somerset from Hartland, and New-Fane from Wilson, Hartland, and So- merset, 3. In Oneida Co. Annsville from Lee, Florence, Cambden, and Vi- enna, 1. In OntarioCo. Hopewell from Gorham, 1. In Orange Co. Craw- ford from Montgomery, 1. In Otsego Co. Huntsville from Unadilla and Franklin (Delaware Co. as before stated,) 1. In St. Lawrence Co. Norfolk •Vom Louisville. 1. In Steuben Co. Barrington (annexed to Yates Co. as 4i) before stated,) and Tyrone from Wayne, Cameron from Addison, and Urbana from Bath, 4. In Tioga Co. Big-Flat from Elmira, Barton and Nichols from Tioga, Catlin and Veteran from Catherines, Cayuta from Spencer (New field, lateCayuta, being annexed to Tompkins Co.) Erin and Southport from Che- mung, and Westville (now altered to Newark) from Berkshire, 9. In Ulster Co. Olive from Marbletown and Hurley, 1. In Washington Co. Dresden from Putnam, 1. In Wayne Co. Macedon from Palmyra, 1. In Yates Co. Starkeyfrom Reading, (late in Steuben Co.) 1. NAMES OF TOWNS ALTERED. 1. Cayuta in Tompkins Co. (formerly in Tioga Co.) altered to Neivfield, and another Cayuta erected in Tioga Co. as already mentioned. 2. Danville in Essex Co. altered to Wilmington. 3. Frceport in Livingston Co. to Boiversville. 4. Ischua in Cattaraugus to FranJdinville. 5. Lancaster in Chenango Co. to Neiv- Berlin, its former name. 6. Northton in Genesee, by the " force and effect" of a late statute (though, not expressly) has been altered to Yates. 7. Pamelia in Jefferson Co. to Leander. 8. Westville in Tioga Co. (late in Broome Co.) to Neivark. STATISTICKS.* Many of the articles under this part of the work, in the Introduction, have undergone little or no material alteration, or none that I can correctly ascer- tain, since March, 1822 ; while others have — as follows : * In the second head of the Introduction, the division of the State into Counties, I made a Note (page 9) on Government, in which the Executive and Judicial de- partments were briefly explained, and the Senatorial districts (from which the first branch of the Legislature is formed) were set forth. The new counties of Wayne anfl Yates lie in the 7th Senatorial District — which see, page 10. Assembly, or House of Represenlatives-^see page 32. By the Act of April 12th. 1822, and the acts erecting two new Counties, the representatives are apportioned among the several counties, under the Amended Constitution, as follows, viz. 1. Counties entitled to One Representative. — Allegany, Broome, Cattaraugus, Chautauque, Clinton, Erie, Essex, Franklin, Kings, Lewis, Niagara, Oswego, Putnam, Richmond, Rockland, St. Lawrence, Schenectady, Sullivan, Warren, and Yates. (20.) 2. Counties entitled to Two. — Courtlandt, Delaware, Greene, Livingston, Queens. Schoharie, Seneca, Steuben, Suffolk, Tioga, Tompkins, and Wayne. (24.) 3. Counties entitled to Three. — Albany, Chenango, Columbia, Herkimer, Jeffer- son, Madison, Monroe, Saratoga, Ulster, West-Chester, and Ontario. (33.) 4. Counties entitled to Four. — Cayuga, Dutchess, Genesee, Montgomery (including Hamilton, which is not yet organized,) Onondaga, Orange, Otsego, Rensselaer, and Washington. (36.) 5. Oneida is entitled to Five members. (5.) 6. And the city and county of New- York to Ten. Total, 128. N,. B. These are elected annually — the Senators for four years, one in each of the eight districts annually. Courts (" Judicial Power,") pages 10 and 72. — Since the publication of the Ma- nual, an Act has been passed establishing the eight Senatorial Districts as so manv Judicial Circuits, to each of which a Circuit-Judge is assigned, who also holds the courts of Oyer and Terminer and Gaol Delivery (criminal courts) in the respective counties of his Circuit, unless the Justices of the Supreme Court, or some of them, ap- pear to hold the same, which it is not expected ever will be the case, except on some special or important occasion. These Circuit-Judges have, within the limits of their respective Circuits, concurrent jurisdiction with the Chancellor, of all matters and causes of equity, subject to an appeal to the Chancellor ; and they hold separate courts and Terms for hearing all such matters, and proceed not by way of the equity-side in their common law-court, ns in the English Exchequer, and some courts in other Stat«>f 76 Civil Divisions and Population, pages 11 and 72.-— The State now contains 55 Counties, 690 towns (including the 5 cities,) about 700 villages, iH a nnnulation estimated at 1.550.000.* contains oo vyounues, o»v unvua ^inuiuu and a population estimated at 1,550,000.* The Supreme Court holds/our Terms a year viz. on the third Monday of February and the third Monday of October in Albany, on the first Monday of May in New-York, and on the first Monday of August in Utica. Congress, page 10. — By a late law, the State is divided into thirty Districts for the choice of its 34 Representatives in the Congress of the United States, as follows — each district electing one member, except those three to which more are annexed in a pa- renthesis. District No. 1, Suffolk and Queens. No. 2, Rockland, Richmond, and Kings. No. 3. New-York, (3 members.) No. 4. Putnam and West Chester. No. 5, Dutchess. No. 6, Orange. No. 7, Ulster and Sullivan. No. 8, Columbia. No. 9, Rensselaer. No. 10, Albany. No. 11, Greene and Delaware. No. 12, Schoharie and Schenec- tady. No. 13, Otsego. No. 14, Oneida. No. 15, Herkimer. No. 16, Montgomery and Hamilton. No. 17, Saratoga. No. 18, Washington. No. 19, Franklin, Clinton, Essex, and Warren. No. 20, Oswego, Jefferson, Lewis, and St. Lawrence (2 mem- bers.) , No. 21, Chenango and Broome. No. 22, Madison and Courtlandt. No. 23, Onondaga. No. 24, Cayuga. No. 25, Tompkins and Tioga. No. 26, Ontario, Seneca, Wayne, and Yates (2 members.) No. 27, Monroe and Livingston. No. 28, Catta- raugus, Allegany, and Steuben. No. 29, Genesee. No. 30, Chautauque, Niagara, and Erie. * Cities and Villages, pages 11 and 12. — New-York begins duly to appreciate the great and enlivening effects which the Grand Canals will produce, the principal of which will fall to her share ; and already her improvements begin to correspond with the anticipated result. It is estimated, that about 1000 houses will be built in the course of this present year in only one of her ten wards; and, with the stores and dwellings already finished or contracted for in the other nine wards, it is probable the whole number built and to be built in the whole city, during 1824, will not fall short Of 3,500, of which about 500 are in the places of old or small buildings, leaving about 3,000 additional or entirely new ones. The population probably does not now mate- rially differ from 140,000; and instead of 74 places of publick worship (as stated on page 35,) this city now has 85 — and, as there are 4 or 5 more in building or nearly finished, there will be, at the close of this year, about 90. Albany is also anticipating her portion of the benefits of the canals, which terminate in the upper or northern part of the city, from which point a company, formed by sun- dry of her citizens, (with a capital of upwards of $100,000) is constructing an im- mense basin along nearly the whole front or eastern side of the city. The principal dock along the Hudson being somewhat in a crescent-form, a pier or mole 80 feet at bottom and 76 at top, extending from the above point 4300 feet to the lower part of the principal dock aforesaid, will form a basin of about two acres surface, which will com- pletely secure canal boats and coasting and river sloops from high winds and rough water. By a lock at the lower end, 180 feet long and 30 wide, sloops can pass in and out, and thus the trans-shipment of cargoes from these vessels to canal boats, andrt're versa, can be easily and expeditiously effected, without any expense for landing, cart- age, or storage. It is contemplated to build a row of stores on the mole, its whole length, on the east side of which will run a street 25 feet wide, connected with the dock and other streets of the city, by 6 or 8 bridges over the basin — forming a great addition and ornament, as well as convenience, to the city, and affording great advantages to the canal and river craft, and (it is hoped) profit to the publick-spirited and enterprising citizens, who have undertaken such a splendid improvement. Brooklyn has rapidly increased, both in business and population since the census of 1820. In 1822 were built 10 la.rge fire-proof warehouses, and fifty dwelling-bouses, besides sundry manufactories. In 1822 were built, besides manufactories, one wooden- framed and two brick churches, 10 stores, and 164 dwellings. The village, last winter, contained 8 rope-walks, 7 distilleries, 2 chain-cable manufactories, 2 tan-works, 2 ex- tensive white lead manufactories, a glass manufactory, 7 tide and 2 wind-mills,a bank, and an insurance company, with card, comb, pocket-book, floor-cloth, and various other manufactories, and (not 4 as on page 39, but) seven churches. Its present popu- lation may be about 7,000, including the U. S. Navy-yard and its tenants. But, al- though this village will continue to flourish and increase in population as the city of 77 The Militia (see page 12) enrolled last year, 1823, consisted of 1S2,639 infantry, 8,622 artillery, and 5,448 cavalry— total 146,709. Salt, page 14. — The manufacture of coarse salt in the town of Salina has recently been commenced ; and about 12,000 bushels had been made previous New- York does ; and, although it must forever remain a separate name and corporate body — still, in effect, and in the reality of business, it is but a part of the great city, A great many of its inhabitants not only do business, but have their whole business and counting rooms in New- York. Indeed, there is a considerable portion of the merchants of New- York, who do mercantile business no where else, whose families reside, and who reside themselves, permanently out of the city, but within 10, 12, or 15 miles ; and still more, who reside in Brooklyn, Jersey, Tompkinsville, Hoboken, and within 3 or 4 miles of the city, and off the Island. Their counting-rooms are in town ; their sole business, and either a partner, or clerk, is there ; but they generally lodge at their family's residence out of town, there vote at elections, &c. and themselves and their families are there numbered in the census. So that the population of New York is not so large, as it appears in the last census, as it would be, by 6 or 8 thousand, if like most other cities (except Boston,) it had in it the families and servants of all, who permanently do their business and consider themselves as deeply interested and settled in this city. This will be yearly more and more the peculiar case with New-York ; and, in a few years there will be a vast population close around this city, on Long and Staten Islands, and in New-Jersey, virtually belonging to and identified with New- York, but yet not in point of form admitted in the census as her population. Troy has also made great improvement since the great fire there in June, 1820, by which property to the amount of $370,000 was destroyed ; and by which accident the census, taken in Atrgust or September following, did not (I imagine) embrace the full population of Troy in ordinary times. But the buildings destroyed by the fire have been replaced by new and handsome ones, and many others erected; and the manufactures of the city have been greatly augmented. Distinguished as a place of the most mercantile discernment and enterprise of any in the Union, of similar mag- nitude, it has also adantages for manufactures by water-power and otherwise, which leave it inferior to few or no places in that respect. And, as it has many excellent flour-mills, and seats for many more, (advantages, which neither Albany, nor the vil- lages above, possess,) it is believed that this city can fairly contend with Albany for the Western, and out-doit in the Northern trade ; and that, as there has of late years been more wheat annually shipped from Troy than from Albany; and, as a side-cut opposite Troy enables boats from the Erie Canal to reach that city in six miles less distance than Albany — there can be little doubt that Troy will reap its full share of the benefits of the canals. Its present permanent population is believed to be about the same as that of Brooklyn, above estimated at 7,000 ; but as some part of the popula- tion of the latter (at the Navy-Yard) may be considered as variable or fluctuating, Troy may fairly be considered the third place in the State in numbers as well as in commerce — in manufactures perhaps it is the second. It has one semi-weekly and two weekly gazettes; about 60 sloops, that ply on the Hudson; and consists of six instead of 4 wards, as erroneously stated on page 74. Utica, now the fifth town in the State, has increased comparatively faster than any of the foregoing; its population in November last amounting to 4,017. It has now seven houses of publick worship ^instead of 4 or 5, as on pages 54 and 71,) and a large and flourishing academy. One term of the Supreme Court and the Common Pleas (oc- casionally) are held in this village. It has also many manufacturing establishments, and now probably 4250 inhabitants, or more. Rochester, Monroe county. The name of this village (see pages 12 and 63, town of Gates,) has been thus settled by law, and the addition of ville struck off; and it is now necessary that the town of Rochester in Ulster should have some other and a different name. In 1812 there were only 2 ordinary dwellings on the site of this vil- lage ; and in March, 1815, it contained only 20 houses and about 160 inhabitants; in August, 1820, it contained (as on page 12) 1,502 inhabitants; but in June, 1823 (only 2 years and 10 months later,) it contained a population of 3,700! and it has now at least 4,500. This includes the population on both sides of the river, as the old wooden bridge and great canal aqueduct-bridge connect East and West Rochester, as they are sometimes called, though they are incorporated as one and the same village. Roches- ter has greater natural advantages of water-power for all kinds of hydraulick works than any other place in the State ; and already has many great and active, manufac- turing establishments. From its peculiar situation within 7 miles of Lake 1 Ontario. 78 to March last— part of it by solar evaporation. One company is establishing works at Syracuse, in which it is supposed 100,000 bushels can be produced by solar evaporation annually. By means of the canal it can be sold at Troy and Albany for 50 cents a bushel. Canal-boat cargoes of Salina salt, both from which lake-vessels and steam-boats can come within a little distance of the village, and from its natural command of the trade of all the country along the Ge- nesee river to Pennsylvania, Rochester has equally great advantages for commercial and other business ; and will probably be, at no distant day, the second or third town in the State. [See Buffalo further on.] The great aqueduct over the Genesee and the falls of that river are in the centre of the village — numerous bridges thrown over the Erie canal in almost every direction — spacious basins receiving or discharging boats and their cargoes — store-houses overhanging the canal, with their packing and forwarding houses and work-shops — and mills, furnaces,and other manufactories lining the river, or surrounding its tremendous cataracts — with their necessary sluices, feeders, and dams — altogether form a scene and present a view, busy, grand, animating, and picturesque in the highest degree. This village already has 4 churches, 40 or 50 stores, and 2 weekly newspapers ; and last year, 150 new houses were added to the 600 build- ings before in the village, and the exports of flour, the same year, amounted to 130,000 barrels ! Lockport (page 21) has increased its population so fast since January 1, 1822, that in June 1823 the village contained 400 buildings and 1,458 inhabitants, exclusive of those engaged as labourers on the canal — an increase of 1,121 in 6 months, or doubling the population of 1822 in less than every two months ! It probably now contains at least 2,500 permanent inhabitants. It is now also the seat of justice or capital of Niagara county, has two churches, and fine water-privileges (by means of the Erie canal,) and is considerably engaged in manufactures. Ithaca (pages 12 and 58) contained, in September, 1823, three churches, an academy, 2 weekly newspapers, court-house and clerk's office, a bank, 30 stores, 230 houses, and 1268 inhabitants — having more than doubled its population in 5 years. It is situated 2 miles south of Cayuga lake, and within half a mile of the great falls, on sundry large creeks which unite there, where is also a village, just ivithout the corporation-limits of Ithaca, containing 150 more persons and many manufactories. Four turnpikes (from Catskill, Newburgh,Geneva, and Athens on the Susquehannah in Pennsylvania.) centre in Ithaca, where 11 mails arrive weekly. A steam-boat plies between the foot of Cayuga lake, near the Erie canal, and Port L'Orient, the landing for Ithaca, at the S.E. extremity of the lake ; the stages from New-York to Niagara Falls and Buffalo, as well as many others, pass through this village three times a week. So that with its fine natural advantages of water-power and its central situation, Ithaca bids fair to be a considerable town. Newport, a village acquiring considerable business, and already having a weekly newspaper published in it, is a village, which has arisen on the Erie canal in the town of Elba, west of Brockport, since last summer ! Lyons (page 73,) the capital of Wayne county, on the Erie canal, is now one of the most flourishing villages in the State. It has 2 churches, 90 dwellings, many manufacturers' shops, a dry dock, and several bridges, basins, and wharves along the canal. Palmyra (pages 62 and 73,) on the same canal, in the same county, west of Lyons, is equally enterprising and prosperous, havirrg already 3 churches, an academy, and nearly 1000 inhabitants. It has many mills, some manufactures, and canal basins, bridges, &c. Fredonia, (page G5.) is a new but flourishing village in the town of Pomfret, in Chau- tauque county, 45 miles S. W. from Buffalo and 3 miles from Dunkirk on Lake Erie. It contains nearly 100 buildings, including an academy, 2 school-houses, stores, mills, &c. Buffalo (pages 12 and 55,) though totally destroyed by the British in the late war, has now a great number of large and elegant brick houses, and about 300 buildings in all (being treble the number before the war,) 2 weekly newspapers, and probably 2,000 inhabitants. It is the capital of Erie County, at the head of the Erie canal and foot of the lake navigation, and has already great commercial and other business. Navigation is not yet perfectly safe and certain at Black-Rock, which has also con- siderable business ; but if the projected harbour [see page 82] shall answer the objects of its formation, this village will also flourish apace ; and, in a short period of time, Buf- falo and Black-Rock will be connected by a continued village along the Erie canaland lake. When this canal and harbour is completed a great town will soon arise on 79 coarse and tine, of a superior quality, have recently reached Albany ; and there is no doubt, that this State alone can supply all the northern States, if not the whole Union, with salt of as good quality, and as cheap, as it can be afforded by the importers of this important article. [This salt is said to be the purest in the world. By a faithful analysis, made, T believe, by Mr. Chilton, of New-York, it was found to contain 994 parts muriate of soda, 574 sulphate of lime, and | muriate of magnesia. The English, Scotch, and St. Ubes' salt contains from 6 to 13 parts of muriate of soda, tew than that made at Sa- lina, which must give the latter the preference in market over all the others.] Banks, page 17. — To the Table of Banks (page S4) should be added the following new ones, viz. 44, Troy Savings Bank, 1823, at Troy — 45, Trades- man's Bank, 1823, capital #600,000— 46, Chemical Manufacturing Compa- ny, 1824, capital #500,000— 47, Fulton Bank, 1824, capital §500,000, with permission to augment it to one million; all (the last three) in the city of New-York — Long-Island Bank, capital $300,000 at Brooklyn, King's County — and, 1824, Bank of Rochester, capital $250,000, at Rochester, Monroe County. Whole number of Banks in the State 44, exclusive of the 4 Savings Banks (which neither discount nor issue notes) and the United States Branch Bank, as on page 17; and the 21 millions of Bank-capital are thus augmented to 23,150,000— besides which, the Jersey Bank with ,§200,000 capital, at Powles' Hook, N. J. and the Manufacturers' Bank, with $350,000, at Hoboken, N. J. are chiefly owned and managed by persons in New-York, and their bills circulated so much there, as to render them, in effect, New- York Banks. this spot; and as the beautiful situation of Buffalo must give it the preference, the mass of population will doubtless be there — yet it will all be but as one town ; and will undoubtedly surpass every other town in this State but New- York, unless it be Rochester, which will probably be the second town for some 15 or 20 years, though Buffalo must inevitably become the second, after Michigan and other territories around the great lakes shall be only as well settled as the country around lake Erie is even now — for here must all their business and travel with and to New- York and the other Atlantic Stales meet, enter, and depart. No town in the United States, perhaps none in the world, remote from tide-waters, unless it be St. Z.ozm— which, when trade and settlements have well extended along the Missouri and its numerous and extensive tributary streams, must inevitably, by steam-boat and canal navigation, through the Illinois, Ohio, Cumberland, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Missouri rivers, become a great and flourishing town, and the grand entrepot of immense fertile regions no other town, not on tide waters, has such ulterior prospects of trade and travel as Buffalo. Plailsburgh (pages 12 and 47,) on lake Champlain, is also a flourishing village, and now contains about 300 houses, a bank, 2 weekly newspapers, and an academy ; and should the St. Lawrence and Champlain canal be made, it will become a place of con- siderable importance and much business — as well as Ogdensburgh, Sackett's Harbour, Oswego, and especially Syracuse, when the Oswego canal shall be finished. [Sec page 21.1 And Watertown, Jefferson county, (pages 12 and 25,) is also among the growing and enterpiising towns. The village (on Black river, 12 miles E. of Sackett's Harbour) contains 2 churches, many stores, mills, and work-shops, a large cotton-manufactory, and about 110 dwellings. It sold or exchanged cloth to the amount of #33,500 j n one year — 1622 barrels of pot and pearl ashes for $39,000 — and, in 1821, the total amount of its exports was §72,800. [The amount of the exports from the village of Sackett's Harbour, same year, was $91,000, exclusive of a large amount sent coastwise on the lake, or by land, to Ogdensburgh.] O" The order, therefore, in which our cities and villages now stand in point of po- pulation only (instead of being as on page 12,) is this — New- York, Albany, Troy, Brooklyn, Rochester, Utica, Schenectady, Poughkeepsie, Hudson, Newburgh, Lock- port, Canandaigua, Buffalo, Auburn, Plattsburgh, Sec. and Ithaca should stand next nfler Sackett's Harbour and Geneva, and before Kingston. 80 Insurance Companies, pages 17 and 72. — Since February, 1822, eleven additional Insurance Companies have been incorporated in the city of New- York, one at Brooklyn, and two in other parts of the State — total new ones 14, and in all, throughout the State, 38 — with $4,350,000 additional capital, or about $12,350,000 in all. Besides these companies, there are also an In- surance and Loan Company, with $500,000 cap. and leave to increase it to one million and a half; three Coal Companies, (incorporated, though not in ope- ration, I believe,) with an aggregate capital of about two millions ; a Gas Light Company with one million capital ; and a Lombard Association for loaning money with a capital of . 5200,000 — all in the city of New-York. There are also sundry companies in other parts of the State for various purposes and with different amounts of capital, not mentioned or included under any head in this Manual. U. S. Revenue and Post-Offices in New-York, page 18. — The amount of Duties on imports and tonnage, for the year ending Sept. 30th, 1823, re- ceived by the United States at the single port of New-York, fell but $42,000 short of ten millions ! The number of Post-Offices in this State on the 1st of January, 1824, was 876 ; and many have since been established, making probably about 900 now — July, 1824. In 1793 (thirty years ago) there were only 23 Post-Offices in this State ! THE GRAND CANALS, pages 18 to 23, and 72.— On the 5th of Sep- tember, 1823, the first boat, which ever passed from lake Champlain into Hudson's river, by the Champlain or Northern Canal, arrived at the port of New-York from St. Albans in Vermont, near the Canada line, 330 miles north of New-York. This was the sloop-rigged canal and lake packet-boat, Gleaner, 60 feet long on deck, and 13£ feet wide, with a handsome cabin and births for ten passengers, and able to carry 60 tons freight. Her cargo con- sisted of 1100 bushels of wheat and 40 barrels of pot and pearl ashes ; and she was received with salutes of artillery and the congratulations of the ci- tizens. On the 10th of the same month, the great State dam and sloop-lock in the Hudson a little above Troy was completed, opened, and passed by a steam- boat and a fleet of sloops, when a great and joyous festival was held by the inhabitants of Waterford, Lansingburgh, and Troy, in honour of the occasion. This dam across the Hudson, beiow the entrance of all the sprouts or several mouths of the Mohawk, but one, is 1,100 feet long, and 9 high; and the sloop-lock at the east end is SO feet wide (inside,) 114 feet long, and 25 feet high, with 9 feet lift or ascent — the whole cost of which, including the ex- pense of deepening the channel of the Hudson below to the lower end of Troy, 6 feet at low tide, is #92,270. This dam renders the north or upper sprout of the Mohawk, as well as the Hudson, navigable for large sloops, past Lansingburgh, up to the point, where the Champlain canal enters the Mohawk by 3 locks in Waterford. At the head of these 3 locks, a branch canal extends to the north sprout of the Mohawk further up, and by means of a dam, across that and the Mohawk itself below the Cohoes bridge, a large level sheet of water is formed, through which, by a feeder, the Cham- plain canal is connected with the Erie canal in the town of Watervliet, about 2 miles from Waterford — from which junction the Erie canal (which also enters the Hudson at Troy by a side-cut,) passes about 8 miles to Albany. Thus this Northern canal is connected with the tide-waters of the Hudson, both at Troy and Albany, by three routes. On the same day the completion of the great canal aqueduct over the Ge- nesee river at Rochester was celebrated. This aqueduct-bridge is built of hewn stone and solid mason- work, is 802 feet long, is supported on 1 1 arches and is the most costly and stupendous work of the kind in the State. A feeder connecting the navigation of the river, above the falls, with the canal. 81 conies into it on the east side, which enables boats from the canal to ascend the Genesee river 70 or 80 miles. On the 8th day of October following, the De Witt Clinton, the first boat from the Erie or Great Western Canal, passed into the Hudson at Albany. The civil and military authorities united with about 40,000 people, from various parts of the State, and a large delegation from the city of New-York, in celebrating the completion of this canal from Genesee river to the Hudson; and the ringing of bells, discharges of artillery, a grand procession, (part of which passed in boats from the junction of the Erie and Champlain canals,) publick addresses and congratulations, publick entertainments, and other demonstrations of joy, testified the wonder and delight, with which the great assemblage of strangers and inhabitants viewed this long desired and most interesting event. This boat was piloted into the river by a Captain Daggett, eighty-four years of age, who, in the American Revolution, acted as pilot to the French fleet and Count de Grasse, when it anchored before York-Town previous to the capture of Lord Cornwallis and his army. During this celebration, and as soon as the procession had passed Gibbons- ville on its way to Albany, the Trojan Trader, a Western freight-boat, came down the canal near Gibbonsville basin (the short side-cut to the river not then being finished,) and took from Troy " the first load of merchandise sent from the Hudson westward on the Erie Canal.' 1 This cargo consisted ol merchandise (previously purchased in Troy) fur one mercantile firm in the county of Tompkins, three in Cayuga, one in Seneca, one in Ontario, one in Monroe, and three in St. Lawrence — the goods for the latter county to be re-shipped from Rochester at Falltown or Charlotte (Port Genesee,) to Ogdensburgh on St. Lawrence, by way of lake Ontario. The completion of the Oswego canal (see page 21) would save to the people on the St. Lawrence and around half lake Ontario 55 miles canal and more than 100 lake navi- gation ! On the 24th of the same month, the opening of the Erie Canal to Brock- port, 20 miles west of Rochester, was celebrated by the inhabitants of Gene- see and Monroe Counties. And on the 16th of November arrived at New- York the first vessel or boat that ever reached that port through the Erie canal. This was the schooner " Mary and Hannah, of Factory-Falls" in the town of Hector, Tompkins county, situate on the south-eastern extremity of the beautiful Seneca lake, near 40 miles south of Geneva, within about 23 miles of the Pennsylvania line, and by the course of the lake, Seneca out-let, Erie canal, and Hudson's river, 420 miles from New-York. She was owned by two enterprising farmers, one of whom built her himself with the timber of their own lands, and also rigged her from their own manufactures, includ- ing the greater part of the iron work, blocks, cordage, Sec. He navigated her to New-York himself as master, with his partner as supercargo — thus exhi- biting a most noble example of the character of a practical agriculturist, me- chanick, ship-builder, mariner, and merchant, united in the person of one of the ingenious and enterprising citizens of this State. The schooner bears the names of the wives of the two owners, and brought a cargo (much of it from their own farms) consisting of 800 bushels of wheat, 3 tons of butter, 4 bar- rels of beans, some fresh salmon, and other products of the fruitful soil, water?. and forests of the West.* * The practicability of navigating boats of this kind, which pass the canals, down the Hudson to New-York, has been thus fully demonstrated ; hut, as freight from Al- bany and Troy is only 12 cents a barrel, and will (when more regular lines of sloops and packets are formed) be reduced to or 10 cents, or less — it is not believed it will be worth while to prepare the canal-boats to proceed to New-York — the river craft can do their business so much cheaper. One of these boats, however, is now at tbr wharves of New- York (while this is going to press,) taking in freight for Swanton- V* north of £t. Alhans, n 82 Thus the whole of the Champlain canal was completed and opened early in September, 1323; and the Erie canal was, in October following, completed from Brockportin the town of Sweden, Monroe county, 20 miles west of Ge- nesee river, to the tide-waters of the Hudson at Albany, a distance of 287 miles. The remaining distance to lake Erie at Buffalo is about 76 miles, all of which was under contract last fall, much of the 45 miles from Brockport to Lockport being completed at the close of last year, and about half the work on the remaining 31 miles thence to Buffalo being then also done: so that uninterrupted navigation from Albany to Lockport, 332 miles, will be opened this summer, and to Buffalo early next season. Course, Rise and Fali., Distances, Locks, &lc. of the Erie Canal. — From Buffalo creek and village, where a good harbour is formed by a wide and stout pier extending far into the lake, the canal has a descent of half an inch per mile, 10 miles into Tonnewanta creek, which by a dam, (4 feet 6 inches high near the mouth,) forms the canal, without ascent or descent, for 12 miles, where deep cutting, as it is called, commences, and extends across the mountain 7h miles to Lockport, about 3 miles of which is through rock 20 feet deep, with a half-inch descent per mile — forming a level, without lock or interruption, the whole 31 miles. Here the canal descends 60 feet by 5 double locks, one set for descending and the other for ascending boats. Then commences the Genesee level, which, with a descent of half an inch per mile, continues south of the Alluvial Way (or Ridge Road, 31st page,) 65 miles, without any lock or interruption, to the foot of Mount Hor in Brighton, 2 milf-s east of Genesee river, over which it passes on the great aqueduct-bridge at Rochester. From the east end of this great level, it descends for about 58 miies by 16 locks, 126 feet, to the level of Seneca river,* then 6i miles to Montezuma, where commences the first ascent from lake Erie ; and, by 8 as- cending locks (73 feet) and 2 descending locks (17 feet,) in about 37 miles, we reach the west end of the Rome Summit or Long Level at Lodi, 1| miles east of Syracuse. This is the longest water-level on this or any canal, and ex- tends 69^ miles (not 67, as on page 19,) from Lodi to Frankfort, on the south side of the Mohawk, 8 miles east of Utica. Thence the canal descends for about 76 miles, 199 feet, by 26 locks, to Niskayuna, 4 mile-? below Schenec- tady ; and thence it descends for 25 miles, nine of which are on the north side of the river in Saratoga county, by 20 more locks, 213 feet (passing by the Cohoes falls on the south bank of the Mohawk, and then on the west bank of the Hudson,) to th»> tide at Albany. So that this canal, in its whole course of 363 mill's from Buffalo (290 by the best road,) has 83 locks — besides the 5 ascending locks at Lockport and sundry guard-locks — descending 620 feet by 75 locks, and ascending 73 feet by 8 locks; and finds the tide at Albany 547, or, as some make it, 550 feet lower than (he waters of lake Erie. A branch canal or side-cut opposite Troy connects this canal, by 2 more locks, with the tide at that city ; and the feeder and dam across the Mohawk, before men- tioned, connect it also with the Champlain canal at Waterford. A harbour is also to be formed in lake Erie at the village of Black Rock, at the head of Niagara river, two miles below Buffalo, by means of an immense mole and pier, extending from the main shore 30 rods to Squaw island, and from that island 530 rods to Bird island ; with 260 rods of embankment along the east shore of Squaw island. A large lock of about four feet fall is to be constructed near the main shore, where the water is from 8 to 10 feet deep, to enable vessels from lake Erie to pass down safely into the Niagara below, where that river will form an excellent harbour for the distance of 8 or 9 miles to the mouth of the Tonnewanta, whither thousands of vessels may re- * In naming the coimties through which this canal passes (on page 19,) Wayne county was not mentioned, as it has been since formed irom part of Seneca and Onta- rio counties — see page 73. The canal, of course, passes through that county, and now only through a small corner of Seneca county, and through very little, if any, of Ontario countv. 83 sort in stress of weather, and ride secure from the storms thst frequently Agitate the lake, and ascend again at their pleasure. A lock at the Tonne- wanta will connect this harbour also with the Erie canal. These works are to be built by contract for $95,189. Course, Rise and Fall, Distances, Locks, &.c. of the Northern Canal. — The Champlain Canal ri?es from the level of that lake at Whitehall, by 7 locks, 54 feet, to the summit level at Fort-Ann, 12 miles — whence that level continues 12 miles to Fort-Edward on Hudson's river, near which village it receives a large feeder from that river by means of a dam across it, 900 feet long, and 27 feet high. Here the canal descends by 3 locks. 30 feet, into the Hudson, which is used as a canal, with 2 locks on the east bank round Fort- Miller Falls, to the head of the Saratoga long falls in Argyle, Hi miles— ■whence the canal runs on the west bank of the Hudson, through the battle grounds of Stillwater and Saratoga, 17 miles on a level, 2 miles below Still- water village, with less than an inch descent per mile — thence it descends by 9 locks, 95 feet in 9£ miles, to the mouth or upper sprout of the Mohawk at Waterford — and thence in the Hudson between 2 and 3 miles to the tide- water at the foot of the Troy sloop-lock, which descends 9 feet: — whole dis- tance 64 miles, ascending by 7 locks, 54 feet, and descending by 14 locks 143 feet — actual height of Lake Champlain above the Hudson at Fort- Miller, 54 feet: and above the tide at Troy 89 feet — whole number of locks on this canal 21. Additional Works and Expense of the Canals. — There are, moreover — besides the great aqueduct over the Mohawk at the Little Falls, those over the Skaneateles out-let and over Onondaga, Otisco, Owasco, Mud, and other creeks, and the many aqueducts over creeks and deep ravines between Ro- chester and Lockport — two immense aqueducts over the Mohawk between Albany and Schenectady, the first of which is in Watervliet (above the Co- hoes Falls,) 1183 feet long, resting on 26 piers, by which means the Erie canal crosses the river into Saratoga county ; and the second is at Alexander's bridge in Niskayuna (only 11 miles from Ballston Springs,) 802 feet long, and 25 feet above the surface of the river, bringing back the canal to the south bank of the Mohawk in Schenectady county. There are, also, an immense and very expensive embankment at Irondequot (or Teoronto) creek in Pitts- ford, Monroe county, and very many smaller ones in other different places: three dams across Hudson's river, (besides those at Troy and Fort-Edward,) one across the Mohawk, one across Schoharie river, or creek, one across the Tonnewanta, a great many across such streams as Wood, Fish, Oriskany, Oneida, and Chitteningo creeks: — large and convenient basins at various places along the canals, one at their termination in Albany, and two or more at several places, such as Waterford, Gihbonsville, their junction below the Cohoes, Schenectady, Utica, Syracuse, Salina, (end of the branch canal from Syracuse,) Lyons, Palmyra, Rochester, Lockport. fee and one dry dock at Lyons, one at Palmyra, and 2 or 3 at Syracuse for building and repairing boats: — a great many feeders, several of which are navigable some distance from the canal: — and bridges, waste- weirs, guard-locks, and culverts almost innumerable. But as using Hudson's river for the canal the 11 miles before mentioned, prevents the running of passage-boats on the Champlain canal, and is found inconvenient in other respects — it is intended to construct the canal, that dis- tance, on the west bank of that river. This and the completion of a feeder, which is begun, from Glen's Falls to the Fort-Ann Summit level, and some other improvements, will cost about $350,000. And the completion of the Erie canal from Brockport to Buffalo, including the Black-Rock harbour, and some other improvements along that canal, will cost about $ 1,000,000 more. The whole amount which both canals and the works connected with them and their uses had cost, at the close of 1823, was a little over seven millions. So that the cost of completing the irhole of these, great works and their appen- 84 dages, which will be wholly, accomplished in the course of the year 1S25, will be about $8,500,000. This difference from the original calculation and from that on page 20, ante, has arisen from sundry causes and circumstances. And it is not the least in- teresting and curious fact, that the beneficial effects, which even the partial construction of the Western canal had on all the country along and near its borders, so much exceeded all anticipation, that in 1822, as soon as produce could, even by some short distances of land-carriage, where the canal was not then navigable, pass from Rochester to Schenectady, by means of the Mo- hawk from the Little Falls, (then the east end of canal navigation,) the price of wheat on the western section of the canal rose fifty per cent, and of all ar- ticles of subsistence along that and the middle section, nearly as much. This, of course, rendered the expenses of supporting all persons employed at least one third more, and greatly raised the amount of the sums thenceforward paid on contracts for jobs. Great alterations, also, continued to be made in the manner of constructing many parts of the work. It was found far more expensive than was expected to fasten such piers in the rapids of the Genesee at Rochester, as were sufficient to sustain the vast arches and aqueduct, which it was deemed more judicious and economical to erect at first, instead of al- tering or enlarging them afterwards. A double tier of locks were ordered to be made at Lockport, to enable the ascending and descending boats to pass without interfering with or hindering each other; and it is to be regretted, that a similar course was not pursued at the Cohoes and Little-Falls, and every place, where there are many locks near together, as the time is not far distant, when another tier of locks must be constructed at such places, or great delay, confusion, and dissatisfaction will be the consequence. The dam and lock at Troy, the harbour at Black-Rock, the dam at Fort Edward, the two aqeducts over the Mohawk, the deep cutting of 20 feet through 3 miles of solid rock at the Mountain Ridg;*, several side-cuts or branch canals, and sundry other considerable works,* are all in addition to the original calcula- tion. And most of the work has been done with far better materials and with more labour, and the numerous aqueducts (mostly of solid mason- work) twice as substantial and expensive, as was contemplated on the com- mencement of the undertaking. So that without making any allowance for • he unlooked-for sudden alteration in the price of produce, the excess of the whole cost over that of the original calculation, will not equal the additional improvement, usefulness, and value of these great works, nor the proportion of toll, received as the works proceed, beyond what was anticipated. Toll, pages 20 &, 72. — The toll on salt and gypsum is now fixed at the rate of 50 cents a ton for 100 miles — on other produce of the country $1,50 — and on merchandise g3. The revenue from tolls on both canals, in 1822. was 564,072.33, though it was estimated beforehand at only #40,000. Last year (1823) it was as follows : Erie canal, between Brockport and Seneca river $20,054.11— Middle section (from Seneca river to Utica) g77, 593.26— Eastern section $27,444.09— total on E.C. $125,991.46 -.—Champlain canal $26,966.87. Total on both canals, $152,958.33— though not open to the Hudson till Sep- tember and October, as before stated; and although the toll ivas estimated in the winter of 1823, at only $100,000. The commissioners observe that the amount received on the Champlain canal gives much greater promise of the future usefulness of that canal than has ever been anticipated. They estimate the revenue from both canals this year (1824) at $250,000. It will probably ex- ceed that sum. During the first 27 days after the navigation commenced in May last, toll was received at the single lock at Albany, (only 8 miles from the toll-house at the junction) the sum of #17,7S8.71. And I think there can * Three of the 7 leeks of the Erie canal, at its junction with the Champlain canal, are made of white marble, from the quarry at Spi'.rta in West-Chester county. V?,S m?les distant Hown the Hudson. SiOw remain little doubt, that after next year, when the canals shall have been wholly finished, the Erie Canal alone will yield the half million calculated on, page 21 ; and that by 1830, d.million is no improbable amount. Nor of their great Public Utility and Convenience can less be said than of their profit to the state and benefit to individuals. They will give employment to a great mass of people, which will be increased as the canals urge on the settle- ment of new lands in the Western States, and the improvement and better cul- tivation of those already but sparely settled This will produce and keep alive competition, which insures fidelity and cheapness in transportation. Al- ready extensive lines of sloops and boats (and waggons where the Erie Canal is not finished) have been established from New-York to Buffalo, the proprie- tors of which will (by their connexions) also forward any freight to Green Bay, Michigan, Ohio, Western Pennsylvania, or even to Louisville or St. Louis. — Nor does travelling or removing with families now meet with any obstacles. — Even lines of passage or packet boats are already established on the Erie Canal ; and, while a passage in one of these boats is far more easy and safe from jolting, noise, or accidents, than in stages and steam-boats, it is vastly cheaper. A light steam-boat also, is about to run from Schenectady to Ro- chester, at the rate of only three cents a mile for each passenger, or $9 20, the whole distance (240 miles,) including board ! And way passengers, or those who have only a day's travel or a little way to go on business or pleasure, and want no meals or lodging, now pay but two cents a mile — an unparalleled con- venience to people on or near the canal. A hundred weight of goods can now be conveyed from New-York, by this canal to Columbus in Ohio, for $3 kO — from Philadelphia to the same place, it costs from 5 to 6 dollars. When this canal shall be finished (in 1825) the same thing can be done for less than $3, and when the Ohio canal or canals shall be made (as inevitably will be the case, at no distant day.) it can be done for less than $2. The vast tide of emi- gration which these great and obvious advantages to the countries on and near the great lakes, or rivers leading through them to the Erie Canal, have lately turned from Indiana, Illinois, (and other fine countries not yet connected with this canal,) into Michigan, the North West section of Ohio, where the In- dian title is now extinguished, and the North Western Territory at and around Green Bay — clearly indicates the importance of the canal to other states and territories, and foreshows the wealth and honour it is destined to confer on the state of New-York. In two or three years after its full completion, it will make Michigan an independent and confederated State of the Union, and many years sooner than it otherwise would be constituted a state ; and will also he the means of promoting part of the present North Western Ter- ritory to the same distinction in eight or ten years. And it will do still more for the rich and extensive domains of Illinois, the moment (which, it is hoped, is now not far remote,) that the safe and easy navigation of her une- qualled fresh-water river, almost a natural canal of itself for more than 300 miles, shall be extended by an artificial canal 60 or 70 miles to the south end of lake Michigan, which is only about 50 feet higher than the Mississippi at the mouth of the Illinois, a few miles only from St. Louis. Neither have the prospects of trade in the productions of our own state and its waters, nor the expectations, founded on the attractions which all these con- veniences and improvements add to our natural advantages, in the least failed us. On the contrary, the minutest productions of the ocean, rivers, and lakes — the most humble tree or shrub of the forest — the most common sub- stance of the earth — as well as the ordinary productions of farms, gardens, and orchards, can all be transported to places where they will be useful or desira- ble, with such facility and cheapness, that none of our people can ever be at a loss for useful employment. And while the rising cities and villages in this and other Atlantic states receive the water-lime, now acknowledged to be superior to the Roman cement, (see page 16,) and the lumber, the salt, the Iron. fcc. of our interior, (he people along the canals and even around the 86 Jakes, even to Detroit, Mackinaw, and Green Bay, may, without extravagance, by means of these canals, feast on the early and delicate fruits of the Southern States and the West Indies, and on the oysters, green turtle, and other shell fish of the sea-board.* And while invalids find their way to the mineral wa- ters of Saratoga with the greatest ease and economy, those persons who tra- vel for pleasure or information will now have new and powerful inducements to visit this State. A single day's ride on these canals affords opportunity and subjects for lasting delight and deep reflection.! * Already a museum floats on the Erie canal; and a boat, called the Encyclopedia traverses the country by the canal, bearing along a book-store of 2000 volumes, and a lottery office, distributing the favours of literature and fortune, and collecting in return even rags as well as money. Such is the enterprise and industry these wonderful improve- ments have awakened. t A traveller has lately described a passage of this kind on the Erie canal, in June, from Albany to Schenectady (28 miles by the canal,) which may perhaps be considered the most interesting and grand of any in a like distance on any canal in the world. From Albany to Gibbonsville the canal passes on the right or west bank of the Hud- son, between that river and the great northern road which comes through Troy, the road filled with stages and carriages of all descriptions, and the river whitened with the sails of vessels; while before and behind you appear canal boats freighted with the productions of the north and west, or with merchandise from foreign climes for the sup- ply of the interiour and new countries- The traveller thinks that this spectacle infinite- ly surpasses, in magnitude and interest, the boasted view of the Duke of Bridgewater's canal as it passes the river Irwell in England. After passing through the grounds of the United States' arsenal and in full view of Troy, and when the boat has ascended the highest elevation of the ridge, over which the Mohawk descends by the Cohoe's falls, a mile or two above the junction of the western and northern canals, an extensive, beau- tiful, and sublime prospect is presented. Close and low on your left, if you turn to the east (as the prospect requires,) the Cohoes thunders down 70 feet perpendicularly, in an tinbroken sheet, at this season, from shore to shore ; and on raising your eyes, the tops of the Kayaderassoras mountains in Saratoga, and the mountains around lake George, appear in the north. On your right (seven miles below) are seen the spires of Albany, and the blue summits of the Cattskill mountains in the distant horizon. Before you, and at your feet, as it w«re, lie the bridge over the Mohawk and the four rocky mur- muring mouths (or sprouts) of that river ; the canals gliding away to Albany and to lake Champlain through the bloody fields of Saratoga ; the broad Hudson slumbering in his bed ; the large villages of Waterford and Lansingburgh and the bridge across the Hudson between them, with the many new and smaller villages, and the city of Troy, obscured only by the dark green forest on the islands embosomed in the branches of the Mohawk — while the Hudson below winds his sluggish way heavily against the tide to- ward the ocean, with the mountains of Massachusetts and the Green mountains in Ver- mont rising in front of you, into the eastern sky, and a cultivated country around you, loaded with the bounty of Ceres and Pomona. On proceeding westward, you have a view of the heights of Duanesburgh and the distant hills of Montgomery and of Sarato- ga counties, into the latter of which you pass on the first great aqueduct over the Mo- hawk, and sailing along in view of the village of Middleton, in the town of Half-moon, you re-cross the Mohawk, on the second aqueduct, into Schenectady county at Alexan- der's bridge, where a feeder from the Mohawk above supplies the canal downwards to its junction with the northern canal. You then proceed on a level along the Mohawk to Schenectady (the seat of Union College) where the canal passes through the princi- pal streets of the city, in sight of its beautiful bridge over the (Viohawk. In this passage, which, owing to the great number of locks to be passed, takes up most of the day, we had (as is the case in all the canal passage-boats) excellent accommo- dations, genteel and intelligent company, a courteous commander, an obliging crew, and excellent viands and wines, with all the delicacies of the season. In this single short passage, we saw, also, all the various machinery and -properties of a canal, deep- cuttings, (some places 27 feet through rocks,) basins, aqueducts, locks, feeders, bridges, waste-weirs, guard-locks, culverts, and embankments. Moreover, in the course of this passage of 28 miles, we saw three cities, eight villages, one college, two arsenals, four large river-bridges, (three of them on the Mohawk,) two large aqueducts, twenty- eight Jocks, (2 at Troy,) two large rivers, and one celebrated cataract. We passed through three counties, and saw parts of several more: as well as parts of three states; and we 87 So that, on the whole, not only have our sober anticipations of the benefits, uses, and convenience of these Grand Canals, in the pursuits of agriculture, manufactures, trade, and commerce ; and, in the means of travelling on busi- ness or pleasure, as well as in promoting the interests of learning, in securing the future abundance of our treasury, and in establishing the credit and eleva- ting the character of the state both at home and abroad, been realized — but even the hopes and calculations of the most sanguine have thus far been fulfilled ; and, on some points, greatly surpassed. The stimilus our success has given to en- terprise, in works of this kind, in our sister states, is already in operation ; and, the great Union, or " Ohio and Chesapeake" canal, to connect the waters of the Ohio river and its head branches with the ocean through the Potomack river and the waters of the Chesapeake Bay — which, but for the undertakings and success of New-York, would not have been commenced for many generations yet to come, if ever — has already been spiritedly undertaken by three states, and will (probably with the aid of a fourth state) be accomplished 10 or 12 years hence at the latest. This project includes also, the construction of a canal connecting the Ohio* with lake Erie, by which the people of Western Penn- sylvania, Ohio, and the whole Western country will be furnished with a choice of markets in the Atlantic States. Nor need this be any cause of apprehension that the Erie Canal will want business: on the contrary, a double set of locks throughout its whole extent will be necessary very soon after its entire com- pletion ; and in less than forty years, it is believed that an additional parallel canal, or the enlargement of the present one, will become absolutely necessa- ry. The latter method will probably be considered the best, and be commen- ced in a shorter period than above mentioned ; for, I imagine, that whenever any considerable portion of the canal shall need extensive repairs or alteration, it would be much the cheapest and produce the least delay or interruption in its navigation, to make it a third or two fifths wider, and (if advisable) a foot or two deeper, with a towing path on each side, one for the ascending and the other for the decending boats. In a few years the canal could be enlarged, in this manner, the whole length. This would obviate all trouble and delay in the boats passing by each other as they now do, and would answer the same purpose as an additional canal of the same dimensions as the present one. — It would cost much less In do this than to construct an entire new andseperate canal, and require less water to supply it, as the evaporation and soakage in two separate canals, would be much greater than in one requiring an equal quantity of water, in the first instance. But a single canal, which would an- swer all the purposes of two such as the Erie Canal, need not necessarily be large enough to require near so much water as two separate ones, even at the first filling. witnessed much of the sublime and beautiful in nature and art, with a display of rapid and useful improvement, no where else exhibited in the same extent of country. [I have myself often been over most of the ground here described, particularly about the Co- hoes, Troy, and Schenectady, and know the truth of this representation, with some ad- ditions, which I have made from persona] observation.] * This is a different canal from the " Ohio Canal" mentioned in the 22d page of tin's Manual. The one there mentioned has been earnestly undertaken by the state ef Ohio, but its course is not yet fixed on, owing to some doubt about a sufficiency of water on the summit-level between the lake and the river, on the Scioto route. Surveyors and engineers are now exploring other routes and attempting to ascertain the quantity of water which may be obtained on each. Eventually the canal may pass by the San- dusky and Great or Little Miami to the Ohio near Cincinnati — by: the Sandusky and Scio- to — by the Cayahoga and the Muskingum — or, more probably, by the Cayahoga, Musk- ingum, and Scioto near Chilicothe, to the Ohio. At any rate it will pass nearly through the middle of the state, north and south, or north-easterly and south-westerly. The canal, to connect lake Erie with the Ohio and Chesapeake canal, will pass through part of Pennsylvania by the Big Beaver, into Ohio by the Mahoning creek, and by part of Grand river to Fairport, on the lake ; whole distance about 90 miles. #8 Uiiier canals aire also proposed to be made in our own State ; particularly un< considerable importance called the " St. Lawrence and Cliamplain Canal," to connecr. the St. Lawrence river at Ogdensburgh with lake Champlain at Plattsburgh, and (by this lake) with the Champlain and Northern Canal at Whitehall. The course of this canal would be through St. Lawrence, Franklin, and Cljnton counties, running aloii£ from 5 or 6 to 10 or 15 miles from the St. Lawrence river and the Canada line ; its length about 130 miles; and its summit-levsl above lake Champlain 1245 feet, requir- ing about 1650 feet of lockage, including both the ascent and descent. Although this would be an expensive canal, and would not, in such a thinly settled country, obtain great business at once — since it is not probable any trade would be done through it from such parts of the shores of Ontario as would reach it by boats or sloops, inasmuch as trade from such parts of the country could reach Oswpgo as easily as Ogdensburgh, and by taking the Oswego and Erie Canals, arrive in the Hudson without re-shiptnent and trans-shipment to and from sloops on lake Champlain at Plattsburgh and White- hall, or the additional expense and delay of 100 miles lake navigation : still, as it would obtain considerable business from Canada, and conduce to the rapid settlement of the country (some of it very fertile,) through which it will pass, it certainly ought to be commenced ere long. And as it is an important object to effect the settlement and improvement of that least improved portion of the state, I cannot but think that the state should advance or procure part of the funds to complete this canal, next after that of Oswego. In a few years after its completion, the publick lands in that quarter would be at least trebled in value. No branch of political economy has heretofore been so little understood as that of making canals. Far, as to any community itself in which there are more persons than enough to raise provisions and procure clothing for that community, there could be no loss in raising money and paying it out again for making a canal within its territory, oven if the canal should never be used. The same amount of money or property would still be in the community — it would only have changed hands. And, if such canal should be used, whatever should be. received on it, beyond the expense of repairs, toll- gatherers, &c. would be a clear gain to such state or community. But, in a communi- ty, which has lands to settle, and is desirous of increasing its members, the positive be- nefits of canals — where they can unite with great natural and navigable water-cours- es, which extend to a market, or pass through countries, where articles, produced in the territory lying along such canals, can be exchanged for such products of the former as are wanted in the latter — exceed all calculation. And there can be no doubt, that every strip of inhabitable country, from 15 to 25 miles wide, in which a canal could be made to reach any such water-course as the Hudson, Ohio, Mississippi and its naviga- ble branches, Alabama and Tombeckbee, James River, Kennebeck, Penobscot, and all the lakes, connected with either and navigable by sloops or steam-boats: every such strip of country, having 7 to 12 miles of country on each side of a canal, would not only pay for making one, by means of its toll, in 15 or 20 years, but, in twice such period, would hereby treble or quadruple its wealth, its population, and the value of the land remani- ng unsold. Common Schools, Academies, &c. pages 23, 24, and 72. — In 1823 the number of common schools was 7,382, kept, on an average, eight months in the year, of which 331 are new schools, organized since 1822. The whole number of children taught that year, was 400,53d, being more than one-fourth of the whole population of the State. If to these we add those taught in the academies and colleges of the state, the total would be about 404,000, exclusive of those taught in the various Sunday schools, in the schools of charitable and religious societies, and the numerous private and other schools mentioned on page 24. So that if we reckon these latter, there can be little doubt that the whole number of youth, who receive instruction for the greatest portion of the year, in this state, exceeds 425,000. These are also exclusive of the numerous students at law, at the medical schools, and at the theological seminaries. State Fcnds, R.evenue, and Expenditures, page 26. — The total amount of tiie funds of the state, at the close of last year (1823) was $4,270,806 38. The publick debt was at the same time, $1,050,000 00, besides the canal loan, which was then $2,943,500 00 at 6 per cent, and $2,922,000 oo at 5 do. — total debt of this state £6,915,500 00. The receipts at the treasury, in 1823, amounted to §1,132,484 86; and the payments to £1,104,964 44. The ordinary expenses of government for this year (1824) are estimated at £299,200 00 ; and the amount of revenue (for the same period) applicable to the same, at $453,527 36, leaving $161,327 36 unappropriated in the treasury. And it is, therefore, supposed that the tax of one mill on a dollar may be safely reduced one-half. The common school and literary funds have exnerienrer' Little or no variation siiicp the close of 1821-