■ ■■* —*■* 
 
 m" Y i yqy«iNy i »yynty» 
 
 A 
 
 I 
 
 ►<~ 
 
 ► ^ 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 j» 
 
 . »i*»^ 
 
 BmrmrrcTrmTm 
 
 
 Ml 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 I 
 I 
 
 W* H 
 
 r 
 
 > 
 
 :E 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 SbeltVVHf. 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
AN 
 
 ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY 
 
 OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY 
 
 AND THE 
 
 LAWS OF MOSES. 
 
 WITH A 
 
 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 
 
 BY 
 
 J. T. WHEELER, F.R.G.S., 
 
 AUTHOR OP 
 
 "AN ANALYSIS AND SUMMARY OF HERODOTUS," "AN ANALYSIS AND 
 SUMMARY OP THUCYDIDES," ETC. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 "W. R. WORK &c CO 
 
 1879. 
 
 
 T 
 
-ft* •** 
 
 COPYRIGHT, 1879, BY WILLIAM R. WORK. 
 
 Westcott & Thomson, 
 
 Stereotypes and Electrotypers, Philada. 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 As complete Analytical Contents and tables will be found at the be- 
 ginning of each book, and a Comprehensive Index at the end of the 
 volume, it is presumed that the present condensed contents will be 
 found sufficient for reference. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Preface 7 
 
 Introductory Outline of the History and Geography of the 
 
 Countries noticed in the Old Testament 11 
 
 Outline of the Critical History of the Old Testament 28 
 
 Jewish Months 31 
 
 Chronological Table 33 
 
 THE PENTATEUCH, or Five Books of Moses 35 
 
 Genesis: Patriarchal history from the birth of Adam till the 
 death of Joseph. B. C. 4004 to 1635: about two thousand 
 three hundred and sixty-nine years 35 
 
 I. History of the world prior to Abraham 36 
 
 II. Lives of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph 44 
 
 Exodus : History of the Jews as a nomad family from the death 
 of Joseph until the building of the tabernacle and consecra- 
 tion of the priesthood. B. C. 1635 to 1490 : about one hun- 
 dred and forty-five years 68 
 
 I. History of the Exode from Egypt, the journey to Si- 
 nai, and the delivery of the Law 69 
 
 II. The Moral and Civil Law 80 
 
 Jewish Constitution 86 
 
 III. The Ceremonial Law — viz. 1. The Tabernacle 89 
 
 Leviticus: History of the Levitical priesthood, sacrifices, etc. 
 B. C. 1490: about one month — viz. from the building of the 
 tabernacle to the numbering of the people 98 
 
 3 
 
4 CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 The Ceremonial Law continued from Exodus — viz. : 
 
 2. Priests, Levites, and Nethinim 96 
 
 3. Sacrifices, oblations, and meat- and drink-offerings 100 
 
 4. Annual feasts and festivals; sabbatical year and jubilee. 107 
 
 5. Vows 113 
 
 6. Purifications 116 
 
 Numbers: History of the Israelites from the delivering of the 
 Law at Sinai to the conquest of the country east of the Jor- 
 dan. B. C. 1490 to 1451 : about thirty-eight years and nine 
 or ten months 120 
 
 I. Wanderings in the wilderness 120 
 
 II. Conquest of the country east of the Jordan 124 
 
 Deuteronomy: Repetition and confirmation of the Law. B. C. 
 1451 : about two months 130 
 
 The last acts of Moses 130 
 
 Canaan prior to its conquest by the Israelites 133 
 
 THE TWELVE HISTORICAL BOOKS 136 
 
 Joshua : History of the conquest of Canaan and settlement in 
 the country under Joshua. B. C. 1451 to 1426: about twen- 
 ty-five years 136 
 
 I. Conquest of Canaan 136 
 
 II. Settlement in Canaan 141 
 
 Judges : History of the Jews as a federative republic. B. C. 
 1425 to 1095: about three hundred and thirty years 145 
 
 I. Period prior to the Judges 145 
 
 II. The seven servitudes or tyrannies, and the fifteen judge- 
 ships 149 
 
 (This period includes the first ten chapters in 1 Samuel.) 
 
 Ruth : An episode in the history of the Judges. About B. C. 
 1320 162 
 
 1 and 2 Samuel and 1 and 2 Kings: History of the Jews under 
 a monarchy. B. C. 1095 to 588 : about five hundred and eight 
 years 163 
 
 I. History of the single monarchy 169 
 
 Saul 169 
 
 David 178 
 
 Solomon 191 
 
 Prefatory review of the history of the divided mon- 
 archies 199 
 
 II. History of the divided monarchies of Judah and Israel. 201 
 First Period : from the revolt of the ten tribes until 
 Jehu destroyed the dynasty of Ahab in Israel, 
 and slew Ahaziah in Judah 201 
 
CONTENTS. 5 
 
 PAGE 
 
 Second Period : from the simultaneous accession of 
 Jehu in Israel and usurpation of Athaliah in Judah 
 until Israel was carried away captive by the Assyr- 
 ian power 215 
 
 Third Period: from the Assyrian captivity of Israel 
 
 until the Babylonian captivity of Judah 225 
 
 History of Assyria 238 
 
 1 and 2 Chronicles. B. C. 4004 to 536 : about three thousand 
 four hundred and sixty-eight years 238 
 
 History of the Chaldee-Babylonian empire during the seventy 
 years' captivity, forming a connection between the 2 Kings 
 and 2 Chronicles and the book of Ezra. B. C. 606 to 536 241 
 
 Ezra : History of the edict of Cyrus and first return from cap- 
 tivity under Zerubbabel, and the governorship of Ezra. B. C. 
 536 to 445 : about ninety years 244 
 
 Nehemiah : History of the government of Nehemiah. B. C. 
 445 to 420: about twenty-five years 253 
 
 Esther: An episode. About B. C. 461 to 451 255 
 
 Chronology of the kings of Media and Persia, with their names 
 as given in Scripture and in profane history g 257 
 
 THE FIVE POETICAL BOOKS: 258 
 
 Job 258 
 
 Psalms 262 
 
 Proverbs 263 
 
 Ecclesiastes 264 
 
 Solomon's Song 265 
 
 THE SIXTEEN PROPHETICAL BOOKS 26^ 
 
 The Four Greater Prophets 267 
 
 1. Isaiah 267 
 
 2. Jeremiah (Prophecies and Lamentations) 271 
 
 3. Ezekiel 272 
 
 4. Daniel 272 
 
 The Twelve Minor Prophets — viz. 1 . Hosea ; 2. Joel ; 3. Amos ; 
 4. Obadiah; 5. Jonah; 6. Micah ; 7. Nahum ; 8. Habakkuk ; 
 9. Zephaniah; 10. Haggai; 11. Zechariah ; 12. Malachi 278 
 
 PRINCIPAL PROPHECIES, INTIMATIONS, AND TYPES 
 OF THE MESSIAH IN THE OLD TESTAMENT 283 
 
 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW TESTA- 
 MENTS, including the history of the Jews from the admin- 
 istration of Nehemiah to the birth of Jesus Christ 288 
 
 1 * 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE 
 
 I. Jewish history from Nehemiah to the revolt under 
 
 the Maccabees 290 
 
 II. History of the Maccabees, or Asamonean princes 299 
 
 III. History of the Jews under the Herodians to the com- 
 mencement of the New Testament history 321 
 
 Jewish sects 330 
 
 THE FOURTEEN APOCRYPHAL BOOKS: 
 
 1 Esdras; 2 Esdras; Tobit; Judith; Rest of the chapters of 
 the Book of Esther; Wisdom of Solomon; Ecclesiasticus, 
 or Wisdom of Jesus the Son of Sirach ; Book of Baruch ; 
 Song of the Three Children; History of Susanna; Bel and 
 the Dragon ; Prayer of Manasses; 1 and 2 Maccabees 332 
 
 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS, including the Cambridge Exam- 
 ination Papers for various years, in chronological order 335 
 
 INDEX OF NAMES, PLACES, ETC 351 
 
PREFACE 
 
 The success which attended the publication of an 
 Analysis and Summary of Herodotus has induced the 
 author to compile an Analysis and Summary of Old Tes- 
 tament History on a similar plan. Accordingly, the pres- 
 ent work contains an Analytical Summary of all the most 
 important events recorded in the Old Testament Scrip- 
 tures, arranged in chronological order, but retaining the 
 canonical division into books. Each book of this Sum- 
 mary is separated into divisions, excepting where one 
 book contains merely a repetition of the history of a pre- 
 ceding one ; and each of these divisions is again subdi- 
 vided into paragraphs, all of which have the Contents 
 appended in a peculiar type. These Contents are also 
 thrown together and reprinted at the beginning of each 
 book ; full references are also given at the end of each 
 paragraph to the chapters or verses in the Bible in which 
 the original facts are recorded. 
 
 By means of these Analytical Contents the biblical 
 student can at once see the exact scope and subject-mat- 
 ter of each book, and by reading the Summary he will 
 easily call back a multitude of facts and events the rela- 
 tion of which frequently spreads through several chapters 
 in the original ; whilst the references will at once enable 
 him to obtain from his Bible a more extended account 
 
 7 
 
o PREFACE. 
 
 of any particular period of the history which he may 
 require. 
 
 In carrying out this general design every opportunity 
 has been seized for explaining or illustrating any obscure 
 part of Jewish history, and particularly those portions 
 which are more frequently the subjects of college exam- 
 inations. The authorized chronology of our marginal- 
 reference Bibles, which is based upon that of Archbishop 
 Usher, is added to every page ; the history of the divided 
 monarchies of Judah and Israel is printed in parallel 
 columns ; the scriptural and profane names of the kings 
 of Media and Persia are given at page 257 ; a chrono- 
 logical table of the prophets, at page 266 ; a table of the 
 principal prophecies, intimations, and types of the Mes- 
 siah, at page 283; examination-questions, including the 
 Cambridge examination-papers in Old Testament history 
 for various years, in chronological order, at page 335 ; 
 and a complete index of names, places, etc., at the end 
 of the volume. To these are added an introductory out- 
 line of the geography, political history, etc., of every 
 country mentioned in the Old Testament, and an outline 
 of the critical history of the Scriptures ; together with 
 chronological tables. Moreover, in order to complete the 
 book as an analysis of Jewish history, two connecting 
 chapters have been inserted : I. A history of the Chal- 
 dee-Babylonian empire during the seventy years' cap- 
 tivity, which forms a connection between 2 Kings and 
 2 Chronicles and the book of Ezra ; II. Jewish history 
 from the governorship of Nehemiah to the taking of Je- 
 rusalem by Titus, which forms a connection between the 
 Old and the New Testaments. A comprehensive analysis 
 of the Mosaic laws and ordinances has also been included. 
 The moral and civil law is classified under each com- 
 mandment, both for the convenience of reference, and 
 because by such arrangement they are made to form a 
 
PREFACE. y 
 
 very useful and practical commentary upon the Deca- 
 logue. This classification is based upon a harmony of 
 the Mosaic law, taken from a manuscript presented to St. 
 John's College by Archbishop Laud, and reprinted in 
 Home's Introduction, and other similar works. The cer- 
 emonial law has been chiefly arranged according to the 
 classification of Michaelis. 
 
 In conclusion, the author must acknowledge his many 
 obligations to the following works : to the valuable Intro- 
 duction to the Study of the Holy Scriptures, by the Rev. 
 T. H. Home ; The Historical Researches and Manual of 
 Ancient History, by Professor Heeren, of the University 
 of Gottingen; the Commentaries of Patrick, Lowth, 
 Whitby, etc.; the Oxford Chronological Tables, publish- 
 ed by the lamented Mr. D. A. Talboys ; and the Works 
 of Dean Prideaux, Jahn, Calmet, Michaelis, Tomline, 
 Bishop Home, etc., etc. 
 
 J. T. W. 
 
 Cambridge, Jan. 20, 1850. 
 
NOTICE. 
 
 In giving to the Christian public this very remarkable 
 book, it is believed a great kindness will be done to every 
 lover of the Bible. The analysis and arrangement seem 
 to be almost perfect, and withal so simple that a child 
 may understand them. To the student of the Bible The 
 Analysis and Summary will supply a place which, it is 
 believed, no other book can fill. The full merit of this 
 book is to be found not only in the almost incredible 
 amount of information it contains, but in the wonderful 
 arrangement of the author, by which the reader can find 
 just what he wants and when he wants it. To all mem- 
 bers of Bible classes, teachers in Sabbath and secular 
 schools, and in all family instruction, this book, it is fully 
 believed, will prove one of the best of human helps in 
 
 the study of the word of God. 
 10 
 
INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE 
 
 OP 
 
 I. THE HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY OF THE COUN- 
 TRIES NOTICED IN THE OLD TESTAMENT; 
 
 II. THE CRITICAL HISTORY OF THE OLD TESTA- 
 MENT. 
 
 I. THE HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 The "World" of the Old Testament — in four divisions; viz. 
 
 I. Egypt. 
 Boundaries and divisions. — Political history. — Religion.— Commerce 
 and manufactures. 
 
 II. Countries between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates. 
 
 1st. Asia Minor — in twelve provinces. 
 
 2d. Syria Proper. — Geography. — Political history. 
 
 3d. Phoenicia. — Geography. — Political history. — Colonies. — Sea 
 trade. — Land trade. — Home manufactures. 
 
 4th. Arabia. — Geography. — Political history. — Divisions: Moabites, 
 Ammonites, and Edomites. 
 
 5th. Palestine. — Geography: divisions — viz. 1st. Into twelve tribes ; 
 2d. Into a single monarchy ; 3d. Into the two monarchies of Judah and 
 Israel; 4th. Into five districts. — The Philistines. — Political history : 1. 
 The nomad state, 1921-1426; 2. The federative republic, 1426-1095 ; 3. 
 The single monarchy, 1095-975; 4. The divided monarchy of Judah 
 and Israel, 975-588: 5. The province and principality, B. c. 588 to A. D. 
 70. — Productions. — Commerce. 
 
 III. Countries between the Euphrates and the Tigris. 
 1st. Mesopotamia, or Aram, or Padan-aram. 
 2d. Armenia, containing the garden of Eden. 
 
 3d. Babylonia, or the laud of Shinar. — Geography. — Political his- 
 tory. — Commerce. 
 
 11 
 
12 INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 
 
 IV. Countries between the Tigris and Indus. 
 
 Eleven provinces, sometimes forming one empire. — Character of the 
 great Asiatic empires. -^-Ruling empires of South-western Asia : viz. 
 1st. Assyria. — Geography of Assyria Proper. — Political history. 
 2d. Media. — Geography. — Political history. 
 3d. Persia. — Geography. — Political history. — Religion. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 1. The "World" of the Old Testament.— The nations 
 whose history is noticed in the Old Testament lay between 
 the 40th degree north lat. and the equator, and were included 
 in the tracts of South-western Asia and the territory of Egypt.* 
 The " world" of Old Testament history was therefore bounded 
 on the east by the rivers Oxus and Indus ; on the south by 
 the Indian Ocean ; on the west by the Libyan desert (Saha- 
 ra) ; and on the north by the Caspian and Euxine Seas, with 
 the intervening range of Caucasus, whose lofty summits 
 were never crossed by any Asiatic conqueror before Genghis 
 Khan. . 
 
 This region may be divided into four tracts — viz. 1. Egypt; 
 2. Countries between the Euphrates and the Mediterranean 
 and Eed Seas ; 3. Those between the Euphrates and the Ti- 
 gris ; 4. Those between the Tigris and the Indus. 
 
 2. I. Egypt: Boundaries. — Egypt is redeemed from the sur- 
 rounding desert by the waters of the Nile, and is bounded on 
 the north by the Mediterranean ; on the east by the Eed Sea; 
 on the south by the Nubian desert and Ethiopia ; and on the 
 west by the Libyan desert. 
 
 3. Divisions. — 1st. Upper or Southern Egypt, or Thebaic, ex- 
 tending from Syene to Chemmis; crowded with temples, pal- 
 aces, tombs, huge obelisks, colossi, sphinxes, etc. Capital, 
 Thebes. 
 
 2d. Central Egypt, from Chemmis to Cercasorus; divided 
 into seven nomoi or governments ; contained the pyramids 
 of Gizeh and Lake Mceris. Capital, Memphis. 
 
 3d. Lower or Northern Egypt, comprising the Delta and land 
 on both sides. Full of cities, of which Sais was the most re- 
 markable ; but subsequently Alexandria became the capital, 
 and the first trading city in the world. 
 
 * Some allusions are made to the "isles of the sea," which included 
 the islands and coasts of the Mediterranean (Isa. xi. 11 : E/.ek. xvii. 3, 
 etc.); also to "Javan," or " Greece" (Isa. lxvi. 19. etc.), and to " Tar- 
 shish" or " Tartessus," a Tyrian colony on the southern coast of Spain. 
 Isa. xxiii., etc. India is twice mentioned in the book of Esther, but 
 must have been unknown to the Jews. 
 
INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 13 
 
 4. Political History. — Egypt was governed by a monarchy 
 and sacerdotal aristocracy. 
 
 1. The Pharaohs. — 1st dynasty — Menes and his successors. 
 2d dynasty — Shepherd-kings, who were Bedouin Arabs, and 
 termed Hyksos. 3d dynasty — Sesostris the Great to the 
 overthrow of the oligarchy of twelve princes, about B. c. 650; 
 Shishak (probably Cephrines) invaded Judah in the reign 
 of Rehoboam, b. c. 972 (sect. 375). 4th dynasty — Psammeti- 
 chus, sole king to the conquest of Egypt by Cambyses, B. c. 
 650-525. Pharaoh-Necho, who defeated Josiah (sect. 528), 
 and Pharaoh-Hophra, or Apries, who tried to assist Zedekiah 
 (sect. 548), belonged to this time. 
 
 2. The Persians, 525-323.— -Egypt was conquered by Cam- 
 byses, and was a Persian province, though frequently revolt- 
 ing, until the overthrow of the empire by Alexander the 
 Great, who died b. c. 323. 
 
 3. The Ptolemies, 323-30.— Ptolemy Lagus, first governor, 
 and afterward king, of Egypt, which remained an independ- 
 ent monarchy until the death of Cleopatra, b. c. 30, when it 
 became a Roman province. 
 
 5. Religion. — Animal idolatry; but different animals were 
 sacred in different districts, except Apis, who was the nation- 
 al god of all Egypt. 
 
 6. Commerce, Manufactures, etc. — Imports. — Gold, ivory, 
 and slaves from Ethiopia; incense from Arabia; wine from 
 Greece and Phoenicia; salt from the African desert. 
 
 Exports. — Corn, linen, and cotton. The Egyptians did not 
 themselves export these wares; the African caravans were 
 chiefly composed of nomad hordes. 
 
 Manufactures. — Weaving, dyeing, working in metal, and 
 pottery. 
 
 Productions. — The byblus, from which the papyrus was pre- 
 pared ; the lotus; flax; various kinds of grain, pulse, etc.; 
 no lofty trees but the date and sycamore. 
 
 7. II. Countries between the Mediterranean and the 
 Euphrates.— These comprise— 1st. Asia Minor; 2d. Syria 
 Proper; 3d. Phfenicia; 4th. Arabia; and 5th. Palestine. 
 
 8. 1st. Asia Minor. — Anciently consisted of twelve provinces, 
 which are mentioned only in the New Testament — viz. Bithy- 
 nia, Paphlagonia, Pontus, Mysia, Lydia, Caria, Lycia, Pisidia 
 and Pamphylia, Cilicia, Phrygia and Lycaonia, Galatia, and 
 Cappadocia. 
 
 9. 2d. Syria Proper: Geography. — Syria, or Aram, in its 
 widest signification, included not only all the countries be- 
 tween the Mediterranean and the Euphrates, but also those 
 between the Euphrates and the Tigris, and even Assyria 
 Proper, and was thus the first habitation of mankind after 
 the deluge, and included the birthplace of Abraham, and prob- 
 
 2 
 
14 INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 
 
 ably the garden of Eden. Syria Proper was, however, 
 bounded on the east by the Euphrates, west by the Mediter- 
 ranean, north by Cilicia, and south by Phoenicia, Palestine, 
 and Arabia Deserta. Cities, Damascus, Antioch, Eiblah, 
 Helbon, Hamath, Seleucia, Tadraor or Palmyra, Baal-Gad 
 or Heliopolis, now Baalbec, and Tiphsah or Thapsacus. 
 Rivers, Abana, Pharpar, and Orontes. 
 
 10. Political History. — 1. Independent States, ante lO^O. — 
 Syria Proper was divided into cantons, such as Zobah, Da- 
 mascus, Hamath, Geshur, Rehob, Ishtob, Maachah, etc., and 
 these were governed by petty kings. 
 
 2. A Jewish Province, cir. 1040-975. — David reduced Syria 
 to a Jewish province, but in Solomon's reign Rezon seized 
 Damascus and erected a kingdom. 
 
 3. Kingdom of Damascus, 975-7^0. — The kingdom of Da- 
 mascus now comprised the greater portion of Syria; the 
 kings of the other cities became tributary, and it soon be- 
 came a flourishing monarchy, and extended its boundaries 
 chiefly at the expense of the divided monarchies of Judah 
 and Israel (see sect. 491) ; but it was at length overthrown by 
 the Assyrian conqueror Tiglath-pileser. 
 
 4. A Dependent State, 74O-64. — Syria was successively in 
 subjection to Assyria, Babylonia, and Persia, and was at 
 length reduced by Alexander the Great ; but after his death, 
 b. c. 323, it formed part of the kingdom of Syria, which ex- 
 tended from the Mediterranean to the Indus, and was gov- 
 erned by the Seleucidse until b. c. 64, when it became a 
 Roman province. 
 
 11. 3d. Phoenicia : Geography. — Phoenicia was a moun- 
 tainous tract extending along the shore between Syria 
 Proper and the Mediterranean. Cities, Tyre, built first on 
 the mainland, afterward on an island, Sidon, Byblus, Bery- 
 tus, Tripolis, and Aradus. Mountains, Lebanon, consisting 
 of two parallel ridges, Libanus and Anti-Libanus, which 
 extended from Sidon to Damascus, and enclosed the fertile 
 vale of Ccele-Syria, now Baalbec. 
 
 12. Political History. — Consisted of several cities and their 
 territories under separate governments, of which Tyre was 
 the head. 
 
 1. T>/rian kings, cir. 1050-586. — This line of kings, extract- 
 ed by Joseph us from Menander, commenced with Abical, the 
 contemporary of David, and concluded with the sacking of 
 Tyre by Nebuchadnezzar. Hiram, successor of Abical, allied 
 with David and Solomon. Three remarkable females be- 
 longed to this line: Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal I., and 
 wife of Ahab — paganized Israel; Athaliah, daughter of 
 Jezebel and Ahab — usurped Judah ; Dido, sister of Pygma- 
 lion — founded Carthage. 
 
INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 15 
 
 2. Tributary to Persia, 586-382. — New Tyre was afterward 
 founded, with tributary kings under the Persian rule, but was 
 taken by Alexander the Great, B. c. 332. 
 
 3. Decline. — Phoenicia was now ruined and its trade trans- 
 ferred to Alexandria. It often changed its Syro-Grecian 
 and Egypto-Grecian masters, and at length fell into the hands 
 of the Romans. 
 
 13. Colonies. — The Phoenicians were originally pirates and 
 anciently possessed many islands in the Archipelago, but 
 were expelled by the Greeks. They subsequently formed 
 settlements on the south of Spain — Tartessus, Gades, Car- 
 teia ; on the north coast of Africa — Utica, Carthage, Adru- 
 mentum; on the north-western coast of Sicily — Panormus 
 and Lilybseum ; and also probably settled in the Persian 
 Gulf, on the islands of Tylos and Aradus — Bahrein. 
 
 14. Sea Trade. — The Phoenicians sailed — 1st. To North 
 Africa and Spain for silver; 2d. Beyond the Pillars of Her- 
 cules to Britain and the Scilly Isles for tin, and probably 
 amber ; 3d. They joined the Jews under Solomon in voyages 
 from Elath and Eziongeber on the Red Sea to Ophir — i. e. 
 the rich lands in the south, particularly Arabia Felix and 
 Ethiopia (sect. 357) ; 4th. From the Persian Gulf to India 
 and Ceylon ; 5th. On voyages of discovery, and, particularly, 
 they circumnavigated Africa. 
 
 15. Land Trade. — This was mostly carried on by caravans — 
 viz. 1st. With Arabia for spices and incense, imported from 
 Arabia Felix, Gerrha, and the Persian Gulf; 2d. Through 
 Palmyra to Babylon, which opened an indirect communi- 
 cation, by way of Persia, with Lesser Bukharia and Lit- 
 tle Thibet, and probably with China; 3d. With Armenia 
 and neighboring countries for slaves, horses, copper uten- 
 sils, etc.* 
 
 16. Home Manufactures. — 1st. Stuffs and dyes, particular- 
 ly the purple dye made from the juice of a marine shell-fish, 
 and of every possible shade ; 2d. Manufactures of glass and 
 toys, much used in their commercial barterings with uncivil- 
 ized nations. The invention of letters is attributed to the 
 Phoenicians. 
 
 17. 4th. Arabia: Geography.— A peninsula abounding in 
 vast sandy deserts, and chiefly occupied by the nomad de- 
 scendants of Ishmael ; but its northern and eastern coasts 
 rendered it a most important scat of trade. 
 
 18. Divisions. — 1st. North, Arabia J J etrcea, extending from 
 Palestine to the Red Sea, and inhabited by the southern 
 Edomites,Amalekites, Midianites, Hivites, Aniorites, Kenites, 
 
 • The twenty-seventh chapter of Eeekiel contains an exact and in- 
 teresting account of L'huenician commerce. 
 
16 INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 
 
 Horim, Maonim, and Cushites, called Ethiopians in Scrip- 
 ture. Capital, Petra. Mountain, Sinai. 
 
 2d. Inland, Arabia Deserta, with Euphrates on the east and 
 Mount Gilead on the west, and comprehended the Itureans, 
 Nabatheans, people of Kedar, etc. The Rephaim, Emim, 
 Zuzim, and Zanzummim (Gen. xiv. 5; Deut. ii. 10, 11) an- 
 ciently possessed the territories afterward occupied by the 
 Moabites, Ammonites, and Edomites. 
 
 3d. South, Arabia Felix, bounded on the east by the Per- 
 sian Gulf, south by the Indian Ocean, and west by the Red 
 Sea. Rich in spices and perfumes, particularly frankin- 
 cense, and rich also as being the ancient staple for Indian 
 merchandise. Probably included the territory of the queen 
 of Sheba. 
 
 19. Political History. — Arabians are divided into two 
 classes : 1st. Dwellers in cities ; 2d. Nomads. Abimelech, 
 king of Gerar, was visited by Abraham and Isaac. Moses, 
 after slaying the Egyptian, fled to the Midianites, descend- 
 ants of the fourth son of Abraham and Keturah, who subse- 
 quently joined the Amalekites and other nomad Arabs in 
 ravaging Palestine (sect. 279). The Amorites, Amalekites, 
 and others were conquered by Moses. The Moabites, Am- 
 monites, and Edomites were petty kingdoms frequently at 
 war with the Israelites, and lay on the east of the Jordan. 
 
 20. Moabites. — Incestuously descended from Lot ; defeated 
 the giants Emim, and occupied a territory on the banks of 
 the Arnon. Capital, Ar or Ariel, called also Rabbah-Moab 
 and Kirharesh. Idols, Chemosh and Baal-peor. Lost terri- 
 tory to the Amorites, but not attacked by Moses, though 
 Balak tried to persuade Balaam to curse the Israelites. Eg- 
 lon subsequently oppressed Israel (sect. 276), but was assas- 
 sinated by Ehud. Saul subdued them (sect. 308), and David 
 (sect. 329), but after the death of Ahab its king, Mesha, re- 
 fused to pay tribute (sect. 423), and was closely besieged by 
 Jehoshaphat and Jehoram in his capital, and sacrificed his eld- 
 est son on the wall (sect. 429). Moab was afterward carried cap- 
 tive by Assyria, and probably followed the fortunes of Israel. 
 
 21. Ammonites. — Incestuously descended from Lot; sub- 
 dued the Zanzummim, and occupied their country north- 
 east of the Moabites. Capital, Rabbath. Lost territory to 
 the Amorites, which was afterward occupied by the tribes 
 east of the Jordan. Assisted Moab in conquering Canaan 
 (sect. 276), but were defeated by Jephthah (sect. 291), by 
 Saul (sect. 306), and by David (sect. 331), and Rabbath was 
 taken by Joab (sect. 333). They subsequently united with 
 the Edomites and Moabites in attacking Judah, but were de- 
 feated by Jehoshaphat (sect. 422). Their country afterward 
 followed the fortunes of Israel. 
 
INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 17 
 
 22. Edomites. — Descendants of Esau; settled in Mount 
 Seir, in the land of the Horites, and spread through Arabia 
 Petraea from the Dead Sea to the Mediterranean. Capitals, 
 Bozra and Petra. First governed by dukes or princes, after- 
 ward by kings, but subdued by Saul (sect. 308), by David 
 (sect. 329). Hadad became an independent king toward 
 the close of Solomon's reign (sect. 362). In Jehoram's reign 
 Edom rebelled, and Amaziah subsequently took Petra and 
 obliged ten thousand people to leap from the rock (sect. 464). 
 It was subsequently ravaged by Nebuchadnezzar (sect. 559), 
 and conquered by John Hyrcanus (Con., sect. 45). 
 
 23. 5th. Palestine : Geography. — Palestine Proper was 
 bounded on the north by Syria and Phoenicia, on the east by 
 Arabia Deserta, on the south by Arabia Petraea, and on the 
 west by the Mediterranean. The limits of the territory were, 
 however, perpetually changing. Under the judges the coun- 
 try east of the Jordan was often oppressed by the Ammonites 
 and Moabites, whilst the Philistines held a considerable dis- 
 trict in South-western Judah. Under David and Solomon 
 the limits of the kingdom were much enlarged, extending 
 from the Euphrates to the Red Sea, and from the Mediterra- 
 nean to Arabia Deserta, thus comprising Syria Proper and 
 Philistia, Moab and Amnion in Arabia Deserta, and nearly 
 all Arabia Petraea, including Edom, etc. Mountains, Gilead, 
 Cannel, Tabor, Hermon, Gilboa, and Lebanon. Rivers, Jor- 
 dan, Arnon, Jabbok, and Kishon. Lakes, Merom, Gennesa- 
 reth, and the Dead Sea. 
 
 24. Divisions : 1st. Into Twelve Tribes by Joshua (sect. 
 263), during which the tabernacle was set up in Shiloh. The 
 territory of each tribe was subdivided according to the fami- 
 lies (sect. 128). 
 
 25. 2d. Into a Single Monarchy, during the reigns of Saul, 
 David, and Solomon. Capital, Jebus or Jerusalem. 
 
 26. 3d. Into the two Monarchies of Judah and Israel. — Judah 
 comprised two tribes. Capital, Jerusalem. Israel comprised 
 ten tribes. Capital, first Shechem, then Tirzah, and finally 
 Samaria. 
 
 27. 4th. Into five Districts, under, successively, the Per- 
 sians, Ptolemies, Selcucidae, Asamoneans, Herodians, and 
 Romans, West of the Jordan. — 1st. Judaea, on the south. 
 Capital, Jerusalem. 2d. Samaria, in the centre. Cities, Sa- 
 maria, or Sebaste, and Sichem. 3d. Galilee, on the north. 
 Towns, Nazareth, Can a, Bethsaida, etc. East of the Jor- 
 dan. — 4th. Peraea.* Cities, Pella, Machaerus, etc. On the 
 South. — 5th. Idumsea, the ancient Edoin. 
 
 :; Division of Peraea. — Peraea, which signifies "the country on the oppo- 
 site side," was a general name for any district belonging to or closely con- 
 
 2* B 
 
18 INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 
 
 28. Political History. — A spirit of theocracy prevailed more 
 or less throughout every form of Jewish government. 
 
 29. I. The Nomad State, 1921-1426, from Abraham until the 
 death of Joshua. — 1st period — Patriarchal government under 
 Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, 1921-1706. Canaan occupied 
 by ten races: Kenites, Kenizzites, and Kadmonites east of 
 the Jordan ; west, by the Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Am- 
 orites, Canaanites, Girgashites, and Jebusites. Divided into 
 states governed by petty kings, many of whom were subdued 
 by Chedorlaomer, king of Elam or ancient Persia (sect. 24). 
 2d period — Israelites divided into ten tribes, resided in Egypt, 
 1706-1491. Dynasty of Menes expelled by the Hyksos or 
 Shepherd-kings, and the Israelites reduced to slavery and 
 their male infants slain. Moses born, 1571. 3d period — A 
 strict theocracy during the wanderings in the wilderness un- 
 der Moses, and conquest of Canaan under Joshua, 1491-1426. 
 Exode from Egypt; law delivered on Mount Sinai, 1490; 
 Moses died, 1451 ; Joshua died, 1426. 
 
 30. 2. The Federative Republic, 1426-1095.— Each tribe 
 was governed by its own patriarch, but all were united in one 
 federate state and one common bond by the worship of Je- 
 hovah ; introduction of idolatry punished by the oppression 
 of neighboring powers ; heroes or judges raised up at various 
 times to deliver the people, and govern them in the spirit of 
 theocracy ; ill-government of Samuel's sons induced the peo- 
 ple to demand a king. 
 
 31. 3. The Single Monarchy, 1065-975. — Saul made king, 
 but acted in opposition to the divine commands. David suc- 
 ceeded him, and extended his dominions to the Euphrates and 
 Eed Sea, and made Palestine the ruling monarchy in Western 
 Asia. His son Solomon succeeded and allied with the Phoe- 
 nicians, and carried on an extensive commerce by land and 
 sea. Built the temple, but afterward tempted, to idolatry, 
 and the nations conquered by David rebelled. 
 
 32. 4. The Divided Monarchy of Judah and Israel, 975-588.— 
 Rehoboam, son of Solomon, refused to lighten the people from 
 the heavy taxation imposed by Solomon, and the ten tribes 
 revolted under Jeroboam. The kings of Israel introduced 
 
 nected with a country from the main part of which it was separated by a 
 sea or river. The name Periva was therefore applied in its more extended 
 sense to the whole territory stretching from the river Arnon to Mount Her- 
 mon, between the Jordan and the desert, and was subdivided into eight 
 districts or cantons — viz. ] . Pergea. in the more limited sense, which only 
 extended from the Arnon to the Jabbok ; 2. Gilead, or Galaaditis; 3. 
 Deeapolis, or Ten Cities, of which little is known for certain; 4. Gau- 
 lonitis; 5. Batanea, the ancient Bashan ; 6. Itura:a or Auranitis; 7. 
 Trachonitis; 8. Abilene, in the extreme north, among the mountains 
 of Anti-Libanus, between Baalbec and Damascus. 
 
INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 19 
 
 idolatry to prevent their subjects from worshipping at Jeru- 
 salem ; and, defying the warnings of Elisha, Elijah, and other 
 prophets, the nation was carried into Assyrian captivity by 
 Shalmaneser, B. c. 721. The early kings of Judah reigned 
 righteously, but subsequently allied and intermarried with 
 the kings of Israel and followed in their idolatrous steps ; 
 and though Isaiah, Jeremiah, and others warned the people, 
 and Hezekiah, Josiah, and other good kings deferred the 
 punishment of the kingdom, yet the nation was at length 
 carried into Babylonian captivity, B. c. 588. 
 
 33. 6. The Province and Principality, B. C. 588 to A. D. 70. 
 — 1st. The Babylonian Captivity, 606-536, reckoning from the 
 first taking of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar to the edict of 
 Cyrus, lasted seventy years, during which time the land lay 
 desolate. 
 
 2d. The Persians, 536-323. — Cyrus, having overthrown the 
 Babylonian empire and established the Medo-Persian, per- 
 mitted the Jews to return to Judaea under Zerubbabel (sect. 
 572). They were subsequently governed by their high priests, 
 under the satrap of Syria, and paid tribute to Persia. Alex- 
 ander the Great overthrew the empire b. c. 330, and died B. c. 
 323. 
 
 3d. The Successors of Alexander, 323-300. — Violent disputes 
 broke out amongst Alexander's generals after his death, and 
 Palestine frequently changed masters, until a permanent 
 treaty was established between the four kings. 
 
 4th. The Ptolemies, 300-202.— -The high priests governed the 
 Jews and farmed the revenues under the Ptolemies. Flour- 
 ishing period of Jewish literature, and completion of the Sep- 
 tuagint. 
 
 5th. The Seleucidce, 202-166.— Antiochus III., or the Great, 
 wrested Palestine from Ptolemy V., or Epiphanes, and the 
 Jews now paid tribute to Syria, but were governed by their 
 own high priests and Sanhedrim. Antiochus IV., or Epi- 
 phanes, persecuted the Jews for not following the Greek 
 idolatry, and the latter revolted under Mattathias, who 
 died b" c. 166. 
 
 6th. The Maccabees, 166-37. — War under Judas Maccabceus 
 and his successors for religious freedom, not for political in- 
 dependence, and the Jews still paid tribute to Syria; but in 
 b. c. 143, Demetrius Nicator acknowledged the independence 
 of the Jews, and relinquished all claims for taxes. The quar- 
 rels between Hyrcanus IT. and Antigonus and their appeal 
 to Pompey made the Jewish state dependent on Rome, and 
 Herod, having obtained the favor of Antony by gifts and as- 
 siduous attention, was made king of Judaea. 
 
 7th. The Herodians and Romans, B. C. 37 to A. D. 70.— Our 
 Saviour was born B. c. 4, and Heiod died B. C. 3. His king- 
 
20 INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 
 
 dom was divided by his three sons into three tetrarchies, 
 which were subsequently appended to Syria and became a 
 Roman province.* Our Lord was crucified under Pontius 
 Pilate, a Roman procurator, A. d. 29, in the thirty-third year 
 of his age. The Jews rebelled under Gessius Florus. Titus 
 destroyed Jerusalem, a. d. 70. 
 
 34. Productions. — Wheat, honey, grapes, oil, olives, pome- 
 granates, apples, figs, almonds, citrons, balm, etc. The prin- 
 cipal shrubs, herbs, and trees are aloe, hyssop, the rose, spike- 
 nard, mandrake (a species of melon), myrtle, mustard tree, 
 cedar, oak, palm, etc. The mountains contained iron and 
 copper. The valleys afforded capital pasture for sheep, oxen, 
 goats, camels, and asses. The rivers and lakes abounded in 
 fish, which were cured by salt from the Dead Sea. 
 
 35. Commerce. — Palestine was an agricultural country, but 
 allied with Phoenicia during the reigns of David and Solo- 
 mon, and carried on an extensive commerce by land and sea. 
 (See sect. 357.) 
 
 36. Philistia : Geography. — Philistia was a small territory 
 bordering on the south-west of Judaea. Cities, Ekron, Gath, 
 Askelon, Ashdod, and Gaza. 
 
 37. Political History. — The Philistines were not Canaan- 
 ites, but originally Egyptians from the Pelusiac branch of 
 the Nile, and they had migrated from Caphtor (Cyprus) not 
 long before the arrival of the Hebrews, and expelled the 
 Avim from the low country in Southern Palestine, and there 
 established five governments or lordships in five cities. They 
 were defeated by Shamgar and Samson (sect. 277 and 297), 
 and by Saul (sect. 307), and rendered tributary by David 
 (sect. 329). They revolted under Jehoram (sect. 436), but 
 were defeated by Uzziah (sect. 472), and again rebelled from 
 Ahaz (sect. 493), but were reduced by Hezekiah (sect. 506). 
 They subsequently suffered from the same enemies as the 
 Jews, but were at length wholly subdued by Alexander Jan- 
 naeus. 
 
 38. III. Countries between the Euphrates and the Tigris. — 
 These comprised — 1st. Mesopotamia; 2d. Armenia; and 3d. 
 Babylonia. 
 
 39. 1st. Mesopotamia, or Aram, or Padan-aram, anciently 
 included both Armenia and Babylonia, and even part of 
 Syria, and is considered to be the first habitation of mankind 
 after the deluge, and gave birth to Terah, Abraham, Nahor, 
 Sarah, Rebekah, Leah, and the sons of Jacob. Mesopotamia 
 Proper consisted of a table-land occupied by nomad hordes, 
 with Armenia on the north and Babylonia on the south, and 
 
 * See the Analysis and Summary of New Testament History, by the 
 author of the present volume. 
 
INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 21 
 
 it successively became a part of the Assyrian, Persian, Mace- 
 donian, and Syrian empires. 
 
 40. 2d. Armenia was a mountainous territory north of 
 Mesopotamia, watered by the rivers Cyrus, Araxes, and 
 Phasis. It is supposed to have included the garden of Eden, 
 and its history is similar to that of Mesopotamia. 
 
 41. 3d. Babylonia, or the Land of Shinar: Geography. — 
 Babylonia was a level plain south of Mesopotamia Proper, 
 remarkable for the richness of its soil. Anciently, by its 
 high cultivation, its canals and lakes, and the erection of 
 dams, it was the most fruitful, and from its situation the 
 most opulent, state of Inner Asia. Capital, Babylon, on 
 the Euphrates. 
 
 42. Political History. — 1st Period, prior to the Chaldean 
 Conquest, cir. B. C. £234-626.— Mmrod founded Babel or 
 Babylon, from whence Asshur migrated and founded Assyria, 
 which was afterward conquered by Nimrod. See "Assyria" 
 and sect. 16, note. 
 
 2d. From the Chaldean Conquest to the taking of Babylon by 
 Cyrus, B. C. 626-589. — The Chaldeans, a nomad race, de- 
 scended from Caucasus and Taurus, overwhelmed Southern 
 Asia, and mastered Babylonia.* (See sect. 535.) Ptolemy 
 enumerates thirteen Chaldean kings as reigning prior to this 
 conquest of Babylonia, which seems to have been completed 
 by Nabopolassar, whose son and successor, Nebuchadnezzar, 
 subdued Asia from the Mediterranean to the Tigris, and 
 founded the Chaldee- Babylonian empire. For a history of 
 Nebuchadnezzar and his successors down to the taking of 
 Babylon by Cyrus, see sect. 558-570. Babylon subsequently 
 followed the fortunes of the Persian empire. 
 
 43. Commerce. — Babylon owed its extensive commerce to 
 its superior geographical position, which, while it afforded 
 admirable facilities for traffic by land, was equally conve- 
 nient for maritime and river navigation on the Euphrates 
 and Tigris and the Persian Gulf. By land the Babylonians 
 imported from the countries east of Persia — 1st. Onyxes, 
 sardines, emeralds, jaspers, etc., which they obtained from 
 the Ghaut Mountains and Bactrian desert; 2d. Indian dogs, 
 dyes, wool, gold, and gold-dust;, 3d. Silk from China, etc. 
 By sea they imported — 1st. Incense from Arabia ; 2d. Cot- 
 ton, spices, ivory, ebony, etc., from India; 3d. Bamboos, 
 
 • Mr. Orote {Greece, iii. p. .'592, third edit.), resting on Herodotus 
 and Rtrabo, can see nothing in the Chaldeans but Babylonian priests. 
 This was certainly their later position (or the later use of their name), 
 but the Chaldeans are familiarly spoken of by the prophets as coming 
 from the north, and Ur of the Chaldees was in Northern Mesopotamia. 
 Magians and Chaldeans seem both to have fallen from dominant tribes 
 into priesthoods. 
 
22 INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 
 
 teak-wood, etc., from Tylos; 4th. Cinnamon from Ceylon; 
 5th. Pearls from the Persian Gulf, etc. Their chief manu- 
 factures were woven stuffs, carpets, brilliantly-colored and 
 finely-textured cottons, of which the principal factories were 
 at Borsippa on the Euphrates, about fifteen miles from Baby- 
 lon. They were also famous for their sweet waters, engraving 
 on precious stones, seal-rings, chased walking-sticks, costly 
 perfumes, etc. 
 
 44. IV. Countries between the Tigris and Indus. — These 
 comprised, 1. Assyria, or the province of Adiabene; 2. Su- 
 siana ; 3. Persis ; 4. Carmania ; 5. Gedrosia ; 6. Media ; 7. 
 Aria; 8. Arachosia; 9. Parthia and Hyrcanus; 10. Bactria; 
 11. Sogdiana. The empires successively founded by Assyria, 
 Babylonia, Media, and Persia included, however, the princi- 
 pal portions of this territory. 
 
 45. Character of the great Asiatic Empires. — The mighty 
 empires of the East were, with the exception of the one 
 founded by Alexander, erected by warlike nomad hordes, 
 who, pressed by necessity or circumstances, forsook their 
 northern and sterile climes to carry war and conquest into 
 the fruitful and cultivated lands of Southern Asia. Here 
 they established a brilliant but evanescent empire, for they 
 quickly adopted the luxurious habits of the vanquished na- 
 tions, and consequently were soon overthrown by fresh swarms 
 of uncorrupted warriors, who also in their turn degenerated 
 and gave way to new invaders. The general features in the 
 gradual internal development of all empires formed by nomad 
 conquerors are — 1st. The mere occupation of rich territories 
 and levying of tribute, when the constitutions already estab- 
 lished among the conquered or tributary nations are gener- 
 ally suffered to remain ; 2d. The gradual progress toward 
 the adoption of a fixed abode and the building of cities, 
 together with the assumption of the customs and civiliza- 
 tion of the conquered ; 3d. The division into provinces, and, 
 as a necessary consequence, the establishment of satrap gov- 
 ernment; 4th. Insurrections of the satraps and pernicious 
 influence of the seraglio, which quickly produce the dissolu- 
 tion of the empire or its total annihilation by some violent 
 attack from without. 
 
 46. Ruling Empires of South-western Asia: 1st. Assyria. — 
 Assyria Proper, or the province of Adiabene, consisted of a 
 table-land east of the Tigris, having Armenia on the north, 
 Mesopotamia on the west, Babylonia on the south, and Me- 
 dia and Susiana on the east. Cities, Nineveh (Ninus) and 
 Arbela. "Assyria" was, however, a name given to an an- 
 cient and vast empire erected among the nations bordering 
 on the Euphrates and Tigris, and included, according to 
 Strabo and other geographers, all the Asiatic countries south 
 
INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 23 
 
 of the Taurus, excepting Persia, Arabia Proper, and Pales- 
 tine. 
 
 47. Political History. — 1. Primeval Period. — Asshur, or As- 
 sur, third son of Shem, migrated from the land of Shinar to 
 the country called, after him, Assyria, which was afterward 
 subdued by Nimrod, son of Cush, who built Nineveh on the 
 Tigris, and named it after his son Ninus. (See sect. 486, 
 note.) Nineveh became a great city in the time of Jonah, 
 cir. b. c. 862. Mythical accounts of Ninus, Semiramis, Nin- 
 yas, etc. 
 
 2. Jewish Period. — Line of kings recorded in Scripture B. c. 
 771-604: Pul, Tiglath-pileser, Shalmaneser, Sennacherib, and 
 Esarhaddon. Seat of the nation in Assyria Proper. Israel 
 carried into captivity by Shalmaneser, b. c. 721. Sennacherib 
 invaded Egypt and his army destroyed by an angel of the 
 Lord, B. c. 710. Medes revolted from Assyria and formed a 
 separate empire under Deioces, b. c. 709. Babylon separated 
 from the Assyrian empire, b. o. 626. Babylonians and Medes 
 take Nineveh, b. c. 612. (See sect. 535.) 
 
 48. 2d. Media. — Media Proper lay north of Persis, and 
 was an extensive and very fruitful country, mountainous to- 
 ward the north. Rivers, Araxes, Cyrus, and Mardus. Cities, 
 Ecbatana and Rages. The name of Medes, however, is fre- 
 quently used as a common appellation of the ruling nations 
 in Western Asia, from Tigris to the Indus, or Persia (in the 
 more extensive sense of that word) before Cyrus. It is gen- 
 erally noticed in Scripture as a conquering nation. 
 
 49. Political History. — Medes revolted from Assyria, B. c. 
 709, and formed a separate empire under Deioces [Arphax- 
 ad], who founded Ecbatana, allied with the Babylonians, 
 and took Nineveh, B. c. 612. (See sect. 535.) The empire 
 of the Medes now became a ruling monarchy in Asia, and 
 extended its conquests from the Tigris to the Indus, whilst 
 the Chaldee-Baby Ionian empire subdued the countries from 
 the Tigris to the Mediterranean. Darius the Mede (Cyax- 
 ares II.) died B. c. 537, and was succeeded by Cyrus the Per- 
 sian, when Media Proper became a province of the Persian 
 empire. 
 
 50. 3d. Persia. — Persis, or Persia Proper, lay north of Me- 
 dia. It was rugged and mountainous toward the north, level 
 and fruitful in the centre, and sandy toward the south. Riv- 
 ers, the Cyrus and Araxes. City, Persepolis, or Pasargada, 
 the national palace and cemetery of the kings of Persia. 
 "Persia" subsequently became the designation of the vast 
 empire established by Cyrus. 
 
 51. Political History. — Primitive Condition. — The Pcrshins 
 were a highland people, subject to the Medes, dwelling in tin 1 
 mountainous parts of the province of Persis, and leading a 
 
24 INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 
 
 nomad life. They were divided into ten clans, of which that 
 of the Pasargadse was the noblest and the ruling horde. 
 
 Cyrus, or Kai Kliosru, cir. B. C. 560-530. — His early life is 
 obscured by romance, but it is evident that he was elected 
 chief of all the Persian tribes, then subject to Media, in the 
 same way as Genghis Khan in a later age was placed at the 
 head of all the Mogul hordes. Three ruling monarchies now 
 existed in Asia: 1. The Medes, from the Tigris to the Indus; 
 2. The Babylonians, or Chaldeans, from the Tigris to the Med- 
 iterranean; 3. The Lydians, who, under their king Croesus, 
 had conquered the greater part of Asia Minor, to the river 
 Halys. Cyrus overthrew the Medes, or Medo-Bactrian em- 
 pire, by the defeat of Astyages, subdued all the Lydian ter- 
 ritory, seized the Greek colonies in Asia, captured Babylonia, 
 and subjugated the Phoenicians. In b. c. 536 he granted an 
 edict permitting the Jews to return from captivity. Cyrus, 
 having extended the frontiers of the Persian empire in South- 
 ern Asia to the Mediterranean, the Oxus, and the Indus, made 
 an unsuccessful campaign against the Massagetse (the nomad 
 races inhabiting the steppes of Central Asia), and fell in the 
 contest (sect. 576). 
 
 Cambyses, 530-522. — The Ahasuerus of Ezra iv. 6 ; conquered 
 Egypt, but was unsuccessful against the Ammonians and Ethi- 
 opians. Magians revolt. (See sect. 576.) 
 
 Smerdis Magus, 522. — The Artaxerxes of Ezra iv. 7-23. An 
 usurper. (See sect. 577.) 
 
 Darius Hystaspis, 521-485. — Called Darius the Mede. Ezra 
 iv. 4 ; vi. Invaded Scythia. Babylon revolted and was re- 
 taken. Ionian colonies in Asia revolted, which was followed 
 by a war with Greece. Battle of Marathon, B. c. 490. (See 
 sect. 578.) 
 
 Xerxes, 485-464. — Subdued the Egyptian revolt and made 
 an expedition against Greece. Battles of Thermopylae and 
 Salamis, B. c. 480. Battles of Plataea and Mycale, B. c. 479. 
 (See sect. 582.) 
 
 Artaxerxes Longimanus and his Successors, 464-330. — For a 
 summary of this period, down to the overthrow of the empire 
 by Alexander the Great, see sect. 583. 
 
 52. Religion. — The ancient religion of the Persians was the 
 Magian, or worship of fire, and included, according to the 
 Zendavesta, two conflicting principles— Ormuzd, god of light, 
 and Ahriman, god of darkness. Zoroaster, who flourished, 
 according to Prideaux and Hyde, during the reign of Darius 
 Hystaspis, was the great reformer of the Persian religion. 
 The Magian doctrine still exists among the Ghebres in 
 Persia and the Parsees in India. 
 
INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 25 
 
 II. THE CRITICAL HISTORY OF THE OLD TES- 
 TAMENT. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 The Bible. — Divisions of the Old Testament: I. The Pentateuch, or 
 five Books of the Law; II. The twelve Historical Books; III. The 
 five Poetical Books, or Holy Writings; IV. The seventeen Prophetical 
 Books; The Apocrypha. — Original language of the Old Testament. — 
 The Septuagint. — The Vulgate. — English translations. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 53. The Bible — (it^loq, i. e. the Book — is comprised in the 
 Old Testament, which contains thirty-nine books, and the 
 New Testament, which contains twenty-seven books; in 
 addition to these are the Apocryphal Writings, which 
 are contained in fourteen books. 
 
 54. Division of the Old Testament. — The thirty-nine books 
 of the Old Testament are divided into four classes — viz. I. The 
 Pentateuch, or five Books of the Law. II. The twelve His- 
 torical Books. III. The five Poetical Books, or Holy 
 Writings. IV. The seventeen Prophetical Books — viz. 
 1. The five Books, including Lamentations, by the four Great- 
 er Prophets and 2. The twelve Books of the twelve Minor 
 Prophets. 
 
 5o. I. The Pentateuch, or Five Books of the Law, from Ilevre, 
 five, and revxog, a volume. It comprises Genesis, Exodus, 
 Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy, and was all writ- 
 ten by Moses, excepting perhaps the last chapter of Deuter- 
 onomy, which contains an account of the death of Moses, and 
 was therefore probably written by Joshua or Samuel, or some 
 other later prophet. 
 
 The history of the Pentateuch extends from the creation to 
 the death of Moses, b. c. 4004-1451, and includes a period of 
 2453 years. It is divided into three sections — viz. 
 
 1. History of the creation and deluge and the generations 
 prior to Abraham. Gen. i.-xi. 
 
 2. History of the Jews as a nomad family — their patriarch- 
 al state, Egyptian slavery, and wanderings in the wilderness 
 under Moses. Gen. xii.-l. ; Ex. i.-xix. ; Numbers. 
 
26 INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 
 
 3. The Mosaic code of laws and ordinances. Ex. xx.-xl. ; 
 Leviticus and Deuteronomy. 
 
 56. II. The Twelve Historical Books — viz. Joshua, 
 Judges, Ruth, 1 and 2 Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings, 1 and 2 
 Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah, and Esther. The authors 
 of these books are unknown. It seems certain that from the 
 commencement of the theocracy scribes were employed to 
 write the records of their times ; which records were subse- 
 quently deposited in the tabernacle or temple. It is there- 
 fore conjectured that the historical books, to the end of 
 Kings, were compiled from these original records by Jere- 
 miah, shortly before the Captivity, and that the remaining 
 five books, from 1 Chronicles to Esther, were compiled by 
 Ezra. The history of these twelve books extends from the 
 death of Moses to the end of Nehemiah's history, b. c. 1451 
 to about B. c. 434 — a period of 1017 years. It is divided into 
 five sections : 
 
 I. History of the conquest of Canaan under Joshua. 
 Joshua. 
 
 II. History of the Jews under a federative republic. 
 Judges; 1 Sam. i.-viii.; including the episode of Ruth. 
 
 III. History of the Jews under a single monarchy — viz. 
 of Saul, David, and Solomon. 1 Sam. ix. to end ; 2 Sam. ; 
 1 Kings i.-xii. ; 1 Chron. ; 2 Chron. i.-ix. 
 
 IV. History of the Jews under the divided monarchy of 
 Judah and Israel. 1 Kings xii. to end ; 2 Kings ; 2 Chron. 
 x. to end. 
 
 V. History of the Jews from the Babylonian captivity to 
 the end of Nehemiah's history. Ezra; Nehemiah; with 
 portions of Jeremiah, Daniel, etc., and including the episode 
 of Esther. 
 
 During the period of the Pentateuch and historical books, 
 the whole of the five poetical books must have been com- 
 posed, and all the prophecies in the seventeen prophetical 
 books delivered. 
 
 57. III. The Five Poetical Books, or Holy Writings — Hagio- 
 grapha, from ayiuc, holy, and ypactrj, a writing. They comprise 
 Job, Psalms, Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Solomon's Song. 
 They are called poetical books because they are almost whol- 
 ly written in Hebrew metre. Job is supposed to have been 
 written by Moses; the Psalms by ten persons — viz. Moses, 
 David, Solomon, Asaph, Heman, Ethan, Jeduthun, and the 
 three sons of Korah ; the Proverbs chiefly by Solomon, 
 though in the thirtieth and thirty-first chapters the proverbs 
 of Agur and Lemuel are inserted. Ecclesiastes and Solo- 
 mon's Song are undoubtedly by Solomon. 
 
 58. IV. The Seventeen Prophetical Books. These writ- 
 ings are divided into two kinds — viz. 
 
INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 27 
 
 I. The Five Prophetical Books (including Lamentations) of 
 the four Greater Prophets — viz. Isaiah, Jeremiah, 
 (Prophecies and Lamentations), Ezekiel, and Daniel. 
 
 II. The Twelve Prophetical Books of the Twelve Minor 
 Prophets — viz. Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Mi- 
 cah, Nahum, Habakktjk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zecha- 
 
 RIAH, MaLACHI. 
 
 59. The Fourteen Apocryphal Books — (nroKpl'TrTo, i. e. to 
 hide — which comprise 1 and 2 Esdras, Tobit, Judith, 
 Rest of Esther, Wisdom of Solomon, Ecclesiastictts, 
 Baruch, Song of the Three Children, Bel and the 
 Dragon, Prayer of Manasses, and 1 and 2 Maccabees. 
 The history of these books will be found in the Connection, 
 sect. 103, et seq. They are of doubtful origin, and conse- 
 quently not included in our canon of Scripture, though the 
 Roman Catholic Church, by the authority of the Council of 
 Trent, admits them as canonical. (See "Apocryphal Books," 
 Con., sects. 103-117.) 
 
 60. Original Language of the Old Testament. — The Old 
 Testament is written in Hebrew, excepting some chapters of 
 Ezra and Daniel, which are in Chaldee, the Jews having be- 
 come more familiar with the Chaldee than the Hebrew during 
 the Babylonian captivity. There are, however, two editions 
 of the Pentateuch — viz. the Samaritan and the Hebrew. 
 The Samaritan is written in the ancient Hebrew character, 
 and has been preserved by the Samaritans distinct from the 
 other ever since the Babylonian captivity, " for the Jews had 
 no dealings with the Samaritans." The comparison of the 
 two has been found useful in correcting the errors of tran- 
 scribers. 
 
 61. The Septuagint. — This ancient Greek version was orig- 
 inally made for the use of the Egyptian Jews, and called 
 Septuagint — septuaginta, i. e. seventy — because, according to the 
 tradition of one Aristeas, which is now generally rejected, it 
 was supposed to have been made in seventy-two da\s, by 
 seventy elders, or learned Jews, who had been sent by the 
 Jewish high priest Eleazar to Alexandria at the request of 
 Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of Egypt. It is also called the 
 Alexandrian version, from having been executed at Alexan- 
 dria. Some say that the seventy elders were shut up in the 
 isle of Pharos, and completed their task in seventy-two days, 
 while Demetrius Phalerus, the king's chief librarian, tran- 
 scribed it from their dictation. Others say. that the seventy, 
 being shut up in separate cells, wrote each a separate trans- 
 lation, and all were afterward found to exactly coincide in 
 words and sentiment. 
 
 This version was most probably made during the joint 
 reigns of Ptolemy Lagus and his son Ptolemy Philadelphus, 
 
28 INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 
 
 about B. c. 285 or 286 (see Con., sect. 12), and the introduc- 
 tion of Coptic or pure Egyptian words and the rendering of 
 Hebrew words in the Egyptian manner clearly prove that 
 the translators were natives of Egypt; whilst the difference 
 of style and ability shows that this version was the work 
 not of one, but of several individuals. 
 
 The Septuagint gradually acquired the highest authority 
 amongst the Jews of Palestine, and subsequently amongst 
 the Christians, and all the quotations in the New Testament 
 from the Old are taken from it. It was, however, abandoned 
 by the Jewish synagogue about the first century after Christ. 
 It is still employed by the Greek and other Christian churches. 
 
 62. The Vulgate. — This was an ancient Latin version of the 
 Septuagint and Greek New Testament, made in the early part 
 of the second century, and called the Vetus Itala, or Old 
 Italic, but its author is unknown. In the fourth century, 
 Jerome commenced revising this old Italic translation, but 
 before it was completed he undertook and finished a new 
 Latin version of the Bible, which gradually acquired so great 
 an authority in Western Europe that it has been exclusively 
 adopted by the Romish Church ever since the seventh cen- 
 tury. Some parts only of Jerome's revision of the Old Italia 
 version have been preserved, but his Latin translation, under 
 the name of Latin Vulgate, was at length pronounced to be 
 authentic by the Council of Trent in the sixteenth century, 
 and ordered to be exclusively used in the service of the Romish 
 Ciiurch. Several revisions of the Latin Vulgate have been 
 since undertaken by learned men, which were rendered ne- 
 cessary from the errors of copyists and the occasional inter- 
 mixture of the Old Italic version with Jerome's Latin Vulgaie. 
 Of these revisions, the most celebrated is that by Pope Sixtus 
 V., which was published at Rome in 1590, but suppressed 
 by Clement VIII., whose authentic edition appeared in 
 1592. 
 
 63. English Translations. — No complete version of all the 
 Scriptures appears to have been made in Saxon, though Bede 
 translated certain parts, and other Saxon versions still exist 
 of the most important portions. 
 
 The First English translation known to be extant was made 
 by an unknown indivividual about 1290; of this there are 
 but two manuscript copies preserved — one in the Bodleian 
 Library, and the other in Christ Church College Library, 
 Oxford. 
 
 John de Trevisa, about a century after, is said by Caxton to 
 have translated the whole Bible into English ; but this is un- 
 certain. 
 
 John Wickliffe, about the same time — viz. 1380 — either trans- 
 lated the whole Bible from the Latin Vulgate, or collected 
 
INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 29 
 
 previous translations which completed an English Bible. His 
 version of the New Testament has been often published. 
 
 William Tyndale, in 1526, printed his English version of the 
 New Testament. Two years after, he also printed a trans- 
 lation of the Pentateuch. He was martyred at Antwerp in 
 1536. 
 
 Miles Cover dale, in 1535, printed at Zurich the first complete 
 English translation of the Bible, composed of Tyndale's versions, 
 as far as they went, and his own. 
 
 John Rogers, in 1537, having previously assisted Tyndale, 
 now edited a Bible (probably at Hamburg) under the as- 
 sumed name of Thomas Matthews ; his Bible is therefore 
 generally called Matthews' Bible. This translation was re- 
 vised by Cranmer and Cover dale, and printed in London, 
 1539, in large folio, and from this was called the Great 
 Bible. 
 
 The Geneva Bible was published between 1557 and 1560, at 
 Geneva, being a new version by Coverdale, Knox, Goodman, 
 and others, with short annotations. The New Testament in 
 this Bible was the first one divided into verses. 
 
 The Bishops' Bible was published in 1568, with two prefaces 
 by Archbishop Parker, who employed several critics to make 
 the translation, amongst whom were eight bishops; hence it 
 was called the Bishops' Bible. This Bible was read in churches, 
 but the Geneva was preferred in families. 
 
 The present Authorized English Version was pub- 
 lished in 1611. At the Hampton Court Conference, in 1603, 
 several objections were made to the Bishops' Bible, and, in 
 1604, James I. issued a commission to fifty-four of the most 
 eminent divines of both universities to undertake a new ver- 
 sion. This was not commenced until 1607, when seven of 
 the divines had died and only forty-seven were living. The 
 forty-seven survivors were now divided into six committees — 
 two at Oxford, two at Cambridge, and two at Westminster — 
 and each had a certain portion assigned it. In 1610 the 
 great work was completed, and then revised by a committee 
 of six of the translators, and finally reviewed by Bishop 
 Bilson and Dr. Smith; the latter prefixed the Arguments 
 and wrote the Preface. The whole was printed and pub- 
 lished in 1611. 
 
 64. Division into Chapters and Verses. — The invention of 
 chapters has been ascribed to both Archbishop Lanfranc and 
 Stephen Langton, but the real author was Cardinal Hugo de 
 Sancto Caro, who, having projected a concordance to the 
 Latin Vulgate, about the middle of the thirteenth century, 
 divided both the Old and New Testaments into chapters, the 
 same as we now have. These chapters he subdivided into 
 smaller portions, which he distinguished by the letters A, B, 
 3 * 
 
 
30 INTRODUCTORY OUTLINE. 
 
 C, D, etc. In the fifteenth century Eabbi Mordecai Nathan 
 made a Hebrew concordance on the same plan, and adopted 
 the cardinal's divisions. The introduction of verses into the 
 'printed editions of the Hebrew Bible was made by Athias, 
 an Amsterdam Jew, in 1661, and into the Greek by Robert 
 Stephens in 1551. The first English New Testament with 
 verses appeared at Geneva in 1557, and the first English 
 Bible so printed was also executed at Geneva, in 1560. The 
 Bishops' Bible, and subsequently the Authorized Version, were 
 also divided into chapters and verses. 
 
JEWISH MONTHS. 
 
 The Jews had two principal kinds of years, the Ecclesias- 
 tical and the Civil. 
 
 I. The Ecclesiastical or Sacred Year began on the first day 
 of the month Nisan, corresponding to about the middle of 
 March, this being the time when the Jews departed out of 
 Egypt. (See sect. 97.) From this month Nisan, or Abib, the 
 Jews computed their feasts, and the prophets also occasion- 
 ally dated their oracles and visions. 
 
 II. The Civil Year began on the first day of the month 
 Tisri, from a traditionary supposition that this was the date 
 of the creation of the world. By this year the Jews com- 
 puted their jubilees and dated their contracts, the births of 
 their children, and the reigns of their kings. 
 
 Months of the Ecclesiastical and Civil years compared 
 with our months. 
 
 
 Ecclesiastical Year. 
 
 
 Civil Year. 
 
 1. 
 
 Nisan or Abib, 
 
 7. part of March and April. 
 
 2. 
 
 Jyar or Zif, 
 
 8. 
 
 ' April and May. 
 
 8. 
 
 Si van, 
 
 9. 
 
 ' May and June. 
 
 9. 
 
 Kisleu or Chisleu, 
 
 10. 
 
 ' June and July. 
 
 10. 
 
 Thebet, 
 
 11. 
 
 ' July and August. 
 
 11. 
 
 Sebat, 
 
 12. 
 
 ' . August and September. 
 
 12. 
 
 Adar, 
 
 1. 
 
 ' September and October. 
 
 4. 
 
 Thammuz, 
 
 2. 
 
 ' October and November. 
 
 5. 
 
 Ab, 
 
 3. 
 
 ' November and December 
 
 6. 
 
 Elul, 
 
 4. 
 
 " December and January. 
 
 7. 
 
 Tizri, 
 
 5. 
 
 " January and February. 
 
 8. 
 
 Marchesvan, 
 
 6. 
 
 1 February and March. 
 
 As the Jewish years were lunar years, and therefore con- 
 sisted of only 354 days and 8 hours, they were accommodated 
 to solar years by the addition of a month at the end of the 
 Ecclesiastical year, and this intercalary month, which came 
 after the month Adar, was called Ke-Adar, or the Second 
 Adar. 
 
 31 
 
CHRONOLOGY OF THE PRINCIPAL EVENTS 
 RECORDED IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 
 
 1st Period. 
 
 Patriarchal Stale. — From the Creation to 
 the Death of Joseph. 
 
 B.C. 4004-1635— about 2369 years. 
 
 B. c. 
 
 The creation 4U04 
 
 Enoch's translation 3017 
 
 Noah born 2948 
 
 Building of the ark commenced.. 2469 
 
 The deluge 2349-2348 
 
 Confusion of tongues about 2234 
 
 Noah's death (aged 950) 1998 
 
 Ahrain born 1996 
 
 Call of Abram 1921 
 
 Ishmael born 1910 
 
 Sodom and Gomorrah destroyed.. 1898 
 
 Isaac born 1897 
 
 offered by Abraham 1872 
 
 marries Rebekah 1857 
 
 Esau and Jacob born 1837 
 
 Abraham died (aged 175) 1822 
 
 Ishmael died 1773 
 
 Jacob goes to Padan-aram 1760 
 
 marries Leah and Rachel.... 1753 
 
 Joseph born 1745 
 
 Jacob leaves La ban 1739 
 
 Joseph sold to Potipbar 1729 
 
 Isaac died (aged 180) 1716 
 
 Joseph interprets Pharaoh's two 
 
 dreams 1715 
 
 Seven years' plenty 1715-1708 
 
 Seven years' famine 1708-1701 
 
 First visit of Joseph's brethren.. 1707 
 Second visit " " .. 1706 
 
 Israelites migrate to Egypt 1706 
 
 Jacob died (age 147) 16S9 
 
 Joseph died (aged 110) 1035 
 
 2d Period. 
 
 Nomad Slate.— From the Death of Joseph 
 
 to the Death of Moses. 
 
 B.C. 1635-1451— about 184 years. 
 
 Birth of Moses 1571 
 
 Fliea to Midiao 1581 
 
 'I be exodus 1 191 
 
 Tabernacle completed 1490 
 
 Rebellion of Korah 1471 
 
 Moses and Aaron sin 1453 
 
 Aaron died 1452 
 
 Moses died (aged 120) 1451 
 
 3d Period. 
 
 A Federative Republic— From the Death 
 of Moses to the Anointing of Saul. 
 
 B.C. 1451-1091. 
 
 Passage of the Jordan 1451 
 
 Canaan divided among the twelve 
 
 tribes 1444 
 
 Joshua died 1426 
 
 Judges 1402-1095 
 
 For the chronology of this very ob- 
 
 scare period, see p. 1US. 
 
 Ruth about 1322-1312 
 
 4th Period. 
 
 The Single Monarchy. 
 B.C. 1095-975. 
 
 1. Saul king 1095 
 
 David anointed 1063 
 
 Slays Goliath 1063 
 
 Saul committed suicide (reign- 
 ed forty years) 1056 
 
 2. David king 1056 
 
 Reigned at Hebron 1056-1048 
 
 over all Israel.... 1048-1015 
 
 3. Solomon king 1015 
 
 Building of the temple 1012-1005 
 
 Dedication 1005 
 
 Rehoboaui king 975 
 
 5th Period. 
 
 Tlie Divided Monarchies of Judith and Is- 
 rael, and seventy years' Captivity. 
 
 B.C. 975-530. 
 
 Revolt of the ten tribes 975 
 
 Kingdom of Israel 975-721 
 
 Kingdom of Judah 975-588 
 
 Jonah prophesied about 840 
 
 Amos and liosea 800 
 
34 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 
 
 Isaiah 758-698 
 
 Joel about 800 
 
 Micah 758-699 
 
 Israel carried into captivity by Shal- 
 
 mane.ier 721 
 
 Nahum 720 
 
 Zephauiah 640 
 
 Jeremiah 628-586 
 
 Habakkuk 612 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar took Jerusalem in 
 the reign of Jehoiakim, from 
 irhich dale— viz. B. c. 6u6, to 
 the edict of Cyrus, B. c. 536 — is 
 calculated the seventy years' 
 captivity. 
 The seventy years' captivity. ..606-536 
 Jerusalem and thk Temple 
 taken and burnt, and ju- 
 dah carried away captive 588 
 
 Daniel prophesied 606-534 
 
 Ezekiel prophesied 595-536 
 
 Obadiah prophesied 588-583 
 
 See also tables at p. 166, and p. 266. 
 
 6th Period. 
 
 From the Edict of Cyrus, b. c. 536, to the 
 1'aking of Jerusalem by Titus, a. d. 70. 
 Edict of Cyrus and return of the 
 
 Jews 536 
 
 Second temple begun 535 
 
 E. c. 
 
 Second temple finished 515 
 
 Governorship of Ezra 458-445 
 
 Nehemiah's first administra- 
 tion 445-433 
 
 Nehemiah's second adminis- 
 tration 428-420 
 
 Close of Old Testament history 420 
 
 Alexander the Great at Jerusa- 
 lem 332 
 
 His deatli 323 
 
 Palestine under the Ptole- 
 mies. 300-202 
 
 Septuagiut made about 280 
 
 Palestine under the Seleu- 
 
 cidaj 202-166 
 
 Antiochus Epiphanes profaned 
 
 the temple 170 
 
 Revolt of Mattathias 167 
 
 Palestine under the Maccabees 166-37 
 
 Judas Maccabseus 166-161 
 
 Feast of dedication instituted 165 
 
 Apocryphal history ends 135 
 
 Samaritan temple on Mount Geri- 
 zim destroyed by John Hyr- 
 
 canus 129 
 
 Judaea subjected to Pompey 63 
 
 Crassus plundered the temple 54 
 
 Caesar assassinated 44 
 
 Herod king 37-3 
 
 Rebuilds the temple 19 
 
 Jesus Christ born 4 
 
THE PENTATEUCH. 
 
 [HENTE, "FIVE," AND TEYX02, "A VOLUME," THE FIVE BOOKS 
 OF THE LAW— VIZ. GENESIS, EXODUS, LEVITICUS, NUMBERS, 
 AND DEUTERONOMY; ALL WRITTEN BY MOSES.— See Intro- 
 duction.] 
 
 GENESIS. 
 
 (Tivecic, "generation" — the generation of all things.) 
 
 PATRIARCHAL HISTORY FROM THE BIRTH OF ADAM TTLL THE DEATH OF 
 JOSEPH. B. C. 4004 TO 1635.— ABOUT 2369 YEARS. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 I. History of the World prior to Abraham. 
 
 Antediluvian Period, 4004-2348. — The creation, 
 b. c. 4004. - Plurality of Persons in the Godhead. — God blesses 
 man. — The garden of Eden. — The fall. — Promise of a Redeemer. — 
 Murder of Abel. — Posterity of Adam through Cain. — Posterity of 
 Adam through Seth — Building of the ark, 2469-2349.— The del- 
 uge, 2349-2348. 
 
 Settlement after the Flood, 2348-199 6.— Noah's 
 prophecies concerning his sons; dies, 1998. — Posterity of Noah, 
 fulfilment of his prophecies, etc. — Building of Babel, 2234. — 
 Generations from Noah to Abram. — Ilaran, Nahor, and Abram. 
 
 page 3G 
 II. Lives of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph. 
 
 Abram, 1990-1822, lived 175 years.— Early life and 
 call of Abram, b. c. 1996-1921. — Journeys through Canaan to Egypt, 
 1921. — Returns to Canaan and encamps at Mamre, whilst Lot dwells 
 at Sodom, 1918. — Inhabitants of Canaan. — Abram rescues Lot from 
 captivity, 1913. — Character of Melchizedek. — God promises Abram 
 a son ; Ishmael born, 1910. — God renews his covenant with Abram, 
 1898. — Institutes circumcision and changes Abram and Sarai's 
 names, 1898. — Abraham visited by three angels; intercedes for 
 Sodom. — Destruction of Sodom and origin of Moab and Amnion. 
 — Abraham removes to Gerar. 
 
 .35 
 
36 GENESIS. b. c. 4004. 
 
 Isaac, 1897-1710, lived ISO years,— Isaac born — 
 1897. — Hagar and Ishmael exiled, 1892. — Digging of Beersheba, 
 1891. — Abraham tempted to offer Isaac, 1872. — Isaac a type of 
 Christ. — Death of Sarah, 1860. — Isaac marries Eebekah, 1857. 
 — Abraham marries Keturah, 1853. 
 
 Jacob, 1837-1089, lived 147 years. — Jacob and Esau 
 Lorn to Isaac, 1837. — Abraham dies, 1822. — Esau sells his birth- 
 right, 1805. — Famine in Canaan; Isaac leaves Mamre for Gerar 
 and deceives Abimelech, 1804. — Esau marries two Hittite women, 
 1796. — Ishmael dies, 1773. — Isaac blesses Jacob instead of Esau, 
 1760. — Jacob goes to Laban at Ha ran ; his dream. — Esau marries 
 Mahalath. — Jacob marries Leah and Rachel, 1753. — His family. — 
 Makes a new covenant with Laban, 1745. — Leaves Laban, 1739. — 
 His vision at Mahanaim and message to Esau. — Wrestles with a 
 man at Peniel. — Meeting with Esau. — Resides at Succoth and 
 Shechem ; slaughter of the Shechemites, 1739-1732. — Buries the 
 idols of his household and goes to Bethel. — Death of Rachel ; 
 birth of Benjamin, 1732.— Reuben's incest with Bilhah. — Jacob 
 
 RESIDES WITH ISAAC AT MAMRE, 1729. 
 
 Joseph, 174:5-1035, lived 110 years. — Joseph ex- 
 cites his brethren's envy, and sold to the Ishmaelites, 1729. — Ju- 
 dah marries a Canaanite ; his incest with his daughter-in-law. — 
 Joseph sold to Potiphar and imprisoned, 1729-1715. — [Isaac died, 
 1716.] — Joseph interprets the dreams of Pharaoh's butler and baker, 
 1720-1718.— Interprets Pharaoh's two dreams, 1715.— Made chief 
 ruler of Egypt, and marries Asenath. — Seven years' plenty, 1715- 
 1708; birth of Manasseh, 1712; of Ephraim, 1711. — Seven years' 
 famine, 1708-1701 ; first visit of Joseph's brethren, 1707 ; second 
 visit of Joseph's brethren, 1706. — Israelites migrate to Egypt, 1706. 
 — Policy of Joseph during the famine, 1702, 1701. — Dying acts and 
 prophecies of Jacob, 1689. — Fulfilment of Jacob's prophecies. — Ja- 
 cob's death AND BURIAL, 1689. — Joseph again forgives his breth- 
 ren. — Death of Joseph, 1635. — Joseph a type of Christ. — Scrip- 
 tural meaning of a type. — Typical intimations of the Messiah in 
 Genesis. — Prophetical intimations and their fulfilment. — Names, 
 and meanings of the names, of the principal persons mentioned 
 in Genesis page 44. 
 
 SUMMAKY. 
 
 I. History of the World prior to Abraham. 
 
 Antediluvian 1; »« Creation, B. C. 4004.— In the 
 
 history, b.c. beginning* God created the heavens and the 
 
 4004-2348. ^ 
 
 * At present there are some apparent discrepancies between geology 
 and astronomy and the sacred writings; but the Bible was not intended 
 to instruct mankind in the sciences, and therefore only alludes to things 
 
b. c. 4004. GENESIS I., II. 37 
 
 1st day — Light, and the separation of day from night. 
 
 2d day — Firmament or Air, and separation of the 
 ocean from the clouds. 
 
 3d day — Dry land, herbs, and trees, and separa- 
 tion of the earth from the sea. 
 
 4th day — Sun, moon, and stars. 
 
 5th day — Fishes and birds. 
 
 6th day — Animals and man. 
 
 7th day — God rested, and sanctified his work. Gen. 
 i. ; ii. 1-3. 
 
 2. Plurality of Persons in the Godhead, — Before 
 God created man he said, " Let us make man in our im- 
 age, after our likeness ; and let them have dominion over 
 the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over 
 the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creep- 
 ing thing that creepeth upon the earth." These expres- 
 sions us and our distinctly imply a plurality of Persons 
 in the Godhead. 
 
 3. God blesses Man, — After God had created man, 
 male and female, he blessed them, saying, " Be fruitful, 
 and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it : 
 and have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the 
 fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth 
 upon the earth." Gen. i. 26-28. 
 
 4. The Garden of Eden. — God, having created Adam, 
 placed him in the garden of Eden to cultivate the trees 
 and subsist upon the fruit, but under an express com- 
 mand to refrain from the tree of knowledge of good and 
 evil. The Almighty then brought him all the beasts and 
 birds to be named, and made a woman from one of his 
 ribs, and gave her to him for a Avife.* Adam called his 
 
 as they appear to the uninstructed mind, and not as they are in reality, 
 leaving the physical creation for the delightful exercise of our faculties. 
 Geology, however, substantially agrees with the biblical accounts. It 
 proves the successive creation of plants and animals, ending with man; 
 it shows that every part of the earth is marked by the effects of a deluge 
 occurring at one time or at many times ; and it points to a beginning, 
 when neither plants nor animals nor man existed. But both the Scrip- 
 tures and geology are silent as to the period when the fiat of our Crea- 
 tor first called our earth and the planetary systems into being. Conf. 
 Silliman's Introduction to Geolotjy ; Pyc Smith's Reconciliation of Ge- 
 ology and Scripture, etc. 
 
 * Thus were instituted the two ordinances of the Sabbath and of 
 marriage; the first is a type of that rest which rcmaineth to the peo- 
 
 4 
 
38 GENESIS II., III. b.c. 4004. 
 
 wife Eve, " the mother of all living." Eden was watered 
 by four rivers — viz. the Hiddekel, Euphrates, Pison,* and 
 Araxes. Gen. ii. 
 
 5. TJie Fall. — After this the serpent tempted Eve to 
 eat of the forbidden fruit, and she prevailed on her hus- 
 band to share her sin. The sentence of God was then 
 pronounced upon the criminals. To Adam he said, 
 " Cursed is the ground for thy sake, in sorrow shalt thou 
 eat of it all the days of thy life. Thorns also and this- 
 tles shall it bring forth to thee, and thou shalt eat of the 
 herb of the field. In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat 
 bread till thou return unto the ground : for out of it wast 
 thou taken ; for dust thou art, and unto dust • shalt thou 
 return." To Eve he said, " In sorrow shalt thou bring 
 forth children : and thy desire shall be to thy husband, 
 and he shall rule over thee." The tree of life was then 
 guarded by flaming cherubim, lest the man should eat of 
 it and live for ever, and Adam and Eve were clothed by 
 the Almighty with coats of skins and expelled from Par- 
 adise. Gen. iii. 
 
 6. Promise of a ^Redeemer, — When the Almighty 
 denounced our first parents, he intimated the future re- 
 demption of mankind. To the serpent he said, " Thou 
 art cursed above all cattle : upon thy belly shalt thou go, 
 and dust shalt thou eat all the days of thy life. And I 
 will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between 
 thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou 
 shalt bruise his heel." By the " seed of the woman " is 
 meant Jesus Christ, and by " bruising the serpent's head " 
 is meant that Christ would destroy the works of the 
 
 pie of God, and the latter of the mystic union between Christ and his 
 Church. 
 
 * The attempts to discover the site of the garden of Eden have been 
 hitherto numerous and contradictory, and in many cases so ridiculous 
 as to make all modern researches appear vain and useless. The Tigris 
 and Euphrates have now been turned from their course, and their 
 ancient channels are unknown, as is proved from local traditions and 
 Arabian geographers. Of the two most probable conjectures, one fixes 
 the terrestrial Paradise in Armenia, between the sources of the Eu- 
 phrates, Tigris, Phasis, and Araxes, and the other identifies the land 
 of Eden with the country between Baghdad and Bassorah, which com- 
 prehended ancient Babylonia; and they only contend that the garden 
 stood in some part of this territory, where an ancient junction, and 
 subsequent separation, of the Euphrates and Tigris took place. For a 
 further inquiry, see Kitto's Chapter on the Site of Paradise. 
 
b. c. 4004. GENESIS IV. 39 
 
 devil. " When the fulness of time was come, God sent 
 forth his Son, made of a woman." Gal. iv. 4. " The God 
 of peace shall bruise Satan under your feet shortly." 
 Rom. xvi. 20. 
 
 7. Murder of Abel, — Two sons were now born to 
 Adam and Eve ; Cain, the elder, became a tiller of the 
 ground, whilst Abel, the younger, was a keeper of sheep. 
 After a time the two brothers offered sacrifices to God, 
 Cain bringing a portion of the fruit of the earth, and 
 Abel the firstlings of his flocks. The offering of Abel 
 was alone accepted by Jehovah, but he fell a victim to 
 the envy of Cain ; and the agonized parents, who had 
 brought sin into the world, now saw its terrible conse- 
 quences in the fratricide by their first-born. Gen. iv. 1- 
 15. "As by one man sin entered into the world, and 
 death by sin." Rom. v. 12. 
 
 8. Posterity of Adam through Cain. — There is no 
 Mosaic account of the births or deaths of the posterity 
 of Cain, and only the heads of families appear to be men- 
 tioned. 
 
 1. Cain begat Enoch, and built a city after his name. 
 
 2. Enoch begat Irad. 
 
 3. Irad begat Mehujael. 
 
 4. Mehujael begat Methusael. 
 
 5. Methusael begat Lamech. 
 
 6. Lamech married two wives : 
 
 1st. Adah, mother of — 1. Jabal, the father of dwellers in 
 tents and cattle-grazers ; 2. Jubal, the father of instru- 
 mental musicians. 
 
 2d. Zillah, mother of — 1. Tubal- Cain, who instructed 
 artificers in brass and iron ; 2. Naamah, a daughter. Gen. 
 iv. 16-23. 
 
 9. Posterity of Adam through Seth. — There were 
 ten generations from Adam to Noah inclusive — viz. 
 
 1. Adam, 4004-3074. Lived 930 years; begat Seth 
 in his 130th year, from whom Christ was descended. 
 
 1 2. Seth, 3874-2962. Lived 912 years; begat Enos in 
 his 105th year. 
 
 3. Enos, 3769-2864. Lived 905 years ; begat Cainan 
 in his 90th year. 
 
 4. Cainan, 3679-2769. Lived 910 years ; begat Ma- 
 halaleel in his 70th year. 
 
40 GENESIS V. b. c. 4004-2349. 
 
 5. Mahalaleel, 3609-2714. Lived 895 years ; begat 
 Jared in his 65th year. 
 
 6. Jared, 3544-2582. Lived 962 years ; begat Enoch 
 in his 16 2d year. 
 
 7. Enoch, 3382-3017. Lived 365 years ; begat Me- 
 thuselah in his 65th year. " Walked with God, and he 
 was not, for God took him." Gen. v. 24. "By faith 
 Enoch was translated that he should not see death ; . . . 
 for before his translation he had this testimony, that he 
 pleased God." Heb. xi. 5. Enoch also prophesied God's 
 judgments on sinners, saying, " Behold, the Lord cometh 
 with ten thousand of his saints, to execute judgment upon 
 all." Jude 14, 15. 
 
 8. Methuselah, 3317-2348. Lived 969 years ; begat 
 Lamech in his 187th year. The oldest of all men ; he 
 was contemporary with Adam for 243 years, and with 
 Noah for 600 years. 
 
 9. Lamech, 3130-2353. Lived 777 years; begat 
 Noah in his 18 2d year. He predicted the blessing. 
 Gen. v. 29. 
 
 10. Noah, 2948-1998. Lived 950 years. In his 500th 
 year he had begotten three sons — Shem, Ham, and Ja- 
 pheth. Gen. v. 3-32; ix. 28, 29. 
 
 10. Building of the Avlt, 2469-2349. — The earth 
 was now corrupt and filled with violence ; the sons of 
 God married the daughters of men,* and the Almighty 
 threatened to destroy mankind by a deluge. But Noah 
 was a just man and "a preacher of righteousness" (2 
 Pet. ii. 5), and, having thus found grace in the eyes of 
 Jehovah, he was desired to build an ark for the deliver- 
 ance of himself and his family. " By faith Noah, being 
 warned of God of things not seen as yet, moved with fear, 
 prepared an ark to the saving of his house." Heb. xi. 7. 
 " The long-suffering of God waited while the ark was pre- 
 paring." 1 Pet. iii. 20. Ample directions were given by 
 the Almighty for this undertaking. The ark was to be 
 made of gopher-wood, and to be 300 cubits [547 feet] 
 long, 50 cubits [91 feet] wide, and 30 cubits [54^- feet] 
 high, and to have three stories. Noah was engaged upon 
 
 * By the sons of God were probably meant the descendants of Seth, 
 who practised the worship of Jehovah. These seem to have intermar- 
 ried with the rest of mankind, or the descendants of Cain. 
 
b. c. 2349-1998. GENESIS VI.-IX. 41 
 
 it for one hundred and twenty years, during which he con- 
 tinued to preach repentance, but in vain. In his six hun- 
 dredth year [b. c. 2349] the ark was completed, and he en- 
 tered it, with his wife and his three sons and their wives, 
 together with one pair of every species of unclean animals 
 and seven of each clean species. This ark was a type of 
 our salvation by Jesus Christ. Gen. vi. 
 
 11. The Deluge, 2349, 2348.— On the seventh day 
 after entering the ark the flood began, and the rain fell for 
 forty days and forty nights. The waters prevailed for one 
 hundred and fifty days, and covered the highest hills ; 
 every land-animal was destroyed ; but at length the moun- 
 tain-tops were seen, and the ark rested on Ararat in Ar- 
 menia, between the Black Sea and the Caspian. After 
 successively sending forth a raven and a dove, Noah at 
 length left the ark, having remained in it for one year 
 and seventeen days. The lonely family then sacrificed 
 to Jehovah, and God blessed Noah and his sons, and 
 promised that for the future neither the order of the sea- 
 sons nor of day and night should cease ; but he forbade 
 them to eat flesh with the blood in it, or to shed the blood 
 of their fellow-man : " Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by 
 man shall his blood be shed; for in the image of God 
 made be man." Finally, the Almighty set his rainbow 
 in the clouds in token of this everlasting covenant. Gen. 
 vii. ; viii. ; ix. 1-17. Before the deluge the earth was 
 probably watered by mist, and not by rain. Gen. ii. 
 5, 6. 
 
 12. Noah prophesies concerning his settlement af- 
 Sons ; dies, 1U9S. — Noah now became a ter the Flood, 
 husbandman and planted a vineyard, but, B - c ' 2348_19% - 
 having drank too freely of the wine, his son Ham, the 
 father of Canaan, discovered him naked, but Shorn and 
 Japheth covered him with a mantle. Noah, on awaking, 
 discovered what had been done, and said of Canaan, the 
 son of Ham, " Cursed be Canaan ; a servant of servants 
 shall he be to his brethren ;" of Shem, " Blessed be the 
 Lord God of Shem ; and Canaan shall be his servant ;" 
 and of Japheth, " God shall enlarge Japheth, and he 
 shall dwell in the tents of Shem ; and Canaan shall be 
 his servant." Noah lived three hundred and fifty years 
 after the deluge, and died B. c. 1098. Gen. ix. 18-29. 
 
 4* 
 
42 GENESIS IX. b. c. 1998. 
 
 13. Posterity of Noah, and fulfilment of his 
 Prophecies. — The three sons of Noah are supposed to 
 have been the progenitors of the following races, in whom 
 the patriarch's prophecies appear to have been fulfilled. 
 
 14. 1st. Japheth, whose posterity appear to have ex- 
 tended to Northern Asia and Asia Minor, and from thence 
 to have been ultimately impelled into Europe. He had 
 seven sons — viz. 
 
 1. Gomee, father of the Cimbri or Cimmerians. 
 
 2. Magog, " " Scythians or Tartars. 
 
 3. Madai, " " Medes. 
 
 4. Javan, " " Greeks. 
 
 5. Tubal, " " Tibarenians, on the coast of 
 
 Pontus. 
 
 6. Meshech, " Muscovites. 
 
 7. Tieas, " " Thracians. 
 
 The prophecy concerning Japheth was thus fulfilled in his pos- 
 terity occupying vast territories, and in their subjugation of Asia 
 and Africa, by which they dwelt in the tents of Shera, with the 
 descendants of Canaan for their servants. 
 
 15. 2d, Ham, whose children remained in chief pos- 
 session of Mesopotamia ; formed settlements at the head 
 of the Persian Gulf, in Arabia, and in Canaan; estab- 
 lished the old empires in Assyria and Egypt; and, as 
 their numbers multiplied, advanced into Ethiopia and 
 other remote parts of the African peninsula. He had 
 four sons, viz. 
 
 1. Cush, father of the Cushites or Ethiopians, in Ara- 
 
 bia and Africa. 
 
 His son Nimrod built four very ancient cities, including Babel, 
 and founded the ancient empire of Assyria. Asshnr, son of Shem, 
 migrated from this country, and built Nineveh and three other 
 cities. 
 
 2. Mizeaim, father of the Egyptians — literally, the two 
 
 Egypts. 
 
 3. Phut, " " Libyans. 
 
 4. Canaan, " " Canaanites, including Phoe- 
 
 nicians. 
 
 The prophecy concerning Ham has been fulfilled in the conquest 
 of Palestine by the Hebrews, and the past and present degraded 
 state of Africa. 
 
B. c. 2446-2056. GENESIS X., XI. 43 
 
 16. 3d. Shem, whose descendants gradually spread 
 over the east and north-east of the Tigris. He had 
 five sons — viz. 
 
 1. Elam, father of the Elamites or Elymseans. 
 
 2. Asshue, " " Assyrians. 
 
 3. Arphaxad, " Hebrews, Ishmaelites, and other 
 
 Abrahamic nations. 
 
 For the descent of Abraham from 
 Arphaxad see sect. 18. 
 
 4. Led, " " Lydians. 
 
 5. Aram, " " Aramites in Syria and Mesopo- 
 
 tamia. 
 
 The prophecy concerning Shem was fulfilled in the Messiah 
 being born of his posterity, and the worship of God being pre- 
 served amongst them. Gen. x* 
 
 17. Building of Babel. — After the death of Noah 
 the whole earth was of one language, and all the fami- 
 lies journeyed from Armenia in the east to a plain in 
 the land of Shinar, near Chaldea or the Euphrates. 
 Here they commenced building a city and tower, after- 
 ward called "Babel" (/?a/3uAd»v) f — i. e. "confusion" — 
 which they presumptuously intended should reach the 
 heavens ; but God confounded their language, and the 
 generation became scattered. Nimrod, the son of Cush, 
 " a mighty hunter before the Lord," founded the king- 
 dom of Babel in the fourth generation, or about one hun- 
 dred and twenty years, after the deluge. Gen. xi. 1-9. 
 
 18. Generations from Noah to Abram, 2446- 
 20,56. — There were ten generations from Noah to Abram 
 inclusive — viz. 
 
 1. Shem, 2446-1846. Lived 600 years; begat Ar- 
 phaxad in his 100th year. 
 
 * There are many different opinions about the exact territories occu- 
 pied and nations founded by the several branches of Noah's descend- 
 ants. The account in the text appears the most probable. A careful 
 and valuable critical review of the table of nations is to be found in 
 H'avernick's Introduction to the Pentateuch. 
 
 f The building of this city is one of the earliest recorded facts sub- 
 sequent to the deluge. According to secular history it was founded by 
 Bclus, and afterward enlarged by Ninus and Seiniraiuis, and was seated 
 on both banks of the Euphrates. 
 
44 GENESIS XL b. c. 1996-1921. 
 
 2. Arphaxad, 2346-1908. Lived 438 years; begat 
 Salah in his 35th year. 
 
 3. Salah, 2311-1878. Lived 433 years; begat Eber 
 in his 30th year. 
 
 4. Eber, 2281-1817. Lived 464 years ; begat Peleg 
 in his 34th year. 
 
 5. Peleg, 2247-2008. Lived 239 years; begat Reu 
 in his 30th year. 
 
 6. Reu, 2217-1978. Lived 239 years; begat Serug in 
 his 32d year. 
 
 7. Serug, 2185-1955. Lived 230 years; begat Nahor 
 in his 30th year. 
 
 8. Nahor, 2155-2007. Lived 148 years; begat Terah 
 in his 29th year. 
 
 9. Terah, 2126-1921. Lived 205 years. Lived 70 
 years (b. c. 2056), and begat 
 
 19. 10. Haran, Nahor, and Abram. — Though Ha- 
 ran was born when Terah was seventy years old — viz. 
 b. c. 2056 — Abram could not have been born before b. c. 
 1996, or sixty years afterward. Haran died before Te- 
 rah, leaving one son and two daughters — viz. 1. Lot ; 2. 
 Milcah, who married her uncle Nahor ; and 3. Sarai or 
 Iscah, who married her uncle Abram. Gen. xi. 10-27. 
 
 II. Lives of Abram, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph. 
 
 Abram, b. c. 1996-1822; aged 175 years. 
 Isaac, b. c. 1897-1716; aged 180 years. 
 Jacob, B. c. 1837-1689; aged 148 years. 
 Joseph, b. c. 1745-1635; aged 110 years. 
 
 Patriarcha 
 history 
 
 20. Early Life and Call of Abram, 
 1996-1921. — Abram, Nahor, and Haran 
 
 mitm °' were k° rn t0 Teran > in ^ r of Chaldea,* and 
 
 here Haran died. At Ur, God said to Abram, 
 
 " Get thee out of thy country, and from thy kindred, and 
 
 from thy father's house, into a land that I will show thee." 
 
 * The original seat of the Chaldeans was prohably in the mountains 
 of Armenia°and Kurdistan, whence they descended into the plains of 
 Mesopotamia and Babylonia. Ur was a district in Northern Mesopo- 
 tamia occupied by the Chaldees. It was also the name of a very an- 
 cient city, subsequently called Edessa, which formed the capital of Os- 
 roene. Haran lay farther south, on the road toward Palestine. 
 
B. c. 1921-1918. GENESIS XI.-XIII. 45 
 
 Accordingly, Abram and his wife Sarai, his father Terah, 
 and his nephew Lot, left Ur for Canaan, but stopped at 
 Haran in Mesopotamia, where Terah died, b. c. 1921. 
 Joshua appears to say that whilst at Ur both Abram 
 and his father were idolaters : " Your fathers dwelt on 
 the other side of the flood in old time, even Terah, the 
 father of Abraham, and the father of Nahor ; and they 
 served other gods." Josh. xxiv. 2 ; Gen. xi. 28-32 ; xii. 
 1; Acts vii. 2, 3. 
 
 21. Journeys through Canaan to Egypt, 1921. — 
 After Terah's death, Abram, who was now 75 years old, 
 departed, under divine direction, to Canaan, with Sarai 
 and Lot, God having said, " In thee shall all families of 
 the earth be blessed." Abram passed through Sichem* to 
 the plain of Moreh,f where the Almighty said to him, 
 " Unto thy seed will I give this land." Abram then en- 
 camped upon a mountain between Bethel and Hai, and 
 afterward journeyed southward, but was at length driven 
 by a famine to Egypt, where he deceived Pharaoh by 
 passing off his wife Sarai as his sister; but she was pre- 
 served from the Egyptian king by divine interference. 
 Gen. xii. 2-20. 
 
 22. Returns to Canaan and Encamps at Manure, 
 while Lot Dwells at Sodom, 19 18. — At Pharaoh's 
 command, Abram and Lot left Egypt and returned to 
 the mountain between Bethel and Hai with increased 
 possessions and herds ; but, a dispute having arisen be- 
 tween their several herdsmen, they agreed upon an amica- 
 ble separation, Lot pitching his tent in the vale of Sid- 
 dim, toward Sodom, while Abraham proceeded to the 
 vale of Mamre in Hebron,J where he fixed his residence 
 and built an altar to the Lord. Gen. xiii. 
 
 23. Inhabitants of Canaan. — Some time prior to 
 this period a division of the posterity of Canaan, young- 
 est son of Ham, settled in this country, and named it 
 after their father. They appear to have been divided 
 
 * This was afterward included in Samaria. 
 
 f The plain or valley of Moreh lies between the mountains of Ebal 
 and (Jeriziiu, also in Samaria, and must not be confounded with Mount 
 Moriah, on which the temple was built. 
 
 J Mamre was about a mile from the town of Arba, afterward called 
 Hebron, and lay in a central part of what was subsequently the tribe 
 of Judah. 
 
 
46 GENESIS XIV. 
 
 b.c. 1913. 
 
 into ten families, or tribes ; the Kenites, Kenizzites, and 
 Kadmonites inhabited the region east of the Jordan ; 
 whilst the Hittites, Perizzites, Rephaims, Amorites, Ca- 
 naanites,* Gergashites, and Jebusites occupied the terri- 
 tory from the Jordan to the Mediterranean. They were 
 separated into a number of small independent communi- 
 ties, governed by petty kings, who, however, appear to 
 have been regarded more as military commanders than 
 as civil rulers. Gen. v. 19-21. (See also sect. 247-249.) 
 24. Abram rescues Lot from Captivity, 1913. — 
 About fourteen years prior to the present date, an Assyr- 
 ian force crossed the Euphrates and subjected five petty 
 kings, including those of Sodom and Gomorrah, who oc- 
 cupied the vale of Siddim. This invading force was com- 
 posed of four nations, who probably formed a part of the 
 Assyrian power, which seems at this period to have pre- 
 dominated in Western Asia ; and each of these nations 
 was commanded by its own king — viz. Chedorlaomer, 
 king of Elam, or Elymais ; Amraphel, king of Shinar, 
 or Babylonia ; Arioch, king of Ellasar ; and Tidal, king 
 of nations — i. e. of a mixed people or union of small 
 tribes. Chedorlaomer was probably left viceroy of these 
 conquests, for we are told that the five conquered kings 
 in the vale of Siddim served him faithfully for twelve 
 years, but rebelled in the thirteenth. In the fourteenth 
 year Chedorlaomer and his confederates again invaded 
 the country to punish the rebellion, and after reducing 
 the races in the neighborhood, who had probably partici- 
 pated in the revolt, they reached the vale of Siddim. 
 The five kings came out to meet them, but were soon 
 defeated, and their forces either driven into the slime-pits 
 or compelled to flee to the mountains. Chedorlaomer 
 then ravaged the towns, seized all the movable property 
 and provisions and the women and children, and carried 
 away Lot and his family among the captives. Abram 
 was still sojourning in the vale of Mamre when the 
 tidings were brought to him. Three Amorite brothers, 
 Mamre, Eshcol, and Aner, joined him with their clans, 
 
 * The whole of these tribes were of Canaanite origin, and the Ca- 
 naanites here specially mentioned were probably only put for all their 
 clans not intended to be particularly enumerated, such as the Phoeni- 
 cian tribes. See Kitto. 
 
b. c. 1910. GENESIS XIV., XV. 47 
 
 and he then armed his own three hundred and eighteen 
 servants, and, dividing his small army into several bands, 
 he fell upon the conquerors by night near Dan, and 
 routed and pursued them to Hobah, north of Damascus, 
 and recovered the plunder and prisoners. On his return 
 he was met by Melchizedek, the king of Salem, and priest 
 of the most high God, who brought bread and wine and 
 blessed the conquering patriarch, who seems to have ac- 
 knowledged him as priest of Jehovah, for " he gave him 
 the tithe of all." The king of Sodom then offered to 
 Abram the goods which he had recovered, in return for 
 the captives whom he had delivered, but the present was 
 generously declined. Gen. xiv. 
 
 25. Character of Melchizedek, — The character and 
 office of Melchizedek are involved in mystery. His birth, 
 death, and parentage are alike unknown. (See Heb. vii. 
 1-3.) St. Paul and David both allude to him as a type 
 of Jesus Christ, who they say " is a priest for ever after 
 the order of Melchizedek." Ps. ex. 4 ; Heb. v. 6 ; vi. 20 ; 
 vii. 17, 21. 
 
 26. God promises Abram a Son, and prophesies 
 Four Hundred Years' Affliction to his Seed. — After 
 Abram's return to Mamre, he was encouraged by God in 
 a vision, and promised a son whose descendants should be 
 numerous as the stars and inherit Canaan. Abram then ; 
 by the divine command, offered a prescribed sacrifice, 
 and, falling into a deep sleep, the Lord appeared to him 
 in a vision and prophesied the four hundred years' Egyp- 
 tian captivity of his descendants and their final posses- 
 sion of the Promised Land : " Know of a surety that thy 
 seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, and 
 shall serve them, and they shall afflict them four hundred 
 years." Gen. xv. 13. These four hundred years cannot 
 be reconciled with chronology, which makes the Egyptian 
 bondage extend to only two hundred and fifteen years; 
 but, calculating the affliction to have commenced in Ca- 
 naan at the birth of Isaac, it will make a period of four 
 hundred and thirty years. 
 
 27. Ishmael barn, 1010. — Sarai still continued 
 childless, and in B.C. 1911, being ten years after Abram's 
 first sojourn in Canaan, she persuaded her husband to 
 take her Egyptian handmaid llagar as his concubine. 
 
48 GENESIS XV.-XVII. b. c. 1898. 
 
 Hagar became pregnant and despised her mistress ; but, 
 being hardly dealt with by Sarai, she fled to the wilder- 
 ness of Shur, in Arabia Petrsea, where an angel encour- 
 aged her by a well, and promised her a son who should 
 be named Ishmael : " And he will be a wild man ; his 
 hand will be against every man, and every man's hand 
 will be against him." Hagar then returned, and gave 
 birth to Ishmael in b. c. 1910, being the 86th year of 
 Abram's age. Gen. xv. ; xvi. Ishmael and Hagar were 
 again expelled after the birth of Isaac. (For a further 
 account of him see sect. 34.) 
 
 28. God renews his Covenant ivith Abram, 1898. — 
 AVhen Abram was ninety-nine years old and Ishmael 
 thirteen, the Lord renewed his promises to the father — 
 viz. 
 
 1st. That he should have a son by Sarai, notwithstand- 
 ing their old age. 
 
 2d. That in his seed all the nations of the earth should 
 be blessed. 
 
 3d. That his descendants should possess Canaan and 
 be as numerous as the stars. 
 
 The first promise was fulfilled in the birth of Isaac, the 
 second in the birth of the Messiah, and the third literally 
 in the rapid increase of the Israelites, Ishmaelites, and 
 Edomites, and spiritually in the multitude of believers in 
 all nations. Acts iii. 25 ; Rom. iv. 12-17. St. Paul says, 
 " They which are of faith, the same are the children of 
 Abraham." Gal. iii. 7. Hence Abraham has been called 
 the " father of the faithful." (See sect. 42.) 
 
 29. Institutes Circumcision, and changes Abram 9 s 
 and Sarai 9 s Names. — Circumcision was then instituted 
 by Jehovah, and Abraham circumcised all the males of 
 his household, himself included, on the same day, he be- 
 ing ninety-nine years old and Ishmael thirteen years. 
 God also changed Abram's name to Abraham, which 
 signifies " the father of a great multitude ;" and Sarai's 
 name to Sarah, which signifies "princess." Gen. xvii. 
 
 30. Abraham, visited by three Angels ; intercedes 
 for Sodom, 1898. — The same year three strangers 
 visited Abraham, and were hospitably entertained, when 
 one of them, who was the angel Jehovah, again promised 
 him a son by Sarah, and reproved his wife for laughing 
 
B. c. 1898-1892. GENESIS XVII.— XX. 49 
 
 at the prediction. The angel also intimated to Abraham 
 the forthcoming destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, 
 but when the patriarch pleaded for the doomed city, he 
 was assured that if fifty or even ten righteous men could 
 be found there, it should be spared. Gen. xviii. 
 
 31. Destruction of Sodom, and Origin of 3Ioab 
 and Amnion, 1898. — Two angels were now sent to 
 warn Lot and his family of the impending doom. They 
 were suitably entertained by the nephew of Abraham, 
 but only escaped from the inhabitants of Sodom by 
 smiting them with blindness. The household were now 
 aroused at the miracle. Lot and his wife and two un- 
 married daughters left the city, but the husbands of his 
 married daughters refused to move, and his wife, looking 
 back, was turned to a pillar of salt. Sodom and Gomor- 
 rah were then destroyed by fire and brimstone, and the 
 plain in which they stood was overflowed by the Jordan, 
 and now forms the Dead Sea. Lot and his two daughters 
 escaped to Zoar, which was saved at his request. He 
 and his daughters afterward dwelt in a neighboring cave, 
 where Moab and Benammi, the progenitors of the Moab- 
 ites and Ammonites, sprang from an incestuous connec- 
 tion. Gen. xix. 
 
 32. Abraham removes to Gerar, 1898. — Abraham 
 now left Mamre and journeyed southward to Gerar, in 
 the territory afterward occupied by the Philistines, where 
 he deceived Abimelech by saying that Sarah w T as his sis- 
 ter ; but she was preserved by divine interference, and 
 Abimelech rebuked her husband, but made him large 
 presents of cattle and servants, and one thousand pieces 
 of silver, — i. e. shekel's weight, or £129 3s. 4c?.* — and per- 
 mitted him to settle in the land. Gen. xx. 
 
 33. Isaac bom, 1897* — Isaac was born Isaac, b.c. 
 in the one hundredth year of his father's age, 1897 ~ 1716 - 
 and circumcised on the eighth day. He was called Isaac 
 — i. e. " laughter " — because his mother had laughed when 
 the three angels had promised his birth. (See sect. 30.) 
 
 34. Hagar and Ishmael exiled, 1892. — Sarah now 
 returned the mocking of Hagar, and Abraham, though 
 
 * Silver is reckoned here and throughout the book at 5*. per oz., and 
 gold at £4 per oz. 
 
50 GENESIS XXI., XXII. b. c. 1891-1872. 
 
 sanctioned by God, was reluctantly compelled to send 
 away his concubine and child, who were afterward re- 
 duced to the greatest distress in the wilderness of Beer- 
 sheba ; but an angel appeared, and, God having opened 
 her eyes, she saw a well. Ishmael then became a great 
 archer in the wilderness of Paran, and afterward married 
 an Egyptian wife and had twelve sons, who became the 
 fathers of twelve Arabian tribes, which still exist. He 
 also had a daughter, Mahalath, who subsequently mar- 
 ried her cousin Esau. (See sect. 48.) He died, aged one 
 hundred and thirty-seven, in the presence of all his breth- 
 ren. Gen. xxi. 1-21 ; xxv. 18. 
 
 35. Digging of Beersheba, 1891. — Abraham, who 
 still resided at Gerar, now entered into a covenant with 
 Abimelech and Phichol, his captain of the host, and dug 
 the well of Beersheba. Gen. xxi. 22-34. 
 
 36. Abraham, tempted to offer Isaac, 1872, — 
 When Isaac was twenty-five years old, A braham was de- 
 sired by God to offer him up as a burnt-offering on Mount 
 Moriah. The faithful patriarch took his son and two 
 servants, and arrived at the appointed place after a three 
 days' journey. Abraham and Isaac ascended Moriah 
 alone. The fire and wood were prepared, when Isaac 
 said, " My father, behold the fire and the wood, but where 
 is the lamb for a burnt-offering?" Abraham replied, 
 " My son, God will provide himself a lamb for a burnt- 
 offering ;" and the father was about to offer the fearful 
 sacrifice, when his hand was stayed by an angel, and a 
 ram caught in the thicket was offered and accepted as a 
 substitute for the son. Abraham then called the place 
 " Jehovah-jireh " — " the Lord will provide " — and after 
 receiving another special testimony of the approbation of 
 God, he returned and dwelt at Beersheba.* Gen. xxii. 
 
 * Isaac a Type of Christ. — Isaac was a type of Christ in the follow- 
 ing ways : 1. In his miraculous birth from an aged mother, whilst Christ 
 was born of a virgin. 2. In his being, like Jesus, obedient unto death. 
 3. In his carrying the wood on which he was to be sacrificed to Mount 
 Moriah, whilst Christ carried his cross to the same place. 4. In his 
 meek obedience to his father's will. 5. In his father's willingness to 
 sacrifice his only son, who was heir to a temporal Canaan, like to our 
 Saviour, through whom we are heirs to a heavenly Canaan. Moreover, 
 the lamb which Abraham had told his son that " God would provide" 
 seems to point to the "Lamb of God ;" whilst the substituted ram re- 
 
B. c. 1860-1837. GENESIS XXIIL-XXV. 51 
 
 37. Death of Sarah, I860. — Sarah, having attained 
 the age of one hundred and twenty-seven years, died at 
 Mamre, when Abraham purchased the cave of Machpelah 
 for four hundred shekels' weight of silver [about 182 oz., or 
 £45 10s. 8c?.] from the sons of Heth as a burial-place for his 
 wife, and it subsequently became the sepulchre of him- 
 self and of Isaac, Kebekah, Jacob, Leah, and Joseph. 
 Gen. xxiii. 
 
 38. Isaac marries JRebeJcaJi, 1857. — Isaac was now 
 forty years old, and Abraham sent Eliezer, who was the 
 steward or eldest servant of his house, to Haran in Meso- 
 potamia to seek a wife for Isaac in the family of Nahor. 
 At a well in the outskirts of the city of Nahor, Eliezer 
 prayed to Jehovah, in the name of the God of his master 
 Abraham, that the damsel of whom he should ask a 
 drink, and who should accede to his request, might be the 
 woman appointed for Isaac's wife. Before he had done 
 speaking he saw Rebekah, the daughter of Bethuel and 
 granddaughter of Nahor and Milcah, with whom events 
 occurred as he had prayed. Accordingly, he gave Re- 
 bekah a golden earring and two bracelets ; and after de- 
 livering his errand to her brother Laban and her father 
 Bethuel, he was permitted to escort her to the residence 
 of Abraham, where she was married to Isaac. Gen. xxiv. 
 
 39. Abraham, marries Keturah, 1853. — After this 
 Abraham married Keturah, who bore him six sons,* 
 amongst whom was Midian, the progenitor of the Mid- 
 ianites. Gen. xxv. 1-3. 
 
 40. Jacob and Esau bom to Isaac, Jacob, n. c. 
 1837. — Isaac had been married twenty years 1837 - 1(i89 - 
 without offspring; but, having entreated the Lord, his 
 wife, Rebekah, brought forth twins — Esau, the elder, a 
 hairy man, who became a hunter and was the favorite 
 of his father, and Jacob, the younger, who became a 
 shepherd and the darling of his mother. Gen. xxv. 19-28. 
 Jacob obtained his name because at his birth he held his 
 brother's heel, Jacob signifying " a heeler," or " one who 
 
 eemblee those temple-saeriGces which were typical of Christ's atone- 
 ment. 
 
 • These sons Abraham, before his death, sent nway with gifts, and 
 they subsequently became founders of Arabian tribes, and traces of 
 their names may still be discovered in Arabia. 
 
52 GENESIS XXV., XXVI. b. c. 1822-1773. 
 
 heels or strikes up his adversary." This explains Esau's 
 subsequent remark : " Is not he rightly named Jacob ? for 
 he hath supplanted me these two times." 
 
 41. Abraham dies, 1822. — Abraham died at the 
 age of one hundred and seventy-five, and was buried by 
 Isaac and Ishmael in the cave of Machpelah. The sons 
 of his concubines he had previously sent away from Isaac 
 with gifts. Gen. xxv. 5-10. 
 
 42. Abraham the Father of the Faithful. — Abra- 
 ham was remarkable for three particular acts of faith — 
 viz. 1. Obeying the call of God and leaving his father's 
 house to go he knew not whither, and in sojourning in 
 the land of promise as in a strange country, dwelling in 
 tabernacles ; 2. Offering up his son Isaac ; 3. Believing 
 God's promise that he should be the father of many na- 
 tions, though he was one hundred years old and Sarai 
 past child-bearing, which faith was imputed to him for 
 righteousness. Heb. xi. ; Rom. iv. 
 
 43. Esau sells Ms Birthright, 1805. — One day, 
 when Esau and Jacob were each thirty-two years old, 
 Esau came in hungry and sold his birthright to Jacob 
 for a mess of red pottage. Gen. xxv. 29-34. Esau was 
 named Edom, which signifies " red," either from this red 
 pottage or from the redness of his hair and complexion. 
 Gen. xxv. 25, 30. 
 
 44. Famine in Canaan ; Isaac leaves Mamre for 
 Gerar, and deceives Abimelech, 1804. — On account 
 of a famine and by divine command, Isaac left Mamre 
 for Gerar, where, like his father, he deceived Abimelech, 
 the king of the Philistines, by saying that Rebekah was 
 his sister. This deceit was discovered by Abimelech, and 
 Isaac, after reopening the wells which Abraham had dug, 
 but which had been filled up by the Philistines, removed 
 to Beersheba, where God confirmed to him the promise 
 which he had made to his father ; and Abimelech and 
 Phichol also renewed the covenant which they had made 
 with Abraham. Gen. xxvi. 
 
 45. Esau marries two Hittite women, 1796 ; 
 Ishmael dies, 17 73. — When Esau was forty years old 
 he married Judith (or Aholibamah) and Bashemath (or 
 Adah), the daughters of Hittites — an alliance which 
 grieved the minds of both Isaac and Rebekah. Ishmael 
 
B. c. 1760. GENESIS XXVL-XXVIII. 53 
 
 had now begat twelve princes, who dwelt between Hav- 
 ilah and Shur, and he died in b. c. 1773, at the age of 
 one hundred and thirty-seven years. Gen. xxvi. 34, 35 ; 
 xxv. 12-18 ; xxxvi. 
 
 46. Isaac blesses Jacob instead of Esau, 1700. — 
 When Isaac was one hundred and thirty-seven years old 
 he sent Esau to hunt venison, that he might eat the savory 
 meat and bless him before he died. Rebekah heard the 
 instructions, and hoped to transfer the blessing to her 
 favorite son, Jacob. She accordingly desired Jacob to 
 fetch two goat-kids from the flock, from which she made 
 savory meat, and, after placing the skins upon Jacob's 
 neck and hands and clothing him in Esau's raiment, she 
 sent him to the bedside of her aged husband. The de- 
 ception was successful, and Isaac took the meat from 
 Jacob and pronounced over him the patriarchal and pro- 
 phetical benediction of abundance, dominion, and supe- 
 riority. Scarcely had Jacob left his presence when Esau 
 returned, and Isaac discovered the imposition. The agi- 
 tated father trembled exceedingly at hearing the bitter 
 lamentations of Esau, but confirmed the blessing on 
 Jacob, and only pronounced an inferior benediction on 
 his first-born ; and the enraged hunter resolved, when his 
 father should die, to be revenged by the murder of his 
 brother. Gen. xxvii. 
 
 47. Jacob goes to Laban at Haran ; his Dream, 
 1760. — The threat of Esau was reported to Rebekah, 
 and she prevailed on Isaac to send Jacob to Padan-aram 
 [Mesopotamia] for the purpose of seeking a wife amongst 
 the daughters of her brother Laban. Jacob, having re- 
 ceived the directions of his father, left Beersheba for 
 Haran in Mesopotamia, where Laban dwelt, and on the 
 approach of night he arranged some stones for his pillows 
 and lay down to sleep. The ancestor of the Israelites 
 was here encouraged by a celestial vision. A ladder ap- 
 peared to connect earth with heaven, upon which angels 
 ascended and descended, whilst Jehovah stood on its sum- 
 mit and announced himself to Jacob as the God of his 
 fathers, and confirmed in him the promises which he had 
 made to Isaac and Abraham. Jacob awoke; with trem- 
 bling, and, actuated by pious awe, he built a monument 
 with the stones he had used for pillows ; and, pouring oil 
 
 5 * 
 
54 GENESIS XXVIII., XXIX. b. c. 1760-1753. 
 
 upon it, he called the place Bethel — " the house of God " — 
 and vowed that if God would fulfil his promise of protec- 
 tion, he would devote to him a tenth of his possessions. 
 Gen. xxviii. 
 
 48. Esau marries Mahalath, 1700. — Meantime, 
 Esau, seeing that his marriages had hitherto displeased 
 his father, took his cousin Mahalath, daughter of Ishmael, 
 for wife. Gen. xxviii. 9. 
 
 49. Jacob marries Leah and Rachel, 1753. — 
 Jacob, on reaching a well in the outskirts of Haran, saw 
 his cousin Rachel, the daughter of Laban, and imme- 
 diately fell in love with her. He was then welcomed by 
 Laban, who had two daughters — Leah, the eldest, who 
 was tender-eyed, and Rachel, who was exceedingly beau- 
 tiful. Jacob promised to serve his uncle Laban for seven 
 years for Rachel ; but when the time had expired and he 
 claimed his w 7 ife, Laban artfully substituted Leah for 
 Rachel. Jacob w T as incensed at the deceit, but Laban 
 pleaded the customs of the country, but promised to give 
 Rachel to his son-in-law at the expiration of the mar- 
 riage-week, upon his engaging to serve him for another 
 seven years. The two marriages were then consummated, 
 Zilpah being the handmaid of Leah, and Bilhah the 
 handmaid of Rachel. Gen. xxix. 1-30. 
 
 50. Family of Jacob. — Jacob loved Rachel best, 
 but, as for some time she was barren and Leah fruitful, 
 there was constant rivalry and jealousy between the two 
 w T ives. His children were born in Haran in the follow- 
 ing order : 
 
 By Leah, his first wife, 
 
 1. Reuben, born b. c. 1752. 
 
 2. Simeon, born b. c. 1751. 
 
 3. Levi, born b. c. 1750. 
 
 4. Judah, born b. c. 1749. 
 By Bilhah, Rachel's handmaid, 
 
 5. Dan, born b. c. 1748. 
 
 6. Naphtali, born b. c. 1747. 
 By Zilpah, Leah's handmaid, 
 
 7. Gad, born b. c. 1748. 
 
 8. Asher, born b. c. 1747. 
 
 By Leah, who gave mandrakes to Rachel, 
 
 9. Issachar, born b. c. 1747. 
 
b. c. 1745-1739. GENESIS XXX., XXXI. 55 
 
 10. Zebultjn, born b. c. 1746. 
 And afterward Dinah, a daughter. 
 
 By Rachel, his second and favorite wife, 
 
 11. Joseph, born b. c. 1745. 
 
 Several years afterward, at Ephrath in Bethlehem, 
 
 12. Benjamin, born b. c. 1729. Gen. xxx. 1-24. 
 
 51. Jacob's new Covenant with Laban, 174:5. — 
 Jacob had now served Laban fourteen years for his two 
 wives, and was desirous of returning to Beersheba ; but 
 Laban pressed him to stay, and promised to give him all 
 the cattle which were born with particular marks. By sin- 
 gular expedients Jacob contrived that all the healthy cattle 
 should be born with the marks required, which so excited 
 the envy and discontent of Laban and his sons that Jacob 
 determined on returning to Isaac, and his wives readily 
 agreed with his resolve. Gen. xxx. 25-43 ; xxxi. 1-16. 
 
 52. Jacob leaves Laban, 1739. — Jacob, having now 
 faithfully served Laban for twenty years, was indignant 
 at his conduct ; and, being a fearful man, he secretly and 
 suddenly left Padan-aram — i. e. Mesopotamia — with his 
 wives, sons, possessions, and herds. Laban was ignorant 
 of his departure until three days afterward, when he im- 
 mediately commenced pursuit, and overtook his son-in- 
 law in Mount Gilead, but, being warned by God in a 
 dream not to injure Jacob, he only expostulated with him 
 on the secrecy of his departure, and accused him of hav- 
 ing stolen his gods. Jacob was unaware that Rachel had 
 taken these images, and vehemently denied the charge 
 and begged Laban to look over the whole of his goods, 
 threatening to execute whoever should be found to have 
 carried off the idols. But Rachel contrived to conceal 
 the gods, and Jacob rebuked Laban for the ungrateful 
 return which he made after receiving from him twenty 
 years' faithful service. A reconciliation then took place, 
 a heap of stones was made, and it was agreed that Jacob 
 should not afflict the (laughters of Laban or take other 
 wives besides them, and that Laban should never pass 
 the heap with the design of injuring Jacob. After a 
 friendly feast the two parties separated, Laban to Padan- 
 aram and Jacob toward Beersheba. Gen. xxxi. 17-55. 
 
 53. His Vision at Mahanaim and Message to 
 Esau. — At Mahanaim, Jacob was met by angels, and 
 
56 GENESIS XXXII., XXXIII. b. c. 1739-1732. 
 
 from thence he sent messengers to Seir and Edom to en- 
 deavor to propitiate his brother Esau, but they returned 
 with the tidings that Esau was advancing to meet him 
 with four hundred men. Jacob was now terrified and 
 distressed, and divided his people and cattle into two 
 divisions, that if Esau attacked one the other might 
 escape. He then prayed to the God of his fathers, and 
 made up a present to his brother of two hundred she- 
 goats, twenty he-goats, two hundred ewes, twenty rams, 
 thirty milch-camels with their colts, forty kine, ten bulls, 
 twenty she-asses, and ten foals. All these he arranged 
 in droves with a space between each two, and desired his 
 servants to proceed with them, and when asked by Esau 
 as to whose they were to reply that the cattle belonged to 
 his servant Jacob, who was behind them, and were a 
 present for his lord, Esau. Gen. xxxii. 1-20. 
 
 54. Wrestles tvith a Man at Peniel. — Jacob now 
 sent his wives and family over the Jabbok and was left 
 alone, but he spent the night in a mysterious wrestle with 
 a celestial Being, who touched and disjointed the hollow 
 of his thigh, and, after blessing him, changed his name 
 from Jacob to Israel, or " prevailer with God." Jacob 
 then named the jnace Peniel, " the face of God ;" and 
 his descendants continue to refuse to eat of that sinew 
 which shrank. Gen. xxxii. 20-32. 
 
 55. Meeting tvith Esau. — The next morning Jacob 
 passed the ford and saw his brother approaching with 
 four hundred men. He immediately placed Rachel and 
 Joseph in the rear of his train, and, advancing before it, 
 he bowed seven times in obeisance to Esau. The heart 
 of the huntsman was touched ; he fell upon the neck of 
 Jacob and kissed him, and they both wept. Leah and 
 Rachel were then introduced and the present forced upon 
 Esau, who afterward returned to Seir, and Jacob jour- 
 neyed on slowly to Succoth.* Gen. xxxiii. 
 
 56. Resides at Succoth and Shechem; Slaughter 
 of the Shecheynites, 1739-1732. — At Succoth, Jacob 
 dwelt for about two years, and then removed to Shalem, 
 a city of Shechem, where he bought a field of Hamor, the 
 prince of the country, and pitched his tent and erected an 
 
 * See note to sect. 100. 
 
b. c. 1732-1729. GENESIS XXXIV., XXXV. 
 
 57 
 
 altar. Here Dinah, his daughter by Leah, having min- 
 gled with the daughters of the land, was carried off by 
 Shechem, son of Hamor. The young man wished to 
 atone for his conduct by marriage, and both himself and 
 his father endeavored to propitiate Jacob and his sons. 
 The brethren of Dinah agreed to the alliance, but de- 
 manded the circumcision of the Shechemites ; and the 
 third day after the ceremony Simeon and Levi fell upon 
 the city, slew all the males, including Hamor and She- 
 chem, took Dinah from the house of the young prince, 
 and carried off the women and cattle. Jacob bitterly re- 
 buked his children for this cruel and treacherous act, and 
 remembered it in his dying predictions regarding Simeon 
 and Levi. Gen. xxxiii. 18-20 ; xxxiv. 
 
 57. Buries the Idols of his Household and goes to 
 Bethel, 1732. — The Lord now commanded Jacob to go to 
 Bethel, which he obeyed, after collecting all the idols from 
 his household and burying them under the oak at She- 
 chem. Here Deborah, the nurse of Rebekah, died, and 
 Jehovah again appeared to Jacob and renewed his prom- 
 ise of a numerous posterity and possession of Canaan. 
 Gen. xxxv. 1-15. 
 
 58. Death of Itachel ; Birth of Benjamin, 1 732. 
 — Jacob now left Bethel, but when his family had nearly 
 reached Ephrath, Rachel was seized with the pains of 
 labor, and died after giving birth to Benjamin, and was 
 buried at Ephrath in Bethlehem. Gen. xxxv. 16-20. 
 Rachel with her dying lips called the child Benoni — 
 i. e. " the son of my sorrow ;" but Jacob, wishing to for- 
 get his sorrow, afterward called the child Benjamin — 
 i. e. " the son of my right hand." 
 
 59. Reuben's Incest with Bilhah. — Jacob proceeded 
 on his journey, but dwelt a while beyond the tower of 
 Edar, where Reuben committed incest with Bilhah, Ra- 
 chel's handmaid and Jacob's concubine. For this crime 
 Reuben received the dying curse of Jacob, and his birth- 
 right was transferred to Judah. (See sect. 72.) Gen. 
 xxxv. 22. 
 
 60. Jacob resides with Isaac at Mamre, 1720. — 
 Jacob now joined his father Isaac at Mamre in Hebron 
 in Canaan, and lived with him till he died, thirteen years 
 afterward, b. c. 1716. Gen. xxxv. 27-20. 
 
58 GENESIS XXXVII. b. c. 1729-1727. 
 
 61. Joseph excites his Brethren's Envy. 
 
 TospuTi T5 P 
 
 1745-1635.' ' *wmI *s soZe? £o £7^e IsJiniaelites, 1720. — 
 
 Scarcely had Jacob settled in Canaan when 
 Joseph, the elder son of Rachel, who was then seventeen 
 years old, excited the hatred and envy of his brethren 
 by three circumstances : 1st. He reported to his father 
 the misconduct of the sons of Bilhah and Zilpah ; 2d. 
 Jacob loved him more than his other children, and gave 
 him a coat of divers colors ; 3d. Having dreamed two 
 dreams prophetical of an elevated career — one that his 
 brothers' sheaves bowed before his sheaf, and another 
 that the sun, moon, and eleven stars did obeisance to 
 him — he related the visions to his brethren. After this 
 he was sent by Jacob to his brethren, who were supposed 
 to be keeping their father's flocks at Shechem ; but, 
 on arriving at Shechem, Joseph learnt that they were 
 gone to Dothan, where he accordingly followed them. 
 The sons of Jacob saw their younger brother afar off 
 and resolved on slaying him, but Reuben persuaded them 
 to throw him alive into a pit, thinking to deliver him af- 
 terward and return him to his father. The brethren then 
 stripped Joseph of his coat and threw him into a dry pit ; 
 but shortly afterward some Ishmaelite [Arabian] mer- 
 chants passed by, and, upon Judah's proposition, the 
 ten brethren, whilst Reuben was absent, sold Joseph for 
 twenty pieces of silver, and he was carried to Egypt. 
 When Reuben discovered the deed he rent his clothes, 
 but the others dipped Joseph's coat in the blood of a kid 
 and carried it to Jacob, who immediately supposed that 
 his favorite son had been devoured by a wild beast, and 
 refused to be comforted for his death. Gen. xxxvii. 
 
 62. Judah marries a Canaanite ; his Incest with 
 his Daughter-in-laiv >, dr. 1727. — About this time 
 Judah married the daughter of a certain Canaanite 
 named Shuah, and begat three sons, Er, Onan, and She- 
 lah. Er married Tamar, but was cut off for his sins; 
 Onan, who was to have raised up an heir to his brother, 
 met with a similar fate ; and Judah desired Tamar to re- 
 main a widow in her father's house until Shelah should 
 be grown up. Years passed, and Judah was afraid to 
 marry Shelah to Tamar lest he should die like his breth- 
 ren. At length Tamar heard that Judah's wife had died 
 
b. c. 1720-1715. GENESIS XXXVIIL-XL. 59 
 
 and that he had gone with Hirah to Timnath to shear his 
 sheep. Tamar accordingly veiled herself as a harlot, and, 
 after tempting Judah to visit her, she received from him 
 his staff, signet, and bracelets as a pledge that he would 
 send her a kid, and returned to her father's house before 
 Judah could regain his pledges. Three months afterward 
 it was reported to Judah that Tamar had played the har- 
 lot, and he ordered her to be brought out and burnt, when 
 she showed him his pledges and he acknowledged his guilt. 
 She afterward bore twin sons, Pharez and Zarah. Gen. 
 xxxviii. 
 
 63. Joseph sold to Botlphar and imprisoned, 
 1729-1720. — Meantime, Joseph was carried to Egypt 
 and bought by Potiphar, a captain of Pharaoh's guard. 
 Here he rose to be overseer in Potiphar's household, and 
 the house was blessed for his sake ; but, having resisted 
 Potiphar's wife, she falsely accused him, and he was 
 thrown into prison, where he rose in the favor of the 
 keeper and kept charge of the other prisoners. Gen. 
 xxxix. 
 
 64. Interprets the Dreams of Pharaoh's Butler 
 and Baker, 1720-1718. — About b. c. 1720 the king's 
 butler and baker were cast into the same prison by Pha- 
 raoh, where they each had a remarkable vision, which 
 they described to Joseph. The butler dreamed that he 
 saw a vine with three branches bud, blossom, and bring 
 forth grapes, which he pressed into Pharaoh's cup and 
 gave into Pharaoh's hand. This Joseph interpreted to 
 signify that in three days he should be released from his 
 prison and restored to his place, and the captive Hebrew 
 begged the butler then to remember his innocent fellow- 
 prisoner and attempt his release. The baker dreamed 
 that he had three white baskets on his head, the upper- 
 most one containing baked meats for Pharaoh, but which 
 were eaten by the birds while he was carrying it. This 
 was explained by Joseph to mean that he too should be 
 taken from prison in three days, but only to be hung 
 upon a tree for birds to eat his flesh. The two dreams 
 were fulfilled : the chief baker was hanged and the but- 
 ler was restored to his place, where he soon forgot the 
 condition of Joseph. (Jen. xl. 
 
 65. Interprets Pharaoh's two Dreams, 1715. — 
 
60 GENESIS XLI. b. c. 1715-1701. 
 
 After two full years Pharaoh dreamed that he saw seven 
 fat kine come out of the river and feed in a meadow, but 
 were followed by seven lean kine, who ate up the seven 
 fat ones. Again, he dreamed that seven full ears of 
 corn sprang from one stalk, and seven thin ears, blasted 
 with the east wind, sprang up after them and devoured 
 them. These two visions troubled the king, and none of 
 the Egyptian magicians could interpret them, when the 
 chief butler remembered the interpretations of Joseph 
 and reported them to Pharaoh. The Hebrew captive 
 was hastily released from prison and brought to the 
 royal presence, where he thus interpreted the visions. 
 " The two dreams," said Joseph, " are one : the seven fat 
 kine and seven full ears are seven years of plenty, and 
 the thin kine and blasted ears are seven years of fam- 
 ine, which shall follow the years of plenty and consume 
 all that they produced." Joseph now advised Pharaoh 
 to choose a wise man who might appoint officers to take 
 a fifth of the produce during the seven years of plenty, 
 and store it up for the seven years' famine. Gen. xli. 1-3*6. 
 
 66. Made chief Mnler of JEgypt and marries Ase- 
 nath, 1715, — Joseph was now thirty years old, having 
 been thirteen years in prison, but his counsel pleased Pha- 
 raoh and his princes, and he was immediately exalted to 
 the highest honors next the king, and married to Ase- 
 nath, daughter of Potipherah, priest of On.* Gen. xli. 
 37-45. 
 
 67. Seven years' Plenty, 1715-1708 ; Birth of 
 3tanasseh, 17 12 ; of JEpJiraini, 1711, — For seven 
 years the new ruler went through Egypt and collected 
 corn as the sand of the sea and stored it up in vast gran- 
 aries. Two sons were born to him by Asenath — Ma- 
 nasseh and Ephraim, who became the fathers of two of 
 the twelve tribes. Gen. xli. 46-57. 
 
 68. Seven years' Famine, 17 OS-17 01 ; first Visit of 
 Joseph's Brethren, 1707. — A famine now commenced 
 and spread over all nations, but the storehouses of Joseph 
 became the granaries of the world. The family of Jacob 
 felt the famine, and the patriarch was compelled to send 
 
 * On is the same as Heliopolis, a celebrated city in Lower Egypt, 
 whose priests were particularly renowned for their learning. See 
 Herodotus, ii. 3. 
 
b. c. 1706. GENESIS XLIL 61 
 
 ten of his sons to Egypt to buy corn ; for he kept back 
 Benjamin, lest he should meet with the supposed fate of 
 Joseph. The governor of Egypt recognized his brethren 
 without their knowing him, but he charged them with 
 being spies and threw them into prison, but released them 
 after three days, with the exception of Simeon, whom he 
 kept as a pledge that they should bring him their younger 
 brother. The nine sons of Jacob now returned to their 
 father, but on their way discovered that the money they 
 had paid for the corn was enclosed in their sacks ; this 
 terrified Jacob, and he refused to send Benjamin, though 
 Reuben offered his own sons as a surety for his life. Gen. 
 xlii. 
 
 69. Second Visit of Joseph's BretJiren, 1706. — 
 Famine at last compelled Jacob to send Benjamin with 
 his other brethren to Egypt to buy corn, but the old man 
 strictly charged his sons to propitiate the Egyptian ruler 
 by presents and to take double money, lest that which 
 they had discovered in their sacks should have been 
 placed there through inadvertence. On their arrival in 
 Egypt, Joseph ordered his steward to take them to his 
 house and make ready the noonday meal. The brethren 
 were now frightened, and on reaching the house they ex- 
 plained to the steward the restoration of their money, but 
 he replied that he had received it, and it must have been 
 their God who had restored it ; he further reassured them 
 by bringing out Simeon. Joseph soon followed his breth- 
 ren and the meal was served, but Joseph sat at one table, 
 his brethren at another, and the Egyptians at a third, " as 
 shepherds were an abomination to the Egyptians." The 
 brethren were entertained liberally, but were surprised at 
 finding themselves placed at table exactly in the order 
 of their ages, and that Joseph sent a fivefold portion to 
 Benjamin. The next morning they left the city, but 
 Joseph had first commanded his steward to restore the 
 money as before, but to place his silver cup in the sack of 
 Benjamin. They had not, therefore, proceeded far before 
 the steward overtook them and charged them with rob- 
 bery. They immediately protested their innocence, chal- 
 lenged investigation, and invoked death on the man who 
 should be proved guilty ; but the cup was found with Ben- 
 jamin, and the distressed brethren were compelled to re- 
 
62 GENESIS XLIII.-XLV. b. c. 1706. 
 
 turn to Joseph. Judah now made to the supposed Egyp- 
 tian ruler an affecting relation of the disappearance of 
 Joseph, and of Jacob's peculiar affection for Benjamin ; 
 and then, after stating that the death of their aged father 
 would certainly follow the detention of his beloved son, 
 he offered to abide himself as a bondman if the lad were 
 permitted to return. Joseph could now refrain no longer, 
 but speedily told his brethren that the brother whom they 
 had sold for a slave had become the governor of Egypt ; 
 he then assured them of his hearty forgiveness, and in- 
 vited both themselves and Jacob to settle in Egypt during 
 the remaining years of famine. The invitation was sec- 
 onded by Pharaoh, and wagons, changes of raiment, and 
 asses laden with provision were sent by Pharaoh and 
 Joseph for the accommodation of the children of Israel. 
 Gen. xliii.-xlv. 
 
 70. Israelites migrate to Egypt, 1706. — When 
 Jacob's sons returned from Egypt, their venerable father 
 could scarcely believe their report ; but, on seeing the 
 wagons, he cried, " It is enough ; Joseph my son is yet 
 alive ; I will go and see him before I die." He accord- 
 ingly commenced the journey ; and, having sacrificed at 
 Beersheba and been again encouraged by God, he arrived 
 in Egypt with his sixty-four sons and grandsons, one 
 daughter, Dinah, and one granddaughter, Sarah, amount- 
 ing in all to sixty-six persons. Gen. xlvi. 26. These, with 
 himself and Joseph and his two sons, made seventy per- 
 sons (v. 27) ; whilst the sixty-six persons, with his nine 
 sons' wives, make the seventy-five persons mentioned in 
 Acts vii. 14. Jacob migrated to Egypt b. c. 1706, being 
 exactly two hundred and fifteen years from the call of 
 Abraham in b. c. 1921. Joseph then presented his father 
 and five of his brethren to Pharaoh, and the old man, 
 with one hundred and thirty years' experience, declared 
 that his years were evil and few, and blessed the Egyptian 
 king. The land of Goshen* was then assigned to the 
 
 * Goshen was the best pasture-land in Egypt, and probably included 
 the district of Heliopolis. It certainly lay eastward of the Pelusiac 
 branch of the Nile, and stretched to the desert, or even to the Gulf of 
 Suez, as no mention is made of the Israelites crossing the Nile in their 
 exode under Moses. — Heeren's African Jiesearches. 
 
d. c. 1702-1689. GENESIS XLVL, XLVII. 63 
 
 Hebrews for a residence, as shepherds were an abomina- 
 tion to the Egyptians. Gen. xlvi. ; xlvii. 1-12. 
 
 71. Policy of Joseph during the Famine, 1702, 
 
 1701. — The famine soon pressed heavily upon the Egyp- 
 tians ; all their money had been spent in buying corn, and 
 they were at length compelled to give, first their cattle, and 
 afterward their lands, in exchange for corn. Joseph thus 
 destroyed the free proprietors and made the king the lord- 
 paramount of the soil ; whilst the people became the hered- 
 itary tenants of their sovereign, and paid a fifth of their 
 annual produce as rent for the soil they occupied. The 
 priests only retained their estates through this trying 
 period.* Gen. xlvii. 13-26. 
 
 72. Dying Acts and Prophecies of Jacob, 1689. 
 — After the Hebrews had resided for seventeen years in 
 Egypt and multiplied exceedingly, the time came that 
 Jacob should die. The aged patriarch raised himself on 
 his dying bed, and having blessed his two grandsons 
 through Joseph, and blessed Ephraim, the younger, 
 above Manasseh, the first-born, and made them both 
 equal to his own sons, he thus prophesied concerning the 
 future destinies of the twelve : 
 
 1. Heuben, the first-born, who had committed incest with 
 Bilhah: "Unstable as water, thou shalt not excel." 
 
 2. Simeon, 3. Levi, who had treacherously slain the 
 
 * Heeren states that this policy of Joseph weakened the nation, and 
 ultimately led to the irruption of the Hyksos, or Shepherd-kings, who 
 are generally supposed to have been Bedouin Arabs. The administra- 
 tion of Joseph has, however, been fully defended by Kitto ; and, in- 
 deed, there is every reason to believe that the invasion of the Shepherd- 
 kings was prior to the time of Joseph. We read that when Abram 
 visited Egypt, some centuries before, he was treated with great consid- 
 eration by the reigning Pharaoh (sect. 21), though he was in the cha- 
 racter of a pastoral chief, which was regarded with abomination by the 
 native government in the time of Joseph. It is most probable, there- 
 fore, that the pastoral dynasty existed at the time of Abram's visit, but 
 was extinguished prior to the government of Joseph ; which accounts for 
 the fact that under the latter every nomad shepherd was detested at tho 
 Egyptian court (sect. 69), in consequence of the oppressive and humil- 
 iating dominion which the pastors had exercised in the country. This 
 is also confirmed by the testimony of Mr. Wilkinson. Kitto thinks it 
 not improbable that the Shepherd-kings were Assyrian viceroys; and 
 if this can be proved by the future researches of Mr. Layard or Major 
 Rawlinson, it will throw great light on many circumstances in the 
 lives of the patriarchs. 
 
64 GENESIS XLVIIL, XLIX. b. c. 1689. 
 
 Shechemites for their insult to Dinah: "Cursed be their anger, 
 for it was fierce ; and their wrath, for it was cruel : I will divide 
 them in Jacob, and scatter them in Israel." 
 
 4. Judah: "Thou art he whom thy brethren shall praise: 
 thy hand shall be in the neck of thine enemies ; thy father's chil- 
 dren shall bow down before thee. Judah is a lion's whelp: from 
 the prey, my son, thou art gone up : he stooped down, he couched 
 as a lion, and as an old lion ; who shall rouse him up? The sceptre, 
 shall not depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until 
 Shiloh come; and unto him shall the gathering of the people be. . . . 
 His eyes shall be red with wine, and his teeth white with milk." 
 
 5. Zebulun: " Shall be an haven for ships." 
 
 (S. Jssachar: "Is a strong ass couching down between two 
 burdens : . . . and bowed his shoulder to bear, and became a ser- 
 vant unto tribute." 
 
 7. Dan: "Shall judge his people, . . . shall be a serpent by 
 the way, and an adder in the path." 
 
 8. Gad: "A troop shall overcome him: but he shall over- 
 come at the last." 
 
 9. Asher: "His bread shall be fat." 
 
 10. Naphtali: "A hind let loose; he giveth goodly words." 
 
 11. Joseph: "A fruitful bough by a well. . . . The God of 
 thy father, who shall help thee ; and the Almighty, who shall 
 bless thee with blessings of heaven above, blessings of the deep 
 that lieth under, blessings of the breasts, and blessings of the womb : 
 . . . the blessings of thy father have prevailed above the blessings 
 of my progenitors unto the utmost bound of the everlasting hills : 
 they shall be on the head of Joseph." 
 
 12* Benjamin: "Shall ravin as a wolf: in the morning he 
 shall devour the prey, and at night he shall divide the spoil." 
 Gen. xlviii. ; xlix. 
 
 73. Fulfilment of Jacob's Prophecies. — The history 
 of all the tribes would furnish striking instances of the ful- 
 filment of these prophecies, and more particularly the his- 
 tory of the descendants of Judah and Joseph. From 
 Judah the country was called " Judsea," and the people 
 " Jews." This tribe was famous — 1. For its conquests ; 
 2. For the kingdoms of David and Solomon ; 3. For the 
 birth of the Messiah ; 4. For being a distinct people, and 
 having governors of their own down to the time of the 
 Messiah or Shiloh. Moreover, whilst the ten tribes of 
 Israel were carried captive into Assyria and entirely lost, 
 those of Judah and Benjamin were held in Babylonian 
 captivity for seventy years only, after which they returned 
 to the land of their fathers. 
 
 In Joseph the blessing of Jacob was fulfilled, in his 
 
b. c. 1639-1635. GENESIS L. 65 
 
 being the progenitor of the two large tribes of Ephraim 
 and Manasseh, from whom sprang the celebrated Joshua, 
 etc. 
 
 The curse of Levi was afterward taken off on account 
 of the pious zeal of the Levites in destroying the wor- 
 shippers of the golden calf and consecrating themselves 
 to God. 
 
 74. Death and Burial, 1689. — Having closed his 
 prophetical benedictions, Jacob charged his sons to bury 
 him in the cave of Machpelah, and yielded up the ghost 
 at the age of one hundred and forty-seven years. His 
 body was embalmed by the physicians of Joseph, which 
 process occupied forty days,* and the mourning lasted 
 seventy days ; after which, Joseph obtained the permission 
 of Pharaoh to attend the funeral of his father. Accord- 
 ingly, all the house of Jacob and Joseph, together with 
 all the servants of Pharaoh and elders of Egypt, left 
 Goshen and buried Jacob in the cave of Machpelah, hav- 
 ing mourned at the threshing-floor of Atad beyond Jordan 
 for seven days ; which place was afterward called Abel- 
 mizraim, or "the mourning of the Egyptians." Gen. 1. 
 
 75. Joseph again forgives his Brethren, — After 
 Joseph's return to Egypt, his brethren feared that he 
 would now seek revenge for their former cruelty, but, 
 having sent a message praying for his forgiveness, he re- 
 assured them by kind words and good offices. Gen. 1. 
 14-21. 
 
 76. Death of Joseph, 1<>35, — At length, fifty-four 
 years after the death of his father, Joseph, having seen 
 the grandsons of his two sons, felt that his dying hour 
 was approaching. He assured his brethren that God 
 would certainly lead them *to the land of promise, and 
 enjoined them to carry his bones with them. He died, 
 aged one hundred and ten years, and his body was em- 
 balmed and placed in a coffin, in which it was preserved 
 till the exode of the Hebrews. Gen. 1. 22-26 ; Josh, 
 xxiv. 32. 
 
 77. Joseph a Type of Christ. — Joseph was a type of 
 
 :f: Herodotus says that the Egyptian embalm era st<cped the body in 
 natrum or in nitro for seventy days (lib. ii. c. 80-'J0). 
 
 6* E 
 
66 GENESIS L. b. c. 1635. 
 
 Christ in being — 1. A dearly-beloved son ; 2. A firm re- 
 sister of temptation ; 3. An inspired interpreter and 
 prophet ; 4. A patient sufferer of trials and inflictions ; 
 5. The preserver or saviour of a nation. 
 
 78. Scriptural meaning of a " Type," — Typical or 
 type means literally "a resemblance," but scripturally it 
 signifies a symbol of something future, or an example de- 
 signed by God to prefigure that future thing ; the thing 
 so prefigured is called an antitype. 
 
 79. Typical Intimations of the Messiah in Gene- 
 sis. — The Messiah was typified in — 1. Adam, who was 
 the natural father of mankind, as Christ, the second 
 Adam, was the spiritual father ; 2. Noah, who like Christ 
 was a preacher of righteousness, whilst the ark was a 
 figure of our salvation; 3. Melchisedek, who was 
 " without father, without mother, without descent, having 
 neither beginning of days, nor end of life ; but made like 
 unto the Son of God " (Heb. vii. 1-3) ; 4. Isaac (see 
 sect. 36, note) ; 5. Joseph (see sect. 77). Abel's sacrifice 
 and the offering of Isaac are also typical of our Saviour. 
 
 80. JProplietical Intimations and their Fulfil- 
 ment. — Genesis records three intimations of the Mes- 
 siah — viz. 
 
 1st. By God to the serpent : " It (the seed of the woman) 
 shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel." 
 Gen. iii. 15. Fulfilment : " When the fulness of time 
 was come, God sent forth his Son, made of a woman." 
 Gal. iv. 4. " The God of peace shall bruise Satan under 
 your feet shortly." Kom. xvi. 20. "The Son of God 
 was manifested that he might destroy the works of the 
 devil." 1 John iii. 8. "That old serpent." Rev. xii. 9. 
 (See also Heb. ii. 14.) 
 
 2d. By God to Abraham : " In thee shall all the fami- 
 lies of the earth be blessed" (Gen. xii. 3; xviii. 18 ; xxii. 
 18); also to Isaac (Gen. xxvi. 4), and to Jacob. Gen. 
 xxviii. 14. Fulfilment : " I bring you good tidings of 
 great joy which shall be to all people." Luke ii. 10. "It 
 is evident that our Lord sprang out of Judah." Heb. 
 vii. 14. 
 
 3d. By Jacob to Judah : "The sceptre shall not depart 
 from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, until 
 Shiloh come." Gen. xlix. 10. Fulfilment: "The high 
 
B. c. 1635. 
 
 GENESIS L. 
 
 67 
 
 priesthood did not cease to exercise their authority until 
 A. d. 70. — Home. 
 
 Antediluvian 
 patriarchs. 
 
 Sons of 
 Noah. 
 
 Names, and Meanings of the Names, of the principal Persons 
 
 mentioned in Genesis. 
 Adam {earthy). 
 Eve (living). 
 
 Cain (possession, or acquisition). 
 Abel (vanity). 
 Setli (appointed). 
 Enoch (dedicated) taken up into heaven without 
 
 dying. 
 Methuselah (he has sent his death), the oldest 
 
 man. 
 Lamech (poor, debased). 
 Noah (rest). 
 
 Shein (renown), the progenitor of the nations of 
 
 Asia. 
 Ham (heat), of Africa. 
 Japheth (enlarged, persuading), of Europe. 
 
 Terah (breathing), father 
 
 Haran (anger), brother 
 
 Sarah (lady, princess), wife [ of Abraham. 
 
 Laban (shining), nephew 
 
 Lot (wrapt, up), nephew 
 
 Isaac {laughter), the child promised to Sarah. 
 Ishrnael (God will hear), the son of Hagar 
 
 (a stranger), Sarah's bondwoman, and 
 
 progenitor of the Arabians. 
 
 Esau or Edom (red), founder of Idumsea and the 
 Edomites. 
 
 Jacob (heeler, supplanter), bought Esau's birth- 
 right and inherited his blessing, after- 
 ward called Israel (prevailer). 
 
 Reuben (vision of a son). 
 
 Simeon (obedient). 
 
 Levi {associated). 
 
 Judah (praise). 
 
 Issachar (a hiring). 
 
 Z liiilnn (dwelling). 
 
 .J<>s"i>h (increase). 
 
 Benjamin (son of my right hand). 
 
 Dan (judging). 
 
 Naphtali (my wrestling). 
 
 Gad (troop). 
 
 A s h or (happiness ) . 
 
 Sons of 
 Abraham. 
 
 - Sons of Isaac. 
 
 The twelve sons of Jacob. 
 
68 EXODUS. b. c. 1571. 
 
 Dinah (judgment) Jacob's daughter. 
 
 Ephraim (very fruitful). \ Q e T -. 
 Manasseh (forget/nlnels). } bons of Jose P h ' 
 
 EXODUS. 
 
 E^, " out,'" and oo*og, " a way" — the way out or going out from Egypt. 
 
 HISTORY OP THE JEWS AS A NOMAD FAMILY, FROM THE DEATH OF JOSEPH 
 UNTIL THE BUILDING OF THE TABERNACLE AND CONSECRATION OF THE 
 PRIESTHOOD. B. C. 1635 to 1490. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 I. History of the Exode from Egypt, the Journey to Sinai, and 
 Delivery of the Law. 
 
 Moses, 1571— 1451,— Condition of the Jews after the 
 death of Joseph, 1635-1571.— Birth of Moses, 1571.— His flight to 
 Midian, 1531.— Called by God at Horeb, 1491— Returns to Egypt, 
 circumcises his son, and meets Aaron, 1491. — Moses and Aaron 
 stand before Pharaoh. — 1st plague, Blood ; 2d, Frogs ; 3d, Lice ; 
 4th, Flies; 5th, Murrain ; 6th, Boils ; 7th, Hail ; 8th, Locusts ; 
 9th, Darkness. — Passover instituted. — 10th plague, Death of the 
 first-born. — The Exodus, 1491. — Feast of unleavened bread and 
 sanctification of the first-born. — Journey from Raamses to Pihahi- 
 roth. — Passage of the Red Sea. — Wanderings to Marah (bitter 
 water), Elim, and Sin, or Sinai. — Water, quails, and manna. — Prop- 
 erties of manna. — Journeying to Rephidim ; water obtained from 
 Horeb. — Joshua defeats the Amalekites. — Visit of Jethro ; magis- 
 trates appointed. — Encampment before Mount Sinai — Promulgation 
 of the moral law (ten commandments) by Jehovah. — Promulgation 
 of the civil and ceremonial law through Moses. — Idolatry of Israel- 
 with a golden calf. — Renewal of the tables of stone. — [Completion 
 of the tabernacle, 1490, p. 94.], page 69, 
 
 II. The Moral and Civil Law* 
 
 First and second commandments, against idolatry, false prophets, 
 divinations, etc. — Third commandment, against taking God's name 
 
 * As the civil law was based on the moral law, or ten commandments, 
 it is in the present work analyzed and classified under each command- 
 ment for the convenience of reference. 
 
B.C. 1635-1571. EXODUS. 69 
 
 in vain, blasphemy, etc. — Fourth commandment, against breaking 
 the Sabbath. — Fifth commandment, against disobedience to parents. 
 — Sixth commandment, against murder; law of manslaughter; minor 
 corporal injuries. — Seventh commandment, against adultery, unlaw- 
 ful marriages, divorcements, fornication ; other matrimonial laws. 
 — Eighth commandment, against stealing; arson, trespass, and land- 
 marks ; men-stealing and fugitive servants ; usury, pledges, and 
 things committed in charge ; law respecting heirships. — Ninth com- 
 mandment, against false witnessing. — Tenth commandment, against 
 covetousness. Miscellaneous precepts. — Laws respecting Sea- 
 very page 80. 
 
 § Jewish Constitution. 
 
 Composition of the Jewish state. — The comitia, or legislative 
 assemblies. — Method and place of convening the comitia. — Powers 
 of the comitia. — Connection of the tribes with each other. — Tribu- 
 nal instituted by the advice of Jethro page 86. 
 
 III. The Ceremonial Law.* 
 
 1. The Tabernacle. — External description: — The Hoey 
 and the Most Holy Place. — Furniture of the Holy Place, viz. 1st. 
 The altar of incense ; 2d. The shew-bread table ; 3d. The candle- 
 stick. — Furniture of the Most Holy Place, viz. 1st. The ark, and its 
 subsequent history; 2d. The mercy-scat; 3d. The cherubim, the 
 Shechinah. — Court of the Tabernacle — its furniture, viz. 1st. 
 The altar of burnt-offering ; 2d. The laver. . . page 89. 
 
 # Typical intimations of the Messiah in Exodus. . page 95. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. History of the Exode from Egypt, the Journey to Sinai, 
 and Delivery of the Law. 
 
 81. Condition of the Jews after the 
 M i5 S 7i-i4 B 5i C " Death of Joseph, 1635-1571.— During 
 
 the sixty-four years which extended between 
 the death of Joseph and birth of Moses,f the Israelites 
 
 * The ceremonial law is divided into six branches — viz. 1. The tab- 
 ernacle; 2. The priests and Levites j 3. Offerings, including sacrifices, 
 oblations, etc.; 4. Feasts and festivals; 5. Vows; and, 6. Purifications. 
 Of these, the first only is to he found in Exodus; the remaining five 
 are contained in Leviticus. (Sec "Analysis of Leviticus.") 
 
 f The only historical fact recorded of the Israelites between the 
 death of Joseph and the period recorded in Exodus is to be found in 
 1 Chron. vii. 21. From (his it appears that a body of Ephraimites, 
 headed by the sons of Zabad, the sixth in descent from Ephraim, un- 
 
70 EXODUS I., II. b. c. 1571-1541. 
 
 had increased so rapidly as to alarm the Egyptians, and 
 another Pharaoh* had ascended the throne, who knew 
 not Joseph. The children of Jacob were oppressed by 
 tyrannical demands of personal service ; they built two 
 treasure-cities, Pithom and Raamses, and labored in every 
 variety of public work, but continued to multiply in spite 
 of their bondage and afflictions. Pharaoh then ordered 
 the two Hebrew midwives, Shiphrah and Puah, to destroy 
 all the male infants of the Israelites ; but the two women 
 did not comply, and Pharaoh then commanded his people 
 to throw the male infants of the Hebrews into the Nile. 
 Ex. i. 
 
 82. Birth of Moses, 1571.— At this time a child 
 was born to two Levites, Amram and Jochebed, and its 
 mother was tempted by its extreme beauty to conceal it 
 for three months ; after which, she placed it in an ark of 
 bulrushes [papyrus] and laid it on the flags beside the 
 Nile. Here the child Moses-^*. e. "saved from the 
 water" — was discovered and adopted by the daughter 
 of Pharaoh, who accidentally gave him to his own 
 mother to be nursed, and had him educated in the sev- 
 eral branches of Egyptian learning. Ex. ii. 1-10. 
 
 83. His Flight to Midian, 1541.— When Moses 
 was forty years old he observed the burdens of his breth- 
 ren, and on one occasion slew an Egyptian who was 
 smiting a Hebrew. The next day he was mediating be- 
 tween two Hebrews who were striving together, when one 
 of them referred to the murder, and soon afterward Pha- 
 raoh sought to slay Moses, and he was obliged to flee to 
 Midian, in the deserts of Arabia Petrsea. Here he sat 
 down by a well and assisted the seven daughters of 
 Reuel, Raguel, or Jethro, priest of Midian — i. e. sheikh 
 or prince of a Midianite clan — to water their flocks, for the 
 
 dertook a kind of freebooting expedition into the land of the Philis- 
 tines, with the view of driving off the cattle belonging to the men of 
 Gath : but they were repulsed by the Philistines with much slaughter, 
 and Zabad lost all his sons. 
 
 * It has been generally supposed that this Pharaoh belonged to the 
 race of Shepherd-kings; but it has been proved (see note to sect. 71) 
 that these Shepherd-kings were expelled prior to Joseph. Who the 
 monarch was that knew not Joseph must be left for future historical 
 researches to decide. Present opinions are conflicting and incon- 
 
B. c. 1491. EXODUS II.-IV. 71 
 
 shepherds had tried to drive them away. Jethro then 
 invited Moses into his house, and afterward gave him his 
 daughter Zipporah for a wife, who bore a son, named 
 Gershom. Ex. ii. 11-22. 
 
 84. Called by God at Horeb, 1491. — Forty years 
 after this Pharaoh died, and God heard the prayers of 
 the Hebrews and appeared to Moses, who was then eighty 
 years old, in a flaming bush, while he was keeping his 
 flocks at Horeb [Sinai J. The Almighty first commanded 
 Moses to pull off his shoes, and then announced himself 
 as the God of Abraham, and desired Moses to demand 
 of Pharaoh the deliverance of his brethren, and to lead 
 them to Canaan. Moses was diffident of his success with 
 Pharaoh, and afraid that the Israelites would desire to 
 know the name of that God who had sent him ; but the 
 Lord replied, " I AM THAT I AM," and desired Moses 
 to tell the Hebrews that the God of their fathers had sent 
 him to lead them from Egypt to Canaan, and to request 
 of Pharaoh permission for them to go three days' journey 
 into the wilderness to worship their God. He then fur- 
 ther encouraged Moses by the two miracles of the ser- 
 pent-rod and the leprous hand, assuring him that if these 
 should fail with Pharaoh, other miraculous signs and 
 plagues should follow, and that, as he was wanting in 
 eloquence, his brother Aaron should be spokesman to the 
 people. Ex. ii. 23-25 ; iii. ; iv. 1-17. 
 
 85. Moses returns to Egypt, circumcises his Son, 
 and meets Aaron, 1491. — Moses now returned to Jeth- 
 ro, and obtained permission to visit his brethren. On his 
 way from Midian to Egypt he was met by an angel of 
 the Lord, who sought to kill him, upon which his wife 
 Zipporah circumcised their son. Meantime, Aaron, the 
 elder brother of Moses by the same parents, by a divine 
 command went to meet Moses in the wilderness ; and the 
 two brothers arrived at Egypt, assembled the elders of 
 Israel* and told their mission, and confirmed it by the 
 two signs of the serpent-rod and leprous hand. Ex. iv. 
 18-31. 
 
 86. Moses and Aaron stand before Pharaoh. — 
 
 * For an account of the political and civil condition of the elders of 
 Israel, see "Jewish Constitution," sect. L33. 
 
72 EXODUS V.-IX. 
 
 b. c. 1491. 
 
 Moses, who was eighty years old, and Aaron, eighty-three 
 years, then entered Pharaoh's presence and requested per- 
 mission for the Hebrews to go three days' journey into 
 the wilderness to sacrifice to Jehovah ; but Pharaoh not 
 only contemptuously refused, but added to the burdens 
 of the Israelites by obliging them to collect the straw 
 with which to make the bricks. Moses shrank from ap- 
 pearing again before Pharaoh, but in answer to his reit- 
 erated objections fresh assurances were given of the divine 
 presence and protection. The two brethren again entered 
 Pharaoh's presence, when Aaron's rod was transformed 
 into a serpent before him ; and though the Egyptian en- 
 chanters were permitted to imitate the miracle with their 
 rods, yet that of Aaron swallowed them all up. Ex. v. ; 
 vi. ; vii. 1-13. 
 
 87. The Ten Plagues. — The heart of Pharaoh was 
 still hardened, and the plagues threatened by Jehovah 
 were now to be accomplished. 
 
 88. First Plague, Blood. — Kivers, pools, and all 
 water in vessels were turned to blood for seven days, and 
 the fishes died. The enchanters imitated the miracle. 
 Ex. vii. 19-25. 
 
 89. Second Plague, Frogs. — The river [Nile] brought 
 forth swarms of frogs, and the enchanters imitated the 
 miracle, but could not remove the plague. Pharaoh beg- 
 ged for relief and promised compliance to Moses, but af- 
 ter the frogs were destroyed he recalled his word. Ex. 
 viii. 1-15. 
 
 90. Third Plague, Lice. — The dust turned to lice, 
 and the enchanters failed to imitate this miracle; but 
 Pharaoh continued hardened. Ex. viii. 16-19. 
 
 91. Fourth Plague, Flies. — All Egypt except Goshen 
 swarmed with flies. Pharaoh begged the Israelites to wor- 
 ship where they were, which Moses refused. He then 
 promised to let them go into the wilderness; but when 
 the flies had vanished, he again broke his word. Ex. viii. 
 20-32. 
 
 92. Fifth Plague, Murrain. — A deadly murrain at- 
 tacked the Egyptian cattle only, and left the Israelite 
 herds untouched; but Pharaoh was still hardened. Ex. 
 ix. 1-7. 
 
 93. Sixth Plague, Boils and Plains. — Moses flung 
 
b. c. 1491. EXODUS IX V X. 73 
 
 ashes toward heaven, which turned to dust and produced 
 boils and blains upon man and beast, including the ma- 
 gicians ; but Pharaoh was still hardened. Ex. ix. 8-12. 
 
 94. Seventh Plague, Hail, — Hail was now threat- 
 ened, but Pharaoh was still hardened, though some of 
 the Egyptians placed their cattle in safety. Fire and 
 hail then destroyed man, beast, herb, tree, barley, and 
 flax. Pharaoh again entreated Moses ; but when the 
 storm was allayed, he refused to let the Israelites go. 
 Ex. ix. 13-35. 
 
 95. Eighth Plague, Locusts. — Moses threatened lo- 
 custs, when Pharaoh offered to let the Israelites go for 
 the three days if they would leave their children and 
 cattle as hostages. This was rejected, and locusts de- 
 voured all that the hail had left. Pharaoh again prom- 
 ised, was again relieved, but again broke his word. Ex. 
 x. 1-20. 
 
 96. Ninth Plague, Darkness. — Darkness covered all 
 Egypt save Goshen for three days. Pharaoh offered to 
 let the Israelites go if they would leave their flocks and 
 herds as security for their return. But this proposition 
 was rejected, as the cattle would be required for the sac- 
 rifices. Moses then threatened the death of the first-born, 
 but Pharaoh ordered both Moses and Aaron from his 
 presence, and assured them of death if they again en- 
 tered it. Ex. x. 21-29. 
 
 97. Passover Instituted. — Moses now at God's com- 
 mand ordered each of the elders of Israel to choose a male 
 lamb of the first year, without blemish, from the sheep or 
 goats, one for every family or for two small families unit- 
 ing. The lamb was to be chosen on the tenth day of the 
 month, and eaten on the evening of the fourteenth day ; 
 and the month [Abib, corresponding to part of March 
 and April] was from that time to be called the first 
 month of their year, though previously it had been 
 counted as the seventh.* The Hebrews were to kill the 
 lamb in the evening and sprinkle its blood over the door- 
 posts with a bunch of hyssop, that the destroying angel 
 might know their houses and pass them by. They were 
 also to roast the lamb whole and eat it with unleavened 
 
 * From this time the Israelites reckoned Abib as the first month of 
 their vacred year, but as the seventh of their civil year. 
 
 7 
 
74 EXODUS XL, XII. 
 
 c. 1491. 
 
 bread and bitter herbs, and to eat it in haste, with their 
 loins girded, their shoes on their feet, and their staves in 
 their hands. Foreigners, hired servants, and uncircum- 
 cised strangers were not to eat it, and what was left in 
 the morning was to be burnt. Defiled and unclean per- 
 sons could not eat it until purified ; then they might 
 keep it on the fourteenth day of the second month. 
 This feast was to be kept as an ordinance for ever. (See 
 sect. 188.) Ex. xii. ; xiii. 1-16. 
 
 98. Tenth Plague, Death of the First-born ; Ex- 
 ode of the Hebrews, 1491. — The awful hour at length 
 arrived, and whilst the Hebrews were eating the paschal 
 lamb the Lord smote all the first-born of the Egyptians, 
 both man and beast. Amid the fearful mournings which 
 ensued, Pharaoh hastily summoned Moses and Aaron and 
 commanded both them and the Israelites to depart. The 
 Egyptians cried, " We be all dead men," and readily lent 
 jewels and raiment to the Hebrews to expedite their ex- 
 ode ; whilst the latter were compelled to carry off their 
 dough in its unleavened state, bound upon their shoul- 
 ders in leathern kneading-troughs. Ex. xi. ; xii. 29-36.* 
 
 * Individual Design and Character of the Miracles in Egypt. — The mir- 
 acle of the serpent-rod of Aaron authenticated the mission of Moses 
 and proved the fallacy of the serpent-worship of the Egyptians. The 
 plagues of blood and frogs were directed against the worship of the 
 Nile. The plague of lice was a general judgment on Egyptian idola- 
 try, by the laws of which the priests wore only linen garments, and 
 shaved their whole bodies once a day to guard against the slightest 
 risk of contamination from so impure an insect. The plague of flies 
 was designed to destroy the trust of the people in Beelzebub — i. e. "lord 
 of flies " — who was supposed to protect them from such ravenous swarms. 
 The murrain which destroyed the cattle also aimed at the destruction 
 of the entire system of brute-worship amongst the Egyptians. The 
 plague of boils and Mains will be better understood by the mention of 
 the following fact. Human victims were occasionally burnt alive on 
 several altars to propitiate Typhon, or the evil principle, after which 
 the officiating priest cast their ashes into the air in order that evil 
 might be averted from every spot to which an atom was wafted. Moses 
 cast a handful of the ashes into the air, which, instead of averting the 
 evil, brought down boils and blains, and thus made the bloody rites of 
 Typhon a curse to the idolaters. The plague of the locusts showed the 
 impotence of Serapis, who was supposed to protect the country against 
 these destructive insects, which now appeared and retired only at the 
 command of Moses. The plagues of hail and darkness were directed 
 against the worship of Isis and Osiris — the sun and moon — who were 
 supposed to control the light and the elements. Thus Jehovah, the 
 Lord of hosts, summoned nature to proclaim him the true God. The 
 God of Israel asserted his supremacy, and exerted his power to degrade 
 
b. c. 1491. EXODUS XII., XIII. 75 
 
 99. Feast of Unleavened Bread and Sanctification 
 of the First-bom. — In remembrance of these events the 
 Israelites were ordered to eat unleavened bread during the 
 seven days after the passover for ever — viz. from the four- 
 teenth day of Abib till the twenty-first. (See sect. 188.) 
 They were also commanded to sanctify the first-born male 
 of both man and beast to Jehovah, but they might re- 
 deem the firstling of an ass with a lamb, and their 
 children with money. (See sect. 182.) Ex. xii. 15-20 ; 
 xiii. 1-16. 
 
 100. Journey from Haamses to Pihahiroth. — The 
 Israelites, to the number of 600,000, exclusive of children, 
 left Kaamses with their cattle and a mixed multitude of 
 people exactly four hundred and thirty years from the 
 calling of Abraham — viz. b. c. 1921-1491 — having dwelt 
 in Egypt two hundred and fifteen years — viz. b. c. 1706- 
 1491. They left Egypt harnessed — i. e. five in a rank — 
 and carried with them the bones of Joseph, according to 
 his dying injunction ; and, being led by a pillar of cloud by 
 day and of fire by night, they encamped successively at 
 Succoth * and Etham, and at length reached Pihahiroth, 
 on the western arm of the Red Sea, after making a cir- 
 cuitous route through the wilderness. Ex. xiii. 17-22. 
 
 101. Passage of the lied Sea. — Meantime, Pharaoh 
 repented the liberation of the Hebrews, and hastily pur- 
 sued them with six hundred chariots and a host of cav- 
 alry. The trembling Israelites at Pihahiroth saw the 
 army approaching, and cried to Moses, "Because there 
 were no graves in Egypt, hast thou taken us away to die 
 in the wilderness?" Moses replied, "Fear ye not, stand 
 still and see the salvation of the Lord." The angel of 
 God then removed the pillar of cloud to the rear, where 
 it became a light to the Israelites and a darkness to the 
 Egyptians. The outstretched hand of Moses then opened 
 
 the idols, destroy idolatry, and liberate the descendants of Abraham 
 from the land of their bondage. And in the last miracle of all, when 
 the "angel of pestilence breathed in the face" of all the first-born of 
 the land, the true God showed himself to be a God not only of power, 
 but of judgment, and as such to be feared by the wicked and reverenced 
 by all. 
 
 • Succoth signifies "tents" or "booths," and the name therefore only 
 appears to denote a place where caravans passing that way usually en- 
 camped. This Succoth must not therefore be mistaken for the Succoth 
 near the banks of the river Jabbok where Jacob encamped (sect. 55). 
 
76 EXODUS XIV.-XVL b. c. 1491. 
 
 a path for the fugitives through the obedient waves. The 
 presumptuous monarch dared to follow in their track, but 
 was checked by the loss of his chariot-wheels ; and when 
 the Hebrews had reached the opposite shore in safety, 
 the chivalry of Egypt was buried beneath the returning 
 waters. The triumph was celebrated by the song of 
 Moses, the timbrel of his sister Miriam, and the dances 
 of the Israelite women. Ex. xiv. ; xv. 1-21. 
 
 102. Wanderings to Marah, Elim, and Sin; 
 Water, Quails, and Manna sent. — Having thus 
 crossed the Red Sea, the Israelites entered the wilder- 
 ness of Shur, where they wandered three days without 
 finding water ; at length, journeying southward, they ob- 
 tained a supply at Marah, but on account of its bitter- 
 ness reproached Moses, who then healed it by casting in 
 a tree. From Marah they proceeded still on a southward 
 course to Elim, where there were twelve wells and sev- 
 enty palm trees, and from thence they entered the wilder- 
 ness of Sin, which lies between Elim and Sinai. At Sin 
 their provisions were exhausted, and they again mur- 
 mured and regretted the flesh-pots of Egypt, but the 
 same evening quails were sent, and the following morn- 
 ing God rained bread from heaven and manna began 
 to descend. Ex. xv. 22-27 ; xvi. 1-15. 
 
 103. Properties of Manna. — Manna, " the bread of 
 heaven" (Heb. manhu, "what is it?"), was found upon 
 the ground every morning like hoar-frost or coriander 
 seed, and tasted like honey wafers. Every morning each 
 man gathered about one omer, or five pints, for the day's 
 eating, and on the sixth day two omers, or ten pints ; and 
 thus it fed the Hebrews during forty years, and Aaron 
 was commanded to lay up an omer of it [five pints] in a 
 pot as a lasting memorial. It had five miraculous qual- 
 ities : 1. It only fell six days in the week, and not on the 
 Sabbath ; 2. A double quantity fell on the sixth day as a 
 supply for the Sabbath ; 3. That which was gathered on 
 the first five days was putrid if kept more than one day, 
 but that which was gathered on the sixth day remained 
 sweet for two days ; 4. It sustained nearly three million 
 of souls ; 5. It ceased to fall after the Israelites had en- 
 tered Canaan. Ex. xvi. 
 
 104. Journey to Hephidim ; Water obtained from 
 
b. c. 1491. EXODUS XVII., XVIII. 77 
 
 Horeb. — From Sin the Israelites journeyed to Rephidim, 
 where they thirsted for water, and again reproached 
 Moses and were almost ready to stone him ; but he prayed 
 to God, and obtained a miraculous supply by striking his 
 rod against the rock in Horeb, which he afterward called 
 Massah, or " temptation," and Meribah, or " strife." This 
 rock lies to the south of Sinai. Ex. xvii. 1-7. 
 
 105. Joshua defeats tlie Amalekites. — At Rephidim, 
 Moses commanded Joshua to choose an army and attack 
 Amalek, whilst he himself stood on the hill, attended by 
 Aaron and Hur and with the rod of God in his hand. 
 Joshua accordingly fought against the Amalekites and 
 prevailed whilst Moses held up his hands, but was re- 
 pulsed if his hands fell down. Aaron and Hur then 
 placed a stone for Moses to sit on, and, standing on each 
 side of him, they held up his hands till the sun had set 
 and Amalek had been defeated. Moses, in obedience to 
 God, recorded the victory in a book and built an altar — 
 Jehovah-nissi, or " The Lord my banner." Ex. xvii. 8-16. 
 
 106. Visit of Jethro ; Magistrates appointed. — 
 Jethro, or Reuel, the father-in-law of Moses, having heard 
 of the wonders God had performed, visited his son-in-law, 
 bringing with him Zipporah and her two sons by Moses — 
 viz. Gershom and Eliezer. Moses went out to meet Jethro, 
 and received him affectionately. Jethro then offered a 
 sacrifice to Jehovah, and joined with Moses, Aaron, and 
 the elders of Israel in a solemn feast. The next day 
 Jethro observed that Moses judged the people from morn- 
 ing till evening, and that the duty was too heavy ; he 
 therefore advised him to appoint subordinate judges over 
 thousands, hundreds, fifties, and tens to decide in small 
 matters, whilst he himself only settled the more difficult 
 causes. Moses followed this counsel, and Jethro then re- 
 turned to his own land.* Ex. xviii. 
 
 107. Encampment before Mount Sinai. — In the 
 third month from the exodus the Israelites had left Reph- 
 idim and encamped in the wilderness of Sinai before 
 the mount, which was situated toward the south of the 
 peninsula of Arabia Petrsea, which lies between the two 
 
 * For a further account of these magistrates, see "Jewish Constitu- 
 tion," sect. 1 33. 
 
 7* 
 
78 EXODUS XIX., XX. 
 
 b. c. 1491. 
 
 northern arms of the Red Sea. Here the Lord, having 
 reminded them through Moses of the deliverance he had 
 wrought, called upon them to obey his commands. He 
 then spoke to Moses out of a thick cloud, and ordered 
 him to direct the people to cleanse themselves and wash 
 their clothes, and to be ready on the third day ; and none 
 were to touch the mount, either man or beast, on pain of 
 death. Ex. xix. 
 
 108. Promulgation of the Moral Latv. — The third 
 day was ushered in with thunders and lightnings ; fire and 
 smoke enveloped the mount, and the trumpet of the Lord 
 summoned the people to the appointed audience, when 
 Jehovah came down from Sinai in a thick cloud and pro- 
 mulgated the ten commandments to the terrified assem- 
 bly. Ex. xx. 1, 18. 
 
 109. The Civil and Ceremonial Law. — The people 
 then retired from their fearful proximity to Deity, and 
 begged Moses that they might receive the future laws 
 from him instead of from Jehovah, swearing to perform 
 all that God should command. Moses accordingly as- 
 cended the- mount to receive from God a more detailed 
 code of civil and ceremonial law. At first he went up 
 alone, but he was subsequently partly attended by Aaron 
 and his two sons, Nadab and Abihu, and by the seventy 
 elders of Israel, who worshipped afar off whilst the laws 
 were being written and delivered to Moses by Jehovah on 
 two tables of stone, called the Tables of the Law, or Tables 
 of the Covenant. They, however, all saw the God of 
 Israel with the semblance of paved work of a sapphire 
 stone under his feet. Moses also dwelt in the cloud that 
 rested on the mount seven days with his servant Joshua, 
 whilst the charge of the people was delegated to Aaron 
 and Hur ; but on the seventh day Moses alone was called 
 into the midst of the cloud, where he stayed for forty 
 days and forty nights. Moses also built an altar and 
 twelve pillars, according to the twelve tribes ; and, offer- 
 ing up a sacrifice of peace-offerings of oxen, he sprinkled 
 the blood partly on the altar, partly on the book of the 
 covenant, and partly on the people, who then pledged 
 themselves to obey all the words of Jehovah. Jehovah, 
 having given to Moses the two tables, revealed to him 
 the idolatry of Israel and his intention to consume them ; 
 
B. c. 1491. EXODUS XX.-XXXIII. 79 
 
 but Moses interceded for the seed of Abraham, and the 
 Lord repented of the evil which he thought to do. Ex. 
 xx. 18, 21 ; xxiv. ; xxxi. 18 ; xxxii. 7-14. 
 
 110. Idolatry of Israel tvlth a Golden Calf ; three 
 thousand slain.— Meantime, the Hebrews, having grown 
 impatient at the absence of their leader, forgetful of their 
 recent terrors, and unmindful of their promises of obedi- 
 ence, had given their golden earrings to Aaron and pre- 
 vailed upon him to make them a molten calf,* which they 
 then worshipped as their deliverer from Egypt. Moses, 
 having been informed of this idolatry by Jehovah and 
 descended the mount with Joshua, heard the noise of 
 their worship as he approached the camp, and saw the 
 calf and the dancing. His righteous anger was now un- 
 controllable. He broke the two tables of stone beneath 
 the mount, and burnt the calf, ground it to powder, and, 
 mixing its ashes with water, he made the Israelites drink 
 it. He reprimanded Aaron, who made the paltry excuse 
 that he was forced by the people to make the calf. He 
 then called upon the adherents of Jehovah to fall upon 
 the idolaters, and the Levites arose and slew three thou- 
 sand of their brethren. The following day he admon- 
 ished the people of their sin and interceded with God, who 
 had smitten the people with plague. The people then 
 humbled themselves and stripped off their ornaments, and 
 the tabernacle was removed without the camp, when the 
 pillar of cloud once more returned, and the Lord, having 
 talked familiarly with Moses, favored him with an unveiled 
 view of his glory. Ex. xxxii. ; xxxiii. 
 
 111. Renewal of the Tables of Stone, — Moses was 
 now commanded to hew fresh tables of stone, upon which 
 Jehovah would rewrite his laws. He again abode upon 
 Sinai for forty days and forty nights without bread or 
 water, and when he returned to the camp his face shone 
 so brightly that he was compelled to wear a veil when 
 conversing with the Israelites. He then rehearsed to the 
 people the commandments he had received, and invited 
 them to contribute toward the tabernacle and the priests ; 
 and when the sacred building was completed, he conse- 
 
 * This golden calf was no doubt in imitation of the Egyptian Apis. 
 See Herodotus, ii. 38. 
 
80 EXODUS XX.-XL. b. c. 1491. 
 
 crated Aaron and his sons according to divine appoint- 
 ment. (See " Consecration of Priests," sect. 166.) Ex. 
 xxxiv. ; xxxv. ; xl. 
 
 II. Moral and Civil Law. 
 
 112. First and Second Commandments, against 
 Idolaters, False Prophets, Divination, etc, — Who- 
 ever sacrificed to any god save Jehovah was to be utterly 
 destroyed. Ex. xxii. 20. Whoever gave his seed to Mo- 
 loch was to be stoned. Lev. xxi. 1-5. All wizards and 
 those who had familiar spirits were to be stoned. Lev. 
 xix. 31 ; xx. 6, 27 ; Deut. xviii. 9-14. Prophets and 
 dreamers who prophesied in the name of false gods were 
 to be stoned, even though their prophecies came to pass, 
 together with brothers, sisters, daughters, wives, or friends 
 who enticed to idolatry. If a prophet presumptuously 
 foretold a thing in the name of the Lord which never 
 came to pass, he also was to be stoned. Cities infected 
 with idolatry were to be burnt and destroyed. Deut. xiii. ; 
 xvii. 2-7. No alliance or covenant was to be made with 
 idolaters. Ex. xxiii. 32, 33 ; Deut. vii. All monuments 
 of idolatry were to be destroyed (Num. xxxiii. 50-56 ; 
 Deut. xii. 1-4), and none were to inquire after other 
 gods. Deut. xii. 29-32. 
 
 113. TJiird Commandment, against taking God's 
 Name in Vain, Dlasphemy, etc. — Whoever cursed 
 God or blasphemed his name was to be stoned. The son 
 of Shelomith blasphemed, and was stoned by the congre- 
 gation. Lev. xxiv. 10-16, 23; Num. xv. 30, 31. 
 
 114. Fourth Commandment, against breaking the 
 Sabbath. — Whoever denied the Sabbath was to be put 
 to death. Ex. xxxi. 12-17; xxxv. 1-3. A man gather- 
 ing sticks on the Sabbath was stoned by the congregation. 
 Num. xv. 32-36. The seventh day was to be kept be- 
 cause God rested on the seventh day when he created the 
 world. This shows its universal application. 
 
 115. Fifth Commandment, against Disobedience 
 to Parents. — Whoever smote or cursed his father or 
 mother was to be put to death. Ex. xxi. 15, 17 ; Lev. xx. 
 9. A stubborn, drunken, or rebellious son was to be 
 stoned. Deut. xxi. 18-21. 
 
b. c. 1491. EXODUS XX.-XL. 81 
 
 116. Sixth Commandment, against Murder ; Law 
 of Manslaughter, etc. — Murder, when it proceeded from 
 hatred, revenge, or premeditation, and was proved by 
 more than one witness, was to be punished by death with- 
 out redemption. In cases of manslaughter where the 
 death occurred by accident or mistake the murderer might 
 flee to one of the cities of refuge, of which three were 
 appointed in Canaan and three east of the Jordan. The 
 congregation might also judge between the slayer and the 
 revenger of blood ; and if they found the accused guilt- 
 less of wilful murder, they might restore him to a city of 
 refuge, where, however, he must remain until the death of 
 the high priest, for if found without the outskirts the 
 revenger might slay him. Ex. xxi. 12-14; Lev. xxiv. 17, 
 21 ; Num. xxxv. 9-34 ; Deut.-xix. 1-13. If a man killed 
 a thief breaking into his house at night, it was justifiable 
 homicide ; but if he killed the thief when the sun was up, 
 it was manslaughter, because in the latter case the man 
 robbed might have obtained reparation by selling even 
 the person of the thief. Ex. xxii. 2, 3. If a man struck 
 his slave not of Hebrew descent, and the slave died im- 
 mediately, the master was to be punished ; but if the slave 
 survived one or two days, the master escaped. Ex. xxi. 
 20, 21. If a man was found murdered and the murderer 
 was unknown, the elders of the nearest city were to sacri- 
 fice a heifer in a valley neither eared nor sown and wash 
 their hands over it. I)eut. xxi. 1-9. 
 
 117. Minor Corporal Injuries. — If a man injured 
 another in a fray, he was to pay the expenses of his cure 
 and recompense him for his loss of time. Ex. xxi. 18, 19. 
 If a pregnant woman was hurt in a fray and miscarried, 
 her husband could demand compensation, though the 
 amount might be referred to arbitrators. Ex. xxi. 22. 
 This law of retaliation did not extend to slaves ; but if a 
 master knocked out his slave's eye or tooth, the slave re- 
 ceived his freedom as compensation. Ex. xxi. 26, 27. If 
 an ox killed a man, it was to die ; and if the owner knew 
 of its propensity, he was to make compensation, but not 
 otherwise. Ex. xxi. 28-32. 
 
 118. Seventh Com mand/men f, aga inst A dultery. — 
 In cases of adultery both the man and woman were to be 
 put to death. Lev. xx. 10 ; Deut. xxii. 22. If a man 
 
 v 
 
82 EXODUS XX.-XL. b. c. 1491. 
 
 suspected his wife's virtue, but could find no proof, he was 
 to take her to the priest with a jealousy-offering of the 
 tenth of an ephah [about five pints] of barley-meal with- 
 out oil or frankincense. The priest was then to take the 
 jealousy-offering from the woman's hand and burn it upon 
 the altar, and afterward to take holy water, and dust from 
 the floor of the tabernacle, and mix them together, and 
 make the woman drink the mixture, saying that if she 
 was guilty the water would make her belly swell and 
 thigh rot, and the woman was to. reply " Amen." The 
 water would afterward prove her innocence or confirm 
 the charge. Num. v. 11-31. If a man defiled a bond- 
 maid betrothed to a husband, but unredeemed, they were 
 not to be put to death, but she was to be scourged, and he 
 was to take a ram for a trespass-offering to the priest, who 
 would then make atonement for his crime. Lev. xix. 20-22. 
 
 119. JJnlatvful Marriages. — A man might not marry, 
 under pain of death both to him and the woman — 1. His 
 father's wife ; 2. His father or mother's daughter or grand- 
 daughter ; 3. His son's wife ; 4. A wife and her mother. 
 If he married the following he would die childless : 1. 
 His father or mother's sister ; 2. His brother's wife ;* 3. 
 His uncle's wife. He was also forbidden to marry — 1. A 
 wife and her sister whilst the former was alive; 2. A 
 heathen woman. Lev. xviii. 6-18 ; xx. 11, 12, 14, 17, 19- 
 21 ; Deut. vii. 3. 
 
 120. Divorcements. — If, after marriage, a man was 
 dissatisfied with his wife, he might write her a bill of 
 divorcement, and each was at liberty to marry again ; but 
 if the woman did take a second husband, she could never 
 return to her first husband, even after the death of the 
 second. Deut. xxiv. 1-4. 
 
 121. Fornication, etc. — If a man debauched an un- 
 betrothed maid, he was to marry her ; but if her father 
 refused to let them marry, he was to pay her dowry. Ex. 
 xxii. 16, 17. In Deuteronomy it is ordered that the man 
 marry the woman and pay her father fifty silver shekels 
 [22| oz. = £5 13s. 10c/.], and be deprived of all power of 
 obtaining a divorce. Deut. xxii. 28, 29. If he debauched 
 
 * If a man's brother died childless, however, he was to marry his 
 widow. (See "Other Matrimonial Laws.") 
 
b. c. 1491. EXODUS XX.-XL. 83 
 
 a betrothed maid in the city, they were both to be stoned, 
 because she might have cried out ; if in the field, only the 
 man was to be stoned. All unnatural defilement was to 
 be punished by death. Ex. xxii. 19 ; Lev. xviii. 22-30 ; 
 xx. 13, 15, 16. 
 
 122. Other Matrimonial Laws. — If a man ap- 
 proached an unclean woman, they were both to be put to 
 death. Lev. xviii. 19; xx. 18. If a man took a female 
 captive in battle and desired to marry her, he was first to 
 shave her head, pare her nails, and suffer her to bewail 
 her parents a full month. After this he might divorce 
 her, but could not sell her. Deut. xxi. 10-14. If a man 
 impugned his wife's virginity, her parents were to take 
 the proofs of it to the elders ; and if the elders were satis- 
 fied of her innocence, they were to chastise the man and 
 fine him one hundred silver shekels [45^- oz. = £11 7s. 8d.~\ ; 
 but if they found her guilty, she was to be stoned. Deut. 
 xxii. 13-21. A newly-married man was not to go out to 
 war for one year after his marriage. Deut. xxiv. 5. If a 
 man's brother died childless, he was to marry the widow, 
 and the first-born of this union was to succeed to the de- 
 ceased brother and take his name. If a man refused to 
 marry the widow, she was to complain to the elders, and 
 both she and the man were to be brought before them. 
 If the man then refused to take her, she was to take off 
 his shoe and spit in his face, and his name was to be called 
 " The house of him that hath his shoe loosed." Deut. xxv. 
 5-1 0. If, when two men strove together, the wife of one 
 immodestly assisted her husband, her hand was to be cut 
 off Deut. xxv. 11, 12. 
 
 123. Eighth Commandment, against Stealing. — 
 If a man stole an ox and killed or sold it, he was to re- 
 store fivefold ; if a sheep, fourfold ; if either were found 
 in his possession alive, he was only to restore double. If a 
 thief was slain whilst breaking into a house at night, no 
 blood was to be shed for him (sect. 116). If a thief had 
 nothing with which to make restitution, he was to be sold 
 into slavery. Ex. xxii. 1-4. 
 
 124. Arson, Trespass, and Ijandmarlzs. — If a fire 
 broke out and consumed either standing corn or stacks, 
 whoever kindled it was to make restitution. Ex. xxii. 6. 
 If a man put his beast into another man's field or vine- 
 
84 EXODUS XX.-XL. 
 
 b.c. 1491. 
 
 yard, lie was to make double restitution. Ex. xxii. 5, 9. 
 Old landmarks were never to be removed. Deut. xix. 14. 
 
 125. .Men -stealing and Fugitive Servants. — If a 
 man stole an Israelite and sold him, he was to be put to 
 death. Deut. xxiv. 7. Fugitive servants were not to be 
 delivered up or oppressed. Deut. xxiii. 15, 16. (See also 
 sect. 132.) 
 
 1 26. Law of Sale. — In the sabbatical year all debts were 
 to be remitted save those incurred by foreigners, and in 
 the jubilee year all land-possessions were to be restored. 
 Deut. xv. 1-3 ; Lev. xxv. 8-24. If a man had been com- 
 pelled by poverty to sell his estate, the price of its re- 
 demption was to be regulated by the number of years 
 before the jubilee year. Lev. xxv. 25-28. If a man sold 
 a house in a walled city, he might redeem it within a year 
 of the sale ; but after that he could never redeem it, nor 
 would it revert to him at the jubilee. The houses in un- 
 walled villages and those in Levitical cities might be 
 redeemed at any time, and would revert to the original 
 possessor in the jubilee. Lev. xxv. 29-34. 
 
 127. Usury, Pledges, and Tilings committed in 
 Charge. — If a man borrowed anything of his neighbor 
 and it died or was hurt, he was to make it good, unless 
 the owner were with it or hire was paid for it. Ex. xxii. 
 14, 15. Money might be lent to a stranger upon usury, 
 but not to an Israelite. No usury was to be charged to 
 a poor man, whether stranger or not. Ex. xxiii. 25 ; Lev. 
 xxv. 35-47 ; Deut. xxiii. 19, 20. Any raiment taken as 
 pledge was to be returned by sunset. Ex. xxiii. 26, 27. 
 If a man received money or stuff to keep for another, 
 and it was stolen whilst under his charge, the thief, when 
 found, was to pay double. If the thief could not be found, 
 the man himself was to be tried by the judges. Ex. xxii. 
 7,8. 
 
 128. Law respecting Heirships. — The land of Ca- 
 naan was to be divided by lot among the Israelite fam- 
 ilies according to their tribes, and each family was to 
 keep their inheritance for ever ; for if sold it was to re- 
 vert to its original possessors in the jubilee year. Num. 
 xxxiii. 50-56. The sons always equally inherited their 
 father's possession, except the first-born, who received a 
 double portion ; and in no case was the first-born to be 
 
b. c. 1491. EXODUS XX.-XL. 85 
 
 disinherited — not even if a man had two wives and loved 
 one and hated the other, and his first-born was the son of 
 the hated wife. Deut. xxi. 15-17. If a man died without 
 sons, the possession went to his daughters — a privilege 
 first obtained by the daughters of Zelophehad ; only, in 
 such cases, the daughters were not to marry out of their 
 father's tribe. If a man left neither sons nor daughters, 
 his possession went to his brethren ; if he left no breth- 
 ren, it went to his father's brethren ; and if his father 
 had no brethren, it went to his nearest kinsman. Num. 
 xxvi. 52-56 ; xxvii. 1-11 ; xxxvi. 
 
 129. Ninth Commandment, against False Wit- 
 nessing. — Whoever concealed his knowledge of a sin 
 was to bear the iniquity of the sinner. Lev. v. 1. Two 
 or more witnesses were required to establish a criminal 
 accusation. Deut. xvii. 6. 
 
 130. Tenth Commandment, against Covetousness. 
 — No one was to desire anything belonging to his neigh- 
 bor. Ex. xx. 17. No money was to be lent to the poor 
 on usury. Ex. xxii. 25. No unjust weights or balances 
 were to be used. Lev. xix. 35, 36. 
 
 131. Miscellaneous Precepts. — A kid was not to be 
 seethed in its mother's milk. Ex. xxiii. 19. The stranger 
 was not to be oppressed. Ex. xxiii. 9. Fat or blood, or 
 unclean beasts, birds, or fish, or beasts that had died a 
 natural death, might not be eaten. Lev. iii. 17 ; xii. ; 
 Deut. xiv. Gleanings were to be left to the poor and 
 the stranger. Wages due were not to be kept till morn- 
 ing. Talebearers were denounced. Cattle of different 
 species were to be kept distinct, and mingled seeds were 
 not to be sown in a garden. Lev. xix. ; Deut. xxii. 9. 
 Israelites were not to cut themselves or shave their heads 
 for the dead. Deut. xiv. 1, 2. Strayed or fallen cattle 
 were always to be assisted. Neither men nor women 
 were to wear each other's apparel. In taking nests, the 
 dam was never to be taken with the young. Battle- 
 ments were to be built to the roofs of houses. Deut. xxii. 
 A neighbor's grapes or standing corn might be gathered 
 and eaten, but not carried away. Deut. xxiii. 24, 25. Con- 
 troversies were to be referred to arbitrators. Oxen were 
 not to be muzzled when treading out corn. Deut. xxv. 
 
 132. Law respecting Slavery. — Men became slaves 
 
 8 
 
86 EXODUS XX.-XL. 
 
 b. c. 1491. 
 
 by the following means — viz. 1. Captivity in war; 2. 
 Debts, when the debtor was unable to pay them; 3. 
 Theft, when a thief could not make reparation ; 4. Man- 
 stealing, an act of violence which was to be punished by 
 death ; 5. Birth, when a slave had children ; 6. Pur- 
 chase, when a man sold himself or was purchased from 
 another master. The medium price of a slave was about 
 thirty silver shekels [about 13J oz. = £3 8s. 3c/.]. Ex. 
 xxi. 16, 32; xxii. 2; Lev. xxvii. 1-8; Deut. xx. 14; xxi. 
 10, 11 ; xxiv. 7; 2 Kings iv. 1. Moses instituted the fol- 
 lowing laws concerning slaves — viz. I. That all servants 
 or slaves should be treated with humanity, especially He- 
 brews (Lev. xxv. 39-53) ; II. If a master slew a slave, he 
 was to be judged accordingly and punished ; but if the 
 slave lived a day or two after being smitten, the master 
 was unpunished (Ex. xxi. 20, 21) ; III. If a master in- 
 jured the eye or tooth of his slave, the latter was to be 
 freed (Ex. xxi. 26, 27) ; IV. Slaves were to rest on Sab- 
 baths and festivals (Ex. xx. 10; Deut. v. 14); V. Slaves 
 were to be invited to feasts made from the second tithes 
 (Deut. xii. 17, 18; xvi. 11); VI. Slaves were to receive 
 an adequate subsistence (Deut. xxv. 4) ; VII. A master 
 was bound to provide for the marriage of maid-servants, 
 unless he took them as concubines for himself or gave 
 them to his son (Ex. xxi. 8) ; VIII. Hebrew slaves were 
 not obliged to serve for more than six years ; but if one 
 wished to continue to serve, he had his ear bored at his 
 master's doorpost in sign of perpetual servitude (Ex. xxi.) ; 
 IX. In the year of jubilee all servants or slaves of Hebrew 
 descent were to be emancipated (Lev. xxv. 39-41) ; X. 
 A runaway slave from another nation was to be treated 
 with kindness, and not forcibly returned. Deut. xxiii. 
 15, 16. 
 
 § Jewish Constitution* 
 
 133. Composition of the Jewish State. — In the old 
 
 patriarchal form of government which was maintained 
 
 * To this section but a few of the leading Scripture references have 
 been given, as otherwise the page would be overloaded with references 
 to isolated passages in various parts of the Old Testament, to which few 
 readers would think it necessary to turn. Those biblical students who 
 may be desirous of examining all the authorities are referred to the 
 learned works of Jahn and Michaelis. 
 
B. c. 1491. EXODUS XX.-XL. 87 
 
 by the Hebrews during their sojourn in Egypt, every 
 father exercised a father's authority over his own house- 
 hold, and every tribe obeyed its own prince, who was 
 originally the first-born of the founder of the tribe, but 
 subsequently appears to have been elected. As the peo- 
 ple increased various heads of families united together 
 and elected a leader, who was sometimes called the head 
 of a thousand. The princes also, whose duty it had been 
 originally to keep genealogical tables, subsequently em- 
 ployed scribes for that purpose, who in progress of time 
 acquired so much authority as to be permitted to exer- 
 cise a share in the government. We have thus, 
 
 1st. The heads of families, or elders. 
 
 2d. The princes of the tribes. 
 
 3d. The heads of associated families, or of thousands. 
 
 4th. The genealogists, translated " officers." All of 
 them, however, were sometimes designated as "el- 
 ders." 
 
 Under the Mosaic economy the authority of these heads 
 and princes continued the same as before, with the addi- 
 tion of the judges of tens, of fifties, of hundreds, and of 
 thousands. 
 
 These judges were elected by the suffrages of the peo- 
 ple from those who, by their authority and rank, might 
 be reckoned amongst the rulers or princes of Israel ; and 
 they did not forfeit their civil authority by accepting this 
 judicial office. The judges of smaller numbers were sub- 
 ordinate to those who judged larger numbers, and accord- 
 ingly difficult cases went up from the inferior to the supe- 
 rior judges ; and the very difficult causes were submitted 
 to Moses himself, or to the supreme ruler of the common- 
 wealth, and in the time of the monarchy to the king him- 
 self; and sometimes a further appeal was made to the 
 high priest. Ex. xviii. 13-26; Num. i. ; v. 46; Deut. i. 
 13-18. 
 
 134. The Comitia, or Legislative Assemblies. — The 
 various civil and judicial officers mentioned in the fore- 
 going section were necessarily dispersed throughout the 
 country. Those who* dwelt in the same city or the same 
 neighborhood formed the comitia, senate, or legislative as- 
 sembly of their immediate vicinity ; when all that dwelt in 
 any particular tribe were convened, they formed the legis- 
 
88 EXODUS XX.-XL. b. c. 1491, 
 
 lative assembly of the tribe; and when they were convened 
 in one body from all the tribes, they formed, in like man- 
 ner, the legislative assembly of the nation, and were the 
 representatives of the whole people. The priests, who 
 were the learned class of the community and hereditary 
 officers in the state, had, by the divine command, a right 
 to a sitting in this assembly. The elders, princes, geneal- 
 ogists, and judges, in their collective capacity, were called 
 the " elders of the assembly " or " of the people," the 
 " princes of the assembly," or " congregation," the " whole 
 assembly," etc. Sometimes an assembly included the 
 whole mass of the people. Deut. ix. 12 ; xxv. 8, 9 ; Judg. 
 i. 1-11 ; viii. 14 ; ix. 3-46 ; xi. 5 ; 1 Sam. viii. 4 ; xvi. 4. 
 
 135. Method and Place of convening the Comitia. 
 — The comitia were convened by the judge or ruler for 
 the time being, and, in case of his absence, by the high 
 priest. The members appear to have met at the door of 
 the tabernacle, though sometimes some other celebrated 
 spot was selected. During the sojourn in the wilderness 
 the comitia were summoned by the blowing of the holy 
 trumpets, one trumpet being the signal for a more select 
 convention, composed merely of the heads of associated 
 families and of the princes of the tribes ; whilst the blow- 
 ing of two trumpets convened the great assembly, which, 
 in addition to the heads of associated families and princes 
 of the tribes, included the elders, judges, and genealogists. 
 After the settlement in Palestine the comitia were assem- 
 bled by messengers. Num. x. 2-4. 
 
 136. JPowers of the Comitia. — The comitia, or as- 
 sembly, exercised the rights of sovereignty. It declared 
 war, concluded peace, and ratified treaties, and it chose 
 the civil rulers, generals, and eventually kings. The oath 
 of office was administered to its members by the judge or 
 the king, and the latter in turn received their oath from 
 the comitia, acting in the name of the people. The co- 
 mitia acted on their own authority and according to their 
 own views, without instructions from the body of the 
 nation ; but, though no single instance occurs in which 
 the latter sought to interfere in the deliberations of the 
 assembly, yet the assembly were in the habit of proposing 
 their decisions and resolutions to the people for their 
 ratification and consent. When Jehovah was chosen as 
 
b. c. 1491. EXODUS XX.-XL. 89 
 
 the special King of the Hebrews, it was not done by the 
 comitia, but by the people themselves, all of whom, as 
 well as their rulers, took the oath of obedience. Ex. xxiv. 
 3-8 ; Deut. xxix. 9-14. 
 
 137. Connection of the Tribes with each other. — 
 Each tribe was governed by its own prince and heads of 
 families, etc., and therefore, to a certain extent, consti- 
 tuted an independent community. Judg. xx. 11-46. If, 
 however, any one tribe found itself unequal to the execu- 
 tion of any proposed plan, it might connect itself with 
 another, or even a number of the other tribes ; and if any 
 affair concerned the whole or many of the tribes, it was 
 determined by them in conjunction in the legislative as- 
 sembly of the nation. But still, all the tribes were bound 
 together so as to form one Church and one civil commun- 
 ity — not only by the common promises vouchsafed by Je- 
 hovah to their common ancestors, not only by the need in 
 which they stood of mutual counsel and assistance, but 
 also by the circumstance that God was their common 
 King, and that they had a common tabernacle for his 
 palace, and a common sacerdotal and Levitical order for 
 his ministers. Judg. xi. 1-11 ; i. 1-3, 22. 
 
 138. The Tribunal of Seventy instituted by Moses. 
 — The tribunal of seventy elders instituted by Moses 
 (sect. 219) seems to have been merely intended for a 
 supreme senate, to take a share with Moses in the govern- 
 ment, and was not probably of long continuance. Fre- 
 quent mention is made in the New Testament of a Sanhe- 
 drim, which appears to have been instituted at Jerusalem 
 after the return from the Babylonian captivity, for from 
 the death of Moses until this latter period we do not find 
 the least mention of this council or tribunal. 
 
 III. The Ceremonial Law* 
 1. The Tabernacle. 
 
 139. External Description. — The Israelites made 
 voluntary offerings for the building of the tabernacle and 
 its appurtenances so liberally that Moses was obliged to 
 
 * The Jewish ceremonial law was divided into six branches — viz. 1. 
 The Tabernacle ; 2. The Priests, Levites, and Nethinim; 3. Offer- 
 
90 EXODUS XX.-XL. 
 
 B.C. 1491. 
 
 restrain them. The tabernacle was built by two inspired 
 architects — Bezaleel the son of Uri, of the tribe of Judah, 
 and Aholiab the son of Ahisamach, of the tribe of Dan. 
 It was 30 cubits [18 yards 8 inches] long, 10 cubits [6 
 yards 2 inches] broad, and 10 cubits [6 yards 2 inches] 
 high. The two sides and western end were made of 
 shittim- [acacia] wood boards, overlaid with gold. Each 
 of these boards was 10 cubits [6 yards 2 inches] long 
 and 1^- cubits [2 feet 8 inches] broad ; and they were fixed 
 upright in silver sockets, and secured by shittim-wood 
 bars overlaid with gold, which passed through golden 
 rings on the boards. The eastern end was the entrance, 
 and, instead of boards, was enclosed with a richly-em- 
 broidered hanging suspended by golden hooks from five 
 pillars of shittim-wood, which stood in five brazen sockets. 
 Four veils or coverings were cast over the whole building : 
 1. The innermost one, which formed a ceiling, and con- 
 sisted of fine linen embroidered with cherubim and shaded 
 with blue, purple, and scarlet ; 2. A covering of goats' 
 hair ; 3. Rams' skins dyed red ; 4. The outermost one of 
 dyed badger skins. Ex. xxvi. ; xxxi. 1-11 ; xxxv. 4-35; 
 xxxvi. 
 
 140. The Holy and the Most Holy Place. — The 
 tabernacle was divided into two apartments, the Holy 
 and the Most Holy Place, by means of a rich hanging 
 like the one at the entrance, stretched upon four pillars of 
 shittim-wood overlaid with gold, and standing in silver 
 sockets. Ex. xxvi. 31-37. 
 
 141. Furniture of the Holy Place. — 1st. The Altar 
 of Incense, which was placed in the centre of the Holy 
 Place. It was made with shittim-wood overlaid with 
 gold, with horns of the same material, and was 1 cubit 
 [1 foot 9 inches] square and 2 cubits [3 feet 7 inches] 
 high. The crown or ornamental cornice was of gold, with 
 four golden rings underneath it to receive the staves of 
 shittim-wood overlaid with gold by which the altar was 
 carried. Incense was burnt on this altar both morning 
 and evening. It was also sprinkled with the blood of the 
 
 ings, including sacrifices, oblations, and meat- and drink-offerings; 
 4. Feasts and Festivals ; 5. Vows ; 6. Purifications. Of these, the 
 first only is to be found in Exodus: the remaining five are contained 
 in Leviticus. 
 
B. c. 1491. 
 
 EXODUS XX.-XL. 
 
 91 
 
 JUDAH. 
 
 ISSACHAR. 
 
 ZEBULTJN. 
 
 Moses, Aaron, and the Friests. 
 
 100 Cubits long, and 50 Cubits broad. 
 
 COURT. 
 
 10 CUBITS SQUARE. 
 
 ARK. 
 
 Containing 
 Two Tables of the Law 
 Aaron's Rod. 
 Pot of Mauna. 
 
 HOLT OF HOLIES 
 
 CANDLESTICK. 
 
 
 
 a s 
 
 
 ^< > 
 
 <- „•' 
 
 oa =3 
 
 OS 
 
 h a 
 
 
 wg^ 
 
 oi a> 
 
 
 
 
 
 w> > 
 
 <~ 
 
 
 Ssl 
 
 
 
 
 
 Uj^ 
 
 HOLT PLACE. 
 
 Altar of Burnt-Offering 
 
 > 5*. 
 
 Gershomites. 
 Their charge — Curtains, Cloths, etc. 
 
 
 
 
 BENJAMIN. 
 
 MANASSEH. 
 
 EPHRAIM. 
 
 THE TABERNACLE, AND ORDER OF THE ENCAMPMENTS OF 
 THE SEVERAL TRIBES. 
 
92 EXODUS XX.-XL. b. c. 1491. 
 
 sacrifices that were offered for the sins of ignorance. Ex. 
 xxx. 1-10 ; xxxvii. 25-29. 
 
 142. 2d, The Shew-bread Table, which stood north 
 of the altar of incense — that is, on the right hand of the 
 priest as he entered. It was made, like the altar, of 
 shittim-wood overlaid with gold. It was 2 cubits [3 feet 
 7 inches] long, 1 cubit [1 foot 9 inches] broad, and 1^- 
 cubits [2 feet 8 inches] high, and had a crown or orna- 
 mental cornice of gold, with a border or second crown 
 above it. It also had four golden rings and staves of 
 shittim-wood and gold, like the altar of incense. Shew- 
 bread was always kept upon this table, twelve fresh 
 loaves of which (one lor each tribe) were offered every 
 Sabbath, the priests alone eating the removed bread. 
 Dishes, spoons, covers, and bowls were made for the table 
 of pure gold. Ex. xxv. 23-30; xxxvii. 10-16. 
 
 143. 3d. The Candlestick, which stood south, or on 
 the left of the altar of incense. It was made of beaten 
 gold, and weighed one talent, or about one hundredweight 
 
 = £5464. It had six branches, three on each side, and 
 three bowls like almonds, with a knop and a flower in 
 each branch. It also had seven lamps, which were kept 
 burning with pure olive oil both morning and evening, 
 with tongs and snuff-dishes all of pure gold. Ex. xxv. 31— 
 40; xxxvii. 17-24. 
 
 144. Furniture of the Most Holy Place, or "Holy 
 of Holies." — 1st. The Ark. — The ark was made of 
 shittim-wood overlaid with gold. It was 2J cubits [4-|- 
 feet] long, 1^ cubits [2 feet 8 inches] broad, and 1 J cu- 
 bits [2 feet 8 inches] high. It had an ornamental cornice 
 of gold round the top, with four golden rings to receive 
 the staves of shittim-wood and gold by which it was car- 
 ried. The ark contained — 1. The testimony or tables of 
 the covenant ; 2. A golden pot with an omer of manna ; 
 3. Aaron's rod that budded. In the side of the ark was 
 a place where Moses enjoined that a copy of the law 
 should be kept.* Ex. xxv. 10-16 ; xxxvii. 1-5 ; Heb. 
 ix. 4. 
 
 * Subsequent History of the Ark. — It led the Israelites, under Joshua, 
 across the Jordan on dry land (Josh, iv.), and subsequently the walls 
 of Jericho fell down after it had been carried round them once a day 
 for six days, and seven times on the seventh. Josh. vi. On entering 
 
b. c. 1491. EXODUS XX.-XL. 93 
 
 145. 2d. TJie Mercy-seat, which was a golden cover- 
 ing for the ark, was so called because God was propitiated 
 by the blood of the goat sprinkled upon or before it on 
 the day of atonement. Ex. xxv. 17 ; xxxvii. 6. 
 
 146. 3d. The Cherubim, or two figures of beaten 
 gold. Each of these figures had four faces — viz. that of a 
 lion, man, calf, and eagle, attached to a human body with 
 four wings, and four hands under the wings, and standing 
 on feet like those of a calf or ox. Two of the wings of 
 each cherub covered its body, whilst the other two were 
 stretched above the mercy-seat. Jehovah promised to 
 commune with his people from between the .cherubim, 
 and there dwelt the miraculous light of Shechinah. Ex. 
 xxv. 18-22 ; xxxvii. 7-9. 
 
 147. The Shechinah. — This miraculous light rested 
 like a cloud between the cherubim, and was a visible 
 token of the presence of God in his holy temple. It had 
 led the Israelites through the wilderness like a pillar of 
 cloud by day and of fire by night. It appeared to the 
 shepherds at our Saviour's birth, to Paul at his conver- 
 sion, and to the disciples at Christ's transfiguration. 
 
 148. Court of the Tabernacle. — The tabernacle could 
 be taken to pieces and put together again as occasion re- 
 quired. It was carried by the Levites and pitched in the 
 
 Canaan it was first set up in Shiloh, but many years afterward, when 
 the Israelites were oppressed by the Philistines during the judgeships 
 of Eli's sons, it was carried into the Hebrew camp, and fell into the 
 hands of the enemy. The Philistines were so afflicted whilst it was in 
 their possession that they passed it to Ashdod — where the god Dagon 
 fell before it — to Gath, to Ekron, and from thence to Beth-shemesh, 
 where the people were struck dead for looking into it. From this 
 place the Israelites carried it to the house of Abinadab at Kirjath-jearim, 
 after having been deprived of it for seven months. 1 Sam. iv. 11; vii. 
 1. In the reign of Saul it was at Nob, and afterward at Kirjath- 
 jearim again, whence David carried it in a new cart, first to the 
 house of Obed-edom, because Uzzah was struck dead for touching it 
 on the journey, and afterward to his own house at Jerusalem. 2 Sam. 
 vi. 10-15. When David fled from Absalom he took it with him, but 
 sent it back again to Jerusalem, and at last it was deposited by Solo- 
 mon in the temple. 2 Sam. xv. 24-29; 2 Chron. v. 2-5. Here it re- 
 mained until the temple was profaned by the idolatry of Judah. when 
 the priests carried it from place to place to preserve it from pollution. 
 Josiah afterward ordered it to be replaced, but what became of it sub- 
 sequently is unknown ; it was lost during the destruction of the temple 
 by Nebuchadnezzar, and was wanting in the second temple. 2 Chron. 
 xxxv. 3. 
 
94 EXODUS XX.-XL. b. c. 1490. 
 
 midst of every encampment, the tribes being stationed 
 round it in a quadrangular form under their respective 
 standards. It was always stationed in an open oblong 
 space 100 cubits [182 feet 4 inches] long and 50 cubits 
 [91 feet 2 inches] broad, due east and west, and sur- 
 rounded by brazen pillars filleted or fluted with silver, 
 and 5 cubits [3 yards 1 inch] high and at 5 cubits' [3 yards 
 1 inch] distance from each other. These pillars were 
 hung with fine twined linen yarn, except at the entrance 
 on the eastern end, which was of blue, purple, scarlet, 
 and fine white twined linen, with cords to draw it either 
 up or aside when the priests entered the court. Ex. 
 xxvii. 9-21 ; xxxviii. 9-20. 
 
 149. Furniture of the Court, — 1st, T7ie Altar of 
 Burnt-offerings, — The altar was placed in a line be- 
 tween the entrance of the court and that of the taber- 
 nacle, and was 5 cubits [3 yards 1 inch] long, 5 cubits 
 broad, and 3 cubits [5 feet 5 inches] high. It was hollow, 
 and made of shittim-wood boards overlaid with brass, 
 and had a horn at each corner. All the pans, basins, 
 shovels, flesh-hooks, and vessels belonging to it were 
 made of brass, and it was surmounted by a brazen grate 
 or network, on which the victims were consumed. It also 
 had four brazen rings to receive staves of shittim-wood 
 overlaid with brass, by which it was carried. The first 
 sacrifice upon this altar was consumed by fire from heav- 
 en, which was never afterward suffered to go out. Ex. 
 xxvii. 1-8 ; xxxviii. 1-7 ; Lev. vi. 13 ; ix. 24. 
 
 150. 2d, TJie Laver, — The laver was placed between 
 the altar of burnt-offering and the entrance of the taber- 
 nacle. It was made of brass, and had a foot, also of brass, 
 and held water, in which Aaron and his sons were to 
 wash their hands and feet whenever they entered the 
 tabernacle or approached the altar. Ex. xxxviii. 8. 
 
 151. Completion of the Tabernacte, 1490. — On the 
 
 first day of the first month of the second year of the ex- 
 ode from Egypt — viz. b. c. 1490 — the tabernacle was 
 completed, and " a cloud covered the tent of the congre- 
 
b. c. 1490. LEVITICUS. 95 
 
 gation, and the glory of the Lord filled the tabernacle." 
 Ex. xl. 
 
 152. Typical Intimations of the Messiah in Ex- 
 odus, — In this book the Messiah was typified in — I. 
 Aaron : " Seeing then that we have a great High Priest, 
 that is passed into the heavens, Jesus the Son of God " 
 (Heb. iv. 14); II. The Paschal Lamb: "For even 
 Christ our Passover is sacrificed for us " (1 Cor. v. 7) ; 
 III. Manna : " And did all eat the same spiritual meat " 
 (1 Cor. x. 3) ; IV. Rock in Horeb : " And did all drink 
 the same spiritual drink : for they drank of that spiritual 
 Rock that followed them : and that Rock was Christ " ( 1 
 Cor. x. 4) ; V. The Mercy-seat : " Whom (Jesus Christ) 
 God hath set forth to be a propitiation through faith in 
 his blood." Rom. iii. 25. 
 
 LEVITICUS. 
 
 (AeviriKov — Levitical Priesthood and Sacrifices.) 
 
 HISTORY OF THE LEVITICAL PRIESTHOOD, SACRIFICES, AND ORDINANCES, B. 0. 
 1490.-ABOUT A MONTH— VIZ. FROM THE BUILDING OF THE TABERNACLE TO 
 THE NUMBERING OF THE PEOPLE.* 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 [Ceremonial Law, continued from Exodus.] 
 
 2. Priests, Levites, and Nethinim, — Classification. — 
 I. Priests — their duties and requirements ; sacerdotal dress ; 
 sources of livelihood. — II. High Priest — his office; his typical 
 character; his robes — viz. 1st. The epliod ; 2d. The coat or robe of 
 the ephod ; 3d. The breastplate of judgment (Urim and Thummim); 
 and 4th. The mitre or crown. — III. The Levites — their duties, 
 livelihood, and consecration. — IV. The Nethinim — Consecration 
 of Aaron and his sons page 96. 
 
 3, Sacrifices, Oblations, and Meat' and Drink- 
 Offerinas. — General Classification of Jewish Sacrifices and Offer- 
 ings.— 1. Sacrifices or Offerings of Blood, Jour classes of— 
 
 * Ex. xl. 2; Num. i. 1. 
 
96 LEVITICUS. 
 
 B. c. 1490. 
 
 viz. 1st. Burnt-offerings ; 2d. Peace-offerings ; 3d. Sin-offerings ; 
 4th. Trespass-offerings; typical character of the sacrifices. — II. 
 Oblations, or Unbloody Offerings, three classes of— viz. 1st. 
 Ordinary oblations (shew-bread and incense) ; 2d. Free oblations 
 (fruits of promises or vows); 3d. Prescribed oblations (first-fruits, 
 firstlings, and tithes). — Meat-offerings. — Drink-offerings. — ^National 
 sacrifices . page 100. 
 
 4. Annual Feasts and Festivals ; Sabbatical Year 
 and Jubilee. — Classification of Annual Festivals instituted by 
 Moses — viz. 1. The Feast of Passover, or Unleavened Bread ; 2. 
 Feast of Pentecost, or of Weeks, Harvest, or First-fruits; 3. Feast 
 of Tabernacles ; 4. Feast of Trumpets ; and 5. Feast or Fast of Ex- 
 piation, or Great Day of Atonement. — [Later Feasts — Purim, Ded- 
 ication, etc.] — The Sabbatical year. — The Jubilee. — Typical charac- 
 ter of the feasts and festivals, and the Jubilee page 107. 
 
 5, Vows. — Nature of vows. — How far valid. — Classification: 
 1. Vows of dedication ; 2. Vows of interdiction and Kazaritism. — 
 The cherem or anathema. . . . " page 113. 
 
 (>. Purifications. — Nature and Classification of Purifications. 
 — Materials for purifying. — 1. Purification as a Religious 
 Ceremonial. — II. Purification from Personal Unclean- 
 ness. — III. Purification from Leprosy. — Classification — viz. 1. 
 Leprosy in Man: character and symptoms; laws for distinguish- 
 ing it ; purification from it. — 2. Leprosy in Houses.— 3. Leprosy 
 in Clothes page 116. 
 
 \ Typical intimations in Leviticus. page 119. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 [Ceremonial Law, continued from Exodus.] 
 
 2. Priests, Levites, and Nethinim. 
 
 153. Classification. — The tribe of Levi were exclu- 
 sively devoted to the service of the temple, under the 
 name of Levites, but of these only the males of the 
 family of Aaron were permitted to sacrifice at the altar 
 of burnt-offering, under the name of Priests, and of them 
 the High Priest alone was permitted to enter the Holy 
 of Plolies or Most Holy Place. In addition to the priests, 
 high priest, and Levites was a class of inferior assistants, 
 including Gibeonites and captives ; these were called 
 Ketpiinim. 
 
B. c. 1490. 
 
 LEVITICUS. 97 
 
 154. The Priests: their Duties and Requirements. 
 
 — The priests were chosen from the family of Aaron ex- 
 clusively. They served immediately at the altar, pre- 
 pared the victims, and offered the sacrifices. They also 
 kept up a perpetual fire on the altar of burnt-offerings and 
 in the golden candlestick ; prepared, brought, and re- 
 moved the shew-bread ; offered up prayers for the people ; 
 judged of leprosy, the causes of divorce, the waters of 
 jealousy, vows, un cleanness, etc. ; carried the ark in war, 
 sounded the trumpets, and animated the army ; were con- 
 sulted as interpreters of the law, and publicly blessed the 
 people in the name of the Lord. Every priest was re- 
 quired to establish his descent, and none were permitted 
 to marry a harlot or a profane woman, or one who had 
 been divorced. Bodily defects, blemishes, leprosy, or un- 
 cleanness would exclude any priest from sacrificing at the 
 altar or entering the tabernacle, and no one might make 
 his head bald, nor shave off the corner of his beard, nor 
 cut his flesh ; nor might he defile himself by mourning 
 for any of his relations, save for his father, mother, son, 
 daughter, brother, or virgin sister. Lev. xxi. ; xxii. ; 
 Num. iii. 
 
 155. Sacerdotal Dress. — The priests were not dis- 
 tinguished by sacerdotal habits excepting whilst they were 
 officiating, when they wore linen drawers, tunic, and gir- 
 dle ; also a tiara shaped like the mitre or crown (sect. 
 163), worn by the high priest, but not so ornamented, and 
 without the golden plate. Ex. xxviii. ; Lev. viii. 
 
 156. Sources of their Livelihood. — Besides the thir- 
 teen cities and the tithe which they derived from the Le- 
 vites (sect. 164), they received the following things, which 
 were to be dedicated to God (sect. 181-183) — viz. 1. The 
 first-fruits of the wheat, oil, and wine. 2. The first fleece 
 of the sheep. 3. The price paid for the redemption of the 
 first-born of men and impure animals. 4. The first-born 
 of sheep, cows, and goats, whose blood and fat were sacri- 
 ficed on the altar, and the remainder given to them. 5. 
 The right shoulder and breast of peace-offerings. 6. All 
 the sin-offerings, except the fat which covered certain 
 parts of the victim, and which was burnt on the altar, 
 and excepting in the cases of sin-offerings made for a 
 priest himself or for the congregation. 7. The skin or 
 
 9 G 
 
yo LEVITICUS. b. c. 1490. 
 
 fleece of burnt-offerings. 8. The shoulder, cheeks, and 
 maw of the oxen and sheep killed by the Israelites for 
 their own use. 9. The first-fruits of trees — that is, those 
 of the fourth year. 10. A share in the spoils of war. 
 Lev. vii. ; xix. ; Num. xviii. ; xxxi. ; Deut. xviii. 3.* 
 
 157. Tlie High Priest: his Office. — The high priest 
 was placed over the other priests, and alone could enter 
 the Most Holy Place — once a year, on the day of atone- 
 ment. He was also the final judge in all controversies, 
 and the chief man in Israel, and in later times presided 
 over the Sanhedrim. He held his office until incapaci- 
 tated by age or polluted by crime. Lev. xvi. 
 
 158. His Typical Character. — The high priest was an 
 eminent type of our spiritual High Priest, Jesus Christ: " See- 
 ing then that we have a great High Priest, that is passed 
 into the heavens, Jesus the Son of God," Heb. iv. 14. 
 
 159. His Robes. — Besides the dress which was com- 
 mon to himself and the inferior priests, he wore four pecu- 
 liar garments. 
 
 160. 1st. The Ephod, a kind of vest fastened to the 
 shoulders, the hinder part reaching to the heels, whilst 
 the fore part descended only a little below the waist. It 
 was of fine twisted linen, splendidly wrought with gold 
 and purple, and was fastened to the shoulders by two 
 straps of similar material, to which were affixed the breast- 
 plate of judgment. 
 
 161. 2d. The Coat or Robe of the Ephod, which 
 was made of blue wool bound round with woven work 
 to prevent its rending. Seventy-two golden bells were 
 fastened upon the hem, with an artificial pomegranate of 
 blue, purple, or scarlet between each. Whilst these pome- 
 granates beautified the robe, the sound of the seventy-two 
 bells informed the congregation of the high priest's en- 
 trance into the Most Holy Place to burn incense, so that 
 the prayers of the people and the incense from the altar 
 might ascend together as a fragrant odor before God. 
 
 * The priests afterward became so numerous that King David divided 
 them into twenty-four classes, which were each to serve a week in rota- 
 tion. 1 Chron. xxiv. After the captivity, only four of these classes 
 returned, but they were again divided into twenty-four, each of which 
 class or course had a chief or head, which are supposed to be the chief 
 priests of the New Testament. 
 
B. C. 1490. LEVITICUS. 99 
 
 162. 3d. The Breastplate of Judgment, or oracle, 
 was a piece of cloth doubled, one span [about 11 inches] 
 square, and of similar workmanship and materials with 
 the ephod. On it were set twelve precious stones, contain- 
 ing the engraved names of the twelve sons of Jacob and 
 the words Urim and Thummim. [The real nature of the 
 Urim and Thummim is unknown ; but when the high 
 priest went to ask counsel of Jehovah, he presented him- 
 self arrayed in this breastplate and received the divine 
 commands.] 
 
 163. 4th. TJie Mitre or Crotvn, on the front of which 
 was tied, by a blue ribbon, a plate of pure gold, on which 
 was engraven " Holiness unto the Lord." The high priest 
 alone entered the Most Holy Place on the day of atone- 
 ment. Ex. xxviii. ; Lev. xvi. 
 
 164. TJie Levites, their Duties, Uvelihood, and 
 Consecration. — The Levites were divided into three 
 families, called after the three sons of Levi — viz. Ger- 
 bhomites, Kohathites, and Merarites. Their office 
 was to wait upon the priests, to carry the tabernacle and 
 its furniture from place to place, and to cleanse the sacred 
 vessels, take charge of the sacred loaves, and sing psalms 
 and perform on musical instruments. They were sup- 
 ported by a tenth of the corn, fruit, and cattle belonging 
 to the other eleven tribes, and on their entering Canaan, 
 instead of a portion of the territory, forty-eight cities were 
 assigned them, with the suburbs, extending to three thou- 
 sand cubits beyond the city wall. The Levites were, how- 
 ever, obliged to give a tenth of this tithe for the support 
 of the priests of the family of Aaron, together with thir- 
 teen of their cities. Six of these, cities were also made 
 cities of refuge. They were to serve in the tabernacle 
 from their thirtieth to their fiftieth year, though afterward 
 they commenced serving at twenty. 1 Chron. xxiii. 24. 
 They were consecrated by shaving their bodies, washing 
 their clothes, and being sprinkled with water, and then 
 by taking two young bullocks to Aaron, with the necessary 
 appendages, one to be offered as a burnt-offering, and the 
 other as a sin-offering. Num. iii. ; iv. ; viii. ; xviii. 
 
 165. The Nethinim. — Besides the Levites, there were 
 subsequently an inferior class of persons, who performed 
 the more servile offices of the tabernacle, such as carrying 
 
100 LEVITICUS. b. c. 1490. 
 
 wood and water, and these were called Nethinim. The 
 Gibeonites (sect. 258) were the first of this class of assist- 
 ants, but it was afterward increased by the addition of 
 captives taken in war. Josh. ix. 21-27 ; 2 Chron. ii. 17 ; 
 Ezra viii. 20. 
 
 166. Consecration of Aaron and his Sons. — Aaron 
 and his family were originally invested with the priest- 
 hood by Moses, who was appointed by Jehovah to offi- 
 ciate at their consecration, and directed to perform the 
 following ceremonies : Moses first washed Aaron and his 
 sons with water, arrayed them in their pontifical vest- 
 ments, and anointed Aaron with the holy oil ; he then 
 offered three sacrifices : 
 
 1st. A sin-offering, as a kind of expiation by which 
 they were to be purified. (See "Sacrifices," sect. 171.) 
 
 2d. A burnt-offering, as a gift or present to recommend 
 them to the Lord. 
 
 3c/. A peace-offering, as a sacred feast by which they 
 were introduced into the family of God, for even the 
 offerers were permitted to eat of their own peace-offerings. 
 
 After this original consecration of the sons of Aaron 
 no subsequent consecration was required for their de- 
 scendants and successors in the priesthood. But in the 
 high priesthood the case was different, for every fresh high 
 priest after Aaron was anointed and arrayed in the pon- 
 tifical robes for the same number of days as Aaron him- 
 self had been. [After the consumption of the sacred oil 
 made by Moses, which the Jews affirm was never made 
 again, an investment with the pontifical robes was deem- 
 ed a sufficient consecration.] Ex. xxix. ; Lev. viii. 
 
 3. Sacrifices, Oblations, and Meat- and Drink- 
 offerings. 
 
 167. Jewish Offerings classified. — Jewish offerings 
 were of two kinds : I. Sacrifices, or offerings of blood ; 
 II. Oblations, or unbloody offerings. A sacrifice was 
 an entire change or destruction of the thing offered ; an 
 oblation was a simple offering pr gift. 
 
 I. Sacrifices, or blood-offerings, were of four classes — 
 viz. 1. Burnt-offerings; 2. Peace-offerings; 3. Sin-offer- 
 ings; 4. Trespass-offerings. 
 
B. c. 1490. LEVITICUS. 101 
 
 II. Oblations, or unbloody offerings, were of three 
 classes — viz. 1. Ordinary oblations, including shew-bread 
 and incense ; 2. Free oblations, including the fruits of 
 promises or vows ; 3. Prescribed oblations, including first- 
 fruits, firstlings, and tithes. 
 
 In addition to these sacrifices and oblations were meat- 
 offerings and drink-offerings, which were the frequent ac- 
 companiment of both bloody and unbloody offerings. 
 
 1. Sacrifices. 
 
 168. Selection of Victims, — Only five species of ani- 
 mals might be sacrificed — viz. bullocks, sheep, goats, tur- 
 tle-doves, and young pigeons, the two latter to be offered 
 when the circumstances of the offerer would not enable 
 him to furnish either of the three former. The victim 
 was to be without spot or blemish, not less than eight days 
 old, and yet not too aged, and it was not to be procured 
 by the price of a dog or by that of whoredom. In sacri- 
 ficing birds no particular sex was required, but in cattle 
 it depended on the nature of the sacrifice or circum- 
 stances of the offerer. The peace-offerings of individuals 
 were both males and females ; the sin-offering of an indi- 
 vidual was to be a female lamb or kid ; but all victims 
 of every class of sacrifice offered for the whole congrega- 
 tion, and all burnt-offerings, sin-offerings, and trespass- 
 offerings for a ruler or high priest, were to be males. Lev. 
 xxii. ; Deut. xxiii. 18. 
 
 169. 1st. Burnt-offerings. — These were freewill-of- 
 ferings, wholly devoted to God, except the skin, which 
 alone was taken by the priests. The offerer was himself 
 to lead one of either of the above five species of animals 
 to the court of the tabernacle (afterward to the court of 
 the temple), and, laying his hands upon its head, he was 
 to repeat a prayer. If several persons united in offering 
 the victim, they were to lay their hands upon it in succes- 
 sion.* The priest then was to take the animal, cut its 
 
 • " By this imposition of hands the person presenting the victim ac- 
 knowledged the sacrifice to be his own; that he loaded it with his in- 
 iquities; that he offered it as an atonement for his sins; that he was 
 worthy of death because he had sinned, having forfeited bis life by 
 violating the law of God ; and that he entreated God to accept the life 
 of the innocent animal in the place of his own." — Home. 
 
 9* 
 
102 LEVITICUS. 
 
 b. c. 1490. 
 
 throat and windpipe in one stroke, and, receiving the 
 blood in a vessel, he was to sprinkle some of it around 
 the altar and pour out the remainder at the altar's foot. 
 The skin was then stripped from the neck of the victim, 
 its breast opened, the bowels taken out, the backbone 
 cleft, and the whole divided into quarters. The legs and 
 inwards were then washed, and, the various parts having 
 been salted, they were all utterly consumed upon the altar 
 of burnt-offering. If a turtle-dove or pigeon was offered, 
 the priest wrung off its head and sprinkled its blood as 
 above, but plucked away the crop with the feathers, and 
 cast them east of the altar amongst the ashes. He then 
 cleft the bird without dividing it, and salted and burnt 
 it. If the person was too poor to bring a dove or pigeon, 
 he was to bring a mincha, or meat-offering, for which see 
 " Meat-offerings " (sect. 184). The fire used on this altar 
 first came down from heaven, and was never suffered to 
 go out (see sect. 149). Nadab and Abihu, the two elder 
 sons of Aaron by Elisheba, were destroyed by fire from 
 heaven because they presumed to use strange fire. Lev. 
 ix. ; x. 
 
 170. 2d, Peace -offerings. — These comprehended 
 thank-offerings, freewill-offerings, and offerings made in 
 consequence of vows, and were made in token of peace 
 and reconciliation between God and man. The common 
 offerings were a calf, lamb, or goat, accompanied by a 
 proper meat-offering. In the case of vows and thank- 
 offerings, the victim was to be without any blemish what- 
 ever; but in the case of freeAvill-offerings, it might be 
 either lacking or superfluous in its parts. The victim 
 being brought, the offerer laid his hand upon its head as 
 an acknowledgment of his guilt, and it was killed before 
 the tabernacle. Its blood was then sprinkled round 
 about the altar : the fat, kidneys, caul, and, if it was a 
 lamb, the rump also, were burnt on it ; the breast was 
 then waved and the shoulder heaved, and both became 
 the property of the priests ; and the remainder was eaten 
 by the offerer under three restrictions : 1st. If the 
 peace-offering was for a thanksgiving, its flesh was to be 
 eaten on the same day that the sacrifice was made, and 
 all that remained on the morrow was to be burnt ; but if 
 the peace-offering was for a vow or a voluntary offering, 
 
B. c. 1490. LEVITICUS. 103 
 
 its flesh might be eaten on the morrow also, and all that 
 remained on the third day was to be burnt. If this law 
 was infringed, the sacrifice was of no effect. 2d. If the 
 flesh touched any unclean thing, it was to be burnt. 3d. 
 The persons who partook of it were not to be unclean 
 from any circumstances, and it was declared that who- 
 ever infringed this law would be cut off. The appointed 
 seasons and occasions of the peace-offering were — 1. At 
 the consecration of a priest ; 2. At the expiration of the 
 Nazarite vow ; 3. At the solemn dedication of the taber- 
 nacle ; 4. At the purification of a leper. Lev. iii. ; vii. 
 11-38. 
 
 171. 3d. Sin-offerings. — These were made for sins 
 committed through ignorance, either by individuals or 
 by the whole congregation, also as a purification from sin 
 or uncleanness, as one was offered at the consecration of 
 Aaron, and others were to be made at the cleansing of 
 a leper and the purification of a woman after childbirth. 
 Sin-offerings were made in four different ways — for a 
 priest, a ruler, a common individual, or for the whole 
 congregation. 
 
 172. Sin-offering for a Priest. — The priest was to 
 kill a young bullock at the door of the tabernacle, and 
 dip his fingers into the blood and sprinkle it seven times 
 before the veil of the sanctuary. He was then to put 
 some of the blood upon the horns of the altar of sweet 
 incense within the tabernacle, and pour the remainder at 
 the foot of the altar of burnt-offering at the door of the 
 tabernacle. He was then to take all the fat, with the 
 two kidneys and caul, and burn them upon the altar of 
 burnt-offering, but all the remainder of the bullock, skin 
 and all, was to be burnt without the camp. 
 
 173. For the Congregation. — A young bullock was 
 to be brought as before to the door of the tabernacle, and 
 after the elders of the congregation had placed their 
 hands upon its head, it was to be killed with the same 
 ceremonies, saving that only its fat was to be burnt on 
 the altar. The remainder of the bullock was in this 
 case also to be burnt without the camp. 
 
 174. For a Ituler. — The offerer was to bring a male 
 kid of the goats and place his hand upon his head. The 
 priest was then to kill it with the same ceremonies, burn 
 
104 LEVITICUS. b. c. 1490. 
 
 only the fat upon the altar, and receive the remainder 
 for his portion. 
 
 175. For a Common Individual. — The offerer was 
 to bring a female kid or lamb, which was to be slain 
 with the same ceremonies. The fat only was to be of- 
 fered, and the priest was to receive the remainder. In 
 the case of purification of a leper or of a woman after 
 childbirth, if the offerer could not bring a lamb, two 
 turtles or young pigeons were to be offered, one for a 
 sin-offering and the other for a burnt-offering. Lev. iv. ; 
 vi. 24-30. 
 
 176. 4th, Trespass-offerings. — These were made when 
 the party had committed any trespass unwittingly, and also 
 in the purgation of certain corporeal impurities. It is 
 difficult to define the difference between the two classes 
 of sins or trespasses for which sin-offerings and trespass- 
 offerings were made. In both sacrifices the offerer placed 
 his hand upon the victim's head and confessed his sin or 
 trespass over it, and neither of them was ever admitted 
 as a voluntary oblation. The sex of the victims and the 
 sacrificial rites were, however, different. The offerings 
 for trespass were to consist of rams or he-lambs, which 
 were never used for sin-offerings, though turtle-doves or 
 pigeons might be brought in both cases. Again, the 
 blood of the sin-offering was to be put upon the horns 
 of the altar, whilst that of the trespass-offering was to be 
 sprinkled on the altar's sides. Sin-offerings were also of- 
 fered for the whole congregation, whilst the trespass-offer- 
 ing was only required from individuals; and the latter 
 was also accompanied by a restitution for damage, and 
 one-fifth added. Trespass-offerings were made in six 
 cases — viz. 1. For things stolen, unjustly gotten, or de- 
 tained ; 2. For sacrilege ; 3. For inadvertent unclean- 
 ness; 4. For violating a bondmaid; 5. For a Nazarite; 
 6. For a leper. Lev. v.; vi. 1-7; vii. 1-10. 
 
 177. Typical Character of the Levitical Sacrifices. 
 — I. The Burnt-offering prefigured the full, perfect, 
 and sufficient sacrifice of Christ " to put away sin," and 
 who by his "one offering hath perfected for ever them 
 that are sanctified." Heb. ix. 26 ; x. 14. II. The Peace- 
 offering represented Christ's oblation of himself, where- 
 by he became our peace and salvation : " For he is our 
 
B. c. 1490. LEVITICUS. 105 
 
 peace." Eph. ii. 14. III. The Sin-offering for sins of 
 ignorance, being consumed without the camp, signified 
 Christ's suffering " without the gate, that he might sanc- 
 tify the people with his own blood." Heb. xiii. 11-13. 
 IV. The Trespass-offering for sins knowingly com- 
 mitted represents Christ, who is said to have " made 
 his soul an offering for sin." Isa. liii. 10. 
 
 2. Oblations. 
 
 178. 1st. Ordinary Oblations: Shew-bread and 
 Incense. — Ordinary oblations were of two kinds — viz. 
 1st. Shew-bread, or twelve loaves, according to the 
 twelve tribes, which the priests placed hot every Sab- 
 bath morning on the golden table in the sanctuary, at 
 the same time that they removed the stale loaves which 
 had been exposed during the preceding week ; and they 
 alone were permitted to eat this stale shew-bread; 2d. 
 Incense, consisting of fragrant spices mixed with frank- 
 incense and beat small, which was offered every morning 
 and evening on the golden altar of incense within the tab- 
 ernacle, whilst the people silently prayed without. No 
 similar incense was to be used by the people under pain 
 of death. Ex. xxv. 30 ; xxx. 34-38. 
 
 179. 2d. Free Oblations. — These were the fruits of 
 promises and vows. Of vows there were two kinds — 1st. 
 The vow of consecration, when anything was devoted 
 either for the sacrifice or for the service of the temple, as 
 wood, salt, wine, etc. ; 2d. The vow of engagement, 
 when persons engaged to do something that was not in 
 itself unlawful, as not to eat some particular meat or 
 wear some particular habits, or not to cut their hair 
 or drink wine, etc. (See " Vows," sect. 197.) 
 
 180. 3d. Prescribed Oblations. — These were of three 
 kinds : first-fruits, firstlings, and tithes. 
 
 181. 1. First-fruits, — All first-fruits were consecrated 
 to God, being made both for the whole nation and for each 
 particular family. The Jews were prohibited from gath- 
 ering in the harvest before they had offered the omer or 
 new sheaf* which was presented on the day after the 
 great day of unleavened bread ; neither were they al- 
 lowed to bake any bread from the new corn before they 
 
106 LEVITICUS. b. c. 1490. 
 
 had offered two new loaves on the day of Pentecost. 
 Without this all the corn was unclean. The person 
 presenting the first-fruits was to give them to the priest, 
 who was to place them by the side of the altar ; and the 
 offerer was then to repeat a prayer of thanksgiving to 
 God for delivering him from Egypt and leading him 
 to the land of milk and honey. The first-fruits of 
 corn, wine, oil, and wool afterward belonged to the 
 priests. 
 
 182. 2. Firstlings. — The first-born of all males of 
 both men and animals belonged to God. The firstling 
 of a cow, sheep, or goat was unredeemable and sacri- 
 ficed, its blood sprinkled and fat burnt upon the altar, 
 and the remainder given to the priests. But the first- 
 ling of a man or an unclean animal was to be redeemed 
 by the payment of 5 shekels [2 oz. 5 J dwts. = lis. 4d.]. 
 
 183. 3. Tithes. — The Jews paid tenths or tithes of all 
 they possessed to the Levites every year, except the sab- 
 batical year, and the Levites, again, paid a tenth of the 
 tithe they received to the priests. When the owners had 
 paid this first tithe they gave a second tithe, which was 
 eaten at offering feasts as a sign of rejoicing and grati- 
 tude to God. A third tithe was given to the poor, to- 
 gether with a corner of every field, which it was not 
 lawful to reap with the rest, and such ears of corn, 
 grapes, or sheaves as were dropped, scattered, or forgotten. 
 Field-tithes might be redeemed by paying one-fifth more 
 than the estimation of their value, but tithes of cattle 
 could not be redeemed. The payment and valuation 
 of the tithes were left to the people, though the Levites 
 were not prohibited from seeing after them. The pay- 
 ment of the second tithe was merely secured by the dec- 
 laration which they made every three years before God. 
 If a person had not paid his tithes, and afterward re- 
 pented, he could atone for his omission by paying an 
 additional fifth with his tithe and making a trespass- 
 offering. Lev. xxvii. ; Num. xviii. 
 
 184. Meat-offerings. — The meat-offerings, or mincha, 
 consisted of meal, bread, cakes, ears of corn, or parched 
 grain, prepared with oil and frankincense in different 
 proportions according to the victims or occasions. They 
 were always to be salted, but to be free from leaven or 
 
b. c. 1490. LEVITICUS. 107 
 
 honey. They always accompanied burnt-offerings and 
 peace-offerings, excepting when the victims were birds, 
 which were not substituted for quadrupeds, but were 
 never presented as a sin-offering, excepting when the 
 offerer was too poor to afford two pigeons or turtle- 
 doves, and as accompanying the sacrifice of a purified 
 leper. Lev. ii. ; vi. 14-23; Num. xv. 
 
 185. Drink-offerings, — These were never used sepa- 
 rately, but were an accompaniment to both sacrifices and 
 oblations. They consisted of wine, part of which was 
 poured upon the victim and meat-offering whilst lying 
 on the altar, and the remainder was allotted to the 
 priests. Num. xv. 
 
 186. National Sacrifices. — These were of four kinds 
 — viz. 1. The perpetual or daily sacrifice, consisting of one 
 lamb offered as a burnt-offering every morning, and an- 
 other every evening, at the third and ninth hours, by a 
 small fire, and accompanied by a meat and drink-offer- 
 ing; 2. The weekly or Sabbath-day sacrifice, which was 
 equal to the daily sacrifice, and offered in addition to it ; 
 3. The monthly or new-moon sacrifice, at the beginning of 
 each month, consisting of two young bullocks, one ram, 
 and seven lambs of a year old for a burnt-offering, and 
 one kid for a sin-offering, all of which were to be accom- 
 panied by suitable meat- and drink-offerings ; 4. The 
 yearly sacrifices on the great annual festivals — viz. 1st. 
 The Passover; 2d. Tabernacles ; 3d. Pentecost; 4th. The 
 new moon or beginning of the civil year, called the 
 feast of trumpets; 5th. The day of expiation or atone- 
 ment. Num. xxviii. 
 
 4. Annual Feasts and Festivals, Sabbatical 
 Years, Jubilee, etc. 
 
 187. Classification, — Moses instituted five annual fes- 
 tivals — viz. those of Passover, Pentecost, tabernacles, trum- 
 pets, and expiation. At the three first all the males of 
 the twelve tribes were bound to be present, and were 
 promised that when residing in Canaan no man should 
 desire their land whilst they were absent at Jerusalem ; 
 and on these occasions no Israelite was to appear before 
 the Lord without some offering. The last two festivals 
 
108 LEVITICUS. 
 
 c. 1190. 
 
 were celebrated with great solemnity, though the presence 
 of every male Israelite was not absolutely required. 
 
 188. First Feast, Passover, or Unleavened Bread, 
 This feast was first instituted on the night before the 
 exode of the Israelites from Egypt, and was ordered to be 
 kept as a perpetual memorial of their deliverance. (Sect. 
 97.) It lasted for seven days, commencing on the four- 
 teenth day of the first month, Nisan or Abib, when the 
 paschal lamb was slain, and continuing until the twenty- 
 first day, during which unleavened bread only was eaten, 
 in remembrance of the bread which the Israelites were 
 obliged to carry from Egypt in the hurry of their depar- 
 ture. All Israelites were compelled to keep the feast 
 under pain of death ; but if any were unclean or on a 
 journey, they might postpone its celebration until the 
 fourteenth day of the second or ensuing month. The 
 paschal lamb was to be a male without blemish, and to be 
 taken from the sheep or goats four days before the feast ; 
 it was to be roasted whole, eaten with unleavened bread 
 and bitter herbs, no bones to be broken, and all that re- 
 mained in the morning was to be burnt. One lamb was 
 to be killed for every family, but two or three families 
 might join together ; and they were to eat it standing, 
 with their loins girded, their sandals on their feet, and 
 their staves in their hands. Ex. xii. ; Lev. xxiii. 4-8. 
 
 189. Second Feast, Pentecost, or Weeks, Harvest, 
 or First-fruits. — This feast was called — 1st. The feast 
 of Weeks, because it was celebrated seven weeks, or a 
 week of weeks, after the first day of unleavened bread ; 
 2d. The feast of Harvest and the day of First-Fruits, 
 because on this day the Jews presented the first-fruits of 
 the wheat-harvest in two loaves baked of the new corn ; 
 and 3d. The feast of Pentecost (/7evriyzo«rT^), because it 
 was kept on the fiftieth day after the first day of the feast 
 of unleavened bread. Its object was also to commem- 
 orate the promulgation of the law on Mount Sinai, and it 
 lasted seven days. Wheaten loaves and first-fruits were 
 presented ; seven lambs of the first year, one young bul- 
 lock, and two rams were sacrificed as burnt-offerings, 
 accompanied with meat- and drink-offerings ; one kid of 
 the goats was offered as a sin-offering, and two lambs of 
 the first year were offered for a peace-offering. Lev. xxiii. 
 
 
B. c. 1490. LEVITICUS. 109 
 
 15-21. [It was at this feast that the Holy Ghost de- 
 scended on the apostles in the shape of cloven tongues. 
 Acts ii. Christians keep it on Whitsunday, fifty days 
 after Easter.] 
 
 190. TJiird Feast, Tabernacles. — This feast, the last 
 of the three great festivals, lasted also for a week, and 
 was instituted to commemorate the dwelling of the Israel- 
 ites in tents in the wilderness. During the whole festival 
 the people dwelt in tents or tabernacles made of boughs 
 and branches, and carried in their hands branches of 
 palm trees, olives, citrons, myrtles, and willows. On the 
 first day, which was accounted a Sabbath, thirteen bul- 
 locks, two rams, and fourteen lambs were sacrificed as a 
 burnt-offering, with their accompanying meat- and drink- 
 offerings, and one kid was offered as a sin-offering. For 
 the six succeeding days these sacrifices were regularly de- 
 creased one bullock daily, and on the eighth day, which 
 was accounted a Sabbath, there were only one bullock, 
 one ram, seven lambs, and one kid offered as burnt- and 
 peace-offerings, together with their meat- and drink-offer- 
 ings. Lev. xxiii. ; Num. xix. 33-44. 
 
 191. Fourth Feast, Trumpets. — This feast was held 
 on the first and second days of the month Tizri, and 
 formed the commencement of the civil year, in the 
 same way that the Passover commenced the sacred year. 
 During this festival no labors were performed, a religious 
 convocation of all the people was held, and trumpets were 
 continually blown. The extra burnt-offering consisted of 
 one young bullock, one ram, and seven lambs, with their 
 meat- and drink-offerings, and one kid of the goats was 
 offered for a peace-offering. Lev. xxiii. 23-25 ; Num. 
 xxix. 1-6. 
 
 192. Fifth Feast, or Fast of Expiation, or Day 
 of Atonement. — This was celebrated on the tenth day 
 of Tizri, and was observed as a strict fast, the people 
 abstaining from all servile work, taking no food, and 
 afflicting their souls. The sacrifices on this day were 
 the most solemn and important of all that were or- 
 dained in the Mosaic ritual. On this day only was the 
 high priest alone permitted to enter the sanctuary, and 
 not even then without preparation, under pain of death. 
 Having washed himself in water and put on his holy 
 
 10 
 
110 LEVITICUS. b. c. 1490. 
 
 linen garments and mitre, the high priest performed the 
 following ceremonies : 
 
 1. Offerings for Himself, Household, Priests, and Levites. 
 — He was to go into the outer sanctuary and present to 
 the Lord a ram for a burnt-offering, and a young bullock 
 as a sin-offering for himself, his household, and the priests 
 and Levites. 
 
 2. For the Congregation. — He was to present two young 
 goats at the door of the tabernacle, to be a sin-offering for 
 the whole congregation, together with one ram for a 
 ournt-offering. 
 
 3. Casts Lots for the Scapegoat. — He was to cast lots 
 upon the two goats, to see which was to be sacrificed for a 
 sin-offering to the Lord, and which was to be let go for a 
 scapegoat into the wilderness. 
 
 4. Sprinkles Blood on the Mercy-seat. — He was to sacri- 
 fice the bullock as a sin-offering for himself and house- 
 hold, etc., and to take some of the blood into the inner 
 sanctuary, bearing in his hand a censer of burning in- 
 cense kindled at the sacred fire on the altar, and to 
 sprinkle the blood seven times with his finger upon and 
 before the mercy-seat, to purify it from the pollution it 
 might be supposed to have contracted from his sins and 
 transgressions during the preceding year. 
 
 5. Sacrifices one Goat. — He was to sacrifice the allotted 
 goat for the sins of the whole nation, and to enter the 
 inner sanctuary a second time and sprinkle it with the 
 blood as before, to purify it from the pollution of the 
 people's sins and transgressions of the preceding year; 
 after which he was also to purify the tabernacle and altar 
 in the same manner. 
 
 6. Ceremonies with the Scapegoat. — He was to bring the 
 live goat, lay both his hands upon its head, and confess 
 over it all the sins, iniquities, and transgressions of the 
 children of Israel ; and after thus transferring them to 
 the animal, he was to send it aw T ay by the hand of a fit 
 person into the wilderness, to bear away all their iniquities 
 into an unpeopled land, where they should be remembered 
 uo more. 
 
 7. Concluding Ceremonies. — He was to put off his linen 
 garments and leave them in the sanctuary, and wash him- 
 self again in w T ater, and put on his usual raiment, and 
 
B. c. 1490. LEVITICUS. Ill 
 
 then to offer burnt-offerings for himself and people at the 
 evening sacrifice. After the fat of the bullock and goat 
 sacrificed for sin-offerings had been burnt upon the altar, 
 the remainder of their carcass, skin, etc. was to be burnt 
 without the camp, and the burner was afterward to wash 
 his clothes and bathe in water. The person who let the 
 scapegoat go in the wilderness was likewise to wash his 
 clothes and bathe. Lev. xvi. ; xxiii. 26-32 ; Num. xxix. 
 (See sect. 196.) 
 
 193. [Later Feasts — Purim, Dedication, etc. — Be- 
 sides the above annual festivals, the Jews introduced in 
 later times several fasts and feasts in addition to those 
 instituted by Moses. The two principal festivals of this 
 kind were — 
 
 I. The Feast of Purim, when all the people assem- 
 bled to curse Haman. Esth. 
 
 II. The Feast of Dedication, which was instituted 
 by Judas Maccabseus, in imitation of those by Solomon 
 and Ezra, as a grateful memorial of the cleansing of the 
 second temple and altar, after they had been profaned by 
 Antiochus Epiphanes. 1 Mace. iv. 52-59. 
 
 Besides these two festivals, several fasts were instituted 
 on various occasions, particularly to commemorate the 
 disastrous events which preceded or followed the Baby- 
 lonian captivity.] 
 
 194. The Sabbatical Year, — Whilst every seventh 
 day was consecrated as a day of rest for man and beast, 
 every seventh year was set apart as a year of rest for the 
 land. During that year the earth was to lie entirely 
 fallow, and its spontaneous produce was to be enjoyed by 
 the servants, strangers, and cattle. All Hebrew debtors 
 and Hebrew servants were also to be released from their 
 debts or service. If the latter chose to remain with his 
 master, he must have his ears bored. Deut. xv. In order 
 to prevent famine in this and the ensuing year, triple pro- 
 duce was promised on the sixth or preceding year. Lev. 
 
 XXV. 
 
 195. The Jubilee. — This was a more solemn sabbatical 
 year, held every fiftieth year or every seventh sabbatical 
 year. On the tenth day of Tizri, being the great day of 
 atonement, the trumpets were to be sounded throughout 
 the land, all debts to be cancelled, and all slaves and cap- 
 
112 LEVITICUS. b. c. 1490. 
 
 tives, even those who had their ears bored, to be set at 
 liberty. All estates which had been sold were now to 
 revert to their original proprietors, or to the families to 
 which they had originally belonged. The value and pur- 
 chase-money of estates were thus diminished as the year 
 of jubilee approached. Houses in walled towns were ex- 
 cepted from this rule ; these were to be redeemed within 
 a year, or otherwise belonged to the purchaser, notwith- 
 standing the jubilee. During this year the land was un- 
 cultivated, as in the sabbatical year. Lev, xxv. 
 
 196. Typical Intimations of the Messiah to be 
 found in the Fasts and Festivals. — The three great 
 feasts may be considered to be typical of the principal 
 events in the life of Christ. I. The Passover prefigured 
 his death and passion, and is the analogue of the Christian 
 institution of the Eucharist. II. The Pentecost com- 
 memorates the first-fruits of his Spirit, which subsequently 
 descended at the commemoration of the festival. III. 
 The Feast of Tabernacles prefigures his birth and in- 
 carnation, when " the Word was made flesh and dwelt 
 [tabernacled] among us." John i. 14. 
 
 The solemn day of expiation was, however, the most 
 strikingly typical of Christ's ministry and atonement, and 
 in the following ways : 
 
 1. Our Lord, the High Priest of our profession, com- 
 menced his ministry by baptism " to fulfil all legal right- 
 eousness." Matt. iii. 13-15. 
 
 2. He was led by the Holy Spirit into the wilderness 
 as the true scapegoat, who " bore away our infirmities, 
 and carried off our diseases." Matt. viii. 17. 
 
 3. Before his crucifixion " he was afflicted," and " his 
 soul was exceedingly sorrowful unto death " when he was 
 to be made a sin-offering like the allotted goat. Matt. xxvi. 
 38 ; 2 Cor. v. 21 ; Heb. i. 3. 
 
 4. " His sweat, as great drops of blood falling to the 
 ground," corresponded to the sprinkling of the mercy- 
 seat. Luke xxii. 44. 
 
 5. To prepare for his own sacrifice, he consecrated him- 
 self in prayer to God, and then prayed for his household 
 — apostles and disciples — and for all future believers. 
 Matt. xxvi. 39-46 ; John xvii. 1-9, 20-26. 
 
 6. He put off his garments at his crucifixion, when he 
 
B. c. 1490. LEVITICUS. 113 
 
 became the sin-offering (John xix. 23, 24), and, as our 
 spiritual High Priest, entered into the most holy place, 
 heaven, to make intercession with God for all his faithful 
 followers. Heb. vii. 24-28 ; ix. 7-15. " Who was delivered 
 for our offences, and was raised again for our justifica- 
 tion." Horn. iv. 25. 
 
 The jubilee year had also a typical design and use, 
 which is thus pointed out by Isaiah : " The Spirit of the 
 Lord God is upon me, because the Lord hath anointed 
 me to preach good tidings unto the meek ; he hath sent 
 me to bind up the broken-hearted, to proclaim liberty to 
 the captives, and the opening of the prison to them that 
 are bound ; to proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord." 
 Isa. lxi. 1, 2. The acceptable year of the Lord, when 
 liberty was proclaimed to the captives and the opening of 
 the prison to them that were bound, evidently refers to 
 the jubilee, but in the prophetic sense means the gospel 
 state and dispensation, which proclaim spiritual liberty 
 from the bondage of sin and Satan and the liberty of re- 
 turning to our own possession, even the heavenly inherit- 
 ance, to which, having incurred a forfeiture by sin, we 
 had lost all right and claim. 
 
 5. Vows. 
 
 197. Nature of Voivs. — Vows were religious engage- 
 ments or promises voluntarily undertaken by a person 
 toward the Almighty. Though the Israelites were not 
 counselled or encouraged to make them, yet Jehovah him- 
 self had declared his acceptance of them, and they were 
 therefore binding not only in a moral view, but according 
 to the national law, and the priest was authorized to en- 
 force and estimate their fulfilment. 
 
 198. How far Valid. — To render a vow valid three 
 things were required by Moses: 1st. That it should be 
 actually uttered with the lips, and not merely made in the 
 heart ; 2d. That the party making it should be independ- 
 ent of the authority of others and competent to under- 
 take the obligation : thus the vows of minors, unmarried 
 daughters under the parental roof, wives, slaves, etc., were 
 all invalid unless ratified by the express or tacit consent 
 of their fathers, husbands, or masters ; 3d. That the things 
 
 10* ll 
 
114 LEVITICUS. b. c. 1490. 
 
 vowed should not be the hire of a prostitute or price of a 
 dog. Lev. xxvii. ; Num. xxx. ; Deut. xxiii. 18. 
 
 199. Classification. — Common vows were of two kinds : 
 I. Vows of Dedication ; II. Vows of Self-interdic- 
 tion and Nazaritism. Besides these was the Cherem, 
 a solemn kind of anathema, which was accompanied by a 
 form of execration, and could not be redeemed. 
 
 200. I. Vows of Dedication. — These were undertaken 
 when a person engaged to bring an offering to God or to 
 dedicate anything to him. There were four kinds of things 
 vowed in this way — viz. : 
 
 1st. Unclean Beasts. As these could not be offered 
 to God, they were to be redeemed by the vowers, who 
 paid one-fifth more than the value as estimated by the 
 priest. 
 
 2d. Clean Beasts for Offerings. These could not 
 be redeemed nor exchanged for others, under penalty of 
 both being forfeited to the Lord. No firstlings could be 
 vowed, because they were already devoted to God. (See 
 " Firstlings," sect. 182.) 
 
 3d. Houses and Lands. — Houses might be redeemed 
 by paying one-fifth more than the value, as estimated by 
 the priest. Land might be redeemed in the same man- 
 ner, but was to be estimated according to the seed it would 
 require (fifty shekels [22f oz. = £5 13s. 10d.] to each homer 
 [7 bushels 3 pecks If pints] of barley-seed), and also ac- 
 cording to the years that remained before the year of 
 jubilee, when, of course, it would revert to its hereditary 
 owner. If, however, the person who vowed or sanctified 
 the land would not redeem it, and the priest, upon his re- 
 fusal, should sell it to another man, then the land would 
 not revert to its original possessor at the jubilee, but would 
 remain holy unto the Lord, and its possession would revert 
 to the priests. 
 
 4th. A Vower dedicating himself. — In these cases 
 the vower was always to redeem himself according to the 
 following scale : 
 
 
 Shekels. £ s. 
 
 d. 
 
 \xes, from 1 month to 5 years old . 
 
 . 5 = 11 
 
 4 
 
 MALES, " " " 
 
 . 3 = 6 
 
 9 
 
 \.les, from 5 years to 20 years old . 
 
 . 20 = 2 5 
 
 6 
 
 MALES, " " " 
 
 . 10 = 1 2 
 
 9 
 
B. c. 1490. 
 
 LEVITICUS. 115 
 
 Shekels. £ s. d. 
 Males, from 20 years to 60 years old . 50 = 5 13 10 
 Females, " " " . 30 = 3 8 3 
 
 Males, from sixty years old and upward 15 = 1 14 1 
 Females, " " " . 10 = 1 2 9 
 
 If the person who vowed himself was very poor, the 
 priest might estimate him at a still lower value. Lev. 
 xxvii. 
 
 201. II. Vows of Self-interdiction and Nazaritism. 
 
 — These consisted in a person's engaging to abstain from 
 wine, food, or any other thing. The most important of 
 these vows were those appertaining to Nazaritism. Of 
 Nazarites there were two classes: 1st. Those who were 
 Nazarites by birth (as Samson and John the Baptist) ; 
 2d. Those who were Nazarites by engagement and for a 
 limited time. All Nazarites were required — 1. To drink 
 no wine or strong drink of any kind ; 2. To eat no grapes 
 or anything belonging to the vine ; 3. To let their hair 
 grow ; 4. Not to defile themselves by touching the dead 
 or mourning for their relations. If any one died in the 
 presence of a Nazarite of the second class, the latter was 
 compelled to shave his head, make the usual offerings, 
 and recommence his Nazariteship. At the expiration of 
 the vow the Nazarite was to offer at the door of the taber- 
 nacle one male lamb of the first year for a burnt-offering, 
 one ewe-lamb of the first year for a sin-offering, and one 
 ram for a peace-offering, together with a basket of un- 
 leavened bread and meat- and drink-offerings. He was 
 also to shave his head and place the hair on the fire 
 underneath the peace-offering, and the priest was to take 
 the sodden shoulder of the ram, one unleavened cake, and 
 one unleavened wafer, and, placing them in the hands of 
 the Nazarite, he was to wave them for a wave-offering. 
 After this the Nazarite might drink wine.* Num. vi. 
 
 202. The Cher em or Anathema. — This was a solemn 
 
 * The Rechriln'tcH are not to be confounded with the Nazarites. The 
 former were the descendants of Jehonadab, the son of Itechab, and 
 became famous for implicitly following these directions of their lather 
 — viz. 1. To drink no wine; 2. To possess no houses, fields, or vine- 
 yards; ?,. To dwell in tents. In consequence of their obedience, God 
 promised that the posterity of Jehonadab should never cease. They 
 appear to have gained their living by being scribes. Jer. xxxv. ; 1 Chron. 
 ii. 55. 
 
116 LEVITICUS. b. c. 1490. 
 
 kind of excommunication, which was accompanied by a 
 form of execration and could not be redeemed. The 
 species of Cherem with which we are best acquainted 
 was the imprecation pronounced upon hostile cities, when 
 the inhabitants were to be put to death, the cattle slain, 
 the houses and treasures utterly burnt and destroyed, and 
 a curse pronounced upon any who should attempt to re- 
 build it. A Cherem was thus pronounced against Jeri- 
 cho and the king of Arad, and against any Israelite city 
 which should introduce or practise idolatry. (See " First 
 Commandment," and Num. xxi. 1-3 ; Josh. xii. 14.) 
 
 6. Purifications. 
 
 203. Nature and Classification of Purifications. — 
 
 Jewish purifications were of three kinds : 1st. Purifica- 
 tion as A Religious Ceremonial, which was necessary 
 for all persons and things engaged in divine worship ; 2d. 
 Purification from Personal Uncleanness ; 3d. Pu- 
 rification from Leprosy. 
 
 204. Materials for Purifying. — Purifications were 
 performed with three different materials: 1. By the 
 sprinkling of blood ; 2. By the anointing with oil ; 3. By 
 the water of purification, which was drawn from a spring 
 or running stream, and was either pure, or mixed with 
 blood or with the ashes of a red heifer. The last case 
 alone requires description. The people were to bring a 
 red heifer without blemish, and which had never borne a 
 yoke, to the high priest, who was then to take it without 
 the camp, kill it before the people, sprinkle its blood 
 seven times before the gate of the tabernacle, and then 
 to burn the whole (including the flesh, hide, blood, and 
 excrements), casting into the fire a bundle of cedar-wood, 
 some hyssop, and double-dyed scarlet. The ashes were 
 then carefully collected and put in a clean place, and 
 both the high priest and the men who burnt the heifer and 
 gathered together its ashes were to wash their clothes, 
 bathe their flesh, and be unclean until the evening. Num. 
 xix. 
 
 205. 1st. Purification as a Meligious Ceremonial. 
 — All persons and things dedicated to divine worship 
 were to undergo purification. The Levites, priests, and 
 
B. c. 1490. LEVITICUS. 117 
 
 high priest all underwent a purification previous to their 
 consecration. The Israelites washed their flesh and 
 clothes previous to receiving the law ; and after its pro- 
 mulgation and the people had declared their assent to 
 the book of the Covenant, Moses sprinkled them with 
 blood. The tabernacle and all its sacred vessels were 
 also anointed with oil. Those about to offer sacrifices or 
 prayers were also lustrated, and especially the priests and 
 high priest before executing their respective offices. Last- 
 ly, all who were adjudged by the Mosaic law to be im- 
 pure or unclean required to be purified before they could 
 be admitted into the congregation of the Lord. Num. 
 xix. ; Lev. viii. 
 
 206. 2d. Purification from Personal Unclean- 
 ness. — If an unclean person did not purify himself, he 
 was to be cut off from the congregation. There were six 
 species of uncleanness — viz. I. Dead bodies ; II. Gon- 
 orrhoea, or seed-flux ; III. Emisso seminis ; IV. Child- 
 birth ; V. Menses and issues of blood ; VI. Leprosy. 
 If a clean person touched an unclean one, he contracted 
 a similar uncleanness, and both were excluded from the 
 tabernacle until their purification was completed.* Lev. 
 xi. ; xii. ; xv. ; Num. xix. 
 
 207. 3d. Purification from Leprosy. — As this fear- 
 ful disease was contagious, and hereditary to the third 
 and fourth generations, the separation of lepers from the 
 camp and congregation, and the destruction of infected 
 houses and clothes, were of the utmost importance to the 
 preservation of public health. Moses thus acted respect- 
 ing leprosy : I. He ordered every man attacked by a cu- 
 taneous disorder to show himself to the priest. II. He 
 authorized the priests to examine the disease wherever it 
 appeared. III. He gave the priests ample directions for 
 distinguishing between leprosy and a harmless spot or 
 scab, for deciding upon its progress or cure in man, and 
 for eradicating the infection from walls and garments. 
 IV. He prescribed the days that must expire, and the 
 sacrifices and ceremonies to be performed, before the leper 
 could be finally purified and restored to civil society and 
 the participation in things holy. Lev. xiii. 
 
 * For a further account of purifications, etc., see Michaelis. 
 
118 LEVITICUS. b. c. 1490. 
 
 208. Classification, — Leprosy was of three kinds — 
 1st. Leprosy in Man; 2d. Leprosy in Houses; 3d. 
 Leprosy in Clothes — for each of which a purification 
 was required. Lev. xiii. 
 
 209. 1st. Leprosy in Man : Character and Symp- 
 toms. — This disease was of two species — viz. I. Conta- 
 gious Leprosy, which rendered a person unclean, and 
 was called tsorat, signifying "venom" or " malignity ;" II. 
 Uncontagious Leprosy, under which a person was still 
 clean, and which was called bohak, or " dull white." Both 
 tsorat and bohak were also called berat, signifying " bright 
 spot," but bohak imported brightness in a subordinate 
 degree. 
 
 210. Laws for distinguishing Leprosy. — When a 
 person was attacked by either of the foregoing affections, 
 he was immediately taken to the priest ; and if the priest 
 saw the bright-white scarlet surface depressed in the mid- 
 dle and the white patches, he immediately declared the 
 person to be leprous and unclean, and sent him without 
 the camp. If the priest had any doubt, he put the per- 
 son under domestic confinement for seven days, and then 
 examined him a second time, when, if it had spread, etc., 
 he was declared leprous and unclean ; if it had subsided, 
 he was discharged ; but if it was stationary, he was con- 
 fined another seven days, after which the nature of the 
 disease always exhibited itself. If leprosy spread over 
 the entire frame without producing ulceration, it lost its 
 contagious power or exhausted itself, and the patient was 
 declared clean by the priest whilst the dry scales were 
 yet upon him. Lev. xiii. 12, 13. If, on the contrary, the 
 patches should ulcerate, and quick or fungous flesh spring 
 up in them, the priest was at once to pronounce the case 
 to be an inveterate leprosy, for which a temporary con- 
 finement was unnecessary ; and the leper was unclean for 
 life. Lev. xiii. 
 
 211. Purification from Leprosy. — When the priest 
 was satisfied that the leper was healed, he was to take two 
 birds, and kill one of them over an earthen vessel filled 
 with river water, so that the blood might mingle with the 
 water. He was then to dip the other bird into the blood 
 and water and sprinkle the leper with it seven times with 
 a stick of cedar upon which a bunch of hyssop was tied 
 
B.C. 1490. LEVITICUS. 119 
 
 with a scarlet thread ; after which, he was to pronounce 
 the leper clean and to let loose the living bird. The 
 leper was then to wash and stay without the camp seven 
 days, and on the seventh day to shave off all his hair and 
 bathe. On the eighth day he was to take to the priest 
 two male lambs and one ewe-lamb of the first year for a 
 trespass-offering, sin-offering, and burnt-offering, together 
 with a meat-offering, and one log [nearly two-thirds of a 
 pint] of oil. If the leper was poor, he might take two 
 turtle-doves for the sin-offering and burnt-offering. In 
 offering the trespass-offering the priest was to sprinkle 
 the blood upon the leper's right ear, thumb, and great 
 toe. He was then to do the same with the oil after 
 sprinkling it seven times before the Lord ; and upon the 
 completion of the sacrifices the leper was to be considered 
 purified. Lev. xiv. 
 
 212. 2d. Leprosy in Houses, — This exhibited itself 
 in green or red spots on the walls, continually spreading, 
 which the priest was to examine, and then order the 
 house to be shut up for seven days. If after this the 
 leprosy had not spread, the house was shut up for seven 
 days more. If it was then dim or gone away, the part 
 of the wall was to be taken away to an unclean place, 
 and the house mended, scraped, and replastered. It was 
 then shut up for another seven days ; and if after this the 
 plague broke out upon it anew, it was to be pulled down 
 and carried away to an unclean place ; but if it was pro- 
 nounced clean, two birds were offered, as in the case of 
 human leprosy. Lev. xiv. 
 
 213. Third, Leprosy in Clothes, — This also exhib- 
 ited itself in green or reddish spots, which remained in 
 spite of washing, and continued to spread. Suspected 
 garments were to be examined by the priest ; if he found 
 them corroded, he burnt them ; but if the spots were 
 taken out by washing he pronounced them clean. Lev. 
 xiii. 
 
 214. Typical Intimations in Leviticus. — (See sect. 
 169, note, and sects. 177, 196.) The Epistle to the He- 
 brews should be carefully read in connection with Levit- 
 icus, of which it forms an important illustration. 
 
120 NUMBERS. b.c. 1490. 
 
 NUMBERS. 
 
 (Numbering and Marshalling of the Israelites.) 
 
 HISTORY OP THE ISRAELITES FROM THE DELIVERING OF THE LAW AT SINAI 
 TO THE CONQUEST OF THE COUNTRY EAST OF THE JORDAN. B. C. 1490 TO 
 1451.— ABOUT 38 YEARS AND 9 OR 10 MONTHS. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 I. Wanderings in the Wilderness. 
 
 Review of the chronology. — Numbering of the people, and 
 march from Sinai to Zin, 1490. — March to Taberah ; murmurings 
 at fatigue. — March to Kibroth-hattaavah ; murmuring for flesh; 
 quails and plague sent. — Council of LXX. appointed. — Sedition of 
 Aaron and Miriam at Hazeroth. — Encampment at Kadesh; 
 spies sent to Canaan. — Ten spies destroyed ; forty years' wanderings 
 declared ; Israelites defeated. — History of thirty-eight years' wan- 
 derings, 1490-1451. — Eebellion of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram, 
 1471. — Congregation murmur ; 14,700 slain by a plague; blossom- 
 ing of Aaron's rod, 1471. — Return to Kadesh ; water from Meri- 
 bali ; Moses and Aaron sin, 1453 page 120. 
 
 II. Conquest of the Country east of the Jordan. 
 
 Israelites refused a passage through Edom ; Aaron dies at Hor, 
 1452. — Defeat of the Canaan ites at Hormah. — March from Hor to 
 the Arnon; fiery serpents, and miracle of the brazen serpent. — 
 Defeat of Sihon and Og, 1452.' — Balak fails to persuade Balaam to 
 curse Israel. — Israelites commit idolatry; Zimri andCozbi slain by 
 Phinehas. — Midianites defeated ; Balaam slain. — Second muster- 
 ing, 1451. — Census of 1491 and 1451 compared. Reuben, Gad, and 
 half Manasseh's territory east of the Jordan, 1451. — Six cities of 
 refuge; conclusion of Numbers. — Book of the Wars of the Lord. — 
 Typical and prophetical intimations of the Messiah in Numbers. 
 — Names, and meanings of the names of the principal persons 
 mentioned in Exodus and Numbers page 124. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. Wanderings in the Wilderness. 
 
 215. Review of the Chronology. — On the fourteenth 
 day of the first month of the year, B. c. 1491, the Israel- 
 ites kept the Passover and marched from Egypt. Ex. xii. 
 
b. c. 1490. NUMBERS I.-XI. 121 
 
 % 3, 6, 18, 29-37. On the first day of the third month 
 of the same year [b. c. 1491] they encamped at Sinai. 
 Ex. xix. 1. On the first day of the first month of the next 
 year [b. c. 1490] the tabernacle was completed. Ex. xl. 2, 
 17. On the first day of the second month of the same 
 year [b. c. 1490] the numbering of the people commenced. 
 Num. i. 1-4. And on the twentieth day of the second 
 month of the same year [b. c. 1490] the Israelites marched 
 from Sinai. Num. x. 11. The Israelites were therefore 
 two months marching from Egypt to Sinai ; and the whole 
 encampment at Sinai lasted eleven months and nineteen 
 days, during which the laws, tabernacle, and order of 
 divine service were established, and the people numbered 
 and mustered for the approaching war. 
 
 216. Numbering of the People, and March from, 
 Sinai to JParan or Zin, 1490. — Moses now, at the 
 command of Jehovah, numbered the twelve tribes and 
 marshalled them into a regular camp, each tribe by itself 
 under its own captain or chief, and distinguished by its 
 own peculiar standard ; upon which the cloud left the 
 tabernacle and rested in the wilderness of Paran. Two 
 silver trumpets were also made according to God's direc- 
 tion — one to summon the princes, and the two to call to- 
 gether the camp and to be sounded at the national sacri- 
 fices. After this the whole twelve tribes marched forward 
 through the desert of Zin or Paran in prescribed order, 
 Moses taking with him his brother-in-law, Hobab, to mark 
 out the ground for the several encampments. Num. i. ; 
 ii. ; x. 
 
 217. March to Taberah ; Murmuring s at Fa- 
 tigue. — Three days' journey from Sinai the people 
 complained, and many were destroyed by fire from heav- 
 en, which was only quenched by the prayers of Moses, 
 who called the place "Taberah," "a burning." Num. 
 xi. 1-3. 
 
 218. March to Itibroth-hattaavah ; Murmuring 
 for Flesh ; Quads and Plague sent. — After the Israel- 
 ites had left Taberah they wearied of manna and mur- 
 mured for flesh. A wind from the sea then brought up 
 abundance of quails, which the people rebellious] v brought 
 to the camp; but whilst the flesh was between their teeth 
 a plague from Jehovah carried off tin- ringleaders, and 
 
 1L 
 
122 NUMBERS XL-XIII. b. c. 1490. 
 
 Moses called the place " Kibroth-hattaavah " ("the 
 graves of lust"). Kum. xi. 4-15, 18-23, 31-35. 
 
 219. Council of LXX. appointed. — Moses now found 
 so much difficulty in governing the people that, at God's 
 command, he appointed seventy elders to share the 
 burden. These are supposed to have been the origin of 
 the great national council of the Jews, called afterward 
 the Sanhedrim. (See sect. 138.) Num. xi. 16, 17, 24-30. 
 
 220. Sedition of Aaron and Miriam at Hazeroth. 
 — From Kibroth-hattaavah the Israelites journeyed to 
 Hazeroth, where Aaron and Miriam murmured at Moses 
 because of his marriage with an Ethiopian or Cushite 
 woman, who is supposed by some to have meant Zipporah. 
 The auger of Jehovah was kindled ; he came down in the 
 pillar of cloud and called Aaron and Miriam to the door 
 of the tabernacle, and, having reproached them for their 
 rebellious envy, he struck Miriam with a leprosy. Aaron 
 entreated pardon of Moses, who then besought God to 
 heal his sister, and she was healed after seven days. Num. 
 xii. 
 
 221. Encampment at Kadesh-barnea ; Spies sent 
 to Canaan. — The Israelites had now advanced by short 
 marches through the mountains into the great sand desert 
 of Zin or Paran, as far as Kadesh-barnea. Here Moses 
 sent twelve men to spy out Canaan, who returned after 
 forty days' absence with favorable specimens of the grapes, 
 pomegranates, figs, and other fruits of the Promised Land, 
 but with such fearful accounts of the stature and strong 
 positions of the inhabitants that they terrified a generation 
 whose spirit had been broken by Egyptian slavery. Num. 
 xiii. 
 
 222. Ten Spies destroyed; Forty Years' Wander- 
 ings declared ; Israelites defeated. — Ten spies out of 
 the twelve had thus reported unfavorably of the enemy ; 
 and in spite of the remonstrances of the other two, Caleb 
 and Joshua, a most dangerous insurrection broke out. In 
 vain these two faithful men represented that, with the as- 
 sistance of Jehovah, the conquest would be easy ; the 
 people threatened to stone them, and prepared to return 
 to Egypt. Then followed the awful sentence of God — 
 that all the Hebrews who had been more than twenty 
 years old on the exode from Egypt, except Joshua and 
 
b. c. 1490-1471. NUMBERS XIV.-XVI. 123 
 
 Caleb, should die in the desert and Canaan be conquered 
 by the next generation ; and the ten spies who had incited 
 them to rebel were carried off by a plague. The Israel- 
 ites were now sensible of their folly, and perversely ad- 
 vanced upon the Promised Land ; but being repulsed by 
 the Canaanites and Amalekites on the southern border of 
 Palestine with great slaughter, they turned back, and 
 spent nearly thirty-eight years in wandering about Mount 
 Seir. Num. xiv. 
 
 223. History of TJiirty-eight Years 9 Wandering, 
 1490-1453 ; Rebellion of Korah, Da than, and 
 Abiram, 1471. — The events of this period are but 
 briefly recorded ; some more laws were promulgated (see 
 "Leviticus"), and in b. c. 1471 the rebellion of Korah, 
 Dathan, and Abiram broke out, Korah aspiring to the 
 priesthood, and Dathan and Abiram to the leadership of 
 the people. It appears that Korah was a Levite, and 
 one of the chiefs of the family of Kohath, the second son 
 of Levi, who were especially employed in carrying the 
 ark and Holy of Holies, and therefore the most nearly 
 related to Aaron and next to his family in the sacred 
 character of their functions. Num. iii. 27-31. Korah 
 therefore rebelled, under the pretence that all the congre- 
 gation were as holy as Aaron and his family, and had as 
 much right to the priesthood. On the other hand, Dathan 
 and Abiram were descended from Reuben, the first-born 
 of Jacob, and therefore considered that their birth entitled 
 them to greater pre-eminence in temporal matters than 
 Moses, who was the great-grandson of Levi, the third son 
 of Jacob. Moses now desired Korah and his party of 
 two hundred and fifty men to assemble with censers and 
 see whom the Lord chose to come near him, and then he 
 desired the whole congregation to separate themselves 
 from the tents and families of the three conspirators and 
 their followers. At the command of Jehovah the earth 
 then opened and swallowed up the families, tents, and 
 goods appertaining to the rebels, whilst a fire consumed 
 the two hundred and fifty men who presumed to offer 
 incense, and the censers of the latter were collected and 
 made into broad plates for a covering for the altar. Num. 
 xvi. 1-40. St. Jude compares the doctrines of false 
 teachers to this rebellion. Jude 11. 
 
124 NUMBERS XVL-XX. b. c. 1471-1452. 
 
 224. Congregation Murmur; 14,700 slain by a 
 Plague ; Blossoming of Aaron's Rod, 14=71. — The 
 
 next day the congregation murmured at this destruction 
 of the rebels, and Jehovah sent a plague which carried 
 off 14,700 of the murmurers. At the direction of God, 
 the prince of each tribe then wrote his name on a rod, 
 Aaron writing his name on the rod for the tribe of Levi. 
 The twelve rods were then laid up in the tabernacle for 
 one night, that it might be distinctly seen by all whom 
 it was that the Lord had chosen as high priest. The 
 next morning the rod of Aaron had blossomed, budded, 
 and yielded almonds, and was ever afterward preserved 
 in the ark as a testimony against the rebels. Num. xvi. 
 41-50 ; xvii. 
 
 225. Return to Kadesh ; Water from Meribah ; 
 Moses and Aaron sin, 1453. — In the first month of 
 this year the Israelites again returned to Kadesh, in the 
 wilderness of Zin, where Miriam died and was buried. 
 The congregation murmured for water, and Moses, hav- 
 ing been directed by God to speak to the rock at Meribah, 
 struck it twice with Aaron's rod and brought forth abun- 
 dance of water. Before striking the rock Moses and Aaron 
 said to the congregation, " Hear now, ye rebels ; must we 
 fetch you water out of this rock ?" For this speech, in 
 which they did not give the honor of the miracle to God, 
 and for striking the rock instead of speaking to it, Jehovah 
 punished them by refusing them the privilege of leading 
 the Israelites into Canaan. Num. xx. 1-13. 
 
 II. Conquest of the Country east of the Jordan. 
 
 226. Israelites refused a Passage through Edom ; 
 Aaron dies at Hor, 1452. — The Israelites had been 
 forbidden to molest either the Moabites or Edomites ; 
 accordingly, Moses sent messengers from Kadesh to en- 
 treat the Edomites to grant the Hebrews a free passage 
 through their country to Southern Canaan. The descend- 
 ants of Esau refused this request, and the children of Is- 
 rael were accordingly compelled to take a circuitous route 
 round the frontiers of Edom. From Kadesh the Hebrews 
 marched to Mount Hor, in Moab, where it was intimated 
 by Jehovah that Aaron should be gathered unto his peo- 
 
B.C. 1452. NUMBERS XX., XXI. 125 
 
 pie. Accordingly, Moses and Aaron and Aaron's son, 
 Eleazar, ascended the mount, and, Moses having stripped 
 the sacerdotal garments from Aaron and put them upon 
 Eleazar, the old high priest died on the summit of the 
 mount, and all Israel mourned for him thirty days. 
 Num. xx. 14-21, 29. 
 
 227. Defeat of the Canaanites at Uormah. — The 
 Israelites now attacked Arad, king of a Canaanite na- 
 tion on the southern border of Palestine, who with the 
 Amalekites had defeated them after the return of 
 the twelve spies (sect. 222). On this occasion Israel 
 utterly destroyed the Canaanite cities, and the place 
 was called Hormah (" utter destruction)." Num. xxi. 
 1-3. 
 
 228. March from Hor to the Arnon ; Fiery Ser- 
 pents, — The Israelites, having passed along the frontier 
 of Edom, crossed the river Zared, and proceeded north- 
 erly through the Moabite territory to the river Arnon. 
 On their way they again murmured at their fatigues and 
 deprivations, and a plague of fiery serpents destroyed sev- 
 eral ; but at length they confessed their sin, and Moses, 
 having interceded for them, was ordered to set up a 
 brazen serpent, which healed all who looked upon it. 
 Num. xxi. 4-9. These fiery serpents might have re- 
 minded the Israelites of the old serpent who brought sin 
 into the world, whilst the brazen serpent was the type of 
 the Messiah : " And as Moses lifted up the serpent in the 
 wilderness, even so must the Son of man be lifted up." 
 John iii. 14. This serpent was preserved to the time of 
 Hezekiah, who broke it in pieces because the Israelites 
 burnt incense before it. 2 Kings xviii. 4. 
 
 229. Defeat of SUion and Og, 1452. — Upon reach- 
 ing the river Arnon, Moses requested a free passage from 
 Si lion, king of the Amorites, who refused and marched 
 against the Israelites, but was utterly defeated. Og, king 
 of Bashan, the last of the giants,* whose iron bedstead 
 was nine cubits [16 feet 4 inches] long and four cubits 
 [7 feet 3 inches] broad, followed the example of Silion, 
 
 * One of the old race of Rephaim, who abode here in the time of 
 Abraham, and were .subjected by the Assyrian forces under Chedor- 
 laoiner. 
 
126 NUMBERS XXL-XXIV. b. c. 1452. 
 
 and was also completely routed at Edrei. By these two 
 victories the whole country east of the Jordan — from the 
 river Arnon, which falls into the Dead Sea, to Mount 
 Hermon, at the foot of the chain of Anti-Lebanon — 
 fell into the hands of the Hebrews. Num. xxi. 10-35. 
 
 230. Halak fails to persuade Balaam to curse Is- 
 rael. — The Moabites and Ammonites saw the defeat of 
 their old enemies the Amorites with pleasure, but, being 
 ignorant that the Israelites were forbidden to attack them- 
 selves, they regarded their new and powerful neighbors 
 with suspicious dread. Balak, king of Moab, allied with 
 some Midianites, a nomad race descended from Abraham 
 and Keturah, who were then pasturing in the Amorite 
 territory ; and the elders of Midian and Moab went to 
 Balaam, the son of Beor, an Edomite prophet living at 
 Pethor, in Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates, to endeavor 
 to persuade him by rewards to curse the Hebrews in the 
 name of the Lord. But " God said to Balaam, Thou 
 shalt not go with them ; thou shalt not curse the people, 
 for they are blessed ;" upon which, Balaam dismissed the 
 messengers. The next morning more honorable princes 
 were sent to Balaam with more pressing entreaties for 
 his presence ; upon which, God permitted him to go, but 
 "what I shall say unto thee, that shalt thou do." Ba- 
 laam proceeded before the appointed time, when the 
 angel of the Lord stood in the way and stopped his ass, 
 who then miraculously spoke and rebuked his master; 
 and the angel said to Balaam, " Only the word that I 
 shall speak unto thee, that thou shalt speak." Upon 
 arriving before Balak and offering up sacrifies, Balaam, 
 instead of cursing, blessed the Israelites, and said, " There 
 shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise 
 out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and 
 destroy all the children of Sheth." Num. xxii. ; xxiii. ; 
 xxiv. 
 
 231. Israelites commit Idolatry ; Zimri and Cozbi 
 slain by Phinehas. — Subsequently, by the counsel of 
 Balaam, the women of Moab and Midian tempted the 
 Hebrews to fornication and the worship of Baal-peor. 
 God ordered Moses to punish the offenders with death ; 
 a plague destroyed 24,000, but the evil seemed to in- 
 
b. c. 1451. NUMBERS XXV., XXVI. 127 
 
 crease. Zimri, an Israelite, and the prince of a chief 
 house among the Simeonites, had the audacity to bring 
 a Midianitish woman of noble family, named Cozbi, into 
 the camp before the whole congregation. Phinehas, the 
 son of Eleazar the high priest, transfixed the guilty pair 
 with a javelin, and his holy zeal pleased Jehovah and 
 the plague ceased. God rewarded Phinehas by promis- 
 ing to him and 'his seed "the covenant of an everlasting 
 priesthood ;" which, however, must not be understood lit- 
 erally, for after a few successions the priesthood fell for a 
 time into the hands of Eli, of the family of Ithamar, the 
 youngest son of Aaron, b. c. 1181-1141. But in Solo- 
 mon's reign it again reverted to the family of Phinehas, 
 in which it continued as long as the priesthood lasted. 
 Num. xxv. 
 
 232. Mldlanites defeated ; Balaam slain, — The 
 Lord now commanded the Israelites to avenge them- 
 selves on the Midianites. Every tribe accordingly sent 
 in a thousand men, and the whole 12,000 marched 
 against the enemy, under the command of Phinehas, 
 and utterly routed them with great slaughter, but in- 
 censed Moses by saving the women alive, and he imme- 
 diately ordered all the male children and female adults 
 amongst the captives to be slain. Balaam, the son of 
 Beor, was amongst the dead on the field of battle.* Num. 
 xxxi. 
 
 233. Second Mastering, 1451. — The Jordan alone 
 now separated the Hebrews from Canaan, and the new 
 generation of soldiers, of twenty years old and upward, 
 were mustered and reviewed by Moses and Eleazar in the 
 plains of Moab previous to the conquering of the country. 
 The punishment declared by God was now found to be 
 completed ; for none of the old generation that were re- 
 viewed at Sinai were found amongst the present muster- 
 ing, save Joshua and Caleb. Num. xxvi. 
 
 * The conduct of this unprincipled prophet is alluded to by St. Jude, 
 \cr. 1 I, who accuses false teachers of 1 * running greedily after the error 
 of Balsam for reteard" — i.e. corrupting Christ's doctrine for lucre's sake. 
 St. Peter in his Second Epistle (ii. 15) saya the same, but culls Balaam 
 "the una of Bosor." Bosor may be the Chaldaio spelling of Beor, or a 
 Second name, or it may be for Pethor, by changing, as is common in 
 Syriac, i> to b and th to *; hence Beaor, Honor. 
 
128 NUMBERS XXVII.-XXXV. b. c. 1451. 
 
 234. Census of B. C. 1491 and that of B. C. 1451 
 compared. — 
 
 At the first census taken of the various tribes 
 at Sinai, the number of males above twenty 
 years of age was found to be 625,850 
 
 Whilst, according to the census of B. c. 1451, 
 after about forty years' wanderings in the wil- 
 derness and the first generation had died, the 
 number of males above twenty years old was 625,030 
 Net decrease in about forty years . . 820 
 
 The Levites are included in both enumerations. 
 The whole population of the Israelites, including women 
 and children, must have been at the exode from Egypt 
 about 2,000,000 a wonderful increase from the seventy- 
 five persons of Jacob's family w r ho migrated to Egypt in 
 the time of Joseph, b. c. 1706. (See sect 70.) 
 
 235. Beuben, Gad, and half Manasseh' s Territory 
 east of the Jordan. — Moses was informed by God of his 
 approaching death, and appointed Joshua as his successor. 
 He gave to Reuben, Gad, and half Manasseh the country 
 east of the Jordan, but ordered them to assist the other 
 tribes previous to settling. Num. xxvii. 12-23 ; xxxii. 
 
 236. Six Cities of Mefuge; Conclusion of Num- 
 bers. — Moses appointed forty-eight cities to the Levites 
 (see sect. 164), six of which were to be cities of refuge. 
 These were easy of access to those who had accidentally 
 committed murder, all cross-roads having a finger-post 
 bearing the word " Refuge " to direct the fugitive. There 
 were three on each side of the Jordan — viz. East : Bezer, 
 Golan, Ramoth-gilead ; West : Kedesh, Hebron, and 
 Shechem. Josh. xx. The history of Numbers concludes 
 with a description of the territory to be subdued, a repe- 
 tition of the injunctions to expel the inhabitants, and a 
 list of the forty-two encampments of the Israelites in the 
 wilderness. Num. xxxiii. ; xxxv. 
 
 237. Book of the Wars of the Lord. — In Num. xxi. 
 14 an allusion is made to this book, upon which there are 
 many opinions. Some think it refers to either of the 
 books of Numbers, Joshua, or Judges ; others, to an au- 
 thentic history of the conquests east of Jordan by the 
 Amorites themselves ; whilst Dr. Lightfoot thinks it was 
 
B. c. 1451. NUMBERS. 129 
 
 a book written by Moses, containing directions to Joshua 
 for conquering Palestine. (See Ex. xvii. 14.) 
 
 238. Typical and Prophetical Intimations of the 
 Messiah in Numbers. — There are two types of the 
 Messiah in this book. I. The water that issued from 
 the rock : " For they drank of that spiritual Eock that 
 followed them ; and that Rock was Christ." 1 Cor. x. 4. 
 II. The brazen serpent : " And as Moses lifted up the 
 serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of man 
 be lifted up." John iii. 14. There is but one predic- 
 tion concerning the Messiah, which is placed in the mouth 
 of Balaam : " I shall see him, but not now : I shall behold 
 him, but not nigh : there shall come a Star out of Jacob, 
 and a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the 
 corners of Moab, and destroy all the children of Sheth. 
 . . . Out of Jacob shall come He that shall have do- 
 minion." Num. xxiv. 17, 19. 
 
 Names, and Meanings of the Names, of the principal Persons men- 
 tioned in Exodus and Numbers. 
 
 Moses (saved from the water). 
 
 Pharaoh (spreading abroad vengeance), king of Egypt. 
 
 Miriam (exalted), sister of Moses. 
 
 Aaron, (a teacher, a hill), high priest and brother of Moses. 
 
 THE FOUR SONS OF AARON. 
 
 Nadab (liberal vowing). Eleazar (the aid of God) 
 
 Abihu (he is father). Ithamar (woe to the hand). 
 
 Korah (baldness), 
 Dathan (laws) 
 
 
 the three rebellious leaders in the wilder- 
 
 ness. 
 
 Abiram (decei 
 
 Joshua (saviour), ") .-. , * .,, r , 
 
 r < i i / , n i j . N > the two laithlul spies. 
 
 Caleb (a dog, crow, basket), j l 
 
 Balak (who lays waste), king of Moab. 
 
 Balaam (ancient of the people) an Edomite prophet. 
 
130 DEUTERONOMY. b. c. 1451. 
 
 DEUTERONOMY. 
 
 (Aevrspoc vofiog, "the second law" — a repetition of the law.) 
 
 REPETITION AND CONFIRMATION OP THE LAW. B. C. 1451 -ABOUT TWO MONTHS. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 The last Acts of Hoses. 
 
 Repetition and confirmation of the Law. — Death of Moses, 1451. 
 — Review of the life and character of Moses. — His mission. — Proph- 
 ecies in Deuteronomy. — Authenticity of the last chapter of 
 Deuteronomy page 130. 
 
 $ Canaan prior to its Conquest by the Israelites. 
 
 Canaan. — Boundaries and bordering nations. — Description of the 
 country. — Early inhabitants — viz. 1st. Canaanites of Arabia, or 
 Amalekites ; 2d. Canaanites of Sidon and its neighborhood, or 
 Phoenicians; 3d. Canaanites who occupied Palestine. — The Philis- 
 tines. — Palestine the highway between Egypt and the Asiatic 
 empires page 133. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 The last Acts of Hoses. 
 
 239. Repetition and Confirmation of the Lata ; 
 
 Death of Moses, 1451. — Moses now felt that his end 
 was approaching, and his last act was to deliver to the 
 magistrates a farewell address, which composes his fifth 
 book, or Deuteronomy. In this he earnestly exhorted the 
 people to obedience by alluding to the kindness, severity, 
 and providence of God. He exhibited the sanctions of 
 the law and repeated the most important statutes, and, as 
 circumstances had changed, he made several additions 
 and alterations to the code ; and the laws were ordered to 
 be subsequently engraved on stone pillars and solemnly 
 erected at Shechem, on Mount Ebal. Deut. xxvii. ; Josh. 
 
b. c. 1451. DEUTERONOMY. 131 
 
 viii. 32-35. Moses then minutely developed the condi- 
 tions upon which Jehovah would govern his people, and 
 how their destinies would depend upon their faithful ad- 
 herence to the God of their fathers. He commissioned 
 Joshua to be the military leader after his death, and de- 
 livered the book of the law to the priests, to be kept in 
 the ark and publicly read at the feast of tabernacles 
 every sabbatical year ; and he left a song which was to 
 be " taught to all Israel," in which he vividly represented 
 the perverseness of the Hebrews, their future disobedience 
 and punishment, repentance, and pardon. Finally, the 
 venerable old lawgiver, " when his eye was not dim nor 
 his natural force abated," ascended the height of Pisgah 
 and viewed the land of promise ; and then, when borne 
 down by the weight of one hundred and twenty years, his 
 bones were laid in a mysterious and unknown grave. Deut. 
 i. ; xxxiv. " And the Lord buried him in a valley in the 
 land of Moab over against Beth-peor : but no man know- 
 eth of his sepulchre unto this day." And the children 
 of Israel mourned for him thirty days. 
 
 240. JZevieiv of the Life and Character of Moses. 
 — The life of the great legislator and deliverer of the 
 Hebrews is divided into three distinct but equal periods 
 of forty years each : first, when he was a student in the 
 Egyptian court ; second, a shepherd in Midian ; and third, 
 the leader and lawgiver of the Israelites during their no- 
 mad state. He was born b. c. 1571, of Amram and Jo- 
 chebed, of the tribe of Levi, and when an infant was 
 exposed on the banks of the Nile, but rescued by the 
 daughter of Pharaoh ; and during the first period of forty 
 years he became " learned in all the wisdom of Egypt, 
 and was mighty in words and deeds." Acts vii. 22. In- 
 b. c. 1531, being forty years old, he slew an Egyptian 
 and fled to Midian, where he led a shepherd's life for 
 another forty years, and married Zipporah, daughter of 
 Jcthro, by whom he had two sons, Gershom and Eliezer. 
 In b. c. 1491, being eighty years old, he was called by 
 the angel of the Lord from a burning bush to deliver the 
 chosen people of God. The aged shepherd now stood 
 before Pharaoh, and, inspired and assisted by Jehovah, 
 he achieved the deliverance of his brethren from their 
 tyrannical oppressors, and led them through the waves of 
 
132 DEUTERONOMY. b. c. 1451. 
 
 the sea and the dangers of the wilderness to the land 
 promised by the God of their fathers. The history of 
 this period, his abode in the mount and breaking of the 
 first tables of stone, the erection of the tabernacle and 
 consecration of the priests and Levites, are too fully de- 
 tailed in the preceding pages to require repetition. 
 
 His Mission. — The part assigned to Moses was that 
 of a deliverer, a leader, a legislator, and a prophet. As 
 a deliverer, he was commissioned to emancipate a people 
 oppressed by centuries of Egyptian slavery, and thus to 
 typify that glorious Messiah who should deliver the world 
 from the darkness of sin and the bondage of Satan. As 
 a leader, he was appointed to guide the Hebrews through 
 the wilderness into the land of promise, and thus to rep- 
 resent those faithful ministers of God who in the latter 
 times have preserved the Church against the dangers of 
 the world and temptations of the devil. And, lastly, it 
 was destined for him, as a legislator and a prophet, to 
 promulgate to the seed of Abraham a mysterious and 
 prophetic code of laws and ordinances which should puri- 
 fy their hearts from sin and idolatry, elevate their intellec- 
 tual character, and prefigure that wondrous gospel scheme 
 which could alone save man from paying the just penalty 
 of his disobedience and fall. 
 
 241. Prophecies hi Deuteronomy. — The following 
 remarkable prophecy relative to the Messiah was fulfilled 
 1500 years after it had been delivered. The Lord said, 
 " I will raise them up a prophet from among their breth- 
 ren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth ; 
 and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command 
 him." Deut. xviii. 15-19. This is expressly applied to 
 Jesus Christ in Acts hi. 22, 23, and vii. 37. Moses also 
 plainly predicted the corruptions of the Hebrews, their 
 subsequent calamities under their judges and kings, and 
 the horrors of the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Koman do- 
 minion. 
 
 242. AutJienticify of the last Chapter of Deuter- 
 onomy. — There are several passages in the Pentateuch, 
 particularly some posthumous allusions, which many sup- 
 pose to have been inserted by a more modern hand than 
 Moses. Ezra is also thought to have added certain ex- 
 planatory matter. The last chapter of Deuteronomy, 
 
B. c. 1451. DEUTERONOMY. 133 
 
 describing the death of Moses, must have been written 
 by Joshua or Samuel, or some other later prophet, but 
 Ezra admits it as authentic. 
 
 § Canaan prior to its Conquest by the Israelites. 
 
 243. Canaan. — Before entering upon the conquest of 
 Canaan, it will be necessary to describe the country and 
 bring together the scattered notices of its early history. 
 
 244. Boundaries. — The natural boundaries* of Pal- 
 estine Proper, or Canaan, as subsequently occupied by 
 the twelve tribes, were as follows : North, the highlands 
 of Syria, terminating in Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon, occu- 
 pied by the Syrians, who were divided into numerous small 
 states or cantons, and the Phoenicians. East, the desert 
 of Syria, inhabited by the Ammonites, Moabites, A morites,^ 
 and Midianites. South, Arabia Petrsea, peopled by the 
 Edomites and Amalekites, who seem to have divided Pales- 
 tine from Egypt. West, the Mediterranean Sea. % 
 
 245. Description of t/ie Country. — The extreme 
 length of Palestine is about one hundred and eighty 
 miles ; its width in the north scarcely exceeds twenty 
 miles, whilst on the south it has been variously estimated 
 at from forty-five to sixty miles. Two sets of highlands 
 range north and south, between which is the valley of 
 the river Jordan, a very remarkable depression. The 
 principal mountains in the western highlands are Carmel, 
 Tabor, Gilboa, and Ebal or Gerizim ; those on the east 
 of Jordan are Hermon and Gilead.§ The river Jordan 
 seems like the natural centre of the country. It flows 
 from the low grounds of Mount Hermon — the lofty peak 
 which terminates Anti-Lebanon on the south — reaches 
 
 * The political boundaries of the Jewish territory varied consider- 
 ably at different periods. The kingdoms of David and Solomon ex- 
 tended from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean, and from Phoenicia 
 to the Red Sea; but the divided monarchies of Judah and Israel were 
 usable to maintain the rule over this enlarged dominion. 
 
 f Prior to the Hebrew conquest, the Amorites had extended into the 
 interior of Canaan westward toward the Mediterranean. 
 
 J For a description of these bordering nations, see the ''Introductory 
 Outline of the History and (Jeography of the Countries noticed in the 
 Old Testament." 
 
 $ Mount Nebo, from which Moses viewed the land of promise, has 
 not yet been satisfactorily identified. 
 
 12 
 
134 DEUTERONOMY. b. c. 1451. 
 
 first the waters of Merom and then the Sea of Chinne- 
 roth, called also the Sea of Gennesareth, from whence it 
 precipitates itself down a succession of rapids into the 
 Dead Sea, the waters of which are calculated to be more 
 than 1300 feet below the level of the Mediterranean. 
 From both sides of the western highlands several streams 
 run into the Mediterranean and into the Jordan, but are 
 nowhere navigable or of any magnitude. The most im- 
 portant of these is the river Kishon, which falls into the 
 sea north of Carmel. On its eastern side the Jordan 
 receives the river Yarmuk just below the Sea of Gen- 
 nesareth, and the river Jabbok north of Mount Gilead ; 
 whilst still farther southward the river Arnon falls into 
 the Dead Sea. 
 
 246. Early Inhabitants, — The descendants of Ca- 
 naan, youngest son of Ham, appear to have originally 
 settled in Arabia, but a branch of them seems to have 
 migrated to Canaan some time before the arrival of Abra- 
 ham. The Canaanites were thus divided into three dis- 
 tinct classes — viz. 
 
 247. 1st, Canaanites of Arabia — AmaleJcites, — 
 These comprehended those Canaanites who remained in 
 Arabia and formed a numerous people, and of whom in 
 the seventh century there were distinguished families still 
 in existence. They are called AmaleJcites in the Scrip- 
 tures, but could not be descendants of Amalek, grandson 
 of Esau, as they are mentioned as having long before his 
 time inhabited the southern boundaries of Canaan, and 
 Balaam calls them one of the most ancient nations and 
 their king the most powerful monarch that he knew. 
 Num. xxiv. 20. They subsequently led a nomad life on 
 the southern borders of Palestine. 
 
 248. 2d, Canaanites of Sidon — Phoenicians, — These 
 Canaanites took possession of the northern coasts of Ca- 
 naan, together with a strip of land between Lebanon and 
 the Mediterranean. They subsequently became the great 
 merchants and navigators of the ancient world, and ap- 
 pear to have continued on terms of friendship with the 
 Israelites.* 
 
 * Herodotus also says that, the Phoenicians originally migrated from 
 the coasts of the Erythraean or Red Sea. (i. 1.) 
 
 
B. c. 1451. DEUTERONOMY. 135 
 
 249. 3d. Canaanites who occupied Palestine. — 
 
 These seem to have been divided into several races, and 
 to have established at least thirty-one small kingdoms, 
 which were, however, united in more than one confed- 
 eracy by conquest or alliance. Between the period of 
 Abraham and that of Moses they appear to have greatly 
 degenerated, for we read of no successor to Melchizedek 
 as priest of the most high God. (See sects. 25, 261.) 
 
 250. Philistines. — These were not Canaanites, but 
 originally Egyptians from the Pelusiac branch of the 
 Nile. They migrated from Caphtor [Cyprus], and ex- 
 pelled the Avim, or Hivites, from the low country in 
 Southern Palestine, and there established five govern- 
 ments, or lordships, in five cities. 
 
 251. Palestine the Highway between Egypt and 
 the Asiatic Empires. — A remarkable peculiarity of 
 Palestine consisted in its being the highway for armies 
 between Egypt and all the great countries of Western 
 Asia. In the time of Jacob we find his sons selling 
 Joseph to a caravan of Ishmaelite merchants who were 
 passing through the country on their way to Egypt, and 
 in the time of Josiah the army of Pharaoh-Necho was 
 obliged to march through Palestine on the way to the 
 Euphrates. 
 
136 JOSHUA I. b. c. 1451. 
 
 THE TWELVE 
 
 HISTORICAL BOOKS. 
 
 [THESE CONSIST OF JOSHUA, JUDGES, RUTH, 1 AND 2 SAMUEL, 1 
 AND 2 KINGS, 1 AND 2 CHRONICLES, EZRA, NEHEMIAH, AND 
 ESTHER— See Introduction.] 
 
 JOSHUA. 
 
 (The Acts of Joshua, supposed to be partly written by Joshua.) 
 
 HISTORY OP THE CONQUEST OP CANAAN AND SETTLEMENT IN THE COUNTRY 
 UNDER JOSHUA. B. C. 1451 TO 1426.— ABOUT 25 YEARS. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 I. Conquest of Canaan. 
 Previous life of Joshua, 1536-1451. — Sends spies to Jericho, 
 1451. — Crosses the Jordan. — Circumcision re-established. — Manna 
 ceases. — Jericho taken. — Ai taken ; Achan's sin. — Gibeonites craft- 
 ily persuade Joshua to an alliance. — Defeat of Adonizedek and his 
 four allied kings ; sun and moon stand still. — Defeat of the north- 
 ern kings; Anakims destroyed. — Seven years' war; thirty-one 
 kings subdued page 136 
 
 II. Settlement in Canaan. 
 Tabernacle set up in Shiloh, 1444. — Division of the country 
 amongst the twelve tribes. — Districts given to Caleb and Joshua. 
 — Tribes east of the Jordan sent home ; misunderstanding with 
 their brethren. — Death of Joshua, 1426 ; burial of Joseph's bones ; 
 death of Eleazar. — Election of princes or elders. — Account of the 
 " Book of Jasher." page 141 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. Conquest of Canaan. 
 
 252. Previous Life of Joshua, 1536-1451. — 
 
 Joshua,* the son of Nun, of the tribe of Ephraim, was 
 
 * Joshua's first name was Hosea, or Oshea, but Moses changed it to 
 Jehoshua, or Joshua. Num. xiii. 16. Hosea signifies " a savior," or 
 
b. c. 1451. JOSHUA T.-III. 137 
 
 born about b. c. 1536 ; he is commonly called the ser- 
 vant of Moses. His first exploit was defeating the Amal- 
 ekites (sect. 105) ; he is soon afterward mentioned as hav- 
 ing accompanied Moses up Mount Sinai (sect. 109) ; and 
 he also seems to have had the care of the tabernacle, and 
 to have dwelt in or near it. Ex. xxxiii. 11. He was sub- 
 sequently sent with Caleb and ten others to spy out Ca- 
 naan, and for their pious expression of confidence in 
 Jehovah he and Caleb only of that generation were 
 permitted to enter the Promised Land. After the death 
 of Moses he took command of the Israelites, having been 
 previously installed into it by the dying legislator at the 
 command of Jehovah. Josh. i. 
 
 253. Sends Spies to Jerielio, 14:51. — Joshua now 
 made immediate preparations for the conquest of Ca- 
 naan. He led the Israelites to Shittim, on the eastern 
 bank of the Jordan, from whence he sent two spies to 
 Jericho to view the land. The king of Jericho heard 
 of their coming, but Rahab, the harlot, hid them in her 
 house under some flax-stalks, and at night let them down 
 from her window by a rope, for her house was upon the 
 town-wall. In return for this favor, the spies promised 
 that if she would hang a scarlet line from her window 
 when they took the city she and her household should 
 be preserved. Josh. ii. 
 
 254. Crosses the Jordan. — On the return of the spies, 
 Joshua and all the Israelites approached the Jordan, 
 whilst the ark was borne by the priests 2000 cubits 
 [1216 yards] in advance; and when the feet of the ark- 
 bearers touched the water the Jordan rose up on a heap, 
 so that the Israelites passed over on dry ground, and en- 
 camped at Gilgal, opposite Jericho. The priests re- 
 mained with the ark in the centre of the river until all 
 the people had passed over ; after which twelve men, 
 one from every tribe, took each a stone from the place 
 where the priests stood, and the twelve stones were after- 
 ward pitched at Gilgal as a memorial of the miracle. 
 The priests then passed over, and the waters immedi- 
 ately flowed on as before. This occurred within five 
 
 " he will save," but Jkhosiiiia signifies " the salvation of God," or " God 
 will save." He is also called JESUS in St. Luke and Eeclesiasticus, 
 which has a similar meaning to "Jehoshua." 
 
 12* 
 
138 JOSHUA IV.-VI. b. c. 1451. 
 
 days of the forty years which had expired since they 
 came out from Egypt. Josh. iii. ; iv. 
 
 255. Circumcision re-established; Manna ceases, 
 — At Gilgal, Joshua was ordered to circumcise all the 
 Israelites, which rite had been neglected during the 
 whole forty years' wanderings. The passover was now 
 kept, and, the forty years being completed, the manna 
 ceased to fall. It was about this time that an angel ap- 
 peared to Joshua with a drawn sword in his hand, an- 
 nounced himself as the captain of the host of the Lord, 
 and said to him the same words that Moses had heard 
 from the burning bush at Horeb : " Loose thy shoe from 
 off thy foot, for the place whereon thou standest is holy." 
 And Joshua fell on his face and worshipped. Josh. v. 
 
 256. Jericho taken, 1451. — Joshua now proceeded 
 to besiege Jericho, which lay about six miles from the 
 Jordan, and about twenty miles north-east from Jerusa- 
 lem. Having encompassed the city, it was at length 
 taken by a miracle. At God's command, the whole of 
 the people marched in solemn silence round the walls 
 once a day for six days, accompanied by the ark and 
 seven priests sounding seven trumpets of rams' horns. 
 On the seventh clay they marched round seven times in 
 the same manner, but the seventh time the whole of 
 the people suddenly shouted at the command of Joshua, 
 w T hen the walls fell flat down before the tremendous ac- 
 clamations, and the multitude marched immediately into 
 the city. Jericho was then taken and utterly destroyed, 
 and all its inhabitants, except Rahab and her family 
 (sect. 253), were put to the sword. Deut. vii. 2. The 
 city itself was burnt with fire, and Joshua adjured the 
 people, saying, " Cursed be the man before the Lord that 
 riseth up and buildeth this city Jericho : he shall lay the 
 foundation thereof in his first-born, and in his youngest 
 son shall he set up the gates of it." Josh. vi. This proph- 
 ecy was fulfilled in the reign of Ahab, king of Israel, about 
 B. c. 925. Hiel the Bethelite rebuilt Jericho, and his 
 first-born, Abiram, died whilst he was laying the foun- 
 dation, and Segub, the youngest, died whilst his father 
 was setting up the gates. 1 Kings xvi. 34. 
 
 257. Ai taken; Achan's Sin. — Joshua now despatched 
 spies to Ai, which lay about ten or twelve miles from Jer- 
 
b. c. 1451. JOSHUA VIL-IX. 139 
 
 icho, and, finding that the city was small, he sent only 
 3000 men against it, and these were defeated and thirty- 
 six of them slain. Joshua prayed to God, and by casting 
 lots he discovered that Achan, an Israelite of the tribe of 
 Judah, had sinned against Jehovah ; and Achan then con- 
 fessed that he had hidden in his tent a Babylonian gar- 
 ment, with two hundred silver shekels [91 oz. = £22 15s. 
 4c/.] and a wedge of gold weighing fifty shekels [22f oz. 
 = £91 Is. 5d], which he had taken from the spoils of 
 Jericho. He and his family were stoned to death, and 
 afterward burned in the valley of Achor — i. e. " trouble.' 
 Joshua afterward prepared to take Ai. He posted 5000 
 men in ambush west of the city, between Ai and Bethel, 
 and then advanced with a larger force against the northern 
 side. The king and citizens sallied out against Joshua, 
 who, counterfeiting a flight, drew the enemy farther from 
 the city, when the 5000 men in ambush entered Ai and 
 fired it. Joshua then turned back upon the men of Ai 
 and utterly defeated them ; 12,000 were slain, the king 
 was hung, and the city burnt and made a heap of desola- 
 tion, but the cattle and spoils the Israelites were permit- 
 ted to divide amongst themselves. Josh. vii. ; viii. 
 
 258. Gibeonites craftily persuade Joshua to an 
 Alliance. — The Gibeonites, whose city lay only about 
 eight miles south-west of Ai, were now alarmed at the 
 reports of Joshua's successes. Accordingly, knowing that 
 the Israelites would not ally with the inhabitants of Ca- 
 naan, they sent ambassadors disguised as men who had 
 travelled from a far country. These envoys assured 
 Joshua that they came from a distant people, who, hav- 
 ing heard what wonders God had wrought for the He- 
 brews, desired the friendship and alliance of so favored a 
 nation ; and for the truth of this statement they appealed 
 to their dry and mouldy bread, to the rent skins which 
 contained their wine, and to their worn-out clothes and 
 sandals, all of which they vowed to have been new when 
 they commenced their journey. Accordingly, Joshua 
 and the princes of the congregation — i. e. the national 
 assembly (see sect. 134) — leagued with the Gibeonites 
 " to let them live," without asking counsel " at the mouth 
 of the Lord." Three days afterward the Israelites came 
 to their four cities, Gibeoii, Chephirah, Beeroth, and Kir- 
 
140 JOSHUA X. b.c. 1451. 
 
 jath-jearim, and discovered the falsehood. The Israelites 
 now murmured, but their princes would not break their 
 word, and Joshua reduced the Gibeonites to bondage and 
 made them hewers of wood and drawers of water to the 
 tabernacle. (See " Nethinim," sect. 165.) Josh. ix. 
 
 259. Defeat of Adonizedek and his four allied 
 Kings; Sun stands still. — The princes of the numer- 
 ous small states of different races who occupied Southern 
 Palestine now saw the necessity for energetic measures. 
 Adonizedek, king of Jerusalem, having heard of Joshua's 
 victories and league with the Gibeonites, sought to dissolve 
 this powerful alliance, and accordingly sent to four auxil- 
 iary or vassal kings — viz. Hoham, king of Hebron, Piram, 
 king of Jarmuth, Japhia, king of Lachish, and Debir, 
 king of Eglon, to assist him in attacking Gibeon. The 
 Gibeonites sent to Joshua, who immediately marched with 
 his victorious Hebrews to their assistance. The army of 
 the five kings was routed with a great slaughter ; a hail- 
 storm from heaven cut off more of the enemy than fell 
 by the sword, and the day was prolonged — or, in the 
 words of the inspired historian, " the sun and moon mi- 
 raculously stood still" — for twelve or fourteen hours, to 
 enable the Israelites to prolong the pursuit. The five 
 kings fled to the cave at Makkedah, where they were 
 taken prisoners and slain and hung upon five trees, and 
 their cities and territories were soon afterward taken and 
 desolated. This brilliant victory was followed by the re- 
 duction of Libnah, Lachish, Eglon, Debir, and Hebron 
 in rapid succession, together with the Anakims in the 
 neighborhood ; and thus was completed the conquest of 
 nearly all Southern Palestine. Josh, x.* 
 
 260. Defeat of the Northern Kings. — The northern 
 kings were now aroused by the successes of these terrible 
 and mysterious invaders. Jabin, king of Hazor, organ- 
 ized a powerful league amongst the surrounding princes, 
 and assembled an immense host, provided with chariots 
 and cavalry, by the Waters of Merom, north of the Sea 
 of Chinneroth or Galilee. But Joshua penetrated to 
 Upper Galilee by rapid marches, and, falling upon the 
 
 * The writer of the book of Joshua quotes the Book of Jasher in 
 confirmation of the miracle of the sun's standing still. (See sect. 269.) 
 
b. c. 1451-1445. JOSHUA XI., XII. 141 
 
 combined forces by surprise, he routed them with immense 
 slaughter and burnt their chariots and hamstrung their 
 horses. The reduction of their cities quickly followed, 
 and thus the Israelites became the predominant power in 
 Northern and Southern Palestine. Josh. xi. 
 
 261. Seven Years' War; Thirty-one Kings sub- 
 dued, 1451-1445. — For seven years Joshua pro- 
 ceeded with his conquests, during which he subdued 
 thirty-one kings belonging to seven nations — viz. Am- 
 orites, Canaanites, Girgashites, Hittites, Hivites, Jebusites, 
 and Perizzites. A list of the thirty-one kings may be 
 found in Josh. xii. 9-24. A desultory war had yet to be 
 carried on with some scattered cities and tracts still occu- 
 pied by the Canaanites, Jebusites, Philistines, Sidonians, 
 Geshurites, Maachathites, and others, but the country was 
 soon divided by lot amongst the several tribes, and each 
 was left to expel its own enemies. Josh. xii. 
 
 II. Settlement in Canaan. 
 
 262. Tabernacle set uj> in Shiloh, 1444. — The tab- 
 ernacle was now removed from Gilgal, and the whole con- 
 gregation of Israel assembled at Shiloh, a city of Ephraim, 
 to which tribe Joshua belonged, and fixed it there as a 
 sign of rest. Josh, xviii. 1 . The tabernacle remained at 
 Shiloh for three hundred and fifty years, when it was 
 taken by the Philistines in the time of Eli. 1 Sam. iv. 10, 
 11. God had previously commanded this setting up of 
 the tabernacle : " When ye go over Jordan, and dwell in 
 the land, . . . then there shall be a place which the 
 Lord your God shall choose to cause his name to dwell 
 there ; thither shall ye bring all that I command you ; 
 your burnt-offerings, and your sacrifices, your tithes, and 
 the heave-offering of your hand, and all your choice vows 
 which ye vow unto the Lord." Deut. xii. 10, 11. Jere- 
 miah afterward in prophesying against Judah, after Israel 
 had been desolated by the Assyrians, says, " Then will I 
 make this house [the temple] like Shiloh, and will make 
 this city [Jerusalem] a curse to all the nations of the 
 earth." Jer. vii. 14 ; xxvi. 6. 
 
 263. Division of the Country amongst the Twelve 
 Tribes. — Joshua now divided the newly-conquered terri- 
 
142 JOSHUA XII.-XXI. b. c. 1444. 
 
 tory, by lot, into twelve parts ; for, though the descendants 
 of Joseph were divided into the two tribes of Ephraim 
 and Manasseh, yet no territory was assigned to Levi ; the 
 tithes alone were their inheritance, and forty-eight cities 
 taken by lot from the districts of their brethren were ap- 
 pointed for their abode. The twelve tribes occupied the 
 following portions of territory — viz. : 
 
 East of the Jordan. 
 
 1. Reuben, the southernmost portion, being bounded 
 on the south by Moab and the river Arnon, on the east 
 by the Ammonites, and on the west by the Jordan and 
 
 Salt Sea. 
 
 o n , ., n t> i "I These two tribes were sit- 
 
 2. Gad, north of Keuben. , -, i , ,, T 
 
 o Tv/r n u\ ±i.-l uated between the J or- 
 
 3. Manasseh (A«{f), north U ^ ^ Ammonite 
 
 J and Syrian territories. 
 
 West of the Jordan. 
 
 4. Judah, the southernmost portion, being bounded on 
 the east by the Salt Sea, on the south by Edom and the 
 desert of Shur, on the west by Simeon and Dan, and on 
 the north by Benjamin. 
 
 5. Simeon, south-west of Palestine, and between Judah 
 and the Mediterranean Sea. 
 
 6. Dan, north of Simeon, and also between Judah and 
 the Mediterranean. 
 
 7. Benjamin, an inland territory, north of Judah. 
 
 8. Ephraim, north of Benjamin. 
 
 * Manasseh (half) north of Ephraim. 
 
 9. IssACHAR, north of Manasseh. 
 
 10. Zebulun, north of Issachar. 
 
 11. Naphtali, north of Zebulun, between Asher and 
 the Jordan. 
 
 12. Asher, north of Zebulun, between Naphtali and 
 the Mediterranean. Josh. xii. ; xiii. ; xv.-xix. ; xxi. 
 
 264. Districts given to Caleb and Joshua. — Caleb, 
 the son of Jephunneh, who, with Joshua, had been pre- 
 
 * For the other half of Manasseh see " Tribes East of the Jordan." 
 
b. c. 1426. JOSHUA XXIL-XXIV. 143 
 
 served for his pious conduct after spying out Canaan, was 
 now presented with Mount Hebron, as Moses had sworn 
 to him that the land on which his feet trod when he spied 
 out Canaan should be the inheritance of himself and his 
 children for ever. Caleb then drove out the three sons of 
 Anak — Sheshai, Talmai, and Ahiman — from Hebron, and 
 gave his own daughter Achsah to be wife of his nephew 
 Othniel, because the latter took the city of Debir or Kir- 
 jath-sepher. The Israelites also gave Timnath-serah in 
 Mount Ephraim to Joshua for an inheritance. Josh. xiv. 
 6-15 ; xv. 13-19 ; xix. 49-51. 
 
 265. Tribes east of the Jordan sent Home; mis- 
 understanding with their Brethren. — The tribes of 
 Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh now re- 
 turned to the country assigned them east of the Jordan. 
 On the banks of the river they erected an altar as a me- 
 morial of their connection 'with the other nine and a 
 half tribes ; but the latter, suspecting that the altar was 
 buiLt for sacrifice, followed them, and a civil war would 
 have commenced had not the affair been at once ex- 
 plained. Josh. xxii. 
 
 266. Last Bays of Joshua. — The military career of 
 Joshua was now concluded. The remainder of his life 
 was devoted to the settlement of the theocratic policy and 
 preservation of the worship of Jehovah. He convened 
 two general assemblies, in the first of which he exhorted 
 the elders to be faithful to God and obedient to his law ; 
 and in the second he proclaimed the might of the God of 
 Israel, and called upon the people to elect him for their 
 King and cast away idolatry. He then set up a stone as 
 a testimony of their homage, and wrote the covenant in 
 the book of the law. Josh, xxiii. ; xxiv. 1-28. 
 
 267. Beath of Joshua, 1426 ; Burial of Joseph's 
 Bones; Beath of Eleazar. — Joshua the son of Nun 
 died b. c. 1426, at the supposed age of one hundred and 
 ten years,* and was buried in his inheritance on Mount 
 Ephraim. " Arid Israel served the Lord all the days of 
 Joshua and all the days of the elders that over-lived him." 
 The bones of Joseph, which had been brought up from 
 
 * The difficulty of ascertaining the precise chronology here renders 
 any statement of the exact age of Joshua uncertain. 
 
144 JOSHUA XXIV. b. c. 1426. 
 
 Egypt, were also buried in the field which Jacob had 
 bought of the sons of Hamor, the father of Shechem. 
 About this time also Eleazar the son of Aaron died (cir. 
 B. c. 1420), and was buried in a field belonging to his son 
 Phinehas. Josh. xxiv. 29-33. 
 
 268. Election of Princes or Elders. — After the 
 death of Joshua each tribe chose a prince or elder to 
 govern them, according to the injunction of Moses. Ex. 
 xviii. 13-26 ; Deut. i. 13. (See sect. 133.) 
 
 269. Booh of Jasher. — The writer of the book of 
 Joshua, in confirmation of the truth of the sun and moon's 
 standing still, refers to the book of Jasher (Josh. x. 13), 
 a work which is also quoted in 2 Sam. i. 18. Some 
 think that this book is the same as the " Book of the 
 Wars of the Lord," mentioned in Numbers ; others, that 
 it is the book of Genesis ; and others, that it is the Penta- 
 teuch. It is probable that from the beginning persons 
 were employed among the Hebrews to write the national 
 annals, which were then lodged in the tabernacle or 
 temple, and respectively called the " Book of the Wars of 
 the Lord," the " Book of Jasher " (EvOoc, or the upright), 
 and when they referred to the times of the kings were 
 called the " Book of the Chronicles of the Kings of Israel 
 or Judah." The book of Jasher has been thought to 
 have been a collection of poetical compositions. Jasher — 
 " the upright " — may signify the standard, authentic book, 
 or it may merely imply that it is a record of upright men. 
 (See Calmet, art. " Bible.") 
 
i. c. 1425. JUDGES. 145 
 
 JUDGES. 
 
 (Supposed to be written by Samuel.) 
 
 HISTORY OF THE JEtf'S AS A FEDERATIVE REPUBLIC. B. C. H25 TO 1095. 
 ABOUT 330 YEARS. 
 
 [The book of Judges does not contain the judgeships of Eli 
 and Samuel and his sons, but concludes about B. c. 1112, 
 extending over a period of three hundred and thirteen 
 years; but it has been thought advisable to include in 
 this portion the first ten chapters of 1 Samuel, which will 
 complete the History of the Judges. (See pp. 158-lbl .) 
 It is stated (Acts xiii. 20) that this period — viz. from the 
 death of Joshua to the anointing of Saul — extended to 
 four hundred and fifty years ; which calculation is thought 
 to include the one hundred and twenty years under Saul, 
 David, and Solomon. But certain inaccuracies have crept 
 into the chronology of the time of the Judges which it is 
 impossible to correct. 
 
 The whole chronology of the time of the Judges is more ob- 
 scure than that of any other period of Scripture history, 
 which can, however, be somewhat explained by the suppo- 
 sition that in many cases the servitudes and judgeships 
 extended over only a portion of Palestine, and therefore 
 contemporary judges and tyrants were by no means un- 
 frequent. As this theory has been generally adopted by 
 chronologers, it is illustrated in the table on p. 148. J 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 I. Period prior to the Judges. 
 
 Prosecution of the conquest of Canaan by the separate tribes, 
 
 142"). — Introduction of idolatry, 1425-1408. — Idolatry of Micali, 
 
 Moti. — War witli Benjamin. — Six hundred Benjarnites forcibly 
 
 obtain wives P^ge 143. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. Period prior to the Judges. 
 
 270. Prosecution of the Conquest of Canaan by 
 
 the Separate Tribes, 14=2, j. — After the death of Joshua 
 
 the conquest of Canaan was prosecuted by the separate 
 
 tribes, and that of Jndah, having been chosen by lot to 
 
 attack the Canaanites, joined itself to that of Simeon. 
 
 13 K 
 
146 JUDGES I.-XVIII. b. c. 1425-1406. 
 
 The two tribes slew 10,000 men of Bezek and utterly de- 
 feated Adonibezek the king, and cut off his thumbs and 
 great toes and brought him to Jerusalem, which city had 
 been previously taken from the Jebusites, by whom it had 
 been called Jebus. Adonibezek acknowledged having 
 deprived seventy other kings of their thumbs and great 
 toes and obliged them to gather their meat under his 
 table. The other tribes were equally successful against 
 other Canaanite nations, but they made the idolaters 
 tributary instead of utterly expelling them, as they had 
 been expressly commanded, and they gradually suffered 
 their children to intermarry with them, which had been 
 as expressly forbidden. Judg. i. ; iii. 7, 8. 
 
 271. Introduction of Idolatry, 1425-1406.— The 
 consequences of this ill-judged lenity to their enemies 
 were ruinous alike to the religion and liberties of the next 
 generation of Israelites. Their connections with the Ca- 
 naanites naturally prevented them from expelling their 
 idolatrous relatives; it led them to festivals where not 
 only lascivious songs were sung in honor of the gods, but 
 where gross debaucheries were part of the divine service, 
 until at length a vile idolatry which chiefly recommended 
 itself by pandering to sensual appetites and depraved 
 tastes spread through the land like a deadly plague, and 
 weakened the energy and quenched the spirit of the seed 
 of Abraham. The infatuated Hebrews transferred to Baal 
 and Ashtaroth the honors due to Jehovah, and a most gross 
 example of idolatry is recorded as having taken place with- 
 in twenty years of the death of Joshua. Judg. ii. 
 
 272. idolatry of Micah, 1406. — Micah, a native 
 of Mount Ephraim, had stolen eleven hundred silver 
 shekels [500 oz., or £125] from his mother, but subse- 
 quently restored her the money, upon which she gave 
 two hundred of the shekels (91 oz. = £22 15s.) to a 
 founder to make a graven and a molten image. Micah, 
 then, "had a house of gods, and made an ephod and 
 teraphim," and first consecrated one of his sons to be 
 priest, but afterward hired a young Levite. Soon after 
 this the Danites sent five men to spy out Laish, in North- 
 ern Palestine, who in passing lodged at the house of 
 Micah. Their report of Laish being favorable, six hun- 
 dred Danites marched on to conquer it, and, passing by 
 
b. c. 1406. JUDGES XIX.-XXI. 147 
 
 Micah's house, the spies told them of his idols, upon 
 which they forcibly carried off both images and Levite, 
 and, having taken Laish and called it Dan, they carried 
 on there the worship of the stolen gods. Judg. xvii. ; xviii. 
 
 273. War tvith Benjamin, ItlOG. — The same year 
 all Israel was aroused by a horrible tragedy enacted in 
 the country of Benjamin, which but too plainly indicated 
 the fearful increase of idolatry and debauchery. A 
 woman was murdered in the streets of Gibeah amid 
 circumstances of the most revolting barbarity, and her 
 injured husband divided the corpse into twelve portions 
 and sent one to each tribe. The people assembled from 
 Dan to Beersheba to avenge the outrage, but Benjamin 
 refused to give up the perpetrators, aud three bloody 
 battles were the result. Twice were the other eleven 
 tribes defeated Avith immense slaughter before Gibeah ; 
 but on the third day they placed an ambush beside 
 Gibeah, who entered and burnt the city whilst the Benja- 
 mites were drawn from it to engage their main army. 
 The eleven tribes thus gained a complete victory. Gibeah 
 was burnt to the ground* and 25,000 Benjamites were 
 slain, whilst only six hundred of their number escaped 
 from the field of battle. Judg. xix. ; xx. 
 
 274. The Benjamites forcibly obtain Wives. — The 
 six hundred Benjamites now fled to the Rock Rimmon 
 and abode there four months, w T hilst the Israelites de- 
 stroyed all their cities and possessions. The eleven tribes 
 also swore not to give their daughters in marriage to the 
 survivors ; but soon repented their oath, by which the 
 tribe of Benjamin must soon cease to exist. Soon after, 
 12,000 of their number fell upon Jabesh-gilead, destroyed 
 the inhabitants, but saved four hundred of their virgins 
 and sent them to be wives to the Benjamites on Kock 
 Bimmon ; and, as the number was found to be insufficient, 
 they subsequently directed the Benjamites to lie in wait 
 in the vineyards round Shiloh, where there was to be a 
 feast ; and whilst the daughters of Shiloh were dancing 
 the Benjamites rushed in and carried them off to be wives 
 for the remainder. The Benjamites then returned to 
 their own territory and rebuilt all their cities. Judg. xxi. 
 
 * Gibeah was subsequently rebuilt, and became the residence of 
 Saul. 
 
148 
 
 JUDGES. 
 
 b. c. 1425. 
 
 THE SEVEN SERVITUDES OR TYRANNIES, AND THE FIFTEEN 
 JUDGESHIPS. 
 
 CANAAN GENERALLY. 
 
 B. c. yrs. 
 
 1. Cushan-rishathaim, king of Mesopotamia, tyrant . . . 1402-1394 8 
 I. Othniel, uephew of Caleb and married his daughter, judged, 1394-1354 40 
 
 SOUTHERN CANAAN. 
 
 b. c. yrs. 
 2. Eglon of Moab, tyrant 1354-1336 18 
 
 2. Ehud, stabbed Eglou 1336-1296 
 
 3. Philistines, tyrants . 1296 
 3. Shamgar, slew six 
 
 hundred Philis- 
 tines with au ox- 
 goad . . . 1206-1256 
 Under Ehud and 
 Shamgar the land 
 rested 
 
 ?0 
 
 NORTHERN CANAAN. 
 
 Jabin of Hazor, loilh 
 nine hundred iron 
 chariots, tyrant . 1316-1296 20 
 
 Deborah and Ba- 
 rak, defeated Sise- 
 ra, who was slain 
 by Jael the Ken- 
 ite; judged . .1296-1256 40 
 
 CANAAN GENERALLY. 
 5. Midianites, Amalekites, and others ; tyrannized . 
 
 5. Gideon: called by God ; throws down Baal's altar; gains a 
 
 victory with three hundred men, each bearing a trumpet, 
 pitcher, and torch ; 120,000 slain ; Oreb and Zeeb beheaded ; 
 Zebah and Zalmuuna slain ; makes an ephod; judged 
 
 6. Abimelech slays his seventy brethren; Jotham's apologue 
 
 of the trees; Shechemites rebel; burns Berith's temple ; 
 killed by a millstone ; judged 
 
 7. Tola, judged 
 
 8. Jair, judged 1183-116123 
 
 SOUTHERN CANAAN. 
 
 1256-1249 7 
 
 1249-1209 40 
 
 1209-1206 2 
 1206-1183 23 
 
 EAST OF JORDAN. 
 
 B. c. yrs. 
 6. Ammonites, tyrants 1161-1143 18 
 
 9. Jephthah, defeated 
 
 the Ammonites; 
 slew 42,000 Eph- 
 raimites, who said 
 Sibboleth for Shib- 
 boleth ; vows his 
 daughter; judged 1143-1137 6 
 
 10. Ibzan, judged . . 1137-1130 7 
 
 11. Eion, judged . .1130-1120 10 
 
 12. Abdon, judged . 1120-1112 8 
 
 SOUTH-WESTERN CANAAN. 
 
 3. Samson, born 1161; 
 marries a woman 
 of Timnath; his 
 riddle ; burns Phil- 
 istine corn with 
 three hundred fox- 
 tails ; slays one 
 thousand men with 
 jaw-bone of an ass ; 
 carries off the gates 
 of Gaza; treacher- 
 ously given up by 
 Delilah; pulls down 
 Dagon's temple; 
 judged . . . 1141-1120 20 . 
 
 Samuel's Sons judged the land, but exasperated the people by 
 their cupidity 
 
 The people at length forced Samuel to anoint Saul as king 
 
 (History continued from 1 Sam. i.-x., which 
 completes the Judges.) 
 
 7. Philistines, tyrants, 
 during Samson and 
 part of Eli and 
 Samuel. (See 13.) 
 
 14. Eli, judged, previ- 
 
 ous to Samson and 
 
 contemporary 
 
 with Jair and 
 
 Jephthah . . 1181-1141 40 
 
 His two sons slain. 
 
 15. Samuel, born 1171, 
 judged . . . 1141-1112 29 
 
 Contemporary with 
 Jephthah, Ibzan, 
 Eton, and Abdon, 
 east of Jordan, 
 and with Samson, 
 who appears to 
 have been more of 
 a border chieftain 
 against the Phil- 
 istines than a 
 judge. 
 
 1112-1095 
 1095 
 
 N. B.— In the above table the Tyrants are printed in Italics, and the 
 numbers of their succession in Roman; the Judges in bold. 
 
B. c. 1394-1256. JUDGES III. 149 
 
 II. The Seven Servitudes, or Tyrannies, and Fifteen 
 Judgeships. 
 
 Canaan Generally, 1402-1354. 
 
 275. First Judgeship : Othniel, forty First Servi _ 
 years, 1394-1354. — Jehovah now prepared tude: cushan- 
 to punish the national treachery of Israel with Mesopotamia, 
 national misfortunes. Cushan - rishathaim, HsfiZSP™* 
 king oi Mesopotamia — i. e. .radan-aram, a 
 territory lying east of the Euphrates, and perhaps at this 
 time including Syria — advanced to Canaan and made the 
 Hebrews tributary. They endured the yoke for eight 
 years, when they cried unto the Lord, and Othniel, a 
 nephew of the celebrated Caleb (sect. 264), overthrew 
 the Mesopotamian king and judged the people for forty 
 years. Judg. iii. 1-11. 
 
 Southern Canaan, 1354-1256. 
 
 276. Second Judgeship : Ehud, eighty second Servi- 
 years, 1336-1256.— -After the death of tude^Eglon 
 Othniel the Hebrews again fell into idolatry, Eighteen yrs., 
 when Eglon, king of Moab, having allied with 1354-1336. 
 the Ammonites and Amalekites, succeeded in defeating 
 them, and established himself in Jericho — i. e. the city of 
 palm trees — and oppressed the land for eighteen years. 
 The deliverer on the present occasion was Ehud, a left- 
 handed Benjamite, who being sent with a present to 
 Eglon, assassinated the king in his summer parlor, and, 
 assembling the people by the sound of the trumpet, 
 delivered Israel by the slaughter of 10,000 Moabites. 
 The land now rested for eighty years. Judg. iii. 12-30. 
 
 277. Third Judgeship; Shamgar. — Dur- servi- 
 ing the last-mentioned period of eighty years' tude: the 
 rest the Philistines attacked the southern P1 ' lhstllies - 
 tribes, but were repulsed with great slaughter by Sham- 
 gar, son of Anath, who slew six hundred of them with an 
 ox-goad.* Judg. iii. 31. 
 
 * The Philistines were not Canaanites, but originally Egyptians 
 from the Pelusiac branch of the Nile, and they had migrated from 
 Caphtor [Cyprus] before the arrival of the Hebrews, and expelled the 
 Avim [Ilivites] from the low country in Southern Palestine, and there 
 
 13* 
 
150 JUDGES IV., V. B. c. 1296-1209. 
 
 Fourth Servi 
 tude: Jabin 
 
 Northern Canaan, 1316-1256. 
 
 278. Fourth Judgeship: Barak and 
 Twenty years, Deborah, forty years, 1296-1256, — Dur- 
 ing the same period of eighty years' partial 
 rest, the northern Canaanites had regained their power, 
 and were commissioned by Jehovah to punish the idolatry 
 of the neighboring Hebrews. A new Jabin, king, like 
 his predecessor, of Hazor (sect. 260), was enabled by a 
 numerous army and nine hundred chariots of iron to 
 oppress the northern Israelites for twenty years. At 
 length Deborah the prophetess, and wife of Lapidoth, sat 
 under a palm between Ramah and Bethel and judged 
 Israel. She aroused the courage of Barak, and sent him 
 at the head of 10,000 men against Sisera, general of 
 Jabin's army, who had posted his chariots and troops 
 between Harosheth and the river Kishon. Barak refused 
 to march unless Deborah accompanied him ; accordingly, 
 she herself animated his army by her presence, and 
 strengthened it by her promises of victory. The army 
 of Barak poured down the sides of Mount Tabor and 
 routed the forces of Jabin with immense slaughter. The 
 Canaanites never recovered from the blow, and their* 
 general, Sisera, on taking refuge in a tent from the field 
 of battle, fell asleep, and was slain by Jael, wife of 
 Heber the Kenite, who drove a nail through his temples. 
 Deborah afterward composed a song of thanksgiving, 
 which she and Barak sang, and in which she gave due 
 honor to God and blessed the action of Jael. After this 
 the land had rest forty years. Judg. iv. ; v. ; Ps. 
 lxxxiii. 9. 
 
 Canaan Generally, 1256-1161. 
 
 Fiide h Midian- 279 ' Fi f th Judgeship: Gideon, forty 
 itU! Amale- " years, 1249-1209. — During the seven years 
 Sel?n years, following the eighty years' rest the Midianites 
 1256-12W. ' united with the Amalekites and other nomad 
 Arabs, and entered Palestine in great numbers and plun- 
 dered and rioted without restraint, whilst fields, gardens, 
 and vineyards were trampled and destroyed by their 
 
 founded five governments or lordships — viz., at Ekron, Gath, Askelon, 
 Ashdod, and Gaza. 
 
B.C. 1209. JUDGES VI.-VIII. 151 
 
 countless herds. The suffering Israelites again cried unto 
 the Lord, and a deliverer was sent. 
 
 280. Throws down the Altar of Baal. — Gideon, the 
 son of Joash the Abi-ezrite, and a native of Ophrah in 
 Manasseh, was threshing wheat by the winepress to hide 
 it from the invaders when an angel appeared and called 
 upon him to deliver Israel in the name of the Lord. A 
 miraculous fire, which burnt up a kid and unleavened 
 bread, proved the divine origin of the mission, and 
 Gideon threw down the altar of Baal, which procured 
 him the name of Jerubbaal — i. e. " let Baal plead " — and 
 prepared to levy an army. A fleece, at first wet with 
 dew whilst the earth was dry, and then the next night 
 dry whilst the earth was wet, furnished another proof of 
 the determination of Jehovah to deliver his people. 
 
 281. Defeats the Mldianites, etc, with three 
 hundred men bearing Trumpets, Pitchers, and 
 Torches. — Gideon immediately advanced on the enemy 
 with 32,000 men, whom, by the direction of God, he 
 reduced to 10,000 by sending home all who were fearful, 
 and again to three hundred by selecting only those who 
 in drinking lapped water with their tongues. He now 
 directed each of the three hundred to carry a trumpet in 
 one hand and a pitcher containing a lighted torch in the 
 other ; and, dividing his small band into three companies, 
 he approached the Midianite host, who were encamped 
 like a vast army of grasshoppers in the valley of Jezreel. 
 The three divisions then blew their trumpets and broke 
 their pitchers, and with loud cries of " The sword of the 
 Lord and of Gideon !" they fell upon the enemy whilst 
 the darkness of midnight was broken by the glare of 
 torches. The invaders were smitten with an uncontrol- 
 lable panic. They fled in the utmost trepidation, and 
 slew each other in their confusion. Fresh forces of the 
 Israelites joined in the pursuit or guarded the fords of 
 the Jordan, and 120,000 of the enemy were slain, and 
 their two princes, Oreb and Zeeb, taken and beheaded by 
 the Ephraimites — Oreb on the rock Oreb, and Zeeb at 
 the winepress of Zeeb — and their heads wer^ taken 
 beyond Jordan to Gideon. Meantime, Gideon crossed 
 the Jordan with his three hundred, and pursued a flying 
 remnant of 15,000 under the two Midianite kings Zebah 
 
152 JUDGES IX. b. c. 1209-1206. 
 
 and Zalmunna. At Succoth* the elders refused him 
 refreshment, but he defeated the 15,000, took Zebah and 
 Zalmunna, and, finding that they had murdered his own 
 brethren at Tabor, he slew them with his own hand. On 
 his return he chastised the seventy-seven Succoth princes 
 with thorns and briers. An allusion is made to the two 
 kings of Midian in Ps. lxxxiii. 11. 
 
 282. Refuses to be King. — The grateful Hebrews now 
 desired to make Gideon king, but he rejected the proffer 
 in the true spirit of theocratic policy. " No !" cried the 
 magnanimous warrior, " not I, nor my son, but Jehovah, 
 shall reign over you." One stain remains on the character 
 of this dauntless chieftain. With the spoils of Midian he 
 made an ephod, which subsequently tempted the Israelites 
 to idolatry and became a snare to his own house. Gideon 
 died forty years after the defeat of the Midianites, during 
 which period the land had rest. Judg. vi.-viii. 
 
 283. Sixth Judgeship: Abimelech, three years, 
 1209-1206.— After the death of Gideon (Jerubbaal), 
 Abimelech, son of Gideon by a concubine, persuaded his 
 mother's family to win over the Shechemitesf to his in- 
 terest by saying it was better that they should be ruled 
 by one man (Abimelech) than by the seventy men who 
 were Abimelech's brethren. The Shechemites then in- 
 clined to Abimelech, and gave him money, with which 
 he paid men to follow him to his father's house, where he 
 slew all his seventy brethren, Jotham, the youngest, only 
 escaping. Abimelech was then made king, but when Jo- 
 tham heard of it, he addressed to the Shechemites from 
 Mount Gerizim the following apologue, which is the ear- 
 liest recorded in Scripture. Judg. ix. 1-7. 
 
 284. Varable of the Trees. — "The trees went forth on a 
 time to anoint a king over them, but the olive refused to leave its 
 oil, the fig tree its sweetness, and the vine tree its wine [thus inti- 
 mating the refusal of Gideon's sons] ; but the upstart bramble 
 [Abimelech] accepted the honor, saying, If ye anoint me king, you 
 may put your trust in my shadow [?". e. rely upon my protection] ; 
 otherwise let fire come out of the bramble and devour the cedars 
 
 * This city lay near the banks of the river Jabbok. (See note to 
 sect. 100.) 
 
 f Sheehem, or Sichem, was in Samaria, and in the beginning of the 
 divided monarchy of Judah and Israel it formed the capital of the 
 latter kingdom. 
 
B. c. 1206-1137. JUDGES IX., X. 153 
 
 of Lebanon [?'. e. if ye act faithlessly, Abimelech will be revenged 
 even upon the most powerful of his enemies]. If then ye have 
 dealt truly with Gideon and his sons, rejoice in Abimelech, and let 
 him rejoice in you ; but if not, let fire come out of Abimelech and 
 devour the men of Shechem, and let fire come out of the men of 
 Shechem and devour Abimelech." 
 
 Jotham then fled to Beer, but his subsequent history is 
 unknown. Judg. ix. 8-21. 
 
 285. Abimelech killed by a Millstone, 1206. — After 
 three years the Shechemites repented of the murder of 
 Gideon's seventy sons, and revolted from Abimelech and 
 followed Gaal, the son of Ebed ; but Zebul, the governor 
 of Shechem, having become disgusted with Gaal's pre- 
 sumption, sent notice to Abimelech that Gaal and the 
 Shechemites had fortified their city against him. Abim- 
 elech immediately marched against Shechem, defeated 
 Gaal, beat down the city, and sowed it with salt ; and as 
 many of the besieged had escaped to a hold in the house 
 of the god Berith, he and his men cut down trees and 
 placed them round the hold and fired them, and thus 
 burnt a thousand men and women to death. [Imme- 
 diately after Gideon's death the people had begun the wor- 
 ship of Berith. Judg. viii. 33.] Abimelech then besieged 
 Thebez, but, in approaching to burn the door of the tower, 
 a woman cast a piece of millstone upon his head, and he 
 said hastily to his armor-bearer, " Draw thy sword and 
 slay me, that men say not of me, A woman slew him." 
 The armor-bearer then thrust him through, and he died. 
 Judg. ix. 
 
 286. Seventh Judgeship : Tola, twenty-three years, 
 1206-1183.— Dwelt in Mount Ephraim. Judg. x. 1, 2. 
 
 287. Eighth Judgeship: Jair, twenty-tivo years, 
 1183-1161. — A Gileadite who had thirty sous who rode 
 on thirty ass-colts, and had thirty cities called Havoth- 
 jair — i. e. " the villages of Jair " — in Gilead. Judg. x. 3-5. 
 
 East of Jordan, 1161-1112. 
 
 288. Ninth Judgeship: Jephthah, six 
 
 years, 1143-1137* — The Israelites again tide: Ammo- 
 fell into idolatry and worshipped Baalim, ? 1 i l tV s - 11 !.? yrs -» 
 
 ., , ■. J , if ri • rr i 1161-114 J. 
 
 Ashtaroth, and the gods of byna, Zidon, 
 
 Moab, Ammon, and the Philistines. For eighteen years 
 
154 JUDGES X. b. c. 1137. 
 
 the Ammonites oppressed the tribes east of the Jordan 
 and made frequent incursions upon Judah, Ephraim, and 
 Benjamin, who at the same time had to defend themselves 
 from the growing power of the Philistines. (See sect. 
 298.) The Israelites again cried to the Lord for deliver- 
 ance, and the Lord heard them. 
 
 289. Captain of a Band of Men in Toh. — Jephthah, 
 son of Gilead by a harlot, having been expelled from his 
 father's house by his more legitimate brethren, had col- 
 lected a band of vain men in the land of Tob, a small 
 district east of Jordan, and lying to the north of the half 
 tribe of Manasseh. In that age of anarchy Jephthah had 
 distinguished himself by his valor, and probably by his 
 predatory exploits ; and the elders of Gilead now applied 
 to him for assistance, and covenanted to atone for former 
 insults by making him their head. 
 
 290. Sends Envoys to the King of Amnion. — Jeph- 
 thah immediately sent to the Ammonite king to demand 
 the reason of his invasion. The Ammonite replied by 
 laying claim to the region from the Arnon to the Jabbok 
 and from the Jordan to the wilderness, which had been 
 occupied by the Israelites since their conquest of Sihon, 
 king of the Amorites, but which Sihon had wrested from 
 the Ammonites before the time of Moses. (See sect. 229.) 
 This preposterous claim was explicitly opposed by the 
 Gileadite chieftain. His messenger repeated his words 
 to the king of Ammon : " Thus saith Jephthah, The Is- 
 raelites took not the lands of Moab or Ammon, but con- 
 quered the dominions of Sihon, who refused them a passage 
 through his territories. This land they have occupied for 
 three hundred years: therefore the Lord shall be our 
 judge." . 
 
 291. Defeats the Ammonites ; his Hash Voiv. — The 
 Ammonite king refused to hear the message, but Jeph- 
 thah, after vowing, in case of victory, to offer as a burnt- 
 offering to God whoever should meet him on his return, 
 invaded the dominions of Ammon, destroyed twenty cities 
 between Aroer and Minnith, and effectually subdued the 
 Ammonites by an immense slaughter. On returning to 
 his house at Mizpeh he met his only daughter, who had 
 come out to welcome him with timbrels and dances ; but 
 the issue of his rash vow is still a subject of controversy 
 
B.C. 1137-1120. JUDGES XI.-XIII. 155 
 
 amongst critical commentators.* The Ephraimites after- 
 ward quarrelled with Jephthah, and threatened to burn 
 his house for not permitting them to share the booty of 
 his expedition and the glory of his victories. A battle 
 was the result, but Jephthah, at the head of his conquer- 
 ing Gileadites, speedily routed the children of Ephraim ; 
 and then, guarding the passes of the Jordan, he slew every 
 fugitive who pronounced the word " Shibboleth " as " Sib- 
 boleth," and thus completed the slaughter of forty-two 
 thousand of the enemy. Jephthah died after judging Is- 
 rael six years. Judg. x. 6-16 ; xi. ; xii. 1-7. 
 
 292. Tenth Judgeship : Ibzan, seven years, 1137- 
 1130. — A Bethlehemite, who seems to have been only a 
 civil judge in the north-east of Israel. Judg. xii. 8-10. 
 
 293. Eleventh Judgeship : Eton, ten years, 113 O— 
 1120. — A Zebulunite, who appears to have been also only 
 a civil judge in the north of Israel. "Judg. xii. 11, 12. 
 
 294. Twelfth Judgeship: Abdon, eight years, 
 1120-1112. — A Pirathonite, who had forty sons and 
 thirty nephews, who rode on seventy ass-colts. He seems 
 to have been only a civil judge in the north of Israel, like 
 the two former. Judg. xii. 13-15. 
 
 South-western Canaan, 1161-1120. 
 
 295. 13th Judgeship : Samson, twenty Seventh Ser- 
 years, 1140-1120.- -During the judgeships gJ^JJ 6 
 of Jephthah, Ibzan, and Elon in the north and 4( > y p ans, 
 eastern districts, the continued idolatry of the 
 south-western Israelites was punished by forty years of 
 Philistine oppression. The latter half of this period 
 has been rendered memorable by the exploits of Sam- 
 son, whose life may be thus briefly sketched. Judg. 
 xiii. 1. 
 
 296. Life and Exploits of Samson ; bom 1161 ; 
 became judge 1140 ; judged twenty years, 1140— 
 1120. — The wife of Manoah, a Danite, was barren, 
 
 * Modern critics have ingenuously supposed that Jcphthah's daughter 
 was only devoted to perpetual virginity. See the different Commen- 
 taries, and a curious article on Jephthah's vow, in Sir Thomas ISrowne's 
 Vulgar Errors, upon this point. Their arguments, however, are scarcely 
 sufficient to set aside the plain words of the sacred writer: ''And Jeph- 
 thah did with her according to his vow." 
 
156 JUDGES XIII.-XV. b.c. 1120. 
 
 when an angel appeared to her and promised her a son 
 who should be a Nazarite from his birth, and Samson 
 was born in b. c. 1161. Having attained the age of 
 twenty in b. c. 1141, Samson saw a Philistine woman at 
 Timnath whom he desired for a wife, and his parents, 
 after some opposition, went with him to the abode of 
 her father. On the journey, whilst Samson was alone 
 and unarmed near the vineyards of Timnath, a young 
 lion roared against him ; but the muscular Nazarite rent 
 the beast as he would a kid, and visited his intended 
 bride without revealing his exploit. Shortly after this 
 visit Samson returned to marry the fair Philistine, and 
 on his way he saw that a swarm of bees had established 
 themselves in the lion's carcass, and accordingly carried 
 off a portion of the honey. The marriage was soon ar- 
 ranged, and at the feast Samson propounded the follow- 
 ing riddle : " Out of the eater came forth meat, and out 
 of the strong came forth sweetness ;" and he promised 
 that if his thirty guests could solve it within seven days, 
 he would give them thirty sheets and changes of gar- 
 ments, but if not, that they must give him the same. 
 The thirty guests totally failed in discovering the solu- 
 tion, but obtained the answer on the seventh day by 
 threatening the wife of Samson, who cajoled her husband 
 out of the secret. Samson saw their treachery, and paid 
 them with the spoils of thirty Philistines whom he slew at 
 Askalon, but left his wife in anger and returned to his 
 father's house. Soon afterward he visited his wife with 
 a kid, but his father-in-law would not suffer him to see 
 her, and admitted that in his' absence she had been given 
 to a companion of Samson's. The infuriated husband 
 now determined on revenge. He affixed burning fire- 
 brands to the tails of three hundred foxes and let them 
 loose in the standing corn of the Philistines ; and though 
 the latter, upon learning the cause, burnt both his Tim- 
 nath wife and his father-in-law, yet Samson smote them 
 with great slaughter, and then retired to the rock Etam. 
 The Philistines now encamped in Lehi, whilst three thou- 
 sand men of Judah ascended the rock to take Samson ; 
 and as the three thousand promised not to kill him, 
 he suffered himself to be bound with two new cords and 
 taken to Lehi. The Philistines approached their captive 
 
b. c. 1120. JUDGES XVI. 157 
 
 enemy with shouts of exultation, when Samson suddenly 
 burst his bonds, and, finding the new jaw-bone of an ass, 
 he slew with it one thousand men. After the battle he 
 was fainting with thirst, when the same weapon which 
 had delivered him from his enemies miraculously fur- 
 nished him with water. "And Samson judged Israel 
 \_i. e. the south-western districts] in the days [2. e. servi- 
 tude] of the Philistines twenty years." Judg. xiii. 2-25 ; 
 xiv. ; xv. 
 
 297. Samson 9 s Capture and Heroic Death, 1120. 
 — The name of Samson now became a terror to the Phil- 
 istines, and they used every effort to take him prisoner. 
 At one time, when he had gone to Gaza to visit a har- 
 lot, the Gazites encompassed the city and guarded the 
 gates, thinking to take him on the morning ; but Samson 
 arose at midnight, took the city gates with the two posts, 
 bar and all, and carried them away on his shoulders to 
 the summit of the hill before Hebron. Samson was at 
 length taken by treachery. He loved a woman in the 
 valley of Sorek named Delilah, who was promised eleven 
 hundred pieces of silver by the Philistine lords if she 
 could discover a foil to his great strength. Three times 
 Samson evaded her questions. First he said that green 
 undried withs could overcome him, and with these Deli- 
 lah bound him whilst Philistine lords were stationed in 
 her chamber ; but when she suddenly cried, " The Phil- 
 istines be upon thee, Samson," the withs were broken like 
 a thread of tow touched with fire. She afterward, in ac- 
 cordance with his replies, bound him with new ropes, but 
 with the same result ; and again she wove the seven locks 
 of his head with a web and fastened it with the pin of the 
 beam, but he arose and carried away both pin and web, 
 and she still found herself mocked. At last, by constant 
 pressing, Delilah obtained the secret from Samson — name- 
 ly, that if he was shaved his strength would leave him. 
 She immediately sent again for the Philistine lords, and 
 Samson was shaved whilst sleeping on her knees, taken 
 prisoner, carried to Gaza, and bound with brazen fetters, 
 whilst his savage captors put out his eyes and made him 
 grind in his prison-house. After a time Samson's hair 
 began to grow, and the moment for revenge arrived. 
 The Philistines held a great feast in the temple of Dagon 
 
 14 
 
158 1 SAMUEL I., II. b.c. 1181-1141. 
 
 to celebrate their victory, and sent for Samson to make 
 them sport. All the Philistine nobles were assembled, 
 whilst three thousand people crowded the roof!, when the 
 blind warrior begged the lad who led him to take him 
 to the supporting pillars. Then Samson called upon the 
 Lord, and, seizing the two middle pillars, he bowed with 
 all his might, until the vast building fell in and buried 
 alike the nobility and populace of Philistia in the tem- 
 ple of their idol. The hero fell with his enemies, but 
 his death was attended by a greater slaughter than his 
 whole lifetime had achieved; and his brethren obtained 
 his body and buried it in the tomb of his father, b. c. 1120. 
 Judg. xvi. 
 
 Southern Canaan, 1181-1095. 
 
 Philistine 298. Obscure Chronology; Fourteenth 
 
 tyrants. Judgeship: Eli, forty years, 1181-1141. 
 
 — The chronology of the principal events in the time of 
 the judges is exceedingly confused, and it is impossible to 
 review the history in strictly chronological order, from the 
 fact of the northern and southern districts being judged 
 by different but contemporary judges. We now come to 
 the history of Samuel, who was born about B. c. 1171, 
 began to judge b. c. 1141, and died b. c. 1060, a series 
 of years which commences in the judgeship of Jair, con- 
 tinues in that of Samson, and concludes only in the twen- 
 ty-fifth year of the reign of Saul. For ten years previous 
 to the birth of Samuel, and until Samuel was thirty years 
 of age, b. c. 1181-1141 (a period just prior to the judge- 
 ship of Samson), Eli had ruled the south-western districts 
 of Canaan. Eli was high priest, and descended from Ith- 
 amar, fourth son of Aaron, and was the first of that branch 
 who enjoyed the high priesthood ; why it was transferred 
 from the family of Eleazar is unknown. (See sect. 231.) 
 During his judgeship, Elkanah, a native of Mount 
 Ephraim, had two wives, Peninnah and Hannah ; Pe- 
 ninnah was a mother, but Hannah was barren. In b. c. 
 1171, Hannah vowed in the tabernacle that if a son was 
 granted her, she would devote him to the service of Je- 
 hovah ; and, Eli having promised that God would an- 
 swer her petition, she returned home and gave birth to 
 Samuel, who was then devoted to the service of God as a 
 
b.c. 1141. 1 SAMUEL II., III. 159 
 
 Nazarite from his infancy, and when the lad was weaned 
 his mother took him to the tabernacle at Shiloh, where 
 he was brought up under the care of Eli. 1 Sam. i. ; ii. 
 1-11. 
 
 299. Misconduct of Eli's Sons. — Meanwhile, the fla- 
 grant misconduct of Hophni and Phinehas, the two sons 
 of Eli, called down the vengeance of God. These two 
 men were priests, and instead of being satisfied with the 
 priest's portion, the right shoulder and breast of peace- 
 offerings, etc. (see sect. 170), they thrust a flesh-hook 
 with three teeth into the seething-kettle and took all that 
 was brought up for themselves ; they demanded all the 
 choicest parts for themselves before God was served and 
 the fat burnt, and, moreover, debauched the women of 
 the congregation. Eli, instead of punishing his sons, 
 simply reprimanded them, and a prophet was sent to re- 
 prove him for his criminal leniency as a parent, and to 
 foretell the destruction of his house and advent of a more 
 faithful priest ; and as a sign that the message was from 
 God, it was declared that Eli's two sons should be cut off 
 in one day. 1 Sam. ii. 12-36. 
 
 300. Prophecy of Samuel. — When Samuel was yet a 
 youth the Lord called him by name one night whilst he 
 was sleeping near the tabernacle. Samuel immediately 
 thought that Eli had called, and ran to him ; but when 
 this had occurred three times, Eli perceived that the Lord 
 had called the boy, and directed Samuel, if called again, 
 to reply, " Speak, Lord, for thy servant heareth." Sam- 
 uel did as he was directed, and the Lord, calling to him 
 again, announced the forthcoming destruction of the fam- 
 ily of Eli. The next morning Eli learnt the awful sen- 
 tence from the trembling boy, " and all Israel, from Dan 
 to Beersheba, kneAv that Samuel was established to be a 
 prophet of the Lord." 1 Sam. iii. 
 
 301. Philistines defeat the Israelites ; Eli and his 
 two Sons slain, 1141. — In b. c. 1141, the Israelites were 
 defeated by the Philistines at Ebcnezer and four thousand 
 slain. A second time the Israelites marched against the 
 enemy, whilst Hophni and Phinehas bore the ark of God ; 
 but they were again defeated with the loss of 30,000 men, 
 the ark was taken, and the two sons of Eli were slain. 
 The fearful news was brought to the old man, bending 
 
160 1 SAMUEL IV. b.c. 1141-1112. 
 
 beneath the weight of ninety-eight years. The accumu- 
 lated disasters were too much for the father, priest, and 
 judge ; and, falling back from his seat by the gate of Shi- 
 loh, he dislocated his neck and died. Eli was succeeded 
 in the priesthood by his third son, Ahitub — or as some say 
 Ahiah — and in the government by Samuel. 1 Sam. iv. 
 
 302. Fifteenth Judgeship : Samuel, 1141-1112. — 
 After their victory the Philistines carried the ark from 
 Ebenezer to Ashdod and placed it in the temple of Dagon, 
 but their idol was thrown down and themselves were smit- 
 ten with haemorrhoids. They then carried the ark first 
 to Gath, and afterward to Ekron, but the same disease 
 attacked the inhabitants of both cities, and after keeping 
 the holy chest for seven months they were compelled to 
 send it back to the Israelites with five golden emerods and 
 mice,* according to the number of their lords and cities, as 
 a trespass-offering for their sin. The Philistines carried 
 the ark and gifts to the field of Joshua the Bethshemite, 
 who offered up the kine on the wood of the cart which 
 conveyed them as a burnt-offering to God ; but the wrath 
 of Jehovah slew 50,070f Bethshemites for looking into the 
 ark, and the mourners sent to the inhabitants of Kirjath- 
 jearim to take it to their city, where it remained in the 
 house of Abinadab till b. c. 1042, when it was fetched by 
 David. In b. c. 1120, being twenty years after the vic- 
 tory of the Philistines, Samuel assembled all Israel at 
 Mizpeh, and called upon the people to put away Baal and 
 Ashtaroth and worship God only ; and he then offered up 
 a sucking lamb as a burnt-offering. During the ceremony 
 the Philistines fell upon the assembly, but, with the assist- 
 ance of a thunderstorm, the Israelites gained a complete 
 victory and recovered their cities from Ekron to Gath, 
 whilst Samuel set up a stone between Mizpeh and Shen 
 and called it Ebenezer, saying, " Hitherto hath the Lord 
 helped us." Samuel now judged Israel in Bethel, Gilgal, 
 and Mizpeh, to which places he made yearly circuits from 
 his residence at Ramah ; but in b. c. 1112, having become 
 
 * The LXX. add to 1 Sam. v. 6 that whilst the Philistines were tor- 
 mented with haemorrhoids their country was afflicted with mice. — 
 Patrick. 
 
 f Josephus says seventy persons only were slain, which appears to 
 be the true reading of the sacred text. 
 
B.C. 1112-1095. 1 SAMUEL VIII.-X. 161 
 
 very old, he made his sons, Joel and Abiah, judges in 
 Beersheba. 1 Sam. v.-viii. 1, 2. 
 
 303. Judgeships of Samuel's Sons, 1112-1095 ; 
 Hebrews desire a King, — The sons of Samuel judged 
 the land till b. c. 1095, when all the elders of Israel (or 
 the legislative assembly of the nation ; see sect. 133) 
 gathered together and complained to the father of the cu- 
 pidity of his children, and, as the country was threatened 
 by the Ammonites, they begged him to grant them a king. 
 Samuel represented to them the evils of a monarchy, but 
 in vain, and at length the Lord desired him to accede to 
 their wishes. About this time a Benjamite named Kish 
 lost his asses, and sent his son Saul, who was the tallest 
 and handsomest young man in Israel, to seek for them. 
 Saul was unsuccessful, but by the advice of his servant 
 he inquired of Samuel, who was still residing at Ramah, 
 and to whom his coming and royal destiny had been pre- 
 viously revealed by God. Samuel satisfied Saul respect- 
 ing the asses, set him in the chief place amongst thirty 
 other guests, and gave him a portion of the feast which 
 had been set aside in expectation of his coming. In the 
 morning Samuel accompanied him to the end of the city, 
 where he anointed him king and confirmed it by three 
 signs: 1st. That he should meet two men by Rachel's 
 sepulchre who would acquaint him with the recovery of 
 the asses ; 2d. That after that he should meet three men 
 in the plain of Tabor with three loaves, three kids, and one 
 bottle of wine ; 3d. That a company of prophets should 
 meet him with instruments of music, and the Spirit of the 
 Lord should descend upon him. These events took place 
 as Samuel had foretold, and, having assembled the whole 
 mass of the people at Mizpeh and taken out Saul from 
 the family of Matri and the tribe of Benjamin, he declared 
 him to be king amid the acclamations of the multitude, 
 b. c. 1095. 1 Sam. viii. 3-22 ; ix. ; x. 
 
 14* L 
 
162 RUTH. b. c. 1322. 
 
 RUTH. 
 
 (Supposed to have been written by Samuel.) 
 
 AN EPISODE IN THE HISTORY OF THE JUDGES.-ABOUT B. C. 1320. 
 
 304. Character of the Book of Ruth. — The book 
 of Ruth forms an episode in the history of the judges, 
 and the events it records probably took place during the 
 judgeship of Shamgar, about B. c. 1322-1312. Whilst 
 this book is useful in exhibiting the providence of God 
 over individuals, and interesting as an illustration of life 
 and manners in those ancient times, it is more especially 
 valuable as containing the descent of David in a direct 
 line from Judah, to which tribe the promise of the Messiah 
 belonged. Moreover, the adoption of Ruth, a heathen 
 Moabitess, into the line of the Messiah seems to intimate 
 that mystery which was revealed under the gospel — that 
 the Gentiles should be fellow-heirs and partakers of God's 
 promises in Christ. Eph. iii. 6-9. 
 
 305. Story of Ruth, dr. 1322. — Elimelech, a native 
 of Bethlehem-judah, had been driven by a famine to the 
 land of the Moabites, east of the Dead Sea. Here he 
 died, leaving his wife, Naomi, with two sons, but the latter 
 subsequently married two Moabite women, Orpah and 
 Ruth. After ten years Naomi's two sons died also, and 
 the bereaved widow desired to send her two daughters-in- 
 law each to her mother's house, whilst she herself returned 
 to Bethlehem-judah. Orpah then affectionately kissed 
 Naomi and departed, but Ruth refused to go, saying, 
 " Whither thou goest, I will go ; and where thou lodgest, 
 I will lodge : thy people shall be my people, and thy God 
 my God." The two women then proceeded to Bethle- 
 hem, where Naomi sent Ruth to glean in the field of 
 Boaz, a kinsman, who behaved kindly to her and invited 
 her to take refreshment with his reapers. When Naomi 
 heard this she directed Ruth how to remind Boaz of their 
 close relationship, which Boaz immediately acknowledged, 
 and soon after married her according to the law of Moses 
 
1 AND 2 SAMUEL; 1 AND 2 KINGS. 163 
 
 (sect. 122). Boaz and Kuth then had a son named Obed, 
 who was the father of Jesse and grandfather of David, 
 from whom was descended the Messiah. Matt. i. 5. Boaz 
 was descended from Judah through Pharez (sect. 62). 
 
 1 AND 2 SAMUEL; 1 AND 2 KINGS. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE JEWS UNDER A MONARCHY. B. C. 1095 to 588—508 YEARS. 
 
 [I Samuel records the judgeships of Eli and of Samuel and 
 his sons,* and the reign of Saul, B. c. 1181-1055, about 
 one hundred and twenty-six years. 2 Samuel records 
 nearly all the reign of David, B. c. 1055-1015, about forty 
 years. The two books derive their name from being in 
 part written by Samuel. He wrote the first twenty-four 
 chapters of the first book, but the remainder is supposed 
 to have been written by the prophets Gad and Nathan : 
 11 Now the acts of David, first and last, behold, they are 
 written in the book of Samuel the seer, and in the book 
 of Nathan the prophet, and in the book of Gad the seer." 
 
 1 Chron. xxix. 29. Samuel could not have written the 
 whole, because his death occurs in the twenty-fifth chapter 
 of the first book, and the remainder of the first and whole 
 of the second book relate events which took place after 
 his death. The two books were considered as one in the 
 Hebrew canon, and are termed the first and second Books 
 of Kings in the Vulgate. 
 
 I Kings begins in the last year of David's reign, and ends 
 with the death of Jehoshaphat, B. c. 1015-889 — one hun- 
 dred and twenty-six years — including the reign of Solo- 
 mon, and the reigns of Rehoboam, Abijah, Asa, and 
 Jehoshaphat over Judah, and of Jeroboam, Nadab, Ba- 
 asha, Elah, Zimri, Omri and Tibni, and Ahab over Israel. 
 
 2 Kings extends from the death of Jehoshaphat to the 
 destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, B. c. 889- 
 588 — about three hundred years — including the continua- 
 tion of the contemporaneous history of the kingdoms of 
 Israel and Judah till the former was subverted by the 
 Assyrian captivity, B. C. 721, and the latter by the Baby- 
 lonian captivity, b. c. 588. The two books are generally 
 ascribed to Ezra, although some have imputed them to 
 Jeremiah, and others to Isaiah. They were considered as 
 
 * See Table of "Seven Servitudes," etc., p. 148. 
 
164 1 AND 2 SAMUEL; 1 AND 2 KINGS. 
 
 one book in the Hebrew canon, and are termed the third 
 and fourth Books of Kings in the Septuagint and Vulgate.] 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 History of the Single Monarchy. 
 
 1. Saul, 1095-1056.— Defeat of the Ammonites, 1095 — 
 Defeat of the Philistines; gallantry of Jonathan, 1093.— Defeat of 
 the Moabites, Edomites, kings of Zobah, and Amalekites, 1079. — 
 David anointed king, 1063. — Slays Goliath. — Excites the jealousy 
 of Saul. — Flies from court, 1062. — His covenant with Jonathan. — 
 Goes to the Philistines, but at length returns to Judah. — Saul mas- 
 sacres the priests at Nob, 1062. — David rescues Keilah, and flees 
 from Saul to Ziph, Maon, and Engedi. — Forbears to slay Saul at 
 Engedi, 1061.— Death of Samuel, 1060.— David marries Nabal's 
 wife. — Forbears to slay Saul at Ziph, 1060, but flies to the Philis- 
 tines, 1058. — Philistine invasion ; Saul consults the witch of Endor, 
 1056. — Defeat and suicide of Saul. — His character. — Reigned forty 
 years page 169. 
 
 2. David, 1056-1015.— -Defeats the Amalekites, and is 
 proclaimed at Hebron, 1056. — Abner joins David, but is slain by 
 Joab, 1048. — Ishbosheth slain ; David rules all Israel, 1048. — Takes 
 Jerusalem from the Jebusites. — Defeats the Philistines, 1043. — Re- 
 moves the ark from Kirjath-jearim to Jerusalem, 1042. — Conquers 
 the Philistines, Moabites, Edomites, and Syrians. — Adopts Mephi- 
 bosheth, 1040. — Defeats the Ammonites and Svrians, 1037-1035. — ■ 
 Adultery with Bathsheba, 1035.— Death of his child, 1034.— Solo- 
 mon born, 1033. — Kabbah taken, 1033. — Tamar abused by Amnon, 
 1032. — Amnon slain and Absalom exiled, 1030. — Return of Absa- 
 lom, 1027. — Absalom's revolt, 1023. — David leaves Jerusalem. — 
 His concubines insulted. — Ahithophel's counsel rejected. — David 
 prepares for battle. — Absalom's defeat and death. — David returns 
 to Jerusalem. — Dissensions between Judah and Israel ; revolt of 
 Sheba, 1022. — Amasa and Sheba slain. — Famine for three years, 
 1022-1019. — Atonement for Saul's slaughter of the Gibeonites, 
 1019. — David's last expedition against the Philistines, 1018. — Num- 
 bering of the people, and 70,000 slain by pestilence, 1017. — Revolt 
 of Adonijah, 1015. — Solomon declared successor. — Death of David, 
 1015. — Character of David. — Reigned forty years. . . page 178. 
 
 3. Solomon, 1015-075. — Extent of the kingdom. — Joab 
 and Adonijah slain, and Abiathar banished, 1014. — Character of 
 Joab. — Shimei slain, 1011. — Solomon's marriage with Pharaoh's 
 daughter, 1014; his singular wisdom. — Commerce of Solomon. — 
 Building of the temple and palaces, 1012-992. — Description of 
 the temple. — Its dedication, 1005. — Glory of Solomon ; visits of 
 the queen of Sheba, etc. — Kingdom disturbed by idolatry and 
 faction. — Death and character of Solomon, 975. — Reigned forty 
 years page 191. 
 
1 AND 2 SAMUEL; 1 AND 2 KINGS. 165 
 
 $ Accession of Rehoboam ; revolt of the ten tribes, 975. page 198. 
 
 | Prefatory review of the history of the divided monarchies. — 
 Contracted frontiers. — Reciprocal relations of the two monarchies. — 
 Causes which led to their destruction. — Idolatry of Israel. — Idol- 
 atry of Judah page 199. 
 
 
SYNCHRONISTICAL TABLE OP THE 
 
 JUDAI. 
 From the revolt of the ten tribes until Jehu destroyed 
 the dynasty of Ahab in Israel and slew Ahaziah 
 in Jadah. 
 
 First Period. 
 B. c. 975-884. 
 
 1. Rehoboam, 975.— Warned by Shemaiah not to war against Israel; built 
 fenced cities. Shishak invades Judah and plunders the temple. 
 
 2. Abijah, 5)58. — Defeats Jeroboam 
 
 heart not perfect. 
 
 3. Asa. 955.— Suppresses idolatry; 
 
 defeats Zerah the Ethiopian; 
 leagues with Benhadad I. of 
 Syria, to attack Baasha of Is- 
 rael; dies of diseased feet; 
 seeks physicians more than 
 the Lord. 
 
 4. Jehoshaphat. 914.— Upholds the 
 
 worship of Jehovah; organizes 
 national education ; fortifies 
 Judah ; levies an army; ap- 
 points judges; flourishing state 
 of the kingdom; marries his 
 son Jehoram to Athaliah, Ahab's 
 daughter ; joins Ahab against 
 Ramoth-gilead; rebuked by 
 Jehu; tries to revive the com- 
 merce of Solomon, on the Red 
 Sea, to Ophir; defeats confed- 
 eracy of Moabites and Ammon- 
 ites; allies with Jehoram of 
 Israel to put down Moabite re- 
 volt ; his son shares the throne. 
 
 5. Jehoram, 8S9. — Sins like his fath- 
 
 er-in-law, Ahab; establishes 
 idolatry; Idumcea secedes whol- 
 ly from Judah. 
 
 6. Ahaziah, 8S5. — Sins like Ahab; 
 
 allies with Jehoram of Israel; 
 slain by Jehu. 
 
 Prophetical schools established in 
 Judah and Israel from the time of 
 Samuel. 
 
 Celebrated Prophets of Israel. 
 
 Elijah, 910-898.— Predicted three 
 years' drought ; fed by ravens and ex- 
 haustless oil and meal ; restores wid- 
 ow of Zarephath's son ; proves the su- 
 periority of Jehovah to Baal at Car- 
 mel ; flies to Horeb; ordered to anoint 
 Hazael, Jehu, and Elisha; denounces 
 Ahab; predicts Ahaziah's death ; di- 
 vides Jordan ; ascends in a chariot of 
 fire. 
 
 Elisha, 896-S38.— Receives mantle 
 of Elijah; divides Jordan; heals wa- 
 ters at Jericho; slays forty-two chil- 
 dren by two she-bears; supplies allied 
 armies with water; promises the Shu- 
 nammite a son; heals Naaman ; (re- 
 hazi leprous; makes iron axe swim; 
 discloses Benhadad's counsels to Jeho- 
 ram ; blinds Syrian host; promises 
 provisions at siege of Samaria; heals 
 deadly pottage; feeds one hundred 
 men with twenty loaves; restores Shu- 
 nammite's son ; foretells seven years' 
 famine, death of Benhadad and ac- 
 cession of Hazael; sends to anoint 
 Jehu; promises three victories to Jo- 
 ash ; a corpse revived in bis tomb. 
 
 ... From the simultaneous accession of Jehu in Israel 
 b°c 884^721* an< ^ usur P a H° n of Athaliah in Judah, until Israel 
 was carried away captive by the Assyrian power. 
 
 7. Athaliah's usurpation, 884.— Joash saved; educated by Jehoiada the 
 
 priest; Athaliah slain; Joash anointed king. 
 
 8. Jehoiish, or Joash. 878. — Jehoiada regent ; worship of Jehovah restored ; 
 
 death of Jehoiada; re-establishment of Baal ; part of the kingdom 
 ravaged by Hazael ; Joash slain by his servants. 
 
 9. Amaziah, 839.— Begins well ; defeats the Edomites; worships the Edom- 
 
 ite gods; challenges Joash of Israel, but is defeated; slain at Lachish. 
 
 10. Uzziah, 810. — Influence of Zechariah ; kingdom flourishes; Uzziah 
 
 smitten with leprosy. 
 
 11. Jot hani, 758. — Reigned righteously and I Joel prophesied, cir. 800. 
 
 prosperously; decline of the Syrian Isaiah prophesied, cir. 760-698. 
 power. I Micah prophesied, cir. 750-710. 
 
 12. Ahaz. 742. — Worships Baal and Molech ; first invasion of Pefcah of Israel 
 
 and Rezin of Syria; Isaiah gives to Ahaz the sign of a virgin's con- 
 ception ; second invasion of Pekah and Rezin ; Ahaz applies toTij;lath- 
 pileser, king of Assyria; worships the gods of Damascus. 
 
 13. Hezekiah, 726. — Breaks the brazen serpent, and destroys idolatry; re- 
 
 stores the worship of Jehovah ; 
 celebrates the passover; rebels 
 against Shalmaneser, 725; de- 
 feats the Philistines. 
 
 166 
 
 Ex.pt.an. Tiglath-pileser had maue 
 Ahaz tributary, but Hezekiah now re- 
 fused to pay this tribute to Shalma- 
 neser, who was the son and successor 
 of Tiglath. 
 
HISTORY OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL. 
 
 ISRAEL. 
 
 rom the revolt of the ten tribes until Jehu destroyed the First Period. 
 dynasty of Ahab in Israel and slew Ahaziah in Judah. B - c - 975-88i. 
 Jeroboam, 975.— Fortifies Shechem. Establishes golden-calf worship and 
 
 profane priesthood. Man of God sent to Bethel. Ahijah's prophecy. 
 
 Defeated by Abijah. Made Israel to sin. 
 
 Rise of (lie kingdom of 
 Syria. — Syria was anciently 
 divided into small independent 
 states, but David reduced them 
 to a province. In Solomon's 
 reign Rezon seized Damascus 
 and erected a kingdom. Mon- 
 arch*. — Rezon, 980; Benbadad 
 I., 940; Benhadad II., 910; Ha- 
 zael, 885; Benbadad III., 839; 
 Rezin, 742. Kingdom over- 
 thrown by Assyria, 740. 
 
 2. Nadab, 954.— Worships tbe calves. 
 
 3. Baasha, 953.— Worships the calves. Al- 
 
 lies with Benhadad I. Fortifies Ra- 
 mah, but stopped by Asa's interfe- 
 rence. 
 
 4. Elali, 930.— Assassinated by Zimri bis 
 
 captain. 
 
 5. Zimri, 929.— Reigned seven days ; burnt 
 
 himself at Tirzah. 
 
 6. Omri. 929.— Factions of Omri and Tibni. 
 
 Omri reigns wickedly. 
 
 7. Altai), 918.— Marries Jezebel, a Phoeni- 
 
 cian princess; worships Phoenician gods, Baal and Astarte; three years' 
 famine; Jezebel persecutes the prophets; grand trial on CarmH between 
 Elijah and priests of Baal: Elijah ordered to anoint Elisha, Hazael, 
 and Jehu. War with Syria. First campaign of Benhadad II.: siege of 
 Samaria; second campaign; Benbadad defeated at Aphek ; unholy alli- 
 ance between Syria and Israel ; Ahab seizes Naboth's vineyard ; Elijah's 
 fearful prophecy; unites with Jehoshaphat against Ramoth-gilead ; killed 
 by a random arrow; Jericho rebuilt. 
 
 8. Ahaziah, 897.— Worships both Baal and tbe calves; revolt of the Moab- 
 
 ites; Ahaziah sick; sends to Baal-zebub. 
 
 9. Jehoram, 896. — Worships the calves; death of Elijah: allies with Jehosh- 
 
 aphat to put down Moabite revolt; saved by Elisha; Elisha heals Naa- 
 man; other miracles; Benhadad II. again besieges Samaria; fearful 
 famine; Elisha restores the Shunammite's son; foretells the accession 
 of Hazael ; anoints Jehu ; destruction of tbe reigning dynasty. [Elijah 
 and Elisha, see opposite page.] 
 
 From the simultaneous accession of Jehu in Israel and . 
 
 usurpation of Athaliah in Judah until Israel was 
 carried away captive by the Assyrian power. 
 
 10. Jehu, 884.— Slays Jezebel and destroys the house of Ahab; worships 
 the calves; destroys Baal's worshippers; Hazael seizes all Israel east 
 of the Jordan. 
 
 11. Jehoahaz, 856.— Worships tbe calves; I r „„„T, „„™», QC ,s Q «, „,•„ O co 
 oppressed by Hazael and Benhadad III. | Jonah P ro P hesies > ™. 862. 
 
 12. Joash, 839.— Worships the calves; promised three victories by Elisha; 
 defeats Syrians three times; defeats Amaziah of Judah. 
 
 13. Jeroboam II., 825. — Decline of the Syrian power; brilliant successes 
 against Syria. . . . Flourishing period of Israelite history. 
 
 Interregnum, 784-773. [by Shallum. I Amos prophesies, 787. 
 
 14. Zechariah, 773.— Reigned six months; slain | Ilosea prophesies, 785. 
 
 15. Shallnin, 772. — R'i^ned one month; assassinated by Menahem. 
 
 B. C. 884-721. 
 
 16. Menahem, 772.— First Assyrian 
 under Pul. 
 
 17. Pekahiah, 761.— Assassinated by Pekah. 
 
 18. Pekah, 759.— Allies with Rezin, king of 
 Syria, and invades Judah ; makes a sec- 
 ond invasion; second Assyrian inva- 
 sion: Tiglath-pileser transplants the 
 Syrians and all the tribes east of the 
 Jordan to Media. 
 
 I n t er re«l u m , 739-730. 
 
 19. Hoshea. 730.— Better than his predecessors; third Assyrian invasion: 
 Shaluianeser makes Hoshea tributary; Hoshea rebels and is impris- 
 oned, 7'25; siege of Samaria and captivity of Israel, 721; inhabitants 
 transplanted to Media and Inner Asia. 
 
 \ Colonization of Samaria by Esarh addon ; origin of the Samaritans. 
 
 167 
 
 Rise of the Assyrian Power. 
 
 — Prior to Pul the history of 
 this empire is uncertain. Mon- 
 arch*.— Pul, 770; Tiglath-pile- 
 ser, 750; Shaluianeser, 730; 
 Sennacherib, 715; Esarhad- 
 don, Saosduchinus. Chyniiad- 
 anus. Empire at length over- 
 thrown by Medes and Chal- 
 deans, about b. c. 600. 
 
Thi 
 
 13. 
 
 TABLE OF KINGS OF JUDAH— Continued. 
 
 rd Period. From the Assyrian captivity of Israel to the Babylo- 
 
 , 721-588. nian captivity of Judah. 
 
 Hezekiah, continued. — First Assyrian invasion of Judah: Hezekiah 
 
 14, 
 
 submits to Sennacherib. 713; Sen- 
 nacherib takes Ashdod, and again 
 invades Judah ; called away by the 
 invasion of Tirhakah the Ethiopian ; 
 miraculous destruction of his army ; 
 Hezekiab'ssick- The Medes and 
 ness, 712; mes- Babylonians had 
 sengers from revolted from As- 
 Merodach-Ba- syria after the de- 
 ladan, king of struct ion of the 
 Babylon; Isaiah army of Sennache- 
 f ore tells the rib, but the Baby- 
 Babylonian cap- lonians were sub- 
 tivity ; peacelul sequently reduced 
 state of Judah. bv Esarhaddon. 
 Manasseh, 60S. 
 
 Contemporary Events in Egypt. 
 — The Ethiopians had now for 
 more than two hundred years 
 contested the possession of Egypt. 
 According to Herodotus, Sabaco 
 the Ethiopian abandoned Egypt 
 about B. c. 715, and was succeeded 
 by Sethon, or So, an Egyptian 
 priest, whose power was weakened 
 by the disaffection of the military 
 caste. Probably Sethon rtigned 
 only in Lower Egypt, whilst Tir- 
 hakah, an Ethiopian, successor of 
 Sabaco and a powerful warrior, 
 reigned in Upper Egypt. 
 
 Restores idolatry and necromancy ; carried into As- 
 syrian captivity by Esarhaddon, 677 ; humbles himself. 
 Anion. 643.— Restores idolatry; slain by bis servants. 
 Jo-iah, 641.— Seeks God in his youth; purges Judah and Israel from 
 idolatry ; repairs 
 
 Egypt increases in strength, whilst the Assyrian 
 power is declining. After Sethon, Egypt was di- 
 vided by civil war into twelve states, which at 
 length merged into a single kingdom under Psam- 
 metichus (b. c. 650), and nourished under Greek in- 
 fluence. Necho, son of Psammeticbus, succeeded, 
 B. c. 617, and fostered commerce, and defeated the 
 Assyrians, but was at length overcome by the Chal- 
 dee-Babylonians under Nebuchadnezzar. 
 
 Zeplmniah prophesied, cir. 630/ 
 Jeremiah began to prophesy, 629. 
 Habakkuk prophesied, cir. 626. 
 
 the temple, 624 
 
 book of the law 
 
 found by Hilkiah 
 
 and confirmed by 
 
 Huldah; the altar 
 
 of Jeroboam 
 
 thrown down. 
 
 Celebration of a 
 
 solemn passover, 
 
 623; decline of the 
 
 Assyrian empire under Esarhaddon, 
 
 Saosduchinus, and Chyniladanus ; 
 
 invasion of Pharaoh-Necho; Josiah 
 
 slain at Mesriddo, 610. 
 
 Jehoahaz. 610.— Reigns wickedly; deposed by Pharaoh-Necho. 
 
 Jeboiakim. 610.— Reigns wickedly; Jeremiah and Urijah prophesy 
 
 against him. Charged by Jeremiah with the murder of Urijah. Jere- 
 miah publicly foretells 0vprthrow of tlie Assyrian Power: rise of 
 the Medo-Persian and Cbaldee-Babylonian 
 Empires. — The Medes. who had revolted from 
 the Assyrians B.C. 712, conquered the Per- 
 sians and established an empire. The Chal- 
 dees, about a century later, also revolted from 
 Assyria under Nabopolassar, father of Neb- 
 uchadnezzar, and seized Babylonia. Nabo- 
 polassar then allied with Cyaxares, king of ihe 
 Medes, and the two powers took Nineveh, 
 about b. c. 606. The Medes then possessed 
 Assyria Proper, and the Cbaldees all Babylon 
 and its dependent, provinces. Nabopolassar 
 was succeeded by Nebuchadnezzar very short- 
 ly after. 
 Jeboiakim revolts from Nebuchadnezzar, 603. 
 
 the seventy years' cap- 
 tivity, 607. Pharaoh- 
 Necho defeated by Neb- 
 
 UCHADNEZZAR, who 
 
 soon after ascends the 
 throne of the Chaklee- 
 Babylonian kingdom. 
 Nebuchadnezzar takes 
 Jerusalem ; makes Je- 
 boiakim tributary ; car- 
 ries off Daniel and the 
 three pious Jews, 606. 
 Jeremiah's prophecies 
 publicly read a second 
 time. Jehoiakim seeks 
 to destroy him, 605. 
 
 Jerusalem blockaded ; Jeboiakim slain, 599. 
 
 19. Jehoiachin. or Coniah, 599. — Neb- 
 uchadnezzar besieges Jerusalem in per- 
 son ; carries away Jehoiachin and 10,000 
 captives, 599. 
 
 20. Zedekiah.599.— False prophets predict the speedy return from captiv- 
 ity . Zedekiah allies with Pharaoh- I Ezek5ol begins to pr0 p h esy, 
 Hophra (called Apries by the Greeks), ' 
 and rebels, 593. Nebuchadnezzar be- 
 
 168 
 
 Daniel begins to prophesy, 
 cir. 600. 
 
 595. 
 
TABLE OF KINGS OF JIIDAH— Continued. 
 
 sieges Jerusalem ; retreat of Hophra, 590. Zedekiah secretly applies to 
 Jereiuiali ; the princes throw the prophet into a pit, 589. Jerusalem 
 taken, 588. Nebuzaradan sacks the city. Gedaliah appointed governor; 
 slain by Ishmael. Jeremiah and Baruch go to Egypt; remnant of the 
 people carried to Babylon. 
 
 (For the history of Syria see sect. 493, note, and of Assyria, see sect. 554. For 
 the life of Elijah see sect. 428, note, and of Elisha, see sect. 4f>3, note.) 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. History of the Single Monarchy. 
 
 SAUL, 1005—1056. ABOUT FORTY YEARS. 
 
 Prophets — Samuel and Gad. 
 
 306. Defeat of the Ammonites, 1095,— Scarcely 
 had Saul ascended the throne when Nahash, king of the 
 Ammonites, marched into the territory east of the Jordan 
 and besieged Jabesh-gilead. The inhabitants offered to 
 surrender, but Nahash declared that he would only come 
 to terms on condition of thrusting out the right eye of 
 each of the besieged. The elders of the city obtained 
 seven days' respite, and their messengers reached Saul, 
 who immediately hewed a yoke of oxen to pieces and sent 
 them throughout Israel, saying, " Whosoever cometh not 
 forth after Saul, and after Samuel, so shall it be done 
 unto his oxen." The people obeyed the summons, to the 
 number of 300,000 Israelites and 30,000 men of Judah. 
 The messengers returned to Jabesh-gilead with promise of 
 help on the morrow, being the very day appointed for the 
 surrender. Saul now divided his army into three divis- 
 ions, and falling upon the Ammonites at morning watch 
 he routed them by noon. The victory was followed by a 
 national assembly at Gilgal, where Samuel confirmed the 
 election of Saul by sacrifices and rejoicings, testified his 
 own integrity, reproved the people for ingratitude to Je- 
 hovah in demanding a king, punished their wickedness 
 by calling down thunder and lightning upon the wheat 
 harvest, and lastly reassured them by declaring that the 
 Lord would not forsake them so long as they served him. 
 1 Sam. xi. ; xii. 
 
 307. Defeat of the Philistines ; Gallantry of Jon- 
 athan, 10*J 3. — Saul had now dismissed all his numerous 
 
 15 109 
 
170 l SAMUEL XIII., XIV. 
 
 b. c 1093. 
 
 army except 3000 men, 2000 of whom he retained at 
 Michmash and Bethel under his own immediate orders, 
 and placed the remaining 1000 under the command of his 
 son Jonathan at Gibeah. At this time the country, or at 
 least the southern tribes, was in subjection to the Philis- 
 tines, and the latter had garrisons in the land and had 
 deprived the Israelites of smiths,* so that only Saul and 
 Jonathan possessed a sword or spear. Jonathan, how- 
 ever, with his thousand men (probably bowmen and 
 slingers), attacked and overcame a Philistine garrison 
 stationed at Gibeah, upon which the Philistines assembled 
 a host of 30,000 chariots and 6000 cavalry at Michmash, 
 while Saul summoned a fresh army, and, in obedience 
 to the command of Samuel, awaited the prophet's coming 
 at Gilgal. Saul waited for seven days, being the time 
 appointed, but Samuel never came, and the impetuous 
 monarch, seeing that the country was panic-struck and 
 his army leaving him, commenced offering the sacrifices 
 with his own hand. Samuel arrived during the ceremony, 
 rebuked Saul for his presumptuous disobedience, and 
 threatened him with the loss of his kingdom. Saul now 
 joined his son at Gibeah with an army dwindled to six 
 hundred men, but a victory was obtained by the gallantry 
 of Jonathan. The Philistines were securely encamped 
 on the summit of a precipice, whence they descended in 
 three companies and ravaged the country. The young 
 prince and his armor-bearer climbed up the rocks, took 
 the camp by surprise, and slew twenty of the garrison 
 single-handed. A fearful panic seized the enemy ; they 
 fled in the utmost confusion, slaying each other in their 
 disorder ; whilst Saul and his army, strengthened by re- 
 inforcements and deserters, fell upon the Philistines in 
 their retreat and completed the victory. The defeat 
 would have been decisive, but Saul had weakened his 
 ranks by solemnly saying, " Cursed be the man that eateth 
 before the evening !" and the stern monarch would have 
 slain his own son for having inadvertently partaken of 
 honey had not the heroic prince been rescued by the voice 
 of the people. 1 Sam. xiii. ; xiv. 1-46. 
 
 * A similar prohibition of iron was laid upon the Romans by Por- 
 senna amongst the conditions of peace after Mucius Scgevola had at- 
 tempted to assassinate him. 
 
b. c. 1079-1063. 1 SAMUEL XIV.-XVL 171 
 
 308. Defeat of the Moabites, Edomites, Kings of 
 Zobah, and Amalekites, 107 '9. — These brilliant suc- 
 cesses were speedily followed by the conquest of the Mo- 
 abites, Edomites, and kings of Zobah ; * and in b. c. 1079, 
 Saul was sent by Samuel to destroy Amalek utterly. He 
 accordingly levied an army of 200,000 Israelite infantry 
 and 10,000 men of Judah, and defeated the Amalekites 
 from Havilahj" to Shur, on the borders of Egypt, but 
 saved their king, Agag, alive, together with the choicest 
 flocks. Samuel met him on his return and bitterly re- 
 proved him for his disobedience, assured him that the 
 kingdom was rent from him, and slew Agag with his own 
 hand. " And Samuel came no more to visit Saul until 
 the day of his death." 1 Sam. xiv. 46-52 ; xv. 
 
 309. David anointed King, 1063, — In b. c. 1063, 
 Samuel was sent by God to anoint a son of Jesse to be 
 king in the room of Saul. Having gone to Bethlehem to 
 sacrifice, he sanctified Jesse and his sons, and first looked 
 at Eliab the eldest, but rejected him because the Lord 
 said, " Look not on his countenance nor on the height of 
 his stature, because I have refused him ; for the Lord 
 seeth not as man seeth ; for man looketh on the outward 
 appearance, but the Lord looketh on the heart." Samuel 
 also rejected Jesse's other sons, Abinadab, Shammah, Ne- 
 thaneel, Raddai, and Ozem ; and, learning of Jesse that 
 the youngest was left behind to keep the sheep, he sent 
 for him, and found him to be a ruddy youth of a beauti- 
 ful countenance ; and God said, " Arise, anoint him ; for 
 this is he ;" and shortly afterward the young shepherd 
 was called to court to charm away the evil spirit of the 
 monarch by the melody of his harp. 1 Sam. xvi. 
 
 310. Slags Goliath. — Twenty-six years had now passed 
 since the overthrow of the Philistines at Michmash (sect. 
 300), and the latter again invaded the territory of Judah. 
 Saul marched against them, and the two armies encamped 
 
 * Zobah was one of the cantons or petty states that existed in Syria 
 before the erection of the kingdom of Damascus by Rezon. (See sect. 
 362.) 
 
 f This Havilah must have been situated near the south coast of fho 
 Dead Sea. It is impossible that the army of Saul could have penetrated 
 to the junction of the Euphrates and Tigris, where Bochart and Calmet 
 place it. 
 
172 1 SAMUEL XVIL, XVIII. b. c. 1063. 
 
 in the face of each other, on the sides of two opposite 
 mountains separated by a valley. A Philistine named 
 Goliath of Gath,six cubits and a span [11 feet 10 inches] 
 in height, stood forth and proposed that the question of 
 servitude should be decided by single combat, but no 
 Israelite would accept the challenge. At this time David 
 was with his father, whose three sons were in the Israelite 
 army. Forty days having elapsed, Jesse sent David with 
 a present of provisions to the captain of the thousand in 
 which his sons were serving. Here David heard of Go- 
 liath's challenge, and learnt that whoever could overcome 
 the Philistine would be rewarded with great riches and 
 the hand of Merab, the king's eldest daughter. Accord- 
 ingly, though reproved by his brother, he presented him- 
 self before Saul and offered to fight the giant, modestly 
 observing that the same Jehovah who had delivered him 
 from the lion and the bear would preserve him from the 
 Philistine. He then, after declining the use of Saul's 
 armor, set out to meet Goliath with only a staff, a sling, 
 and five smooth stones from the brook. The gigantic 
 warrior declared that he would give the flesh of David to 
 the birds of the air and beasts of the field ; but the in- 
 trepid youth replied, " I come to thee in the name of the 
 Lord of hosts, the God of the armies of Israel, whom 
 thou hast defied : this day will the Lord deliver thee into 
 my hand." A stone from the sling of David struck Go- 
 liath in the forehead, and the Philistine was decapitated 
 with his own sword. The enemy fled, and were pursued 
 to the gates of Ekron ;* and David was taken to the 
 king's house, and the celebrated friendship commenced 
 between him and Jonathan. 1 Sam. xvii. ; xviii. 1-4. 
 
 311. Excites the Jealousy of Saul. — But the songs 
 in honor of the victory, that " Saul had slain his thou- 
 sands and David his ten thousands," alarmed the jealousy 
 of the Hebrew king. Thrice the monarch threw a javelin 
 at the warrior, but afterward attempted his death by 
 more secret means. He made him captainf of a thou- 
 sand, and by repeated promises of his eldest daughter 
 
 * One of the five townships into which the Philistine power was 
 divided. 
 
 •J" This was a military office, and neither the head nor the judge of a 
 thousand, mentioned in sect. 133. 
 
b. c. 1062. 1 SAMUEL XVIII., XIX. 173 
 
 Merab, whose hand David had won by the slaughter of 
 Goliath, he induced him to engage in hazardous enter- 
 prises against the Philistines. The designs of Saul were 
 frustrated and he gave Merab to another, but again hoped 
 to accomplish his end by promising David a younger 
 daughter, Michal, upon his slaying one hundred Philis- 
 tines. This definite proposal was accepted ; David re- 
 turned with trophies of the slaughter of two hundred of 
 the enemy, and Saul was compelled to fulfil his promise. 
 1 Sam. xviii. 5-30. 
 
 312. Flies from Court, 1062. — This new alliance 
 rendered David yet more illustrious, and Saul determined 
 to destroy him at all hazards ; but the very efforts he 
 made to secure the crown to his posterity endangered the 
 succession and riveted the public attention on David. 
 For some time Jonathan, the heir-apparent, who loved 
 David as his own soul, preserved a friendly feeling be- 
 tween his father and brother-in-law ; but some fresh ex- 
 ploits of the latter against the Philistines brought back 
 the evil spirit to Saul, and whilst David was endeavoring 
 to restore the monarch by his harp he narrowly avoided 
 a javelin from the royal hand, and the same night only 
 escaped with his life by being let down from his window 
 by Michal and having his place supplied by an image. 
 David fled to Ramah, where Samuel resided, and the 
 prophet took him to Naioth.* Three times Saul sent 
 messengers to bring him back, but when the latter saw 
 the company of prophets prophesying with Samuel at 
 their head, they prophesied in like manner, and Saul, who 
 subsequently went in person to enforce his commands, was 
 similarly affected. 1 Sam. xix. 
 
 313. His Covenant tvith Jonathan. — David now left 
 Samuel and sought Jonathan at Gibeah, and asked in 
 what way he had sinned, that Saul should seek his life. 
 Jonathan could not believe that his father had enter- 
 tained such a design, but the two friends at length agreed 
 that David should absent himself from the approaching 
 festival of the new moon,f in order to try the king's tem- 
 
 * Naioth appears to have been a college of prophets near Ram ah, 
 over which Samuel presided. 
 
 f At this festival (see sect. 180) it appears to havo been customary 
 for the king to entertain his principal otlicors. 
 
 15* 
 
174 1 SAMUEL XX.-XXII. b. c. 1062. 
 
 per, and that Jonathan should report the result, and a 
 solemn covenant was then made between them. On the 
 second day of the feast Saul missed David, and Jonathan 
 excused his absence by saying that by his permission 
 David had gone to sacrifice with his own family at Beth- 
 lehem. Saul then grossly abused Jonathan, and assured 
 him that his succession to the throne could never be se- 
 cured whilst David lived, and that the latter should surely 
 die. Jonathan ventured to remonstrate, but he narrowly 
 escaped a javelin from the hand of his father. He now 
 saw that David's life was in danger, and next morning 
 went to the field where he was concealed. It had been 
 settled between them that the manner in which Jonathan 
 should shoot three arrows, and the expressions he should 
 use to his attendant lad, were to intimate to David the 
 course to pursue. The unfavorable sign was now given, 
 and the two friends at length parted with many tears. 
 1 Sam. xx. 
 
 314. Goes to the Philistines, but at length returns 
 to Judah. — After leaving Jonathan, David, and a few 
 young men who were with him, went to Nob, a sacerdotal 
 city about twelve miles from Gibeah. Here he told the 
 high priest, Ahimelech, that he had been sent by Saul on 
 a private mission, and, having obtained some shew-bread 
 and the arms of Goliath, he fled to Achish, king of the 
 Philistines, at Gath. Here he aroused the jealousy of the 
 Philistine princes, but escaped by feigning himself insane. 
 The cave of Adullam in Judah next afforded him con- 
 cealment, where he was joined by his relatives and many 
 who were discontented, and thus possessed a force of four 
 hundred men. He now consigned his parents to the care 
 of the king of Moab, and by the direction of the prophet 
 Gad he retired from Adullam to the forest of Hareth. 
 1 Sam. xxi. ; xxii. 1-5. 
 
 315. Saul massacres the Priests at JS T ob. — Saul was 
 dwelling at Gibeah when he heard of David's return and 
 place of retreat, and whilst standing under a tree with 
 his spear in his hand he indignantly cried to his officers 
 around him, " Will the son of Jesse give you fields and 
 vineyards, and make you captains of thousands and of 
 hundreds, that you all conspire against me ?" Doeg the 
 Edomite then told the king of the assistance David had 
 
c. 1061. 
 
 1 SAMUEL XXIL, XXIII. 175 
 
 received from Ahimelecli at Nob. Saul immediately sum- 
 moned the high priest and all the priests of his family, 
 and charged them with having conspired with David 
 against him, and, without listening to their excuses, he 
 commanded his body-guard to slay them. No one moved 
 to obey the order, when the king turned to Doeg, who fell 
 upon them and slew eighty-seven in that day. Doeg then 
 marched against Nob and massacred alike the priests and 
 women with their families and flocks, but Abiathar, the 
 son of Ahimelech, escaped to David. 1 Sam. xxii. 6-23. 
 
 316. David rescues Keilah, and retires to Ziph, 
 Maori, and Engedi, civ. 1061. — About this time David 
 heard that the Philistines had come up to carry away the 
 harvest from the threshing-floors in Keilah, and he im- 
 mediately marched against the enemy, defeated them with 
 great slaughter, and relieved the town. Saul, hearing 
 that David was still in Keilah, exclaimed, " God hath de- 
 livered him into my hand, for he is shut in, by entering 
 into a town that hath gates and bars ;" and he immediately 
 prepared to besiege the city. David, however, was soon 
 apprised of the threatened danger, and, being informed 
 by the sacred oracle that the inhabitants of Keilah would 
 deliver him up, he withdrew with his six hundred men 
 to the wilderness of Ziph, in the eastern part of Judah, 
 toward the Dead Sea. Saul sought him every day, but 
 without success. Jonathan, however, met him in a wood, 
 and said, " Saul, my father, shall not find thee, and thou 
 shalt be king over Israel." Some Ziphites at length ac- 
 quainted Saul with David's retreat, and the king, having 
 blessed the informers, commenced a fresh pursuit. David 
 withdrew southward into the wilderness of Maon, but was 
 still followed by Saul ; and the latter reached one side of 
 a mountain, whilst David was encamped on the other, 
 when he was suddenly called off by the news of a Philis- 
 tine invasion. 1 Sam. xxiii. 6-28. 
 
 317. Forbears to slay Saul at Engedi, 1061. — 
 David now sought refuge in the rocky heights in the wil- 
 derness of Engedi, but his movements were betrayed, and 
 Saul, having returned from the Philistine war, commenced 
 scouring the mountains with 3000 men. It was at this 
 period that the king happened to repose in a cave at noon, 
 whilst David and his men were hidden by the darkness 
 
176 1 SAMUEL XXIIL-XXV. b. c. 1060-1058. 
 
 of the inner extremity. The band of outlaws joyfully 
 congratulated their captain upon having his enemy in his 
 power, and David arose and cut off the skirts of Saul's 
 robe ; but his heart soon smote him, and his habitual self- 
 command stifled the desire for revenge. " The Lord for- 
 bid," said the pious son of Jesse, " that I should stretch 
 my. hand against the Lord's anointed !" He restrained 
 his soldiers and aroused the monarch to a sense of his 
 danger. The heart of Saul was touched ; the forbearance 
 of David seemed to him like an act of superhuman virtue ; 
 and he burst into tears and remorsefully confessed that 
 the crown of Israel was indeed designed for a nobler and 
 better man. Before they parted David took an oath that 
 he would not destroy the family of the king, and Saul 
 then returned to Gibeah. 1 Sam. xxiii. 29 ; xxiv. 
 
 318. Death of Samuel, 1060 ; David marries Na- 
 bal's wife. — In b. c. 1060, Samuel died, and was buried 
 by all Israel at Kamah. The same year David left En- 
 gedi for the wilderness of Paran, where Nabal churlishly 
 refused to supply him with provisions.* David prepared 
 to inflict summary punishment, but was stopped by Abi- 
 gail, wife of Nabal, who pacified him by presents and 
 conciliatory speeches. Ten days afterward Nabal died, 
 and David sent for Abigail and married her ; at the same 
 time he married Ahinoam of Jezreel, for Saul had given 
 Michal to Phalti, son of Laish. 1 Sam. xxv. 
 
 319. David forbears to slay Saul at Ziph, 1060, 
 but flies to the Philistines, 1058. — David then re- 
 turned to the wilderness of Ziph, but his retreat was 
 again betrayed to Saul, who, forgetting his former repent- 
 ance, once more scoured the country with 3000 men. 
 Here the king was again reproved by the forbearance of 
 David, who entered his camp at night and carried off the 
 spear from his bolster and the cruse of water from his 
 side, without inflicting on him the slightest personal in- 
 jury. Saul once more confessed his own wickedness and 
 the righteousness of his son-in-law. But David could not 
 trust in his sincerity, and retired again in b. c. 1058 to 
 
 * It is probable that David's forces had been of the utmost service to 
 Nabal in protecting his flocks and shepherds from the depredations of 
 the Arab races who roved about the southern borders. 
 
b.c. ] 056. 1 SAMUEL XXVI.-XXVIIL 177 
 
 Achish at Gath, who gave him Ziklag* as a residence for 
 himself and band. Here he remained until the death of 
 Saul, a period of one year and four months, making oc- 
 casional excursions against the Geshurites, Gezrites, and 
 Amalekites,f and at the same time won the confidence of 
 Achish by declaring that his expeditions had been direct- 
 ed against Judah. 1 Sam. xxvi. ; xxvii. 
 
 320. Philistine Invasion ; Saul consults the Witch 
 of Endor, 1056. — The time of Saul's deuth now ap- 
 proached, and a presentiment of evil oppressed his spirit. 
 The Philistine armies under Achish had again invaded 
 Palestine and encamped on Mount Gilboa, but Saul was 
 no longer animated by military enthusiasm or confidence in 
 Jehovah. He gazed upon the enemy's host with a trem- 
 bling heart ; and when he inquired of the Lord, the Lord 
 answered neither by dreams, nor by Urim, nor by the 
 prophets. In this extremity he sought the' witch of En- 
 dor in disguise, for he had previously cut off all wizards 
 and those who had familiar spirits, and he now desired 
 the woman to call from the grave his deceased friend and 
 early counsellor, Samuel. The witch and the king were 
 soon astonished by the actual appearance of the prophet 
 from his tomb, but in the place of friendly consolation 
 they heard nothing but fearful prophecies and mysterious 
 denunciations. " The Lord," cried the terrible spectre, 
 " will deliver thee and Israel into the hands of the Phil- 
 istines, and to-morrow thou and thy sons shall be with 
 me." 1 Sam. xxviii. 
 
 321. Defeat and Suicide of Saul, 1056.— -The 
 broken-hearted monarch returned to the fated field. The 
 Israelites were defeated on the mountains of Gilboa ; the 
 three sons of Saul, including Jonathan, were slain : and 
 he himself, after begging his armor-bearer to thrust him 
 through, fell upon his sword, and his faithful servant fol- 
 lowed his example. The Philistines stripped the bodies 
 
 * Whilst David was at Ziklag be received most important reinforce- 
 ments from his own countrymen, and a long list has come down to us 
 of more or less eminent persons who, through dissatisfaction with Saul, 
 became voluntary exiles and staked all their prospects on David's 
 cause. 1 Chron. xii. 1-22. 
 
 j These were nomad races on the southern borders of Palestine. 
 Gexhur was also the name of one of the early petty Syrian kingdoms. 
 (See sect. 3:35.) 
 
 M 
 
173 1 SAMUEL XXIX.-XXXI. b. c. 1056. 
 
 of Saul and his sons. The head and armor of Saul they 
 sent into Philistia, and the armor was subsequently placed 
 in the temple of Ashtaroth ; but they fastened the corpses 
 on the wall of Bethshan, a town west of the Jordan (af- 
 terward called Scythopolis). The Jabesh-gileadites,* 
 from the east of the Jordan, afterward recovered the 
 bodies, burnt them, and buried them beneath a tree and 
 fasted seven days. 1 Sam. xxix.-xxxi. ; 1 Chron. x. 
 
 322. Character of Saul. — The character of Saul may 
 be briefly drawn. Though distinguished as a warrior, 
 yet he never neglected the internal affairs of his kingdom, 
 and severely punished all idolatrous acts and rebellion 
 against Jehovah. Though he incessantly labored to se- 
 cure the succession to his family, he seems to have dis- 
 charged the trust reposed in him for the good of the state ; 
 no complaints were uttered against him after his death, 
 but eleven tribes remained faithful to his son Ishbosheth. 
 His great error consisted in refusing to rule in the spirit 
 of theocracy — in forgetting that he was a vassal of Jeho- 
 vah and bound to follow the divine commands in opposi- 
 tion to his own views. He thus rendered himself unfit to 
 become the founder of a royal house, as he could not be 
 regarded as a worthy example for his successors. In per- 
 son he was tall, and, when young, eminently handsome, 
 but his appearance probably changed with his years, for 
 we can only recall him as a gloomy, stern, and suspicious 
 monarch. 
 
 DAVID : over Judah, 1056-1048 ; over Judah and 
 Israel, 1048-1015. — about forty years in all. 
 
 Prophets, Nathan and Gad. 
 
 323. Defeats the Amalekites and proclaimed at 
 Hebron, 1056. — David was at Ziklag at the time of 
 Saul's death. He had accompanied Achish in his expe- 
 dition against Israel, but the Philistine princes were fear- 
 ful lest their ancient enemy should prove a faithless ally, 
 and Achish was compelled to dismiss both him and his 
 band. On returning to Ziklag, David found that the 
 Amalekites had pillaged and burnt the city and carried 
 
 * The Jabesh-gileadites were probably grateful to Saul for having 
 delivered them from the Ammonites. (Sect. 306.) 
 
b. c. 1048. 2 SAMUEL L, II. 179 
 
 away the women and families. In the madness of grief 
 his band talked of stoning him, but David having in- 
 quired of God, and learnt the course of the ravagers from 
 a sick Egyptian slave whom they had left behind, he fell 
 upon the Amalekites the next evening, recovered the cap- 
 tives and plunder, and seized so much additional booty 
 that he was enabled to send presents to all the elders of 
 Judah who had favored his cause. Two days after re- 
 turning from the slaughter an Amalekite brought him the 
 crown and bracelets which had been stripped from the 
 corpse of Saul, and boasted that he himself had slain 
 the king. David executed the messenger as a regicide, 
 and lamented the death of Saul and Jonathan in a 
 most affecting elegy. He then, in obedience to the sa- 
 cred oracle, went up to Hebron, where the elders of Ju- 
 dah anointed him king. David was now thirty years 
 old ; he reigned over Judah at Hebron for seven years 
 and six months, b. c. 1056-1048, whilst Ishbosheth, son 
 of Saul, had been established over the remaining eleven 
 tribes through the influence of Abner. 1 Sam. xxx. ; 2 
 Sam. i. ; ii. 1-11. 
 
 324. Abner joins David, but slain by Joab, 1048. 
 — In b. c. 1053, Abner, who was now the commander of 
 Ishbosheth's army, marched against Joab,* the com- 
 mander under David, to reduce Judah to obedience. The 
 two armies met at Gibeon, and twelve men from each side 
 engaged in combat, but were all slain in the struggle. 
 The battle then became general ; the army of Ishbosheth 
 was defeated, and Abner only escaped by slaying Asahel, 
 the brother of Joab, who pertinaciously pursued him. 
 Some time afterward Ishbosheth quarrelled with Abner 
 for being too free with Saul's concubine, Rizpah, and the 
 indignant general immediately made arrangements for 
 bringing over the eleven tribes to David. He went to 
 Hebron and communicated with the elders of Israel — 
 i. e. the national assembly (sect. 134) — and restored to 
 David his former wife, Michal ; but his career was sud- 
 
 * Joab was one of the three sons of Zeruiah, sister of David. Of 
 these, Joab was slain at the horns of the altar, in the beginning of 
 Solomon's reign, for his share in the rebellion of Adonijah (sect. 353). 
 Asahel was slain by Abner, as recorded in the present section. The 
 fate of Abiehai, the third, is unknown. 
 
180 2 SAMUEL II.-IV. b. c. 1048. 
 
 denly closed by Joab, who treacherously assassinated 
 him in revenge for the death of Asahel. 2 Sam. ii. 12- 
 32; iii. 
 
 325. Ishhosheth slain; David rides all Israel, 
 1048. — The death of Abner called forth the tears of 
 David, but heralded the downfall of his enemy. Whilst 
 Ishbosheth was sleeping at midday he was murdered by 
 his two captains, Baanah and Kechab, who carried his 
 head to David in expectation of reward, but were sum- 
 marily executed for their treachery. The elders of the 
 eleven tribes — i, e. the national assembly (sect. 134) — 
 then went to Hebron and anointed David to be their 
 king ; " Because," they said, " under Saul thou wast our 
 general, and Jehovah hath said of thee, Thou shalt rule 
 my people." And David made a league with them in 
 Hebron.* 2 Sam. iv. ; v. 1-5. 
 
 326. Takes Jerusalem from the Jebusites. — After 
 this David marched against Jebus, or Jerusalem,f which 
 in consequence of its natural strength had been retained 
 by the Jebusites in the centre of the Israelite population. 
 The Jebusites defied his power, but David declared that 
 
 * This was equivalent to a coronation oath, and denoted that David 
 ■was a constitutional, and not an arbitrary, monarch. 
 
 f Description of Jerusalem. — Jerusalem is built on four hills — Zion, 
 Millo or Acra, Moriah, and Bezetha — and is surrounded by a valley, 
 again encompassed by high ground. The stronghold of the Jebusites 
 was on the southern and larger hill of Zion, on which was subsequently 
 built the City of David: but their town was built on the northern hill, 
 called Millo in the Hebrew and Acra (or "citadel") in the Greek. 
 Zion was subsequently called the Upper City, and Acra the Lower 
 City, and the depression between the two mountains was filled up by 
 Solomon. East of Millo and Zion was the flat-topped hill of Moriah, 
 on which Solomon built the temple. The same king united Zion and 
 Moriah by a causeway, and the Maccabees filled up the valley between 
 Moriah and Millo. At a later period a fourth hill was included on the 
 north of Moriah, called Bezetha. The brook Kidron winds round Je- 
 rusalem on the north and east along the valley of Jehoshaphat. On 
 the south of Zion lies the narrow valley of Hinnom or Tophet. The 
 ravines on three sides of the ancient city form a natural defence. On 
 the west the descents are more gradual, but are protected by depressions 
 of moderate depth, which might have been easily fortified against the 
 simple forms of attack known to the Hebrews. The hills which look 
 down on Jerusalem, and lay it open to destructive attack from modern 
 artillery, probably explain the abundance of spring-water for which 
 the city has been celebrated; for in the numerous blockades which it 
 has endured the besiegers are said to have been often distressed for 
 want of water, the besieged never. 
 
b. c. 1043-1040. 2 SAMUEL V.-VII. 181 
 
 whoever first scaled the wall and drove off the defenders 
 should be made his chief captain. The feat was accom- 
 plished by Joab, and the king took the stronghold of 
 Zion and made the city his metropolis; and, with the 
 assistance of artisans sent him by Hiram, king of Tyre, 
 he built a palace on Mount Zion, which gave it the name 
 of the City of David. 2 Sam. v. 6-16 ; 1 Chron. xi. 4-9. 
 
 327. Defeats the Philistines, 1043. — In B.C. 1013 
 the Philistines twice encamped in the valley of Rephaim, 
 south of Jerusalem, but each time were routed by David. 
 2 Sam. v. 17-25 ; 1 Chron. xi. 12-20 ; xiv. 8, 17. 
 
 328. Removes the Arfo from Kirjath-jearhn to 
 Jerusalem, 1042. — In b. c. 1042, David removed the 
 ark from Kirjath-jearim to Jerusalem, but on the way 
 Uzzah was slain by God for sacrilegiously touching it, and 
 the king left it without the city, in the house of Obed- 
 edom. Three months afterward, David, having seen that 
 the Lord blessed the household of Obed-edom, brought it 
 to his own house with sacrifices and rejoicings. On this 
 occasion Michal sharply taunted David with his unkingly 
 dancing, but he answered her with humility and zeal, and 
 perpetual barrenness was the punishment for her pre- 
 sumption. David would now have built a temple for the 
 ark, but was commanded by the prophet Nathan to relin- 
 quish the design to his successor ; but Nathan at the same 
 time predicted the glory of his posterity, saying, " I will 
 raise up thy seed after thee, which shall be of thy sons ; 
 and I will establish his kingdom. He shall build me an 
 house, and I will establish his throne for ever." 2 Sam. 
 vi. ; vii. ; 1 Chron. xiii. ; xv.-xvii. 
 
 329. Conquers the Philistines, Moabites, Syrians, 
 and Edomites, 1040. — In B.C. 1040, David prepared 
 for an extensive war upon the bordering nations, and 
 the most brilliant successes followed the progress of his 
 armies. The Philistines were first vanquished, and Gath 
 and its dependencies were taken by the Hebrews. David 
 then conquered Moab, and, measuring the whole country 
 with a line, he slew one half the nation and rendered the 
 other half tributary. He next invaded the dominions of 
 Hadadezer, king of Zobab (a Syrian state), and advan- 
 cing to the Euphrates, he took from him one hundred 
 chariots, seven hundred cavalry, and 20,000 infantry ; 
 
 16 
 
182 2 SAMUEL VIIL, IX. b. c. 1040-1035. 
 
 whilst the Syrians of Damascus, who marched to the as- 
 sistance of the enemy, were defeated with the loss of 
 22,000 men. David hamstrung the chariot-horses, reserv- 
 ing a sufficient number for one hundred chariots ; he gar- 
 risoned Syria and made the people tributary, and returned 
 to Jerusalem with shields of gold and an immense quan- 
 tity of brass. This victory was followed by a visit from 
 Joram, son of Toi, king of Hamath (a Syrian state), who 
 brought presents to David and congratulated him on his 
 conquest. After the Syrian campaign the Israelite army 
 turned southward and invaded Edom. The conquering 
 Hebrews slew 18,000 Edomites in the Valley of Salt, and 
 garrisoned the whole country and made the people tribu- 
 tary. By these conquests the dominions of David were 
 extended to the Euphrates on the north and east, and to 
 the Red Sea on the south. 2 Sam. viii. ; 1 Chron. xviii. 
 
 330. Adopts Mephibosheth, 1040. — David, being 
 now firmly established, fulfilled his former covenant with 
 Jonathan by sending for his son Mephibosheth, whom he 
 placed under the care of Ziba, an old servant of Saul's, 
 and entertained at his own table. Mephibosheth had 
 been lamed by his nurse in both feet during the flight 
 from Jezreel on the arrival of the tidings of the deaths 
 of Saul and Jonathan. 2 Sam. ix. 
 
 331. Defeats the Ammonites and Syrians, 1037- 
 1035, — In b. c. 1037, Nahash, king of the Ammonites, 
 died, and David sent ambassadors to condole with his son 
 Hanun. The Ammonite princes persuaded their new 
 king that their messengers were sent as spies, and Hanun 
 accordingly shaved off half their beards, cut off their 
 garments, and sent them back to David ; and, seeing that 
 a war would be now inevitable, he hired 20,000 infantry 
 from the two Syrian states of Beth-rehob and Zoba; 
 1000 men of King Maacah, in the immediate north of 
 Palestine ; and 1 2,000 men of Tob, a small territory 
 north of Manasseh and east of the Jordan. Joab was 
 immediately sent by David against the combined forces. 
 He divided his army into two divisions ; with the first, 
 consisting of chosen men, he fell upon the Syrians, whilst 
 he sent the other, under his brother Abishai, against the 
 Ammonites. The enemy were routed on all sides, and 
 the conquering Hebrews returned to Jerusalem. The 
 
b.c. 1035-1033. 2 SAMUEL X.-XII. 183 
 
 next year, b. c. 1036, a fresh army of Syrians were col- 
 lected by Hadadezer, but David quickly reassembled his 
 forces, crossed the Jordan, and defeated him at Helam ; 
 the fighting-men of seven hundred chariots and 40,000 
 cavalry fell upon the field of battle, and Shobach, the 
 commander-in-chief, was slain. This decisive victory pre- 
 vented the Syrians from affording any further aid to the 
 Ammonites, and the next year, b. c. 1035, David sent 
 Joab to destroy Ammon and- besiege Rabbah — i. e. " chief 
 city" — whilst he himself remained at Jerusalem. 2 Sam. 
 x. ; 1 Chron. xix. 
 
 332. Adultery with Bathsheha, 1035, — During the 
 siege David was attracted by the beauty of Bathsheba, 
 wife of Uriah, and sent for her to his palace whilst her 
 husband was serving under Joab at Rabbah. The natural 
 result followed the intercourse, and David sought to veil 
 his guilt by sending for Uriah to Jerusalem, but the gal- 
 lant soldier refused to sleep in his house whilst his com- 
 panions-in-arms were encamped in the open fields. The 
 disappointed monarch sent him back with directions to 
 Joab to compass his death by placing him " in the fore- 
 front of the hottest battle," and the adultery of David 
 was quickly followed by the murder of Uriah. Scarcely 
 was the mourning of Bathsheba completed when David 
 made her his wife and she bore him a son. The anger of 
 the Lord was now aroused, and Nathan was sent to David, 
 and by the parable of the poor man's ewe lamb forced 
 the king to become his own judge. He then assured 
 David that in punishment for his crime the sword should 
 never depart from his house, that evil should be raised up 
 against him in his own family, that his own wives should 
 be openly abused, and that the child of Bathsheba should 
 die. 2 Sam. xi. ; xii. 1-12. 
 
 333. Death of his Child, 1034 ; Solomon born, 
 1033; Rabbah taken, 1033. — David confessed and 
 repented of his crime, but scarcely had Nathan left his 
 presence when his child by Bathsheba was seized with 
 sickness, and though he prayed and fasted before God, 
 yet it died on the seventh day after. The bereaved 
 parents were at length comforted, and Bathsheba bore 
 Solomon in b. c. 1033. Meanwhile, Joab had reduced 
 Rabbah to extremities, and sent to David to come in 
 
184 2 SAMUEL XII., XIII. b. c. 1032-1027. 
 
 person and take the honors of the capture. David then 
 went down and took the city ; the royal crown, rich with 
 jewels, and weighing a talent of gold [170 oz. =£680],* 
 was transferred to his head, and the inhabitants were 
 either slain or made to labor in brick-kilns or with saws, 
 axes, and harrows. 2 Sam. xii. 13-31 ; 1 Chron. xx. 
 1-3. 
 
 334. Tamar abused by Amnon, 1032, — The fear- 
 ful prophecies of Nathan were now to be accomplished in 
 the family of David, and a revolting outrage divided the 
 royal household, and ultimately led to fratricide and re- 
 bellion. Amnon, son of David by Ahinoam, being in 
 love with his half-sister Tamar, incestuously abused her. 
 The injured princess rent her garments and put ashes on 
 her head, when her brother Absalom met her, learnt the 
 cause of her grief, enjoined her to secrecy, and received 
 her into his own house. 2 Sam. xiii. 1-20. 
 
 335. Amnon slain, and Absalom exiled, JL030. — 
 For two years Absalom never spoke to his brother Am- 
 non ; but in b. c. 1030 he invited all his brothers to his 
 sheep-shearing, and Amnon amongst them. During the 
 feast Amnon was assassinated by the servants of Absalom, 
 who instantly fled to the king of Geshur, whilst his re- 
 maining brothers returned to weep with their sorrowing 
 father. 2 Sam. xiii. 20-38. 
 
 336. Return of Absalom, 1027 » — After three years 
 David forgot the murder of Amnon and mourned for the 
 return of Absalom ; and Joab, by means of a wise woman 
 of Tekoah, persuaded the king to send to Geshur for the 
 refugee. Absalom then returned to Jerusalem, and was 
 praised throughout Israel as the most beautiful man in 
 the kingdom ; and his hair, which was annually polled, is 
 said to have weighed two hundred royal shekels [91 oz.]. 
 For two years longer David refused to see his favorite 
 son, and Joab, who had been twice sent for by Absalom 
 to effect a reconciliation, persisted in declining to come. 
 At length, in b. c. 1025, Absalom obtained an interview 
 with the commander-in-chief by the ingenious device of 
 firing his field of barley, and Joab mediated between the 
 
 * The Syriac talent weighed fifteen Attic minae, or oue-fourth of the 
 common Attic talent. 
 
b. c. 1023. 2 SAMUEL XIII.-XV. 185 
 
 father and son, and " the king kissed Absalom." 2 Sam. 
 xiii. 39 ; xiv. 
 
 337. Absalom's Revolt, 1023. — The last and severest 
 calamity threatened by Nathan was now to be inflicted 
 upon David, but the aged monarch was prepared to en- 
 dure the affliction with a submissive humility which 
 proved the depth of his piety and sincerity of his repent- 
 ance. His son Absalom had won the hearts of all Israel 
 by fair speeches and courteous behavior. In b. c. 1023 
 he obtained the permission of David to go to Hebron 
 under the pretence of performing a vow ; but he sent 
 spies throughout all the tribes, saying, "As soon as ye 
 hear the sound of the trumpet ye shall say, Absalom 
 reigneth in Hebron." He then left Jerusalem with two 
 hundred men totally ignorant of his design, and on arriv- 
 ing at Hebron he sent for Ahithophel the Gilonite, David's 
 counsellor, whilst fresh adherents rapidly poured in and 
 strengthened the conspiracy. 2 Sam. xv. 1-12. 
 
 338. David leaves Jerusalem. — Directly David heard 
 of this formidable revolt he retired from Jerusalem to 
 avoid a sudden attack, and left ten concubines to keep 
 his house. All his servants followed him, with the Cher- 
 ethites, Pelethites, and six hundred Gittites* from Gath, 
 under Ittai ; and though David especially advised Ittai 
 to return because he was an exile, the latter declared his 
 determination to follow him until death. Zadok and 
 Abiathar the priests had also borne the ark after the 
 king, but David ordered them to carry it back to the city 
 and send him an account of future proceedings by their 
 two sons, Ahimaaz, son of Zadok, and Jonathan, son of 
 Abiathar. David and his followers, weeping and bare- 
 foot, then ascended Mount Olivet, where he heard that 
 Ahithophel — "whose counsel," says the sacred record, 
 " was like the oracle of God " — had joined Absalom in 
 the revolt. David prayed that his advice might be turned 
 into foolishness, and shortly afterward was joined by Hu- 
 shai the Archite, whom he desired to join Absalom and 
 endeavor to defeat Ahithophel and communicate through 
 
 * These Cherethites, Pelethites, and Gittitos appear to have heen 
 foreign troops from Philistia and the neighborhood, whom David had 
 taken into his pay. 
 
 16* 
 
186 2 SAMUEL XV.-XVII. 
 
 c. 1023. 
 
 Jonathan and Ahimaaz. After passing the summit of 
 Olivet, David was met by Ziba, the servant of Mephibo- 
 sheth, with two asses laden with provisions. On being 
 asked for his master, Ziba falsely replied that he stayed 
 at Jerusalem to receive Absalom, upon which the king 
 transferred to him all that he had previously given to 
 Mephibosheth. At Bahurim, Shimei, a member of Saul's 
 house, came forth and cursed and threw stones at David 
 and his people ; but though Abishai, son of Zeruiah and 
 brother of Joab, begged permission to slay the rebel, 
 David indignantly refused, choosing rather to bear with 
 an indignity which he considered to be a chastening from 
 Jehovah. 2 Sam. xv. 13-37 ; xvi. 1-14. 
 
 339. David's Concubines Insulted, — Meanwhile, Ab- 
 salom had reached Jerusalem with Ahithophel and been 
 joined by Hushai. His first act was in accordance with 
 the advice of Ahithophel, and, whilst it proved the con- 
 summate wisdom of the counsellor, it fulfilled the most 
 mysterious prophecy of Nathan. To assure the people 
 that the breach between himself and his father was irrep- 
 arable, and that no sacrifice of his adherents would ob- 
 tain a pardon for himself, he publicly abused his father's 
 ten concubines. 2 Sam. xvi. 15-23. 
 
 340. AhitlioplieV s Counsel Rejected. — Ahithophel 
 then advised Absalom to send him at the head of 10,000 
 men to pursue David and smite him whilst his people 
 were weary ; but Hushai opposed this by saying that 
 David was a valiant man, and recommending that they 
 should wait until all Israel were on their side, and thus be 
 certain of victory before they ventured on a battle. This 
 foolish proposal was immediately accepted by Absalom, 
 and Hushai forwarded the news to David through the 
 sons of Zadok and Abiathar. The two messengers nar- 
 rowly escaped apprehension. They had waited at the 
 Pool of Siloam, without Jerusalem, where a wench brought 
 them the message, but a lad saw them, and told Absalom, 
 who instantly ordered them to be pursued ; and they would 
 have been taken at Bahurim, where Shimei cursed David, 
 had not a woman hid them in a well and misdirected the 
 pursuers. 2 Sam. xvii. 1-20. 
 
 341. David prepares for Battle. — Upon learning 
 that Hushai's advice was taken, David crossed the Jor- 
 
b. c. 1023. 2 SAMUEL XVIL, XVIII. 187 
 
 dan and marched to Mahanaim, where his army were re- 
 freshed and strengthened by the generous hospitality of 
 Shobi, son of Nahash the Ammonite, Barzillai the Gilead- 
 ite, and Machir, son of Ammiel. David then divided his 
 forces into three divisions, the first under Joab, the second 
 under Abishai, and the third under Ittai the Gittite ; and 
 after reviewing the soldiers and strictly charging the gen- 
 erals to deal gently with Absalom, he sent them to the 
 battle, whilst he himself remained in the city. 2 Sam. xvii. 
 22, 24, 26-29 ; xviii. 1-5. 
 
 342. Absalom's Defeat and Death, 1023. — Mean- 
 time, the party of Absalom had lost its best supporter, for 
 Ahithophel was so hurt at the rejection of his advice that 
 he returned home, set his affairs in order, and committed 
 suicide. Absalom now made Amasa commander of his 
 host, and, crossing the Jordan in pursuit of David, he en- 
 camped in Gilead. The battle was fought in the wood of 
 Ephraim,* but became quickly scattered over the whole 
 country, for the army of Absalom was soon divided and 
 routed by the veterans of David. Whilst Absalom was 
 riding on a mule during the engagement, his hair caught 
 in the branches of an oak and kept him hanging. This 
 being told to Joab, he hurried to the place and thrust 
 three darts through the heart of Absalom, whilst ten 
 young men who bore his armor completed the murder, 
 threw the body into a pit, and covered it with stones. 
 The news was carried to David by Ahimaaz and Cushi, 
 but the agony of the father overcame the exultation of 
 the king, and in the bitterness of grief he cried, on the 
 eve of victory, " O Absalom, my son, my son ! would God 
 I had died for thee !" 2 Sam. xvii. 23, 25 ; xviii. 6-33. 
 
 343. David returns to Jerusalem. — The remon- 
 strances of Joab and discontent of the people at length 
 aroused David to a sense of his regal duty. He sent to 
 Zadok and Abiathar to call upon the elders of Judah to 
 bring back their monarch, and to reassure Amasa, the 
 late commander-in-chief of Absalom, by a promise of the 
 generalship of his own army in the room of the murderer 
 of his son. All Judah now assembled at Gilgal to attend 
 their king over Jordan and welcome his return. Amongst 
 
 * This forest was on the east of Jordan, in the tribe of Gad. 
 
188 2 SAMUEL XIX., XX. b. c. 1022. 
 
 others was Shimei, who had cursed David at Bahurim, 
 but who uow prayed for forgiveness, and was pardoned in 
 spite of the remonstrances of Abishai. Ziba also came 
 with his fifteen sons and twenty servants, and Mephibo- 
 sheth, who testified his own loyalty and complained of the 
 treachery of his servant ; and David now divided between 
 the two the possessions which he had formerly given to 
 Mephibosheth and afterward transferred to Ziba. Bar- 
 zillai the Gileadite also came to congratulate David, for 
 whom he had provided provisions at Mahanaim. He was 
 eighty years old, and the king blessed and kissed him, 
 and, as he declined going farther on account of his age, 
 David took his son Chimham and rewarded him as he 
 would have done his father. 2 Sam. xix. 1-40. 
 
 344. Dissensions between Judah and Israel ; Re- 
 volt of Israel tinder Sheba, 1022. — When David 
 reached his palace he imprisoned the ten concubines 
 whom Absalom had abused, and condemned them to per- 
 petual widowhood. Meantime, the kingdom was shaken 
 by a fierce dispute which ended in a revolt. The Israel- 
 ites complained that the men of Judah had not consulted 
 them in bringing back David ; to which Judah replied at 
 first with sarcastic taunts, and afterward with fierce re- 
 crimination. Whilst the quarrel was at its height, Sheba, 
 a Benjamite, blew a trumpet and cried in the language 
 of rebellion, " We have no part in David, nor inheritance 
 in the son of Jesse : to your tents, O Israel !" David 
 immediately ordered Amasa, his new commander-in-chief, 
 to assemble the warriors of Judah within three days to 
 put down the revolt ; but Amasa did not return at the 
 appointed time, and David, getting alarmed, sent Abi- 
 shai, brother of Joab, to seize Sheba before he could take 
 any fenced cities. 2 Sam. xix. 41-43 ; xx. 1-6. 
 
 345. Amasa and Sheba slain, 1022. — Abishai in- 
 stantly marched against the rebels with Joab's men and 
 the Cherethites and Pelethites (see note to sect. 338) ; but 
 at Gibeon he overtook Amasa, and the latter was then 
 treacherously assassinated by Joab for having superseded 
 him in the command of the army. All the people now 
 followed Joab, who with his accustomed energy marched 
 through all the tribes until he came to Abel of Beth- 
 maachah, where Sheba was abiding; and when he had 
 
B. c. 1022-1017. 2 SAMUEL XX.-XXIIT. 189 
 
 cast up a bank and battered the wall, a wise woman saved 
 the city by persuading the inhabitants to cut off the head 
 of Sheba and send it to Joab. 2 Sam. xx. 6-20. 
 
 346. Famine for Three years, 1022—1019 ; Atone- 
 ment for Saul's Slaughter of the Gibeonites, 1019. — 
 Scarcely had peace been established when the land was 
 visited by a three years' famine, and David learnt from 
 God that it was caused by the previous slaughter of the 
 Gibeonites by Saul. These Gibeonites were a remnant of 
 the Amorites, but had artfully obtained an alliance with 
 the Hebrews in the time of Joshua (see sect. 258) ; and 
 many of the present race had been slain by Saul in his 
 zeal against the enemies of Israel. David asked the Gib- 
 eonites what atonement they required, upon which they 
 refused a blood-fine of silver or gold, but demanded 
 that seven of Saul's remaining sons should be delivered 
 up to them for execution. David then spared Mephi- 
 bosheth, but gave them the two sons of Eizpah, Saul's 
 concubine, and the five sons of Merab, Saul's eldest 
 daughter, who had been promised to David, but given to 
 Adriel. The Gibeonites hung the victims on a hill, but 
 Rizpah clothed herself in sackcloth and guarded their 
 bodies. David then fetched the bones of Saul and Jon- 
 athan from the Jabesh-gileadites, who had carried them 
 off from the walls of Beth-shan, where they had been ex- 
 posed by the Philistines as victorious trophies (sect. 321). 
 They were now buried by David in the sepulchre of Kish, 
 father of Saul, in the tribe of Benjamin. 2 Sam. xxi. 1-14. 
 
 347. David's last Expedition against the Philis- 
 tines, 1018. — In b. c. 1018 the Philistines again de- 
 clared war, and David marched against them, but it was 
 his last expedition. During the fight the aged monarch 
 was attacked by Ishbi-benob, a gigantic Philistine, and 
 would have fallen but for the aid of Abishai, who slew 
 the formidable enemy ; and the army then declared that 
 the light of Israel should no more be risked in battle. 
 The war was concluded after three other Philistine giants 
 of the family of Goliath had been slain by three heroes 
 of Israel. 2 Sam. xxi. 15-22 ; xxii. ; xxiii. 
 
 348. Numbering of the People, and 70,000 slain 
 by Pestilence, 1017. — In b. c. 1017, David, in opposi- 
 tion to the divine command and the remonstrances of 
 
190 2 SAMUEL XXIV.-l KINGS I. b. c. 1051. 
 
 Joab, ordered the latter to number the people, upon which 
 there was found to be 800,000 fighting men of Israel and 
 500,000 of Judah. Scarcely had David learnt the result 
 when he repented of the crime, and God sent the proph- 
 et Gad to offer him the choice of three punishments — 
 viz. three years' famine, three months' destruction from 
 the enemy, or three days' pestilence. David chose the 
 latter, and 70,000 people were slain by a plague, but Je- 
 rusalem was saved, and the Lord stayed the hand of the 
 destroying angel by the threshing-floor of Araunah the 
 Jebusite on the summit of Moriah. David immediately 
 bought the threshing-floor and oxen for fifty silver she- 
 kels [22f oz. = £5 13s. 8c?.]*, and, erecting an altar on the 
 spot, he showed his gratitude in burnt-offerings and peace- 
 offerings to Jehovah. 2 Sam. xxiv. ; 1 Chron. xxi. 
 
 349. Revolt of Adonijah, 1051; Solomon de- 
 clared Successor. — David was now extremely old, and 
 required the attendance of a Shunammite virgin named 
 Abishag. Adonijah, son of David by Haggith, seeing 
 the monarch's decrepitude, and having conferred with 
 Joab the commander-in-chief and Abiathar the high 
 priest, chose this moment for declaring himself king in 
 opposition to Solomon, whom David had appointed to be 
 his successor. Nathan immediately brought the news to 
 Bathsheba, and advised her to carry it to David, and he 
 would follow and confirm it. Bathsheba then entered the 
 king's presence, and whilst telling him of the rebellion 
 Nathan went into the royal chamber and requested to 
 know whom he had appointed to be his successor. David 
 signified before them both his desire that Solomon should 
 reign after him, and ordered Nathan, Zadok, and Benaiah 
 to proclaim him king. Solomon was accordingly anoint- 
 ed ; the trumpet was blown and the people cried, " God 
 save King Solomon!" and the tidings was carried to 
 Adonijah whilst feasting his adherents. All the guests 
 were struck with a panic, and Adonijah fled to the horns 
 of the altar, but being reassured by Solomon, he gave 
 himself up and was jmrdoned. 1 Kings i. 
 
 * In 1 Chron. xxi. 25 it is said that David gave Araunah six hundred 
 shekels of gold. It is therefore supposed that subsequently, when 
 David knew that this spot was chosen as a site for the temple, he made 
 Araunah a further remuneration. 
 
B. c. 1015. 1 KINGS II. 191 
 
 350. Death of David, 1015.— The dying hour of 
 the old king soon arrived, and his last moments appear 
 to have been employed in counselling his son and succes- 
 sor. He strictly charged him to walk in accordance with 
 the laws of God, and to build the temple to Jehovah; 
 and he warned him to punish the crimes of Joab and 
 Shimei, but to show kindness to the family of Barzillai 
 the Gileadite. So David slept with his fathers, and was 
 buried in the City of David, b. c. 1015. 1 Kings ii. 1-11 ; 
 1 Chron. xxii. ; xxviii. ; xxix. 
 
 351. Character of David. — As a man David was a 
 true Israelite, and as a king he was a faithful vassal of 
 Jehovah. The piety, courage, and humility of his youth 
 prepared him for that severe discipline of body and mind 
 which he underwent in his persecuted wanderings ; and 
 whilst his genius as a king drew around him the great 
 and distinguished spirits of his age, it led him to deal 
 wisely and cautiously with the crafty and ambitious. He 
 governed as the vice-regent of Jehovah, and though in 
 two notable instances he fell into grievous sin and incur- 
 red the just punishment of God, yet his humble confes- 
 sion and sincere repentance are held out as a warning to 
 all future generations. By his strict adherence to duty 
 and confidence in God he set a worthy example to his 
 successors ; and, to crown all, he was an eminent type of 
 that glorious Messiah who was to be born of his lineage 
 and sit upon his throne for ever. 
 
 David was an affectionate friend, a generous enemy, a 
 brave warrior, and a wise monarch. The fame of his 
 youthful harp reached the ears of the court, and his mel- 
 odies charmed the evil spirit from Saul, whilst the glow- 
 ing poetry, lofty imagery, and fervent piety of his Psalms 
 have elevated the devotions of all Jews and Christians 
 for 3000 years, and earned for the glorious inspiration of 
 their author a universal and undying popularity. 
 
 SOLOMON, b. c. 1015-975 = 40 years. 
 Prophet — A hijah. 
 
 352. Extent of the Kingdom. — The reign of Solomon 
 is the most splendid period of Hebrew history. His king- 
 dom was the ruling monarchy in Western Asia, and ex- 
 
192 1 KINGS II. 
 
 B.C. 1014-1011. 
 
 tended from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean and 
 from Phoenicia to the Eed Sea ; whilst the warlike and 
 civilized Philistines, the Edomites, Moabites, and Am- 
 monites, the nomad Arabians of the desert, and the 
 Syrians of Damascus, were alike tributary to the suc- 
 cessor of David. 1 Kings iv. 20, 21. 
 
 353. Joab and Adonijah slain, and Abiathar 
 banished, 1011 ; Shimei slain, 1011. — Solomon as- 
 cended the throne at the age of eighteen, and his first 
 acts were in accordance with the dying advice of his 
 father. His eldest brother, Adonijah, had persuaded 
 Bathsheba to ask from Solomon permission to marry 
 Abishag, the attendant of David ; but the king was so 
 enraged at the deep scheme which dictated this request 
 that he slew Adonijah by the hand of Benaiah and pun- 
 ished his two principal adherents. Abiathar, in remem- 
 brance of former services to David, was only banished to 
 Anathoth, but Joab, who, with conscious guilt, had fled 
 to the horns of the altar, met with the fate of Adonijah. 
 1 Kings ii. 11-35. 
 
 354. CJiaracter of Joab, — The character of Joab de- 
 mands a passing notice. He was the son of Zeruiah, Da- 
 vid's sister, and was made commander-in-chief because he 
 had been the first to mount the walls of Jebus and beat 
 off the Jebusites. (See sect. 326.) The success of his 
 arms and energy of his movements soon proved that he 
 possessed military talents of the highest order, but he was 
 cruel and unscrupulous in the attainment of his ends. He 
 had avenged the death of his brother Asahel by the assas- 
 sination of Abner and gratified his jealousy by the slaugh- 
 ter of Amasa. He had mortally offended the old monarch 
 by compassing the death of Absalom, and aroused the 
 fears of his successor by joining in the rebellion of Adon- 
 ijah ; and the genius of the commander would not atone 
 for the treacheries of the assassin, nor a long service for 
 a base desertion. 
 
 355. Shimei slain, 1011. — Shimei, another suspicious 
 character, met with a similar fate. He had not followed 
 Adonijah, but had cursed David at Bahurim, and at first 
 was suffered to live in peace upon promising not to leave 
 Jerusalem. Three years afterward two of his servants 
 fled to Achish, and he followed them to Gath and 
 
b. c. 1014. 1 KINGS II., III. 193 
 
 brought them back, upon which Solomon reproached 
 him with his guilt, and he fell by the hand of Benaiah. 
 1 Kings ii. 36-46. 
 
 356. Solomon's Marriage with Pharaoh's Daugh- 
 ter, 1014 ; his Singular Wisdom. — In B. c. 1014, Sol- 
 omon married the daughter of Pharaoh, and brought her 
 to the city of David until he should have built a palace 
 for himself, a temple for the Lord, and a wall around Je- 
 rusalem. He loved the Lord and walked in the statutes 
 of his father, but the people, having no temple, sacrificed 
 in high places, of which Gibeon was the chief. On one 
 occasion, whilst staying at this place, the Lord appeared 
 to Solomon at night in a dream and bade him ask what 
 most he desired. Solomon begged for an understanding 
 heart, when Jehovah not only granted his prayer, but 
 promised him riches and honor above all contemporary 
 kings, together with length of days, if he kept the stat- 
 utes of the God of his fathers. The wisdom of the young 
 king soon excited the astonishment and admiration of the 
 whole nation. Two mothers, living alone in one house, 
 came before him. One complained that the other, hav- 
 ing had her child die in the night, had exchanged its 
 corpse for the living child of the complainant. The 
 other denied the charge, and no witnesses could be 
 brought to prove the identity of the infants. Solomon 
 elicited the truth by preparing to divide the living child, 
 when the false mother discovered herself by the uncon- 
 cern she showed for its life, whilst the real parent begged 
 that it might be preserved, even if given up to the other. 
 1 Kings iii. ; 2 Chron. i. 1-12. 
 
 357. Commerce of Solomon. — The profoundest peace 
 was soon established throughout the dominions of Solomon. 
 Every man dwelt in safety under his own vine and his 
 own fig tree from Dan to Beer-shcba. An alliance with 
 Egypt and Phoenicia enabled the wisest king to carry on 
 an extensive commerce by land and sea. He built the 
 magnificent city of Tadmor,* afterward called Palmyra, 
 in Syria, on an oasis in the desert, for the convenience of 
 caravans which traded with Babylon. He formed a navy, 
 
 *2 Chron. viii. 4: Josephi, Ant. Jud. VIII. vi.; Ilccren's Asiutic 
 Hesemchen, ii. 3'J3j Wood's Palmyra <tnd Baalbcc, etc. 
 
 17 N 
 
194 1 KINGS IV., V. b. c. 1012-992. 
 
 "which was partly manned by Phoenician sailors, and his 
 ships traversed the Mediterranean to the Pillars of Her- 
 cules, or sailed from Elath and Ezion-geber, on the Red 
 Sea, to the golden regions of the far East. Horses, char- 
 riots, and linen yarn were brought from Egypt; gold and 
 silver, ivory, apes, and peacocks from Tarshish, or Tar- 
 tessus, on the southern coast of Spain ; gold, jewels, and 
 spices from the mysterious realms of Ophir on the coast 
 of Arabia, Eastern Africa, or the southern peninsula of 
 India ; and cedars and firs were floated on the Mediter- 
 ranean by the Phoenician king, Hiram, and carried from 
 the heights of Lebanon to the metropolis of Palestine. 
 Whilst David had vanquished the surrounding monarchs, 
 Hiram, king of Tyre, was allied to him by a close friend- 
 ship, which was now continued to Solomon to their mu- 
 tual advantage. The mountainous territory of the Phoeni- 
 cians was but little adapted for agriculture, a^nd Palestine 
 became their granary. The corn of Judaea, which excelled 
 that of Egypt ; the vine, which was indigenous to the soil ; 
 the oil, which is superior to that of Provence ; the balm, 
 which was collected in the lands round Lake Gennesa- 
 reth, and is still famous under the name of balsam of 
 Mecca, — were all exchanged by Solomon for the luxuri- 
 ous riches of distant climes.* 1 Kings iv. ; v. ; ix. 26-28 ; 
 x. 22-29 ; 2 Chron. i. 13-17. 
 
 358. Building of the Temple and Palaces, 1012- 
 992. — In b. c. 1012, after reigning three years, Solomon 
 commenced building his celebrated temple ; after which 
 he erected a palace for himself, another of cedar in the 
 forest of Lebanon, and a third for the daughter of Pha- 
 raoh. The whole were completed in twenty years; of 
 this period, between three and four years were spent in 
 collecting materials for the temple, and seven years and 
 six months were employed in raising and decorating it. 
 Upon this sacred structure the boundless genius of a mag- 
 nificent king lavished all that wealth could purchase or art 
 could execute ; 70,000 proselytes, descendants of the Ca- 
 naanites, were employed in carrying burdens ; 80,000 in 
 cutting stone out of the quarries ; 3600 as overseers ; to- 
 
 * Heeren's Asiatic Researches, i. 362. 
 
b. c. 1005. 1 KINGS VI., VII. 195 
 
 gether with 30,000 Israelites in the quarries of Libanus. 
 1 Kings vi. ; vii. ; 2 Chron. ii. 
 
 359. Description of the Temple. — The temple was 
 built on the summit of Mount Moriah, near Mount Zion, 
 in Jerusalem, where Abraham had prepared to offer Isaac, 
 and where the angel had appeared to David when the 
 pestilence was stayed over the threshing-floor of Arau- 
 nah. The site was enlarged by the erection of a strong 
 wall of square stone around the mountain, with the in- 
 tervening space filled up with earth. Another wall, 
 with an interior colonnade, surrounded the whole struc- 
 ture, thus forming two courts ; the inner one being called 
 the court of the temple, and containing the sacred furni- 
 ture and vestments of the priests and Levites ; whilst in 
 the outer one were erected the magazines for the wine, 
 corn, oil, and wood used in the divine service. The tem- 
 ple itself is supposed to have been 70 cubits [128 feet] 
 long, 20 cubits [36 feet] broad, and 30 cubits [54 feet] 
 high, with a portico or porch 20 cubits [36 feet] broad 
 like the main building, but 120 cubits [216 feet] high. 
 The Holy Place was 40 cubits [72 feet] long, and the 
 Holy of Holies 20 cubits [36 feet]. The interior edifice 
 was built upon the plan of the tabernacle, but of much 
 larger dimensions. The internal decorations are difficult 
 to comprehend, and the reader of the sacred volume is 
 bewildered and astonished by elaborate descriptions of 
 cedar walls and golden roofs richly carved with flowers 
 and cherubim ; carved floors overlaid with gold ; golden 
 altar, shew-bread table, and cherubim ; golden doors, 
 chains, candlesticks, censers, basins, lamps*, tongs, and 
 hinges ; veils of blue, purple, and crimson ; brazen seas, 
 lavers, wheels, oxen, and lions ; brazen pillars thirty -two 
 feet high and twenty-one feet round, and with chapiters 
 or capitals nine feet higher, all richly carved with net- 
 work, chain-work, pomegranates, and lilies; and such 
 was the rich profusion of metal that its weight was 
 never ascertained. 1 Kings vi. ; vii.; 2 Chron. ii.-iv. 
 
 360. Dedication, 1005. — In the seventh month of 
 the tenth year of the reign the temple was solemnly ded- 
 icated to Jehovah. The priests, Levites, and singers were 
 all arrayed in their sacred vestments ; the trumpets and 
 cymbals were sounded ; and the sacred ark, containing 
 
196 1 KINGS VIIL, IX. b. c. 1005. 
 
 the tables of stone which Moses had placed there at 
 Horeb, was carried by the priests and set beneath the 
 cherubim. Then the glory of the Lord filled the house 
 of the Lord, and the youthful king stood before the altar 
 in the presence of all Israel, and offered up an affecting 
 and appropriate supplication to the God of Abraham. 
 The service was concluded with sacrifices and rejoicings ; 
 and, the Lord appeared to Solomon a second time at 
 Gibeon, and promised to protect his chosen people as 
 long as they walked in his statutes, but to reject them 
 utterly should they forsake his way.* 1 Kings viii. ; 
 ix. 1-25 ; 2 Chron. v.-vii. 
 
 * Subsequent History of the Temple, B. C. 1005-588. — After the conse- 
 cration or dedication of Solomon's temple it underwent many revo- 
 lutions. 
 
 b. c. 972. Only thirty-three years after its dedication it was plundered 
 by Shishak, king of Egypt. 
 
 b. c. 856. Joash, king of Judah, collected money for repairing it, and 
 the work was commenced in earnest. 
 
 B. c. 740. Ahaz, king of Judah, robbed it of its gold and treasures to 
 bribe Tiglath-pileser, king of Assyria, to attack the kings of Israel and 
 Syria. He afterward took away the brazen altar and replaced it by a 
 copy of one he had seen at Damascus, and subsequently pillaged it, 
 broke the sacred vessels, and shut it up. 
 
 B. c. 726. Hezekiah, son of Ahaz, reopened the temple, and purified 
 and repaired it, but in B. c. 713 he was forced to take its riches and 
 bribe Sennacherib to leave his dominions. 
 
 B. c. 698. Manasseh, son of Hezekiah, set up altars and idols in the 
 courts of the temple, but afterward repented and removed them. 
 
 B. c. 624. Josiah repaired tbe temple and replaced the priests. 
 
 B. c. 606. Nebuchadnezzar plundered it in the reign of Jehoiakim. 
 
 b. c. 599. Nebuchadnezzar carried away others of its vessels in the 
 reign of Jehoiachin or Jeconiah. 
 
 b. c. 588. Nebuchadnezzar entirely destroyed it in the eleventh year 
 of Zedekiah's reign. 
 
 The Second Temple, B. C. 535. — Zerubbabel, the grandson of King 
 Jehoiachin, and Jeshua, grandson of Seraiah, the high priest, laid the 
 foundation of the second temple in b. c. 535, but were impeded in the 
 building by the machinations of the Samaritans, and it was not com- 
 pleted until the reign of Darius Hystaspis, b. c. 515. (See sect. 580.) 
 It was twice the size of Solomon's temple, both in breadth and height, 
 but it wanted five things — viz. 1. The ark and mercy-seat. 2. The vis- 
 ible glory of the Shechinah or divine presence. 3. The holy fire of the 
 altar. 4. The Urim and Thummim (sect. 162). 5. The spirit of proph- 
 ecy. This temple was plundered and profaned by Antiochus Epiphanes, 
 B. c. 170, and the idol of Jupiter Olympius was set up near the altar, 
 and the sacrifices discontinued for three years, when it was restored by 
 Judas Maccabeus. 1 Mace. iv. 52. 
 
 Temple of Herod, B. C. 17 to A. D. 70. — Herod, having been for two 
 years preparing materials for building a new temple, pulled down the 
 
 
b. c. 1005. 1 KINGS X. 197 
 
 361. Glory of Solomon. — The other works of Solo- 
 mon display the same munificent splendor as his temple. 
 The three hundred targets and three hundred shields of 
 beaten gold ; an ivory throne overlaid with gold, with a 
 golden footstool and twelve golden lions ; the golden ves- 
 sels of his household; 12,000 cavalry and 40,000 stalls 
 for chariot-horses ; the administration of the government 
 and the service of the court, — all excited as much wonder 
 and applause as his own 3000 proverbs and 1005 songs, 
 his knowledge of trees from the cedar to the hyssop, of 
 beasts, birds, fishes, and creeping things. Many royal 
 strangers weie attracted to Jerusalem by the fame of 
 Solomon ; and the queen of Sheba is particularly men- 
 tioned as having been struck alike with astonishment and 
 admiration at the grandeur of his works and the wisdom 
 of his words. 1 Kings x. ; 2 Chron. ix. 
 
 362. Kingdom disturbed by Idolatry and Faction. 
 — The latter part of Solomon's reign was disgraced by 
 voluptuousness and stained by idolatry. The royal harem 
 of seven hundred wives and three hundred concubines in- 
 cluded many women from the surrounding countries, who 
 tempted the king to worship their national deities ; and 
 the monarch who had built so glorious a temple to Je- 
 hovah on Mount Moriah now erected high places for 
 Chemosh, Molech, and Ashtoreth on the Mount of Olives. 
 Then the Lord threatened to rend away the kingdom of 
 Israel from the son of Solomon, leaving, however, one 
 tribe for the sake of David and Jerusalem. The remain- 
 
 old one in b. c. 17, and began erecting a new one about forty-six years 
 before the first passover of Christ's personal ministry. John ii. 20. 
 Upon this work 1000 wagons and 10,000 artificers were engaged under 
 the superintendence of 1000 priests. In nine and a half years the 
 temple was fit for divine service, but additions continued to be made 
 until A. D. 64. It was larger than the others, and the sanctuary, or 
 temple strictly so called, was constructed of white marble, and, with the 
 altar, was placed in a quadrangular area, called " The Court of the 
 Priests," which was surrounded by three courts, each one of which was 
 situated above the other. The inner court was called " The Court of the 
 Israelites," the middle one, " The Court of the Israelite Women," and the 
 outer one, " The Court of the Gentiles." This temple was at length 
 completely demolished by Titus, A. D. 70, on the same day of the same 
 month on which Solomon's temple had been destroyed. It was the 
 
 Iiresence of Christ in the second temple that fulfilled the prophecy of 
 Iaggai : " The glory of this latter house shall bo greater than of the 
 former." Hag. ii. 9. 
 
 17* 
 
198 1 KINGS XL b. c. 975. 
 
 der of the reign was darkened by intestine war. Hadad, 
 a prince of Edom, who had fled to Egypt on the conquest 
 of his country by David, and married the sister of Pha- 
 raoh's queen, now returned to Idumsea. Rezon, son of 
 Eliadah, a servant of Hadadezer, king of Zobah (sect. 
 329), collected a band of men, seized Damascus, and 
 founded a kingdom which soon became formidable (sect. 
 493, note) ; whilst Jeroboam, son of Nebat, an Ephrath- 
 ite, who for his bold and enterprising conduct had been 
 commissioned by Solomon to levy the taxes of Ephraim 
 and Manasseh, was promised by Ahijah, the Shilonite 
 prophet, the government of ten tribes, together with the 
 further encouragement that if he kept the commandments 
 and statutes as David had done, the Lord would be with 
 him and build him a house equally sure. Solomon then 
 sought to slay Jeroboam, who, however, escaped to Egypt, 
 where he was protected by Shishak, until the death of Sol- 
 omon released him from exile. 1 Kings xi. ; 2 Chron. ix. 31. 
 
 363. Death and Character of Solomon, 975. — 
 Solomon died b. c. 975. His character, unlike that of his 
 father David, was peaceful, learned, and luxurious. 
 Called to the throne while yet a youth, he became deeply 
 sensible of his great responsibilities, and sought for wis- 
 dom under divine encouragement. He was early cele- 
 brated for decision and righteous judgment, and his ex- 
 tensive acquaintance with natural history and physical 
 science was the wonder of his age. He next prepared 
 himself to fulfil the pious designs of his father in erecting 
 a temple to Jehovah ; and whatever subsequent ages may 
 boast of the sublime and magnificent, this monument of 
 art and piety remains unrivalled, and still flourishes in 
 the pages of Holy Writ. His luxuries and sinful com- 
 pliance in countenancing idolatrous practices will ever 
 remain a stain on his memory ; but his wisdom, learning, 
 and taste were of the highest order, while his mainte- 
 nance of the laws and patronage of useful arts secured the 
 prosperity of his reign and formed the golden period of 
 Jewish history. 
 
 REHOBOAM. 
 
 364. Revolt of the Ten Tribes, 975. — Eehoboam, 
 son of Solomon by Naamah an Ammonitess, succeeded 
 
 
b. c. 975. 1 KINGS XII. 199 
 
 his father at the age of forty-one. He convened a general 
 meeting of all the elders of Israel (sect. 133, 134) at 
 Shechem, that he might be formally invested with the 
 royal dignity. But Jeroboam had now returned from 
 Egypt, and through him the assembly stipulated that the 
 new king should remit the excessive taxation which had 
 been exacted by Solomon. Rehoboam took three days to 
 consider, and then, forsaking the old counsellors of his 
 father and following young men's advice, he said to his 
 subjects, " My father made your yoke heavy, and I will 
 add to your yoke; my father also chastised you with 
 whips, but I will chastise you with scorpions." The ten 
 tribes of Israel then revolted from Judah, as God had 
 predicted, stoned Adoram, who was over the tribute, 
 forced Rehoboam to fly to Jerusalem, and made Jeroboam 
 king. 1 Kings xii. 1-20 ; 2 Chron. x. 
 
 § Prefatory Review of the History of the Divided 
 Monarchies. 
 
 365. Contracted Frontiers. — The kingdom estab- 
 lished by David was now contracted as well as divided, 
 and the Euphrates and desert ceased to be its frontiers. 
 Israel lost her Syrian possessions by the rise of Rezon in 
 Damascus ; the Ammonites threw off her yoke, and the 
 Moabites alone continued tributary. Judah still retained 
 a supremacy over the Philistines, and received a homage, 
 which was, however, merely nominal, from the Edomites ; 
 but being cut off from the Tyrians and maritime Israel- 
 ites, and having lost the superfluous produce arising from 
 the Israelite territory, her kings must have found the 
 ports of Solomon on the Red Sea a barren possession. 
 
 366. Reciprocal Relations of the Two Monarchies. 
 — Judah was the richest of the two kingdoms, from the 
 possession of Jerusalem and the treasures of Solomon. 
 She also enjoyed a compact dominion and a completeness 
 of organization as the old centre of government ; and 
 Rehoboam, as the grandson of David, must have been 
 more secure of the loyalty of the tribes which remained 
 faithful to his rule. But, on the other hand, Israel pos- 
 sessed four times the territory of Judah and a much 
 larger population. Thus the power of the two states was 
 
200 l KINGS. 
 
 b. c. 975. 
 
 nearly balanced, and consequently the struggle between 
 them was the more obstinate ; and this continued rivalry 
 led to alliances with Syria, Egypt, and Assyria which 
 ultimately conduced to the downfall of the two nations. 
 
 367. Causes which led to their Destruction, — From 
 the time of Moses, Jehovah had always governed his peo- 
 ple according to the promises and threatenings which he 
 delivered from Mount Horeb. If they deviated from 
 their allegiance, he brought them back by suitable chas- 
 tisements ; and the same course was pursued in the govern- 
 ment of the two kingdoms. If the monarchs of both had 
 viewed the sundering of the empire as a consequence of 
 Solomon's idolatry, and as a warning to them to govern 
 their subjects according to the book of the Law, their 
 kingdoms might have enjoyed uninterrupted prosperity. 
 Even Jeroboam had been assured that if he kept the 
 Law as David had done his house should be equally sure. 
 But the kings of both states rebelled against Jehovah and 
 worshipped other gods, and allied with their idolatrous 
 neighbors; and after a succession of prophets had re- 
 minded both rulers and subjects of their duties to Jeho- 
 vah, and threatened them with punishment in case of dis- 
 obedience, there followed calamity after calamity to bring 
 the nation to reflection. 
 
 368. Idolatry of Israel. — In spite of the promise of 
 Jehovah through Ahijah (sect. 362), Jeroboam pursued 
 a mere human policy, and in order to restrain his subjects 
 from worshipping at Jerusalem he set up two golden calves 
 in his own dominions. His example was but too well 
 followed by his successors, and at length Ahab, after his 
 Phoenician marriage, introduced a still viler idolatry, with 
 all its concomitant vices. One after another the reigning 
 families were removed, after their extermination had been 
 announced by a prophet, and a successor appointed. At 
 last, after all milder punishments had proved fruitless, 
 the kingdom was destroyed and the people carried into 
 the threatened captivity. 
 
 369. Idolatry of Judali. — In Judah the same Provi- 
 dence was favorable or adverse to the kingdom according 
 as the people obeyed or transgressed the law, only the 
 royal family remained unchanged, in accordance with the 
 promise given to David. Though many of her kings were 
 
b. o. 975-884. 
 
 1 KINGS. 
 
 201 
 
 rebellious and idolatrous, yet they were always succeeded 
 by those of purer mind, who put a stop to idolatry, re- 
 established theocracy in the hearts of their subjects, and 
 by the aid of prophets, priests, and Levites and the ser- 
 vices of the temple restored the knowledge and worship 
 of God. Judah, therefore, though much smaller than 
 Israel, continued her national existence one hundred and 
 thirty-four years longer ; but at last, as no durable refor- 
 mation was produced, she experienced the same fate as 
 her sister kingdom. 
 
 II. History of the Divided Monarchies of Judah and 
 Israel* 
 
 JUDAH. 
 
 Tribes — Judah and 
 
 Benja- 
 
 illed 
 
 Capital — Jerusalem ; 
 
 Salem in the time of Abraham, 
 Jebus in the time of Joshua, and 
 afterward Jebusalem or Jerusa- 
 lem. 
 
 ISRAEL. 
 
 Tribes — Asher, Naphtali, Ma- 
 nasseh, Zebulun, Issachar, Gad, 
 Reuben, Ephraim, Dan, and 
 Simeon. 
 
 Capital — Shechem during the 
 reigns of Jeroboam and Nadab. 
 Baasha removed it to Tirzah; 
 and Omri, in b. c. 925, to Sa- 
 maria. 
 
 First Period— /row the Revolt of the Ten Tribes until Jehu destroyed 
 the dynasty of Ahab in Israel and slew Ahaziah in Judah, B. C. 
 975-884 = 92 years. 
 
 Jud ah — Rehoboam. 
 
 370. 1. Rehoboam; 975-958. 
 
 — Son of Solomon. Keigned 
 seventeen years. Prophet — She- 
 maiah. 
 
 372. Not to war against Is- 
 rael; Fenced Cities. — Reho- 
 boam now assembled an army 
 of 180,000 to recover Israel, but 
 was forbidden the war bv the 
 
 Is r ael — Jeroboam. 
 
 371. 1. Jeroboam, 975-954. 
 
 — Son of Nebat. Reigned twenty- 
 two years. "Who made Israel 
 to sin." Prophets — Ahijah the 
 Shilonite and a man of God sent 
 to Bethel. 
 
 373. Fortified Shechem.— 
 Jeroboam built and fortified She- 
 chem in the tribe of Ephraim, 
 
 * For analytical tabic of the history of the two kingdoms see pp. 
 1 00-109. 
 
202 
 
 1 KINGS. 
 
 b. c. 975-884. 
 
 Judah — Abijah. 
 
 prophet Shemaiah. He then 
 built fenced cities, and his king- 
 dom was strengthened by the 
 priests, Levites, and pious men 
 who fled from the idolatry of 
 Jeroboam. 1 Kings xii. 21-24; 
 2 Chron. xi. 1-17. 
 
 375. Shishak's Invasion, 
 972. — Three years after his ac- 
 cession both the king and the 
 people fell into idolatry, and 
 Shishak, king of Egypt, ravaged 
 Judah and plundered the tem- 
 ple. Rehoboam and the princes 
 of Judah were now rebuked by 
 the prophet Shemaiah, and hum- 
 bled themselves before the Lord. 
 1 Kings xiv. 25-28; 2 Chron. 
 xii. 1-12. 
 
 376. All the subsequent kings of 
 Judah were descendants of David 
 through Rehoboam, as God had 
 promised. 
 
 378. 2. Abijah, or Abijam, 
 958-955. — Son of Rehoboam. 
 Committed evil like his father, 
 and had fourteen wives, by whom 
 he had twenty-two sons and six- 
 teen daughters. Reigned three 
 vears. 1 Kings xv. 1-5 ; 2 Chron. 
 xiii. 1, 2, 21. 
 
 379. Defeats Jeroboam, 957. 
 — Abijah with 400,000 men op- 
 posed Jeroboam with 800,000 * 
 on Mount Zemaraim, on the bor- 
 ders of Ephraim, and whilst the 
 latter was plotting to hem him 
 in, Abijah's people shouted and 
 the priests blew their trumpets, 
 which so terrified Jeroboam's 
 army that they fled, and 500,000 
 of them were killed. 2 Chron. 
 xiii. 3, 13-20. 
 
 Israel — Jeroboam. 
 
 which city Abimelech had de- 
 stroyed two hundred and fifty- 
 eight years previously (see sect. 
 385), and dwelt there. 1 Kings 
 xii. 20, 25. 
 
 374. Establishes Calf-wor- 
 ship and Profane Priesthood. 
 — Being afraid that Israel would 
 return to the house of David if 
 suffered to sacrifice at Jerusalem, 
 he set up two golden calves — one 
 in Bethel, the other in Dan, be- 
 ing the extremities of his king- 
 dom. He then made priests of 
 the lowest of the people, and or- 
 dained an idolatrous feast corre- 
 sponding to the "Tabernacles," 
 and sacrificed in person at Beth- 
 el. 1 Kings xii. 26-33. 
 
 377. Man of God comes to 
 Bethel. — The Lord now sent a 
 man to Jeroboam at Bethel, who, 
 seeing him at the altar, cried, 
 "O altar, altar! thus saith the 
 Lord, A child shall be born to 
 the house of David, Josiah by 
 name, and upon thee shall he 
 offer the priests of the high places 
 that burn incense upon thee, and 
 men's bones shall be burnt upon 
 thee." Jeroboam stretched out 
 his hand to seize the man, when 
 the hand dried up, but was re- 
 stored by the messenger's prayers. 
 The prophecy was fulfilled three 
 hundred and fifty years after- 
 ward, in Josiah's reign (sect. 525). 
 Jeroboam invited the man of 
 God to his house, but the latter 
 declined, as God had commanded 
 him neither to eat nor drink, nor 
 return the same way he came. 
 An old prophet of Bethel then 
 followed the man of God, and 
 said he had been ordered by an 
 
 * Owing to the mistakes of transcribers in copying numerals, we 
 cannot answer for the correctness of the great numbers of men which 
 are mentioned here and in the sequel. 
 
j. c. 975-884. 
 
 1 KINGS. 
 
 203 
 
 J ud ah— Asa. 
 
 382. 3. Asa, 955-914.— Son 
 
 of Abijah. Reigned forty-one 
 years. Prophets — Azariahand 
 Hunani. 
 
 384. Suppresses Idolatry.— 
 Asa destroyed the idols, groves, 
 and high places, and deposed his 
 mother [i. e. grandmother] Ma- 
 achah from being queen for prac- 
 tising idolatry. He also restored 
 the national worship, built fenced 
 cities, and levied a large army. 
 1 Kings xv. 9-13 ; 2 Chron. xiv. 
 1-8. 
 
 387. Defeats Zerali the Ethi- 
 opian. — Asa defeated Zerah the 
 Ethiopian, who invaded Judah 
 with 1,000,000 men and three 
 hundred chariots. Encouraged 
 by the prophet Azariah, he then 
 made fresh efforts to eradicate 
 
 Israel — Nadab, Baasha. 
 
 angel to bring him to his house. 
 This was false, but the man 
 turned back, and whilst sitting 
 at table the Lord told him, 
 through the mouth of the old 
 prophet, that for his disobedience 
 his corpse should not come into 
 the sepulchre of his fathers. The 
 man then returned home and 
 was killed by a lion, but not de- 
 voured; and the old prophet 
 found his body and buried it in his 
 own tomb. 1 Kings xiii. 1-32. 
 
 380. His son Abijah sick; 
 Ahijah's Propheey.— Abijah, 
 son of Jeroboam, now fell sick, 
 and the king sent his wife in 
 disguise to consult Ahijah the 
 prophet at Shiloh. Ahijah was 
 blind, but discovered the queen, 
 and denounced God's judgment 
 against Jeroboam's whole family, 
 and foretold the immediate death 
 of his son ; and added that the 
 latter should be the only one of 
 the family that should be buried. 
 (See also sect. 362.) 
 
 381. 2. Nadab, 954, 953.— 
 Son of Jeroboam. Reigned two 
 years. 
 
 383. Worships the Calves. 
 — Nadab followed in the sins of 
 his father, and was at length 
 slain at the siege of Gibbethon 
 by his general, Baasha, who then 
 slew all the house of Jeroboam. 
 1 Kings xv. 25-30. 
 
 385. 3. Baasha, 953-930.— 
 Reigned twenty-four years. 
 Pjroph et — Jehu. 
 
 386. Worships the Calves.— 
 Baasha now usurped the throne, 
 but walked in the ways of Jero- 
 boam. He removed his capital 
 from Shechem to Tirzah. 1 Kings 
 xv. 33, 34. 
 
 388. Allies with Benhadad 
 I. — The kingdom of Damascus, 
 founded by Re/.on (sect. 302), 
 
204 
 
 1 KINGS. 
 
 b. c. 975-884. 
 
 Judali — Asa. 
 
 idolatry, and celebrated a solemn 
 festival in which he and his peo- 
 ple engaged to serve the Lord. 
 2 Chron. xiv. 9-15; xv. 
 
 390. Bribes Benhadad I. to 
 attack Baasha.— In this reign 
 Baasha king of Israel occupied 
 and began to fortify Bamah, to 
 prevent his people entering Ju- 
 dah, when Asa bribed Baasha's 
 ally, Benhadad I., king of Da- 
 mascus, to attack him. Benha- 
 dad did so, and took several cit- 
 ies of Naphtali, which obliged 
 Baasha to give up the fortifica- 
 tion. Hanani the prophet rem- 
 onstrated with Asa for his Syrian 
 alliance, but was imprisoned by 
 the king. 1 Kings xv. 16-22; 
 2 Chron. xvi. 1-10. 
 
 391. Dies of Diseased Feet. 
 — Asa was attacked with diseased 
 feet, but sought the physicians 
 [*. e. foreign magicians who prac- 
 tised sorcery and incantations] 
 more than God, and died in b. c. 
 914. 1 Kings xv. 23, 24 ; 2 Chron. 
 xvi. 11-14. 
 
 Israel— Elah, Zimri, Omri. 
 
 had now increased in power, and 
 Baasha formed an alliance with 
 the reigning monarch, Benha- 
 dad. 1 Kings xv. 19; 2 Chron. 
 xvi. 3. 
 
 389. Fortifies Ram ah.— The 
 next act of Baasha was to fortify 
 Bamah, a town about six miles 
 to the north of Jerusalem and 
 in the heart of the tribe of Benja- 
 min, in order to prevent his sub- 
 jects from entering Judah * But 
 Asa, kinff of Judah, bribed Ben- 
 hadad, king of Syria, to invade 
 Israel, and Baasha was then 
 obliged to give up the fortifi- 
 cation. 
 
 Jehu, son of Hanani, prophe- 
 sied to Baasha the extinction 
 of his family on account of his 
 wickedness. 1 Kings xv. 16-21; 
 xvi. 1-7; 2 Chron. xvi. 1-5. 
 
 392. 4. Elah, 930, 929.— 
 Son of Baasha. Beigned two 
 years. 
 
 393. Assassinated by Zimri. 
 — Baasha was assassinated at Tir- 
 zah by Zimri, captain of half 
 his chariots, whilst drinking in 
 the house of Arza his steward. 
 1 Kings xvi. 8-10. 
 
 394. 5. Zimri, 929.— Beign- 
 ed only seven days, during which 
 he destroyed all the house of 
 Baasha. 1 Kings xvi. 10-15. 
 
 395. Burnt himself at Tir- 
 zall. — Being closely besieged by 
 Omri, captain of the host, he 
 burnt the royal palace at Tirzah, 
 and expired in the flames. 1 
 Kings xvi. 15-20. 
 
 396. 6. Omri, 929-918; 
 Factions of Omri and Tibni.— 
 For six years after the death of 
 
 * Ramah was also probably intended for an offensive fortress from 
 whence to make incursions into the enemy's country, and not unlike 
 the forts of Decelea in Attica and of Pylus in Messenia, occupied during 
 the Peloponnesian war. — I'hucydidee, iv. 3; vii. 19, 27, 28. 
 
B. c. 975-884. 
 
 1 KINGS. 
 
 205 
 
 Judall — Jehoshaphat. 
 
 398. 4. Jehoshaphat, 914- 
 
 889.— Son of Asa. Keigned 
 twenty-five years. Prophets — 
 Jehu, Eliezer, and Jahaziel. 
 
 400. Upholds the Worship 
 of Jehovah. — Jehoshaphat fear- 
 ed God like his father Asa, and 
 cleansed the land of groves and 
 other traces of idolatry, though 
 the people still burnt incense in 
 high places, though probably 
 only to Jehovah. 1 Kings xxii. 
 4-43; 2 Chron. xvii. 3-6. 
 
 402. Organizes the National 
 Education. — Jehoshaphat also 
 organized a system for the re- 
 ligious education of the whole 
 nation. He appointed priests 
 
 Israel — Omri, Ahab. 
 
 Zimri, Israel was divided, half 
 for Omri and half for Tibni. 
 The Omri party at last prevailed, 
 Tibni died, and Omri reigned. 
 1 Kings xvi. 21, 22. 
 
 397. Omri reigns wickedly. 
 — Omri built Samaria and made 
 it his capital, and died after a 
 wicked reign of twelve years, 
 six only of which he reigned 
 alone. 1 Kings xvi. 23-28. 
 
 399. 7. Ahah, 918-897.— 
 Son of Omri, and the most wick- 
 ed king that ever ruled Israel. 
 — Reigned twenty-two years. 
 Prophets — Elijah, Micaiah, and 
 three anonymous. 
 
 401. Marries Jezebel ; wor- 
 ships Baal and Astarte, Phoe- 
 nician Gods. — Ahab married 
 Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal,* 
 king of the Zidonians, and in- 
 troduced the worship of Baalf 
 and Astarte,;}; or Ashtaroth ; for 
 which, about b. c. 910, God sent 
 Elijah the prophet to reprove 
 him, and punished him with a 
 three years' famine. 1 Kings 
 xvi. 29-33; xvii. 1. 
 
 * Ethbaal was apparently king of the Sidonians and Tyrians, or per- 
 haps of the Phoenicians generally. The Tyrian line in which he, as 
 well as Hiram, the ally of David and Solomon, were included, reigned 
 about B. c. 1050-586. The names of the various monarchs are given by 
 Josephus as an extract from Manetho. Besides Jezebel, who paganized 
 Israel, two other remarkable females were related to this dynasty — viz. 
 Athaliah, daughter of Jezebel and Ahab, who usurped Judah (sect. 443), 
 and Dido, sister of Pygmalion, who founded Carthage. 
 
 + Baal, or Belus, was the supreme deity amongst all the Semitic races, 
 and thus came to be identified with the Sun, the greatest divine mani- 
 festation in the Sabaean system. Hence there is much mythological 
 confusion between Belus and Apollo. According to Sanchoniathon, as 
 quoted in Cory's Fragments, the Phoenicians stretched their hand 
 toward the Sun, the only Lord of heaven, calling him Beelsamin, which 
 in Phoenician is " Lord of heaven," but in the Greek Zeus. Compare 
 Layard's Nineveh. 
 
 | Astarte, or Ashtaroth, or Queen of Heaven, was the female form of 
 Baal, and was identified with the moon, and corresponded to the Venus 
 of the Greeks. She is said to have consecrated a star in the holy island, 
 Tyre. Her worship was accompanied by the most infamous and de- 
 grading rites. — Ibid, and Herod., i. 196. 
 
 18 
 
206 
 
 1 KINGS. 
 
 b. c. 975-884. 
 
 Jlldall — Jehoshaphat. 
 
 and Levites to make circuits 
 throughout the land, attended 
 by the princes, in order to teach 
 the book of the Law to the sev- 
 eral cities of Judah. 2 Chron. 
 xvii. 7-9. 
 
 404. Fortifies Judah, and 
 Levies an Army.— Jehosha- 
 phat built numerous fenced cities 
 throughout Judah, with strong 
 fortifications, ammunition, and 
 garrisons. Besides these garri- 
 son troops he had an immense 
 army under five great generals 
 stationed at Jerusalem, and also 
 concentrated a large force on his 
 northern frontier, especially in 
 the cities of Ephraim which Asa 
 had taken from Baasha. 2 Chron. 
 xvii. 1, 2, 12-19. 
 
 407. Appoints Judges.— Je- 
 hoshaphat also appointed judges 
 in all the fenced cities, probably 
 re-establishing the system of ju- 
 dicial administration which had 
 been organized by Moses (sect. 
 133). 2 Chron. xix. 5-11. 
 
 408. Flourishing- State of 
 his Kingdom. — The govern- 
 ment of Jehoshaphat seems to 
 have inspired his subjects with 
 confidence and their enemies 
 with fear. The Edomites con- 
 tinued firm in their allegiance ; 
 the Philistines regularly remitted 
 their presents and tribute-sil- 
 ver; and several Arabian tribes 
 brought him large tributes or 
 gifts of sheep and goats from 
 their flocks. 2 Chron. xvii. 10, 
 11. 
 
 409. His Affinity with Ahab, 
 897. — The capital error of Je- 
 hoshaphat was in contracting an 
 alliance with Ahab and marry- 
 ing his eldest son, Jehoram, to 
 Athaliah, daughter of Ahab and 
 Jezebel. This took place in the 
 thirteenth year of Jehoshaphat's 
 
 Israel— A hob. 
 
 403. Three years' Famine, 
 
 Cir. 910-906. — During the 
 three years' famine Elijah was 
 miraculously fed by ravens at 
 Cherith, and by an exhaustless 
 vessel of meal and cruse of oil 
 belonging to a widow at Zare- 
 phath (a Phoenician city between 
 Tyre and Sidon), whose dead 
 son he restored to life. 1 Kings 
 xvii. 2-24. 
 
 405. Jezebel persecutes the 
 Prophets. — About this time Jez- 
 ebel killed all the prophets of 
 Jehovah whom she could find, 
 but Obadiah, the governor of 
 Ahab's house, hid one hundred 
 by fifty in a cave, and fed them 
 with bread and water. 
 
 406. Grand Trial on Car- 
 mel between Elijah and the 
 Priests of Baal.— After the 
 three years, Elijah, with Oba- 
 diah's assistance, met Ahab by 
 God's direction. Ahab accused 
 him of troubling Israel, but he 
 retorted the charge, and chal- 
 lenged the four hundred and 
 fifty priests of Baal to appear at 
 Mount Carmel before Israel, for 
 Israel to decide between Baal 
 and Jehovah, the test being the 
 kindling by fire from heaven of 
 the sacrifices laid on their re- 
 spective altars. Baal's priests 
 then prepared their altar and 
 victim, but implored their god 
 in vain. Elijah then ordered an 
 old altar on the spot to be repair- 
 ed with twelve stones, placed the 
 victim upon it, and after causing 
 the whole to be drenched three 
 times with water, he prayed to 
 Jehovah, and fire immediately 
 descended and consumed the vic- 
 tim. The surrounding multitude 
 were now convinced, and slaugh- 
 tered Baal's prophets at the brook 
 Kishon, and soon after rain de- 
 
c. 975-884. 
 
 1 KINGS. 
 
 207 
 
 Judah — Jehoshaphat. 
 
 reign. 2 Kings viii. 18 
 xviii. 1 ; xxii. 2. 
 
 2 Chron. 
 
 Israel— Ahab. 
 
 scended and the famine ceased. 
 1 Kings xviii. 
 
 410. Elijah ordered to An- 
 oint Hazael, Jehu, and Elisha. 
 
 ■ — Elijah was now threatened by 
 Jezebel, and fled to Beer-sheba, 
 where an angel gave him a cake 
 which nourished him for forty- 
 days. He then went to Mount 
 Horeb, where, after a wind, an 
 earthquake, and a fire, the Lord 
 appeared to him in a still small 
 voice, and ordered him to anoint 
 Hazael to be king of Syria, Jehu 
 to be king of Israel, and Elisha 
 to be prophet. 1 Kings xix. 
 
 411. Campaign of Benha- 
 dad II.; Siege of Samaria, 
 cir. 901. — Benhadad II. — prob- 
 ably the son of Benhadad I. 
 (sect. 389) — now entered Israel 
 with three vassal kings, and laid 
 siege to Samaria. Ahab at first 
 was terrified into an offer of un- 
 conditional surrender and vassal- 
 age, but Benhadnd threatened to 
 send his servants to search the 
 houses of Ahab and his court, 
 and this insult roused the king 
 of Israel to opposition. The na- 
 tional assembly of elders exhort- 
 ed him to firmness and vigor, 
 and a prophet of the Lord prom- 
 ised that the host of Syria should 
 be delivered into his hand. Ahab 
 sent out two hundred and thirty- 
 two princes, followed by an army 
 of 7000 men, who fell upon the 
 enemy at noon, whilst Benhadnd 
 and his kings were carousing in 
 the pavilions. The Syrian army 
 with its host of cavalry and char- 
 iots was taken by surprise and 
 quickly routed ; Benhadad es- 
 caped with the horsemen, and 
 Ahab himself issued from Sama- 
 ria and assisted in the slaughter; 
 but the prophet who promised 
 the victory foretold that the next 
 
208 1 KINGS. b. c. 975-884. 
 
 Judali — Jehoshaphat. Israel — Ahab. 
 
 vear the Syrians would return. 
 1 Kings xx. 1-22. 
 
 412. Second Campaign of 
 Benhadad II. ; defeated at 
 Aphek. — The next year the Syr- 
 ian captains said to Benhadad, 
 " The gods of Israel are only 
 gods of the hills : if therefore 
 we fight them in the plain, we 
 shall be the stronger." Benha- 
 dad accordingly raised another 
 army, and invaded Israel on 
 the side of Phoenicia, as far as 
 Aphek, which was included in 
 the broad plain of Esdraelon, or 
 Jezreel. A prophet again prom- 
 ised victory to Ahab, because of 
 the blasphemous expression of 
 the enemy concerning the God of 
 Israel. A battle ensued, 10,000 
 of the Syrians were slain, and 
 Benhadad fled with the remain- 
 der into the city of Aphek, and 
 then surrendered to Ahab. 1 
 Kings xx. 23-33. 
 
 413. Alliance with Syria.— 
 Benhadad now agreed that the 
 king of Israel should build 
 streets in Damascus, as his fa- 
 ther Benhadad I. had done in 
 Samaria ; and Ahab then cove- 
 nanted with him, contrary to 
 God's command, for which he 
 was rebuked and threatened by 
 a son of the prophets. 1 Kings 
 xx. 34-43. 
 
 414. Ahab seizes Naboth's 
 Yineyard ; Elijah's fearful 
 Prophecy, 899.— Ahab cov- 
 eted the vineyard of Naboth of 
 Jezreel, and, acting by the ad- 
 vice of his wife Jezebel, he got 
 false witnesses to procure Na- 
 both's death as a traitor, and 
 seized his confiscated posses- 
 sions. Elijah then assured 
 Ahab, " Where dogs licked the 
 blood of Naboth shall dogs lick 
 thy blood, and thine house shall 
 
B.C. 975-884. 3 KINGS. 209 
 
 Jndali — Jehoshaphat. Israel — Ahab. 
 
 be like the houses of Jeroboam 
 and Baasha ; the dogs shall eat 
 Jezebel by the wall of Jezreel ; 
 and him that dieth of Ahab in 
 the city the dogs shall eat, and 
 him that dieth in the field shall 
 the fowls of the air eat." Ahab 
 now humbled himself in sack- 
 cloth, and the evil was postponed 
 until his son's days. 1 Kings 
 
 415. Jehosliapliat and Ahab unite in an Expedition against 
 the Syrians at Ramoth-gilead, 807. — Israel was now at peace 
 with Syria, but Benhadad still held Kamoth in Gilead beyond Jor- 
 dan, which Ahab was anxious to regain, and accordingly invited 
 the assistance of Jehoshaphat to expel the Syrian garrison. Je- 
 hoshaphat hesitated to go before the Lord had been consulted, 
 when Ahab assembled his false prophets to the number of four 
 hundred, including Zedekiah. These all predicted success, bat 
 Jehoshaphat doubted their truth, and Micaiah, the prophet of the 
 Lord, was sent for, who prophesied the contrary, and was thrown 
 into prison by Ahab. The two kings, however, marched against 
 Ramoth — Jehoshaphat in his royal robes, but Ahab in disguise. 
 Benhadad had commanded his captains, " Fight not with small or 
 great, save only with the king of Israel." Jehoshaphat nearly lost 
 his life from being mistaken for Ahab, but the latter was mortally 
 wounded by a random arrow, and carried back in his chariot to 
 Samaria. 1 Kings xxii. 1-37 ; 2 Chron. xviii. 
 
 416. Jehoshaphat rebuked 417. Death of Ahab, 897.— 
 by Jehu. — On returning to Je- At evening Ahab died, and his 
 rusalem, Jehoshaphat was re- chariot and harness were washed 
 proved by Jehu, son of Hanani, in the pool of Samaria, and the 
 for joining an idolatrous king, dogs licked his blood, as Elijah 
 He still continued in his Avork had prophesied. " There was 
 of reformation, and made a tour none like unto Ahab for wick- 
 through his dominions from edness." He introduced the wor- 
 Beer-sheba on the south to ship of Baal and slew the proph- 
 Mount Ephraim on the north, ets of the Lord. 1 Kings xxi. 37- 
 seeking to bring back the peo- 39 ; 2 Chron. xviii. 34. 
 
 pie more entirely to the God of 418. Jericho Rebuilt. — Tn 
 
 their fathers. 2 Chron. xix. 1-4. Ahab's reign Jericho was re- 
 
 419. Tries to revive the built by Iliel the Bethelite; "he 
 
 Commerce of Solomon, etc.— laid the foundation thereof in 
 
 Jehoshaphat attempted to revive Abiram his first-born, and set 
 
 the ancient traffic of Solomon by up the gates thereof in his 
 
 the Red Sea to the region of youngest son Segub." (See sect, 
 
 gold. Accordingly, he built a 256.) 1 Kings xvi. 34. 
 18* 
 
210 
 
 2 KINGS. 
 
 b. c. 975-884. 
 
 Jildall — Jehoshaphal. 
 
 navy at his port of Eziongeber 
 on the Red Sea to go to Ophir 
 and Tarshish ; but in an evil 
 day he consented to allow Aha- 
 ziah,. the new monarch of Israel, 
 to take a part in the expedition ; 
 and Eliezer prophesied against 
 the enterprise, and the ships 
 were wrecked and broken up. 
 1 Kings xxii. 48 ; 2 Chron. xx. 
 35-37. 
 
 422. Defeats Confederacy 
 of Moabites and Ammonites, 
 896. — Jehoshaphat's unfortu- 
 nate expedition with Ahab 
 against Ramoth-gilead, seems to 
 have lowered him in the estima- 
 tion of his neighbors, and tbus 
 his alliance with the idolatrous 
 king brought its own punishment. 
 The Moabites, who had rebelled 
 against Israel, were joined by 
 the Ammonites and, some Ara- 
 bian tribes, and invaded Judah. 
 Jehosliaphat then proclaimed a 
 solemn fast, and, being encour- 
 aged by the prophet Jahaziel, 
 he proceeded with his forces to 
 Tekoah to meet the enemy. Here 
 the army of Jehosliaphat re- 
 mained stationary, singing the 
 praises of God ; and whilst they 
 were thus employed the enemy 
 madly destroyed each other and 
 left a rich spoil. Three days were 
 employed by Jehosliaphat in 
 collecting the riches and jewels, 
 and then, after praising God in 
 the valley of Berachah, which is 
 supposed to be the same as the 
 valley of Jehosliaphat on the 
 north and east of Jerusalem 
 (sect. 326, note), the whole army 
 returned to Jerusalem. 2 Chron. 
 xx. 1-30. 
 
 Israel — Ahaziah, Jehoram. 
 
 420. 8. Ahaziah, 897, 896. 
 — Son of Ahab. Reigned two 
 years. Prophet — Elijah. 
 
 421. Worships both Baal 
 and the Calves. — Ahaziah 
 united the sins of his father to 
 those of Jeroboam, for he adopt- 
 ed the policy of the latter in 
 worshipping the golden calves, 
 whilst he followed in the idol- 
 atry of Baal and the other Phoe- 
 nician gods which had been in- 
 troduced by Jezebel. 1 Kings 
 xxii. 51-53; 2 Chron. xxii. 
 1-4. 
 
 423. Revolt of the Moab- 
 ites. — Moab, which had hither- 
 to been tributary to Israel, and 
 paid a yearly revenue of 100,000 
 rams and 100,000 lambs, was en- 
 couraged by the victory of Ben- 
 hadad over Ahab to rebel against 
 Israel. 2 Kings i. 1. 
 
 424. Ahaziah sick ; sends 
 to Baal-zebllb.— Shortly after- 
 ward Ahaziah fell through a lat- 
 tice, and sent for help to Baal- 
 zebub("lord of flies"), who was 
 the god at the Philistine town 
 of Ekron. Elijah met the mes- 
 sengers, and sent them back with 
 a prediction of Ahaziah's death. 
 2 Kings i. 2-4. 
 
 425. Elijah brings Fire 
 from Heaven. — When Aha- 
 ziah heard of Elijah's prophecy 
 he sent three successive com- 
 panies of fifty each to arrest 
 him : the first two were destroy- 
 ed by fire, but Elijah returned 
 with the third and repeated his 
 previous prediction. So Aha- 
 ziah died, after reigning two 
 years. 2 Kings i. 5-18. 
 
 426. 9. Jehoram, or Joram, 
 896-884.— Son of Ahab and 
 brother of Ahaziah. Reigned 
 twelve years. Prophets — Eli- 
 jah and Eli&ha. 
 
B. c. 975-884. 2 KINGS. 211 
 
 Jlidall — Jehoshaphat. Israel — Jehoram. 
 
 427. Worships the Calves. 
 
 — Jehoram followed the idola- 
 trous policy of Jeroboam, though 
 not the sins of his father Ahab, 
 for he put away Baal, though he 
 worshipped the golden calves. 
 2 Kings iii. 1-3. 
 
 428. Elijah translated, 896. 
 — Elijah,* whilst in company 
 with Elisha, divided the Jordan 
 with his mantle, and was carried 
 to heaven in a whirlwind, and 
 Elisha was appointed his suc- 
 cessor. Elisha now repeated 
 Elijah's miracle of dividing the 
 Jordan, and sent fifty of the sons 
 of the prophets to seek Elijah, 
 but they returned unsuccessful 
 after three days' search. Elisha 
 then healed the waters at Jeri- 
 cho, and cursed the children at 
 Bethel who mocked him, after 
 
 * Life of Elijah (prophesied, 910-896). — Elijah was a native of Tisbe 
 in Gilead beyond Jordan, and flourished in the reigns of Ahab and 
 Ahnziah. In b. c. 910 he predicted the three years' drought to Ahab, 
 during which he was fed by ravens by the brook Cherith, and afterward 
 by the meal which did not waste and the oil which did not fail of the 
 widow at Zarephath, and raised the widow's son to life. In B. c. 906 
 he proved the superiority of Jehovah to Baal at Mount Carmel, and 
 ordered the slaying of the four hundred and fifty prophets of Baal; 
 he then promised abundance of rain, which fell and ended the famine. 
 Jezebel now threatened Elijah's life, and the prophet fled to Mount 
 Horeb, or Sinai, in Arabia Petrsea, and was miraculously supported for 
 forty days on his journey. Here, after a tempest, an earthquake, and 
 a fire, Jehovah commanded him in a still small voice to return and 
 anoint Hazael to be king over Syria, Jehu son of Nimshi to be king 
 over Israel, and Elisha to be his successor. About B. c. 899, Elijah 
 denounced Ahab and Jezebel for murdering Naboth and seizing his 
 vineyard ; and about B. c. 896 he predicted Ahaziah's death for con- 
 sulting Baal-zebub, and burnt up two captains of fifties who were sent 
 to arrest him. The same year he divided the waters of Jordan in the 
 presence of Elisha, and, being carried to heaven in a chariot of fire, he 
 left his mantle and a double portion of his spirit to him. Malachi fore- 
 told the reappearance of Elijah " before the coining of the great and 
 terrible day of the Lord." Mai. iv. 5. Our Saviour informs us that 
 Elijah, or Elias, came in spirit in John the Baptist (Matt. xi. 14; xvii. 
 10-13); and Elijah and Moses both appeared and conversed with our 
 Lord at the Transfiguration. Matt. xvii. 3 ; Mark ix. 4 ; Luke ix. 30. 
 Many of the Jews in our Saviour's time believed him to be Elijah risen 
 from the dead. 
 
212 2 KINGS. b. c. 975-884. 
 
 Jlitlall — Jehoshaphat. Israel — Jehoram. 
 
 which forty-two were slain by- 
 two she-bears. 2 Kings ii. 
 
 429. Jehoram allies with Jehoshaphat to put down the 
 Moabite Revolt, 895. — The first act of Jehoram was to subdue 
 the Moabites, who in the previous reign had rebelled against 
 Israel. Accordingly, he allied with Jehoshaphat and the king 
 of Edom, and the three armies proceeded to Moab through the 
 wilderness of Edom. There they suffered from want of water, 
 and Jehoram applied to Elisha, who, in consideration for Je- 
 hoshaphat, relieved them. Elisha ordered trenches to be dug, 
 which the Lord filled with water during the night. Next morn- 
 ing the Moabites mistook this water for blood, and thinking that 
 the three armies had been fighting each other, they attacked them, 
 but were defeated with great loss. The confederate armies now 
 ravaged Moab, and so closely besieged the king in Kir-haraseth, 
 his capital, that after vainly trying to cut his way with seven hun- 
 dred men through the Edomite camp, he sacrificed his eldest son 
 as a burnt-offering upon the wall. 2 Kings iii. 4-27. 
 
 430. Elisha heals Naaman's 
 Leprosy, 894. — Naaman, a Syr- 
 ian general under Benhadad, 
 was afflicted with leprosy, when 
 an Israelite captive, handmaid 
 to his wife, mentioned the 
 power of the prophet in Sa- 
 maria. Benhadad then sent 
 Naaman with a letter and 
 presents to the king of Israel, 
 but Jehoram received him with 
 suspicious dread, and rent his 
 clothes, saying, "Am I God, to 
 kill and make alive, that this 
 man doth send unto me to re- 
 cover a man of his leprosy?" 
 Elisha heard of Jehoram's dis- 
 tress, and, sending for Naaman, 
 said to him, "Go and wash in 
 Jordan seven times, and thou 
 shalt be clean." Naaman at 
 first was wroth because the 
 rivers of Damascus were not 
 preferred, but was at length 
 persuaded by his servant to 
 follow Elisha's advice, and was 
 then healed of his leprosy. 
 Naaman offered presents to 
 
B. c. 975-884. 
 
 2 KINGS. 
 
 213 
 
 Jlldall — Jehoram. 
 
 432. Jehoram associated 
 with his Father, 892.— Je- 
 horam was made king whilst 
 his father Jehoshaphat was yet 
 alive. 2 Kings viii. 16. 
 
 434. 5. Jehoram, or Joram, 
 889-885.— Son of Jehoshaphat. 
 Reigned six years alone, but eight 
 years altogether. 
 
 435. Sins like Ahah. — Je- 
 horam had married Athaliah, 
 daughter of Ahab, murdered all 
 his younger brethren, and es- 
 tablished idolatry. For these 
 offences a prophecy came against 
 him from Elijah in writing (sup- 
 posed to be Elisha, as Elijah was 
 dead). 2 Kings viii. 16-19; 2 
 Chron. xxi. 1-4, 12-15. 
 
 Israel — Jehoram. 
 
 Elisha, which were refused, and 
 he then begged for two mules' 
 burdens of earth out of Canaan, 
 as he would thenceforth sacrifice 
 only to the Lord. Gehazi, Eli- 
 sha's servant, grudged his mas- 
 ter's liberality, and, following 
 Naaman, he deceitfully obtain- 
 ed two changes of raiment and 
 a silver talent [1366 oz. = 
 £341 10s.] ; but Elisha discov- 
 ered his guilt, and transferred 
 to Gehazi and his descendants 
 the leprosv of Naaman. 2 Kings 
 v. 27. 
 
 431. Other Miracles, cir. 
 893. — Elisha made an iron 
 axe's head, which a son of the 
 prophets had dropped in the 
 Jordan, to swim. He also dis- 
 closed Benhadad's counsel to 
 Jehoram, and, being in Dothan, 
 the Syrian king tried to take 
 him by surrounding the place 
 with chariots and cavalry ; but 
 Elisha smote the Syrian host 
 blind, and then ordered Jeho- 
 ram to give them provisions 
 and set them at liberty. 2 
 Kings vi. 1-23. 
 
 433. Benhadad II. ag-ain 
 besieges Samaria, cir. 892. 
 — Benhadad besieged Samaria 
 so closely that a famine en- 
 sued. Women were forced to 
 eat their own children, and 
 Jehoram, charging the evil on 
 Elisha, sought to slay him. 
 Elisha predicted an abundance 
 of provision on the next day ; 
 and the same night four lepers 
 discovered that the Syrians, ter- 
 rilied by miraculous noises, had 
 hurriedly fled and left all their 
 effects, which amply supplied 
 the wants of the besieged ; and 
 a lord who had scoffed at the 
 prophecy of Elisha was trodden 
 to death by the crowd at the 
 
214 
 
 2 KINGS. 
 
 b. c. 975-884. 
 
 Judah — A haziah. 
 
 436. Fulfilment of Proph- 
 ecy against Jehoram. — This 
 was fulfilled ; 1st, In the revolt 
 of Edom, which from this time 
 chose its own king and ceased 
 to pay homage to Judah, and 
 of Libnah. 2d, In the invasion 
 of the Philistines and Arabian 
 Ethiopians, who carried off his 
 wives and children. 3d, In be- 
 ing attacked with a bowel dis- 
 ease, of which he died. 2 Kings 
 viii. 20-22; 2 Chron. xxi. 8-11, 
 16-19. 
 
 439. 6. Ahaziah, Azariah, 
 or Jehoahaz, 885, 884.— Son 
 of Jehoram by Athaliah, began 
 to reign in b. c. 886, whilst his 
 father was alive. 2 Kings ix. 29. 
 
 440. Sins like Ahab ; allies 
 with Jehoram. — Ahaziah, like 
 his father Jehoram, fell into the 
 idolatry of Ahab, and joined 
 Jehoram, king of Israel, in at- 
 tacking Hazael, king of Syria, 
 who had stifled his master, 
 Benhadad II., and ascended his 
 throne, and was now at Ramoth- 
 gilead, east of the Jordan. Here 
 Jehoram was wounded, and re- 
 turned to Jezreel, where Ahaziah 
 visited him, and the two kings 
 went to meet Jehu, who slew 
 Jehoram. 2 Kings viii. 27-29 ; 
 ix. 16-26; 2 Chron. xxii. 2-6. 
 
 442. Slain by Jehu.— Aha- 
 ziah was afterward pursued and 
 slain at Megiddo, but buried at 
 Jerusalem. His forty-two neph- 
 ews and kinsmen were also slain. 
 2 Kings ix. 27, 28; x. 12-14; 2 
 Chron. xxii. 7-9. 
 
 Israel— Jehu. 
 
 gate of Samaria. 2 Kings vi. 
 24-33; vii. 
 
 437. Elisha restores the 
 Shunamiuite's son, etc., cir. 
 
 891.— Elisha healed the dead- 
 ly pottage at Gilgal, and fed 
 one hundred men with twenty 
 loaves, restored the Shunam- 
 mite's dead son, and predicted 
 seven years' famine, during 
 which the Shunammite retired 
 to the land of the Philistines. 
 2 Kings iv. 8-41; viii. 1, 2. 
 
 438. Foretells the Acces- 
 sion of Hazael, cir. 885.— 
 Elisha went to Damascus and 
 foretold the death of Benhadad 
 and accession of Hazael. This 
 year the seven years' famine 
 ended, and Elisha obtained for 
 the Shunammite woman the 
 restoration of her inheritance. 
 2 Kings viii. 3-15. 
 
 441. Anoints Jehu; De- 
 struction of the Dynasty of 
 Ahab, 884.— Elisha sent one 
 of the sons of the prophets to 
 anoint Jehu, son of Nimshi, 
 and Jehoram's captain at Ra- 
 moth-gilead, to be king of Is- 
 rael, according to the command 
 given by God to Elijah on 
 Mount Horeb (sect. 410). Jehu 
 was then acknowledged king by 
 the soldiers, and went to Jezreel, 
 where Jehoram and Ahaziah 
 king of Judah happened to be. 
 Jehoram, informed by a watch- 
 man of Jehu's approach, sent 
 three successive messengers to 
 inquire, "Is it peace?" but 
 neither of them returned. Je- 
 horam and Ahaziah then went 
 in person to meet Jehu with 
 the same question, but Jehu 
 replied, "What peace, so long 
 as the whoredoms and witch- 
 crafts of thy mother Jezebel 
 are so many !" and shot an 
 
B. c. 884-721. 
 
 2 KINGS. 
 
 215 
 
 Judah — Athaliah, Joash. 
 
 Israel— Jehu. 
 
 arrow through the heart of Je- 
 horam, whose body was then 
 cast into Naboth's field, as pre- 
 dicted by Elijah (sect, 414). 
 Ahaziah was also slain. (See! 
 also the Life of Elisha, sect. 
 436, note.) 2 Kings ix. 1-29; 
 2 Chron. xxii. 7-9. 
 
 Second Period— -from the simultaneous accession of Jehu in Israel 
 and usurpation of Athaeiah in Judah, until Israel was carried 
 away captive by the Assyrian Power. B. c. 884-721 = 163 years. 
 
 443. 7. Athaliah's Usurpa- 
 tion, 884-878.— Daughter of 
 Ahab, wife of Jehoram, and 
 mother of Ahaziah, now destroy- 
 ed all the seed royal, and usurp- 
 ed the throne for six years. 2 
 Kings xi. .1, 3; 2 Chron. xxii. 
 10, 12. 
 
 446. Joash saved; educated 
 by Jehoiada. — Joash, son of 
 Ahaziah, was, however, saved 
 by his aunt Jehosheba, who was 
 wife of Jehoiada the high priest. 
 2 Kings xi. 2 ; 2 Chron. xxii. 
 11. 
 
 447. Athaliah slain; Joash 
 anointed King. — After six 
 years the people grew tired of 
 Athaliah's tyranny, and Jehoi- 
 ada the high priest anointed 
 Joash in the temple and pro- 
 claimed him king, and Athaliah, 
 rushing there to know the cause 
 of the disturbance, was slain at 
 the outer gate. 2 Kings xi. 4- 
 16; 2 Chron. xxiii. 1—15. 
 
 448. 8. Jehoash, or Joash, 
 878-831).— Son of Ahaziah. 
 Reigned forty years. Prophet 
 — Zechariah, son of Jehoiada. 
 
 449. Jehoiada regent ; Wor- 
 ship of Jehovah restored. — 
 During the minority of Joash 
 the high priest Jehoiada ap- 
 pears to have been guardian of 
 
 444. 10. Jehn, 884-856.— 
 Son of Nimshi. Reigned twenty- 
 eight years. Prophets — Elisha 
 and Jonah. 
 
 445. Slays Jezebel and de- 
 stroys the House of Ahab. — 
 Jehu now proceeded to Jezreel, 
 where Jezebel reproached him, 
 saying, "Had Zimri peace, who 
 slew his master?" alluding to 
 Zimri's murder of Elah, by 
 which he enjoyed the throne 
 only seven days. (See sect. 393.) 
 Some eunuchs then, by Jehu's 
 order, threw Jezebel from a 
 window, and she was trampled 
 to death by horses and her car- 
 cass eaten by dogs, according to 
 Elijah's prophecy (sect. 414). 
 Jehu now ordered the people 
 of Samaria to send him the 
 heads of Ahab's seventy sons, 
 and proceeding to Samaria, he 
 met Ahaziah's forty-i wo brothers 
 and killed them. He next met 
 Jehonadab, the son of Rechab 
 (founder of the Rechabites; see 
 sect. 201, note), and received 
 him into favor, and proceeding 
 to Samaria he completed the 
 destruction of Ahab's family. 
 2 Kings ix. 30-37; x. 1-17. 
 
 450. Destroys Baal's Wor- 
 shippers. — At Samaria, Jehu 
 assumed the character of a de- 
 
216 
 
 2 KINGS. 
 
 b. c. 884-721. 
 
 Jwlali — Joash. 
 
 the young king and regent of 
 the kingdom. He aroused the 
 religious zeal of the priests, 
 Levites, and people, threw down 
 the temple of Baal, and slew 
 Mattan the priest ; and having 
 then destroyed all the idolatrous 
 temples, altars, and monuments 
 throughout the land, he restored 
 the true worship of Jehovah. 
 2 Kings xi. 17-21 ; xii. 1-3; 2 
 Chron. xxiii. 16-21 ; xxiv. 1-3. 
 
 452. Joash repairs the 
 Temple, cir. 856. — Joash being 
 grown up, caused the temple at 
 Jerusalem to be repaired by 
 collecting money from the peo- 
 ple, as Moses had done for the 
 building of the tabernacle. He 
 reigned well during the whole 
 life of Jehoiada, though the high 
 places were not removed ; but 
 after the high priest's death he 
 fell into idolatrv. 2 Kings xii. 
 4-16; 2 Chron. xxiv. 4-14. 
 
 454. Death of Jehoiada; 
 Re-establishment of Baal, 
 cir. 840. — Jehoiada died, aged 
 one hundred and thirty years ; 
 and Joash, listening to the 
 princes of Judah, re-established 
 the worship of Baal ; and when 
 Zechariah the priest and son of 
 Jehoiada remonstrated, Joash 
 commanded the people to stone 
 him. 2 Chron. xxiv. 15-22. 
 
 456. Syrian Invasion under 
 Hazael. — Hazael, king of Syria, 
 now marched against Judah, 
 but Joash, with the vessels of 
 the temple, bribed him to depart. 
 At the end of the year, however, 
 a small company of Syrians de- 
 feated the host of Judah, de- 
 stroyed the princes, and sent the 
 spoil to Damascus. 2 Kings xii. 
 17, 18; 2 Chron. xxiv. 23, 24. 
 
 459. Joash slain hy his 
 Servants, 839. — Joash was 
 
 Israel — Jehu, Jehoahaz. 
 
 vout votary of Baal, and by a 
 pretended sacrifice collected all 
 the idolaters into Baal's temple. 
 Jehonadab the Rechabile, with 
 eighty men, then entered the 
 building by his direction and 
 slew all who were within, and 
 the images were brought out and 
 burnt, and the temple convert- 
 ed to the vilest of purposes. 2 
 Kings x. 18-28. 
 
 451. Cir. 862. — Jonah 
 prophesied. See Prophetical 
 Books — Jonah. 
 
 453. Hazael seizes the Ter- 
 ritory east of the Jordan, 
 860. — Jehu had been conduct- 
 ing the war against Hazael, king 
 of Syria, at Ramoth - gilead 
 when the message of Elisha 
 called him to the throne. Ha- 
 zael seems to have taken advan- 
 tage of his absence to seize all 
 the Israelite territory east of 
 the Jordan; and Jehu, who still 
 practised the idolatry rf Jero- 
 boam, was not permitted to 
 regain this dominion. 2 Kings 
 x. 32-36. 
 
 455. Worships the Golden 
 Calves, 856.— Jehu, though he 
 destroyed Baal, yet followed in 
 the sins of Jeroboam, by wor- 
 shipping the two golden calves; 
 but for his faithfulness in ex- 
 terminating Ahab's family God 
 promised the kingdom to his 
 descendants to the fourth gener- 
 ation. 2 Kins?s x. 29-31. 
 
 457. 11. Jehoahaz,856-839. 
 — Son of Jehu. Reigned seven- 
 teen years. Prophet — Elisha. 
 
 458. Worships the Golden 
 Calves ; oppressed by Hazael 
 and Benliadad III.— Followed 
 in the sins of Jeroboam, and 
 was accordingly oppressed by 
 Hazael, king of Syria, and his 
 son, Benliadad III., who sue- 
 
b. c. 884-721. 
 
 KINGS. 
 
 217 
 
 Jll d all — A maziah. 
 
 afflicted with disease, and at 
 length slain in his bed by two 
 of his servants. 2 Kings xii. 
 20, 21 ; 2 Cliron. xxiv. 25, 26. 
 
 460. 9. Amaziah, 839-810. 
 — Son of Joash. Keigned twenty- 
 nine years. Prophet — Elisha. 
 2 Kings xiv. 1-8 ; 2 Chron. xxv. 
 1. 
 
 462. Begins well. — Amaziah 
 slew his father's murderers, but 
 spared their children in obedi- 
 ence to the law of Moses. He 
 began his reign well, but did 
 not remove the high places. 2 
 Kings xv. 3-6; 2 Chron. xxv. 
 2-4. 
 
 Israel — Joash. 
 
 ceeded him ; but Jehoahaz re- 
 pented, and his successor, Joash, 
 was enabled to rescue Israel. 
 2 Kings xiii. 1—9. 
 
 461. 12. Joash, or Jehoash, 
 839-820. — Son of Jehoahaz. 
 Reigned two years whilst his 
 father was alive — in all fourteen 
 years alone ; seventeen years 
 altogether. Prophet — Elisha. 
 
 463. Worships the Golden 
 Calves; promised Three 
 Victories by Elisha. — Joash 
 walked in the sins of Jeroboam. 
 Elisha fell sick and sent for 
 Joash, who, at the prophet's 
 command, shot an arrow from 
 his window, but when desired 
 to smite the ground did so only 
 three times. Elisha then prom- 
 ised him three victories over the 
 Syrians, but rebuked him. for 
 not smiting more. Elisha soon 
 afterward died.* 2 Kings xiii. 
 1-21. 
 
 * Life of Elisha, 896-833. — Elisha, son of Shaphat of Abel-meholah, 
 was ploughing with twelve pair of oxen when Elijah called him to the 
 prophetic office by throwing his mantle over him and anointing him as 
 prophet, b. c. 896, in the reign of Jehoram. The same year Elijah 
 was taken up to heaven in a chariot of fire, and gave Elisha his mantle 
 and a double portion of his spirit, which Elisha had previously asked 
 for, and assured that he should receive if he were with Elijah at the 
 time of his departure. Elisha was now the prophet in Israel in the 
 room of Elijah, and the remainder of his life was a series of miracles — 
 viz. : 
 
 b. c. 896. 1st, He smote the Jordan with Elijah's mantle and divi- 
 ded the stream. 2d, He healed the waters of Jericho by throwing in 
 salt. 3d, He cursed the mocking children at Bethel, and forty-two 
 were slain by two she-bears. 
 
 b. c. 895. 4th, He miraculously supplied the allied armies of Judah, 
 Israel, and Edom with water when perishing in the wilderness of Edom 
 in their expedition against the Moabitcs. 5th, He promised the Shu- 
 nammite a son. 
 
 b. c. 894. 6th, He healed Naaman's leprosy. 7th, He transferred 
 the leprosy to his servant Gehazi. 
 
 B. c. 893. 8th, He made an iron axe's head to swim. 9th, He dis- 
 closed the secret counsels of Benhadad II. to Jehoram, king of Israel. 
 10th, He blinded the .Syrian host sent to take him. 
 
 B. c. 892. 11th, He promised abundance of provision during the 
 6iege of Samaria. 
 
 19 
 
218 
 
 2 KINGS. 
 
 b. c. 884-721. 
 
 Israel— Joash. 
 
 465. Defeats the Syrians 
 Three times, 836. — Joash de- 
 feated the Syrians three times, 
 as Elisha had promised, and 
 recovered the cities west of the 
 Jordan, which Hazael had taken 
 from his father Jehoahaz. 
 
 About this time Israel was 
 invaded by predatory bands of 
 Moabites. 2 Kings xiii. 20, 22- 
 25. 
 
 Judah — Amaziah. 
 
 464. Defeats the Edomites, 
 
 827. — Amaziah levied an army 
 to attack the Edomites, and 
 lured 100,000 Israelites, but 
 being forbidden by a prophet 
 to use the idolatrous mercena- 
 ries, he sent them back, which 
 so exasperated the 100,000 that 
 they ravaged Judah on their 
 way and killed 3000. Mean- 
 time, Amaziah conquered the 
 Edomites in the Valley of Salt, 
 at the southern extremity of 
 the Dead Sea, and took Selah 
 [Petra]. 2 Kings xiv. 7; 2 
 Chron. xxv. 5-13. 
 
 466. Worships the Edomite 
 Gods. — On his return after these 
 splendid successes Amaziah was 
 mad enough to worship the 
 Edomite gods, and was threat- 
 ened with destruction by a 
 prophet. 2 Chron. xxv. 14- 
 16. 
 
 467. Amaziah defeated by Joash, 826. — Amaziah now chal- 
 lenged Joash, king of Israel, to battle, but the latter replied, " The 
 thistle that was in Lebanon said to the cedar, 'Give thy daughter 
 as a wife to my son ;' but a wild beast passed by and trod down 
 the thistle. Now, thou hast indeed smitten Edom, and thy heart 
 hath lifted thee up to boast, but tarry at home, for why shouldest 
 thou meddle to thine hurt and fall, and Judah with thee?" 
 
 B. c. 891. 12th, He healed the deadly pottage at Gilgal. 13th, He 
 fed one hundred men with twenty loaves. 14th, He restored the Shu- 
 nammite's son. 15th, He foretold seven years of famine when the 
 Shunammite went to the land of the Philistines. 
 
 B. c. 885. 16th, He foretold the death of Benhadad and accession of 
 Hazael. 
 
 b. c. 884. 17th, He sent to anoint Jehu, son of Niinshi, to be king. 
 
 b. c. 888. He promised to Joash on his deathbed three victories over 
 the Syrians. 
 
 After Elisha's death a corpse was hastily thrown into his sepulchre, 
 that the mourners might escape from the Moabites, who then infested 
 Israel ; but as soon as the corpse touched the bones of Elisha it was 
 restored to life. 
 
 Elisha was contemporary with Joram, Jehu, and Joash, kings of 
 Israel, and with Joram, Ahaziah, Atlialiah, and Joash, monarchs of 
 Judah. 
 
B.C. 884-721. 
 
 2 KINGS. 
 
 219 
 
 Amaziah would not, however, be thus warned, but marched 
 against Joash, and was utterly defeated ; and the king of Israel 
 took Jerusalem, broke down the wall, and plundered the temple 
 and palace. 2 Kings xiv. 8-15 ; 2 Chron. xxv. 17-24. 
 
 Judall — Uzziah. 
 
 468. Slain at Lachish, 811. 
 
 — A conspiracy was formed 
 against Amaziah at Jerusalem, 
 and he fled to Lachish, but was 
 slain there. 2 Kings xiv. 19, 20 ; 
 2 Chron. xxv. 27, 28. 
 
 470. 10. Uzziah, or Aza- 
 riali, 810-758. — Son of Ama- 
 ziah. Reigned fifty-two years. 
 Prophets — Zechariah, Joel, and 
 Isaiah. 
 
 472. Influence of Zecha- 
 riah ; Kingdom flourishes.— 
 Uzziah was sixteen years old 
 when he ascended the throne, 
 and as long as Zechariah the 
 prophet lived he reigned right- 
 eously and prospered. He sub- 
 dued the Philistines and border- 
 ing Arabs, and made the Am- 
 monites tributary. He recover- 
 ed the port of Elath on the Red 
 Sea ; fortified Jerusalem with 
 towers; built towers and wells 
 in the desert ; and strengthened 
 his works by the erection of new 
 and extraordinary engines for 
 the discharge of arrows and 
 large stones. He also enrolled 
 a large army like that of Je- 
 hoshaphat, and provided ample 
 stores of armor and wen pons. 
 It is moreover particularly stated 
 that he was fond of agriculture, 
 and that both by example and 
 encouragement he fostered hus- 
 bandry, planting, and the keep- 
 ing of cattle. 2 Kings xv. 1-4; 
 2 Chron. xxvi. 1-16. 
 
 474. Cir. 800.— Joel prophe- 
 sied. See Prophetical Books — 
 Joel. 
 
 475. Smitten with Leprosy, 
 cir. 765. — Uzziah, elated with 
 
 Israel — Jeroboam II. 
 
 469. 13. Jeroboam II., 825 
 
 -784. — Son of Joash, had been 
 made king whilst his father was 
 engaged in the Syrian war, but 
 now reigned alone forty-one 
 years. 2 Kings xiv. 23. Pro- 
 phets — Amos, Hosea, and Jonah. 
 
 471. Decline of the Syrian 
 Power. — The power of Damas- 
 cus, which under Benhadad II. 
 and Hazael appears to have ex- 
 tended over nearly the whole of 
 Syria, was now on the .decline. 
 The cause is unknown. A civil 
 war may have arisen between 
 the states which had been uni- 
 ted into one kingdom, or the 
 growing might of Nineveh had 
 begun to seize the provinces on 
 the frontier. But the three vic- 
 tories promised by Elisha to 
 Joash had procured the recov- 
 ery of the cities west of the Jor- 
 dan, which had been seized by 
 Hazael (sect. 465); and the proph- 
 et Jonah now promised Jero- 
 boam the recovery of Israel east 
 of the river. 2 Kings xiv. 25, 26. 
 
 473. Brilliant Successes 
 against Syria ; flourishing 1 
 period of Israelite History, 
 822. — Jeroboam II. now recov- 
 ered all the territory east of the 
 Jordan, from Hamath to the 
 Dead Sea, which had been tak- 
 en by Hazael (sect. 453), and 
 marching into Syria he recon- 
 quered Hamath and Damascus. 
 (See sect. 329.) Jeroboam, how- 
 ever, walked in the sins of Jero- 
 boam I., and worshipped the 
 golden calves. 2 Kings xiv. 24- 
 28. 
 
 476. Cir. 787.— Amos proph- 
 
220 
 
 2 KINGS. 
 
 b. c. 884-721. 
 
 Jadall — Jotham, Ahaz. 
 
 prosperity, entered the temple 
 to burn incense. Azariah and 
 eighty other priests remonstrated 
 with him in vain, and whilst the 
 censer was in his hand an incur- 
 able leprosy rose in his forehead. 
 Jotham his son was vice-regent. 
 2 Kings xv. 5 ; 2 Chron. xxvi. 
 16-21. 
 
 480. B. C. 760-698.— Isa- 
 iah prophesied. See Prophetical 
 Books — Isaiah. 
 
 481. 11. Jotham, 758-742. 
 — Son of Uzziah. Reigned six- 
 teen years. Prophets — Isaiah 
 and Micah. 
 
 483. Reigned righteously 
 and prosperously. — Jotham 
 reigned righteously, and con- 
 tinued the improvements and 
 plans of his father. He built 
 many fortresses, and erected the 
 west gate of the temple, and 
 obliged the Ammonites to pay 
 tribute. 2 Kings xv. 32-35 ; 
 2 Chron. xxvii. 1-6. 
 
 485. B. C. 750-710.— Mi- 
 cah prophesied. See Prophetical 
 Books — Micah. 
 
 487. 12. Ahaz, 742-726.— 
 Son of Jotham. Reigned six- 
 teen years. Prophets — Isaiah 
 and Micah. 
 
 488. Worships Baal and 
 Molech. — Ahaz was the most 
 corrupt monarch that had hith- 
 erto belonged to the line of 
 David. He adopted the idol- 
 atrv of Ahab and made molten 
 
 Israel — Zechariah-Pekahiah. 
 
 esied. See Prophetical Books— 
 Amos. 
 
 477. Cir. 785.— Hosea pro- 
 phesied. See Prophetical Books — 
 
 HOSEA. 
 
 478. INTERREGNUM, 784 
 
 -773, lasting eleven years, dur- 
 ing which no king reigned. 
 
 479. 14. Zechariah, 773. 
 Prophp:t — Hosea. — Son of Jer- 
 oboam If., walked in the sins of 
 Jeroboam, and was assassinated 
 by Shall um after reigning six 
 months. 2 Kings xv. 8-12. 
 
 482. 15. Shallum, 772.— 
 Son of Jabesh, reigned one 
 month, and assassinated by Me- 
 nahem. 2 Kings xv. 13-15. 
 
 484. 16. Menahem, 772- 
 761.— Son of Gadi, from Tirzah, 
 walked in the ways of Jero- 
 boam I. in worshipping the gold- 
 en calves. Reigned ten years. 
 Prophet — Hosea. 2 Kings xiv. 
 17, 18. 
 
 486. First Assyrian Inva- 
 sion under Pnl.— Pul, king of 
 Assyria,* invaded Israel, but 
 Menahem bribed him with 
 1000 silver talents [113,839 lbs., 
 about £340,500] to return to his 
 kingdom. This sum was raised 
 by making the wealthy Israel- 
 ites pay fifty shekels [22J oz. = 
 £5 13s. 10d.] a man. 2 Kings 
 xiv. 19, 20; x v. 16-22. 
 
 489. 17. Pekahiah, 761- 
 759. — Son of Menahem. 
 Reigned two years. Prophet 
 
 * Nineveh, or Nimrond, as has been proved by the recent researches 
 of Mr. Layard, was situated on the eastern bank of the Tigris and near 
 its junction with the Zab, about twenty miles south-east of the modern 
 town of Mosul. The history of Assyria prior to the present period is 
 uncertain, but, to use the words of Mr. Layard, "to reject the notion of 
 the existence of an independent kingdom of Assyria at the very earli- 
 est period would be almost to question whether the country were in- 
 habited." It would be directly in opposition to the united testimony 
 of Scripture and tradition ; and though a doubt may be entertained as 
 to the dynasties, there is none as to its existence. 
 
b. c. 884-721. 2 KINGS. 221 
 
 Judah — Ahaz. Israel — Pekah. 
 
 images for Baalim ; he sacri- — Hosea. He walked in the 
 ficed in the vale of Hinnom ways of Jeroboam I., and was 
 and in groves on high places ; slain by one of his generals 
 and he made bis son to pass and successor. 2 Kings xv. 
 through the fire in honor of 23-26. 
 
 Molech, and practised all the 490. 18. Pekah, 759-739. 
 abominations of the heathen. — Son of Remaliah, and had 
 2 Kings xvi. 1-4 ; 2 Chron. assassinated Pekah iah. He 
 xxviii. 1-4. worshipped the golden calves 
 
 like Jeroboam I., and reigned 
 twenty years. 2 Kings xiv. 27, 
 28. Prophets — Hosea and 
 Oded. 
 
 491. Pekah and Rezin ally; invade Judah, 742.— Pekah, 
 king of Israel, now formed an alliance with Rezin, who appears 
 to have re-established the kingdom of Syria. The two kings then 
 invaded the territory of Ahaz and besieged Jerusalem, with the 
 intention of placing an individual alluded to as the son of Tabeal 
 (Isa. vii. 6) on the throne of Judah. The enterprise was unsuc- 
 cessful, but Rezin seems to have marched southward and taken and 
 occupied the port of Elath on the Red Sea. Isaiah then prophesied 
 to Ahaz the destruction of both Pekah and Rezin [which was after- 
 ward accomplished by the arms of Tiglath-pileser] ; and he also 
 delivered as a sign the well-known prediction, 
 
 "Behold a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, 
 And shall call his name Immanuel." Isa. vii. 14. 
 
 2 Kings xvi. 5, 6. 
 
 492. Second Invasion of Pekah and Rezin, 741.— Next 
 year Pekah and Rezin again invaded Judah, and defeated Ahaz 
 with the slaughter of 120,000 men ; and Rezin took a multitude 
 of captives to Damascus, whilst Pekah carried away 200,000 
 women and children and a large quantity of plunder to Samaria. 
 But the prophet Oded remonstrated with Pekah against enslaving 
 the children of Judah, and the elders of the national assembly* 
 positively declared that the caplives should not be brought into 
 the land ; and accordingly Pekah relieved the prisoners out of the 
 spoil and returned them to their own country. 2 Chron. xxviii. 
 5-15. 
 
 493. Ahaz applies to Tiglath-pileser; Second Assyrian In- 
 vasion; Syria and east of Jordan enslaved, 740.— The Edom- 
 ites now invaded Judah and carried off* numerous prisoners, and 
 the Philistines plundered the cities on the southern borders, whilst 
 
 * In the text the}' are called the elders of Ephraim, but this name 
 only appears to have been adopted by the ten tribes after their separa- 
 tion from Judah. 
 
 19* 
 
222 2 KINGS. 
 
 b. c. 884-721. 
 
 Ahaz was probably threatened by a third invasion of the kings 
 of Israel and Syria. In this extremity the king of Judah sent 
 gold and silver from the treasures of the temple and palace as a 
 present to Tjgeath-pileser [or Tiglath-ptjl-asstjr — i. e. the 
 tiger lord of Assyria'] to come to his assistance. Tiglath-pileser, 
 who had ascended the throne of Assyria in the room of his 
 father Pul, then marched an army westward, defeated and slew 
 Rezin, sent the inhabitants to Kir, or Assyria Proper, and thus 
 put an end to the kingdom of Damascene Syria." He also car- 
 
 * History of Syria. — Syria, or Aram (from Aram, fifth son of Shem), 
 was now merged in the Assyrian empire. It was bounded on the east 
 by the Euphrates, west by the Mediterranean, north by Cilicia, and 
 south by Phoenicia, Judaea, and Arabia Deserta. 
 
 Cir. B. C. 1055. — Before the time of David, Syria was divided into 
 cantons and governed by petty kings, each of whom reigned in his own 
 city and territories. These petty kingdoms are frequently mentioned 
 under the names of Zobah, Damascus, Hamath, Geshur, Rehob, Ishtob, 
 Maachah, etc. 
 
 Hadadezer, 1040-1036, was king of Zobah, and conquered by David, 
 who after two brilliant victories extended his dominions to the Euphra- 
 tes. (See sect. 329.) Contemporary with Hadadezer were Tor, king of 
 Hamath, who sent his son Joram to congratulate David on his victories 
 over Hadadezer; and Talmai, king of Geshur, whose daughter Ma- 
 achah married David and became the mother of Absalom, and to whom 
 Absalom fled after the murder of his brother Amnon. 2 Sam. viii. 9; 
 xiii. 37. After the defeat of Hadadezer, Rezon, one of his captains, 
 fled from him and reigned in Damascus. (See sect. 362.) 
 
 Rezon, or Hezion, cir. 975. — During Solomon's reign Rezon, supposed 
 to be the same as Hezion (1 Kings xv. 18), seems to have thrown off 
 the Jewish yoke and founded the Syrian kingdom. 
 
 Tabrimon, cir. 960. — Father of Benhadad I. and son of Hezion or 
 Rezon. 
 
 Benhadad, 941. — Succeeded his father. He assisted Asa, king of 
 Judah, ravaged Israel, and compelled Baasha to give up the building 
 of Ramah (sects. 389, 390). 
 
 Benhadad II., 910-885. — Invaded Israel b. c. 901, accompanied by 
 thirty-two petty kings, but was defeated by Ahab (sec. 411). 
 
 B. c 900. Thought Jehovah was God only of the hills, and therefore 
 attacked Ahab in the valley of Aphek, but was defeated with great 
 slaughter. Fled to Aphek, but Ahab allied with him (sect. 412). 
 
 b. c. 894. Sent Naainan, the Syrian leper, to Jehoram, king of Israel, 
 to be cured (sect. 430). 
 
 b. c. 893. Prepared to attack Israel, but his secret counsels were re- 
 vealed to Jehoram by Elisha (sect. 431). 
 
 b. c. 892. Blockaded Samaria and caused a terrible famine, but, hear- 
 ing a noise of chariots and horses, he and bis army fled, and his camp- 
 stores fell into the hands of the enemy (sect. 433). 
 
 B. c. 885. Stifled by Hazael, according to Elisha's prophecy (sect. 440). 
 
 Hazael, 885-839.— Ravaged Ramoth-gilead (sect. 440). 
 
 B. c. 861. Attacked the Israelites east of the Jordan (sect. 453). 
 
 B. c. 850-840. Oppressed Israel, captured Gath, and prepared to 
 attack Jerusalem, but bribed to return back by Joash, king of Judah 
 (sect. 456). b. c. 839. Died (sect. 458). 
 
B. c. 884-721. 
 
 2 KINGS. 
 
 223 
 
 ried away the tribes east of the Jordan — Eeuben, Gad, and half 
 Manasseh — captives to Media, where they were planted in Halah, 
 Habor, and on the river Gozan ; and to these he added the other 
 half of Manasseh, wh'ich was seated in Galilee. He thus relieved 
 Ahaz, but we are subsequently told that he " distressed him, but 
 strengthened him not." 2 Kings xvi. 7-9; 2 Chron. xxviii. 
 16-21. 
 B. C. 753. Rome was founded, according to Vakro. 
 
 Judall — Ahaz, Hezekiah. 
 
 494. Ahaz worships the 
 Gods of Damascus. — Ahaz 
 now went to Damascus to meet 
 Tiglath-pileser. Here he saw 
 an idolatrous altar, and sent a 
 model of it to Urijah the priest, 
 with directions to build one like 
 it ; and upon his return to Jeru- 
 salem he sacrificed on this altar 
 to the gods of Damascus, shut up 
 the temple, broke up the sacred 
 vessels, and established idolatry 
 throughout Judah. 2 Kings xvi. 
 10-18 ; 2 Chron. xxviii. 22-25. 
 
 499. Sun-dial of Ahaz.— 
 Allusion is subsequently made 
 to the sun-dial of Ahaz (see the 
 reign of Hezekiah), and this is 
 the first mention in Scripture of 
 the use of dials for measuring 
 time. The first mention of hours 
 as a division of the day is in 
 Dan. iv. 19 and in Tobit xi. 14. 
 
 501. 13. Hezekiah, 726- 
 608.— Son of Ahaz. Eeigned 
 nineteen years. Prophets — 
 Isaiah and Micah. 
 
 502. Breaks the Serpent 
 
 Israel — Hoshea. 
 
 495. Pekah slain by Ho- 
 shea, 730.— Hoshea, son of 
 Elah, formed a conspiracy against 
 Pekah and slew him, and ascend- 
 ed the throne in his stead. 2 
 Kings xv. 30. 
 
 496. INTERREGNUM, 739- 
 730. — Anarchy for nine 
 
 YEARS. 
 
 497. 19. Hoshea, 730-721. 
 
 — Son of Elah. Eeigned nine 
 years. Prophet — Hosea. 
 
 498. Better than his Pre- 
 decessors.— The regicide Ho- 
 shea seems to have reigned bet- 
 ter than the kings before him, 
 though he followed in many of 
 their sins. He allowed Heze- 
 kiah of Judah to send messen- 
 gers throughout Israel to invite 
 the people to the passover at 
 Jerusalem, and did not prevent 
 his subjects from accepting the 
 invitation. 2 Kings xvii. 1, 2; 
 2 Chron. xxx. 6-11. 
 
 500. Third Assyrian Inva- 
 sion ; Shalmaneser makes 
 Hoshea tributary, 728.— 
 
 Benhadad III., cir. 839. — Joash, king of Israel, obtained three victo- 
 ries over him, and recovered the cities west of the Jordan taken by 
 llazacl, according to Elisha's prophecy (sect. 465). 
 
 B. c. 822. Decline of the Syrian power. Jeroboam II. of Israel re- 
 covers all the territory east of the Jordan, and conquers Hamath and 
 Damascus (sect. 471). 
 
 Rezin, cir. 742-740.— In n. c. 742 he joined Pekah, king of Israel, in 
 an expedition against Ahaz, king of Judah, which failed (sect. 491). 
 
 B.C. 741. Renewed the war, and w;is successful (sect. 192). 
 
 B. c. 740. Tiglath-pileser was bribed by Ahaz, and, taking Damascus, 
 he slew Uezin aud carried the Syrians captive to Kir, or Assyria Proper 
 (sect. 493). 
 
224 
 
 2 KINGS. 
 
 b. c. 884-721. 
 
 Judah — Hezekiah. 
 
 and destroys Idolatry. — Heze- 
 kiah began to reign at the age 
 of twenty-five years. His first 
 acts were to thoroughly extirpate 
 idolatry throughout his domin- 
 ions, and even to remove the 
 high places, which his predeces- 
 sors had preserved. Amongst 
 other things he destroyed the 
 brazen serpent which Moses had 
 elevated in the wilderness (sect. 
 228), and before which incense 
 had been burned until his own 
 time. 2 Kings xviii. 4. 
 
 504. Restores the Worship 
 of Jehovah and celebrates 
 the Passover. — Hezekiah now 
 purified the temple, reinstated 
 the priests and restored their 
 courses, and caused the passover 
 to be kept with great solemnity 
 for fourteen days, assembling 
 the people from the eleven tribes 
 of Israel, which had not been 
 done since the days of Solomon. 
 2 Kings xviii. 3, 5, 6 ; 2 Chron. 
 xxix. 11-36; xxx. ; xxxi. 
 
 506. Rebels against Shal- 
 maneser : defeats the Philis- 
 tines, 725. — Hezekiah now re- 
 fused to pay the annual tribute 
 to Shalmaneser which Tiglath- 
 
 pileser had exacted from his 507. Colonization of Sama- 
 father, Ahaz (sect. 493). He ria; Origin of the Samari- 
 also invaded the Philistine terri- tans, 678. — Esarh addon, who 
 tory, and subdued it as far as succeeded to Sennacherib on the 
 Gaza. 2 Kings xviii. 7, 8. throne of Assyria, carried off 
 
 the remnant that still remained 
 in Israel, and sent men from 
 Babylon, Cuthah, Ava, Hamath, 
 and Sepharvaim to colonize Sa- 
 maria, who then took the name 
 of Samaritans or Cuthseans. These colonists being afterward, on 
 account of their idolatry, troubled with lions, Esarhaddon, at their 
 request, sent them a priest to instruct them in the worship of 
 Jehovah, whom they supposed to be the local god, and therefore 
 the only one who could preserve them in Samaria. The colonists, 
 however, set up the gods of the various nations to which they 
 belonged, and mingled their worship with that of Jehovah. 
 
 Israel— Hoshea. 
 
 Shalmaneser, who appears to 
 have succeeded Tiglath-pileser 
 on the throne of Assyria, now in- 
 vaded Israel, and made Hoshea 
 tributary. 2 Kings xvii. 3. 
 
 503. Hoshea rebels, and is 
 Imprisoned, 725. — Ho<hea 
 now appears to have envied the 
 freedom and success of Heze- 
 kiah, who had refused to pay 
 tribute to Shalmaneser. Accord- 
 ingly, he made a treaty with So, 
 king of Egypt, and either the 
 Sabacon or Sethon of Herodotus 
 (xxx. 1-7), and refused to pay 
 tribute, though Isaiah strongly 
 reprehended the alliance. Shal- 
 maneser then sent for Hoshea, 
 and imprisoned him ; and the 
 king of Egypt made no attempt 
 to come to the assistance of the 
 latter. 2 Kings xvii. 4. 
 
 505. Siege of Samaria, and 
 Captivity of Israel, 723- 
 721. — Shalmaneser besieged 
 Samaria, and took it after three 
 years' siege, and carried away 
 Israel captive beyond the Eu- 
 phrates. 2 Kings xvii. 5-23 ; 
 xviii. 9-12. 
 
b. c. 713. 2 KINGS XVIII. 225 
 
 Eventually, after many Israelites had been incorporated amongst 
 them, and they had erected a temple on Mount Gerizim, they 
 abandoned idolatry, and worshipped Jehovah only. 
 
 Third Period. — From the Assyrian Captivity of Israel 
 until the Babylonian Captivity of Judah. b. c. 721— 
 588 = 134 years. 
 
 508. First Assyrian Invasion of Judah; Heze- 
 Mah submits to Sennacherib, 713. — Sennacherib — or 
 Sargon, as he is called by Isaiah — succeeded his father, 
 Shalmaneser, on the throne of Assyria, b. c. 715, and in 
 b. c. 713 prepared to punish the disaffection of Hezekiah. 
 The inhabitants of Judah were now alarmed, and though 
 it does not appear that the king himself despatched any 
 embassy to Egypt, yet his nobles, in spite of the remon- 
 strances of Isaiah (xxx.-xxxii.), sent camels and asses 
 laden with treasure to ask aid from Pharaoh [Sethon],* 
 and especially to request a force of cavalry and chariots. 
 The weak parts of the wall of Jerusalem were mended ; 
 a second wall was added, and towers and fortifications 
 were erected, and the fountains in the neighborhood were 
 stopped up. Hezekiah himself encouraged the people by 
 his confidence in Jehovah. Whilst, however, Sennacherib 
 was approaching Jerusalem, Hezekiah sent to offer him 
 an unqualified submission, and a fine of three hundred 
 talents of silver [34,151 lbs. 9 oz. =£122,455 5s.] and 
 thirty talents of gold [3415 lbs. 2 oz. = £163,928] was im- 
 posed upon him. Hezekiah paid the sum, though he was 
 compelled to exhaust the sacred treasures, and even to 
 strip the gold from the doors and pillars of the temple ; 
 and Sennacherib then retired. 2 Kings xviii. 13-16. 
 
 509. Sennacherib takes Ashdod and again in- 
 vades Judah. — Sennacherib now took Ashdod in Phi- 
 listia, one of the keys of Egypt, and then appears to 
 have thought it would be unsafe to invade the latter coun- 
 try whilst Judah remained still unsubdued in his rear. 
 Accordingly, he again invaded the territories of Heze- 
 kiah ; took all the fenced cities, except Libnah and 
 
 * We learn from Herodotus that Sethon was priest of Vulcan, and 
 had neglected the military caste, who accordingly refused to obey his 
 orders. This may account for his not marching to the assistance of 
 Hezekiah. — Herod., ii. 141. 
 
 P 
 
226 2 KINGS XYIIL, XIX. b. c. 7i3. 
 
 Lachish, to which he laid siege ; and sent by Rabshakeh 
 and two other of his generals a haughty summons to Jeru- 
 salem, requiring its immediate surrender. The latter also 
 uttered blasphemies and disparaging expressions respect- 
 ing Jehovah ; they alluded to the fallacy of expecting aid 
 from Egypt ; and they endeavored to persuade the Jews 
 to give hostages and pay homage by presents to the king 
 of Assyria, by promising to leave them in peace until 
 Sennacherib should carry them away to a land of corn 
 and wine, like their own land.* Rabshakeh, however, 
 returned without success to his master, whom he found 
 besieging Libnah, whilst Isaiah prophesied the destruction 
 of the Assyrian host : " Behold, I will send a blast upon 
 him." 2 Kings xviii. 17-37 ; xix. 1-8 ; 2 Chron. xxxii. 
 1-20 ; Isa. xxxvi. ; xxxvii. 1-8. 
 
 510. Sennacherib called away by the Invasion of 
 TirJiakah ; Destruction of his Army, — Just at this 
 time the news arrived at Libnah that Tirhakah, king of 
 Ethiopia,f was on his march to repel Sennacherib. The 
 Assyrian king sent a boastful letter to Hezekiah, defying 
 the God of Israel and threatening destruction on his re- 
 turn, but his message of defiance was met by a splendid 
 piece of inspired eloquence from Isaiah, which we still 
 read with interest and admiration. 2 Kings xix. 21-34. 
 But the career of Sennacherib was almost closed, and the 
 very next night the Angel of Jehovah went out and 
 smote in the camp of the Assyrians 185,000 men.| Sen- 
 
 * This was exactly the spirit in which Darius, son of Hystaspis, sub- 
 sequently transplanted the Paeonians from the Strymon into Asia. — 
 fierod., v. 12-1 4. 
 
 -f- This Ethiopia appears to answer to the country called by the ancients 
 Meroe, and by the moderns Sennaar and Atbar. It is a large triangle 
 formed by the Nile on the west, the Tacazze. a tributary of the Nile, o.i 
 the east, and the highlands of Abyssinia on the south. The desert of 
 Nubia divides it from Egypt, but its monarchs often held possession of 
 Upper or Southern Egypt. It is therefore probable that Tirhakah, who 
 is also in Manetho's list of Ethiopian kings of Egypt, reigned in the 
 Thebais, or the upper country, whilst So, or Sethon, reigned in Lower 
 Egypt. (See also Herod., ii. 137.) 
 
 J Destruction of the Assyrian Army. — Respecting the means by Avhich 
 the Assyrian army was destroyed, the Targum and Babylonian Talmud 
 say it was by lightning. Isaiah refers to a blast (xxxvii. 7), and prob- 
 ably it was effected by a hot wind, or simoom. Herodotus relates that 
 at night multitudes of field-mice ate up the bow-strings, quivers, and 
 shield-handles of the invaders, who were thus easily defeated on the 
 
b. c. 712-643. 2 KINGS XIX., XX. 227 
 
 nacherib himself fled to Nineveh, and in revenge mur- 
 dered many captive Jews, but was killed shortly after- 
 ward by his two eldest sons whilst he was worshipping in 
 the temple of Nisroch ;* and Esarhacldon his son reigned 
 in his stead. This blow so weakened the Assyrian mon- 
 archy as not only to free the king of Judah from his ap- 
 prehensions, but enabled the Medes and Babylonians to 
 assert their independence. [Herodotus dates the revolt 
 of the Medes B.C. 711.] 2 Kings xix. 9-37; 2 Chron. 
 xxxii. 21, 22; Isa. xxxvii. 9-38. 
 
 511. Hezekiah 9 s Sickness, 712. — Hezekiah fell sick, 
 and Isaiah predicted his death, but the king prayed to 
 God, and Isaiah promised him fifteen years additional 
 life, and confirmed it by the miracle of the sun's going 
 back ten degrees on the dial of Ahaz. 2 Kings xx. 1-11 ; 
 2 Chron. xxxii. 24 ; Isa. xxxviii. 
 
 512. Messengers from 3lerodach-Baladan. king 
 of Babylon. — Merodach-Baladan, king of Babylon, 
 sent to congratulate Hezekiah on his recovery from sick- 
 ness and on his delivery from the Assyrians, through 
 which Merodach himself had been enabled to establish 
 his independence in Babylon. Hezekiah treated the am- 
 bassadors with the utmost respect, and showed them all 
 his treasures ; but for this vanity Isaiah foretold the Bab- 
 ylonian captivity, which took place one hundred and 
 twenty-five years after. Hezekiah then humbled himself, 
 and the threatened punishment was postponed until after 
 his death. 2 Kings xx. 12-19 ; Isa. xxxix. 
 
 513. Peaceful State of Judah, 709-698.— Heze- 
 kiah now reigned in peace, increased in riches, built cities, 
 and brought water into Jerusalem through reservoirs and 
 conduits. Meantime, Esarhaddon, who had succeeded 
 his father Sennacherib on the throne of Assyria, recovered 
 the allegiance of the Babylonian kingdom. 2 Kings xx. 
 20 ; 2 Chron. xxxii. 27-30. 
 
 514. 14. Manasseh, 098-043.— Son of Hezekiah. 
 Reigned fifty-five years. Prophet — Isaiah. 
 
 ensuing day. This story is supposed to have arisen from the similarity 
 of the words Aa/iis, "a mouse," and Aoi/j.os, "'a pestilence." Prideaux, 
 paxnii)), and Baelir's note to Herod., ii. 141. 
 
 • The eagle headed god. Zoroaster says, "(rod is he that has the 
 head of a hawk." — Layard. 
 
228 2 KINGS XXL b. c. 677-610. 
 
 515. Mestoj'es Idolatry and Necromancy. — Manas- 
 seh ascended the throne at the age of twelve years, and it 
 seems to have been the special object of his reign to over- 
 throw all the good which his father Hezekiah had done 
 for Judah. He practised all the sins of Ahab and Ahaz. 
 He rebuilt the high places, set up altars to Baal and As- 
 tarte, and worshipped the host of heaven like the Sabseans. 
 He used enchantments, dealt with wizards and necro- 
 mancers, and observed times by astrology or other methods 
 of superstition ; and when he had a son old enough he 
 made him pass through the fire in the valley of Hinnom. 
 Moreover, he set up altars to the host of heaven in the 
 two courts of the temple, and introduced a graven image 
 into the sanctuary. He also carried on a fearful persecu- 
 tion, and shed innocent blood very much, until he had 
 filled Jerusalem from one end to the other. Isaiah se- 
 verely remonstrated with him, and is supposed to have- 
 been martyred in consequence. 2 Kiugs xxi. 1-16 ; 2 
 Chron. xxxiii. 1-10. 
 
 516. Carried into Assyrian Captivity by Esarhad- 
 don, 677 ; humbles himself. — Esarhaddon's captains 
 now invaded Judah, and in order, probably, to prevent 
 another disaffection, they carried Manasseh in chains to 
 Babylon. Here the king humbled himself, and the Lord 
 heard him and brought him back to his kingdom, and he 
 then eradicated idolatry, restored the worship of Jehovah, 
 and fortified Jerusalem and his fenced cities. 2 Chron. 
 xxxiii. 11-20. 
 
 517. 15. Anton, 643-641. — Son of Manasseh, suc- 
 ceeded, and restored idolatry. He was slain by his ser- 
 vants after reigning two years, but the conspirators were 
 again slain by the people. 2 Kings xxi. 19-26 ; 2 Chron. 
 xxxiii. 21-25. 
 
 518. 16. Josiah, 641-610. — Son of Amon. Reigned 
 thirty-one years. Peophets — Zephaniah, Jeremiah, Ha- 
 bakkuk, and Huldah the prophetess. 
 
 519. Seeks God in his youth ; purges Judah and 
 Israel from Idolatry. — Josiah ascended the throne in 
 the eighth year of his age, and in the eighth year of his 
 reign, when he was only sixteen years old, he began to 
 seek after the God of his fathers. In the twelfth year of 
 his reign he began to purge the land from idolatry. His 
 
B. c. 630-624. 2 KINGS XXIL, XXIII. 229 
 
 rule seems to have extended over both Judah and Israel, 
 and embraced all the territory west of the Jordan, for he 
 broke down the altars of Baal, cut down the groves, and 
 the carved and molten images, not only in Judah and Je- 
 rusalem, but also throughout all the land of Israel. 2 
 Kings xxii. 1, 2 ; 2 Chron. xxxiv. 1-7. 
 
 520. Cir. B. C. 630. Zephanlah prophesied. See 
 Prophetical Books — Zephaniah. 
 
 521. B. C. 629. Jeremiah began to prophesy. See 
 Prophetical Books — Jeremiah. 
 
 522. Cir. B. C. 626. Habakkuk prophesied. See 
 Prophetical Books — Habakkuk. 
 
 523. Repairs the Temple, 624. — Josiah in the eight- 
 eenth year of his reign determined on repairing the tem- 
 ple at Jerusalem, and ordered the great chest to be opened 
 in which the freewill offerings, etc. were deposited ; and 
 he delivered the money to faithful overseers, who were 
 immediately to put the work in hand and pay the work- 
 men. 2 Kings xxii. 3-7 ; 2 Chron. xxxiv. 8-13. 
 
 524. Book of the Law found by Hilkiah, and con- 
 firmed by Huldah, 624. — Meantime, Hilkiah the 
 priest, and father of Jeremiah, found in the treasury- 
 chamber an original copy of the Law, containing the fear- 
 ful denunciations of Jehovah against all idolatry. The 
 book was read to Josiah, who then sent to inquire of the 
 Lord through Huldah the prophetess. Huldah declared 
 that the wrath of the Lord would be executed upon the 
 land for its idolatry, but not in the time of Josiah. The 
 king himself then read the book publicly to the people 
 in the temple, who thereupon entered into a covenant with 
 Josiah to serve the Lord. 2 Kings xxii. 8-20 ; xxiii. 1-3 ; 
 2 Chron. xxxiv. 14-32. 
 
 525. The Altar of Jeroboam thrown down. — A 
 further destruction of idolatry followed, and Josiah went 
 to Bethel, and took " the altar which was at Bethel, and 
 the high place which Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who 
 had made Israel to sin, had made," and broke them down, 
 " and burned the high place, and stamped it small to 
 powder, and burned the grove." He also " sent and took 
 the bones " of the deceased priests " out of the sepulchres, 
 and burned them upon the altar, and polluted it;" thus 
 fulfilling the prediction given to Jeroboam three hundred 
 
 20 
 
230 2 KINGS XXIII. b.c. 623-610. 
 
 and sixty years before. (See sect. 377.) 2 Kings xxiii. 
 4-20 ; 2 Chron. xxxiv. 33. 
 
 526. Celebration of a Solemn Passover, 623, — Af- 
 ter this Josiah thoroughly purified the land from idolatry, 
 witchcraft, and wizards, and restored the ark to the tem- 
 ple, which it is supposed Manasseh or Amon had re- 
 moved ; and he and the people celebrated the passover 
 with greater strictness and solemnity than had been dis- 
 played since the days of Samuel the prophet. 2 Kings 
 xxiii. 21-25 ; 2 Chron. xxxv. 1-19. 
 
 527. Decline of the Assyrian Empire under JEsar- 
 haddon, Saosduchinus, and Chyniladanus. — Mean- 
 time, the Assyrian power had been on the decline, and 
 Inner Asia had been the theatre of great revolutions. 
 Esarhaddon, the successor of Sennacherib (sect. 510), 
 had resubdued the Babylonians, but had failed in re- 
 ducing the Medes. His son Saosduchinus was the Nebu- 
 chadonosor of the book of Judith, and was succeeded by 
 Chyniladanus, or Sarac, in Whose reign the Chaldees 
 revolted, took Babylonia, and, having joined the Medes, 
 succeeded in taking Nineveh and overthrowing the As- 
 syrian empire, about b. c. 606. (See sect. 535.) 
 
 528. Invasion of Tharaoh-Necho ; Josiah slain, 
 610. — Whilst the Assyrian power was involved in wars 
 with the Medes and Chaldees, Egypt had been consoli- 
 dating its strength. When we last mentioned this coun- 
 try it was in a state of internal struggles between the 
 priests and military, and Tirhakah the Ethiopian ruled 
 in Upper Egypt (sect. 510, note, and sect. 508). After 
 this a civil war arose, which ended in the division of the 
 country into twelve independent kingdoms, called the 
 Dodecarthy. About b. c. 650, Psammetichus, one of 
 these kings, reigned at Sais, and by the adoption of Greek 
 tactics and defensive armor, and the employment of Ca- 
 rian and Ionian mercenaries, he subdued all his fellow- 
 kings and united all Egypt under a single sceptre. The 
 policy of the Egyptian monarchy was now entirely 
 changed ; Greeks were permanently established in Egypt 
 as merchants, and the Egyptians began to mingle in for- 
 eign affairs. Necho, son of Psammetichus, succeeded to 
 the throne,, b. c. 617, being the twenty-fourth year of the 
 reign of Josiah. He cut a canal from the Red Sea to 
 
b. c. 010-599. 2 KINGS XXIII. 231 
 
 the Mediterranean and built a fleet of triremes, and at 
 length determined to attack the Assyrian power. His 
 march was directed to Carchemish, an important post on 
 the Euphrates ; and he accordingly followed the usual 
 route along the sea-coast of Palestine northward. Mean- 
 time, Josiah heard of the expedition. He had probably 
 been permitted to retain his kingdom by Assyria on con- 
 dition of defending the frontier against Egypt ; and ac- 
 cordingly he now posted his forces in the plain of Es- 
 draelon, or Jezreel, to intercept Necho. The latter sent 
 messengers to advise Josiah to desist from interfering, but 
 in vain. A battle ensued, and Josiah, who went out in 
 disguise, was slain by the archers in the valley of Me- 
 giddo. " And Jeremiah lamented for Josiah ; all the 
 singing-men and singing-women spake of Josiah in their 
 lamentations to this day." 2 Kings xxiii. 29, 30 ; 2 Chron. 
 xxxv. 20-27. 
 
 529. 17. Jehoahaz, or Shallum, 610, — Son of Jo- 
 siah, though not the eldest, and was made king by the 
 people. Prophet — Jeremiah. 
 
 530. Heights wickedly ; deposed by Necho, — Mean- 
 time, Necho pursued his course to the Euphrates, and 
 after three months returned victorious, having captured 
 Carchemish and defeated the Assyrians. He now appears 
 to have acted as lord-paramount of Judah. He put Je- 
 hoahaz in bands at Riblah in Hamath in Syria, and con- 
 demned the land to pay in tribute one hundred talents of 
 silver [£34,151] and one talent of gold [£5464]. He 
 then went to Jerusalem and placed Eliakim, son of Josiah, 
 on the throne, in the room of Jehoahaz, and changed his 
 name to Jehoiakim; and afterward returned to Egypt, 
 carrying Jehoahaz with him as a hostage. 2 Kings xxiii. 
 31-34 ; 2 Chron. xxxvi. 1-4. 
 
 531. IS. Jehoiakim, 610-599.— Son of Josiah. 
 Reigned eleven years. Prophets — Jeremiah, Daniel, 
 Urijali. 
 
 532. Reigns wickedly ; Jeremiah and Urijah 
 prophesy against him, — The first act of Jehoiakim 
 was to exact from the people the tribute which Necho 
 had imposed. lie reigned wickedly, and Jeremiah proph- 
 esied against Judah, and was threatened with death, but 
 acquitted because he spoke in the name of the Lord, as 
 
232 2 KINGS XXIII. b. c. 609-607. 
 
 Micah had done in the reign of Hezekiah. Urijah the 
 prophet also prophesied against his country, and was com- 
 pelled to fly to Egypt, but brought back by Jehoiakim's 
 orders, and slain and buried in the graves of the common 
 people. 2 Kings xxiii. 34-37 ; 2 Chron. xxxv. 5 ; Jer. 
 xxvi. 
 
 533. Charged by Jeremiah with the Murder of 
 Urijah, 609. — Jeremiah charged Jehoiakim with the 
 murder of Urijah, and with general violence and oppres- 
 sion, and predicted that he should be cast out of Jerusa- 
 lem and buried as an ass. Jer. xxii. 16-19. 
 
 534. Jeremiah publicly foretells the Seventy Years 9 
 Captivity, 607. — Jeremiah now contrasted the apostasy 
 of the Jews with the obedience of the Rechabites to their 
 father, Jehonadab, the son of Rechab, iu drinking no wine, 
 living in tents, and neither possessing nor occupying any 
 houses, fields, or vineyards (sect. 201, note). (They gained 
 their livelihood by being scribes.) Jeremiah also caused 
 Baruch to write his prophecy and read it publicly in the 
 temple, and foretold the conquest of Egypt by Nebuchad- 
 nezzar, and THE SEVENTY YEARS' CAPTIVITY OF THE JEWS : 
 
 "And this whole land shall be a desolation, and an aston- 
 ishment ; and these nations shall serve the king of Baby- 
 lon seventy years. And it shall come to pass when sev- 
 enty years are accomplished, that I will punish the king 
 of Babylon, and that nation, saith the Lord." Jer. xxv. 
 11. 12. "After seventy years be accomplished at Baby- 
 lon, I will visit you, and perform my word toward you, 
 in causing you to returD to this place." Jer. xxix. 10. 
 
 535. Overthrow of the Assyrian JPotver ; Rise of 
 the Medo- Persian and Chaidee- Babylonian Em- 
 pires. — The Assyrian empire, which had been long on 
 the wane, was about this time overthrown by a powerful 
 combination of the new kingdoms of Media and Chaldee- 
 Babylonia. The Medes under Deioces had revolted from 
 the Assyrians about b. c. 712, after the destruction of the 
 army of Sennacherib (sect. 510), and, having conquered 
 the Persians, commenced an empire. Cyaxares, the third 
 in the Median line of kings, had defeated the Assyrians 
 and besieged Nineveh, but was called away by an inva- 
 sion of the Scythians, a nation of Tartary which had come 
 down in a vast body upon Media from the country north 
 
b. c. 606. 2 KINGS XXIV. 233 
 
 of the Caucasus, and held a rule in Inner Asia for twenty- 
 eight years. Meanwhile, the Chaldees, who anciently 
 occupied the mountains of Armenia and had been sub- 
 ject to the Assyrians, revolted from the rule of the latter, 
 and under the Assyrian general Nabopolassar, who is the 
 first-mentioned king of the Chaldees, and the father of 
 Nebuchadnezzar, they seized the kingdom of Babylon.* 
 Nabopolassar afterward allied with Cyaxares, and the two 
 powers then took Nineveh and shared the Assyrian em- 
 pire, the Medes appropriating Assyria Proper, and leav- 
 ing to Nabopolassar Babylonia and its dependent prov- 
 inces, including all the lower country of Mesopotamia 
 and as much as he could conquer of Syria. 
 
 536. TharaoJi-Necho defeated by Nebuchadnezzar, 
 — During the first three years of Jehoiakim's reign Necho 
 had been pushing his conquests eastward to the border 
 of the Euphrates, until his progress was stopped by the 
 newly-risen Chaldee power. Nabopolassar was fast de- 
 clining in health, and had confided his army to his son 
 Nebuchadnezzar, who obtained a decisive victory over 
 Necho at Carchemish, where the latter had formerly been 
 so successful against Assyria. The death of Nabopolassar, 
 however, suddenly recalled Nebuchadnezzar to Babylon ; 
 but as soon as the young prince had secured himself on 
 his father's throne he resumed the aggressive, and within 
 a year of his victory at Carchemish had swept off every 
 vestige of Egyptian power in Syria, and presented his ir- 
 resistible armies on the eastern side of Palestine. 
 
 537. Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem; makes 
 Jehoiakim tributary; carries off Daniel and the 
 Three pious Jews, (>0(i. — Nebuchadnezzar soon ap- 
 peared in Judaea at the head of his victorious armies, 
 and no help from Egypt was now at hand. He took Je- 
 rusalem after a short siege, and plundered the temple, 
 and bound Jehoiakim in fetters to carry him to Baby- 
 lon, but liberated him on condition of his paying a large 
 tribute and giving hostages, amongst whom were Daniel 
 and his three companions, Shadrach, Meshach, and Abed- 
 nego. 2 Kings xxiv. 1 ; 2 Chron. xxxvi. 6-8; Dan. i. 1-6. 
 
 * The city of Babylon was seated on the Euphrates, about two hun- 
 dred miles to the south of Nineveh. 
 
 20* 
 
234 2 KINGS XXIV. b. c. 605-599. 
 
 From this date is calculated the commencement of the seventy 
 years' captivity, though Judah was not entirely carried away 
 before b. c. 588. 
 
 538. Jeremiah's Prophecies again publicly read, 
 Jehoiakim seeks to Destroy him, 605. — A public fast 
 was this year proclaimed in Jerusalem, and Baruch read 
 the roll of Jeremiah's prophecies concerning the Baby- 
 lonian captivity publicly in the temple a second time. 
 This was repeated to Jehoiakim, who then heard the roll 
 read and burnt it, and sought to take Baruch and Jere- 
 miah, but they lay concealed. The latter by God's direc- 
 tion then prepared another roll of prophecy, and in it 
 declared that none of Jehoiakim's posterity should as- 
 cend the throne, and that his own carcass should be 
 exposed to the heat by day and the frost by night. 
 Jer. xxxvi. 
 
 539. Jehoiakim revolts from Nebuchadnezzar, 
 603. — For three years Jehoiakim remained faithful to 
 his allegiance, but at length revolted. Nebuchadnezzar 
 appears to have been unable to come in person, but at 
 length sent up some bands of Chaldees, who with a mixed 
 army of the neighboring Syrians, Moabites, and Ammo- 
 nites ravaged Judah and carried away 3320 captives. 
 2 Kings xxiv. 1, 2. 
 
 540. Jerusalem blockaded; Jehoiakim slain , 599. 
 — At length Jerusalem was blockaded, and Jehoiakim was 
 taken and slain in a sally, and his body thrown out be- 
 yond the gates ; and thus he was buried with the burial 
 of an ass, according to the prophecy of Jeremiah (sect. 
 533). 2 Kings xxiii. 6 ; 2 Chron. xxxvi. 8. 
 
 541. Daniel began to prophesy in this reign. See Pro- 
 phetical Books — Daniel. 
 
 542. 19. Jehoiachin, or Jeconiah, or Coniah, 599. 
 — Son of Jehoiakim. Reigned three months. Prophets 
 — Jeremiah and Daniel. 
 
 543. Nebuchadnezzar besieges Jerusalem in per- 
 son ; carries away 10,000 captives, 599. — Jehoia- 
 chin reigned wickedly for three months, when Nebuchad- 
 nezzar arrived in person and pressed the siege of Jerusalem 
 with vigor. Jehoiachin, with his mother, princes, servants, 
 and officers, at length surrendered, and Nebuchadnezzar 
 carried them and 10,000 captives, including Ezekiel and 
 
B. c. 599-590. 2 KINGS XXIV. 235 
 
 Mordecai, to Babylon, together with the treasures of the 
 palace and temple, as predicted by Jeremiah (sect. 534). 
 None remained but the poorer people. Nebuchadnezzar 
 then made Mattaniah, uncle of Jehoiachin, king in the 
 room of the latter, and changed his name to Zedekiah, 
 and bound him with an oath to maintain fidelity. 2 Kings 
 xxiv. 8-16 ; 2 Chron. xxxvi. 9, 10. 
 
 544. Zedekiah, 599-588. — Youngest son of Josiah 
 and uncle of Jehoiachin. Reigned eleven years. Proph- 
 ets — Jeremiah, Obadiah, Daniel and Ezekiel. 
 
 545. False Prophets predict the speedy Return 
 from Captivity, 598. — Some false prophets were pre- 
 dicting to the Jewish captives at Babylon a speedy re- 
 turn to their country, when Jeremiah wrote a letter rec- 
 ommending the latter to settle quietly in the land of their 
 captivity. Shemaiah the Nehelamite then wrote from Bab- 
 ylon to Jerusalem, urging the priests to punish Jeremiah 
 for prophesying seventy years' captivity, and was himself 
 punished by Jeremiah's declaring that neither he nor his 
 posterity should return to Judsea. In b. c. 596, Hananiah 
 predicted that the captivity would cease in two years, but 
 Jeremiah prophesied that he would die within the year, 
 which was accomplished. Jer. xxvii. ; xxviii. 
 
 546. jB. C. 595. — Ezekiel commences his prophetical 
 career by the river Chebar in Chaldea. See Prophetical 
 Books — Ezekiel. 
 
 547. Zedekiah allies with Pharaoh - Hophra 
 {Apries), and rebels, 593. — Necho, king of Egypt, 
 had been succeeded by his son Psammis, who died after a 
 short reign of six years. Hophra — called by the Greeks 
 Apries — ascended the throne of his father b. c. 595. He 
 was an enterprising and, for a long period, a successful 
 prince. He took Gaza, and made himself master of 
 Phoenicia and part of Palestine, and thus recovered 
 much of that influence in Syria which the Assyrians 
 and Babylonians had taken from Egypt. With this 
 Hophra, Zedekiah formed a secret compact, and then 
 in the seventh year of his reign rebelled against Neb- 
 uchadnezzar. 2 Kings xxiv. 20 ; 2 Chron. xxxvi. 13 ; 
 Jer. xxxvii. 5. 
 
 548. Nebuchadnezzar besieges Jerusalem ; lletreat 
 of JLoplira, 590. — From this period Nebuchadnezzar 
 
236 2 KINGS XXV. b. c. 589-5S8. 
 
 seems to have given up the attempt to maintain Judaea 
 as a separate state, and to have determined on incorpo- 
 rating it absolutely as a province with his empire. He 
 led an army with little delay into Judsea, and besieged 
 Jerusalem, and built forts outside it to harass the coun- 
 try and repel supplies. Jeremiah advised the king to 
 save the city and temple by unreserved submission to 
 the Chaldeans, but Zedekiah trusted in his Egyptian al- 
 liance; but, as it was a sabbatical year, he proclaimed 
 liberty to all the Hebrew servants and slaves in Jeru- 
 ralem. Hophra at the head of an Egyptian army now 
 marched to the relief of his ally, and Nebuchadnezzar 
 drew off his forces from Jerusalem and advanced to meet 
 him. The Egyptian king was terrified at the strength of 
 the Chaldean army, and retreated to Egypt, but in the mean 
 time the Jews, believing that Nebuchadnezzar would never 
 return, cancelled the proclamation of liberty to the He- 
 brew servants and indulged in demonstrations of joy at 
 their supposed deliverance. Jeremiah, however, had pre- 
 viously predicted the return of Nebuchadnezzar and burn- 
 ing of Jerusalem, and during the absence of the Chaldeans 
 had endeavored to escape from the city, but was seized at 
 the gate for a deserter and imprisoned in the house of Jon- 
 athan the scribe. Jer. xxxvii. 11-15. 
 
 549. Zedekiah secretly applies to Jeremiah; the 
 Princes throw the Prophet into a Pit, 589. — In the 
 following year Nebuchadnezzar, having thus repulsed 
 Hophra, renewed the siege, and Zedekiah applied secretly 
 to Jeremiah concerning the fate of Jerusalem, but the 
 prophet repeated his former predictions. The princes of 
 Judah were now angry with Jeremiah, and removed him 
 to the court of the prison, where he was afterward thrown 
 into a deep pit of mire, but rescued by Ebedmelech, an 
 Ethiopian and one of Zedekiah's eunuchs. 2 Kings xxv. 
 1-3 ; Jer. xxxviii. ; xxxix. 1. 
 
 550. Jerusalem taken, 588. — On the seventh day of 
 the fourth month, the city being broken up by famine 
 and the middle gate in the hands of the enemy, Zedekiah 
 and his men of Avar escaped at night, but the Chaldeans 
 overtook him without his army in the plains of Jericho, 
 and carried him to Nebuchadnezzar at Riblah in Hamath 
 in Syria. Nebuchadnezzar slew his sons in his presence, 
 
b. c. 583. 2 KINGS XXV. 237 
 
 and then put out his eyes and sent him in brazen chains 
 to Babylon, where he died in prison, having reigned eleven 
 years. Two apparently contradictory prophecies were 
 thus fulfilled concerning him. Jeremiah had declared 
 that he should see Nebuchadnezzar, and be carried to 
 Babylon ; whilst Ezekiel had said that he should go to 
 Babylon and not see it. Jer. xxxiv. 3 ; Ezek. xii. 13 ; 
 2 Kings xxv. 4 ; Jer. xxxix. 2. 
 
 551. Nebuzaradan sacks the City, — The walls of Je- 
 rusalem were now broken down by Nebuzaradan, Neb- 
 uchadnezzar's general, who also sacked and burnt the city 
 and temple, and carried away nearly the whole nation cap- 
 tive to Babylon. 2 Chron. xxxvi. 14-21 ; Jer. lii. 12-23. 
 
 552. Gedaliah appointed Governor ; slain by IsJi- 
 mael. — Nebuchadnezzar then appointed Gedaliah to be 
 governor over the remnant of the people who remained in 
 J udah ; and he released Jeremiah and permitted him to 
 continue with Gedaliah at Mizpeh, as the prophet had re- 
 quested. Gedaliah was afterward treacherously slain at 
 a feast by Ishmael, a descendant of the royal house of 
 Judah, who murdered many other Jews and sought to 
 carry the remainder captive to the Ammonites. Jer. xl. ; 
 xli. 1-10. 
 
 553. Jeremiah and Baruch go to Egypt; He- 
 mainder of the People taken to Babylon. — Johanan, 
 one of Gedaliah's chief officers, overtook Ishmael and re- 
 covered the captives, and fled with them to Egypt, taking 
 Jeremiah and Baruch with him. Four years afterward 
 Nebuzaradan carried off the few people that remained in 
 Judah, seven hundred and forty-five in number. Mean- 
 while, new colonists were not introduced, as had been 
 done by the Assyrians in Samaria ; and, although nomadic 
 tribes wandered through the country and the Idumeans 
 settled in some southern districts, yet the land remained 
 desolate for the appointed time. 2 Kings xxv. 22-26 ; Jer. 
 xli. 11-18. 
 
 B. C. 588. — Thus was Judah carried away cap- 
 tive OUT OF HIS OWN LAND 507 YEARS FROM THE 
 
 anointing of saul, 468 years after the accession 
 of David, 388 years from the death of Solomon, 
 and 134 years from the captivity of the ten 
 
 TRIBES. 
 
238 1 AND 2 CHRONICLES. 
 
 {History continued at p. 244.) 
 
 554. History of Assyria. — The geographical limits of As- 
 syria varied at different periods of the empire. (See Introductory 
 Outline of the Geography.) 
 
 Nimrod, cir. 2234:. — Son of Cash, founded the kingdom 
 of Babel, or Babylon, in the land of Sliinar — i. e. Mesopotamia or 
 Padan-aram — when Asshur or Assur, second son of Shem, mi- 
 grated from Shinar to the country called, after him, Assyria. 
 Nimrod afterward invaded and conquered Assyria, built Nineveh, 
 and called it after his son, Ninus. Gen. x. 10, 11. 
 
 Chedorlaomer, cir. 1 91. — King of Elam, with three con- 
 federate kings, took Lot prisoner, and was afterward defeated by 
 Abram. Gen. xiv. 
 
 Interregnum of more than one thousand years. 
 
 Cir. B. C. 802. — A king of Nineveh, name unknown, lived 
 in the time of Jonah. 
 
 1. Pal. cir. 771. — Invaded Israel, and obliged Menahem to 
 pay one thousand silver talents. 
 
 2. Tiglatli-pileser, cir. 750. — Being bribed by Ahaz, 
 B. c. 740, lie carried off the Damascenes captive to Kir, or Assyria 
 Proper, and slew Pezin. Conquered the Edomites and Philistines. 
 Attacked Pekah, king of Israel, invaded Galilee, and carried off 
 the Trans-Jordanic tribes of Reuben, Gad, and half Manasseh, and 
 planted them in cities of the Medes. 
 
 3. Shalmaneser, 730. — Invaded Israel and made Hoshea 
 tributary. In b. c. 725 the latter rebelled, and Shalmaneser im- 
 prisoned him, besieged Samaria for three years, and in b. c. 721 
 carried the ten tribes into captivity, and placed them in the cities 
 where Tiglath-pileser had previously stationed the Trans-Jordanic 
 tribes. 
 
 4. Sennacherib, 7 15. — Invaded Hezekiah, but his army 
 was destroyed by an angel. Medes revolted b. c. 712. 
 
 5. Esarhaddorif 710. — Colonized Samaria. Themonarchs 
 who succeeded him are unimportant; their power rapidly declined, 
 and the empire was at length overthrown by the Medes and Chal- 
 dee-Babylonians. (See sect. 535.) 
 
 1 AND 2 CHRONICLES. 
 
 (Supposed to be written by Ezra.) 
 
 [The two books form but one in the Hebrew canon, which was 
 called "The Book of Journals," or the "Word of Days." 
 In the Septuagint they are called YlapatetTro/neva, or " Things 
 omitted," and were named the Books of Chronicles by 
 Jerome.] 
 
1 AND 2 CHRONICLES. 239 
 
 1 Chronicles. — Genealogical Tables from Adam to Ezra, 4004- 
 1056.— Death of Saul, 1056.— Reign of David, 1056-1015.— Alto- 
 gether, b. c. 4004 to 1015, about 2989 years. 
 
 2 Chronicles* — Reign of Solomon, 1015-975. — History of 
 the kingdoms of Judah and Israel, 975-588. — Edict of Cyrus, 536. — 
 Altogether, B. c. 1015 to 536, about 479 years. 
 
 The two Books of Chronicles thus extend from b. c. 4004 to 536, 
 about 3468 years. 
 
 555. As the two Books of Chronicles relate the same 
 history as the Books of Samuel and Kings, the summary 
 of the facts they contain need not be repeated here ; for, 
 though they embrace many particulars which are omitted 
 in the former books, yet we have inserted these particulars 
 in their proper place in the history, making sufficient 
 reference to those chapters in the Chronicles from whence 
 they are extracted. 
 
 556. Ezra, who was probably the writer of these Chroni- 
 cles, appears to have had three particular objects in their 
 compilation — viz. 1st. To point out from the public records 
 the state of the different families before the Captivity, that 
 at their return they might again possess their respective 
 inheritances. 2d. To enable the Jews to conduct the 
 worship of God as before, by entering minutely into the 
 duties, genealogies, families, and orders of the priests and 
 Levites. 3d. To stir the Jews to a holy zeal for restoring 
 the temple and its service by dwelling on those parts of 
 the character of David, Solomon, Hezekiah, and Josiah 
 which illustrate their pious care in these respects. One 
 important use also of the genealogical tables is to give 
 that succession of families through which it had been 
 prophesied that the Messiah should come ; and thus the 
 descendants of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and David are 
 marked with the greatest care. 
 
 557. The two last verses of 2 Chronicles are the same 
 as the beginning of Ezra. 
 
HISTORY OF THE CHALDEE-BABYLONIAN 
 EMPIRE 
 
 DURING THE SEVENTY YEARS' CAPTIVITY, 
 
 FORMING A CONNECTION BETWEEN 2 KINGS AND 2 CHRONICLES AND THE BOOK 
 OF EZRA. B. C. 606-536.* 
 
 [Though Jerusalem was not taken until B. c. 588, yet the sev- 
 enty years' captivity is reckoned from the fourth year of 
 Jehoiakim's reign, b. c. 606, when Nebuchadnezzar car- 
 ried away Daniel the prophet and others to Babylon. 
 The seventy years' captivity ends in B. c. 536, when Cyrus, 
 haying destroyed the Chaldee-Babylonian empire, pro- 
 claimed that all the Jews might return to Judaea and re- 
 build their temple ; and Ezra does not commence his his- 
 tory until this edict of Cyrus.] 
 
 1. Nebuchadnezzar's reign concluded, 588-562 ; golden image 
 erected at Dura; conquers Tyre, Egypt, etc. ; beautifies Babylon. — 
 His insanity. — 2. Evilmerodach, 562-560 ; released Jehoiachin. 
 3. Neriglissor, 559-556; war with the Medes. — 4. Laborasoar- 
 chod, 556. — 5. Belshazzar, 555-539 ; allied with Croesus ; Babylon 
 taken by Cyrus after two years' siege. — Cvaxares II. — i. e. Darius 
 the Mede — 539-537 ; Daniel thrown into the lions' den ; proph- 
 esies the overthrow of the Persian empire by the king of Greece. 
 —Cyrus, 537-530. 
 
 558. 1, Nebuchadnezzar's Iieifjn concluded, 588- 
 502 ; Golden Image erected at Dura, — Nebuchadnez- 
 zar, having taken Jerusalem in b. c. 588, returned to Baby- 
 lon, and about b. c. 557, he erected the golden image in the 
 plains of Dura, which he commanded all his subjects to 
 worship. Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego refused to 
 obey the royal edict, and w r ere thrown into a furnace, but 
 
 * The present outline has been chiefly compiled from the works of 
 Prideaux and Jahn, who prefer Xenophon's history of Cyrus to that of 
 Herodotus, to whom, however, reference is frequently made. The chro- 
 nology of Dean Prideaux has been adopted throughout. 
 
 240 
 
B. c. 586-572. CON". BET. 2 KINGS, 2 CHRON., AND EZRA. 241 
 
 miraculously delivered by the direct interposition of Je- 
 hovah. Dan. iii. 
 
 559. Conquers Tyre, Egypt, etc., 586-572. — Neb- 
 uchadnezzar returned to Palestine and besieged Tyre for 
 thirteen years ; and as the neighboring places must have 
 suffered severely during this period, it is probable that 
 the prophecies of Jeremiah and Ezekiel were then accom- 
 plished against the Zidonians, Philistines, Edomites, and 
 Moabites. Jer. xxvii. ; Ezek. xxv. In B.C. 584, Nebuzar- 
 adan, general of Nebuchadnezzar, again invaded Pales- 
 tine, probably to revenge the death of Gedaliah ; and he 
 carried away captive the residue of the Jews and Israel- 
 ites, seven hundred and forty-five in number. Jer. Iii. 30. 
 (Sect. 553.) In b. c. 574, the Egyptian army revolted 
 from Pharaoh-Hophra (called Apries by Herodotus), and 
 made Amasis king ;* and in b. c. 573, Nebuchadnezzar 
 took Tyre, but not before the inhabitants had escaped by 
 sea with the most valuable of their treasures ; and the 
 next year marched against Egypt, which now, on account 
 of the intestine disturbances occasioned by the rival claims 
 of Apries and Amasis, was still weaker than at the time 
 when she dared not hazard a battle with the Chaldeans 
 for the relief of Jerusalem (sect. 548). Nebuchadnezzar 
 accordingly soon made himself master of the country, and 
 transferred many Egyptians, as he had before Jews, 
 Phoenicians, and Syrians, to the territory beyond the 
 Euphrates. Megasthenes, as quoted by Josephus, says 
 that he then laid waste a great part of Africa, penetrated 
 to Spain, and in the greatness of his exploits excelled 
 Hercules himself. Strabo says, " He is venerated by the 
 Chaldeans more than Hercules by the Greeks, for he went 
 not only to the Pillars of Hercules [Gibraltar], but 
 marched through Spain to Thrace and Pontus ;" but these 
 accounts are manifestly fabulous. Ezek. xxvi. ; xxix. 17, 
 18 ; xxx. 
 
 560. Beautifies Babylon. — Nebuchadnezzar now em- 
 ployed his wealth in ornamenting the temples at Babylon 
 and enriching the splendor of the city. According to 
 Bcrosus and others, he built the following great works, 
 which made Babylon one of the wonders of the world : — ■ 
 
 II. rod., ii. 102, 103 ; Joseph., Ant., lib. x. c. 11. 
 21 Q 
 
242 CON. BETWEEN 2 KINGS, 2 CHRONICLES, b. c. 569-556. 
 
 viz. 1st. The walls ; 2d. The temple of Belus ; 3d. Neb- 
 uchadnezzar's palace and hanging gardens ; 4th. The 
 banks of the river ; 5th. The artificial lake and artificial 
 canals. These works were afterward attributed to the 
 fabled Semiramis, and it has also been said that they were 
 completed by Nitocris, the mother of Belshazzar, the last 
 of the Chaldee monarchs.* — Herod., lib. i. c. 185, 186 ; 
 Joseph., Ant., lib. x. c. 11. 
 
 561. His Insanity, 569-563. — About this time, ac- 
 cording to the terrible prophecy of Daniel, Nebuchadnez- 
 zar was afflicted with insanity, and he " was driven from 
 men, and did eat grass as oxen, and his body was wet 
 with the dew of heaven, till his hair was grown like 
 eagles' feathers, and his nails like birds' claws." Dan. iv. 
 33. At length, in b. c. 562, he died, in the forty-fifth year 
 of the seventy years' captivity, after reigning forty-three 
 years alone and two years with his father, Nabopolassar. 
 — Joseph., Ant., lib. x. c. 11. 
 
 562. 2, Evilmerodach, 562-560 ; released Jehoia- 
 chin. — Son of Nebuchadnezzar. He released Jehoiachin, 
 king of Judah, who had languished in imprisonment for 
 thirty-seven years (sect. 543) ; but he proved himself an 
 unworthy and tyrannical ruler, and was assassinated in 
 the second year of his reign by his brother-in-law, Neri- 
 glissor. 2 Kings xxv. 27-30. Joseph, cont. Apion, lib. 1. 
 The same year died Astyages, king of Media, who was 
 succeeded by his son, Cyaxares II. (i. e. Darius the Mede), 
 in the civil government, and by his grandson, Cyrus, in the 
 military. — Zenoph., Cyr., lib. i. 
 
 563. 3, Neriglissor, 559-556 ; War with the 
 Medes. — Neriglissor was the son-in-law of Nebuchadnez- 
 zar. He made great preparations for a war with the 
 Medes, and invited the Lydians, Phrygians, Carians, Cap- 
 padocians, Paphlagonians, Cilicians, and all the neighbor- 
 ing nations to ally with him against the common enemy. 
 
 * " That the hanging gardens were founded by Nebuchadnezzar, and 
 not by Semiramis, is confirmed by Diodorus, where he says that a Syrian 
 (Assyrian) king built them to please his consort. If this consort be re- 
 garded as Herodotus's Nitocris — and according to his chronology, and 
 his calling her the mother of the last king, Labynetus, such would ap- 
 pear to be the case — then becomes cleared up how Nitocris came to be 
 mentioned as having embellished Babylon by the great works she caused 
 to be executed." — Heeren's Asiatic Nations. 
 
B. c. 556-539. AND THE BOOK OF EZRA. 243 
 
 Meantime, Cyrus, in the fortieth year of his age, came to 
 the assistance of his uncle, Cyaxares II, at the head of 
 30,000 Persian troops, and was appointed general of the 
 whole Median army. He defeated Neriglissor, and left 
 him dead on the field of battle, in the fourth year of his 
 reign. — Zenoph., Cyr., lib. i.-iv. 
 
 564. 4, Laborasoarch od, 556, — Son of Neriglissor, 
 was unjust and cruel, and was slain after a reign of nine 
 months. — Joseph, cont. Apion, lib. i. 
 
 565. 5. Belshazzar, 555-539 ; allied tvith Croesus, 
 — Belshazzar was the son or grandson of Nebuchadnezzar, 
 and is called Nabonad by Josephus and Labynetus by 
 Herodotus. His mother appears to have been the same 
 as the Nitocris of Herodotus — a very politic, active, and 
 resolute woman, who completed the unfinished works of 
 Nebuchadnezzar, and in effect governed the empire under 
 her dissipated and thoughtless son. Belshazzar allied 
 with Croesus, king of Lyclia, who was afterward utterly 
 defeated by Cyrus in the eighth year of Belshazzar's 
 reign, and Cyrus subsequently subjugated Asia Minor 
 and all the country west of the Euphrates to the domin- 
 ion of Cyaxares II. (i. e. Darius the Mede). Dan. v. — 
 Herod., i. 77-81, 84. 
 
 566. Cyrus besieges Babylon, 541. — Cyrus now 
 commenced the siege of Babylon, but without success, and 
 its high and strong walls, surmounted by lofty towers, its 
 broad and deep ditches, its large magazines, and the nu- 
 merous squares within the city, which were planted with 
 corn and yielded an annual supply of provisions, seemed 
 to secure its inhabitants for ever from all the attacks of 
 their enemies. 
 
 567. Takes the City, 539, — After two years' siege 
 Cyrus took the city by a stratagem. On the same night 
 that the portentous writing on the wall and Daniel's fear- 
 ful prophecy had prepared Belshazzar for his approaching 
 fate, and whilst the Babylonians were engaged at a fes- 
 tival, he suddenly broke down the embankment between 
 the Euphrates and the large artificial lake which had 
 been dug to prevent the river from ever overflowing the city. 
 The Euphrates, which ran through the centre of Babylon, 
 was thus rendered fordable, and the army of Cyrus, being 
 formed into two divisions, waded into the river at each end, 
 
2i4 EZRA. B.C. 536. 
 
 and finding that the inhabitants had forgotten to shut the 
 river-gates, they easily entered the city and surrounded 
 the palace, and Belshazzar was quickly overpowered and 
 slain. Dan. v. — Herod., i. 191 ; and Xenoph., Cyrop., c. vi. 
 and vii. 
 
 568. Darius the Mede — i. e. Cyaxares II, 538- 
 536. — Darius, or Cyaxares II., son of Astyages, was now, 
 at the age of sixty-two, placed by the arms of Cyrus on 
 the throne of Babylon, which he governed according to 
 the laws of the Medes and Persians, dividing the whole 
 Persian and Babylonian empire into one hundred and 
 twenty provinces. Dan. v. 31 ; vi. 1-3. 
 
 569. Daniel thrown into the Lions 9 Den, 538. — 
 Daniel was thrown into the lions' den for praying to God 
 instead of to Darius, and the same year, having reckoned 
 that the seventy years' captivity prophesied by Jeremiah 
 (sect. 534) was approaching to a close, he earnestly pray- 
 ed that God would remember his people and restore Jeru- 
 salem. About this time also he prophesied the overthrow 
 of the empire by the king of Greece, which was not ful- 
 filled until b. c. 330, about two hundred years after. Dan. 
 vi. (Sect. 626.) 
 
 570. Cyrus, 536. — Cyaxares II. died B. c. 537, and 
 Cambyses being also dead in Persia, Cyrus, son of Cam- 
 byses and nephew of Darius, succeeded to the empire, 
 which now comprised Media, Persia, Assyria, Baby- 
 lonia, Asia Minor, Syria, Phcenicia, and Palestine. 
 (For Chronology of the Persian kings, with their names as 
 given in Scripture and in Profane History, see p. 257.) 
 
 EZRA. 
 
 (Written by Ezra.) 
 
 HISTORY OF THE EDICT OF CYRUS AND FIRST RETURN" FROM CAPTIVITY UNDER 
 ZERUBBABEL, AND THE GOVERNORSHIP OF EZRA. B. C. 536-456.— ABOUT EIGHTY 
 YEARS. 
 
 [Ezra was written in Hebrew, except chs. iv.-vii., which are 
 in Chaldee, either because Ezra wished to record the very 
 words of the letters and decrees contained in those chapters, 
 
i. c. 536. EZRA. 245 
 
 or because the Jews had become during the Babylonian 
 captivity better acquainted with the Chaldee than the He- 
 brew.] 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 Edict of Cyrus, 536. — First caravan of Jews under Zerubbabel and 
 Jeshua. — Restoration of the sacrifices. — Foundation of the second 
 temple laid, 535. — Samaritans retard the building, 534-530. — Death 
 of Cyrus, 530. — Samaritans write to Ahasuerus (Cambyses) with- 
 out effect, 529. — Artaxerxes (Smerdis Magus) prohibits the build- 
 ing of the temple, 522. — Darius Hystaspis king; Haggai and Zech- 
 ariah incite the Jews to recommence building, 520. — Darius con- 
 firms the edict of Cyrus, 519. — Completion and dedication of the 
 temple, 515. — State of the returned Jews. — (Death of Darius and 
 reign of Xerxes, 485-465.) — Reign of Artaxerxes Longimanus, 
 the Ahasuerus of Esther, 464-424. — Second caravan of the Jews 
 under Ezra, 458. — Governorship of Ezra, 468-445. — Corrects the 
 canon of Scripture ; dies. 
 
 \ History of the high priesthood from Aaron to the return from 
 captivity. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 571. Edict of Cyrus, 536. — In the first year of the 
 reign of Cyrus, the prophecies concerning his conquest of 
 Babylon, made by Isaiah about one hundred and seventy 
 years previous, were shown to him (probably by Daniel J : 
 " Thus saith the Lord to his anointed, to Cyrus, whose 
 right hand I have holden, to subdue nations before him ; 
 and I will loose the loins of kings, to open before him the 
 two-leaved gates; and the gates shall not be shut,"* etc. 
 Isa. xlv. 1 ; Jer. xxv. 12. Cyrus also saw himself called 
 upon by name to restore the Jewish nation to their coun- 
 try and temple : " Thus saith the Lord, I am the Lord 
 that maketh all things; — that saith of Cyrus, lie is my 
 shepherd, and shall perform all my pleasure : even say- 
 
 *" If therefore the Babylonians had been apprised beforehand, or 
 had known what Cyrna was about, . . . they would have closed all 
 the little gates leading down to the river; . . . whereas the Persians 
 came upon them by surprise.'" — Herod., lib. i. c. 191. 
 
 21 * 
 
246 EZRA I.-III. b. c. 536-530. 
 
 ing to Jerusalem, Thou shalt be built ; and to the temple, 
 Thy foundation shall be laid." Isa. xliv. 24, 28. " Then 
 the Lord stirred up the spirit of Cyrus," and he proclaim- 
 ed throughout his empire by a herald and by a written 
 order that all the people of the God of heaven, without 
 exception, had liberty to return to Judaea and rebuild 
 their temple at Jerusalem. Ezra i. 1-4. 
 
 572. First Caravan of Jews under Zernbbabel and 
 Jeshua, 530. — Zerubbabel (Sheshbazzar), prince of 
 Judah and grandson of King Jehoiachin, and Jeshua, 
 grandson of Seraiah the high priest, together with ten of 
 the principal elders, now prepared to conduct the Israel- 
 ites to the land of their fathers. Accordingly, nearly 
 50,000 people, consisting chiefly of the tribes of Judah 
 and Benjamin, left the countries beyond the Euphrates 
 to return to Judsea, having been furnished with provisions 
 for the journey and upward of 8000 horses, camels, and 
 beasts of burden. And 5400 of the vessels of silver and 
 gold which Nebuchadnezzar had carried away were re- 
 stored by Cyrus to Zerubbabel, who was appointed not 
 only leader of the caravan, but tirshatha, or governor of 
 Judsea. Ezra i. 5-11 ; ii. 
 
 573. Restoration of the Sacrifices. — The journey 
 from Babylon to Judaea must have lasted about four 
 months, and in the seventh month the people gathered at 
 Jerusalem, and Jeshua the high priest and the other 
 priests set up the altar of burnt-offerings and commenced 
 the daily sacrifices, and collected money and prepared 
 workmen for rebuilding the temple. Ezra iii. 1-7. 
 
 574. Foundation of the Second Temple laid, 535. 
 — In the second month of the second year of the return 
 of the Jews, Zerubbabel the governor, Jeshua the high 
 priest, and all the priests, Levites, and people assembled 
 to lay the foundation of the temple with great solemnity ; 
 but whilst the young colonists shouted with exultation, 
 the old priests and elders, who had seen the temple of 
 Solomon in all its glory, could not forbear weeping even 
 upon so joyful an occasion. Ezra iii. 8-13. 
 
 575. Samaritans retard the Building, 534-530. 
 — The Cuthseans and others whom Esarhaddon had sent 
 to colonize Samaria (sect. 507) now desired to assist the 
 Israelites in the building of the temple and join with 
 
B. c. 529-522. EZRA IV. 247 
 
 them in the worship of God. This was refused by Zerub- 
 babel and the elders, probably because the Samaritans 
 were not of the seed of Abraham, and, moreover, mingled 
 idolatry with the worship of Jehovah. The refusal great- 
 ly incensed the Samaritans, and thereupon they used 
 every exertion to stop the building ; and though they 
 were unable to accomplish their object during the life of 
 Cyrus, yet they threw so many obstacles in the way that 
 the people were wearied out and the work went on heav- 
 ily. This very naturally excited the enmity of the Jews, 
 and thus there arose a hatred between the two nations 
 which was continually increased by new provocations, 
 and amongst others by the defection of Manasseh and 
 the erection of a rival temple on Mount Gerizim, until 
 at last all friendly intercourse entirely ceased. Ezra iv. 
 1-4. 
 
 576. Write to Ahasnerus (Cambyses) tvithout ef- 
 fect, 529. — Cyrus died b. c. 530, and his son, Cambyses 
 (called Ahasuerus by Ezra), succeeded to the throne. 
 The Samaritans had already hired counsellors, who con- 
 trived to frustrate the purpose of the Israelites from the 
 reign of Cyrus to that of Darius, but they now thought 
 to stop them more effectually by sending a letter of accu- 
 sation against them to Ahasuerus (Cambyses), but no re- 
 ply to it seems to have been sent. Ezra iv. 5, 6. — Herod., 
 lib. ii. 1 ; iii. 1. 
 
 577. Artaxerxes {Smerdis Magus) prohibits the 
 Building of the Temple, 522. — Cambyses, after con- 
 quering Egypt, was afflicted with insanity and killed his 
 own brother, Smerdis, and at length died from a wound 
 he received from the cap of the sheath of his sword fall- 
 ing off as he was leaping on his horse, b. c. 522, after a 
 reign of eight years. Smerdis Magus (called Artaxerxes 
 in Ezra iv. 7) now personated the brother whom Cambyses 
 had slain, and seized the throne ; and to him the Samari- 
 tans again wrote, accusing the Jews of building (that is, 
 fortifying) Jerusalem — which they never thought of do- 
 ing — in order to revolt from paying tribute. Artaxerxes 
 then prohibited the Jews from proceeding with the tem- 
 ple, but his own fraud being discovered shortly after, he 
 was slain by seven Persian nobles, having reigned only 
 seven months. Ezra iv. 7-24. — Herod., lib. iii. l-o8, Gl— 79. 
 
248 EZRA V., VI. b. c. 520-515. 
 
 578. Darius Hystaspis king; Haggai and Zecha- 
 riah incite the Jews to recommence Building, 520. 
 
 — Darius Hystaspis obtained the throne on the death of 
 the Magi, b. c. 521 ; and in the second month of his reign 
 the prophets Haggai and Zechariah appealed so power- 
 fully to the governor, Zerubbabel, and the high priest, 
 Jeshua, and to the whole people, that the building of the 
 temple was once more resumed. Upon this Tatnai, the 
 Persian governor west of the Euphrates, came with his 
 officers to call the Jews to account for their conduct, but 
 on their referring to the edict of Cyrus he did not pro- 
 hibit the undertaking, but wrote to Darius to investigate 
 the affair. Ezra v. — Herod., lib. iii. 88. 
 
 579. Darius confirms the Edict of Cyrus, 519. — 
 Darius immediately ordered a search to be made among 
 the royal acts, and in the archives at Acmetha (Ecbatana) 
 the edict of Cyrus was found which directed that the tem- 
 ple should be built at the royal expense and of much larger 
 dimensions. Darius sent a copy of this edict to Tatnai, 
 with a letter commanding him to forward the building 
 instead of obstructing it, and to defray the expenses from 
 the royal treasury, and supply the priests with animals 
 for sacrifice and with wheat, salt, wine, and oil; and 
 whoever obstructed the execution of this decree w T as to 
 be crucified and his house demolished. Ezra vi. 1-12. 
 
 580. Completion and Dedication of the Temple, 
 515. — The building of the temple was now carried on 
 with renewed vigor, after having stood still for nearly 
 fifteen years, and .was at length completed in the sixth 
 (seventh) year of the reign of Darius, twenty-one years 
 after it had been begun and seventy-three years after the 
 complete destruction of Jerusalem and desolation of Judah. 
 The building was then joyfully consecrated with festive 
 solemnities ; seven hundred animals were sacrificed, and 
 twelve he-goats offered as a sin-offering for the twelve 
 tribes of Israel. Ezra vi. 13-22. 
 
 581. State of the Returned Jews. — As offerings were 
 made for the twelve tribes, and as the invitation of Cyrus 
 was proclaimed throughout the whole empire, many of 
 the ten tribes must have returned to Palestine. The his- 
 tory of later periods also mentions several Israelites as 
 settled in Galilee and Persea long before the time of 
 
B. c. 486-458. EZRA VI., VII. 249 
 
 Christ (1 Mace. v. 9-24) ; but, connecting themselves 
 with the tribe of Judah, they finally lost the name of 
 Israelites, and all Hebrews were called Jews, and their 
 country Judcea. But of the twenty-four courses of 
 priests established by David (sect. 156, note), only four 
 returned from Babylon, but the old number was still kept 
 up by each of the four subdividing itself into six, and 
 the new courses took the names of those that were 
 wanting. Ezra ii. 36-39; vi. 17. 
 
 582. Death of Darius, and Reign of Xerxes, 486- 
 465. — Darius died after a reign of thirty-six years, and 
 was succeeded by Xerxes, his son by Atossa, daughter of 
 Cyrus.* The principal events in the reign of Darius were 
 — the Babylonian revolt and retaking of the city by Zo- 
 pyrus, the invasion of Scythia, conquest of Thrace, Ionian 
 revolt and its suppression, battle of Marathon, and Egyp- 
 tian revolt. The principal events in the reign of Xerxes 
 were — the reduction of Egypt and invasion of Greece, 
 which was followed by the battles of Artemisium, Ther- 
 mopylae, Salamis, Platsea, and Mycale. Xerxes was slain, 
 after a reign of twenty-one years, by Artabanus, captain 
 of his guard, who endeavored to obtain the throne, but 
 was circumvented by Artaxerxes Longimanus — i. e. " long- 
 handed " — the third son of Xerxes. — Herod., lib. iii. c. 88- 
 160; iv. ; ix. ; Prideavx; Jahn, c. lviii. 
 
 583. Reign of Artaxerxes Longimanus, tlie Ahas- 
 uerus^ of Esther, 465-424. — In the third year of his 
 reign he divorced his queen, Vashti ; in the fifth year he 
 made Esther his concubine ; in the seventh, he made her 
 his queen. (See Esther.) 
 
 584. Second Caravan of Jews under Ezra, 458. — 
 In the seventh year of the reign of Artaxerxes the king 
 
 *Jahn thinks, with Julius Scaliger, that the Artaxerxes in Ezra vii. 
 and the Ahasuerus in Esther was the present Xerxes I. Moreover, the 
 name of Amesfris, wife of Xerxes, favors the supposition that she was 
 the same as Esther; but as it was impossible that Esther could have 
 committed the impious and cruel acts ascribed to Amestris, we have 
 followed the authority of Prideaux, who follows Josephus, and recog- 
 nizes Artaxerxes and Ahasuerus in Artaxerxes Longimanus, the third 
 son and successor of Xerxes. (See also T<d>le of Persian Kings, with 
 their tinmen according to Scripture and Profane History, p. 257.) 
 
 f This Ahasuerus must not be confounded with the Ahasuerus of 
 Dan. ix. 1, who was the same as Aetyages, and the father of JJarius the 
 Medc — i'. e. Cyaxares II. (See Tah/e, p 207. ) 
 
250 EZRA VII.-X. c. 458-445. 
 
 renewed the edict of Cyrus and Darius Hystaspis, by 
 giving fresh permission to the Hebrews to emigrate to 
 Judaea. Artaxerxes also appointed Ezra the priest, " a 
 ready scribe in the law of Moses" and a lineal descend- 
 ant of Aaron, to conduct the people to their native land 
 and be governor of Judaea, with a commission to appoint 
 judges, rectify abuses, enforce observance of the law, and 
 make a collection for the temple amongst the Hebrews 
 who chose to remain in exile. To this collection Ar- 
 taxerxes and his counsellors not only generously contrib- 
 uted, but ordered the managers of the royal revenue west 
 of the Euphrates to supply Ezra with all he should re- 
 quire — with silver to one hundred talents, wheat to one 
 hundred cors, wine and oil to one hundred baths of each, 
 and salt without limitation — that the sacrifices might be 
 legally and regularly offered ; whilst all the priests, Le- 
 vites, singers, porters, and JSTethinim were exempted from 
 tribute or toll, and thus placed on an equality with the 
 Medes and Persians. The caravan, to the number of 
 about 6000, under the conduct of Ezra, then departed 
 from Babylon on the first day of the first month, and 
 reached Jerusalem on the first day of the fifth month, 
 after keeping a solemn fast at the river Ahava, and hav- 
 ing been just four months on the journey. They then de- 
 posited at the temple the donations they had received, 
 including several vessels of gold and silver, and Ezra 
 delivered his credentials to the royal officers of the dis- 
 trict, and succeeded Zerubbabel in the governorship of 
 the Jews. Ezra vii. ; viii. 
 
 585. Governorship of Ezra, 458-445. — Ezra con- 
 tinued to be governor of the Jews until the arrival of 
 Nehemiah. His principal political measure seems to 
 have been the removing of strange women from amongst 
 the Jews, which he did by assembling and exhorting the 
 people to repent and put away the foreign wives whom 
 many of them had married. He also read the book of 
 the Law to the people, and having found it written 
 therein "that the children of Israel should dwell in 
 booths in the feast of the seventh month," the people 
 kept the feast of tabernacles and sat under booths, which 
 they had not done since the days of Joshua the son of 
 Nun. Ezra ix. ; x. ; Neh. viii. 
 
B. c. 445. EZRA X. 251 
 
 586. Corrects the Canon of Scripture; Dies. — After 
 governing the land twelve years, Nehemiah arrived in 
 Judaea, and Ezra resigned his office, and either returned 
 to Babylon or retired into private life to his own coun- 
 try. It is believed that he then wrote the book of Ezra, 
 assisted in compiling the books of the Chronicles, and ap- 
 plied himself to correcting the canon of Scripture and 
 placing the books in their present order and condition ; 
 and some say that he changed the old Hebrew character 
 for the Chaldee, which the Jews now use. Ezra is also 
 said to have added in several places throughout the 
 books of his edition of the Scriptures many passages that 
 appeared necessary for the illustrating, connecting, or 
 completing of them, wherein he was assisted by the same 
 Spirit by which they had been at first written. Amongst 
 these passages were — 1st, The last chapter of Deuteron- 
 omy, which contains an account of the death and burial 
 of Moses, who was, however, undoubtedly the author of 
 all the rest of the Pentateuch. 2d, " And these are the 
 kings that reigned in the land of Edom, before there 
 reigned any king over the land of Israel" (Gen. xxxvi. 
 31); which could not have been said until there had been 
 a king over Israel, and therefore could not have been 
 written by Moses. 3d, " And the children of Israel did 
 eat manna forty years " (Ex. xvi. 35) ; but Moses was 
 dead before the manna ceased. 4th, "These are the 
 Proverbs of Sojomon, which the men of Hezekiah, 
 king of Judah, copied out" (Prov. xxv. 1); which must 
 have been added many years after Solomon. Ezra also 
 changed the old names of many places that had grown 
 obsolete for the new names which had been given them 
 by the Israelites. 
 
 587. Ezra is said to have died in the one hundred and 
 twentieth year of his age, and to have been buried in Je- 
 rusalem, though some say that he died in Persia. He is 
 also called Esdras, and the rabbins, with Jerome and 
 others, have supposed that Ezra and Malachi were the 
 same person. (See Prideaux, Calmet, etc.) 
 
252 THE HIGH PRIESTHOOD. b. c. 1491-536. 
 
 History of the High Priesthood from Aaron to the Return 
 from Captivity. 
 
 1. Aaron, consecrated high priest b. c. 1491, 
 
 died at Mount Hor 1452 
 
 2. Eleazar, third son of Aaron 1433 
 
 3. Phinehas 1414 
 
 4. Abiezer or Abishua, ~\ 
 
 5. Bukki, V lived under the judges. 
 
 6. Uzzi, ) 
 
 7. Eli, of the race of Ithamar 1116 
 
 8. Ahittjb I. 
 
 9. Ahiah, lived 1092 
 
 10. Abimelech or Abiathar, slain by Saul . . 1060 
 
 11. Abiathar, Ahimelech, or Abimelech (un- 
 
 der David) 1015 
 
 12. Zadok I. (under Saul, David, and Solomon) . 1004 
 
 13. Ahimaaz (under Kehoboam) 974 
 
 14. Azariah (under Jehoshaphat), probably Ama- 
 
 riah of 2 Chron. xix. 11 912 
 
 15. Johanan, perhaps Jehoiada, under Joash, 2 
 
 Chron. xxiv. 15 (died, aged 130) .... 878 
 
 16. Azariah, perhaps Zechariah, son of Jehoiada, 
 
 killed 840 
 
 17. Amariah, perhaps Azariah, under Uzziah . 783 
 
 1 Q 7 TT ' f un( ^ er Jotham of Judah. 
 
 20. Uriah, under Ahaz, lived ....... 739 
 
 21. Shallum, father of Azariah and grandfather 
 
 of Hilkiah. 
 
 22. Azariah, in the time of Hezekiah .... 726 
 
 23. Hilkiah, under Hezekiah. 
 
 24. Eliakim, or Joakim, under Manasseh : he 
 
 lived under Josiah to 624 — called Hilkiah. 
 
 25. Azariah, perhaps Neriah, father of Seraiah 
 
 and of Baruch. 
 
 26. Seraiah, the last high priest before the cap- 
 
 tivity of Babylon, put to death .... 590 
 
 27. Jehozadak, during the captivity . . . 590-535 
 
 28. Joshua, Jeshua, or Jesus, the son of Jehoza- 
 
 dak or Josedech returned from Babylon . 536 
 
B.C. 445. NEHEMIAH I., II. 253 
 
 NEHEMIAH. 
 
 ( Written by Nehemiah.) 
 
 HISTORY OF THE GOVERNMENT OP NEHEMIAH, BEING A CONTINUATION TO 
 THE HISTORY OF EZRA. B. C. 445 TO 420-ABOUT 25 YEARS. 
 
 [In the Septuagint and Vulgate this book is called the Second 
 Book of Ezra, or Esdras.] 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 Nehemiah appointed governor of Judsea, 445. — Eebuilding of the 
 walls and towers; opposition of Sanballat and the Samaritans. — 
 Nehemiah's first administration, 444-433. — Nehemiah's second ad- 
 ministration, 428-420. — Close of the Old Testament history, 420. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 588. Nehemiah appointed Governor of tTudwa, 
 
 445. — In the last year of Ezra's governorship, and the 
 twentieth year of the reign of Artaxerxes Longimanus, 
 Nehemiah, son of Hechaliah, of the tribe of Judah, who 
 was cup-bearer to Artaxerxes in his palace at Shusan 
 (Susa) heard from Hanani and others full particulars of 
 the desolate state of Jerusalem (which had perhaps sus- 
 tained recent damage from the Samaritans, or from the 
 war with Megabyzus, who had revolted in Syria and twice 
 defeated the forces of Artaxerxes). This information so 
 affected Nehemiah that the king observed his melancholy 
 whilst being served with wine, and on learning that Ne- 
 hemiah desired to go to Jerusalem and rebuild its walls, 
 towers, and gates, he appointed him governor of Jud?ca, 
 with full power to fortify Jerusalem. In compliance with 
 a second request, Artaxerxes also gave him letters order- 
 ing the royal officers west of the Euphrates to convey 
 him to Judaea, and to furnish the requisite timber for the 
 fortifications from the king's forest ; and Nehemiah ac- 
 22 
 
254 NEHEMIAH II.-XIII. b. c. 445-420. 
 
 cordingly journeyed to Jerusalem, accompanied by officers 
 and guarded by cavalry. Neh. i. ; ii. 1-9. 
 
 589. Rebuilding of the Walls and Towers ; ojypo- 
 sition of Sanballat and the Samaritans, — On arriv- 
 ing at Jerusalem, Nehemiah rode alone through the city 
 at night, and found that the walls had been broken down 
 and the gates burnt. He then exhorted the Jews to re- 
 build the walls and gates, and the work was immediately 
 commenced ; but Sanballat, Tobiah, and the Samaritans 
 first mocked, and then threatened to attack the city and 
 stop the progress of the building. Nehemiah, however, 
 kept half of the workmen constantly on guard, whilst the 
 other half labored with their swords at their sides or their 
 weapons in their hands. When the Avails were all finished 
 except the gate, Sanballat and others craftily invited 
 Nehemiah to meet them in the villages, and afterward 
 charged him with intending to rebel, and used means to 
 terrify him ; which were all unsuccessful. At length, in 
 fifty-two days, the whole was completed, and Nehemiah 
 gave the charge of Jerusalem to his brother Hanani and 
 to Hananiah, who were only to open the gates whilst the 
 sun was hot, and to oblige the people to be continually on 
 the watch. Neh. ii. 10-20 ; iii. ; iv. ; vi. ; vii. 1-4. 
 
 590. NeliemiaWs First Administration, 445-433. 
 — Nehemiah was tirshatha, or governor, for twelve years, 
 during which he abolished illegal usury and obliged the 
 usurers to make restitution, revised the registry, and en- 
 joined on the priests and Levites a strict attendance to 
 their duties. During all this time neither he nor his 
 brothers were, like the former governors, chargeable to 
 the people, but he kept at his table one hundred and fifty 
 rulers and principal Jews daily, besides giving liberally 
 to the public works and obliging his own servants to work 
 at the walls. At the expiration of the twelve years he 
 returned to Artaxerxes. Neh. v. ; vii. 5-73 ; ix.-xii. 
 
 591. JYehemiah's Second Administration, cir. 428- 
 420. — Nehemiah, having obtained fresh permission from 
 Artaxerxes to return to Jerusalem, reformed the following 
 abuses which had crept in during his absence: 1. The 
 gross profanation of the temple by Eliashib the priest, 
 who, having allied with Tobiah the Ammonite, prepared 
 a chamber for him which had been set apart for tithes 
 
B.C. 461. ESTHER. 255 
 
 and offerings. 2. The desecration of the Sabbath in car- 
 rying burdens, treading wine-presses, and buying and sell- 
 ing. 3. The unjust withholding of tithes. 4. Defective 
 offerings. 5. The intermarrying with strange women. 
 Nehemiah is said to have assisted Ezra in revising the 
 canon of Scripture, and is thought to have written me- 
 moirs of his government from which this book w T as ex- 
 tracted. Neh. xiii. 
 
 592. Close of Old Testament History, civ, 420, — 
 Malachi prophesied about this time, and thus closes Old 
 Testament history, for a continuation of which reference 
 must be made to the Apocryphal books and Josephus. (See 
 Connection between the Old and New Testaments?) 
 
 ESTHER. 
 
 (Avthor unknown.) 
 
 ABOUT B. C. 461-451, A PF.IUOD OF ABOUT TEN YEARS, COMING IN BETTTEEN THE 
 SIXTH AND SEVENTH CHAPTERS OF EZRA. 
 
 593. Story of Esther, 461, — In the third year of the 
 reign of Ahasnerus (i. e. Artaxerxes Longimanus), the 
 king wished Queen Vashti to exhibit herself at a feast, 
 which she refused to do, and Ahasuerus divorced her, and 
 a number of women were brought to him that he might 
 choose a wife in her room. Amongst them the king's at- 
 tention was particularly directed to Esther (Hebrew, 
 Hadassah), the niece of Mordecai, a Jew of the tribe of 
 Benjamin, and he made her queen in the seventh year of 
 his reign, without knowing her nation. Soon after this 
 Mordecai discovered that two of the king's chamberlains 
 had conspired to slay Ahasuerus, and on telling the matter 
 to Esther, she reported it to the king in Mordccai's name, 
 and the conspirators were hanged. At this time Hainan, 
 a favorite of the king's took umbrage at Mordecai for not 
 bowing to him as he passed, and persuaded Ahasuerus to 
 issue a decree to destroy all the Jews on a certain day. 
 Mordecai and the Jews were now in great tribulation, but 
 contrived to send a copy of the decree to Esther, and per- 
 suade her to supplicate the king in person, though, accord- 
 
256 ESTHER. b. c. 461. 
 
 ing to the law, whoever entered the king's presence with- 
 out being called was put to death unless the royal sceptre 
 was extended toward them. Esther and the Jews now 
 fasted for three days, when she entered the royal presence 
 and obtained grace, but at first she merely invited the 
 king and Haman to her banquet. Haman was then 
 highly elated, but being again incensed at Mordecai's not 
 bowing to him as he passed to the banquet, he ordered a 
 gallows fifty cubits high to be built, intending next day 
 to ask of the king the immediate death of Mordecai. The 
 same night King Ahasuerus could not sleep, and ordered 
 the chronicles of his reign to be read to him, when the 
 conspiracy of the two chamberlains was related, and the 
 king remembered that Mordecai had gone unrewarded for 
 his loyalty in discovering their treason. Accordingly, 
 when Haman came the next day he desired him to clothe 
 Mordecai in royal apparel, place him on horseback, and 
 lead him through the city, proclaiming, " Thus shall it be 
 done unto the man whom the king delighteth to honor." 
 Haman obeyed the royal command, and then hasted home 
 mourning ; but whilst his wife and friends were endeavor- 
 ing to comfort him with the thought that as Mordecai was 
 a Jew he must be slain with the others of his nation, the 
 chamberlains of the palace came to fetch him to a second 
 banquet which Esther had prepared for him and the king. 
 Here Esther supplicated Ahasuerus for herself and people, 
 and pointed out Haman as their enemy, who was imme- 
 diately hanged upon the gallows which he made for Mor- 
 decai, and the latter was invested with the command of 
 Haman's house. The cruel decree was now reversed, and 
 instead of the Jews being massacred in one day, they were 
 themselves permitted for two days to slay all their ene- 
 mies, including the household of Haman. 
 
 594. Feast of Purim, — In order to commemorate 
 their deliverance the Jews henceforth celebrated the 
 Feast of Purim, or of Lots, on the fourteenth and fif- 
 teenth days of the month Adar (February). It was called 
 the Feast of Purim from Par, " a lot," because Haman 
 had cast lots to decide the day on which the Jews should 
 be massacred ; and the feast lasted two days, because the 
 Jews had been permitted to destroy their enemies for two 
 days. On this feast all the Jews attended at their syna- 
 
b. c. 709-330. KINGS OF MEDIA AND PERSIA. 
 
 257 
 
 gogues to hear the book of Esther read through and to 
 curse Haman ; after which the time was spent in festivity 
 at their own houses. 
 
 Chronology of the Kings of Media and Persia, with their Names as 
 given in Scripture and in Profane History, according to Dean 
 Prideaux. 
 
 Arphaxad, Judith i. 1 . . i. e. Deioces 
 (Not mentioned in Scripture) . Phraortes 
 (Not mentioned in Scripture) . Cyaxares I 
 Ahasuerus, Dan. ix. 1 . . Astyages 
 Darius the MEDE,Dan. vi., ix., xi. Cyaxares 
 
 Cyrus, Dan. x. ; Ezra i. . 
 Ahasuerus, Ezra iv. 6 . 
 Artaxerxes, Ezra iv. 7-23 . 
 Darius, Ezra iv. 24; vi. . 
 (Not mentioned in Scripture) . 
 Artaxerxes, Ezra vii. ; Neh. i. 
 Ahasuerus, Esther, 
 
 Cyrus . 
 
 Cambyses 
 
 Smerdis 
 
 b. c. Reigned. 
 
 709 53 yrs. 
 656 22 " 
 634 40 " 
 594 35 " 
 560 23*" 
 537 7 " 
 530 7 " 
 522 7 mo. 
 
 Darius Hystaspis 521 36 yrs. 
 Xerxes . . 485 2 If" 
 Artaxerxes 
 longimanus 
 
 464 41 
 
 Subsequent Kings. 
 Xerxes II . . . 
 
 SoGDIANUS .... 
 
 Darius II., Ocnus or Nothus . 
 Artaxerxes II., or Mnemon . 
 Artaxerxes III., or Ochus 
 
 Arces 
 
 Darius III., or Codomands 
 Alexander the Great overthrew the Persian 
 empire .... 
 
 * This includes the two years that Darius reigned over Babylon, b. c. 
 538. 
 
 | Josephus nnd Jahn think he was the Artaxerxes of Ezra vii. and 
 Nehemiah, and the Ahasuerus of Esther, but Prideaux has been followed 
 in the present work, who recognizes this Artaxerxes and Ahasuerus in 
 Artaxerxes Longiinanus. 
 
 22* It 
 
 B. C. 
 
 Reigned. 
 
 424 
 
 45 days. 
 
 424 
 
 6 mo. 
 
 423 
 
 18 yrs. 
 
 405 
 
 46 " 
 
 359 
 
 21 « 
 
 338 
 
 2 " 
 
 336 
 
 6 « 
 
 330 
 
 
258 job. 
 
 B. c. 1520. 
 
 THE FIVE 
 
 POETICAL BOOKS, 
 
 OR 
 
 HOLY WRITINGS. 
 
 [AriOS, "HOLY," AND TPA^E "A WRITING;" INCLUDING JOB, 
 PSALMS, PROVERBS, ECCLESIASTES, AND SOLOMON'S SONG— 
 CHIEFLY WRITTEN IN HEBREW METRE.— See Introduction.] 
 
 JOB. 
 
 (Supposed to have been written by Job and transcribed by Moses.) 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 Chronology of the time of Job. — His country. — His condition 
 and character. — Afflicted by Satan by divine permission. — Visited 
 by his three friends, Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar. — Job and his 
 three friends reproved by Elihu. — Jehovah appears to Job. — Job 
 humbles himself and is restored to prosperity. — Prophetical inti- 
 mations of the Messiah. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 595. Clironology of the Time of Job. — Job is sup- 
 posed by Usher to have lived about B.C. 1520, whilst 
 Moses was residing in Midian, but the following circum- 
 stances seem to place him much earlier : 1st. His lon- 
 gevity, which was considerable, as he did not die until one 
 hundred and forty years after his afflictions, and was prob- 
 ably sixty or seventy years old when they commenced, for 
 he had seven sons grown up and settled " in their houses." 
 Job i. 4, 5. 2d. His speaking of the most ancient kind 
 
b. c. 1520. JOB I. 259 
 
 of writing — by sculpture, xix. 24. 3d. His riches being 
 reckoned by his cattle, xlii. 12. 4th. His acting as high 
 priest in his family according to patriarchal usage. Gen. 
 viii. 20. 5th. His allusions to Zabianism, or the worship 
 of the sun and moon, which was the most ancient species 
 of idolatry. Dr. Hales, moreover, fixes the time of Job's 
 trial at about one hundred and eighty-four years before 
 the birth of Abraham, and founds his opinion upon a 
 retrograde astronomical calculation concerning the period 
 when the principal stars referred to in Job ix. 9 and 
 xxxviii. 31, 32, by the names of Chemah and Chesil, or 
 Taurus and Scorpio, were the cardinal constellations of 
 spring and autumn, as Pisces and Virgo are at present. 
 All commentators and critics, however, are agreed that 
 the poem of Job is the most ancient book in existence. 
 
 596. His Country. — Job resided in the land of Uz, 
 which was evidently Idumsea. Lam. iv. 21. Uz was the 
 grandson of Seir the Horite (Gen. xxxvi. 20, 28), who 
 inhabited Idumsea prior to Abraham, and the territory 
 was then called Seir ; but his posterity being afterward 
 expelled by the Idumseans or Edomites, the country was 
 called Edom. Deut. ii. 12. There are two other men 
 named Uz — the grandson of Shem and the son of Nahor, 
 the brother of Abraham — but it is not clear whether any 
 district was called after their names. 
 
 597. His Condition and Character. — Job was an 
 Arabian emir or prince of distinguished wealth and emi- 
 nent piety. His sons were in the habit of feasting in 
 each other's houses in turns, and when their feasts were 
 concluded Job would always send and sanctify them, and 
 offer burnt-offerings for each one early in the morning, 
 for he said, " It may be that my sons have sinned and 
 cursed God in their hearts." Job i. 1-5. 
 
 598. Afflicted by Satan by Divine Permission. — 
 Satan was permitted by God to afflict Job in order to try 
 his virtue, but at first was not allowed to injure him per- 
 sonally. The following calamities accordingly befell Job's 
 property and family: 1st. A company of Sabseans carried 
 off his oxen and asses, and slew all the servants save one, 
 who escaped to tell the tale. 2d. A fire from heaven de- 
 stroyed all his sheep and all his shepherds save one. 3d. 
 The Chaldeans carried off his camels, and killed all the 
 
260 job i. 
 
 c. 1520. 
 
 servants with them save one. 4th. Whilst his seven sons 
 and three daughters were feasting in their eldest brother's 
 house a violent wind blew down the house and crushed 
 them beneath its ruins. These disasters occurred almost 
 simultaneously, for each successive bearer of the sad 
 tidings reached Job whilst his predecessor was yet speak- 
 ing ; but Job resisted the temptation to repine, and said, 
 " The Lord gave, and the Lord hath taken away ; blessed 
 be the name of the Lord !" Satan was now suffered to 
 afflict Job's person without taking his life, and accord- 
 ingly smote him with sore boils from the sole of his foot 
 to his crown, and his wife prompted him to curse God 
 and die; but Job replied, "Shall we receive good at 
 the hand of God, and not receive evil?" Job i. 6-22; 
 ii. 1-10. 
 
 599. Visited by his tJiree Friends, Eliphaz, Sil- 
 dad 9 and Zophar. — Eliphaz the Temanite, Bildad the 
 Shuhite, and Zophar the Naamathite now agreed to visit 
 Job and mourn and condole with him, but when they 
 saw his afflictions they sat down by him without speak- 
 ing for seven days and nights. The grief of Job then 
 burst forth in passionate exclamations and a vehement 
 execration of the day of his birth, and his patience was 
 now more exquisitely tried by the unjust suspicions, bitter 
 reproaches, and violent altercations of his friends. The 
 latter concluded that Job's afflictions were the expressions 
 of the divine displeasure on account of some heinous and 
 secret transgressions ; and accordingly they reproved him 
 for his impatience, called in question his integrity, ad- 
 monished him that the chastisement of God was not to be 
 despised, and upbraided him with arrogance and false- 
 hood for presuming to defend himself against their accu- 
 sations. Moreover they all, with a manifest though indi- 
 rect allusion to Job, discoursed very copiously concerning 
 the divine judgments, which are always openly displayed 
 against the wicked, and of the certain destruction of hypo- 
 critical pretenders to virtue and religion. Job replied to 
 this by enumerating his sufferings and complaining bit- 
 terly of the inhumanity of his friends and severity of 
 God. This only irritated his visitors the more, and they 
 severely reproached him with pride, impiety, passion, and 
 madness. A vehement discussion then followed on the 
 
B. c. 1520. JOB II.-XXXVII. 261 
 
 power of the Almighty and the justice of his decrees, in 
 which the weapons of satire and ridicule w 7 ere mingled 
 with those of reason and argument, and in which Job 
 answered the fierce accusations of his three friends by 
 animated and confident appeals to the tribunal of God 
 himself. The three friends then remained silent, and Job 
 expressed the true sentiments of his heart concerning the 
 fate of the wicked, and allowed that their prosperity was 
 unstable, and that they and their descendants would at 
 last experience that God w 7 as the avenger of iniquity ; 
 but he contended that the divine counsels do not admit 
 of human investigation, and that the chief wisdom of 
 man consisted in the fear of God. He then beautifully 
 descanted upon his former prosperity, and contrasted it 
 with his present affliction and debasement ; and lastly, in 
 answer to the implications of his opponents, he related 
 the principal transactions of his past life, asserted his 
 integrity as displayed in all the duties of life and in the 
 sight of God and man, and again appealed to the justice 
 and omniscience of the Almighty in attestation of his 
 veracity. Job ii. 11-13; iii.-xxxi. 
 
 600. Job and his three Friends reproved by JEliJiu, 
 — Elihu the Buzite, a young man, now came forward and 
 rebuked Job and his three friends. He declared that it 
 was unnecessary for God to explain and develop his coun- 
 sels to men, though he nevertheless admonished them by 
 visions and revelations, and by calamities and diseases, to 
 reprove their arrogance and reform their obduracy ; and 
 he reproved Job for pronouncing himself to be upright 
 and for affirming that God had acted unjustly toward 
 him. He then refuted the unjust suspicions of Job's 
 friends, and declared that God often chastened men be- 
 cause they did not confide in him or humbly submit to 
 his will ; and concluded with a grand description of the 
 omnipotence of the Creator. Job xxxii.-xxxvii. 
 
 601. Jehovah appears to Job. — Jehovah himself 
 now appeared in a whirlwind and addressed Job in a 
 sublime speech, in which he disdained to explain his di- 
 vine counsels, but reproved the temerity of Job by con- 
 victing him of ignorance in being unable to comprehend 
 the works of his creation — the nature and structure of 
 the earth, the sea, the light, and the animal kingdom ; 
 
262 PSALMS. 
 
 and then demonstrated his weakness by challenging him 
 to emulate any single exertion of the divine energy, or 
 even to contend with various animals of the brute crea- 
 tion which are particularly mentioned. Job xxxviii.-xli. 
 
 602. Job humbles himself, and is restored to Pros- 
 perity. — Job now humbled himself before God, and ac- 
 knowledged his own ignorance and imbecility, and re- 
 pented in dust and ashes. His three friends had also 
 incurred the anger of God, and were required to sacrifice 
 seven bullocks and seven rams for a burnt-offering, and 
 to go to Job, who then prayed and interceded for them. 
 Job was afterward greatly blessed by God ; he had again 
 seven sons and three daughters, and his possessions and 
 cattle were doubled. Job xlii. 
 
 603. Prophetical Intimation of the Messiah. — 
 There is an important intimation of the Messiah in this 
 book, which may be regarded both as a prophecy and as 
 a profession of faith on the part of Job in a promised Ee- 
 deemer : 
 
 " For I know that my Redeemer liveth, 
 And that he shall stand at the latter day upon the earth." 
 
 Job xix. 25. 
 
 PSALMS. 
 
 AUTHORSHIP.— SUBJECTS.— CLASSIFICATION.— MEANING OF THE 
 WORD "SELAH." 
 
 604. Authorship. — The book of Psalms contains one 
 hundred and fifty lyric poems, generally supposed to have 
 been written by Moses, David, Solomon, Asaph, He- 
 man, Ethan, Jeduthun, and the three sons of Korah ; 
 others have been ascribed to Adam, Melchizedek, etc., 
 but without authority. As they have been more particu- 
 larly attributed to David, and he is thought to have col- 
 lected those written previously into a book, they are called 
 " the Psalms of David," and he himself has been styled 
 the "royal Psalmist." 
 
 605. Subjects. — The Psalms are said by Athanasius 
 to be an epitome of the whole Scriptures ; by Basil, to 
 be a compendium of all theology ; by Luther, to be a 
 
PROVERBS. 263 
 
 little Bible and the summary of the Old Testament ; and 
 by Melanchthon, to be the most elegant writing in the 
 whole world. According to Bishop Home, they are an 
 epitome of the Bible, adapted to the purposes of devotion, 
 and treat occasionally of the creation and formation of the 
 world ; the dispensations of providence and the economy 
 of grace ; the transactions of the patriarchs ; the exodus 
 of the children of Israel ; their journey through the wil- 
 derness and settlement in Canaan ; their law, priesthood, 
 and ritual ; the exploits of their great men wrought 
 through faith ; their sins and captivities ; their repent- 
 ances and restorations ; the sufferings and victories of 
 David ; the peaceful and happy reign of Solomon ; the 
 advent of the Messiah, with its effects and consequences, 
 his incarnation, birth, life, passion, death, resurrection, 
 ascension, kingdom, and priesthood ; the effusion of the 
 Spirit ; the conversion of the Jews ; the establishment, 
 increase, and perpetuity of the Christian Church ; the 
 end of the world ; the general judgment ; the condemna- 
 tion of the wicked ; and the final triumph of the right- 
 eous with their Lord and King. 
 
 606. Classification. — The Psalms are generally di- 
 vided into five books. Book I. begins with Ps. i. ; Book 
 II., with Ps. xlii. ; Book III., with Ps. lxxiii. ; Book IV., 
 with Ps. xc. ; and Book V., with Ps. cvii. The first four 
 books terminate with " Amen," and the last with " Hal- 
 lelujah." 
 
 607. Selah. — This word occurs seventy times in the 
 Psalms and three times in Habakkuk. It has been sup- 
 posed by some to signify a rest or change in the song or 
 modulation ; by others, to be equivalent to our word 
 "slow;" and by others, to mean a repeat, or "Amen," 
 or "the end." 
 
 PROVERBS. 
 
 Written chiefly by Solomon.) 
 
 608. Authorship and Scope. — The book of Proverbs 
 was written chiefly by Solomon, and probably included 
 a selection from the 3000 proverbs which he composed. 
 
264 ECCLESIASTES. 
 
 1 Kings iv. 32. Its object is to instruct men in the 
 deepest mysteries of true wisdom and understanding, 
 the height and perfection of which is the sincere fear 
 of the Lord. The book is thus filled with the choicest 
 sententious aphorisms, infinitely surpassing all the ethi- 
 cal sayings of the ancient sages, and comprising in 
 themselves distinct doctrines, duties, and rules of piety 
 toward God, of equity and benevolence in dealings with 
 the world, and of sobriety and temperance in the gov- 
 ernment of self. It likewise includes precepts for the 
 right education of children, and for the relative situa- 
 tion of subjects, magistrates, and sovereigns. 
 
 ECCLESIASTES. 
 
 (EnK.'heciaaTqs, "a preacher" — Written by Solomon.) 
 
 609. Authorship and Scope. — The beautiful descrip- 
 tions which this book contains of the phenomena in the 
 natural world and the economy of the human frame 
 prove it to have been the work of a philosopher; ac- 
 cordingly, it is generally supposed to have been written 
 by Solomon in his old age, when he had repented of his 
 sin and folly, and, having drained the cup of pleasure to 
 its dregs, had become fully convinced of the vanity of 
 everything except piety toward God. 
 
 610. The scope of this book is to demonstrate the van- 
 ity of all earthly objects, and to draw off men from pur- 
 suing them as an apparent good, and direct them to the 
 highest and only permanent good in this life — namely, to 
 the fear of God and communion with him. The object 
 of the Preacher's inquiry is, therefore, What is the Sov- 
 ereign good of man ? and after discussing various erro- 
 neous opinions, he finally determines that it consists in 
 true wisdom ; and his whole argument then consists in 
 the praise and recommendation of wisdom as the su- 
 preme good to creatures responsible for their actions. In 
 this wisdom is not included a single particle of that which 
 is worldly and carnal, so frequently pursued by men ad- 
 
SONG OF SOLOMON. 265 
 
 dieted to vice, the minions of avarice, and the slaves of 
 their passions ; but that which is from above, that which 
 is holy, spiritual, undefiled, and which, in the writings of 
 Solomon, is but another word for religion. 
 
 SONG OF SOLOMON. 
 
 ( Written by Solomon.) 
 
 611. Subject and Meaning. — This nuptial song or 
 lyrical drama is supposed to have been included in the 
 1005 songs of Solomon mentioned in 1 Kings iv. 32. It 
 is of a pastoral character, and has been divided into seven 
 parts, according to the seven days of the marriage-feast 
 amongst the Jews ; but some critics have regarded it as 
 a series of poems or idyls, each distinct and independent 
 of the other. 
 
 612. The subject of this beautiful composition is sup- 
 posed to have been the marriage of Solomon with Pha- 
 raoh's daughter, though Home and others think that the 
 bride must have been of Hebrew origin, as she declares 
 herself to be a native of Sharon, which was a canton 
 of Palestine. Cant. ii. 1. But all ages seem to have de- 
 termined that this marriage afforded the veil of a sub- 
 lime and mystical allegory, delineating the bridal union 
 between Jehovah and his pure and uncorrupted Church. 
 God had selected a peculiar people, of the posterity of 
 Abraham, from among the nations, and ratified his 
 choice by a solemn compact which was founded upon 
 reciprocal conditions — on the one part, love, protection, 
 and support ; on the other, faith, obedience, and pure 
 and devout worship. This solemn union between God 
 and his Church has been celebrated by almost all the 
 sacred writers under a similar image ; the word adultery 
 has denoted idolatrous worship, and our Lord himself 
 has adopted the title of Bridegroom (Matt. ix. 15; xxv. 
 1); and the Lamb's spouse — i. e. the Church — is rep- 
 resented as a bride adorned for her husband. Bev. xxi. 
 2,9. 
 
 23 
 
THE 
 
 SIXTEEN PROPHETICAL BOOKS. 
 
 [There are sixteen Prophetical authors and seventeen Pro- 
 phetical Books, but the latter are only calculated at sixteen, 
 as the Lamentations of Jeremiah are considered as a sup- 
 plement to his Prophecies. 
 
 The prophetical Authors are divided into two classes — viz. 
 I. The Four Greater Prophets, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Eze- 
 kiel, and Daniel. II. The Twelve Minor Prophets, 
 Hosea, Joel, Amos, Obadiah, Jonah, Micah, Nahum, Habak- 
 kuk, Zephaniah, Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi.] 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 
 
 OF THE PROBABLE PERIODS IN WHICH THE PROPHETS FLOURISHED. 
 
 [The Greater Prophets are in bold letters.] 
 
 I. Before the Captivity. 
 
 Prophets. 
 1 Jonah . 
 
 2. Amos . 
 
 3. Hosea 
 
 4. Isaiah . 
 
 5. Joel . . 
 
 6. Micah 
 
 7. Nahum . 
 
 8. Zephaniah 
 
 9. Jeremiah 
 
 266 
 
 B. C. 
 
 856-784. 
 
 JUDAH. 
 
 810-785. Uzziah. 
 
 810-725. Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, 
 
 and Hezekiah. 
 758-698. Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, 
 
 Hezekiah, and Ma- 
 
 nasseh. 
 
 810-660, Uzziah or Manasseh. 
 
 or later. 
 
 758-699. Jotham, Ahaz, and 
 Hezekiah. 
 
 720-698. Hezekiah. 
 
 640-609. Josiah. 
 
 628-586. Josiah, Jehoahaz. Je- 
 hoiakim, Jehoia- 
 chin, and Zedekiah. 
 
 Israel. 
 
 Jehu and Jehoahaz, 
 or Joash and Je- 
 roboam II. 
 
 Jeroboam II. 
 
 Jeroboam II. 
 
 Jeroboam II., Zecha- 
 riah, Shallum, Me- 
 nahem, Pekahiah, 
 Pekah, and Ho- 
 shea. 
 
 Ditto. 
 
 Pekah and Hoshea. 
 
b. c. 758-698. ISAIAH. 267 
 
 II. During the Captivity. 
 Prophets. b. c. Judah. 
 
 10. Habakkuk 612-598. Jehoiakim. 
 
 1 1. Daniel . . 606-534. During the whole of the Captivity. 
 
 12. Obadiah . 588-583. Between the taking of Jerusalem by Ne- 
 
 buchadnezzar and his destruction of the 
 Edomites. 
 
 1 3. Ezekiel . 595-536. During part of the Captivity. 
 
 III. After the Captivity. 
 
 14. Haggai . 520-418, Under Zerubbabel, after the return from 
 
 or longer. captivity. 
 
 15. Zechariah 520-548, Ditto. 
 
 or longer. 
 
 16. Malachi 436-420. Nehemiah. 
 
 THE 
 
 FOUR GREATER PROPHETS. 
 
 X, Isaiah — his life and period, cir. 758-698. — Scope of his 
 prophecies. — Principal subjects. — Prophecies of the Messiah. 
 
 II, Jeremiah — his life and period, cir. 628-586. — Subjects 
 of his prophecies. — Book of Lamentations. 
 
 III, Ezekiel — his life and prophecies, 595-536. 
 
 IV, Daniel— his early life, cir. 626-606. — Interprets Ne- 
 buchadnezzar's first dream : the image of four empires, cir. 603. — 
 Nebuchadnezzar sets up a golden image, cir. 580. — His second 
 dream: the tree, 570; his madness, cir. 569-563. — Daniel's vision 
 of four beasts, 555. — Vision of the ram and he-goat, 553. — Bel- 
 shazzar's feast and death, 538. — Daniel in the lion's den, 538. — 
 Foretells the exact time of the coming and death of the Messiah, 
 538. — His other prophecies. 
 
 I. ISAIAH. 
 
 613. Life and Period of Isaiah, cir, 75S-69S, — 
 
 Isaiah was the son of Amoz, and nourished during the 
 reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah, and is said to 
 have been martyred by being sawn asunder in the first 
 year of Manasseh's reign. According to the lowest com- 
 putation, and reckoning from the last year of Uzziah's 
 reign to the first of Manasseh's, he must have prophesied 
 during b. c. 758-698, about sixty years. At the beginning 
 of this period both the kingdoms of Judah and Israel 
 
268 ISAIAH. b. c. 758-698. 
 
 were in a most flourishing condition ; Judah had con- 
 quered the Philistines, made the Ammonites tributary, and 
 subdued some Arabian tribes in Arabia Deserta, whilst 
 Israel had recovered the Trans- Jordanic territory from 
 Benhadad and conquered Damascus and Hamath. But 
 Isaiah lived to see idolatry established in Judah and 
 Israel carried into Assyrian captivity. 
 
 614. Scope of his Prophecies. — The scope of Isaiah's 
 predictions is threefold : 
 
 1. To detect, reprove, aggravate, and condemn the sins of 
 the Jews especially, and also the iniquities of the ten tribes 
 of Israel and the abominations of the Gentiles. 
 
 2. To invite both Jews and Gentiles to repentance and 
 reformation by numerous promises of God's pardon and 
 mercy. 
 
 3. To prophesy the coming of the Messiah, which he does 
 so much more clearly and copiously than any other 
 prophet that he has been emphatically styled the " Evan- 
 gelical Prophet." 
 
 615. Principal Subjects. — The chief subjects of Isa- 
 iah's prophecies are : 
 
 1. The captivities and restoration of Judah and Israel. 
 xxxix. 6, 7. 
 
 2. The ruin and desolation of Babylon, Tyre, Damas- 
 cus, Egypt, etc., and the destruction of Syria and Israel 
 for confederating against Judah ; Syria being designated 
 by its chief city, Damascus, and Israel by its chief city, 
 Ephraim. vii. 1, 2; xlvii. 7, 15. This was afterward 
 accomplished by Tiglath-pileser, king of Assyria, viii. 4, 
 and sect. 493. 
 
 3. The conquests and conduct of Cyrus, who is men- 
 tioned by name, and his relieving the Jews, nearly two 
 hundred years before his birth, xliv. 28 ; xlvi. 1-5. 
 
 4. The prophecies concerning the Messiah — viz. : 
 
 1. His divine character, vi. ; vii. 14; ix. 6; xxxv. 4; 
 xl. 5, 9, 10 ; xlii. 6-8 ; lxi. 1. 
 
 2. His miracles, xxxv. 5, 6. 
 
 3. His peculiar virtues and qualities, ix. 2, 3; xl. 11; 
 xliii. 1-3. 
 
 4. His rejection, vi. 9-12; viii. 14, 15; liii. 3. 
 
 5. His sufferings for our sins. 1. 6 ; liii. 4-11. 
 
 6. His death and burial, liii. 8, 9. 
 
b. c. 758-698. ISAIAH. 269 
 
 7. His victory over death, xxv. 8 ; liii. 1 0-1 2. 
 
 8. His final glory, xlix. 7, 22, 23; lii. 13-15; liii. 
 
 9. The establishment, increase, and perfection of his 
 kingdom, ii. 2-4; ix. 2, 7; xi. 4-10; xvi. 5; xxix. 18- 
 24; xxxii. 1; xl. 4, 5; xlii. 4; xlvi. 13; xlix. 9-13; li. 
 3-6; lii. 6-10; lv. 1-3; lix. 16-21; lx. ; lxi. 1-5; lxv. 
 25.* 
 
 616. Prophecies of the Messiah. — The principal 
 prophecies of Isaiah in reference to the Messiah are the 
 following : 
 
 * The grandest specimen of Isaiah's poetry is presented in the four- 
 teenth chapter of his book, which is one of the sublimest odes occurring 
 in the Bible and contains the noblest personifications. 
 
 The prophet first predicts the liberation of the Jews from their Baby- 
 lonian captivity and their restoration to Judaea (ver. 1-3), and then in- 
 troduces a chorus of Jews, who express their surprise and astonishment 
 at the downfall of Babylon and overthrow of her king. The nations 
 whom the king of Babylon had oppressed are represented under the 
 image of fir trees and cedars of Libanus, who, whilst the whole earth 
 shouts for joy, taunt the fallen tyrant and boast their security now he 
 is no more. ver. 4—8. Hades, or the regions of the dead, is now per- 
 sonified, ver. 9. Hades excites his inhabitants — the shades of princes 
 and the departed spirits of monarchs — who rise from their couches as 
 from their thrones, and, meeting the king of Babylon at the entrance 
 of their cavern, they insult and deride him on his impotence and 
 dissolution, ver. 10, 11. The Jews now resume the speech (ver. 12); 
 they address the king of Babylon as the morning-star fallen from 
 heaven, and contrast his extravagant vaunts with his present low and 
 abject condition, ver. 13-15. A new scene immediately follows, which 
 diversifies the subject and gives it a new turn and additional force. 
 Certain persons are introduced who light upon the corpse of the king 
 of Babylon, lying, naked and covered with wounds, upon the bare 
 ground and among the common slain, just after the taking of the city, 
 upon which they severely taunt the tyrant, and bitterly reproach him 
 with his destructive ambition and cruel usage, ver. 10-20. To complete 
 the whole, God is introduced, declaring the fate of Babylon, the utter 
 extirpation of the royal family, and the total desolation of the city, the 
 deliverance of his people, and the desolation of their enemies : confirm- 
 ing the irreversible decree by the awful sanction of his oath. ver. 21-27. 
 
 " How forcible," says Bishop Lowth, "is this imagery! how diversi- 
 fied ! how sublime ! how elevated the diction, the figures, the senti- 
 ments ! The Jewish nation, the cedars of Lebanon, the ghosts of de- 
 parted kings, the Babylonish monarch, the travellers who find his 
 corpse, and, last of all, JEHOVAH himself, arc the characters which sup- 
 port this beautiful lyrical drama. . . . There is nothing wanting in 
 this ode to defeat its claim to the character of perfect beauty and sub- 
 limity, nor do I know a single instance in the whole compass of Greek 
 and Roman poetry which in every excellence of composition can be said 
 to equal or even to approach it" — Lowth, Jahn, and Home. 
 
 23* 
 
270 ISAIAH. b. c. 758-698. 
 
 1. His Forerunner. 
 
 " The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, 
 Prepare ye the way of the Lord, 
 Make straight, in the desert a highway for our God." ch. xl. 3. 
 
 2. His Birth. 
 
 11 Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, 
 And shall call his name Immanuel." ch. vii. 14. 
 
 3. His Family. 
 
 "And in that day there shall be a root of Jesse, 
 Which shall stand for an ensign of the people; 
 To it shall the Gentiles seek : 
 And his rest shall be glorious." ch. xi. 10. 
 
 4. His Name and Kingdom. 
 
 "For unto us a child is born, 
 Unto us a son is given : 
 
 And the government shall be upon his shoulder: 
 And his name shall be called 
 Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, 
 The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace. 
 Of the increase of his government and peace there shall be no 
 
 end, 
 Upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom ; 
 To order it, and to establish it 
 
 With judgment and with justice, from henceforth even for ever." 
 ch. ix. 6, 7. 
 
 5. Rejection by the Jews. 
 
 " And he shall be for a sanctuary ; 
 But for a stone of stumbling and for a rock of offence 
 To both the houses of Israel, 
 
 For a gin and for a snare to the inhabitants of Jerusalem." ch. 
 viii. 14. 
 
 6. Accepted by the Gentiles. 
 
 " I will also give thee for a light to the Gentiles, 
 
 That thou mayest be my salvation unto the ends of the earth." 
 i ch. xlix. 6. 
 
 7. His Miracles. 
 
 "Then the eyes of the blind shall be opened, 
 And the ears of the deaf shall be unstopped. 
 Then shall the lame man leap as an hart, 
 And the tongue of the dumb sing." ch. xxxv. 5, 6. 
 
B. c. 628-586. JEREMIAH. 271 
 
 II. JEREMIAH. 
 
 617. Life and Period of Jeremiah, civ. 628-586. 
 
 — Jeremiah, son of Hilkiah, was of sacerdotal race and a 
 native of Anathoth, a city set apart for the priests in the 
 tribe of Benjamin. He began to prophesy when very 
 young, and continued for about forty-two years, reckon- 
 ing from the thirteenth year of Josiah's reign. During 
 the reign of Josiah he reproved the Jews for their wicked- 
 ness and hypocrisy ; and in the latter part of the reign, 
 when they seem to have forgotten the solemn covenant 
 they had made with God in Josiah's youth, he sharply 
 rebuked them for their disobedience, and predicted the 
 Babylonian captivity as the punishment for their univer- 
 sal and incorrigible depravity (sect. 534). During the 
 following reigns the roll of his prophecies was publicly 
 read by Baruch, but one copy was burnt by Jehoiakim, 
 and Jeremiah narrowly escaped death. In Zedekiah's 
 reign the prophet was consulted by the king and im- 
 prisoned by the nobles ; but he was afterward released by 
 Nebuchadnezzar at the taking of the city, and remained 
 in Judaea whilst Gedaliah was governor. After the mur- 
 der of Gedaliah by Ishmael, Jeremiah followed the rem- 
 nant of the Jews to Egypt, where it is said he was stoned 
 by his countrymen for his faithful remonstrances against 
 their idolatrous practices. Others, however, say that he 
 returned and died in Judaea ; and others, that he died at 
 Babylon. 
 
 618. Subjects of his Prophecies. — The principal sub- 
 jects of Jeremiah's prophecies are — 1. The fates of Je- 
 hoiakim and Zedekiah. xxii. ; xxxiv. 2. The divine 
 judgments against Judah. ii.-xx., etc. 3. The Babylo- 
 nian captivity, the precise time of its duration, and the 
 return of the Jews, xxiii. ; xxv. 4. The destruction of 
 Babylon and downfall of Persia, Egypt, Philistia, Tyre, 
 Moab, Ammon, Edom, Damascus, etc. xlvi. ; xlix. 5. The 
 miraculous conception of the Messiah, the virtue of his 
 atonement, his covenant, and his laws. xxxi. ; xxxii. 
 
 619. Book of Lamentations. — Besides his prophecies, 
 Jeremiah composed the "Book of Lamentations," which 
 consists of five distinct elegies of twenty-two periods each, 
 according to the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alpha- 
 
272 EZEKIEL. b. c. 595-536. 
 
 bet. The following calamities are deplored : viz. the im- 
 positions of the false prophets who had seduced the people 
 by their lying declarations, the destruction of the holy 
 city and temple, the overthrow of the state, and the ex- 
 termination of the people. 
 
 III. EZEKIEL. 
 
 620. Life and Prophecies of Ezekiel, 595-536.— 
 
 Ezekiel, son of Buzi, and, like Jeremiah, of the sacer- 
 dotal race, was carried away captive with Jehoiachin, 
 B. c. 599, and prophesied twenty years, commencing in 
 the fifth year of his captivity and the thirtieth from the 
 renewal of the covenant with God in the reign of Josiah. 
 Whilst Ezekiel was among the captives on the river Che- 
 bar — which flows into the Euphrates about two hundred 
 miles north of Babylon — the Lord appeared to him in a 
 vision on a throne borne by four cherubim supported by 
 four wheels, and commanded him to shut himself up in 
 his house. Whilst thus confined he represented the siege 
 of Jerusalem on a tile or slate, and lay on his left side 
 three hundred and ninety days, and on his right side forty 
 days, to prefigure the number of years (three hundred and 
 ninety) during which God endured the idolatry of the 
 tex tribes, and the years (forty) during which he bore 
 with the sins of Judah from the solemn renewal of the 
 covenant with Jehovah to the destruction of Jerusalem. 
 During this period his food was to be polluted and limited 
 in quantity, to represent the severity of the famine during 
 the actual siege, iii.-v. After this Ezekiel was carried in 
 spirit to Jerusalem, where he beheld the idolatry of the 
 people (viii.); and the principal subjects of his prophecies 
 are — the calamities of Judaea, the conquest and downfall 
 of the Moabites, Ammonites, Edomites, Philistines, and 
 of Tyre, Sidon, and Egypt (xxv.-xxviii.), the deliverance 
 of the Jews under Cyrus, and their final return from 
 their dispersion (xxxix.), together with clear intimations 
 of the coming of the Messiah, xxxiv. 
 
 IV. DANIEL. 
 
 621. Early Life of Daniel, cir. 026-606.— The 
 
 prophet Daniel belonged to the tribe of Judah, and was 
 
B. c. 603. DANIEL. 273 
 
 of royal descent. In b. c. 606, being the fourth year of 
 Jehoiakim's reign, Nebuchadnezzar took Jerusalem (sect. 
 537), and carried off hostages, amongst whom were Daniel, 
 who was then about twenty years old, with Hananiah, 
 Mishael, and Azariah. The hostages, being brought to 
 Babylon, were educated in the palace, and Daniel was 
 called Belteshazzar, and the three others Shadrach, Me- 
 shach, and Abednego. These four afterward lived on pulse 
 and water, and not on the king's wine and meat, as it was 
 proved, after ten days' trial, that their countenances were 
 not injured by the poorness of their diet. They then 
 became rapidly renowned for their wisdom and rise in the 
 king's favor. Dan. i. 
 
 622. Interprets Nebuehadnezzar' s First Dream 
 — the Image of Four Fmpires, dr. 60S. — In the 
 third year of Nebuchadnezzar's reign, about b. c. 603* or 
 601, the king had a troublous dream, but forgot its de- 
 tails, and ordered his magicians to both tell it and in- 
 terpret it, with promises of rewards if they succeeded, but 
 of death and destruction if they failed. The magicians 
 excused themselves in vain, and were condemned, when 
 Daniel, having with his three companions prayed to God, 
 was favored by the Almighty with a revelation of the 
 secret, and being taken into the king's presence he told 
 and interpreted the dream, which was as follows : Neb- 
 uchadnezzar had seen a bright and terrible image, with 
 head of fine gold, breast and arms of silver, belly and 
 thighs of brass, legs of iron, and feet partly of iron and 
 partly of clay ; when a stone cut out without hands dashed 
 it to pieces, and it became like chaff scattered in the 
 wind, but the stone became a great mountain and filled 
 the whole earth. 
 
 Daniel then told Nebuchadnezzar that he (the Babylo- 
 nian kingdom) was the head of gold ; that a second king- 
 dom, of silver, (Medo-Persian, under Cyrus) should rise up 
 after him ; that a third, of brass (the Macedonian, under 
 Alexander), should rule over the earth ; that a fourth, of 
 iron (the Roman commonwealth and first part of the 
 empire), should break and subdue like iron; and that a 
 
 :;: Prideaux says n. c. 601, which is apparently the most correct date, 
 us Nebuchadnezzar began to reign alone about b. C. 604. 
 
274 DANIEL. b. c. 580-555. 
 
 fifth, of iron and potter's clay (the Roman empire divi- 
 ded), should be partly strong and partly broken. Daniel 
 then interpreted the stone cut out without hands to signify 
 the kingdom which God should set up (the kingdom of 
 Christ), which should never be destroyed, but should over- 
 throw the nations and fill the whole earth. Nebuchad- 
 nezzar then rewarded Daniel and made him ruler over 
 the province of Babylon. Dan. ii. 
 
 623. Nebuchadnezzar sets up a Golden Image, cir. 
 580. — Nebuchadnezzar set up a golden image, sixty cu- 
 bits high, in the plain of Dura in the province of Babylon, 
 and commanded all his subjects to worship it on penalty 
 of being thrown into a furnace. Shadrach, Meshach, and 
 Abednego refused compliance ; the furnace was heated 
 seven times its usual heat, and the three Jews were thrown 
 in; but a form "like the Son of God" delivered them, 
 whilst they who threw them in were consumed. Nebu- 
 chadnezzar then blessed God, and issued a decree threaten- 
 ing death to any one who should malign the three Jews, 
 whom he then promoted in the province of Babylon. 
 Dan. iii. 
 
 624. Nebuchadnezzar's Second Dream — the Tree, 
 cir. 570 : Jiis Madness, cir. 569-563. — Nebuchadnez- 
 zar about b. c. 570 dreamed that he saw a tall and spread- 
 ing tree, when a watcher and holy one came down from 
 heaven and cried, Hew it down, but leave his stumps in 
 the earth with a band of iron and brass, and let his por- 
 tion be with the beasts, and his heart be changed from 
 man's to a beast's for seven times (years). Daniel inter- 
 preted this to signify that Nebuchadnezzar should lose his 
 understanding, and be driven from men and dwell with 
 beasts for seven years. 
 
 The next year, b. c. 569, Nebuchadnezzar was vaunting 
 his power in his palace at Babylon, when the dream was 
 fulfilled (b. c. 569-563) ; but at the end of seven years he 
 lifted up his eyes, his understanding returned, and he 
 praised, extolled, and honored the God of heaven. Dan. iv. 
 
 625. Daniel's Vision of Four Beasts, 555. — Neb- 
 uchadnezzar died, and his son Evilmerodach, his son-in- 
 law Neriglissor, and Laborasoarchod, son of Neri- 
 glissor, reigned in succession after him. (See sect. 562.) At 
 length (b. c. bbb) Belshazzar, grandson of Nebuchadnez- 
 
B. c. 553-538. DANIEL. 275 
 
 zar, ascended the throne, and in the first year of his reign 
 Daniel had a vision of four beasts: 1st. A lion with 
 eagle's wings (Babylon) ; and its wings were plucked and 
 it stood like a man (was checked by the armies of Cyrus, 
 Darius, or Cyaxares). 2d. A bear (Persia), with three 
 ribs in its mouth (Babylon, Lydia, and Egypt). 3d. A 
 leopard, with four fowl's wings and four heads (Alexan- 
 der the Great and his four successors). 4th. A terrible 
 beast, with iron teeth and brazen nails (Roman empire) 
 and ten horns (ten kingdoms, variously enumerated) ; and 
 a little horn rose amongst them with eyes and mouth 
 speaking great things (Antichrist, the Papacy), which 
 plucked up three of the first horns. Daniel then beheld 
 the thrones cast down, and the Ancient of Days sitting, 
 the judgment set, and the books opened ; and one like the 
 Son of man came with the clouds of heaven, and power 
 was given him over all nations, an everlasting dominion, 
 and a kingdom which could not be destroyed. 
 
 One that stood by then told Daniel that the four beasts 
 were four kingdoms, and that the little horn would war 
 upon the saints until the Ancient of Days came, when 
 the Most High would have everlasting dominion and the 
 saints possess the kingdom. Dan. vii. — Lowth and Home. 
 
 626. Vision of the Mam and He-goat, 553. — In 
 the third year of Belshazzar's reign Daniel saw a vision 
 of a ram with two horns (Medo-Persian empire), which 
 was crushed by a he-goat with one horn (Macedo-Grecians 
 under Alexander) ; the he-goat increased in power, and 
 his one horn was fractured, and succeeded by four horns 
 (Greece, Thrace, Syria, and Egypt). A little horn arose 
 amongst the four horns (the Romans, who reduced Jeru- 
 salem to that desolation which was to last for 2300 pro- 
 phetic days — i. e. years, ver. 14). Dan. viii. — Lowth and 
 Home. 
 
 627. Belshazzar's Feast and Death, 5,38. — Bel- 
 shazzar made a feast to 1000 of his lords, and profaned 
 the sacred vessels which Nebuchadnezzar had brought 
 from Jerusalem, when a hand wrote upon the wall, and 
 none of the astrologers could decipher the writing. Daniel 
 was then introduced by the grandmother of Belshazzar 
 and wife of Nebuchadnezzar. He declared the words to 
 be Mene, Mene, Tekel, Ujuiaksin : 
 
276 DANIEL. b. c. 538 
 
 Mene — God hath numbered thy kingdom and finished 
 it. 
 
 Tekel — Thou art weighed in the balances and found 
 wanting. 
 
 Peres — Thy kingdom is divided and given to the 
 Medes and Persians.* 
 
 Daniel was then rewarded, and proclaimed the third 
 ruler in the kingdom ; but the same night Babylon was 
 taken by Cyrus and Belshazzar slain. (See sect. 567.) 
 Dan. v. 
 
 628. Daniel in the/Lions' Den, 538. — Darius the 
 Mede having ascended the throne at the age of sixty-two 
 (sect. 568), appointed one hundred and twenty princes 
 over the whole kingdom under three presidents, of whom 
 Daniel was the first. The presidents and princes were 
 jealous of Daniel, but could bring no charge against him ; 
 and therefore, knowing his piety to God, they persuaded 
 Darius to issue a decree that for thirty days no one should 
 pray to God or man, but to King Darius only, on pain of 
 being thrown into the den of lions. Daniel disobeyed the 
 decree by continuing his usual practice of praying to God 
 three times a day, and was immediately apprehended. 
 Darius tried to save him, but was unable, as the laws of 
 the Medes and Persians were unchangeable, and the 
 prophet was thrown into the den. Next morning the 
 king went to the den, after passing a sleepless night, and 
 found Daniel unhurt, who was then released, and his ac- 
 cusers and their wives and children thrown in, when the 
 lions immediately devoured them. Dan. vi. 
 
 629. Daniel foretells the Exact Time of the Coming 
 and Death of the Messiah, 538. — Daniel, having 
 learnt from the prophecies of Jeremiah that the seventy 
 years' captivity was drawing to a close, commenced fasting 
 and prayer for the restoration of Jerusalem. 
 
 Whilst thus engaged the angel Gabriel appeared to 
 him, and revealed to him the exact time of the coming 
 and death of the Messiah and duration of the temple : — 
 
 * The verb paras, whence Peres is derived, as an appellative sig- 
 nifies to "divide" or "break;" it is likewise the proper name of the 
 Persians, who were to be sharers in the division of the Babylonian 
 empire. Uj>harn>n is a particle of the verb paras; it literally signifies, 
 "And they divide it." — Loivth. 
 
b. c. 534. DANIEL. 277 
 
 " From the going forth of the commandment to restore 
 and to build Jerusalem unto the Messiah the Prince shall 
 be seven weeks, and threescore and two weeks : the street 
 shall be built again, and the wall, even in troublous times. 
 And after threescore and two weeks shall the Messiah be 
 cut off, but not for himself; and the people of the prince 
 that shall come shall destroy the city and the sanctuary." 
 Dan. ix. 25, 26. 
 
 This prophecy was thus fulfilled : 
 
 The commencement of the building of the temple is 
 fixed in the seventh year of the reign of Artaxerxes Lon- 
 gimanus, b. c. 458, when the order was issued to Ezra. 
 (See sect. 584.) 
 
 Prophetic Y 
 ■weeks. 
 
 The building of the temple lasted from b. c. 
 
 458 to 409, or 7 49 
 
 The period from the completion of the temple 
 to the public manifestation of the Messiah 
 at the beginning of John the Baptist's 
 preaching, extending from b. c. 409 to a. d. 
 25, or 62 434 
 
 From the manifestation of the Messiah to his 
 
 passion (a. d. 25 to 32) were . . . 1 7 
 
 From the building of the temple to the pas- 
 sion of our Lord, b. c. 458 to a. d. 32 . 70 490 
 
 (Our Lord is supposed to have been born four years 
 before the vulgar era of Anno Domini.) 
 
 630. Daniel's other Vropliecies, cir. 534, — Daniel 
 having thus prophesied the rise and successive downfall 
 of the Assyrian, Grecian, Persian, and Roman empires ; 
 the rise and fall of Antichrist, and duration of his power ; 
 the exact time of the coming and death of the Messiah, 
 and his victories over his enemies, and second destruction 
 of Jerusalem, — he was favored in his old age by a fourth 
 and last prophetic vision of events which extended through 
 successive ages, and only ended with the general resurrec- 
 tion. In the third year of the reign of Cyrus, whilst 
 Daniel was fasting and making supplication, an angel 
 comforted him, and unfolded to him — 1st. The destruction 
 
 24 
 
278 HOSEA. 
 
 of the Persian empire by Greece, which was accomplished 
 by Alexander ; 2d. The partition of Alexander's domin- 
 ions into four kingdoms (Greece, Thrace, Syria, and 
 Egypt, erected by Cassander, Lysimachus, Seleucus, and 
 Ptolemy) ; 3d. The wars between the kingdoms of Egypt, 
 which lay to the south of Judsea, and of Syria on the 
 north, together with the conquest of Macedon by the 
 Romans ; 4th. The tyranny of the papal Antichrist, which 
 was to spring up under the Roman empire ; and 5th. The 
 invasion of the Saracens from the south and the Turks 
 from the north in the time of the end, or latter days of the 
 Roman monarchy. This amazing and comprehensive 
 prophecy concludes with foretelling the general resurrec- 
 tion, and with announcing the time when all these great 
 events were to have their final consummation, when the 
 Jews were to be restored, Antichrist destroyed, the fulness 
 of the Gentiles brought in, and the millennium, or reign 
 of saints, was to begin ; but the exact period, until Provi- 
 dence shall open more of the seals, cannot be fully ascer- 
 tained. Dan. x.-xii.* 
 
 THE TWELVE MINOR PROPHETS. 
 
 (Called minor from the brevity of their works, not from the in- 
 feriority of their writings.) 
 
 631. 1. Hosea, dr. 810-725. — Hosea, son of Beeri, 
 prophesied during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, 
 and in the third year of Hezekiah, kings of Judah, and 
 during the reign of Jeroboam II., king of Israel. His 
 subjects are — the guilt and disobedience of the Jewish 
 nation, the heavy judgments that awaited them, their 
 
 * The book of Daniel was written partly in Hebrew and partly in 
 Cbaldee. The History of Susanna, and Bel and the Dragon, are 
 ascribed to him. but their authenticity is more than doubtful. These 
 three books, however, with Ezekiel's prophecies, are the only writings 
 extant of those prophesied in Babylon during the Captivity; but part 
 of the prophecies of Jeremiah, Habakkuk, and Obadiah were written 
 in Juduea about the same time. 
 
JOEL, AMOS, OBADIAH. 279 
 
 final conversion and re-establishment in the Land of 
 Promise, and their restoration to God's favor and to a 
 condition of the greatest national prosperity, under the 
 immediate protection of the Messiah, in the latter ages 
 of the world. Hosea also predicts the ingrafting of the 
 Gentiles into the Church of God, and alludes to the call- 
 ing of our Lord from Egypt, the resurrection on the third 
 day, the overthrow of the Antichristian army in Pales- 
 tine by the immediate interposition of Jehovah, and the 
 Saviour's final victory over death and hell. 
 
 The most singular circumstances in Hosea's prophetical 
 career were — his being desired by God to marry, first, a 
 harlot, and afterward an adulteress, as a type of the then 
 and after state of the Jews. 
 
 632. 2. Joel, cir. 810-660, or later.— It is difficult 
 to determine the chronology of Joel, son of Pethuel. His 
 prophecies are exceedingly poetic. By a cloud of locusts 
 he represents an enemy's army which desolated Judaea, 
 and this, together with caterpillars and drought, brought 
 on a terrible famine. God, being moved by the calami- 
 ties and prayers of his people, then scattered the locusts, 
 and the wind blew them into the sea. Subsequently, Joel 
 foretells the day of the Lord and his vengeance. He 
 speaks of the Teacher of righteousness to come from 
 God, and of the Holy Spirit to descend upon all flesh. 
 He says that Jerusalem will eternally be inhabited, that 
 salvation will come from thence, and that whosoever shall 
 call on the name of the Lord shall be saved. Acts ii. 6. 
 
 633. 3. Amos, cir. 810-785. — Amos was a herds- 
 man and gatherer of sycamore-fruit at Tekoah in Judah, 
 about four leagues south of Jerusalem, and prophesied 
 about the times of Uzziah of Judah and Jeroboam II. of 
 Israel. He prophesied against Damascus, the Philistines, 
 Tyrians, Edomites, Ammonites, Moabites, Judah, and 
 Israel, and foretold the invasions of Pul, Shalmaneser, 
 Tiglath-pileser, Sennacherib, and Nebuchadnezzar, and 
 captivity of the ten tribes. 
 
 634. 4. Obadiah, cir. 588-583. — His time is uncer- 
 tain. His prophecies are in one chapter, in which he de- 
 nounces judgments on the Edomites for their enmity to 
 the .lews, and foretells the restoration of the latter and 
 their victories and flourishing state. 
 
280 JONAH, MICAII. 
 
 635. 5. Jonali, cir. 856-784. — Son of Amittai, and 
 
 a native of Gath-hepher in Galilee. He prophesied about 
 the time of Jeroboam II. of Israel, during whose reign 
 he predicted the recovery of the coasts of Israel, which 
 had been seized by the Syrians. 2 Kings xiv. 25, 26. (See 
 sect. 471.) 
 
 Jonah was sent by God to cry against Nineveh, but, 
 being fearful, he embarked at Joppa to fly to Tarshish. 
 During the voyage a storm arose, and the mariners, hav- 
 ing thrown their wares overboard, cast lots to ascertain 
 who was the cause of the evil, when the lot fell upon 
 Jonah, and they threw him overboard and the storm 
 ceased. A great fish swallowed up Jonah, who remained 
 in its belly three days and three nights, but upon pray- 
 ing to God he was vomited upon dry ground. God then 
 a second time sent Jonah to Nineveh, which was three 
 days' journey, or about sixty miles, round, and Jonah, 
 having made one day's journey into it, cried, " In forty 
 days shall Nineveh be overthrown." The Ninevites then 
 repented, and their destruction was postponed, which dis- 
 pleased Jonah (as it affected his veracity as a prophet) ; 
 upon which God caused a gourd to grow up in one night 
 to shelter him from the sun's rays, but to wither the next 
 night, as a reproof to the prophet, who desired to spare 
 the gourd, but murmured that God should have spared 
 Nineveh and its 120,000 inhabitants. 
 
 Jonah's preservation for three days and three nights in 
 the belly of the fish is considered to be typical of our 
 Saviour's being held in the jaws of death for a similar 
 period. "An evil and adulterous generation seeketh 
 after a sign ; and there shall no sign be given to it, but 
 the sign of the prophet Jonas : for as Jonas was three 
 days and three nights in the whale's belly ; so shall the 
 Son of man be three days and three nights in the heart 
 of the earth. The men of Nineveh shall rise in judg- 
 ment with this generation, and shall condemn it : because 
 they repented at the preaching of Jonas ; and, behold, a 
 greater than Jonas is here." Matt. xii. 39-41 ; xvi. 4 ; 
 Luke xi. 29-32. 
 
 636. 6. Micah, cir. 758-699.— Born at Morasthi in 
 Southern Judrea, and prophesied during the reigns of 
 Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, kings of Judah. He fore- 
 
NAHUM, HABaKKUK, ZEPHANIAH. 281 
 
 told the invasions and triumphs of Shalmaneser and Sen- 
 nacherib in Israel and Judah ; the captivities, dispersion, 
 and deliverance of Israel ; the cessation of prophecy ; the 
 destruction of Assyria and Babylon ; the representatives 
 of the Christian Church ; the birth of the everlasting 
 Ruler at Bethlehem Ephratah ; the establishment and 
 exaltation of Christ's kingdom over all nations ; the in- 
 fluence of the gospel ; and the destruction of Jerusalem. 
 — Dr. Gray. 
 
 " But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, 
 Though thou be little among the thousands of Judah, 
 Yet out of thee shall He come forth unto me that is to be ruler 
 
 in Israel ; 
 Whose goings forth have been from of old, from everlasting." 
 
 Mic. v. 2. 
 
 637. 7. Nalnim, cir. 720-698. — Nahum is supposed 
 to have been a native of Elkosh or Elkosha, a village in 
 Galilee, and of the tribe of Simeon. His prophecy is 
 one entire poem, which, opening with a sublime descrip- 
 tion of the justice and power of God, tempered with long- 
 suffering, foretells the destruction of Sennacherib's forces 
 and the subversion of the Assyrian empire, together with 
 the deliverance of Hezekiah and death of Sennacherib. 
 The destruction of Nineveh is then predicted, and de- 
 scribed with singular minuteness. 
 
 638. 8. Hdbahkuk, cir. 612-598.— Bis tribe and 
 birthplace are unknown. His prophecies are in two 
 parts. The first is a kind of dialogue between God and 
 the prophet, in which the Babylonian captivity is threat- 
 ened, the Messiah promised, and the destruction of Bab- 
 ylon foretold. The second part is a psalm or prayer, in 
 which Habakkuk recounts the wonderful works of the 
 Almighty, and implores him to hasten the deliverance of 
 his people. 
 
 639. 9. Zephaniah, cir.. 64O-609. — Son of Cushi, 
 and prophesied during the reign of Josiah. He denounced 
 Judah for her idolatry; preached repentance as the only 
 means to avert the divine vengeance; prophesied against 
 the Philistines, Moabites, Ammonites, Ethiopia, and Nin- 
 eveh ; and predicted the Babylonian captivity and future 
 restoration and prosperity of the Church. 
 
 24* 
 
282 HAGGAI, ZECHARIAH, MALACHI. 
 
 640. 10. Haggai, cir. 520-518, or longer. — His 
 
 birthplace and tribe are unknown, but the times of his 
 predictions are distinctly marked by himself — viz. b. c. 
 520, when the Jews, discouraged by the impediments 
 thrown in their way by ihe Samaritans, had ceased to 
 prosecute the rebuilding of the temple. Haggai was then 
 raised up to exhort the Jews to complete the building. 
 Ezra v. 1, and sect. 578. He predicted that the glory of 
 the second temple should exceed that of the first, which 
 was fulfilled when Christ entered it ; and he foretold the 
 setting up of the Messiah's kingdom under the name of 
 Zerubbabel. 
 
 641. 11. Zechariah, cir. 520-518, or longer. — Son 
 of Berechiah and grandson of Iddo, but his tribe and birth- 
 place are unknown. Like Haggai, he returned from the 
 Captivity with Zerubbabel. His prophecies are in two 
 parts. In the first he enjoins the restoration of the tem- 
 ple, and intersperses predictions relative to the advent of 
 the Messiah. In the second he foretells more distant cir- 
 cumstances — the destruction of Jerusalem by the Romans ; 
 the future condition of the Jews ; their compunction at 
 having pierced the Messiah ; their admission by baptism 
 to the privileges of the gospel covenant; and the final 
 re-establishment of Christ's kingdom. 
 
 After Isaiah, the prophet Zechariah referred most par- 
 ticularly to the coming of our Saviour. He intimated — 
 1st, The entrance of our Lord into Jerusalem riding on 
 an ass. Zech. ix. 10 ; Matt. xxi. 2-9. 2d, The selling of 
 our Lord and the fate of the money. Zech. xi. 12, 13; 
 Matt. xxvi. 15 ; xxvii. 3-10. 3d, The piercing of our 
 Lord's side. Zech. xii. 10 ; John xix. 34-37. 
 
 642. 12. Malachi, cir. 434-420.— Malachi was the 
 last of the prophets, and completed the canon of the Old 
 Testament ; his exact time and birthplace are unknown. 
 He was commissioned to reprove the priests and people 
 for the irreligious practices into which they had fallen 
 during and after the governorship of Nehemiah, their 
 disrespect to God in their sacrifices, and their unlawful 
 intermarriages with idolatresses. He prophesied the re- 
 jection of the Jews, the calling of the Gentiles, the com- 
 ing of Christ, and the ministry of his forerunner, John the 
 Baptist : " Behold, I will send my messenger, and he shall 
 
PROPHECIES, INTIMATIONS, ETC. 283 
 
 prepare the way before me : and the Lord, whom ye seek, 
 shall suddenly come to his temple, even the messenger of the 
 covenant whom ye delight in : behold, he shall come, saith 
 the Lord of hosts. . . . Behold, I will send you Elijah 
 the prophet before the coming of the great and dreadful 
 day of the Lord." Mai. iii. ; iv. ; Matt. xi. 14; xvii. 11; 
 Mark ix. 11 ; Luke i. 17. 
 
 PRINCIPAL PROPHECIES, INTIMATIONS, AND TYPES 
 OF THE MESSIAH IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 
 
 643. By God to the Serpent. — " He (the seed of the 
 woman) shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his 
 heel." Gen. iii. 15. (See Gal. iv. 4 and 1 John iii. 18.) 
 
 644. By God to Abraham. — " In thee shall all the 
 families of the earth be blessed." Gen. xii. 3 ; xviii. 18 ; 
 xxii. 18. To Isaac, Gen. xxvi. 4; and to Jacob, Gen. 
 xxviii. 14. (See Gal. iii. 9, 16; Matt. i. 1.) 
 
 645. By Jacob to Judah. — "The sceptre shall not 
 depart from Judah, nor a lawgiver from between his feet, 
 until Shiloh come ; and unto him shall the gathering of 
 the people be." Gen. xlix. 10. Fulfilled by the high 
 priests continuing to exercise their authority until A. D. 
 70. 
 
 646. By Balaam. — " I shall see him, but not now : 
 
 I shall behold him, but not nigh : 
 There shall come a Star out of Jacob, 
 And a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel." 
 
 Num. xxiv. 17 ; Kev. xxii. 16. 
 
 647. By Moses to the Israelites. — " The Lord thy 
 God will raise up unto thee a Prophet from the midst of 
 thee, of thy brethren, like unto me." Deut. xviii. 15. 
 (See Acts vii. 37.) 
 
 648. By Job. — " For I know that my Redeemer liveth, 
 and that he shall stand at the latter day upon the earth." 
 Job xix. 25. (See 1 Thess. iv. 16, 17; 1 Cor. xv. 24-26; 
 1 Tim. iii. 16.) 
 
 (> \9. By God to David. — " I will set up thy seed after 
 thee, which shall proceed out of thy bowels, and I will 
 establish his kingdom. lie shall build an house for my 
 
284 PROPHECIES, INTIMATIONS, AND TYPES OF 
 
 name, and I will establish the throne of his kingdom for 
 ever." 2 Sam. vii. 12, 13. (See Matt. i. 1.) 
 
 650. By David. — 
 
 " For thou wilt not leave my soul in hell ; 
 
 Neither wilt thou suffer thy Holy One to see corruption." 
 
 Ps. xvi. 10. (See Acts ii. 31 ; xiii. 33-37 ; 1 Cor. xv. 44.) 
 
 " The Lord said unto my Lord, 
 
 Sit thou at my right hand, until I make thy enemies 
 
 thy footstool." Ps. ex. 1. (See Matt. xxii. 42-44; 
 
 Acts ii. 33; Heb. v. 6; vii. 2, 3, 17.) 
 
 " Sacrifice and offering thou didst not desire ; 
 Mine ears hast thou opened ; 
 
 Burnt-offering and sin-offering hast thou not required. 
 Then said I, Lo, I come : 
 In the volume of the book it is written of me, 
 I delight to do thy will, O my God ; 
 Yea, thy law is within my heart." 
 
 Ps. xl. 6-8. (See Heb. x. 5.) 
 
 " Yea, my own familiar friend, in whom I trusted, 
 Which did eat of my bread, hath lifted up his heel 
 against me." Ps. xli. 9. (See Matt. xxvi. 47.) 
 
 " The stone which the builders refused is become the head- 
 stone of the corner. 
 Blessed be he that cometh in the name of the Lord." 
 Ps. cxviii. 22, 26. (See Matt. xx. 9, 42 ; Eph. 
 
 ii. 20 ; 1 Pet. ii. 7.) 
 
 651. By Isaiah. — 
 
 " The voice of him that crieth in the wilderness, 
 Prepare ye the way of the Lord, 
 Make straight in the desert a highway for our God." 
 
 Isa. xl. 3. (See Matt. iii. 1-3 ; Luke iii. 4.) 
 " Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, 
 And shall call his name Immanuel." 
 
 Isa. vii. 14. (See Matt. i. 20, 23.) 
 
 " And in that day there shall be a root of Jesse, 
 Which shall stand for an ensign of the people ; 
 To it shall the Gentiles seek : 
 And his rest shall be glorious." 
 
 Isa. xi. 10. (See Bom. ix. 33 ; 1 Pet. ii. 8 ; 
 John i. 32 ; iii. 34 ; Col. ii. 3.) 
 
THE MESSIAH IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 285 
 
 " For unto us a child is born, 
 Unto us a son is given : 
 
 And the government shall be upon his shoulder : 
 And his name shall be called 
 Wonderful, Counsellor, The mighty God, 
 The everlasting Father, The Prince of Peace. 
 Of the increase of his government and peace there shall 
 
 be no end. 
 Upon the throne of David, and upon his kingdom, 
 To order it, and to establish it, 
 With judgment and with justice from henceforth even 
 
 for ever." 
 
 Isa. ix. 6, 7. (See John iii. 16 ; Matt, xxviii. 18.) 
 
 " The Spirit of the Lord God is upon me ; 
 Because the Lord hath anointed me 
 To preach good tidings unto the meek ; 
 He hath sent me to bind up the broken-hearted, 
 To proclaim liberty to the captives, 
 And the opening of the prison to them that are bound ; 
 To proclaim the acceptable year of the Lord, 
 And the day of vengeance of our God." 
 
 Isa. lxi. 1, 2. (See Luke iv. 18, 19, 21.) 
 
 " The people that walked in darkness have seen a great 
 light: 
 They that dwell in the land of the shadow of death, 
 Upon them hath the light sinned." 
 
 Isa. ix. 2. (See Matt. iv. 14-16.) 
 
 " Then the eyes of the blind shall be opened, 
 And the ears of the deaf shall be unstopped. 
 Then shall the lame man leap as an hart, 
 And the tongue of the dumb sing." 
 
 Isa. xxxv. 5, 6. (See Matt. xi. 5.) 
 
 " I will also give thee for a light to the Gentiles, 
 That thou mayest be my salvation unto the end of the 
 earth." Isa. xlix. 6. (See Luke ii. 32.) 
 
 ' He is despised and rejected of men ; 
 A man of sorrows, and acquainted with grief. 
 He was wounded for our transgressions, 
 He was bruised for our iniquities: 
 
286 PROPHECIES, INTIMATIONS, AND TYPES OF 
 
 The chastisement of our peace was upon him ; 
 And with his stripes we are healed. 
 All we like sheep have gone astray ; 
 We have turned every one to his own way ; 
 And the Lord hath laid on him the iniquity of us all." 
 Isa. liii. 3, 5, 6. (See Matt. xxvi. ; xxvii.) 
 
 652, By Jeremiah. — 
 
 " Behold the days come, saith the Lord, 
 That I will raise unto David a righteous Branch, 
 And a King shall reign and prosper, 
 And shall execute judgment and justice in the earth. . . . 
 And this is his name whereby he shall be called, 
 The Lord our Righteousness." 
 
 Jer. xxiii. 5, 6. (See Luke i. 32, 33.) 
 
 653. By EzeMel. — 
 
 " And I will set up one Shepherd over them, and he shall 
 feed them, 
 Even my servant David." Ezek. xxxiv. 23 ; xxxvii. 
 24. (See John i. 49 ; x. 1, 16 ; xix. 19, 21.) 
 
 654. By Daniel. — " I saw in the night visions, and, 
 behold, one like the Son of man came with the clouds of 
 heaven, and came to the Ancient of Days, and they brought 
 him near before him. And his dominion is an everlasting 
 dominion, which shall not pass away, and his kingdom 
 that which shall not be destroyed." Dan. vii. 13, 14. (See 
 Matt. xxiv. 30 ; xxvi. 64 ; xxviii. 18.) 
 
 " Seventy weeks are determined upon thy people, and 
 upon thy holy city, to finish the transgression, and to 
 make an end of sins, and to make reconciliation for in- 
 iquity, and to bring in everlasting righteousness, and to 
 seal up the vision and prophecy, and to anoint the most 
 Holy." Dan. ix. 24. (See Heb. ix. 26 ; John i. 41. See 
 also sect. 629.) 
 
 655. By Hosea. — 
 
 " When Israel was a child, then I loved him, 
 And called my Son out of Egypt." 
 
 Hos. xi. 1. (See Matt. ii. 19, 20.) 
 
 65Q. By Micah.— 
 " But thou, Bethlehem Ephratah, 
 Though thou be little among the thousands of Judah, 
 
THE MESSIAH IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. 287 
 
 Yet out of thee shall He come forth unto me that is to 
 be ruler in Israel ; 
 
 Whose goings forth have been from of old, from ever- 
 lasting." Mic. v. 2. (See Acts ii. 1, 6 ; Luke ii. 4, 5.) 
 
 657. By Zechariah. — 
 
 " Behold the man whose name is The Branch ; 
 And he shall grow up out of his place, 
 And he shall build the temple of the Lord." 
 
 Zech. vi. 12. (See Luke i. 78, 79.) 
 " Rejoice greatly, O daughter of Zion ; 
 Shout, O daughter of Jerusalem ; 
 Behold, thy King cometh unto thee : 
 He is just, and having salvation ; 
 Lowly, and riding upon an ass, 
 And upon a colt the foal of an ass." 
 
 Zech. ix. 9. (See Matt. xxi. 5 ; John xii. 15.) 
 " So they weighed for my price thirty pieces of silver. 
 And the Lord said unto me, 
 Cast it unto the potter : 
 A goodly price that I was prized at of them." 
 
 Zech. xi. 12, 13. (See Matt. xxvi. 15.) 
 " And they shall look upon me whom they have pierced, 
 And they shall mourn for him, as one mourneth for his 
 only son." 
 Zech. xii. 10. (See John xix. 34, 36 ; Acts ii. 23.) 
 
 658. By Malachi. — 
 
 " Behold, I will send my messenger, 
 And he shall prepare the way before me : 
 And the Lord, whom ye seek, shall suddenly come to 
 
 his temple, 
 Even the messenger of the covenant." 
 
 Mai. iii. 1. (See Matt. iii. 1, 3 ; xi. 10.) 
 
 659. The Persons typical of the Messiah in the Old 
 Testament are — Adam, Noah, Abraham, Isaac, Melchiz- 
 edek, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, Aaron, Joshua, David, Solo- 
 mon, Zerubbabel, etc. 
 
 660. T7ie Tilings typical of the Messiah are — Noah's 
 ark, manna, the rock in Horeb, the brazen serpent, the 
 passover, the Pentecost, the feast of atonement, the high 
 priest, the paschal lamb, circumcision, the ark of the cove- 
 nant, the golden candlestick, the mercy-seat, the temple, etc. 
 
288 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE 
 
 CONNECTION 
 
 BETWEEN THE 
 
 OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS, 
 
 INCLUDING 
 
 THE HISTORY OF THE JEWS FROM THE ADMINISTRATION OF 
 NEHEMIAH TO THE BIRTH OF JESUS CHRIST. 
 
 ANALYSIS. 
 
 T. Jewish History from Nehemiah to the Revolt under the Maccabees, 
 b. c. 420-166. 
 
 Persia, B. C. 420-330.— Chasm in the Jewish history 
 from Nehemiah to Alexander the Great. — Joshua slain in the 
 temple by Jonathan the high priest, 366. — Samaritans build the 
 temple at Gerizim ; Manasses, high priest. — Decline of the Per- 
 sian empire. ^ 
 
 Alexander the Great and his Successors, 330- 
 300. — Alexander's first conquests ; visits Jerusalem, 332. — Con- 
 quers Egypt and overthrows Persia, 332-330. — His death, 323; 
 disputes among his generals. — Four kingdoms established by per- 
 manent treaty. 
 
 Ef/1/pt — the Ptolemies, 300-202. — Government under 
 the Ptolemies.— Death of Simon the Just, 292: completion of the 
 canon of Scripture. — Septuagint completed. — Ptolemy Philopatrr 
 enters the Holy of Holies; persecutes the Jews at Alexandria, 217. 
 
 Syria — the Seleucidm, 202-100. — Conquest of Pales- 
 tine by Antiochus the Great, 202. — Jewish temple saved from 
 plunder by a miracle, 176. — Jesus, or Jason, introduces Greek 
 idolatry amongst the Jews, 175. — Menelaus supplants Jason in the 
 high priesthood, 172. — Antiochus Epiphanes profanes the temple 
 and plunders Jerusalem. — Dreadful persecution of the Jews. — Re- 
 volt under Mattathias, 168. 
 
 II. History of the Maccabees, or Asamonean Princes, B. C. 166-37. 
 
 Judas Maccabwus, 166. — Character of the war— Judas 
 restores the temple; feast of dedication instituted, 166. — Neighbor- 
 ing nations league against the Jews; death of Antiochus Epiph- 
 anes, 164. — Victories of Judas over the neighboring nations; 
 Jews in Galilee transplanted to Judaea. — Victory over Lvsias; first 
 peace with Syria. — Judas carries on a border war, and attempts to 
 
OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 289 
 
 reduce Acra. — Lysias and Antioclms Eupator invade Judaea ;' take 
 Bethsura, and besiege Jerusalem. — Second peace between Judas 
 and Syria, 163. — Alcimus, high priest, deposed ; Demetrius Soter 
 sends an army against Judaea. — Judas forms an alliance with Eome ; 
 slain in battle, 161. 
 
 Jonathan Maccabcens, 161. — Persecution revives ; Jona- 
 than chosen leader of the people. — Death of Alcimus; fresh wars 
 between Baechides and Jonathan, which are concluded by a peace. 
 — Alexander Balas, the impostor, obtains Syria ; Jonathan made 
 high priest, 153. — Demetrius Nicator obtains the throne of Syria; 
 confirms Jonathan in the high priesthood. — Jonathan assists Anti- 
 ochus against Demetrius. — Allies with Rome and Lacedaemon ; 
 fortifies Judaea. — Falls by the treachery of Tryphon. 
 
 Simon Maceabceas, 14:3. — His independence confirmed 
 by Demetrius Nicator. — Completes the fortification of Judaea and 
 reduces and levels Acra. — Public memorial of his acts; his powers 
 recognized by Eome. — Treacherous invasion of Antioclms Sidetes. 
 — Murder of Simon. 
 
 John Hyreanus, 130. — Besieges Ptolemy. — Invasion of 
 Antioclms Sidetes; peace at length concluded with Syria. — Accom- 
 panies Antioclms against Parthia. — Regains his independence and 
 raises the Asamonean power to its greatest height. — Joins the 
 Sadducees; Pharisees and Sadducees become political factions. — 
 Dies. 
 
 Aristobulus I., 106. — Cruelty to his family; seizes the 
 high priesthood and assumes the diadem. — Conquers the Itureans ; 
 kills his brother Antigonus. 
 
 Alexander Jauneeus, 105. — Petty wars with his neigh- 
 bors. — Civil dissensions fomented by the Pharisees. — Conquers 
 Moab and Gilead, but loses his army in Gaulonitis. — Rebellion of 
 the Pharisees for six years; his army destroyed. — Regains his 
 kingdom ; his cruelty to the rebels. — His dying advice to his 
 queen. 
 
 Queen Alexandra, 7<S. — Domination of the Pharisees: 
 Hyreanus high priest, — Aristobulus joins the opposite party. 
 
 Hf/reanus 11., 69. — Struggles between Hyreanus and 
 Aristobulus. 
 
 Aristobulus II., 6fh — Antipater, father of Herod, espouses 
 the cause of Hyreanus. — Intrigues with Aretas, who defeats Aris- 
 tobulus. — Roman interference; Pompey arbitrates between Hyrea- 
 nus and Aristobulus. — Pompey takes Jerusalem and restores Hyr- 
 eanus to the throne. 
 
 Ht/rcanus II. restored, 63. — Roman supremacy; An- 
 tipater at the bead of affairs. — Alexander, son of Aristobulus II., 
 invades Judaea; defeated by Antipater and the Romans. — Calamus 
 changes the government to an aristocracy; constitution of the San- 
 hedrims. — Defeat and death of Aristobulus II. and his son Alex- 
 ander.— Rise of the Herodians; Herod defies the Sanhedrim. — 
 Julius Oesar assassinated, 41; Antipater poisoned by Malichus. — 
 Hyreanus joins the faction of Malichus, but is reconciled by 
 25 T 
 
290 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 420-330. 
 
 Herod's espousing Mariamne. — Faction of Malichus headed by 
 Antigonus, son of Aristobulns II., 42-41. — Parthians place An- 
 tigonus on the throne. — Herod escapes to Rome, 40. 
 
 Antif/omfs, 40. — Herod obtains the kingdom from the Tri- 
 umvirate. — Reduces Antigonus; end of the Maccabcean Dynasty, 37. 
 
 III. History of the Herodians to the commencement of New Testament 
 History. 
 
 Herod the Great, 37-3. — Massacres his opponents and 
 propitiates Antony. — Appoints Ananel high priest. — Aristobulus. 
 brother of Mariamne, obtains the office, but is drowned. — Herod 
 summoned by Antony. — First secret instructions respecting Mari- 
 amne. — Fall of Antony at Actium ; Herod conciliates Augustus, 
 and is confirmed on the throne. — Second secret instructions respect- 
 ing Mariamne; her execution. — Herod introduces heathen customs 
 and public games. — Conspiracy of Ten. — Increases the fortifica- 
 tions, erects public works, and rebuilds the temple. — Famine in 
 Judaea; Herod's generosity. — Intrigues of Salome and Antipater; 
 trial and execution of Alexander and Aristobulus, sons of Mari- 
 amne. — Conspiracy and trial of Antipater. — Golden eagle pulled 
 down at Jerusalem. — Herod's sickness and cruelty. — Shu is up the 
 principal Jews in the hippodrome; execution of Antipater. — 
 Death of Herod ; his will. — Character of Herod. — Conclusion. 
 
 SUMMARY. 
 
 I. Jewish History from Nehemiah to the Revolt under the 
 Maccabees, b. c. 420-166. 
 
 1. Chasm in Jewish History from, Ne- 
 B. e c?420-33o. hemiah to Alexander the Great, 420-330. 
 
 — From the administration of Nehemiah to 
 the conquests of Alexander there is a chasm in the Jew- 
 ish records which Josephus has neglected to fill up. The 
 Jews still continued subject to Persia, and paid a yearly 
 tribute, whilst the high priest conducted the internal gov- 
 ernment of Judaea under the Persian satrap of Syria. 
 
 2. Joshua slain in the Temple by Jonathan the 
 High Priest, 366. — The murder of Joshua and build- 
 ing of the Samaritan temple are, however, recorded as 
 occurring within this period. About b. c. 366, Bagoses 
 wafi satrap, and Jonathan or Johanan was high priest. 
 Joshua, brother of Jonathan, became a favorite with Ba- 
 
b. c. 336-322. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 291 
 
 goses, who appears to have invested him with the high 
 priesthood to the exclusion of Jonathan. Joshua accord- 
 ingly went to Jerusalem ; a quarrel ensued in the temple 
 between the two brothers, and Joshua was slain by the 
 hand of Jonathan. When the news reached Bagoses, he 
 marched to Jerusalem and avenged the death of his favor- 
 ite on the whole nation by imposing a tribute of fifty 
 drachmas (about £1 12s.) upon every lamb offered for 
 sacrifice ; and this continued to be exacted for seven years. 
 
 3. Samaritans build the Temple at Gerizim ; 
 Manasses High Priest. — Jaddua, son of Jonathan, af- 
 terward succeeded to the high priesthood. His brother 
 Manasses married the daughter of Sanballat,* governor 
 of Samaria, but the elders at Jerusalem condemned the 
 marriage. Manasses would have repudiated his wife, but 
 Sanballat persuaded him to accept the high priesthood of 
 Samaria. He also promised that, in case of his own death, 
 Manasses should succeed him in the governorship, and 
 having obtained the permission of Darius, he about this 
 time built the Samaritan temple on Mount Gerizim, corre- 
 sponding to that at Jerusalem.f 
 
 4. Decline of the Persian Empire. — Meantime, the 
 occurrence of frequent rebellions in the provinces depend- 
 ent on the Persian power, the increase of luxury amongst 
 the people, and the power exercised by the royal seraglio, 
 all caused and indicated the gradual decline of the empire, 
 which was at length overturned by the new power of 
 Macedonia. 
 
 5. Alexander's First Conquests ; visits ., , 
 Jerusalem, 332. — Alexander the Great sue- the Great, 
 ceeded his father Philip in b. c. 336. Having B - c - 33G - ;322 - 
 crossed the Hellespont, he defeated a Persian army at 
 Granicus. Darius advanced against him in person, but 
 was completely routed at Issus, and forced to fly. Alex- 
 ander then subdued Phoenicia, and spent seven months in 
 besieging Tyre, during which Jaddua, the high priest and 
 successor of Jonathan, had refused to break his oath of 
 
 * Dean PrideftUX supposes that this Sanballat was the same San- 
 ballat the Horonite who opposed Nehemiab (sect. 589). This, how- 
 ever, cannot be reconciled with the chronology, and it is probable that 
 two different governors of Samaria may have borne the same name. 
 
 f For the origin of the Samaritans see sect. 507. 
 
292 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 323-300. 
 
 fealty to Darius by supplying him with provisions. Ac- 
 cordingly, Alexander marched to Jerusalem to punish 
 him for his refusal. The terrified high priest was directed 
 in a celestial vision to array himself and the other priests 
 in their sacerdotal dress, and to meet the conqueror at- 
 tended by the citizens clothed in white garments. The 
 sacred procession so affected Alexander that he adored 
 the name of God written on the high priest's tiara (sect. 
 163), and saluted Jaddua ; and, entering Jerusalem, he 
 offered sacrifices to Jehovah as the priests directed, and 
 was shown the prophecy of Daniel that Greece should 
 overcome Persia (sect. 630). He subsequently remitted 
 the payment of tribute in the sabbatical year. The Sa- 
 maritans envied these privileges conferred on their neigh- 
 bors, and endeavored, but without success, to obtain the 
 same for themselves. 
 
 6. Conquers Egypt and overthrows Persia, 332- 
 330. — Alexander next marched to Egypt, which gladly 
 submitted, b. c. 332 ; and the next year (b. c. 331) he 
 founded Alexandria, and proceeded into the desert to 
 sacrifice in the temple of Jupiter Amnion. The same 
 spring he set out toward Syria to meet Darius, who had 
 collected another army. On his w T ay he punished the 
 Samaritans for burning the house of Andromachus, whom 
 he had appointed to be their governor, and then marched 
 through Phoenicia and Syria, crossed the Euphrates and 
 Tigris, defeated Darius and his 1,000,000 troops with im- 
 mense slaughter on the plains of Gaugamela, and pur- 
 sued the fugitives to Arbela, which place has given its 
 name to the battle, though it w T as nearly fifty miles dis- 
 tant from the spot where it was fought. Darius fled to 
 Ecbatana in Media, whilst Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis 
 surrendered to his conqueror ; bat the next year (b. c. 
 330) Alexander again marched against him, but Darius 
 fell by the treachery of Bessus, satrap of Bactria, though 
 the burning of Persepolis had previously made known to 
 Asia that the empire of Persia was destroyed and that the 
 East must henceforth acknowledge a new lord and master. 
 f 7. Death of Alexander. 323 : Disputes 
 
 Successors of Z . ' . . f 
 
 Alexander. amongst his Generals. — it is not within our 
 b. c. 323-300. p r0 vince to pursue further the narration of 
 Alexander's conquests. He died at Babylon, b. c. 323 ; 
 
b. c. 300. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 293 
 
 but after his death violent disputes broke out amongst 
 his generals, who divided the empire amongst themselves. 
 For the present, however, they only bore the titles of 
 governors of provinces under Alexander iEgeus, the 
 posthumous son of Alexander the Great by Roxana, whom 
 they had declared king jointly with Aridseus, an illegiti- 
 mate son of King Philip. 
 
 8. Ptolemy Lagus takes Jerusalem, — Wars soon 
 broke out between these generals, in the course of which 
 Ptolemy Lagus conquered Judaea. Josephus says that he 
 came to Jerusalem to sacrifice in the temple, and that he 
 took the city without a blow by entering it on the Sabbath. 
 He carried off several Samaritans and many thousand 
 Jews to Egypt, but treated them kindly. For some years 
 Syria and Egypt were perpetually at war with each other, 
 and as Palestine lay between those countries, it was often 
 not only the prize of the contest, but the arena upon 
 which the combatants fought for the victory. 
 
 9. Four Kingdoms established by a Permanent 
 Treaty, 300. — The great horn of the he-goat, as proph- 
 esied by Daniel, was broken by the death of Alexander, 
 and the generals of the latter, who had carried on almost 
 a continual war since the death of their sovereign, were 
 in the space of a few years reduced to four in number — 
 viz. Cassander, Lysimachus, Ptolemy Lagus, and Seleucus. 
 The four horns of the he-goat and four heads of the 
 leopard were therefore now to be represented by the four 
 kingdoms established by a permanent treaty, by which 
 the four generals were to be kings of the following prov- 
 inces : 
 
 1. Cassander was to have Macedonia and Greece. 
 
 2. Lyshviachus, Thrace, Bithynia, and some of the ad- 
 joining provinces. 
 
 3. Ptolemy Lagus, Libya, Egypt, Arabia Petrsea, 
 Palestine, and Coele-Syria.* 
 
 4. Seleucus, all that remained, comprehending many 
 
 ;;: " Coele-Syria, or Hollow Syria, was the name given after the Mace- 
 donian conquest to the great and fertile valley between the two ranges 
 of Lebanon — Libanus and Anti-Libanus — in the south of Syria, bor- 
 dering upon Phoenicia on the west and Palestine on the south. In the 
 wars between the Ptolemies and Seleuoidffi the name was applied to the 
 whole of Southern Syria, including Damascus j and it was this latter 
 territory that now became subject to the kings of Egypt. 
 
 25* 
 
294 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE 
 
 b. o. 300-283. 
 
 provinces in Asia Minor, Syria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, 
 and the East as far as India. 
 
 E t 10. Government tinder the Ptolemies, 
 
 Ptolemy i., 300-202. — According to the foregoing 
 B.T300-283. treaty, Palestine was included in the domin- 
 ions of the Ptolemies, under whom it con- 
 tinued for nearly a century. During this period the rev- 
 enues were farmed to the high priests, who appear to have 
 continued to govern the Jews with the same powers they 
 had enjoyed under the Persian satraps of Syria. 
 
 11. Death of Simon the Just, 292 ; Completion 
 of the Canon of Scripture. — Simon the Just, who 
 was the grandson of Jaddua, had succeeded to the high 
 priesthood b. c. 300, and is said by the Jews to have been 
 the last of the Great Synagogue, which consisted of one 
 hundred and twenty persons. These had returned with 
 Ezra from the captivity in Babylon, and had been en- 
 gaged in restoring the observance of the Law, and in 
 collecting all the sacred books into one body and com- 
 posing the canon of Scripture.* This "Great Syna- 
 gogue" was followed by a "New Synagogue," which 
 expounded and commented upon the completed canon. 
 Simon the Just was succeeded in the high priesthood by 
 his brother Eleazar, but the founder and first president 
 of the New Synagogue f was Antigonus Socho,% or So- 
 chseus, the first of the Mishnical teachers who studied 
 the traditions. 
 
 Ptolemy 11. 12. Septuagint completed. — The Jews 
 
 Phiiadeiphus. now appear to have lived in uninterrupted 
 tranquillity. They began to spread over the 
 known world, and studied Greek literature, and compiled 
 the Septuagint at Alexandria, w T hich was so called because, 
 according to tradition, it was supposed to have been made 
 
 * Many stories are related of Simon the Just in the Jerusalem Tal- 
 mud and elsewhere, which it would be unnecessary to repeat here. 
 
 f The Synagogue has been sometimes confused with the council of 
 the Sanhedrim, but this latter assembly did not exist before the time 
 of the Maccabees. 
 
 J The Jews ascribe the origin of the Sadducees to the method of in- 
 struction pursued by Suchn, for the latter having taught that man ought 
 to serve God disinterestedly, and not from fear of punishment or hope 
 of reward, his two pupils, Sadoc and Baithua, inferred that there was 
 no future state of rewards or punishments. 
 
b. c. 247-187. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 295 
 
 in seventy-two days by seventy elders, or learned Jews, 
 who had been sent by Eleazar the high priest to Alex- 
 andria at the request of Ptolemy Philadelphus, king of 
 Egypt. 
 
 13. Ptolemy Philopator enters the Holy n , 
 
 ._,,. J , -x. t *^7 Ptolemy III., 
 
 of Holies; persecutes the Jews at Alexan- Energeies. 
 dria, 217* — No event of importance now oc- p^j^ 7 " IV 
 curred in Jewish history until the war broke phuopntor. 
 out between Ptolemy Philopator and Anti- p t o\^fj v ., 
 ochus the Great, during which Palestine suf- Eptphams. ' 
 fared greatly from the contending armies. At 
 length Philopator defeated Antiochus in the battle of Ra- 
 phia, after which the Jews sent to renew their homage to 
 Ptolemy, who then visited their temple and offered sacri- 
 fices, and even ventured to enter the Holy of Holies con- 
 trary to the expostulations of the priests; but he is said 
 to have been seized with supernatural terror and to have 
 rushed hastily out. On returning to Egypt, however, 
 he visited his anger against the Jews at Jerusalem upon 
 those of Alexandria, and published a decree forbidding 
 any to enter his presence who refused to worship his 
 gods. He is subsequently said to have shut up large 
 numbers in the hippodrome or circus, for the purpose 
 of destroying them with his elephants ; but when the ani- 
 mals were made drunk with wine and brought forth, they 
 fell upon the spectators instead of attacking the Jews. 
 
 14. Conquest of Palestine by Antiochus 
 
 the Great, 202. — Ptolemy V., or Epiphanes, JnUochusthe 
 had succeeded his father, Ptolemy Philopator, Great, b. c. 
 B. c. 205, to the kingdom of Egypt, at the 
 early age of five years. Antiochus the Great, who had 
 ascended the throne of Syria, which included Asia Minor, 
 Syria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, etc., was now in the zenith 
 of his glory, and had carried his conquests to the borders 
 of India. In b. c. 203 he allied with Philip of Macedon 
 to share the territories of the youthful Ptolemy, and then 
 seized Palestine, Phoenicia, and Ccele-Syria. A war en- 
 sued in which the Jews suffered more from the Egyptian 
 than the Syrian armies, and being otherwise alienated 
 from the Ptolemies, they tendered their submission to An- 
 tiochus, supplied his army with provisions, and assisted 
 him in expelling the Egyptian garrison from the castle 
 
296 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 187-176. 
 
 of Zion. Antiochus liberally rewarded the Jews for their 
 attachment ; he gave an annual pension toward the sacri- 
 fices, and decreed that no foreigner should enter the lim- 
 its of their temple. 
 
 Seieucus phi- ^' ^ ewisJl Temple sewed front Plun- 
 lopator. b. c. cler by a Miracle, 176. — Antiochus the 
 Great was succeeded on the throne of Syria 
 by Seieucus Philopator. During the reign of the latter, 
 Simon, a Benjamite, and governor of the temple, quar- 
 relled with Onias the high priest, and in revenge reported 
 to Apollonius, the governor of Ccele-Syria under Seieucus, 
 the great wealth hoarded in the temple at Jerusalem. 
 Heliodorus, the king's treasurer, was accordingly sent to 
 bring away the riches, but on approaching the treasury 
 it is said (2 Mace.) that a vision of a man on horseback 
 struck him to the ground, and it was with great difficulty 
 he recovered. 
 
 Antiochus 16. Jesus, or Jason, introduces Greek 
 
 Epiphanes. Idolatry amongst the Jews, 175. — A_nti- 
 b. c. i/6. ochus, surnamed Epiphanes, ascended the 
 
 throne of Syria on the death of his brother Seieucus, and 
 by seeking to combine the popular manners of a Roman 
 with the ostentatious luxury of a Syrian he became to his 
 subjects an object of hatred and contempt. As soon as 
 he was settled in his kingdom, Jason, the brother of Onias 
 the high priest, being ambitious of obtaining the pontif- 
 ical office for himself, bribed Antiochus with the large 
 sum of three hundred and sixty talents [£86,400] to in- 
 vest him with the high priesthood and to summon Onias 
 to Antioch. Jason warmly espoused the principles of An- 
 tiochus, and labored to introduce Greek institutions and 
 worship into Judaea. He established a Greek gymnasium 
 and idolatrous games at Jerusalem, encouraged apostasy 
 from the law of Moses, and did his utmost to induce the 
 people to adopt heathen customs. 
 
 17. Menelaus supplants Jason in the High Priest- 
 hood, 172. — After three years Jason sent his young- 
 er brother Menelaus* to carry tribute to Antioch, when 
 
 * Jason had changed his name, which was* at first Jews, in order to 
 show his devotion to Greek superstitions. Menelaus had in the same 
 manner changed his name, which was originally the same as that of 
 his eldest brother Onias, whom Jason had supplanted. 
 
b. c. 176. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 297 
 
 the latter, by an increased bribe to Antiochus, obtain- 
 ed the high priesthood for himself, and Jason in his 
 turn was deposed from the office. Menelaus was subse- 
 quently unable to raise the promised money, and was at 
 last obliged to sell the golden vessels belonging to the 
 temple. Onias, the real high priest, who was impris- 
 oned at Antioch, heard of the sacrilege, and severely 
 rebuked Menelaus ; upon which the latter persuaded 
 Andronicus, the governor of Antioch, to put Onias to 
 death. 
 
 18. Antiochus Kpiplianes profanes the Temple, 
 and plunders Jerusalem. — About this period a Avar 
 broke out between Syria and Egypt, and Antiochus in- 
 vaded the latter country as far as Alexandria. Mean- 
 time, it was reported that Antiochus was dead, and Jason, 
 thinking this a favorable moment to regain the priesthood, 
 marched against Jerusalem with 1000 Ammonites and 
 took the city, whilst Menelaus secured himself in the 
 castle of Zion. When the news reached Antiochus, he 
 thought that the whole Jewish nation was in a state of 
 revolt. He immediately marched to Jerusalem, retook 
 the city, and in the course of three days slew 40,000 of 
 the inhabitants and sold as many more as slaves. Jason 
 fled to the country of the Ammonites, and subseqently 
 died in exile in Lacedsemonia, whilst Menelaus was again 
 invested with the high priesthood. But the i'ury of An- 
 tiochus could not be satiated by slaughter. Guided by 
 the impious apostate Menelaus,* he entered the inmost 
 courts of the temple, and even the Holy of Holies, and 
 sacrificed a sow upon the altar. He then carried off the 
 table of shew-bread, the golden candlestick, the altar of 
 incense, and all the offerings which had been made in the 
 temple, and after plundering the city in the same way he 
 returned to Antioch loaded with treasure. 
 
 19. Dreadful Persecution of the Jews. — Antiochus 
 was subsequently repulsed in Egypt by the Romans, and 
 whilst returning to Syria he again vented his anger upon 
 
 * The after career of Menelaus is uncertain, bu1 lie is said to have 
 been put to death in the reign of Antiochus Eupator by bein^ thrown 
 into a high tower filled with ashes at IJcruja, the modern Aleppo. 2 Man-, 
 xiii. 4-8. 
 
298 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 176. 
 
 the Jews, whose religion he appears to have held in espe- 
 cial abhorrence, and on whose account he now issued a 
 decree commanding his whole empire to worship Greek 
 gods. In his way through Palestine from Egypt he de- 
 tached 22,000 men from his army, and sent them under 
 Apollonius to destroy Jerusalem. This general entered 
 the place peaceably, but on the following Sabbath he 
 committed the most horrible massacre upon the people, 
 plundered the whole city, and then set it on fire. Athe- 
 nseus, an old man, w T as commissioned to instruct the Jews in 
 the Greek religion and compel them to celebrate its rites. 
 Circumcision, the keeping of the Sabbath, and every ob- 
 servance of the Jewish law were punished by death ; copies 
 of the sacred books were destroyed, groves planted, and 
 idolatrous altars built in every city ; and the citizens were 
 compelled to sacrifice to the Olympian Jupiter and other 
 gods, and to eat swine's flesh on the king's birthday and 
 keep the feast of Bacchus. Many Jews submitted from 
 fear, and others from attachment to Greek customs, yet 
 others resisted all the threats and tortures of this unpar- 
 alleled persecution. 
 
 20. Revolt of the Jews under Mattathias, 168. — 
 At length Mattathias, a priest, publicly set Antiochus at 
 defiance. He refused to sacrifice at the idolatrous altar, 
 and struck down a Jew who approached it as a rebel to 
 Jehovah, and then, with the assistance of his sons and 
 others, he slew the royal officers, broke down the altar, 
 and fled to the wilderness of Judaea.* Here his party 
 rapidly increased, and he soon emerged from his con- 
 cealment, demolished the idolatrous altars throughout 
 the country, circumcised the children, and slew the 
 apostates ; but died in the midst of his expedition, b. c. 
 166, and appointed his third son, Judas, surnamed Mac- 
 cabseus, or the Hammerer, to be military leader, and 
 his second son, Simon Thassi, to be counsellor to his 
 brother. 
 
 * It is related that about this time a body of 1000 Jews, being pur- 
 sued by the army of Antiochus on the Sabbath day, patiently submitted 
 to being cut to pieces rather than violate the sacred rest. Upon this 
 Mattathias and his friends made it lawful to resist the attack of an 
 enemy on the Sabbath. 
 
B.C. 106-161. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 299 
 
 II. History of the Maccabees, or Asamonean Princes, b. c. 
 166-37. 
 
 21. Character of the War.— The prima- JudasMacca . 
 
 ry object of the Jewish insurrection was not baeus. b. c. 
 political independence, but religious freedom ; 166_161 - 
 and during the leaderships of Judas and his brother Jon- 
 athan the nation continued to pay tribute to the kings of 
 Syria ; but in b. c. 143, Demetrius Nicator, the reigning 
 monarch, acknowledged Simon as high priest and prince 
 of the Jews, and relinquished all claims for tribute, cus- 
 toms, or taxes.* 
 
 22. , Tudas restores the Temjrte : Feast of Dedica- 
 tion instituted, 160. — Judas soon followed in the steps 
 of his father Mattathias. In the first two years of his 
 reign he defeated the generals of Antiochus four times, 
 and having thus deterred the king from an immediate re- 
 newal of the contest, he led his victorious army to Jeru- 
 salem for the purpose of cleansing and dedicating the 
 sanctuary. This must have been a task of considerable 
 difficulty, as the temple was commanded by the fortress 
 on Mount Acra, called in the Hebrew Millo (see note to 
 sect. 326), which was still garrisoned by the forces of the 
 heathen. Judas, however, built up a new altar, furnished 
 the temple with fresh vessels, set up the candlestick, table 
 of shew-bread, and altar of incense, and hung up the veils 
 before the Holy of Holies. Having thus repaired and 
 purified the temple just three and a half years after it had 
 been polluted by Antiochus, sacrifices were recommenced, 
 and a festival celebrated for eight days, which was after- 
 ward commemorated by the annual feast of dedica- 
 tion. (See sect. 193.) Thus was fulfilled the prophecy 
 of Daniel (xii. 7), that three years and a half — or, in the 
 language of prophecy, " a time, times, and half a time" — 
 should be the period of its desolation. But Mount Mo- 
 
 * In the establishment of the Asamonean power under Judas, Jona- 
 than, and Simon we see the reward of valor exerted in defence of re- 
 ligion ami law, and the happy effects of family eoneord ; whilst from 
 tin- dissensions which prevailed amongst their descendants, and paved 
 the way for the aggrandizement of the HerodB, princes may learn the 
 useful lesson that family feuds are more to he dreaded than the rebellion 
 of Bubjeots; the one; may for a time deprive the prince of power, the 
 other wrest the sceptre from the family for ever. — Hales, 
 
300 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 161. 
 
 riah, on which the temple was built, was rather lower than 
 Acra, and the people were much annoyed on their way to 
 the temple by the heathen garrison. Judas therefore pro- 
 tected the Lord's house with walls and towers, and posted 
 a detachment of troops to guard it. In subsequent reigns 
 Acra was lowered and the valley between the two hills 
 was filled up, so that the buildings of the temple overhung 
 the fortifications on Acra. 
 
 23. The Neighboring Nations league against the 
 Jews; Death of Antiochus Epiphanes, 164, — After 
 this Judas fortified Bethsura, a town between Hebron and 
 Jerusalem, as a barrier against the Idumseans or Edom- 
 ites. Meantime, the neighboring nations formed a league 
 for utterly extirpating the Jewish nation, which was, how- 
 ever, defeated by the death of Antiochus and energy of 
 Judas. Antiochus was proceeding to Babylon when he 
 heard of the defeat of his generals, rededication of the 
 temple, and destruction of the idolatrous altars. He im- 
 mediately returned to Judsea, vowing vengeance against 
 the whole Jewish nation ; but on his way was seized with 
 a fatal disease, and died in the most dreadful agonies of 
 body and soul. 
 
 24. Victories of Judas over the Neighboring Na- 
 tions ; Jews in Galilee transplanted to Judaza. — 
 Judas now heard of the confederacy formed against him 
 and prepared to take the field. He first fell upon the 
 Edomites on his southern borders, defeated them in battle, 
 besieged and took their fortresses, and put their garrisons 
 to the sword. He then entered the country east of the 
 Jordan, and defeated Timotheus, the Syrian governor, 
 who marched against him. The Phoenicians on the north- 
 west and the inhabitants of Gilead on the east immediately 
 commenced an active war. Judas now separated his army 
 into three divisions : with the first he marched to the re- 
 lief of the Jews resident in Gilead ; the second he des- 
 patched under his brother Simon to defend Galilee ; whilst 
 the third remained at home for the protection of Judaea 
 and Jerusalem. A marked success attended this judicious 
 proceeding. Judas with his division quickly overran Gil- 
 ead, took the towns, and returned laden with spoil. Simon 
 defeated the enemy in Galilee, but finding the Jews there 
 too few to defend themselves, he wisely induced them to 
 
b. c. 161. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 301 
 
 remove to Judaea, where they would strengthen the popu- 
 lation, which had been weakened by the persecutions of 
 Antiochus Epiphanes. The generals of the division who 
 remained at home, wishing to share the glory of the two 
 brothers, led their forces against Jamnia, a seaport on the 
 Mediterranean, but were defeated by Gorgias, the governor 
 of that district, with the loss of 2000 men, which misfor- 
 tune, however, did not detract from the rising fame of the 
 Maccabees. 
 
 25. Victory over Lysias ; First Peace with Syria, 
 — Antiochus Eupator had now succeeded his father An- 
 tiochus Epiphanes, on the throne of Syria ; and Lysias, 
 the guardian and kinsman of Eupator, determined to 
 avenge the insult which the Maccabees had inflicted on 
 the Syrian empire. Accordingly, Lysias invaded Judrea 
 with an army of 80,000 men, including a large body of 
 cavalry and eighty elephants, and commenced the siege 
 of Bethsura (sect. 23). Judas marched to the attack, 
 and succeeded not only in relieving the garrison, but in 
 dispersing the invading forces. Lysias then made a peace 
 with Judas, which was ratified by Antiochus ; and on this 
 occasion the Jewish nation was benefited by the friendly 
 interference of the Roman ambassadors at the Syrian 
 court. 
 
 26. Judas carries on a Border War, and attempts 
 to reduce Acra. — When Lysias had retired to Antioch, 
 Judas again invaded Gilead and overthrew Timotheus, 
 and then marched against Gorgias and the Idumseans, 
 and by a hardly-earned victory avenged the death of 
 those who had fallen in the expedition against Jamnia 
 (sect. 24). He afterward tried to reduce the fort of Acra, 
 from which the Syrian garrison was perpetually sallying 
 out and disturbing the peace of the city and service of 
 the temple. Some apostate Jews, however, escaped from 
 the fort to Antioch, and informed the Syrian king of the 
 threatened danger. 
 
 27. Lysias and A ntioehus Eupator invade Jadcea ; 
 take Bethsura and besiege Jerusalem, — Antiochus Eu- 
 pator and his guardian Lysias were now afraid lost the city 
 of Jerusalem should be entirely lost, and accordingly 
 they invaded Judsea with a vast army of 120,000 men, 
 thirty-two elephants, three hundred chariots, and again 
 
 20 
 
302 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE 
 
 c. 161. 
 
 commenced the siege of Bethsura. Judas immediately 
 raised the siege of Acra, and marched to the relief of the 
 fortress; hut after some slight successes, in which- his 
 brother Eleazar fell, he found himself unable to cope 
 with the overwhelming forces of the enemy, and retreated 
 to Jerusalem. The garrison at Bethsura was at length 
 compelled to surrender, and the Syrian army then marched 
 to besiege Jerusalem. 
 
 28. Second Peace hetiveen Judas and Syria, 163, 
 — The city was almost reduced, when the news reached 
 Lysias that Philip, the rival guardian of Antiochus Eu- 
 pator, had raised an army and seized Antioch, and taken 
 upon himself the government of the empire. Accord- 
 ingly, he found it necessary to conclude a peace with the 
 Jews, by which Judas was appointed governor of Judaea 
 under the king of Syria. 
 
 29. Alcimus, Utah Triest, deposed; Demetrius 
 Soter sends an Army against Judaea. — Menelaus, the 
 high priest, w T as now dead (sect. 17, note), and Antiochus 
 appointed Alcimus, or Jacimus, to be his successor, to the 
 exclusion of Onias, son of that Onias who had been mur- 
 dered at Antioch (sect. 17). Onias fled to Egypt, and 
 obtained permission from Ptolemy Philometor to build a 
 temple at Heliopolis. Thus, three temples existed — viz. 
 the Samaritan at Gerizim, that of the Jews at Jerusalem, 
 and that of Onias. Alcimus, however, from his profligacy 
 and idolatry, was not long permitted by the people to 
 exercise his office ; and by his subsequent intrigues he 
 persuaded Demetrius Soter, who had now succeeded An- 
 tiochus Eupator to the throne of Syria, to send a large 
 invading force against Judaea under Nicanor, which was, 
 however, signally defeated by Judas and his followers, 
 and in the second action Nicanor was slain. 
 
 30. Judas forms an Alliance with Rome ; slain 
 in Battle, 161, — Judas now saw that no dependence 
 could be placed upon the kings of Syria, and accordingly 
 sent ambassadors to Rome to endeavor to form an alliance. 
 The Romans decided to receive the Jews amongst their 
 friends and allies, and wrote a letter to Demetrius requir- 
 ing him to desist from harassing that nation, but before 
 the letter could be delivered Judas was dead. On the 
 death of Nicanor, Demetrius had sent Bacchides with Al- 
 
b. c. 161-143. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 303 
 
 cinius a second time into Judaea at the head of a large 
 army, to which Judas could only oppose a force of 3000 
 men, all of whom, with the exception of eight hundred, 
 fled at the approach of the enemy. But the intrepid 
 leader scorned to fly, and with this handful of men he 
 boldly engaged the whole army of Bacchides. By the 
 impetuosity of his charge he routed the right wing of the 
 enemy, but the left wing remained entire, and Judas, being 
 overpowered by numbers, fell on the field of battle ; and 
 all Israel mourned many days, saying, " How is the valiant 
 man fallen that delivered Israel ?" 
 
 31. Persecution revives : Jonathan T ., 
 
 . „ Jonathan 
 
 chosen Leader of the People, 101. — Alter Maccabeus. 
 the death of Judas Maccabseus, Alcimus and BC - 16I_143 - 
 his apostate party returned to power, and openly perse- 
 cuted the followers of Judas ; and all the Maccabseans 
 that could be found were brought before the general Bac- 
 chides and cruelly tortured and put to death. Under 
 these circumstances the people chose Jonathan, brother 
 of Judas, for their leader, and committed themselves to 
 his guidance. At first Jonathan and his brother Simon 
 retired to a strong position on the banks of the Jordan, 
 from whence they avenged the death of their brother 
 John, who had been slain by some Arabs of the tribe of 
 Jambria. Their position was, however, soon known to 
 Bacchides, who accordingly assaulted their camp on the 
 Sabbath day. But Jonathan exhorted his troops to re- 
 member the decision of Mattathias (sect. 20, vote), and his 
 forces courageously resisted the attack and slew 1000 of 
 the enemy, and on finding their numbers unequal to a 
 further contest, they sprang into the Jordan and escaped 
 by swimming to the other side. Bacchides then fortified 
 Judaea, especially Acra, and took the children of the in- 
 habitants as hostages for the fidelity of their parents. 
 
 32. Death of Alcimus ; Fresh Wars between Bac- 
 chides and Jonathan, which are concluded by a 
 Peace. — Alcimus, the high priest, was at length struck 
 with palsy and died ; after which Bacchides returned to 
 Antioch, and the dews for two years dwelt in peace un- 
 der the government of Jonathan. At the expiration of 
 this time Bacchides was in Conned by the opposition that 
 all the Maccabaean party might be seized in a single night, 
 
304 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 161-143* 
 
 and he accordingly came to Judaea to execute the plan. 
 But Jonathan discovered the plot, and put fifty of the 
 conspirators to death ; but, being unable to cope with 
 Bacchides, he retired and fortified a place in the wilder- 
 ness, and successfully withstood a siege. Bacchides, en- 
 raged at the defeat, slew the advisers who had brought 
 him back to Judaea, concluded a peace with Jonathan, 
 exchanged prisoners, and swore never more to molest the 
 land ; and Jonathan settled in peace at Michmash, about 
 nine miles north of Jerusalem, where he administered the 
 laws with impartiality and pursued his schemes of refor- 
 mation. 
 
 33. Alexander JBalas, the Imjyostor, obtains Syria ; 
 Jonathan made High Priest, 158. — In this year the 
 famous impostor, Alexander Balas, pretended to be a son 
 of Antiochus Epiphanes, and claimed the empire of Syria ; 
 and being supported by the Romans, he sailed to Ptole- 
 mais in Phoenicia, seized the city, and proclaimed him- 
 self king of Syria. The disputes between this pretender 
 and Demetrius Soter, the reigning monarch, proved of 
 infinite advantage to Jonathan, as each party vied with 
 the other in offers to secure his co-operation. Demetrius 
 appointed him the king's general in Judaea, and offered 
 him numerous immunities and privileges ; but Alexander 
 Balas granted him the high priesthood, and sent him a 
 purple robe and crown of gold ; and Jonathan preferred 
 an alliance with the latter to accepting the proposals of 
 the insincere Demetrius. 
 
 34. Demetrius Nieator obtains the Throne; con- 
 firms Jonathan in the High Priesthood. — The Syr- 
 ians soon grew disaffected toward Alexander Balas, and 
 Demetrius Nieator, son of Demetrius Soter, whom Alex- 
 ander Balas had deposed, now asserted his claim to the 
 empire, and, being assisted by Egypt, he defeated Alex- 
 ander and obtained the throne. Jonathan was still in 
 quiet possession of Judaea, and, being determined to ex- 
 pel the garrison from Acra, he commenced a regular 
 siege. Demetrius, hearing this, summoned Jonathan to 
 Ptolemais, but the latter gave orders to press the siege 
 during his absence, and then carried such valuable pres- 
 ents as he thought would influence the king and his licen- 
 tious court. Demetrius, in return, confirmed Jonathan in 
 
d. c. 161-143. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 305 
 
 the high priesthood, ratified the offers of immunity from 
 tribute, etc. which his father had made, and promised to 
 withdraw the garrison from Acra if Jonathan would as- 
 sist him in putting down a revolt at Antioch, which was 
 then in a state of tumult. Jonathan despatched 3000 
 men to the aid of the king, who was, however, no sooner 
 relieved than he forgot his promises and refused to ex- 
 empt the Jews from tribute. 
 
 35. Jonathan assists Antiochus against Demet- 
 rius. — This ingratitude of Demetrius was quickly pun- 
 ished. A new claimant now appeared for the kingdom 
 of Syria. Tryphon, who had been governor of Antioch 
 under Alexander Balas, brought forward Antiochus, son 
 of his old master, and defeated Demetrius and placed 
 the young prince on the throne. He then sent an em- 
 bassy to Jonathan, soliciting assistance and promising 
 to fulfil the engagements which Demetrius had broken. 
 Jonathan readily accepted the proposal, defeated De- 
 metrius, who invaded Galilee, and reduced Joppa, Gaza, 
 and Bethsura. 
 
 36. Allies with Rome and JLacedcemon ; fortifies 
 Judaea, — On returning to Judaea, Jonathan renewed the 
 treaty which Judas had made with the Romans, and 
 formed an alliance with the Lacedaemonians. He also 
 held a council at Jerusalem to take into consideration 
 the fortification of Judaea ; and at this assembly it was 
 agreed that the walls of Jerusalem should be heightened 
 and a line of circumvallation should be drawn round 
 the fort of Acra under the superintendence of Jonathan, 
 whilst Simon should have the oversight of the fortifica- 
 tions throughout the country. 
 
 37. Falls by the Treachery of Tryphon. — Mean- 
 time, it appeared that Tryphon had elevated Antiochus, 
 the son of Alexander Balas, to the throne, for the sole 
 purpose of murdering him and usurping the crown himself, 
 but whilst Jonathan remained to oppose the plot he de- 
 spaired of success. Accordingly, he marched his army 
 against Judaea, but being met by Jonathan with 40,000 
 men, lie put on the mask of friendship, and pretended 
 thai he had only come to consult about their common 
 interests and to put the city of Ptolemais in Phoenicia 
 into his hands. Jonathan was thus persuaded to dismiss 
 
 26* U 
 
306 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE 
 
 B. c. 143-1 3 ( 
 
 his army and proceed with Tryphon to Ptolemais with 
 only 1000 troops, but on entering the city he was taken 
 prisoner and his men were slain. Tryphon then invaded 
 Judaea, carrying Jonathan as a captive ; and being met 
 by Simon at the head of a large army, he declared that 
 he only detained Jonathan for a debt of one hundred 
 talents [about £24,000], and that if the debt was paid, 
 and his two sons given up as hostages, he should be re- 
 leased. Simon complied, but Tryphon failed to fulfil 
 his promise, and, being encouraged by messages from 
 the garrison at Acra, he attempted to invade Judsea. 
 Simon, however, baffled his efforts, and Tryphon at last 
 retired to the district east of the Jordan surrounding 
 Mount Gilead, called Galaaditis, and put Jonathan to 
 death at Bascama. 
 
 Simon Mac- ^8. His Independence confirmed by 
 
 catweus. b. c. Demetrius. — Simon, brother of Jonathan 
 and Judas, succeeded to the high priesthood 
 and government on the death of the former. Meantime, 
 Tryphon murdered Antiochus and proclaimed himself 
 king of Syria, and Demetrius Nicator, who now wanted 
 the assistance of the Jews in deposing the tyrant, con- 
 firmed the authority of Simon as high priest and prince, 
 and relinquished all claims for tribute, customs, and 
 taxes. From this grant the Jews calculate the deliver- 
 ance of their country from a foreign power, and they 
 dated all their instruments and contracts by the years 
 of Simon and his successors. 
 
 39. Completes the Fortification of Judcea, and re- 
 duces and levels Acra. — Simon's first measure was to 
 complete the fortifications which were erecting through- 
 out Judsea and to reduce some of the enemy's fortresses 
 which still held out. The garrison at Acra now began 
 to feel the effects of the circumvallation, and, their provis- 
 ions being exhausted, they at last surrendered, and were 
 permitted to leave unmolested. From the beginning of 
 the revolt this garrison had occasioned infinite annoy- 
 ance and trouble to Jerusalem. Simon therefore not 
 only destroyed the fort, but employed three years in re- 
 ducing the hill on which it stood to a level with Mount 
 Moriali. He also fortified the latter, and built his palace 
 within the wall, probably on the site where the castle 
 
b.c. 136-106. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 307 
 
 Antonia was afterward erected, and he made his son, 
 John Hyrcanus, generalissimo of all his forces. 
 
 40. Public Memorial of his Acts; his Powers rec- 
 ognized by Rome. — The state was now in a flourishing 
 condition, and the people made a public acknowledgment 
 of their allegiance to the Maccabees. The valiant deeds 
 of Simon and his predecessors were engraved on tables 
 of brass, and these were set up in a conspicuous part of 
 the temple. About the same time Simon sent an em- 
 bassy to the Romans, bearing a golden shield weighing 
 1000 minse, and worth at least £50,000, as a present to 
 the senate, who thereupon renewed the league and 
 recognized his powers as high priest and prince of 
 Judaea. 
 
 41. Treacherous Invasion of Antiochus Sidetes. — 
 Meantime, Demetrius Nicator had retired from before 
 Tryphon to Babylon, and was subsequently taken prisoner 
 by the Parthians, whilst his younger brother, Antiochus 
 Sidetes, married Cleopatra, wife of Demetrius, and at- 
 tempted to dispossess Tryphon. Antiochus was desirous 
 of obtaining the assistance of Simon, and accordingly 
 confirmed him in his authority and granted him the priv- 
 ilege of coining money as an independent prince. When, 
 however, he had deposed Tryphon and ascended the throne 
 of Syria, he laid claim to the citadels of Jerusalem, Jop- 
 pa, and Gazara (probably Gadara), demanded five hun- 
 dred talents for tribute and damages, and invaded Judaea. 
 But John Hyrcanus and his brother Judas, the two sons 
 of Simon, defeated the general of Antiochus and obliged 
 him to retreat from the country. 
 
 42. Murder of Simon. — Antiochus Sidetes at length 
 obtained the death of Simon. Ptolemy, one of his offi- 
 cers and governor of Jericho, had married the daughter 
 of Simon, and having concerted measures with Antiochus 
 for usurping the government of Judaea, he invited Simon 
 and his sons Judas and Matthias to his castle near Jeri- 
 cho, and then treacherously murdered them. Messengers 
 were also sent to despatch John Hyrcanus, but he fortu- 
 nately escaped to Jerusalem and secured the city before 
 Ptolemy could seize; it. 
 
 4-*>. JU'sicf/cs Ptolemy. — Hyrcanus was John Tiyrca- 
 now chosen by the people to succeed his JS^iotf.' ' 
 
308 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE 
 
 b. c. 136-106. 
 
 father, Simon, in the high priesthood and principality. 
 He first marched against Ptolemy, and besieged him 
 in a castle near Jericho ; but the latter still held the 
 mother and surviving brethren of Hyrcanus in his 
 clutches, and, bringing them to the Avails, threatened to 
 throw them down headlong if the siege was continued. 
 Hyrcanus accordingly gradually relaxed, and then raised, 
 the siege ; though, according to Josephus, his mother 
 loudly exhorted her son from the Avails to disregard her 
 sufferings and pursue his revenge. Ptolemy then sleAV 
 the mother and brethren of Hyrcanus, and fled to Phila- 
 delphia in Asia Minor. 
 
 44. Invasion of A n tiochas Sidetes ; Peace at length 
 concluded with Syria. — The folloAving year Antiochus 
 Sidetes invaded Judsea and besieged Hyrcanus in Jeru- 
 salem, and as it Avas a sabbatical year there Avas soon such 
 a scarcity of provisions that the besieged Avere reduced to 
 the greatest distress. On the approach of the feast of 
 tabernacles Hyrcanus requested a truce for the purpose 
 of keeping it, \A T hich Antiochus most graciously granted, 
 and even sent animals for the sacrifice. This conduct led 
 to proposals for a peace, which Avas at length concluded, 
 Hyrcanus engaging to dismantle Jerusalem and pay trib- 
 ute for the tOAvns possessed by the Jews out of Judrea. 
 Antiochus also required the fort of Acra to be rebuilt, 
 but Hyrcanus chose rather to pay five hundred talents 
 [£120,000] ; and hostages being delivered for the fulfil- 
 ment of these terms, the siege was raised. 
 
 45. Accompanies Antiochus against Parthia ; 
 regains 7iis Independence, and raises the Asamo- 
 nean Power. — Four years after this Antiochus in\ T aded 
 Parthia to recover his brother Demetrius, and Avas accom- 
 panied by Hyrcanus, avIio greatly distinguished himself in 
 the Avar. Here Antiochus was slain, and Demetrius Nica- 
 tor, being at length enabled to return to Syria, regained 
 the kingdom. Hyrcanus seized the opportunity of these 
 disturbances to deliver himself from Syria and complete- 
 ly establish the independence of Judsea, and neither him- 
 self nor his successors were ever afterward tributary to 
 the Syrian kings. He seized several of the bordering 
 cities in Syria, Phoenicia, and Arabia ; subdued the Idu- 
 mseans, and obliged them to embrace the JeAvish religion ; 
 
b. c. 136-106. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 309 
 
 subjugated Samaria, and destroyed the temple of Sanbal- 
 lat on Mount Gerizim ; and obtained from the Romans 
 an acknowledgment that the treaty which he had been 
 forced to make with Antiochus Sidetes was null and void, 
 being a violation of the freedom guaranteed by the sen- 
 ate to the Jewish nation. Hyrcanus was thus master of 
 all Judsea, Galilee, and Samaria, and having raised the 
 glory of the Asamonean princes to its greatest height, he 
 passed the remainder of his reign respected by the neigh- 
 boring states and free from foreign war. 
 
 46. Hyrcanus joins the Sadducees; Pharisees 
 and Sadducees become Political Factions. — During 
 the foregoing period two parties had arisen among the 
 Jews — the Pharisees and the Sadducees. (See sects. 
 94-100.) 
 
 The Pharisees rigidly adhered to the very letter of the 
 old law, and explained the Scriptures themselves by the 
 light of tradition. The Sadducees, by an epicurean phil- 
 osophy and a latitudinarian system of morals, had fallen 
 into the opposite extreme, and affixed a mere human in- 
 terpretation to Scripture, and even questioned the doc- 
 trine of the immortality of the soul. The Pharisees, be- 
 ing the more orthodox sect, were supported by the many ; 
 the Sadducees, from the laxity of their principles, were 
 favored by the wealthy few. Hyrcanus was originally a 
 Pharisee, but, according to Josephus, one of that party 
 once told him that he ought to resign the high priesthood 
 and content himself with the civil government, because, 
 as his mother had been a captive, it was uncertain whether 
 lie was a descendant of Aaron or of a stranger. Hyrca- 
 nus was incensed at this insult, and probably perceiving 
 symptoms of disaffection amongst the whole Pharisaic 
 party, and a desire to separate the offices of high priest 
 and king, which he united in his own person, he left their 
 sect and went over to the Sadducees. The Pharisees and 
 Sadducees, from being mere religious sects, now became 
 political factions. Domestic broils arose, which estranged 
 the affections of a large party of Jews from Hyrcanus 
 and his family ; and the factious opposition of the Phari- 
 sees, first to their own princes and afterward to the Ro- 
 mans, ultimately led to the declension of the Asamonean 
 power, and finally to the downfall of the Jewish nation. 
 
310 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 106-78. 
 
 47. Cruelty to his Family; seizes the 
 B. r c? t i06 U . 1US L Sigh Priesthood and assumes the Dia- 
 dem. — The events of the succeeding reign 
 are a series of domestic tragedies, which may be ascribed 
 with probability to the intrigues of party and the turbu- 
 lent ambition of the Pharisees. Hyrcanus had left the 
 civil government to his wife, but his eldest son, Aristob- 
 ulus, seized the government and put his mother in prison, 
 where she perished of hunger. Having thus obtained 
 the high priesthood and principality, he put the royal 
 diadem on his head and assumed the title of king, being 
 the first Jewish prince who had done so since the Bab- 
 ylonian captivity. 
 
 48. Conquers the Itureans : kills his brother, An- 
 tigonus. — Aristobulus then admitted his brother Antig- 
 onus to a share in the kingdom, but imprisoned his then 
 remaining brethren. He subdued Iturea east of the Jor- 
 dan, and offered the inhabitants the alternative of cir- 
 cumcision or expatriation, upon which they preferred the 
 former. On his return from this expedition he was seized 
 with sickness, during which his queen, Salome, and her 
 party excited his jealousy against Antigonus, his favorite 
 brother. Accordingly, he summoned Antigonus to his 
 presence unarmed, and gave orders to a guard of soldiers 
 to kill him if he came in armor. But the messenger ap- 
 pointed to bear the summons was seduced by the enemies 
 of Antigonus to direct the prince to go to the royal castle 
 in his armor, as the king desired to see it. Antigonus 
 was accordingly slain, but the reproaches of conscience, 
 aggravated by the recollection of the cruel murder of his 
 mother, increased the disorders of Aristobulus, and he 
 died the same year in the bitterest agony of mind and 
 body. 
 
 Alexander 49. Petty Wars with his Neighbors. — 
 
 jannseus. Immediately after the death of Aristobulus 
 L, his widow, Alexandra or Salome, released 
 his three younger brothers from the prison in which they 
 had been confined, and Alexander Jannseus, the eldest of 
 them, was invested with the high priesthood and ascended 
 the throne of Judaea. One of his first acts was to put 
 his next brother to death, for entertaining treasonable de- 
 signs, and the remainder of his reign was a series of petty 
 
b. c. 105-78. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 311 
 
 wars with his neighbors, varied by civil Avar and dissen- 
 sions at home. He besieged Ptolemais in Phoenicia, but 
 the citizens applied for aid to Ptolemy Lathyrus, who 
 had been compelled by his mother, Cleopatra, to ex- 
 change the kingdom of Egypt for that of Cyprus. Ptol- 
 emy Lathyrus obliged Alexander to raise the siege, and 
 invaded Galilee and Judaea ; and Jannseus would prob- 
 ably have been entirely ruined had not Cleopatra sent an 
 army from Egypt to his assistance. Alexander subse- 
 quently took Gadara, a fortified city east of the Jordan, 
 but after a few other petty successes, in which he met 
 with great resistance, he returned to Jerusalem without 
 being in the least enriched by his conquests. 
 
 50. Civil Dissensions fomented by the Pharisees. 
 — The heroic line of the Maccabsean princes had ended 
 with John Hyrcanus, and we now enter upon a period in 
 which the fury of faction had converted the Pharisees 
 into the most dangerous enemies of the state, and ulti- 
 mately led to civil war. At the feast of tabernacles, 
 whilst Alexander Jannanis was officiating as high priest 
 at the altar, he was pelted with citrons by the populace 
 and insulted by the most opprobrious language, implying 
 that he was descended from a slave and unworthy of 
 being high priest or king. The royal guards then fell 
 upon the people and slaughtered 6000 persons, and Alex- 
 ander, to prevent a recurrence of the like insult, railed 
 in the court of the priests from the approach of the 
 crowd, and took upward of 6000 mercenaries into his 
 pay. 
 
 51. Conquers JMoab and Gilead, but loses his Army 
 in Gaulonitis. — Alexander now endeavored to divert 
 the attention of the Jews from their intestine divisions by 
 engaging in war. Accordingly, he succeeded in making 
 the lands of Moab and Gilead tributary, but three years 
 afterward lost nearly all his army in an expedition against 
 Gaulonitis, a district in the northern division of Bataniea, 
 east of the Jordan. 
 
 52. Rebellion of the Pharisees for Six, years ; the 
 Army of Alexander destroyed. — When Alexander re- 
 turned to Jerusalem after this disaster the discontent of 
 the Pharisees was shared by the whole nation, and the 
 Jews openly rebelled against his government. For six 
 
312 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 105-78. 
 
 years, in spite of frequent defeats, they maintained a 
 bloody civil war, and when at length he sought an ac- 
 commodation they desired him to cut his throat, as these 
 were the only terms upon which they could be at peace 
 with him. They sent to Demetrius Eucerus, king of 
 Syria, for succors, who accordingly, with a powerful army 
 of Jews and Syrians, overthrew Alexander and cut to 
 pieces his mercenaries to a man, whilst most of the Jews 
 of his party perished, and Alexander himself was forced 
 to fly to the mountains. 
 
 53. Alexander regains the Kingdom ; his Cruelty. 
 • — Six thousand of the rebels now pitied the misfortunes 
 of their king and espoused his cause ; and Demetrius, 
 fearing a still greater defection, returned to Damascus. 
 Jannseus was again successful, and at length obtained a 
 decisive victory, in which the greater part of the rebels 
 w 7 ere slain. The remainder took refuge in the fortress of 
 Bethsura, which he besieged and took the following year, 
 and carried the prisoners to Jerusalem. But these suc- 
 cesses were sullied by his barbarous cruelty. He cruci- 
 fied eight hundred of the captives in one day, and mas- 
 sacred their wives and children before their eyes, whilst 
 he gave a feast to his wives and concubines in view of the 
 horrid scenes, that they might glut their eyes with the 
 spectacle. 
 
 54. His Hying Advice to his Queen. — The remain- 
 der of the rebels now fled the country, and Alexander 
 spent three years in recovering the fortresses which had 
 revolted during the civil war, and also extended his con- 
 quests beyond the Jordan. He then returned victorious 
 to Jerusalem, and gave himself up to luxury and drunk- 
 enness, which brought on a quartan ague that subse- 
 quently proved fatal, and he died whilst besieging Ba- 
 gaba, east of the Jordan. In his last moments he advised 
 Alexandra his queen to conceal his death until the cap- 
 ture of the fortress, and then, on returning to Jerusalem, 
 to convene the Pharisees, and first, to offer to govern the 
 kingdom according to their counsels ; and secondly, to 
 resign his dead body to their discretion, whether to treat 
 it with ignominy or with respect. She followed this ad- 
 vice, and the funeral obsequies of her husband were cele- 
 brated with more splendor than those of any of his 
 
B. c. 78-63. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 313 
 
 predecessors, whilst she herself was quietly established in 
 the government. 
 
 55. Domination of the Pharisees ; Hyr- Queen 
 canus High Priest, — Alexandra was now Alexandra, 
 settled on the throne, and appointed her eldest B ' c ' 78 " 69 ' 
 son, Hyrcanus, to be high priest, but she gave up the 
 reins of government to the Pharisees, and thus, as Jo- 
 sephus observes, Alexandra had the kingdom and the 
 Pharisees the power. The exiles of their party were now 
 recalled, and revenge was executed upon those who had 
 persuaded Alexander Jannseus to crucify the eight hun- 
 dred rebels. 
 
 56. Aristobulus joins the Opposite Party. — Hyr- 
 canus, the high priest, was of a weak disposition, and did 
 not oppose their proceedings ; but his younger brother, 
 Aristobulus, incensed at the persecutions of his father's 
 former adherents, put himself at the head of the party 
 opposed to the Pharisees, and openly remonstrated with 
 the queen, Alexandra, against their proceedings. The 
 queen then put some fortresses into the hands of Aristob- 
 ulus and his friends, where they might find refuge from 
 the tyranny of the Pharisees ; but Aristobulus was subse- 
 quently sent on a foreign expedition, and took that oppor- 
 tunity of securing the affections of the army. Alexandra 
 died at the age of seventy-three, after a reign of nine 
 years. 
 
 57. Struggles between Hyrcanus and 
 Aristobulus.— The reign of Hyrcanus II. f%7™* "' 
 did not exceed three months, for his younger 
 
 brother Aristobulus had already obtained the affections 
 of the .army, and the people, being weary of the tyranny 
 of the Pharisees, were ready for a change of govcrnm lit. 
 A battle ensued between the forces raised by the Phari- 
 sees in favor of Hyrcanus and the partisans of Aristob- 
 ulus, after which Hyrcanus resigned the kingdom and 
 high priesthood, and was contented to lead a retired life 
 under the protection of his brother. 
 
 58. Anti pater, Father of Herod, es- Aristobulus 
 pauses the Cause of Hyrcanus. — Aristob- n. b.c. 
 ul us N. now ascended the throne, but soon 
 
 found a more subtle enemy than his imbecile brother. 
 Antipateb, the father of IFfj-od the Great, an Idumaean 
 
 27 
 
314 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 69-63. 
 
 by birth, but Jew by religion, had been brought up in 
 the court of Alexander Jannseus, and contracted a firm 
 friendship with Hyrcanus, the heir-apparent to the crown. 
 The deposition of the latter frustrated his hopes, but he 
 insinuated to Hyrcanus that his life was in danger from 
 Aristobulus, and at length prevailed on him to fly to 
 Aretas, king of Arabia letrsea. 
 
 59. Antipater intrigues with Aretas, who defeats 
 Aristobulus. — Antipater had previously engaged Aretas 
 to furnish an army for the assistance of Hyrcanus, and 
 accordingly the Arabian king led 50,000 men into Judaea, 
 and, being joined by the Jewish partisans of Hyrcanus, 
 he defeated Aristobulus and forced him to retire to the 
 temple, where he besieged him. 
 
 60. Homan Interference ; Pompey arbitrates be- 
 tween Hyrcanus and Aristobulus, — Meantime, Pom- 
 pey was carrying on his conquests in Asia, and had sent 
 a division of his army under Scaurus into Syria. The 
 two brothers sent offers to Scaurus for his assistance, who 
 accepted those of Aristobulus, and ordered Aretas to re- 
 tire, under pain of an invasion. After this Pompey re- 
 duced Coele-Syria, and was met at Damascus by ambas- 
 sadors both from the Jewish nation and the two brothers 
 to request that he would decide the quarrel. He accord- 
 ingly subsequently listened to the statement of the am- 
 bassadors from Judsea, and permitted the brothers to 
 plead their cause before him. The representatives of the 
 Jewish people declared their wish to be subject to priests 
 only, and not to kings. Hyrcanus pleaded the injustice 
 of his younger brother in depriving him of the crown, 
 whilst Aristobulus urged the imbecility of Hyrcanus and 
 his evident unfitness for government. Pompey, however, 
 would not openly declare his sentiments, though he saw 
 that the weakness of Hyrcanus presented the fewest 
 obstacles to the extension of the Roman conquests ; and 
 Aristobulus, perceiving clearly that the decision would 
 not be in his favor, withdrew to make preparations of 
 defence. 
 
 61. Pompey takes Jerusalem, and restores Hyr- 
 canus II. to the throne. — After this Pompey reduced 
 Aretas and took Petra, the capital of Arabia Petrsea, and 
 then marched against Aristobulus, whom he found in the 
 
B. c. 63-40. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 315 
 
 frontier fortress of Alexandrium. Pompey summoned 
 the Jewish prince to his presence, who accordingly came 
 down and had several interviews with him, but was at 
 length required to sign an order for the surrender of all 
 the fortresses to the Komans before he quitted the camp. 
 Aristobulus now saw that negotiations were useless, and 
 was no sooner dismissed than he fled to Jerusalem and 
 prepared for a siege. On the approach of Pompey he 
 submitted, and came out and offered a sum of money to 
 prevent a war. Pompey accepted the proposal, and sent 
 Gabinius to receive the money, but the latter found the 
 gates shut and returned to the camp, and Aristobulus was 
 ])ut in chains. Pompey then marched in person to Jeru- 
 salem ; the gates were opened by the party of Hyrcanus, 
 whilst that of Aristobulus withdrew into the temple, and 
 for three months sustained a siege. Pompey at length 
 found that, whilst the Jews would resist an attack on the 
 Sabbath day, they would not hinder the besieging works. 
 On that day, therefore, he advanced the battering-rams 
 and filled up the ditches, and at last took the place by 
 assault and slew 12,000 of the Jews, including many 
 priests, whose blood was mingled with the blood of their 
 sacrifices. He then entered the temple and viewed the 
 sanctuary and " Holy of Holies," but left the sacred ves- 
 sels untouched, though it may be observed that he, who 
 had hitherto experienced the greatest successes, never 
 prospered in any of his undertakings after this profana- 
 tion. He appointed Hyrcanus to be high priest and 
 prince of the country, but on condition that he should 
 submit to the Komans and pay tribute, and that he 
 should not assume the diadem nor extend his territories 
 beyond their ancient boundaries. Pompey then took 
 Aristobulus and his two sons, Alexander and Antigonus, 
 prisoners to Rome, to grace his triumph ; but they sub- 
 sequently escaped at different periods, and caused great 
 disturbances. 
 
 02. Roman Supremacy; Antipater at n rpanilsII 
 the Head of Affairs. — The restoration of Hyr- (restored). 
 (Minis II. to the throne was purely nominal, B - c - 63-40 - 
 for Antipater was the actual governor of Judaea. But 
 for the future the Jewish state was entirely dependent on 
 Home, and this yoke was confirmed by the subsequent 
 
316 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 63-40. 
 
 policy of Antipater and his sons, who followed the general 
 maxim of entire devotion to the Roman power, in order 
 to succeed in wholly removing the reigning family of the 
 Maccabees. 
 
 63. Alexander, Son of Aristobulus, invades Ju- 
 dma ; defeated by Antipater and the Romans, — 
 Alexander, the eldest son of Aristobulus, had escaped 
 from Pompey whilst being carried prisoner to Rome, and 
 now reappeared in Judaea at the head of 10,000 infantry 
 and 1500 horse, took several fortresses, and ravaged the 
 country. Hyrcanus was obliged to apply to Gabinius, the 
 Roman proconsul of Syria, for assistance, who thereupon 
 sent some troops into Judaea under the celebrated Mark 
 Antony, whilst he prepared to follow with a larger army. 
 Mark Antony united his forces with those of Antipater 
 and Hyrcanus, defeated Alexander, and compelled him 
 to retire to the fortress of Alexandrium. Gabinius now 
 arrived, and by the intervention of the mother of Alexan- 
 der he made peace with the latter, on condition of his 
 surrendering Alexandrium and the other fortresses which 
 he had taken. 
 
 64. Gabinius changes the Government to an Aris- 
 tocracy ; Constitution of the Sanhedrims. — Gabinius 
 now went to Jerusalem, and confirmed Hyrcanus in the 
 high priesthood, but changed the government from a mon- 
 archy to an aristocracy, probably at the request of the 
 Jews themselves, who had formerly desired such a change 
 from Pompey (sect. 60). Hitherto, justice had been ad- 
 ministered throughout Judaea by two Sanhedrims or tri- 
 bunals. The Lesser Sanhedrim consisted either of twenty- 
 three or of seven judges,* and existed in every city ; the 
 Greater Sanhedrim,^ of which the high priest was presi- 
 
 * The Lesser Sanhedrim. — The Talmud says that this smaller court 
 consisted of twenty-three members, but Josephus, who must have been 
 intimately acquainted with all the judicial institutions of his nation, 
 does not mention this smaller council, but says that the court next below 
 the Sanhedrim was composed of seven members. Several attempts 
 have been made to reconcile the two accounts, but without success, and 
 it seems now generally agreed that the account of Josephus is to be 
 preferred. 
 
 f The Greater Sanhedrim, which appears to have been established 
 during the reigns of the first Maccabees, included amongst its members, 
 1st, chief priests — that is, ex-high priests — and the heads of the twenty- 
 four classes of priests; 2d, elders, or princes of the tribes, and heads 
 
B. c. 63-40. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 317 
 
 dent, was composed of seventy or seventy-two persons, 
 and sat only at Jerusalem, and tried all the appeal cases 
 brought up from the Lesser Sanhedrims. By this constitu- 
 tion Jerusalem was the chief place of authority, and the 
 principal ecclesiastical and judicial powers were neces- 
 sarily vested in the high priest, apart from the royal 
 dignity which the Maccabrean princes had previously 
 enjoyed. Gabinius now established five independent but 
 Great Sanhedrims — at Jerusalem, Jericho, Gadara, Ama- 
 thus, and Sepphoris — and thus transferred all the civil 
 powers of Hyrcanus to the nobles, and deprived the nation 
 of a common centre of union. This form of government 
 continued until b. c. 44, when Julius Csesar restored Hyr- 
 canus to his former power. 
 
 65. Defeat and Death of Aristobulus and his Son 
 Alexander. — Aristobulus at length escaped from Rome, 
 and raised au army, but was defeated by Gabinius and 
 taken prisoner ; and his son Alexander, who repeated the 
 attempt whilst Gabinius was invading Egypt, met with 
 similar ill-success on the return of the Roman general. 
 Gabinius was subsequently superseded in the government 
 of Syria by Crassus, who plundered the temple of 10,000 
 talents. In the civil wars between Pompey and Caesar, 
 Aristobulus and Alexander espoused the cause of the 
 latter ; but Aristobulus, who was released by Caesar, and 
 sent with two legions to promote his interests in Judaea, 
 was poisoned on his way by the adherents of Pompey, and 
 his son Alexander, who had raised forces in Judaea in ex- 
 pectation of the arrival of his father, was carried to Anti- 
 och and beheaded after a formal trial. 
 
 66. Antipater assists the Romans ; appointed "Pro- 
 curator of Judcea by Julius Ccesar. — Meantime, An- 
 tipater was using every means to ingratiate himself with 
 the Romans, and was rapidly rising in power and distinc- 
 tion. In B. C. 56 he had greatly assisted Gabinius and 
 Mark Antony in the invasion of Egypt, and after the 
 death of Pompey, in B.C. 48, he warmly espoused the 
 cause of Julius Ciesar, and brought to his aid in the 
 
 of the family associations (sect. 1:54); and 3d, scribes, or learned men. 
 All the elders and scribes, however, did not hold a seat, hut became 
 members either by election or by a nomination from the ruling execu- 
 tive authority. 
 
 27* 
 
318 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 63-40. 
 
 Egyptian campaign the forces concentrated in Judsea, 
 Idumsea, and part of Arabia. In return, Csesar refused 
 to listen to the claims of Antigonus, the only surviving 
 son of Aristobulus, abolished the aristocratical constitu- 
 tion of Gabinius, restored the supreme authority to Hyr- 
 canus, and made Antipater procurator of Judsea under 
 the latter; and he subsequently confirmed Hyrcanus 
 in the high priesthood and ethnarchy, and remitted the 
 tribute to be paid to the Eomans during the sabbatical 
 year. 
 
 67. Rise of the Herodians ; Herod defies the San- 
 hedrim. — Antipater had now four sons grown up — Pha- 
 sael, whom he made governor of Jerusalem ; Herod, whom 
 he appointed governor of Galilee ; Joseph ; and Pheroras ; 
 together with a daughter named Salome. The prosperity 
 of Antipater and his family now rendered them odious to 
 the Jews of the aristocratic party. Herod, by his heroism 
 and enterprise against the banditti of his district, had 
 gained both the admiration of the people and the esteem 
 of Sextus Csesar, a relative of Julius Csesar, who had been 
 invested with the government of Syria. But the popu- 
 larity of Herod aroused the jealousy of the aristocracy. 
 He had put the leader of the robbers to death on his own 
 authority and without any formal trial, and his enemies 
 persuaded Hyrcanus to summon him to Jerusalem to 
 answer for his conduct before the Sanhedrim. Herod 
 came clothed in purple, attended by his guards, and bear- 
 ing a menacing letter from Sextus Csesar commanding 
 the Sanhedrim to acquit him. The assembly was over- 
 aAved, but Samias stepped boldly forward, arraigned him 
 for his crime and presumption, and predicted that the 
 day would come when Herod would refuse them the par- 
 don which they were now but too ready to extend to him. 
 (See sect. 74.) The Sanhedrim now seemed inclined to 
 act, but Hyrcanus adjourned the sitting, and thus gave 
 Herod the opportunity to fly to Damascus ; but it was 
 with great difficulty that the youthful general was after- 
 ward dissuaded by his father and brother from marching 
 an army to Jerusalem to avenge the insult. 
 
 68. Julius Ccesar assassinated, 44 ; Antipater 
 poisoned by Malichus. — The assassination of Julius 
 Csesar, which took place shortly after, threw the Roman 
 
e. c. 62-40. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 319 
 
 empire into the greatest confusion. Cassius, one of the 
 conspirators, seized Syria, and taxed the territory of Hyr- 
 canus at seven hundred talents, one half of which Antip- 
 ater commissioned his sons Phasael and Herod to raise, 
 and entrusted the collection of the other half to Malichus, 
 a nobleman who was attached to the interests of Hyrcanus. 
 Malichus failed in procuring the proper supply, and would 
 have been put to death, had not Antipater paid one hun- 
 dred talents out of the treasury of Hyrcanus. But 
 shortly after, Malichus, who thus owed his life to Antipa- 
 ter, formed a party against his preserver, and poisoned 
 him at a banquet, and seized Jerusalem ; but he met with 
 a just punishment, for through the interference of Phasael 
 and Herod he was afterward put to death by the Roman 
 garrison at Tyre. 
 
 69. Hyrcanus joins the Faction of JSIalichus, but 
 is reconciled by Herod's espousing Mariamne, — But 
 the defeat of Brutus and Cassius at Philippi deprived the 
 sons of Antipater of their strongest support, and the 
 party formed by Malichus continued their opposition 
 after the death of their leader. This faction at length 
 gained over Hyrcanus by arousing his jealousy, but the 
 sons of Antipater upbraided him with his desertion, and 
 the differences between them were speedily removed by 
 Herod's espousing Mariamne, the beautiful granddaugh- 
 ter of Hyrcanus, and thus connecting himself with the 
 Maccabsean line. 
 
 70. Faction of Malichus headed by Antigonus, 
 42, 41. — On the defection of Hyrcanus the adverse 
 party placed Antigonus, the only surviving son of Aris- 
 tobulus, at their head, and even persuaded the Roman 
 governor of Damascus to enforce the claims of the latter 
 to the throne of Judaea. But Antigonus was totally de- 
 feated by Herod, and compelled for a period to relin- 
 quish his purpose. The next year the discontented party 
 sent a deputation to Mark Antony to complain that Pha- 
 sael and Herod were undermining the authority of Hyr- 
 canus. Meantime, however, Herod had reminded Antony 
 of the services which his father Antipater had formerly 
 rendered in the Egyptian expedition (sect. (M), and 
 had conciliated the Triumviri by valuable presents, and 
 thus induced the latter to disregard the complaints of 
 
320 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 40-37. 
 
 a faction and to make him and his brother Phasael 
 tetrarchs of Palestine. 
 
 71. Parthians jylace Antigonus on the TJirone ; 
 Herod escapes to Home, 40, — Antony now proceeded 
 to Egypt, where he wasted his time in luxurious ease and 
 dalliance with Cleopatra, leaving the aifairs of Syria and 
 Asia Minor to fall into the utmost confusion. The peo- 
 ple of Syria, exhausted by successive exactions, refused 
 to pay further tribute. The Parthians, under their king's 
 son, Pacorus, marched to aid the revolt, and after master- 
 ing Syria, Pacorus was induced, by the offer of 1000 tal- 
 ents and five hundred female slaves, to assist in placing 
 Antigonus on the throne. An undecisive struggle en- 
 sued between the forces of the Parthians and those of 
 the two brothers, after which Phasael and Hyrcanus 
 were induced, contrary to the advice of Herod, to visit 
 the Parthian governor of Syria and submit the dispute 
 to his arbitration. The Parthian governor, however, 
 treacherously put them both in chains ; Phasael com- 
 mitted suicide, Hyrcanus was barbarously mutilated to 
 incapacitate him from exercising the high priesthood, 
 whilst Herod escaped from Jerusalem and hastened to 
 Koine. 
 
 Antigonus. 72. Herod obtains the Kingdom from 
 
 b.c. 40-37. fj ie Triumvirate. — At Kome, Herod had 
 intended to request the Triumvirate — Octavius Caesar, 
 Antony, and Lepidus — to confer the throne of Judaea on 
 Aristobulus, brother of Mariamne, but he found Antony 
 so willing to advance his interests that a decree was ob- 
 tained from the senate appointing himself king of the 
 Jews. 
 
 73. lieduces Antigonus ; End of the Maccabcean 
 Dynasty, 37. — Herod now returned to Jerusalem, 
 raised an army, and carried on the war against Antig- 
 onus. The Romans, who had already driven the Par- 
 thians beyond the Euphrates, now assisted him in obtain- 
 ing the throne, and after three years he had besieged and 
 taken Jerusalem and gained possession of Judaea. Dur- 
 ing the siege, which lasted six months, Herod endeavored 
 to conciliate the people by consummating his marriage 
 with Mariamne, and thus contracting an affinity with the 
 Maccabsean family, but Antigonus was sent in chains to 
 
b. c. 37-4. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 321 
 
 Antioch, where he was executed by Antony as a common 
 malefactor. Thus ignominiously ended the dynasty of 
 the Maccabees, one hundred and twenty-nine years from 
 the commencement of the authority of Judas Maccabseus, 
 and one hundred and twenty-six years from the acknow- 
 ledgment of his power by Antiochus Eupator. 
 
 III. History of the Jews under the Herodians to the Com- 
 mencement of New Testament History. 
 
 74. Massacres Jits Opponents and Pro- H erod the 
 pitiates Antony. — Immediately after Herod Great b. c. 
 had taken Jerusalem and ascended the throne 
 
 it was necessary that he should confirm his authority in 
 Judsea and discharge his obligations to Mark Antony. 
 In effecting the former his conduct was marked by cru- 
 elty and revenge. All the Sanhedrim were massacred 
 except Pollio and Samias, who had counselled the sur- 
 render of the city, and all the adherents of Antigonus 
 who could be discovered were summarily put to death. 
 Meantime, the Romans, exasperated at the length of the 
 siege, had filled Jerusalem with bloodshed and rapine. 
 Herod declared that they would make his kingdom a 
 desert, and paid them a large sum of money to desist. 
 Nevertheless, he found means, by forcing contributions 
 from the wealthy and confiscating the property of the 
 slain, to send sufficient plunder to Antony as would in 
 part discharge his obligation. 
 
 75. Appoints Ananel High Priest. — The office of 
 high priest was now vacant by the execution of Antig- 
 onus and mutilation of Hyrcanus, who returned to Ju- 
 daea, but was put to death a few years afterward on a 
 suspicion of treason. According to hereditary succession, 
 it belonged of right to Aristobulus, brother of Mariamne, 
 for whom Herod had at first intended to ask the kingdom ; 
 but the king was afraid lest the influence attached to the 
 office should prove dangerous to himself, and, not being 
 able to undertake it in his own person, he gave it to 
 an obscure Babylonian priest named Ananel. 
 
 76. Aristobulus obtains the Office, but is Drowned, 
 — The pride of Alexandra, the mother of Mariamne and 
 Aristobulus, was now aroused at this insult. She appealed 
 
 v 
 
322 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 37-4 
 
 to Cleopatra, who immediately began to interest Antony 
 in the matter, and Herod found it necessary to depose 
 Ananel and elevate Aristobulus to the high priesthood. 
 But the latter soon excited the fatal jealousy of the 
 monarch. Aristobulus was tall and eminently handsome, 
 and exhibited in his countenance the noble qualities and 
 lineaments of the Maccabsean race ; and at the feast of 
 tabernacles, whilst officiating at the altar in the splen- 
 did robes of his office, the assembled multitude burst into 
 loud acclamations of joy and goodwill. After the festival 
 Herod was entertained by Alexandra near Jericho, and 
 at his instigation Aristobulus bathed in the midst of his 
 attendants and acquaintance, and in a pretended sport 
 was drowned after repeated immersion. 
 
 77. Herod summoned by Antony. — Herod affected 
 to shed tears at the accident, but Alexandra was con- 
 vinced of his participation in the murder, and again ap- 
 plied to Cleopatra. The latter had now joined Antony 
 at Laodicea in Syria, and through her innnence Antony 
 was persuaded to summon Herod to Laodicea to answer 
 for his conduct. Herod was obliged to obey, but by a 
 profusion of gifts so propitiated Antony that on his 
 arrival he was immediately acquitted. 
 
 78. First Secret Instructions respecting Mari- 
 amne. — Before Herod left Jerusalem he privately in- 
 structed his uncle Joseph (husband of his sister Salome) 
 to put Mariamne to death in case he should be con- 
 demned, as he feared, lest Antony should make her his 
 partner. Joseph foolishly divulged the secret to Mari- 
 amne as a proof of her husband's love. Meantime, Sa- 
 lome, who was the firebrand of the family, had become 
 indignant at the proud treatment she received from Ma- 
 riamne, and on the return of Herod insinuated to the lat- 
 ter that Mariamne had carried on an illicit intercourse 
 with Joseph. Mariamne soon persuaded Herod of the 
 unfounded nature of the charge, but subsequently be- 
 trayed her knowledge of the secret instructions he had 
 given to Joseph. This he considered to be a proof of 
 her guilt, and, though he restrained himself from put- 
 ting her to death, yet he immediately ordered the ex- 
 ecution of Joseph. 
 
 79. Fall of Antony at Actium ; Herod conciliates 
 
b. c. 37-4. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 323 
 
 Augustus, and is confirmed on the Tlirone, — In B. c. 
 
 31, Antony met with a decisive overthrow at Actium. 
 Herod immediately sent a special message exhorting 
 him to slay Cleopatra, seize her treasures and kingdom, 
 and thus raise another army with which to contend for 
 empire. Antony, however, seemed bent on his own ruin, 
 and Herod obtained an audience with Augustus at Rhodes. 
 In this interview he boldly acknowledged all he had done, 
 and all he would have done, for Antony, and even stated 
 the last counsels he had given to that infatuated man ; 
 and having thus enabled Augustus to judge of his fidel- 
 ity to others, he plainly offered him the same friendship 
 and engaged to be equally faithful. This manly frank- 
 ness, seconded by liberal presents, obtained the favor of 
 Augustus and secured the kingdom to Herod, whose do- 
 minions included the whole of the territories possessed by 
 the late Maccabees, and were divided into five districts — 
 namely, West of the Jordan — 1. Judrea ; 2. Samaria ; 3. 
 Galilee. East — 4. Persea.* South — 5. Idumsea. And 
 when Augustus visited Herod some years afterward he 
 was received with the most royal liberality and mag- 
 nificence. 
 
 80. Second Secret Instructions respecting Mari- 
 amne; her Execution. — Before Herod left Jerusalem 
 this second time he committed Mariamne and her mother 
 Alexandra to the care of his friend Soemus, with similar 
 directions to those he had previously given to Joseph — 
 viz. that if Augustus compassed his death, Mariamne and 
 Alexandra should not be permitted to survive him. But 
 Soemus was induced by the entreaties of the women, by 
 their kind presents, and by his own belief that Herod 
 
 * Division of Peraea. — Percea, which signifies the country on the oppo- 
 site side, was a general name for any district belonging to or closely 
 connected with a country from the main part of which it was separated 
 by a sea or river. The name Perxa was therefore applied in its more 
 extended sense to the whole territory stretching from the river Arnon 
 to .Mount Hermon, between the Jordan and the desert, and was sub- 
 divided into eight districts or cantons — viz. 1. Per 89 a, in the more 
 limited sense, which only extended from the Arnon to the Jabbok ; 2. 
 Qilead, or Qalaaditis; 3. Decapolis, or Ten Cities, of which little is 
 known for certain; 1. Gaulonitis : 5. Batanea, the ancient Ibishan; 
 fi. Ituraia or Auranitis; 7. Trachonitis ; S. Abilene, in the extreme 
 north, among the mountains of Anti-Libanus between Baalbcc and 
 Damascus. 
 
324 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 37-4. 
 
 would never return in safety, to reveal the orders for their 
 destruction. Accordingly, when Herod came back to Je- 
 rusalem after his interview with Augustus he was received 
 by Mariamne with coldness and dislike. For a whole 
 year the king fluctuated between love and resentment, but 
 at length Mariamne brought matters to a crisis by point- 
 edly refusing to return his love, and by upbraiding him 
 with the murder of her grandfather and brother. Salome, 
 actuated by a fiendish desire of revenge, seized this oppor- 
 tunity for suborning the cup-bearer of Herod to assert 
 that Mariamne had bribed him to administer a potion to 
 her husband. The king immediately put his wife's con- 
 fidential eunuch to the torture, thinking he must be aware 
 of the cause of her altered conduct ; but the eunuch dis- 
 closed nothing relating to the potion, but admitted that 
 her estrangement arose from her knowledge of the orders 
 with which Soemus had been entrusted. Herod w r as now 
 persuaded that nothing but an illicit intercourse with 
 Mariamne could have w T rung the secret from so faithful 
 an officer as Soemus. Accordingly, he ordered the latter 
 to be instantly executed, and then summoned his more 
 immediate friends to try his wife for administering the 
 potion. Mariamne was found guilty and condemned to 
 death, but Herod commuted the sentence to imprison- 
 ment. His bloodthirsty sister Salome, however, persuaded 
 him that her death was necessary as a security against a 
 popular tumult, and she was led away to execution. Ma- 
 riamne met her death with a firmness which became her 
 race, though her own mother Alexandra, from the fear of 
 sharing in her punishment, assailed her on the way with 
 the most violent and indecent reproaches. The vehement 
 love of Herod for this beautiful princess outlived his 
 jealousy, and his remorse could not be removed by the 
 pleasures of the table or the chase. He retired from so- 
 ciety, and was at length seized with fever and delirium. 
 Alexandra, thinking it impossible for him to recover, 
 laid a plot for seizing the government, but it was dis- 
 covered to Herod by the officers whom she endeavored to 
 corrupt, and he instantly ordered her to be put to death. 
 
 81. Ilerod introduces Heathen Customs and rub- 
 lie Games. — When Herod had recovered his health he 
 sedulously endeavored to remove the prejudices of the 
 
b. c. 37-4. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 325 
 
 Jews and Romanize Judsea. He instituted horse- and 
 chariot-races and public games in honor of Augustus, and 
 built a theatre and amphitheatre in Jerusalem in which 
 celebrated musicians contended for victory, animals were 
 exhibited, and gladiators fought with wild beasts and with 
 each other. 
 
 82. Conspiracy of Ten. — By these proceedings, and 
 especially by the adornment of the public places with the 
 trophies of the conquests of Augustus, Herod had acted in 
 direct opposition to the Jewish prejudices, and appeared 
 as the enemy of their country and their God. Ten of 
 the most zealous malcontents formed a conspiracy to as- 
 sassinate him in the theatre. The plot was discovered, 
 the conspirators were arrested with daggers concealed 
 about their persons, and were immediately put to death 
 with the most cruel tortures. 
 
 83. Increases the Fortifications, erects Public 
 Works, and rebuilds the Temple. — Herod now de- 
 termined to increase his fortifications as a security for 
 himself and a provision against rebellions, and to display 
 his power and gratify his magnificence by the erection 
 of costly and splendid public works. In Jerusalem he 
 already possessed two fortresses, the palace and castle of 
 Antonia, which had been named after Antony. He now 
 rebuilt the city of Samaria, and bestowed on it the name 
 of Sebaste in honor of Augustus, and erected a temple in 
 it which he dedicated to Caesar. He converted the Tower 
 of Strato into a grand city and seaport, and built an arti- 
 ficial harbor with moles and breakwater and surrounded 
 with a wall and towers, and to this new city he gave the 
 name of Ca^sarea. He also erected at the source of the 
 Jordan, called Panium, a temple of white marble, which 
 he dedicated to Augustus. And at length he was led to 
 form the bold design of pulling down the old temple at 
 Jerusalem, which had sustained great damage during the 
 civil war.-, and of rebuilding it entirely on a more magni- 
 ficent scale. (An account of this stupendous work may be 
 found at sect. 360, note.) 
 
 84. Famine in Jud&a; Herod'' s Generosity. — In 
 the thirteenth year of the reign a dreadful (amine visited 
 Ju(hea and Samaria, during which Herod made such sac- 
 rifices to relieve his people, and exhibited such noble 
 
 28 
 
326 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 37-4. 
 
 generosity, that had not his crimes branded his memory 
 with the indelible mark of tyranny he would have ranked 
 amongst the kings who had been benefactors to their sub- 
 jects. He stripped his palaces of every ornament of sil- 
 ver and gold, and, loading a vessel with the spoils, sent it 
 to EgyjDt to purchase corn, and for a long time fed the 
 w T hole mass of the population at his own cost. By his 
 kind interference also Agrippa relieved the Jewish colo- 
 nies of Asia from the exactions they suffered, and obtained 
 a restitution of the privileges which had been previously 
 confirmed to them by the Komans. 
 
 85. Intrigues of Salome and Antipater; Trial 
 and Execution of Alexander and Aristobulus, the 
 Sons of Mariamne. — Herod ruled from his confirmation 
 on his throne by Augustus until his death, a period of 
 nearly thirty years, undisturbed by a single war, for the 
 occasional hostilities with the robbers of Trachonitis and 
 the Arab chiefs that supported them scarcely deserve the 
 name of warfare. But his prosperity as a sovereign is 
 strangely contrasted with the long series of domestic trage- 
 dies that mark the latter years of his life. The details 
 of this complicated tissue of crimes and intrigues will be 
 found in the pages of Josephus, but the following is a 
 summary of the events : Herod, though not wanting in 
 natural affection for his children, was still more jealous 
 of the maintenance of his authority as monarch, and 
 when the latter was threatened his ungovernable passions 
 quickly overcame the dictates of Nature and justice. By 
 Mariamne he had two sons, Alexander and Aristobulus, 
 whom he sent to be educated for three years at Rome 
 under the immedate inspection of Augustus, and at the 
 expiration of that time he himself brought them back to 
 Judsea. The return of the young men diffused general 
 satisfaction, but aroused the fears of Salome and of all 
 those who had participated in the condemnation of their 
 mother Mariamne. The latter party accordingly spread 
 reports that the young men disliked their father, and only 
 regarded him as the murderer of their mother ; and at 
 length Herod was informed by his sister Salome and 
 brother Pheroras of the pretended revengeful temper of 
 the sons of Mariamne. Herod was exceedingly afflicted 
 at the intelligence. He had a son, Antipater, by his first 
 
B. c. 37-4. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 327 
 
 wife, Doris, born before he ascended the throne, and he 
 now sent for Antipater to court, and hoped by taking him 
 into favor to repress the rebellious spirit of Alexander 
 and Aristobulus. Antipater followed the policy which 
 his aunt and uncle had commenced, and did his utmost 
 to irritate Herod against the sons of Mariamne. Being 
 subsequently sent to Rome, he wrote frequent letters from 
 thence to exasperate the king and awaken his fears, and 
 at length Herod carried the two brothers to Rome to 
 accuse them before Csesar. Augustus heard the charge, 
 but the eloquence of Alexander moved the compassion of 
 the emperor, and by the advice of the latter a reconcilia- 
 tion was effected. Herod and his three sons then re- 
 turned home together, but Salome and Antipater were 
 soon enabled to persuade the king that Alexander and 
 Aristobulus were plotting against him, and he sought and 
 obtained permission to accuse them before a Roman coun- 
 cil at Berytus. The Roman governors of Syria, the mem- 
 bers of Herod's family, and one hundred and fifty of the 
 chief persons of Syria now assembled together, and Herod 
 appeared before them and accused his two sons with all 
 the vehemence of a bitter enemy. The two young men, 
 however, could only be proved guilty of uttering some 
 reproachful speeches, and not of any malice or conspiracy 
 against their father. Part of the assembly confirmed to 
 Herod the power of life and death over his sons, but did 
 not consider that their crimes deserved a capital punish- 
 ment ; but the majority decreed that the princes deserved 
 to die ; and, though Herod did not immediately act upon 
 this decision, yet learning shortly afterward of the interest 
 taken by the people in the fate of the criminals, he became 
 satisfied of their guilt and ordered them to be executed. 
 
 86. Conspiracy and Trial of Antipater, — An- 
 tipater was now afraid lest Herod should discover his par- 
 ticipation in the destruction of the sons of Mariamne, 
 and accordingly plotted with Pheroras, the brother of 
 Herod, to despatch the king by poison. Antipater then 
 removed to Rome, that he might not be suspected of 
 taking a part in the murder, but meantime Pheroras fell 
 sick and died, and Herod, being informed that the latter 
 had been poisoned by his wife, set on foot the most strict 
 investigation, and at length discovered the plot against 
 
328 CONNECTION BETWEEN THE b. c. 37-4. 
 
 himself. Antipater returned without suspecting any dan- 
 ger, but on reaching Sebaste was seized and brought be- 
 fore the council. His guilt was distinctly proved, and he 
 was condemned and throAvn into prison, and an embassy 
 was despatched to Csesar to request his final decision in 
 the matter. 
 
 87. Golden Eagle pulled down at Jerusalem. — 
 Whilst the embassy was at Rome, Herod was attacked 
 ^y a violent and painful disease. Judas and Matthias, 
 who were the chief among the teachers of the law, be- 
 lieved that he could never recover, and induced the people 
 to throw down the golden eagle which Herod had erected 
 over the temple contrary to the laws and customs of the 
 Jewish nation. The conspirators were seized, and though 
 Herod was so ill that he could not sit up, yet he assembled 
 his council, who recommended the punishment of the 
 ringleaders, and Herod ordered them to be burned. 
 
 88. Herod's Sickness and Cruelty, — Herod's disease 
 soon increased in violence. The lower parts of his body 
 ulcerated, and he was frequently thrown into strong con- 
 vulsions. He tried the warm baths of Callirrhoe, but 
 without deriving any benefit, and his torments, instead 
 of moving him to repentance, incited him to fresh cruel- 
 ties. 
 
 89. Shuts up the Principal Jews in the Hippo- 
 drome ; Execution of Antipater. — Maddened by his 
 agony, Herod shut up the principal Jews in the hippo- 
 drome at Jericho, and gave orders that they should be 
 put to death immediately after his own decease, that 
 mourners might not be wanting at his funeral.* At 
 length the embassy returned from Rome, bringing Csesar's 
 permission either for the exile or execution of Antipater. 
 Though revived for a moment by the news, Herod was 
 soon again distracted by his torments, and endeavored to 
 commit suicide. An alarm spread through the palace 
 and reached the ears of Antipater, who then tried to 
 bribe his jailer to permit his escape, but the man com- 
 municated the proposal to Herod, and Antipater was 
 immediately put to death. 
 
 * It must also have been about this time that Ilerod gave orders for 
 the murder of the infants, as recorded in St. Matthew's Gospel, ii. 16-18. 
 
B. c. 37-4. OLD AND NEW TESTAMENTS. 329 
 
 90. Death of Herod ; his Will.— On the fifth day 
 after the execution, Herod died, having reigned thirty- 
 four years from the death of Antigonus and thirty-seven 
 years from the time of receiving the kingdom from the 
 Roman Triumvirate. By his will he gave the kingdom 
 of Judaea to Archelaus ; the tetrarchy of Galilee and 
 Per^ea, in its more limited sense (sect. 79, note), to An- 
 tipas; Itursea, Gaulonitis, Trachonitis, and Batanea to 
 Philip; and a large sum of money, with the cities of 
 Jamnia, Azotus, and Phasaelis, to his sister Salome ; be- 
 sides handsome estates and money to each of his relations 
 and legacies to the emperor Augustus and his wife Julia. 
 This will was read aloud to the soldiers amidst loud ac- 
 clamations, and Archelaus was proclaimed king, whilst 
 the Jewish chiefs were released from their previous con- 
 finement in the hippodrome. 
 
 91. Cliaracter of Herod. — The character of Herod 
 has been well summed up by Josephus. He was univer- 
 sally cruel and of an ungovernable anger, but, though 
 he trampled justice under foot, he was always a favorite 
 of fortune. From a private station he rose to the throne, 
 escaped a thousand dangers, and prolonged his life to the 
 full boundary of old age. In his own family he appeared 
 most miserable, but in himself most prosperous, for there 
 was not one of his enemies whom he did not overcome. 
 
 92. We have thus brought the Old Testament History, 
 a period of probation and preparation, to its natural close. 
 In the last year or two of the reign of Herod the Fore- 
 runner appeared and Christ was born. The fulfilment 
 of the Law and the Prophets in the person of the Mes- 
 siah, and the history of the Jewish nation from the death 
 of Herod to the destruction of Jerusalem, are included 
 in the New Testament period, to which the author has 
 devoted a separate volume. 
 
 28* 
 
330 JEWISH SECTS. 
 
 JEWISH SECTS. 
 
 93. Classification, — Several religious sects appear to 
 have sprung up amongst the Jews during the government 
 of the Asamonean princes, of which the principal were 
 the Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes. To these may 
 be added the Scribes, Herodians, Samaritans, Gali- 
 leans, and Sic aril 
 
 94. I. The Pharisees, originated about B. C. 135. 
 — From pharash, "separated" or "set apart." These 
 were the most numerous and distinguished sect amongst 
 the Jews, and were instituted in the reign of John Hyr- 
 canus (p. 310), b. c. 135, though they are supposed to 
 have first appeared soon after the institution of the Sad- 
 ducees, b. c. 250. 
 
 95. Tenets. — The Pharisees held the following tenets : 
 1. The existence of angels and spirits; 2. The resurrec- 
 tion of the dead ; 3. Pre-existence and transmigration 
 of souls ; and, 4. The eternal happiness of the Jews in 
 the terrestrial kingdom of the Messiah, which they de- 
 rived from the merits of Abraham, their practice of cir- 
 cumcision, their offering of sacrifices, and their know- 
 ledge of God. 
 
 96. Practices. — I. The Pharisees were most Strict 
 in their Manners. They offered up long prayers in 
 public places, sanctimoniously repaired the sepulchres of 
 the prophets, considered themselves defiled by the com- 
 pany of sinners, and compassed sea and land to make 
 Jewish proselytes of the Gentiles. 
 
 II. The Pharisees interpreted Certain of the 
 Mosaic Laws most literally. They considered the 
 laws of retaliation and divorce, which Moses had toler- 
 ated, to be morally right ; that an oath was not binding 
 unless the name of God was specified in it ; and that it 
 was unlawful to pluck ears of corn or heal the sick on 
 the Sabbath. 
 
 III. The Pharisees reverently Observed the 
 Traditions or Decrees of the Elders. They punc- 
 tiliously paid tithes in temple-offerings, even of the most 
 
JEWISH SECTS. 331 
 
 trifling tiling ; wore broad phylacteries and large fringes 
 to their garments ; fasted twice a week with great auster- 
 ity ; purified cups, vessels, and couches after meals ; and 
 washed their hands up to the wrists both before and after 
 meat. 
 
 97. II. Sadducees, originated about B. C. 250. — 
 Derived their name from Sadok, pupil of Antigonus So- 
 chseus, president of the Sanhedrim, b. c. 250 (sect. 11). 
 Sochseus taught that man ought to serve God disinter- 
 estedly, and not from fear of punishment or hope of re- 
 ward. Sadok, his pupil, inferred from this that there 
 was no future state of rewards or punishments. The 
 Sadducees, or followers of Sadok, were inconsiderable 
 in point of numbers, but of the first distinction and 
 eminence. 
 
 98. Tenets. — The Sadducees believed — 1. That there 
 was no resurrection, neither angel nor spirit ; 2. That 
 there was no fate or overruling Providence ; 3. That no 
 faith was to be placed in the traditions, but that the let- 
 ter of Scripture was to be adhered to only, and the five 
 books of Moses to be preferred. 
 
 99. III. Essenes, originated about H. C. 110. — 
 These are not mentioned in the New Testament, though 
 they are supposed to be alluded to in Matt. xix. 12 ; Col. 
 ii. 18, 23. They were divided into two classes — viz. 1. 
 The Practical Essenes, who lived in society, and even 
 married, though with much circumspection ; 2. The Con- 
 templative Essenes, also called Therapeutse, or Physicians, 
 because they cured the diseases of the soul. These devoted 
 themselves to a life of celibacy and meditation. 
 
 100. Tenets. — Both classes of Essenes were exceedingly 
 abstemious, exemplary in their moral deportment, averse 
 to profane swearing, and rigid in the observance of the 
 Sabbath. They believed — 1. That the soul was immortal, 
 though there was no resurrection of the body ; 2. That 
 there was a state of future rewards and punishments ; 
 and, 3. That everything was ordered by an eternal 
 fatality or chain of causes. 
 
 101. Scribes and Lawyers, — These generally be- 
 longed to the sect of Pharisees, and took their names 
 from their employment, which at first was transcribing 
 the Law, but they subsequently became public teachers 
 
332 THE FOURTEEN APOCRYPHAL BOOKS. 
 
 of it, and were consulted in all difficult points of doctrine 
 or duty. Lawyers and Scribes appear to be synonymous 
 terms, but Macknight conjectures the Scribes to have 
 been the public expounders of the Law, whilst the 
 Lawyers studied it in private. 
 
 102. Herodians, Samaritans, Galilamns, and Si- 
 carii. — Several other sects are alluded to in Scripture, of 
 whom may be mentioned the following: I. The Hero- 
 dians, who were a political faction rather than a religious 
 sect, and derived their name from Herod the Great, to 
 whose family they were strongly attached. They were 
 distinguished by their concurring in Herod's plan of sub- 
 jecting himself and the country to the Romans, and in his 
 heathen practices. II. The Samaritans, of whom full 
 mention is made in sect. 507. III. Galileans and 
 Zealots, who were followers of that Judas the Gali- 
 lsean who persuaded the people to refuse to pay tribute 
 to Rome, because it was due to God alone. Acts v. 37. 
 IV. The Sicarii, or Assassins. Acts xxi. 38. 
 
 THE 
 
 FOURTEEN APOCRYPHAL BOOKS. 
 
 103. 1 Esdras, or Ezra, — This is only extant in 
 Greek. It contains an account of the celebration of the 
 passover in the reign of Josiah ; the story of the three 
 competitors for the favor of Darius ; and the history of 
 the return of the Jews from their Babylonian captivity, 
 the building of the temple, and re-establishment of divine 
 worship. It is full of improbabilities and contradictions, 
 defies the Scripture narrative and all chronological order, 
 but contains nothing exceptionable in doctrine or precept. 
 
 104. 2 Esdras. — This is only extant in Latin, and 
 its author is unknown. It contains a series of pretended 
 revelations and predictions concerning the restoration of 
 Jerusalem, character of the Messiah, etc., and abounds 
 with absurd rabbinical tales and fables. 
 
THE FOURTEEN APOCRYPHAL BOOKS. 333 
 
 105. Tobit. — Professes to relate the history of Tobit 
 and his family, who were carried into captivity to Nine- 
 veh by Shalmaneser (sect. 505) ; it contains, however, so 
 many rabbinical fables and allusions to Babylonian de- 
 monology that it has been looked upon as an amusing 
 fiction inculcating pious and moral lessons. 
 
 106. Judith. — Originally written in Chaldee and trans- 
 lated into Latin. It professes to relate the defeat of the 
 Assyrians through the instrumentality of Judith, who 
 beheaded their general Holofernes, but in consequence 
 of its numerous geographical, historical, and chrono- 
 logical difficulties it has been considered rather as a 
 drama or parable. 
 
 107. Rest of the Chapters of the Booh of Esther — 
 These are seven in number, and were written by some Hel- 
 lenistic Jew. Both Jerome and Grotius consider them to 
 be pure fiction. 
 
 108. Wisdom of Solomon. — Commonly ascribed to 
 Solomon, though the style is not like him, and it was 
 never extant in Hebrew. It contains — first, an enco- 
 mium on Wisdom, and then a series of reflections on 
 the early history of the Jews and their subsequent 
 proneness to idolatry. 
 
 109. Ecclesiastics s, or Wisdom of Jesus the Son of 
 Siraeh. — This book has been ascribed to Solomon, but 
 the style and other internal evidence disprove the sup- 
 position. It was written in Hebrew — or rather in Syro- 
 Chaldee — by Jesus son of Siraeh, who appears to have 
 travelled in pursuit of knowledge, and, being thoroughly 
 versed in the Scriptures, had blended many things from 
 the prophets with the sentences ascribed to Solomon and 
 the result of his own observation. This was subsequent- 
 ly translated into Greek for the use of the Alexandrian 
 .Jews by his grandson, who seems to have been also 
 named Jesus, and to have been the son of another Si- 
 rach. The book has been held in general and deserved 
 esteem by the Western Church, and was introduced into 
 the public service by the venerable Reformers and com- 
 pilers of the English Liturgy. 
 
 110. Book of JBaruch. — The author and original lan- 
 guage of this book are uncertain, and it is only extant in 
 Greek and Syriac. The principal subject of the book is 
 
334 THE FOURTEEN APOCRYPHAL BOOKS. 
 
 an epistle pretended to be sent by Jehoiakim and the 
 captive Jews in Babylon to their brethren in Judah 
 and Jerusalem. 
 
 111. Song of the Three Children. — This does not 
 appear to have been ever extant in Hebrew, and though 
 it has always been admired for the piety of its sentiments, 
 yet it was never admitted to be canonical until recognized 
 by the Council of Trent. 
 
 112. History of Susanna. — This is evidently the 
 work of some Hellenistic Jew, and is considered by 
 some modern critics to be both spurious and fabulous. 
 
 113. Bel and the Dragon. — This is not extant either 
 in Hebrew or Chaldee, and was always rejected by the 
 Jewish Church, and, indeed, obtained little credit until 
 admitted to be canonical by the Council of Trent. The 
 author designed to make idolatry ridiculous, but he trans- 
 ported to Babylon the worship of animals, which was 
 never practised there. 
 
 114. Prayer of Manasses. — Said to have been com- 
 posed by that monarch during his captivity, but, though 
 not unworthy of the occasion, it has been rejected as spu- 
 rious even by the Church of Rome. 
 
 115. 1 and 2 Maccabees. — These books are so 
 called because they relate the patriotic and gallant ex- 
 ploits of Judas Maccabseus and his brethren, and are 
 both admitted to be canonical by the Romish Church. 
 
 116. Book I. relates the history of the Jews from the 
 beginning of the reign of Antiochus Epiphanes to the 
 death of Simon, and it was probably written in the reign 
 of John Hyrcanus, either by himself or under his super- 
 intendence. It is a most valuable historical monument. 
 
 117. Book II. is very inferior to Book I., and is a com- 
 pilation from various histories by an unknown author, and 
 must therefore be read with caution. It contains the his- 
 tory of about fifteen years — viz. from the sending of Ile- 
 liodorus by Seleucus to plunder the temple to the defeat 
 of Nicanor by Judas Maccabseus. 
 
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS, 
 
 INCLUDING THB 
 
 CAMBRIDGE EXAMINATION-PAPERS IN OLD TESTAMENT HISTORY 
 FOR VARIOUS YEARS, IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER. 
 
 [The figures at the end of each Question refer to the sections, or pages where marked p., where 
 the Answer may be found.] 
 
 ^iiVE the derivation of the word Pentateuch (p. 35). 
 
 Give the derivation of Genesis (p. 35). 
 
 How many years does the history of this book occupy? (p. 35.) 
 
 What are the principal events recorded in Genesis? (p. 35.) 
 
 State in order the work of each of the six days occupied by God 
 in the creation. Sect. 1. 
 
 What were the words of God immediately before creating 
 man? 2. 
 
 Explain these words, and say how far they lead us to imagine a 
 plurality of Persons to have been engaged in the creation of the 
 world. 2. 
 
 What blessing did God pronounce on man after his creation? 3. 
 
 By what rivers was the garden of Eden watered ? 4. 
 
 Of what were the ordinances of the Sabbath and of marriage 
 typical ? 4, note. 
 
 Relate the circumstances connected with the fall of our first 
 parents. 5. 
 
 What curse did God pronounce on the serpent? 5. 
 
 Can you trace here the promise of a Redeemer ? 6. 
 
 Describe the events connected with the murder of Abel. 7. 
 
 Give the names of the heads of families mentioned as the pos- 
 terity of Cain. 8. 
 
 To whom is the invention of musical instruments ascribed? 8. 
 
 State the posterity of Adam through Seth. 9. 
 
 Who w;is the father of Enoch? 9. 
 
 What was his end? 9. 
 
 What is said of Enoch in the Old and New Testament? 9. 
 
 For what is Methuselah noted? 9. 
 
 What circumstances led to the building of the ark? 10. 
 
 Of whom was Noah the son? 9. 
 
 From which of Adam's sons was he descended? 9. 
 
 Who was the father of the Canaanitea? 15. 
 
 Give the date of the Deluge. 11. 
 
 How long did Noah live after it? 12. 
 
 What allusion is made to Noah in St. Peter's Epistles? 10. 
 
 What curse w;is pronounced by Noah on Ham, and what bless 
 ing on Shem and Japheth respectively? and on what occasion? 12. 
 
336 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 
 
 What is the meaning of the promise given to Japheth, "he shall 
 dwell in the tents of Sliem " ? 14. 
 
 From which of the three were the Jews descended ? 16. 
 
 What other parts of the globe were peopled by his posterity? 
 
 What portions of the world were peopled by the descendants of 
 Japheth, and what by those of Ham? 14-16. 
 
 What blessing or promise did God make to Noah after the Flood, 
 and by what token was the promise confirmed ? 11. 
 
 Of what is Noah's ark a type or figure? 79. 
 
 " Whoso sheddeth man's blood, by man shall his blood be shed." 
 On what occasion were these words first pronounced? 11. 
 
 When was man forbidden to eat flesh ? and under what restric- 
 tion ? 11. 
 
 Where was the tower of Babel built? 17. 
 
 What does the name signify ? 17. 
 
 What were the objects for which the tower of Babel was built? 
 17. 
 
 Wherein did the sin of those engaged in building it consist ? 17. 
 
 How was that sin visited ? 17. 
 
 Relate the circumstances which led to the confusion of tongues 
 at Babel. 17. 
 
 What city was afterward built upon or near the site of Babel ? 
 17. 
 
 What promises did God make to Abraham? and on what occa- 
 sions were they renewed? 20, 21, 26, 28, 29. 
 
 Name the generations from Noah to Abram. 18. 
 
 Give the probable date of the birth of Abram. 19. 
 
 How many children had Haran ? and who were they? 19. 
 
 What was the religion of Abraham's father, and probably his 
 own ? 20. 
 
 Was Abraham always called " father of the faithful " ? 42. 
 
 What rite did God ordain at this time? 29. 
 
 What was the distinguishing feature of Abraham's character? 
 42. 
 
 Illustrate it by incidents of his life. 20, 36. 
 
 What command did Abram receive from God at Ur? 20. 
 
 What peculiar appellations did the patriarch Abraham receive? 
 28. 
 
 What were the three distinct acts of great faith for which he 
 became so eminently distinguished? 42. 
 
 To which of these in particular is reference made when it is said 
 that "his faith was imputed to him for righteousness"? 42. 
 
 What was the native place of Abraham ? 20, note. 
 
 State where Abraham was living before his call, the relationship 
 between him and Lot, and the date of his call. 20. 
 
 When was his name changed from "Abram" to "Abraham," 
 and what is the signification of the latter? 29. 
 
 Why is he called the " father of the faithful " ? 28. 
 
 Who was Melchizedek? 24. 
 
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 337 
 
 How is he described in the Epistle to the Hebrews? 25. 
 Where, and on what occasion, did Abraham meet with him? 24. 
 
 State what is recorded to have taken place during the inter- 
 view. 24. 
 
 Which is the first mention of tithes? 24. 
 
 Give an account of the subsequent movements of Abraham. 32. 
 
 By what different races was Canaan at this time peopled? 23. 
 
 For how long a time did God say that his seed should be afflict- 
 ed? 26. 
 
 At what time must this affliction have commenced, according to 
 chronology? 26. 
 
 Show how the promises made to him were fulfilled. 28. 
 
 Who was the child of promise? 28. 
 
 How may Isaac be called a type of Christ? 36, note. 
 
 What is the meaning of a type? 78. 
 
 State the different particulars which we gather from Scripture of 
 the history of Lot. 20, 22, 24, 31. 
 
 What is the earliest account given of making wine? 12. 
 
 The earliest mention of money? 32. 
 
 State the circumstances attending the birth of Ishmael. 27. 
 
 "And he will be a wild man; his hand will he against every 
 man, and every man's hand against him." Of whom was this 
 said? 27. 
 
 How has the prediction been fulfilled ? 34. 
 
 What circumstances are connected with the destruction of Sod- 
 om ? 31. 
 
 Why was Ishmael cast forth from Abraham's family? 34. 
 
 What remarkable deliverance did he experience immediately 
 after his ejection ? 34. 
 
 What nation descended from him? 34. 
 
 When did Sarah die? and where was she buried? 37. 
 
 Relate the circumstances attendant on the marriage of Isaac. 38. 
 
 Who was Abraham's second wife? and what nation was descend- 
 ed from one of his sons by her? 39. 
 
 What is the meaning of the word "Jacob"? 40. 
 
 Jn what year did Abraham die? and where was he buried? 41. 
 
 Relate the deception practised by Jacob upon his father Isaac. 46. 
 
 What were the consequences to which it led, and under what 
 circumstances did the brothers, Esau and Jacob, meet alter their 
 separation ? 47, 53, 55. 
 
 Give a brief sketch of the life of Isaac. (See Index, Isaac, 33, 
 36, 38, 40, 46.) 
 
 Who was his mother? 30, 33. 
 
 in what way was Jacob deceived by his sons? 61. 
 
 Give an account of the life of Esau. Who were his posterity? 
 40, 43, 45, 46, 48. 
 
 Relate the circumstances of Jacob's vision at Bethel. 47. 
 
 What was his vow ? 47. 
 
 What did God afterward say to Jacob at Bethel? 57. 
 
 Explain the meaning of the term " Israel." 54. 
 29 W 
 
338 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 
 
 Where and how did Jacob obtain that name? 54. 
 
 "What was the occasion of his fear and distress at the time? 53. 
 
 How was his prayer answered? 55. 
 
 Give a brief account of the history of Jacob. (See Index, Jacob.) 
 
 Give the names of the family of Jacob by his two wives. 50. 
 
 What prediction did he utter on his deathbed respecting Levi? 
 and how was it fulfilled ? 72. 
 
 What were his prophecies with reference to his other children ? 
 72. 
 
 Show briefly how these prophecies were fulfilled. 73. 
 
 At what age did he die? and where was he buried? 74. 
 
 What were the circumstances under which Joseph was sold into 
 Egvpt? and by what steps did he attain to the office which he ulti- 
 mately held? 61, 64, 65. 
 
 Kelate the dreams of Pharaoh which led to Joseph's release 
 from prison. 65. 
 
 How did Joseph interpret these dreams ? and what was his con- 
 sequent promotion? 65, 66. 
 
 Relate the principal events in the life of Joseph. (See Index, 
 Joseph.) 
 
 How is Joseph a type of Christ? 77. 
 
 What first led to the establishment of the Israelites in Egypt? 69. 
 
 What proportion of the produce of land in Egypt in the time of 
 Joseph was the king entitled to? 65. 
 
 By whom was the law fixing the proportion first established ? 65. 
 
 Sum up the typical intimations and prophecies of a Saviour to be 
 found in the book of Genesis. 79. 
 
 What is the meaning of the word " Exodus " ? p. 68. 
 
 State the circumstances attendant on the birth of Moses and his 
 preservation. 81, 82. 
 
 What is the meaning of his name? 82. 
 
 Kelate the circumstances of his flight into Midian and of his 
 call by God at Horeb. 83, 84. 
 
 By what name did God make himself known to him? 84. 
 
 Where did he meet with Aaron ? 85. 
 
 How did Pharaoh entertain their demand? 86. 
 
 What length of time were the Israelites in Egypt? 100. 
 
 Give a brief account of their condition during the closing years 
 of their residence there. 81. 
 
 By what signs was he ordered to convince the Israelites that he 
 was sent by God. 85. 
 
 Name the plagues of Egypt. 88-96, 98. 
 
 What institution commemorated the last of them ? 99. 
 
 What were the circumstances of the institution of the feast of 
 the passover? 97. 
 
 Was it known by any other name ? 99. 
 
 What answers to it under the Christian dispensation ? 196. 
 
 What persons were excluded from the observance of it? 97. 
 
 Give a brief account of the ceremonies to be observed in the 
 celebration of it. 97. 
 
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 339 
 
 Of what was the paschal lamb a type? 152. 
 
 In what year did the Israelites leave Egypt? 100. 
 
 How were they led, and where did they encamp? 100. 
 
 How was the passage of the Red Sea effected? 101. 
 
 What was the fate of their enemies? 101. 
 
 Trace their wanderings to Sin. 102. 
 
 By what means were the children of Israel fed during their 
 travels in the barren wilderness? 102. 
 
 And what peculiarity attended the supply of their food? 103. 
 
 "What is the meaning of the word "manna" ? 103. 
 
 What circumstances occurred in their journey to Rephidim ? 
 104. 
 
 With what enemy was Joshua here engaged ? and what was the 
 result of the battle? 105. 
 
 By whom was Moses visited ? and what measures did he adopt 
 in consequence of the advice given him? 106. 
 
 Where did the Israelites encamp in the third month of the 
 Exodus? 107. 
 
 Enumerate the different miracles which were wrought on behalf 
 of the children of Israel from the time of their departure from 
 Egypt until they came into the wilderness of Sinai, and show what 
 some of those miracles typified. 101, 102, 104, 152. 
 
 State the circumstances attending the promulgation of the moral, 
 civil, and ceremonial law. 108, 109. 
 
 During the absence of Moses what crime did the Israelites com- 
 mit? 110. 
 
 What were the consequences of their idolatry ? 110. 
 
 What circumstances attended Moses' second abode on Mount 
 Sinai? 111. 
 
 What building was afterward raised ? and who were consecrated 
 priests? 111. 
 
 In what commandments and precepts were the Jews warned 
 against false prophets, divination, etc.? 112. 
 
 When is the Sabbath first mentioned in the history of the chil- 
 dren of Israel? 114. 
 
 Is it then spoken of as a new appointment for the first time 
 made, or as an institution already existing? 114. 
 
 When was it first instituted? 1. 
 
 How does the reason assigned in the fourth commandment for 
 its observation show its universal obligation? 114. 
 
 What was the object of the cities of refuge? 116. 
 
 How many of them were there? 116. 
 
 Under what limitations were they available? 116. 
 
 What law of sale existed among the Jews? 126. 
 
 What were the laws of usury? of pledges? of heirship? 127, 
 128. 
 
 Mention some of the miscellaneous precepts regarding covetous- 
 ncss. 1:50. 
 
 What was the law respecting slavery? 132. 
 
 What was the Condition of the slavts? 132. 
 
340 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 
 
 From what funds was the tabernacle built? 139. 
 
 Give a description of its external form. 139. 
 
 What was the Holy of Holies? 140. 
 
 Who was privileged to enter into it? and when? 153. 
 
 What were the contents of the ark of the covenant? 144. 
 
 What was the ark of the covenant ? 144. 
 
 Where was it placed? 144. 
 
 What was its fate at different periods? and where was it ulti- 
 mately deposited? 144, note. 
 
 Where was the altar of incense placed ? 141. 
 
 What other furniture had the Most Holy Place besides the ark ? 
 145, 146. 
 
 What was the Shechinah ? 147. 
 
 Describe the court of the tabernacle. 148. 
 
 What was its furniture? 149, 150. 
 
 When was the tabernacle completed? 151. 
 
 W T hat tvpical intimations do you find of the Messiah in Exodus? 
 152. 
 
 What is the meaning of the word " Leviticus " ? p. 95. 
 
 To what family amongst the Israelites was the priesthood appro- 
 priated? 154. 
 
 Into how many classes were the priests divided? and by whom? 
 156, note. 
 
 Who and what were the Nazarites? 201. 
 
 Describe the sacerdotal orders. 153. 
 
 What provision Avas made for the tribe of Levi ? 164. 
 
 What were the office and the robes of the high priest? 157. 
 
 What was his typical character? 158. 
 
 What were the duties and the livelihood of the Levites? 164. 
 
 Who were the Nethinim ? 165. 
 
 How were the Jewish offerings classified? 167. 
 
 What species of animals might be sacrificed? and how were the 
 victims selected? 168. 
 
 What were the burnt-offerings? 169. 
 
 What were the peace-offerings? 170. 
 
 What were the sin-offerings ? 171. 
 
 What was the sin-offering for the priest? 172. 
 
 What other distinctions of persons were there with reference to 
 this offering? 173-175. 
 
 What w;is the trespass-offering? 176. 
 
 What was the typical character of the Levitical sacrifices? 
 177. 
 
 How many kinds of oblations were there ? 178-180. 
 
 What were the ordinary oblations? 178. 
 
 What were the free oblations? 179. 
 
 What were the prescribed oblations? 180. 
 
 What was the law regarding first-fruits and firstlings? 181, 182. 
 
 What were the regulations with regard to tithes? 183. 
 
 What were the meat- and drink-offerings? 184, 185. 
 
 How many kinds of national sacrifices were there? 186. 
 
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 341 
 
 Give a classification of the annual festivals instituted by Moses. 
 187. 
 
 What were the three principal feasts ? and what was the design 
 of the institution of each of them ? 188-190. 
 
 What was their typical meaning? 196. 
 
 What was the reason of the feast of Pentecost ? and when did it 
 take place? 189. 
 
 By what other names was it designated? 189. 
 
 W T ith what event in subsequent times do we find it connected ? 
 189. 
 
 To what festival does it correspond in the Church of England? 
 189. 
 
 How many times in the year were the males of the children of 
 Israel bound to appear before the Lord? and on what occasions? 
 187. 
 
 What was the sabbatical year? 194. 
 
 Give a short account of the sabbatical year and of the year of 
 jubilee. 194, 195. 
 
 What was the latter a type of ? 196. 
 
 What was the scape-goat? 192. 
 
 Describe the ceremonies connected with it. 192. 
 
 On what day did they take place? 192. 
 
 What other circumstances were peculiar to this day? 192. 
 
 What was its typical meaning ? 196. 
 
 Sum up the typical intimations generally of the Messiah to be 
 found in these festivals. 196. 
 
 Classify the vows prevalent among the Jews. 199. 
 
 How many kinds of Nazarites were there? 201. 
 
 To which class did John the Baptist belong? 201. 
 
 What was the Cherem ? 202. 
 
 How many kinds of purification were there? 203. 
 
 What were the laws with reference to leprosy? 207. 
 
 What typical intimations besides those already referred to do we 
 find in Leviticus? 169, note. 
 
 Why is the book of Numbers so styled ? p. 120. 
 
 How long did the children of Israel tarry at Mount Sinai? 215. 
 
 What detained them there? 215. 
 
 What sign was given for their departure? 216. 
 
 What was the direction of their course from thence as far as 
 Kadesh? 217,218, 220, 221. 
 
 When did they begin to wander in the wilderness? and what 
 was the cause of their wandering? 222. 
 
 Where did Kadesh-barnea lie? 221. 
 
 What miracle was performed there for the children of Israel ? 
 225. 
 
 Where had a similar miracle been wrought for them before? 10 1. 
 
 What sin did Moses commit in connection with the miracle of 
 Kadesh? 225. 
 
 And how was he visited for it? 225. 
 
 What were the names of the two faithful spies? 222. 
 2<J * 
 
342 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 
 
 How did Caleb and Joshua first distinguish themselves? 222. 
 
 Where were the bones of Joseph finally deposited? 267. 
 
 Give the history of the rebellion of Korah, Dathan, and Abirarn. 
 223. 
 
 What was the result of it ? 223. 
 
 Explain the allusion of St. Jude. 223. 
 
 What is meant by " Aaron's rod that budded " ? Give an account 
 of the rebellion Avhich preceded this miracle. 224. 
 
 Who died at Kadesh? 225. 
 
 Why were the Israelites compelled to take a circuitous route on 
 leaving Kadesh ? 226. 
 
 When did Aaron die? and who succeeded him in the priest- 
 hood? 226. 
 
 In what contest were the Israelites now engaged ? and with what 
 success? 227. 
 
 What course did they take from Hor? 228. 
 
 For what crime were they punished during their journey? and 
 what was the mode of punishment? 228. 
 
 How were they relieved ? 228. 
 
 Of what was the lifting up of the serpent typical ? 238. 
 
 What afterward became of it? 228. 
 
 What reception did the Israelites meet with from Sihon and Og ? 
 229. 
 
 What was the result? 229. 
 
 What portion of the country now fell into the hands of the Israel- 
 ites? 229. 
 
 Give a brief account of Balaam's interview with the king of 
 Moab. 230. 
 
 What advice did he give Balak when not allowed to curse Israel ? 
 230. 
 
 What was his end? 232. 
 
 Quote his prophecy of the Star of Jacob. 230. 
 
 Reconcile his being the son of Bosor. 232, note. 
 
 By what rivers were the Israelites now separated from Canaan? 
 233. 
 
 On the review of the whole of the Israelites, who only were found 
 belonging to the old generation? 233. 
 
 Compare this with the former census. 234. 
 
 Which of the tribes of Israel received their inheritance on the 
 east side of Jordan ? 235. 
 
 On what conditions were they allowed to do so? 235. 
 
 To what unknown book is allusion made in Numbers? and what 
 different opinions are entertained with regard to it? 237. 
 
 What typical and prophetical intimations of the Messiah can 
 you find in Numbers? 238. 
 
 What is the meaning of the word "Deuteronomy"? p. 130. 
 
 Relate the events connected with the death of Moses. 239. 
 
 How long were the Israelites in the wilderness? and from what 
 point did Moses see the Promised Land ? 239. 
 
 At what age did he die ? 239. 
 
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 343 
 
 Of whom was he the son ? 240. 
 
 What relation was he to Aaron ? 85. 
 
 What part of the Pentateuch was probably not written by him ? 
 242. 
 
 Give a brief review of his life and character. 240. 
 
 What prophecies with reference to the Messiah do you find in 
 Deuteronomy? 241. 
 
 Where in the New Testament do you find one of these prophecies 
 especially applied? 241. 
 
 What number of years does the book of Joshua occupy? p. 136. 
 
 What circumstances are here related relative to the previous life 
 of Joshua? 252. 
 
 Give a summary of the contents of the book of Joshua, p. 136. 
 
 Give an account in detail of the conquest of Palestine bv Joshua. 
 253, 254, 256-261. 
 
 Who concealed the spies sent by Joshua? where were they hid- 
 den ? and by what token was the house to be known when the city 
 was taken ? 253. 
 
 Through what river, and opposite to what city, did the Israelites 
 enter Canaan ? 254. 
 
 Describe the passage of the Israelites over Jordan. 254. 
 
 By what means was Jericho taken ? 255. 
 
 What was the name of Jerusalem before its occupation by the 
 Israelites? 326. 
 
 Where was Gilgal ? 254. 
 
 Give an account of the twelve stones set up there. 254. 
 
 By what device did the Gibeonites save themselves from destruc- 
 tion ? 258. 
 
 What conditions were imposed upon them by Joshua? 258. 
 
 By whom were their rigiits afterward invaded? 259. 
 
 How far did the Promised Land extend to the north and to the 
 south ? lufrod. 23. 
 
 To what limits in these directions did the Jews under the Judges 
 gain possession of it? Introd.23, 
 
 What remnants of the old inhabitants were left to dwell within 
 those limits? 261. 
 
 How did these remnants afterward affect the children of Israel ? 
 271. 
 
 How does Joshua confirm his own account of the miracles at 
 Gibeon? 259, note. 
 
 Where was the tabernacle constructed ? 215. 
 
 Where was it first set up in the Land of Promise? 144, note. 
 
 What was the supposed age of Joshua at his death? What 
 other celebrated men died about the same time? and where were 
 they each buried ? 267. 
 
 What is known of the "hook of .lasher"? 269. 
 
 By whom is the book of Judges supposed to be written? p. 145. 
 
 What period of time is included in it? p. 145. 
 
 In what way have its chronological difficulties been explained? 
 p. 145. 
 
344 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 
 
 What was the number of the judges? 15. 
 
 Mention some of the most remarkable of them. 15. 
 
 When was the office abolished ? 303. 
 
 What steps were taken to follow up the conquest of Canaan after 
 the death of Joshua ? 270. 
 
 What circumstances occasioned a relapse of the Israelites into 
 idolatry? 270, 271. 
 
 What idols did they now worship? 271. 
 
 State the circumstances attending the idolatry of Micah. 272. 
 
 What tragedy now took place in the country of Benjamin? 273. 
 
 Who were the Philistines? 277, note. 
 
 What did Shamgar do ? 277. 
 
 Give a short account of Deborah and Barak. 277. 
 
 " Blessed above women shall Jael the wife of Heber the Kenite 
 be !" On what occasion was this blessing pronounced on Jael ? 
 277. 
 
 Who was Gideon ? 280. 
 
 By what token was Gideon assured of God's assistance against 
 the Midianites? 280. 
 
 What means did he employ in selecting his army, and what was 
 the result of his attack upon the Midianites? 281. 
 
 By what other name was Gideon known, and on what occasion 
 was that name conferred on him? 280. 
 
 What occurred to Oreb, Zeeb, Zebah, and Zalmunna? 281. 
 
 Where do we find the earliest example of an apologue? 283. 
 
 State the occasion on which it was used. 283. 
 
 What was the end of Abimelech? 285. 
 
 What was Jephthah's vow? 291. 
 
 What peculiaritv of pronunciation is recorded as belonging to 
 the Ephraimites? 291. 
 
 Give an account of the life, exploits, and death of Samson. 296, 
 297. 
 
 Give an account of the birth and education of Samuel. 298. 
 
 Relate the circumstances of his call to the prophetic office. 300. 
 
 Who was his mother? 298. 
 
 Give a short account of Eli. 298. 
 
 How did two of the sons of Eli die? 301. 
 
 Of what were they to be the sign ? 299. 
 
 What were their names? 299. 
 
 Under what circumstances was the ark of God captured by the 
 Philistines? 301. 
 
 How long did they retain it? 302. 
 
 What was done with it afterward? 302. 
 
 What judgments attended its presence when carried among the 
 enemies of the children of Israel? 302. 
 
 How long did the sons of Samuel judge the land ? 303. 
 
 What causes led to the establishment of monarchy among the 
 Jews? 303. 
 
 Whom did Samuel anoint as the first king? and what signs did 
 he give him ? 303. 
 
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 345 
 
 Give a brief abstract of the book of Kuth. 304. 
 
 What is the character of this book? 304. 
 
 By whom was it written? p. 162. 
 
 Of what tribe was Boaz ? 305. 
 
 Who was Obed ? 305. 
 
 Who were the mothers of Dinah, Solomon, Samuel, and Obed ? 
 50, 333, 298, 305. 
 
 How far do the books of Samuel bring the narrative down ? p. 
 162. 
 
 By what other name are they known? p. 162. 
 
 What was the first event which signalized the reign of Saul ? 
 306. 
 
 How and when did Jonathan distinguish himself? 307. 
 
 By what means was the kingdom afterward divided ? 364. 
 
 Give an account of Saul. 303, 306, 307, 320-322. _ 
 
 What was the cause of Saul's desertion and rejection by the God 
 of Israel? 308. 
 
 How did he die? 321. 
 
 How was David anointed king? 309. 
 
 What was the origin of the ill-will which Saul bore David? 311. 
 
 What course did Saul's persecution eventually compel David to 
 take? 312. 
 
 What act of forbearance did David show him? 317. 
 
 Upon what occasions did David counterfeit madness? 314. 
 
 And upon what occasions did he spare the life of Saul? 317, 
 319. 
 
 Bv whose hand did Saul die? and in what battle had he been 
 engaged? 321. 
 
 What sin of Saul drew forth the words, "It repenteth me that I 
 have set up Saul to be king"? 308. 
 
 What was Saul's end ? 321. 
 
 Of what tribe was his successor? How does the book of Ruth 
 bear upon the history of his family? 304. 
 
 What was David's origin ? 305. 
 
 By what mighty deeds did he distinguish himself in his youth ? 
 310, 319. 
 
 By whom was he anointed king? 309. 
 
 'What justified such an act so many years before the death 
 of Saul? 308. 
 
 Where did David at first reign ? 323. 
 
 What place did he afterward take and make his residence? 326. 
 
 What part did Abner take in the political revolutions of his 
 time? 324. 
 
 Why was not David allowed to build the temple at Jerusalem? 
 328. 
 
 (iive an account of Absalom, his wicked conduct toward his 
 father, and his punishment. 335, 337, 342. 
 
 How did David receive the tidings of his death? 342. 
 
 Give a full account of Absalom. :;.'!"> 337, 339, 312. 
 
 Give a short account of A hithophel. '.Y.'.l , 340, 
 
346 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 
 
 What are we told of Shimei? of Ziba? of Barzillai? 343. 
 
 Give an account of the dissensions which took place between 
 Israel and Judah in the reign of David. 344. 
 
 Who was Joab? and what was his conduct in this war? 354. 
 
 What act of presumption did David commit? and what punish- 
 ment ensued? 348. 
 
 What advantage did Adonijah take of his father's advanced age? 
 349. 
 
 Whom did David appoint as his successor? 349. 
 
 Where was David buried? 350. 
 
 What was the character of David ? 351. 
 
 Under whom did the kingdom of Israel attain its greatest ex- 
 tent? and what were then its limits? 352. 
 
 Give an account of the vision which Solomon had soon after his 
 accession to the throne. 356. 
 
 How was his wisdom displayed immediately afterward? 356. 
 
 What relation did he form with Egypt? 356. 
 
 Whence did he import linen and war-chariots? 357. 
 
 With what contemporary king did Solomon form a friendly alli- 
 ance? 357. 
 
 What was the spot on which the temple was erected ? 359. 
 
 Where had the ark been kept before its erection? 144, note. 
 
 Supposing 975 b. c. to be the date of Solomon's death, give the 
 following dates : of Saul being anointed king by Samuel ; of David 
 being anointed king of all Israel at Hebron. 369, 323. 
 
 To what tribes did the following persons respectively belong: 
 Moses, David, Daniel, Ezra, Saul, Korah, Zerubbabel, and Boaz? 
 82, 304, 621, 584, 303, 223, 360, note, 305. 
 
 What was the fate of Abiathar? of Adonijah? of Joab? 353. 
 
 What relation was Joab to David ? and what was his character ? 
 354. 
 
 What was the end of Shimei ? 355. 
 
 In what year of his reign did Solomon commence the building 
 of the temple? 358. 
 
 How many persons were employed on the structure ? 358. 
 
 Give an exact description of the temple. 359. 
 
 In what manner was the temple dedicated ? 360. 
 
 How many temples were there at Jerusalem? and who built 
 them? 359 and 360, note. 
 
 In what respects did the first and second temples differ? 360. 
 
 How was the prophecy fulfilled that the second temple should 
 excel the first? 360, note. 
 
 Illustrate the great glory of Solomon. 361. 
 
 What circumstances disturbed the latter part of his reign ? 362. 
 
 What account have we of Jeroboam the son of Nebat previous 
 to his establishing himself on the throne of Israel? 362. 
 
 Who was Rehoboam? 364. 
 
 In what way was the revolt of the ten tribes of Israel foretold in 
 the time of Solomon ? 362. 
 
 What occasion was given by Rehoboam for their revolt? 364. 
 
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 347 
 
 Did he ever make an attempt to bring them again into subjec- 
 tion? 372. 
 
 State clearly the changes which took place in the governing 
 power among the Jews between the time of Samuel and that of 
 Solomon. (See Introduction.) 
 
 Describe briefly the events which took place connected with, the 
 succession to the throne on Solomon's death. 3(34. 
 
 Relate rhe circumstances of the separation and the revolt of the 
 ten tribes of Israel from Judah. 364. 
 
 Under whom did the tribes revolt? 364. 
 
 Mention the chief events in the life of Jeroboam. 371, 373, 374, 
 377. 
 
 What is the title by which the memory of his conduct is per- 
 petuated? 371. 
 
 What means were employed by Jeroboam to prevent the ten 
 tribes from returning to the house of David? 374. 
 
 Why was it said of Jeroboam the son of Nebat that he " made 
 Israel to sin"? 374. 
 
 Why were the two calves of gold set up? 374. 
 
 How did God manifest his displeasure to Jeroboam at Bethel? 
 377. 
 
 What did the man of God prophesy at Bethel ? 377. 
 
 What king of Judah is connected with the transaction? 377. 
 
 State the principal events in the life of Elijah. 401, 403, 406, 410. 
 
 What were the circumstances of his death? 428. 
 
 In whose reigns did he live? 399, 420, 426. 
 
 Elijah said to Ahab, "Thus saith the Lord, In the place where 
 dogs licked the blood of Naboth shall dogs lick thy blood, even 
 thine." How was this prophecy fulfilled? 417. 
 
 By what means did Ahab obtain the vineyard of Naboth ? 414. 
 
 What judgment was denounced against him and his wife by 
 Elijah? and how was that judgment fulfilled? 414, 417, 445. 
 
 Who was Jezebel ? 401. 
 
 How was Ahab killed? 415. 
 
 How was Ahab worse than Jeroboam? 417. 
 
 For what special objects were Elijah and Elisha raised up? 428, 
 463, note*. 
 
 By whom, and with what remarkable observances, was Jericho 
 rebuilt? 418. 
 
 Who was Jehoshaphat? and how long and in what manner did 
 he reign ? 398. 
 
 Who succeeded Elijah in the prophetic office? 428. 
 
 Mention some of the most remarkable events in the life of Elisha. 
 463, note. 
 
 What kings reigned over Judah and Israel in his time? 463, note. 
 
 Who raised to life the Shunanimite's son? 437. 
 
 What prophet fed miraculously a large number of people with a 
 few loaves of bread ? 463, note. 
 
 By whom w;is Elisha called? and wh:it was to be the sign that 
 the spirit of the former prophet was upon him? 428. 
 
348 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 
 
 Give an account of the cure of Naaman's leprosy, and of the cir- 
 cumstances immediately connected with it. 430. 
 
 What miracle was wrought at Elisha's sepulchre? 463, note. 
 
 "What was the character of Jehoram? 427. 
 
 What prophecies were delivered against him ? and by whom ? 
 435. 
 
 Show their fulfilment. 436. 
 
 State the circumstances attending the siege of Samaria by Ben- 
 hadad. 433. 
 
 What was the character of Ahaziah and his fate? 439, 442. 
 
 Under what circumstances did Joash come to the throne of Ju- 
 dah? 447. 
 
 Plow was Jehu appointed king over Israel? 441. 
 
 Whom did he succeed ? 441. 
 
 W r hat measures did he take to destroy the worshippers of Baal ? 
 450. 
 
 What was his general character? 453, 455. 
 
 Jezebel says to Jehu, "Had Zimri peace, who slew his master?" 
 Who was Zimri's master? 445. 
 
 What was Zimri's end ? 395. 
 
 Why did Jezebel remind Jehu of Zimri's fate? 441. 
 
 Why was she condemned by Elijah? 414. 
 
 Give a sketch of the history of Syria as mentioned in Scripture. 
 471. 
 
 What mention is there in the Old Testament of contrivances for 
 measuring time? 499. 
 
 Give an account of Hezekiah, the sufferings to which he was sub- 
 jected, and the miracles which God performed for him. 502, 511. 
 
 How is the excellency of King Hezekiah described? 502. 
 
 W T hat reformation did he make? 502. 
 
 What did he do to the brazen serpent? 502. 
 
 How was his piety manifested when threatened by the king of 
 Assyria? 510. 
 
 Who was Merodach-baladan ? W T hat circumstance in the life of 
 Hezekiah is connected with him? 512. 
 
 W T hat miraculous interposition took place for deliverance? 510. 
 
 What prophet lived in his time? 512. 
 
 How old was Josiah when he began to reign ? 519. 
 
 How was his piety manifested when the hook of the Law found 
 in the house of the Lord was for the first time read to him ? 524. 
 
 How did Josiah meet with his death ? 528. 
 
 W T hat great reformation did he effect through his kingdom? 525. 
 
 How is the solemn passover which was then kept described? 526. 
 
 How was his death for years after lamented? 528. 
 
 Give some account of the acts and deeds of the king. 519, 523, 
 525. 
 
 Of what prophecy was he the object? 525. 
 
 AVho were the Assyrian and Babylonian kings mentioned in 
 Scripture previous to Nebuchadnezzar? 535. 
 
 W'hence originated the Samaritans? 507. 
 
EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 349 
 
 Who was Zedekiah? 544. 
 
 "What is known of him ? 547-550. 
 
 "What two remarkable prophecies were fulfilled concerning him ? 
 550. 
 
 How did the king of Judah treat Jeremiah during the siege of 
 Jerusalem? 549. 
 
 What became of the king of Judah and Jeremiah after the city 
 was taken ? 550, 552. 
 
 Describe the circumstances that immediately led to the seventy 
 years' captivity. 535, et seq. 
 
 What were the respective durations of the kingdoms of Israel 
 and Judah after their separation, and by whom were the inhabitants 
 respectively carried into captivity? 368, 369. 
 
 What were the different forms of government to which the Is- 
 raelites were subject at different periods before the captivity ? (See 
 Introduction.) 
 
 State the occasions of the different changes. (See ibid.) 
 
 State the names of the last king of Israel and his conqueror, with 
 date, and of the last three kings of Judah, mentioning briefly the 
 circumstances of the final subjugation of the latter kingdom, pp. 
 166-169. 
 
 What period of history is embraced in the Chronicles? p. 239. 
 
 What period of time do they comprehend? p. 239. 
 
 By whom are they supposed to have been written ? and what par- 
 ticular objects had the author in view? p. 239. 
 
 What is the most important use of the genealogical tables con- 
 tained therein? p. 239. 
 
 What were the operations of Nebuchadnezzar in Palestine after 
 the capture of Jerusalem? and what prophecies were then prob- 
 ably fulfilled? 559. 
 
 Give the principal events in the subsequent life of Nebuchadnez- 
 zar. 558-561. 
 
 In what year of his reign and of the Captivity did he die ? and 
 by whom was he succeeded ? 561. 
 
 By whom, and on what occasion, was the Babylonish captivity 
 first foretold? 534. 
 
 (live the date of the fall of the Babylonian empire and the name 
 of the last king. 565. 
 
 To what monarch did it then become subject? 568. 
 
 Which of ( 'yrus' successors are mentioned in the Old Testament ? 
 57(5. 
 
 Under whose conduct did the Jews return home from Babylon 
 after their captivity ? 572, 584. 
 
 Who was Ezra? and what was his office? 584. 
 
 What are the principal contents of his hook? p. 215. 
 
 What were his labors respecting the canon of Scripture? 586. 
 
 liy what kings of Persia were the three decrees in favor of the 
 Jews, recorded in the hook of Ezra, issued? 571, 579, 584 
 
 From which of the three were the Seventy weeks of Daniel to he 
 reckoned ? 584. 
 
 80 
 
350 EXAMINATION QUESTIONS. 
 
 Who were the chief persons concerned in the restoration of the 
 Jews and in the rebuilding of the temple? 574, 578. 
 
 Under what circumstances was the building of the second temple 
 commenced? 575. 
 
 What interruptions did it experience ? and from what prophets 
 did the Jews receive encouragement in the work ? 575, 578. 
 
 Who was Nehemiah ? 588. 
 
 When did he flourish ? 588. 
 
 And what did he do for the Jews? 589. 
 
 What office did Nehemiah hold under Artaxerxes? 588. 
 
 In what way did he exert himself for the rebuilding of Jerusa- 
 lem ? 589. 
 
 Who were the principal persons that opposed him ? 589. 
 
 Give the names of the high priests from Aaron to the return 
 from captivity, p. 252. 
 
 What gave rise to the feuds between the Jews and the Samari- 
 tans? 575. 
 
 Where did the Samaritans worship ? 575. 
 
 What are the chief contents of the book of Nehemiah? p. 253. 
 
 Who was Sanballat ? and on what occasion is his name men- 
 tioned? 589. 
 
 To what year b. c. does direct history in our canon of the Old 
 Testament extend ? 592. 
 
 Give a summary of the contents of the book of Esther. 593. 
 
 Over what period does it extend ? 593. 
 
 By what name is Ahasuerus (mentioned in the book of Esther) 
 known in profane history? 593. 
 
 Kelate the circumstances of the plot formed by Hainan against 
 the Jews, and show how it was frustrated. 593. 
 
 What is the signification of the word " Purim"? 594. 
 
 How did the Jews observe this festival ? 594. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 The references are made to the Sections ; those to the Connection between the Old and 
 New Testaments, and to the Introduction, are distinctly marked. 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Abijah, son of Jeroboam 380 
 
 Abimelech, king of Gerar, deceiv- 
 ed by Abraham 32 
 
 his covenant with Abraham... 35 
 
 deceived by Isaac 44 
 
 Abimelech, son of Gideon by a 
 
 concubine 283 
 
 killed by a mill-stone 285 
 
 Abinadab, ark remained in house 
 
 of. 302 
 
 son of Jesse 309 
 
 Abiram ("deceit"), rebellion of 223 
 
 son of Hiel 256, 418 
 
 Abishag, a Sliunammite virgin 349 
 
 Adonijah requests to marry 
 
 her 353 
 
 Abishai,son of Zeruiah, conquers 
 
 Ammonites 331 
 
 wishes to slay Shimei 338 
 
 marches against Absalom 341 
 
 against Sheba 345 
 
 succors David, and slays Ish- 
 
 bi-benob 347 
 
 Abner, son of Ner, Saul's uncle, 
 commander of Ishbosheth's 
 
 army, slain by Joab 324 
 
 Abram.son ot'Terah, age of; mar- 
 ries Sarai 19 
 
 early life and call of. 20 
 
 enters Canaan ; land promised 
 to his seed ; goes to Egypt ; 
 
 deceives Pharaoh 21 
 
 returns; separates from Lot; 
 
 and goes to Mamre 22 
 
 rescues Lot, and pays tithes to 
 
 Melcl.izedek 24 
 
 ason promised t<> him, and the 
 
 Egyptian bondage foretold.. 26 
 Ishmael born 27 
 
 God's promises renewed 28 
 
 Circumcision instituted ; name 
 
 changed to Abraham 29 
 
 visited iiv i hree angels ; inter- 
 cedes lor Si. dom 30 
 
 deceives Abimelech at Gerar., 82 
 
 Isaac born ■';.! 
 
 351 
 
 Sect. 
 Aaron meets Moses in the wilder- 
 ness 85 
 
 with Moses goes to Pharaoh... 86 
 lays up some manna in a pot.. 103 
 with Hur holds up Moses' 
 
 hands 105 
 
 the people delegated to them.. 109 
 persuaded by the people to 
 
 make a golden calf 110 
 
 a type of Christ 152 
 
 his family appointed priests.. 154 
 
 eonsec rated 1(>6 
 
 his sedition with Miriam at 
 
 Hazeroth 220 
 
 his rod blossoms 224 
 
 his sin at Me ri hah 225 
 
 his death on Mount Hor 22fi 
 
 Abdon, a judge in North Israel.... 294 
 Abeduego, given as an hostage to 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar 537 
 
 (Hebrew, Azariah), educated 
 
 at Babylon 621 
 
 cast into the fiery furnace 623 
 
 Abel, son of Adam, a keeper of 
 sheep; his sacrifice; killed 
 
 by Cain 7 
 
 Abel of Beth-maachah; Sheba 
 
 slain there 345 
 
 Abel-mizraim (" the mourning of 
 
 the Egyptians") 74 
 
 Abiathar, son of Abimelech 315 
 
 the priest, hears the ark after 
 David; ordered to carry it 
 
 back 338 
 
 revolts with Adonijah :i4'J 
 
 banished to Anathoth 838 
 
 Abib !)7 and note 
 
 Abigail, wife of Nabal, marries 
 
 David 318 
 
 Abihu, son of Aaron, with Nadab, 
 
 attends Moses in the mount. 109 
 
 their sin 169 
 
 Abijah, or Abijam, son of Reho- 
 
 boam 378 
 
 defeats Jeroboam 879 
 
352 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Abraham sends away Hagar and 
 
 Ishmael 34 
 
 enters into covenant with Ab- 
 
 imeleeh 35 
 
 commanded to offer Isaac 36 
 
 Sarah dies; buys the cave of 
 
 Machpelab ....". 37 
 
 marries Isaac to Rebekah 38 
 
 marries Keturah 39 
 
 sends away her sons with gi(ts,nole 
 dies ; buried by Isaac and Ish- 
 mael 41 
 
 the father of the faithful 42 
 
 Absalom, son of David, receives 
 
 Tamar into his house 334 
 
 assassinates Amnon and flees 
 
 to Geshur 335 
 
 returns; Joab effects a recon- 
 ciliation for him with David 336 
 
 revolts 337 
 
 insults David's concubines 339 
 
 rejects Ahithophel's counsel.. 340 
 
 defeated and slain by Joab 342 
 
 Achan : his sin ; stoned to death 
 with his family and burn- 
 ed in the valley of Achor 
 
 ("trouble") 257 
 
 Achish, king of the Philistines; 
 
 David flees to him 314 
 
 gives Ziklag to David 319 
 
 dismisses David 323 
 
 Acbsah, daughter of Caleb, Oth- 
 
 niel's wife 264 
 
 Acra, or Millo, a hill of Jerusalem, 
 
 326, note, and Con. 22 
 Adah, wife of Lamech, mother of 
 
 Jabel and Jubal 8 
 
 or Bashemath, wife of Esau... 45 
 
 Adam, creation of. 1 
 
 God blesses him 3 
 
 placed in Eden ; beasts named 
 
 and woman made 4 
 
 fall and sentence of God on 
 him ; clothed with skins 
 
 and expelled Paradise 5 
 
 his sons 7 
 
 his posterity through Cain 8 
 
 his age, and posterity through 
 
 Seth 9 
 
 Psalms ascribed to him 604 
 
 Adar, a month 594 
 
 Adonibezek, king of Bezek, defeat 
 
 of. 270 
 
 Adonijah, son of David by Hag- 
 
 gith ; his revolt 349 
 
 slain by Benaiah 353 
 
 Adonizedek, king of Jerusalem, 
 
 defeated by Joshua 259 
 
 Adoram stoned in revolt of ten 
 
 tribes 364 
 
 Adriel, Merab given to him 346 
 
 Adullam.caveof; David concealed 
 
 there 314 
 
 Adultery, law respecting 118 
 
 Africa peopled by descendants of 
 
 Ham 15 
 
 Sect. 
 Agag, king of Amalek, slain bv 
 
 Samuel '. 308 
 
 Ahab, king of Israel, son of Omri; 
 
 duration of reign 399 
 
 marries Jezebel; his idolatry. 401 
 accuses Elijah with troubling 
 
 Israel 406 
 
 his affinity with Jehosliaphat. 409 
 Benhadad threatens him ; his 
 
 victory 411 
 
 his second victory over Ben- 
 hadad 412 
 
 his alliance with Benhadad... 413 
 
 covets Naboth's vineyard 414 
 
 Jehoshaphat unites with him 
 
 against the Svrians 415 
 
 his death ." 417 
 
 events in his reign 418 
 
 Ahara, a river 584 
 
 Ahasuerus, or Cambyses ; Samar- 
 itans write to him 576 
 
 divorces Vashti and marries 
 
 Esther 593 
 
 Ahaz, son of Jotham, king of Ju- 
 
 dah 487 
 
 his idolatry 488 
 
 Isaiah prophesies to him 491 
 
 defeated by Pekah and Rezin. 492 
 
 applies to Tiglath-pileser 493 
 
 worships the gods of Damas- 
 cus 494 
 
 his sun-dial 499 
 
 Ahaziah, king of Israel, son of 
 
 Ahab; duration of reign.... 420 
 
 idolatry 421 
 
 his sickness; sends to Baal- 
 
 zebub 424 
 
 sends three companies of fifty 
 each to arrest Elijah ; his 
 
 death 425 
 
 Ahaziah, king of Judah ; son of 
 
 Jehoram by Athaliah 439 
 
 joins Jehorarii, king of Israel. 440 
 
 slain by Jehu 442 
 
 Ahiah.ason of Eli 3U1 
 
 Ahijah, the Shilonite prophet, 
 promises to Jeroboam ten 
 
 tribes 362 
 
 Ahijah sends to consult him... 380 
 Ahimaaz, son of Zadok the priest. 338 
 
 Ahiman, son of Anak 264 
 
 Ahimelech, a high priest, gives 
 
 shew-bread to David 314 
 
 slain by Doeg 315 
 
 Ahinoam of Jezreel ; David mar- 
 ries her 318 
 
 Ahithophel the Gilonite, David's 
 
 counsellor, revolts 337 
 
 his counsel 33.8 
 
 followed 339 
 
 rejected 340 
 
 commits suicide 342 
 
 Ahitub, a son of Eli 301 
 
 Aholiab, an inspired architect 139 
 
 Aholibamah, or Judith, a wife of 
 
 Esau 15 
 
INDEX. 
 
 353 
 
 Sect. 
 Ai; distance from Jericho; taken 
 
 by Joshua 257 
 
 Alcimus, or Jacimus, high priest, 
 
 deposed Con. 29 
 
 Alexander the Great; his first 
 conquests; visits Jerusa- 
 lem ; adores the name of 
 
 God Con. 5 
 
 conquers Egypt and over- 
 throws Persia Con. 6 
 
 his death Con. 7 
 
 Alexander Balas, the impostor, 
 
 obtains Syria Con. 33 
 
 ^Egeus, a posthumous son of 
 
 Alexander the Great Con. 7 
 
 Jannaeus, high priest, brother 
 
 of Aristobulus I Con. 49 
 
 insulted by t lie populace. ...Con. 50 
 
 rebellion of Pharisees Con. 52 
 
 Alexander Jannaeus; regains the 
 
 kingdom ; his cruelty Con. 53 
 
 his dying advice to his 
 
 queen Con. 54 
 
 Alexander, son of Aristobulus II., 
 
 invades Judaea Con. 63 
 
 carried to Autioch and he- 
 headed Con. 65 
 
 Alexandra, queen of Alexander 
 
 Jannaeus Con. 54 
 
 ascends the throne Con. 55 
 
 mother of Mariamne Con. 80 
 
 Altar of incense 141 
 
 of burnt-offerings 149 
 
 Amalekites, account of 247 
 
 defeated bv Joshua 105 
 
 defeat the Israelites 222 
 
 defeated by Saul 308 
 
 David 319 and note, 323 
 Amasa, commander of the host of 
 
 Absalom 342 
 
 commander-in-chief to David. 344 
 
 slain by Joab 345 
 
 Amasis, king of Egypt, rival of 
 
 A pries 559 
 
 Amaziah, king of Judith, son of 
 
 Joash; duration of reign.... 460 
 slays his father's murderers... 402 
 
 defeats the Kdomites 404 
 
 worships the Edomite gods.... 466 
 challenges Joash, king of Is- 
 rael, and defeated 4f>7 
 
 slain at Lachish 468 
 
 Amittai, father of Jonah 635 
 
 Ammiel, father of Machir 341 
 
 Ammonites, history of Int. 21 
 
 descended from Ben-ammi 31 
 
 oppress the Israelites eighteen 
 
 years 288 
 
 defeated bv Jephthah 291 
 
 by Saul 306 
 
 by David 831 
 
 subject to Solomon 352 
 
 defeated by Jehoshaphat 422 
 
 Amnon. son of David by Ahi- 
 
 nonm, ai>u>es Tamar 884 
 
 slain by Absalom 830 
 
 30* 
 
 Sect. 
 Amon, king of Judah, son of Ma- 
 
 nasseh 517 
 
 Amorites, the, their position in 
 
 Canaan 23 
 
 defeated by the Israelites 229 
 
 by Joshua 261 
 
 Amos prophesies 476 
 
 his time, etc 633 
 
 Amram, father of Moses 82 
 
 Amraphel, king of Shinar 24 
 
 Anak, three sons of 264 
 
 Anakims defeated by Joshua 259 
 
 Ananel, high priest Con. 75 
 
 Anath, father of Shamgar 277 
 
 Anathema, or Cherem 202 
 
 Anatboth, Abiathar banished to.. 353 
 Andromachus, governor of the Sa- 
 maritans Con. 6 
 
 Andronicus, governor of Anti- 
 
 och Con. 17 
 
 Aner, an Amorite, joins Abraham. 24 
 
 Animals created 1 
 
 named by Adam 4 
 
 Antigonus, brother of Aristobu- 
 lus I Cbn.48 
 
 son of Aristobulus, defeated 
 
 by Herod Con. 70 
 
 Parthians place him on the 
 
 throne Con. 71 
 
 sent in chains to Antioch and 
 
 executed Con. 73 
 
 Antigonus Socho, founder of the 
 
 New Synagogue Con. 11 
 
 his doctrine Con. 97 
 
 Antiochus the Great, defeated by 
 
 Philopator Con. 13 
 
 his conquest, of Palestine... Con. 14 
 Antiochus Epiphanes, brother of 
 Seleucus, establishes idola- 
 trous games at Jerusa- 
 lem Con. 16 
 
 bribed by Menelaus Con. 17 
 
 profanes the temple, etc Con. 18 
 
 persecutes the Jews Con. 19 
 
 Antipas, son of Herod the Great. Cbn.90 
 Antipater, father of Herod the 
 
 Great Con. 58 
 
 intrigues with Aretas Con. 59 
 
 his policy Con. 62 
 
 defeats Alexander Con. 63 
 
 appointed procurator of Ju- 
 daea Con. 66 
 
 poisoned by Maliebus Con. 68 
 
 Antipater, a son of Herod the 
 
 Great Con. 85 
 
 put to death bv order of He- 
 rod .". Con. 89 
 
 Antonia, a palace and castle of 
 
 Jerusalem <"„„. s:i 
 
 Antonv, Mark, assists Antipa- 
 ter Con. 68 
 
 bis conduct in Bgypl Con. 71 
 
 executes Antigonus Can. 7:> 
 
 his overthrow at Act iuni ... < 'on. 79 
 Aphek ; Benbadad II. debated 
 
 there 412 
 
354 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sect. 
 Apocryphal books, account of... Int. 59 
 
 history of Con. 103-107 
 
 Apollonius, a general of Antio- 
 
 clius Con. 18 
 
 Apologues ; Jotham's earliest re- 
 corded 284 
 
 Joash's 467 
 
 Apries, or Pharaoh-Hophra, allies 
 
 with Zedekiah 547 
 
 retreat of 548 
 
 Arabia, geography and history 
 
 of. Int. 17-22 
 
 Arabians tributary to Jehosha- 
 
 phat 408 
 
 Arad, king of a Canaanite na- 
 tion 227 
 
 Aram, geography of. Int. 9 and 39 
 
 'Araunah the Jebusite 348 
 
 Araxes, a river of Eden 4 
 
 Arbela Con. 6 
 
 Archelaus, son of Herod the Great. 
 
 Con. 90 
 Aretas, king of Arabia Petraea..C<m. 58 
 
 assists Hyrcanus Con. 59 
 
 Aridseus, an illegitimate son of 
 
 Philip Con.l 
 
 Arioch, king of Ellasar, defeated 
 
 by Abram 24 
 
 Aristohulus I. seizes the govern- 
 ment Con. 47 
 
 conquers the Itureans; kills 
 
 Antigonns Con. 4.8 
 
 Aristohulus II., brother of Hyrca- 
 nus Con. 56 
 
 battle with Hyrcanus Con. 57 
 
 ascends the throne Con. 58 
 
 defeated by Antipater Con. 59 
 
 Pompey arbitrates between 
 
 the brothers Con. 60 
 
 taken prisoner to Rome Con. 61 
 
 escapes; is defeated and poi- 
 soned Con. 65 
 
 Aristohulus, a son of Herod the 
 
 Great, executed Con. 85 
 
 Ark, the, built ; a type of salva- 
 tion by Christ 10 
 
 of the tabernacle, contents.. ..p. 91 
 
 subsequent history of 144, note 
 
 taken by the Philistines 301 
 
 disasters attending, and its 
 
 restoration 302 
 
 removal to Jerusalem by Da- 
 vid 328 
 
 Armenia, geography of. Int. 40 
 
 Arnon, a river: march from Hor 
 
 to 228 
 
 Aroer 291 
 
 Arphaxad, son of Shem ; his de- 
 scendants 10 
 
 his age 18 
 
 Arphaxad, king of the Medes p. 257 
 
 Arses, king of the Medes ib. 
 
 Arson, law against 124 
 
 Artabanus slays Xerxes, captain 
 
 of the guard 582 
 
 Artaxerxes (Smerdis Magus) pro- 
 
 Sect, 
 hibits the building of the 
 
 temple 577 
 
 Artaxerxes Longimanus, or Aha- 
 
 suerus 583 
 
 appoints Ezra conductor of 
 
 the people 584 
 
 appoints Nehemiah governor. 588 
 divorces Vashti; marries Es- 
 ther 593 
 
 Artemisium, battle of 582 
 
 Arza, steward of Baasha 393 
 
 Asa, king of Judah, son of Abijah ; 
 
 duration of reign 381 
 
 suppresses idolatry 384 
 
 defeats Zerah 387 
 
 bribes Benhadad 1 390 
 
 his death 391 
 
 Asahel, son of Zeruiah, slain by 
 
 Abner 324 
 
 Asaph, a writer of the Psalms 604 
 
 Asenath, wife of Joseph 66 
 
 Ashdod, a government of the Phil- 
 istines 277, note 
 
 taken by Sennacherib 509 
 
 Asher, son of Zilpah, born 50 
 
 Jacob's prophecy respecting 
 
 him 72 
 
 the territory of his tribe 263 
 
 Ashtaroth, worshipped by the Is- 
 raelites 271 
 
 by Ahab, 
 401 and note 
 
 Asia Minor, geography of Int. 8 
 
 peopled by the descendants of 
 
 Japheth 14 
 
 Asia, Northern, peopled by the de- 
 scendants of Japheth 14 
 
 Central, peopled by the de- 
 scendants of Shem 16 
 
 Askelon, a government of the 
 
 Philistines 277, note 
 
 Assemblies, legislative; the co- 
 
 mitia 134 
 
 method and place of conven- 
 ing 135 
 
 powers of 136 
 
 Asshur, son of Shem ; his descend- 
 ants 16 
 
 Assyria, geography and history 
 
 of IniAQ 
 
 summary of history 554 
 
 also tables, at pp. 166-1(59 
 
 Assyrians, descended from Shem.. 16 
 Astarte, worshipped by Ahab, 
 
 401 and note 
 Astyages, king of Media, death of.. 562 
 
 Atad, threshing-floor of. 74 
 
 Athaliah, queen of Judah, daugh- 
 ter of Ahab, marries Jeho- 
 
 ram 400 
 
 usurps the throne 443 
 
 slain 447 
 
 Atonement, day of. 192 
 
 Atossa, mother of Xerxes 682 
 
 Azariah, a prophet 381 
 
 encourages Asa 387 
 
INDEX. 
 
 355 
 
 Sect. 
 Azariah, probably same as Ara- 
 
 ariah 587 
 
 Azariah, king of Judah. See Uz- 
 
 ZIAH. 
 
 Hebrew name of Abednego... 621 
 
 B. 
 
 Baal, introduction of, among the 
 
 Israelites 271 
 
 Gideon throws down the altar 
 
 of. 280 
 
 •worshipped by Ahab ; account 
 
 of. 401 and note 
 
 prophets slaughtered by Eli- 
 jah 406 
 
 worshippers slaughtered by 
 
 Jehu 450 
 
 Baal-zehub (" lord of flies "), god of 
 
 Ekron, sent to by Ahaziah.. 424 
 Baanah, captain and murderer of 
 
 Lshbosheth, slain by David. 325 
 Baasha, king of Israel; duration 
 
 of reign 385 
 
 his idolatry 386 
 
 allies with'Benhadad 1 388 
 
 fortifies Ramah 389 
 
 assassinated by Ziinri 393 
 
 Babel built and kingdom founded. 17 
 
 Babylon besieged by Cyrus 566, 567 
 
 Babylonia, geography and history 
 
 of. Int. 41-43 
 
 rise of empire 535 
 
 Bacchides sent by Demetrius So- 
 
 ter into Judaia Con. 30 
 
 Bagoses, a satrap of Syria Con. 2 
 
 Baburim, Shimei curses David at. 338 
 
 Balaam ; J'.alak sends to him 230 
 
 his counsel 231 
 
 slain 232 
 
 Balak, king of Moab 230 
 
 Baraehah, supposed the valley of 
 
 Jehoshaphat 422 
 
 Barak defeats Sisera 278 
 
 Baruch reads Jeremiah's prophecy 
 
 in the temple 534-538 
 
 book of. Cm. 110 
 
 Barzillai, the Gileadite, succors 
 
 David 341 
 
 congratulates David 3 i.s 
 
 Bashan 229 
 
 Bashemath, or Adah, wife of Esau. 45 
 Bathsheba, wife of Uriah ; David's 
 
 adultery with 332 
 
 death of her child; Solomon 
 
 born 333 
 
 tells David of Adonijah's re- 
 volt 349 
 
 her request for Adonfjah 353 
 
 Beeri, father of Eosea 631 
 
 Beeroth. a city of the Gibeonites.. 258 
 Beersheba ("well of oath"), wil- 
 derness of 31 
 
 digging of the well of .'{5 
 
 Elijah fllea thither 410 
 
 Bel and the Dragon Otn. 113 
 
 Sect. 
 Belshazzar, allies with Croesus. Cbra. 565 
 
 slain Con. 567 
 
 his feast and death Con. 627 
 
 Belteshazzar, name ^ r iven to Dan- 
 iel Con. 621 
 
 Benaiah, proclaims Solomon king. 349 
 
 slays Adonijah and Joab 353 
 
 slays Shimei 355 
 
 Benammi, father of the Ammon- 
 ites, born 31 
 
 Benhadad I. bribed by Asa ; at- 
 tacks Baasha 390 
 
 II.; 1st campaign; siege of 
 
 Samaria 411 
 
 2d campaign ; defeated at 
 
 Aphek 412 
 
 alliance with Ahab 413 
 
 defeats Ahab at Ramoth-gil- 
 
 ead 415 
 
 his death foretold by Elijah... 438 
 
 III., son of Hazael 458 
 
 (For an account of these 
 three Syrian kings see 
 also 493, note.) 
 
 Benjamin, son of Rachel, born 58 
 
 his father refuses to send him 
 
 to Egypt 68 
 
 is sent, and the cup found in 
 
 his sack 69 
 
 Jacob's prophecy respecting 
 
 him 72 
 
 territory of his tribe 263 
 
 the tribe utterly routed 273 
 
 forcibly obtain wives 274 
 
 Benoni ("son of my sorrow") 58 
 
 Berechiah, father of Zechariah.... 641 
 Berith, an idol, worship of, by Is- 
 raelites 285 
 
 Bessus, satrap of Bactria Con. 6 
 
 Bethel (" house of God "), so called 
 
 by Jacob 47 
 
 golden calf set up there 374 
 
 man of God comes to 377 
 
 Josiah breaks down the altar 
 
 at 525 
 
 Beth-maachah 345 
 
 Beth-rehob, a Syrian state 331 
 
 Bethshan, or Scy thopolis 321 
 
 Bethshemites slain for looking 
 
 into the ark 302 
 
 Bethsura, a town between Hebron 
 
 and Jerusalem Gun. 23 
 
 Bethuel, son of Nahor, father of 
 
 Rebekah 38 
 
 Bezaleel, son of Uri, an Inspired 
 
 architect 139 
 
 Bezek, 10,000 men of, slain 270 
 
 Be/.er, a city of refuge 236 
 
 Bible, the Int. 53 
 
 Bildad the Shuhite, Job's friend... 699 
 
 bilhah, handmaid of Ruche] i«.) 
 
 her sons 50 
 
 Beuben commits Incest with 
 
 her 59 
 
 misconduct Of her sons 61 
 
 Blasphemy, law against 113 
 
356 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Boaz marries Ruth 305 
 
 Bread, unleavened, feast of.. 99 and 188 
 
 Breastplate of judgment, the 162 
 
 Brutus, defeat of, at Philippi 69 
 
 Buzi, father of Ezekiel 620 
 
 C. 
 
 Caesar, Julius, restores Hyrcanus, 
 
 Con. 64 
 
 releases Aristobulus Con. 65 
 
 appoints Antipater procura- 
 tor Con. 66 
 
 assassination of. Con. 68 
 
 Sextus, governor of Syria... Con. 67 
 
 Octavius .'. 72 
 
 secures the kingdom to Herod. 79 
 Csesarea, built by Herod the Great, 
 
 Con. 83 
 
 Cain, murders Abel 7 
 
 his posterity 8 
 
 Cainan, son of Enos, descendant 
 
 of Seth 9 
 
 Caleb, sent to spy out Canaan ; 
 
 his conduct 222 
 
 drives out the three sons of 
 
 Anak 264 
 
 Calf, the golden 110 and note 
 
 Calves, the golden, set up by Jero- 
 boam 374 
 
 Cambyses. See Ahasuerus. 
 
 Canaan, son of Ham 12-15 
 
 land of, prior to conquest by 
 
 Israelites 243 
 
 boundaries 244 
 
 description of the country 245 
 
 early inhabitants 246-250 
 
 divided among the twelve 
 
 tribes 263 
 
 Candlestick, the golden 143 
 
 Captain of a thousand 311, note 
 
 Carchemish, an important post on 
 
 the Euphrates 528 
 
 captured by Necho 530 
 
 Carmel, Mount; the contest be- 
 tween Elijah and the priests 
 
 of Baal 406 
 
 Cassander, a general of Alexan- 
 der Con. 9 
 
 Cassius, seizes Syria (Jon. 68 
 
 defeated at Philippi Con. 69 
 
 Census of the Israelites 234 
 
 Ceremonial law, how divided. 
 
 (See note, p. 90) 
 Chaldee, Babylonian empire, rise 
 
 of 535 
 
 history of. 558 
 
 Chebar, a river 620 
 
 Cbedorlaomer, king of Elam, de- 
 feated by Abrain 24, 554 
 
 Chemosh, worshipped by Solomon. 362 
 Chephirah, a city of the Gibeon- 
 
 ites 258 
 
 Cherem, or Anathema 202 
 
 Cherethites, follow David. .338 and note 
 march of, under Abishai 345 
 
 Cherith, Elijah fed by ravens at 
 
 the brook 428, note 
 
 Cherubim, the 146 
 
 Child-birth, purification after 206 
 
 Chimham, son of Barzillai 343 
 
 Chronicles, Books of. 555-557 
 
 Cimbri, the, or Cimmerians, de- 
 scended from Gomer, son 
 
 of Japheth 14 
 
 Circumcision, instituted 29 
 
 re-established 255 
 
 Cleopatra; Antony falls in love 
 
 with her Con. 71 
 
 Coele-Syria Con. 9, note 
 
 Comitia, the. See Assemblies, 
 
 LEGISLATIVE. 
 
 Commerce of Solomon 357 
 
 Constitution, the Jewish.. 133 and note 
 
 Covetousness, law against 130 
 
 Cozbi, a Midianitibh" woman, slain 
 
 by Phinehas 231 
 
 Crassus, governor of Syria Con. 65 
 
 Creation, the 1, 2 
 
 Crcesus, king of Lydia, defeated 
 
 by Cyrus ". 565 
 
 Cush,son of Ham 15 
 
 Cushites, descendants of Cush 15 
 
 Cuthseans, or Samaritans 507 
 
 Cyaxares II., placed by Cyrus on 
 
 the throne of Eabylon 568 
 
 death of. 570 
 
 III. in Median line, allies with 
 Nabopolassar and takes 
 
 Nineveh. See page 168 535 
 
 Cyrus, succeeds Astyages in the 
 
 military government 562 
 
 assists his uncle Cyaxares II.. 563 
 
 besieges Babylon 566 
 
 takes Babylon 567 
 
 succeeds to the empire 570 
 
 D. 
 
 Dagon, a god of the Philistines.... 297 
 
 falls down before the ark 302 
 
 Damascus, seized by Iiezon 362 
 
 kingdom of. 493, note 
 
 Dan, son of Bilhah, born 50 
 
 Jacob's prophecy concerning 
 
 him 72 
 
 the territory of his tribe 263 
 
 the tribe carry off Micah's 
 
 gods, and take Laish 272 
 
 golden calf set up at 374 
 
 Daniel, carried to Babylon 537 
 
 called Belteshazzar 621 
 
 interprets the king's dreams, 
 
 622, 624 
 his vision of the four beasts... 625 
 of the ram and he- 
 goat 626 
 
 deciphers the writing 627 
 
 thrown into the lions' den 628 
 
 his prophecies 629, 630 
 
 his history 621-630 and note 
 
 Darius the Mede. See Cyax- 
 ares II. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 357 
 
 Sect. 
 Darius Hystaspis, obtains the 
 
 throne 578 
 
 confirms the edict of Cyrus... 579 
 hisdeath, and principal events 
 
 of his reign 582 
 
 Dathan,("laws "), rebellion of 223 
 
 David, son of Jesse, anointed king. 309 
 
 slays Goliath 310 
 
 thrice escapes death; mar- 
 ries Michal 311 
 
 flies to Ramah 312 
 
 his covenant with Jonathan... 313 
 
 his wanderings 314-319 
 
 forhearance at Engedi and 
 
 Zipli 317, 319 
 
 marries Abigail and Ahinoam. 318 
 defeats Amalekites and pro- 
 claimed king 3.3,325 
 
 takes Jerusalem 326 
 
 defeats Philistines, etc.327, 329, 331 
 
 adultery with Bathsheba 332 
 
 reconciled to Absalom 336 
 
 leaves Jerusalem 338 
 
 his concubines insulted 339 
 
 grief for Absalom 342 
 
 returns to Jerusalem 343 
 
 attacked by Ishbi-benob 347 
 
 numbers the people 348 
 
 his death and character 350, 351 
 
 Psalms of 604 
 
 Dead bodies, purification after 
 
 touching 206 
 
 Dead Sea, formation of. 31 
 
 Debir, king of Eglon, defeated by 
 
 Joshua 259 
 
 Deborah, nurse of Rebekah, dies.. 57 
 the prophetess, defeats Sisera. 278 
 
 Dedication, feast of 193 
 
 institution of Con.2'1 
 
 Delilah betrays Samson 297 
 
 Deluge, the 11 
 
 Demetrius Euceres, Pharisees send 
 
 to him Con. 52 
 
 Nicator, acknowledges Simon 
 
 as high priest Con. 21 
 
 obtains the throne Cm. 34 
 
 his ingratitude punished....Cbn. 35 
 Sot it, sends an army against 
 
 Judaja Con. 29 
 
 Deuteronomy ; analysis of its con- 
 tents...' ." ]>. 130 
 
 prophecies in 241 
 
 authenticity of the last chap- 
 ter 242 
 
 Dinah, daughter of Leah, born.... 60 
 
 carried oil by Shechem 56 
 
 Divination, law against 112 
 
 Divorce, law of 120 
 
 Dodecartby, the 528 
 
 Doeg, the Edomite, marches 
 
 against Nob 315 
 
 Doris, the first wife of Herod the 
 
 (ireai Con. 85 
 
 Dothan, Joseph finds his brethren 
 
 there 61 
 
 besieged by Benhadad 431 
 
 Sect. 
 Dura; Nebuchadnezzar's image 
 
 erected there 558, 623 
 
 E. 
 
 Ebal, a mountain of Palestine 245 
 
 Ebed, father of Gaal 285 
 
 Ebedmelech rescues Jeremiah 549 
 
 Ebenezer, Israelites defeated there. 301 
 
 so called by Samuel 302 
 
 Eber, son of Salah, descendant of 
 
 Shem 18 
 
 Ecbatana ; Darius flees thither... Con. 6 
 
 Ecclesiastes, authorship of. 609 
 
 scope of 610 
 
 Ecclesiasticus, or Wisdom of Jesus 
 
 son of Sirach Con. 109 
 
 Edar, a tower 59 
 
 Eden, garden of, situation. ..4 and note 
 
 Edom, or Esau ("red") 43 
 
 land of, Israelites refused a 
 
 passage through 226 
 
 wilderness of. 429 
 
 Edomites, history of Int. 22 
 
 defeated by Saul 308 
 
 rendered tributary by David.. 329 
 
 subject to Solomon 352 
 
 defeated by Amaziah 464 
 
 Ed rei, Og defeated at 229 
 
 Eglon, king of Moab 259 
 
 slain by Ehud 276 
 
 Egvpt, geography and history of, 
 
 Int. 2-6 
 peopled by descendants of Miz- 
 
 raim, son of Ham 7 
 
 Abram, goes thither 21 
 
 Joseph carried thither 61 
 
 Ehud, a judge, delivers Israel from 
 
 Moa bites 276 
 
 Ekron, a government of the Philis- 
 tines Til, note 
 
 Elah, son of Baasha, king of Israel. 392 
 
 Elam, son of Shem 16 
 
 Elath 357 
 
 Eleazar, made high priest 226 
 
 dies 267 
 
 brother of Simon the Just.. ..Con. 11 
 brother of JudasMaccaba2us..C<m. 27 
 
 Eli, high priest 298 
 
 his criminal leniency toward 
 
 his sons 299 
 
 prophecy of Samuel against 
 
 him 300 
 
 his death :;ui 
 
 Eliab, eldest son o!' .lesse 808 
 
 Eliadah, father of Re/.on 362 
 
 Eliakim, or Jehoiakim, king of 
 
 Judah, son of Josiafa 530 
 
 Eliezer, Abraham's servant 38 
 
 son of Moses 106 
 
 a prophet 398 
 
 Elihu the Buzlte reproves Job and 
 
 his three friends 600 
 
 Elijah, summary of his life... .428, no/r. 
 Elilll, Israelites wander to 102 
 
 Elimelech, husband of Naomi 305 
 
358 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Eliphaz the Tenianite, Job's friend 599 
 Elisha, summary of his life. ...463, note 
 
 Elkanah, father of Samuel 298 
 
 Elkosh, or Elkosha, a village in 
 
 Galilee 637 
 
 Ellasar 24 
 
 Elon,a judge 293 
 
 Endor, witch of, Saul consults her. 320 
 Eugedi, David's forbearance there. 317 
 
 English translation of Bible Int. 63 
 
 Enoch, son of Cain 8 
 
 son of Jared, descendant of 
 
 Seth 9 
 
 Enos, son of Seth 9 
 
 Ephod, the 160 
 
 Ephraim, son of Joseph, born 67 
 
 blessed by Jacob 72 
 
 territory of his tribe 263 
 
 Ephraim, wood of, Absalom de- 
 feated there 342, note 
 
 Ephrath, Benjamin born and Ra- 
 chel buried there 58 
 
 Er,son of Judah and the daughter 
 
 of Shuah 62 
 
 Esarhaddon, colonizes Samaria 507 
 
 reigns 510,554 
 
 Esau, born 40 
 
 sells his birthright 43 
 
 marries Judith andBashemath. 45 
 
 loses his father's blessing 46 
 
 marries Mahalath 48 
 
 meets Jacob on his returu 
 
 from Haran 55 
 
 Esdras, books of. Con. 103, 104 
 
 Eshcol, an Amorite, joins Abram.. 24 
 
 Essenes, a sect of the Jews Con. 93 
 
 Esther, her history 593 
 
 the book of. 593, 594 
 
 apocryphal chapters of Con. 107 
 
 Etam, a rock 296 
 
 Etham, a writer of the Psnlms 604 
 
 Ethbaal, king of the Zidunians, 
 
 father of Jezebel 401 and note 
 
 Ethiopia, geography of.. ...510 and note 
 Ethiopians, the, descended from 
 
 Ham 15 
 
 Euphrates, a river of Eden 4 
 
 Eve, created ; given to Adam and 
 
 named by him 4 
 
 tempted; tempts Adam, and 
 the curse upon her ; clothed 
 in skins and expelled Para- 
 dise 5 
 
 her sons 7, 8, 9 
 
 Evilmerodach, releases Jehoiachin. 562 
 
 succeeds Nebuchadnezzar 625 
 
 Exodus, contents of the book p. 68 
 
 Expiation, feast of. 192 
 
 Ezekiel, carried to Babylon by 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar.....". 543 
 
 his life and prophecies 620 
 
 Ezion-geber, a port on the Red Sea. 357 
 Jehoshaphat builds a navy 
 
 there 419 
 
 Ezra, probably wrote the Books of 
 
 Chronicles 556 
 
 Sect. 
 Ezra, conducts a caravan of Jews 
 
 to Judaea 584 
 
 his governorship 585 
 
 corrects the canon of Scripture. 586 
 dies; supposed same as Mala- 
 
 Chi 587 
 
 the book of, Analysis p. 245 
 
 F. 
 
 Fall, the 5 
 
 Firmament created 1 
 
 First-fruits and firstlings 181, 182 
 
 Fishes created 1 
 
 Fornication, law against , 121 
 
 Furniture of the Holv Place. ..141-143 
 Most Holy... .144-147 
 court 149, 150 
 
 G. 
 
 Gaal, son of Ebed, defeated by 
 
 Abimelech 285 
 
 Gabinius, sent by Pompey to Je- 
 rusalem Om. 61 
 
 changes the government... Con. 64 
 
 Gad, son of Zilpah, born 50 
 
 Jacob's prophecy respecting 
 
 him 72 
 
 the territory of his tribe 263 
 
 a prophet, directs David 314 
 
 sent to David 348 
 
 Gadi, father of Menahem 484 
 
 Galileans, the sect of. Con. 102 
 
 Gath, a government of the Philis- 
 tines .•277, note 
 
 taken by David 329 
 
 Gath-hepher, in Galilee 635 
 
 Gaza, a government of the Philis- 
 tines 277, note 
 
 Samson's exploit there 297 
 
 taken by Hophra, or Apries... 547 
 Gedaliah, appointed governor over 
 
 Judah; slain 552 
 
 Gehazi, Elisha's servant ; Naaman's 
 leprosy transferred to him, 
 
 430, 463, note 
 
 Genesis, Analysis of p. 35 
 
 Gerar, Abraham removes thither.. 32 
 
 Isaac goes there 44 
 
 Gerizim, temple built on Mount, 
 
 507, and Con. 3 
 
 Gersbom, son of Moses, born 83 
 
 circumcised 85 
 
 brought to him by Jethro 106 
 
 Gershonites, a family of the Levites 164 
 For their charge and situation 
 see p. 91. 
 Geshur, Absalom flies to the king 
 
 of 335 
 
 Geshurites, a nomad race on south- 
 ern border of Palestine 261 
 
 David makes excursions against 
 
 them 319 and note 
 
 Gezerites, a nomad race on south- 
 ern border of Palestine; 
 
INDEX. 
 
 359 
 
 Sect. 
 
 David makes excursions 
 
 against them 319 and note 
 
 Gibbcthon, Nadab slain there 383 
 
 Gibeah.a murder in the streets of; 
 taken by the eleven tribes, 
 
 273 and note 
 Gibeon, a city of the Gibeonites... 258 
 Gibeonites, the first of the Nethi- 
 
 nim 165 
 
 deceive Joshua 258 
 
 atonement for Saul's slaughter 
 
 of the 346 
 
 Gideon, judgeship of 279 
 
 called, and throws down altar 
 
 of Baal 210 
 
 defeats the Midianites 281 
 
 refuses to be king; dies 282 
 
 Gilboa, a mountain of Palestine... 245 
 defeat and suicide of Saul 
 
 there 321 
 
 Gilead, a mountain of Palestine, 
 
 245 and note 
 Gilgal, twelve stones pitched there. 254 
 
 a national assembly at 306 
 
 Girgashites, their position in 
 
 Canaan 23 
 
 war with 261 
 
 Gittites, follow David 338 and note 
 
 Godhead, plurality of persons in.. 2 
 
 Golan, a city of refuge 236 
 
 Goliath, slain by David 310 
 
 Gomer, son of Japheth, father of 
 
 the Cinibri 14 
 
 Gomorrah, Abraham intercedes 
 
 for it 30 
 
 destruction of 31 
 
 Gonorrhoea, purification from 206 
 
 Gorgias Con. 24 
 
 Goshen, land of, assigned to Israel- 
 ites 70 and note 
 
 Greeks, the, descended from Ja- 
 pheth 14 
 
 H. 
 
 Habakkuk, his prophecies 522, 638 
 
 Hadad, a prince of Edom 362 
 
 Hadadezer, king of Zobah; David's 
 
 victory over 329, :;:;i 
 
 his servant Rezon seizes Da- 
 mascus 862, 493, note 
 
 Eadassab, Hebrew name of Est her. 59:! 
 Hagar, becomes Abram'a concu- 
 bine ; bears [sbmael 27 
 
 exiled 84 
 
 ITaggai, incises the. Jews to recom- 
 mence building 578 
 
 his predictions 640 
 
 Hani, son of Noah, cursed 12 
 
 bis posterity 16 
 
 Hainan, a favorite of Ahasuerus, 
 
 banged 593 
 
 Hamotb, a Syrian state 329, 530 
 
 llainor, rather of Shechem 56 
 
 Hanani, the propbet, remonsl rates 
 
 with Asa 881. 890 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Planani, brother of Nehemiah 589 
 
 Hananiah, a false prophet 545 
 
 brother of Nehemiah 5 9 
 
 Hebrew name of Shadrach.... 621 
 
 Hannah, mother of Samuel 298 
 
 Hanun, son of Nahash ; conduct 
 
 to David 331 
 
 Haran, son of Terah, father of 
 
 Lot 19, 20 
 
 a place in Mesopotamia 20 
 
 Hareth, forest of 314 
 
 Harosheth 278 
 
 Haroth-jair — i. e. villages of Jair.. 287 
 
 Havilah. situation of 308 and note 
 
 Hazael, king of Syria; Elijah or- 
 dered to anoint him. .410, 428, note 
 accession of, foretold by Elisha, 
 
 438, 463, note 
 seizes the territory east of 
 
 Jordan 453, 456 
 
 stifles Eenhadad I.; summary 
 
 of history of 492, note 
 
 Hazeroth, Aaron and Miriam sin 
 
 there 220 
 
 Hazor 260, 278 
 
 Heber, the husband of Jael 278 
 
 Hebron, a city of refuge 236 
 
 the king of, defeated by Joshua.259 
 Hebron, the sons of Auak driven 
 
 out from 264 
 
 David proclaimed there 323 
 
 Heirships, law respecting 128 
 
 Helam, Hadadezer defeated at 331 
 
 Heliodorus, treasurer of Seleucus 
 
 Pbilopator Con. 15 
 
 Heliopolis, temple built there by 
 
 Onias Con. 29 
 
 Heman, a writer of the Psalms 604 
 
 Hermon, Mount 229, 245 
 
 Herod the Great, temple of 360, note 
 
 appointed governor of Galilee, 
 
 Con. 67 
 
 espouses Mariamne Con. 69 
 
 made tetrarch by Antony. .Con. 70 
 
 escapes to Rome Con. 71 
 
 obtains the kingdom from the 
 
 Triumvirate Con. 72 
 
 reduces Antigonus Con. 73 
 
 massacres the Sanhedrim. ...Tern. 74 
 appoints Anancl high priest, 
 
 Con. 75 
 deposes him, elevates and 
 
 murders Aristohulus dm. 76 
 
 propitiates Antony Con. 77 
 
 first secret instructions re- 
 specting Marianme < bn. 78 
 
 conciliates Augustus; Is con- 
 firmed on the throne Con. 79 
 
 second secret instructions re- 
 specting Mariamne Cbn. 80 
 
 introduces heathen customs*" W 81 
 
 rebuilds the temple Cbn. s 3 
 
 his generosity Cbn. * I 
 
 execute- Mai iainne's Hons..Cbn. 85 
 
 bis sickness and cruelty. ...Cbn. 88 
 executes An! Ipater Cbn. s, » 
 
360 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sect. 
 Herod, bis death and character, 
 
 Cow. 90, 91 
 
 Herodians, rise of the Con. 67 
 
 sect of Con. 102 
 
 Hezekiah, king of Judah, breaks 
 
 brazen serpent 228, 502 
 
 sonof Ahaz, duration of reign. 501 
 restores the worship of Jeho- 
 vah 504 
 
 rebels against Shalmaneser.... 506 
 
 submits to Sennacherib 508 
 
 his sickness; fifteen years 
 
 added to his life 511 
 
 his vanity 512 
 
 peaceful state of Judah 513 
 
 Hezion. See Rezon. 
 
 Hiddekel, the, a river of Eden 4 
 
 Hiel, the Bethelite, rebuilds Jeri- 
 cho 256, 418 
 
 High priest, the, his office 157 
 
 his typical character 158 
 
 his robes, etc 159-163 
 
 history of them to return from 
 
 the Captivity p. 252 
 
 Hilkiah, father of Jeremiah, finds 
 
 a copy of the Law 524 
 
 Hinnom, valley of 515 
 
 Hippod roine, the, at Jericho ; Jews 
 
 shut up in it Con. 89 
 
 Hirah, a Canaamte 62 
 
 Hiram, king of Tyre, assists David. 326 
 
 an ally of Solomon 357 
 
 Historical books, account of Int. 56 
 
 History of Susanna Con. 112 
 
 Hittites, the, their position in 
 
 Canaan 23 
 
 conquered by Joshua 261 
 
 Hivites, conquered by Joshua 261 
 
 Hobab, brother-in-law of Moses... 216 
 
 Hobah, north of Damascus 24 
 
 Hoham, king of Hebron, slain by 
 
 Joshua 259 
 
 Holofernes, beheaded by Judith, 
 
 Con. 106 
 Hophni, son of Eli, misconduct of. 299 
 
 di ath of 301 
 
 Hophra (see Pharaoh) 547 
 
 Hor, Mount, Aaron dies there 226 
 
 Horeb, Mount, Moses called at 84 
 
 Elijah goes there 410 
 
 Hormah ("utter destruction"), 
 
 Canaanites defeated at 227 
 
 Hosea, his prophecies and time, 
 
 469-631 
 Hoshea, king of Israel, son of Elah, 
 
 slays Pekah 495 
 
 duration of reign 497 
 
 allows Hezekiah to invite the 
 
 people to the passover 498 
 
 made tributary to Shalma- 
 neser 500 
 
 rebels, and is imprisoned 503 
 
 TTuldah, the prophetess 524 
 
 Hur, holds up Moses' hands 105 
 
 with Aaron, has the charge of 
 the people 109 
 
 Sect. 
 Ilushai, the Archite, joins Absa- 
 lom 338 
 
 defeats Ahithophel's coun- 
 sel 310 
 
 Hyrcanus, John, escapes to Jeru- 
 salem Con. 42 
 
 succeeds Simon as high priest, 
 
 Con. 43 
 besieged by AntiochusSidetes, 
 
 Con. 44 
 regains his independence; 
 raises Asamonean power.... Ton. 45 
 
 joins the Sadducees Con. 46 
 
 Hyrcanus II., son of Alexandra, 
 
 high priest Con. 55 
 
 resigns the kingdom and High 
 
 priesthood Con. 57 
 
 Pompey arbitrates between 
 
 him and Aristobulus Con. 60 
 
 restored by Pompey Con. 61 
 
 confirmed by Gabinius in high 
 
 priesthood Con. 64 
 
 joins Malichus Con. 69 
 
 barbarously mutilated Con. 71 
 
 I. 
 
 Ibzan, a judge 292 
 
 Iddo, grandfather of Zechariah... 641 
 
 Idolatry, law against 112 
 
 Injuries, corporal, law of 117 
 
 Isaac, horn 33 
 
 Abraham commanded to offer 
 
 him 36 
 
 a type of Christ 36, note 
 
 marries Rebekah 38 
 
 Jacob and Esau born 40 
 
 goes to Gerar and deceives 
 
 Abimelech 44 
 
 blesses Jacob 46 
 
 Jacob comes to reside with 
 
 him; his death 60 
 
 Isaiah, begins to prophesy 480 
 
 his predictions to Ahaz 491 
 
 his life and period 613 
 
 scope of his prophecies 614 
 
 chief subjects of his prophe- 
 cies 615 
 
 his prophecies of the Messiah. 616 
 
 Iscah (see Sarai) 19 
 
 Ishbi-benob, a gigantic Philistine, 
 
 slain byAbishai 347 
 
 Ishbosheth, son of Saul, reigns 
 
 over eleven tribes 323 
 
 quarrels with Abner 324 
 
 murdered by his twocaptains. 325 
 Ishmael, son of Hairar, born ; 
 
 prophecy respecting him 27 
 
 exiled; becomes a great ar- 
 cher; his children, and 
 
 death 34 
 
 Ishmaelites, Joseph sold to them., 61 
 Israel. See Jacob. 
 
 history of the divided mon- 
 archy of 365 
 
 Issachar, son of Leah, born 50 
 
INDEX. 
 
 361 
 
 Sect. 
 Issachar, Jacob's prophecy re- 
 specting him 72 
 
 the territory of his trihe 263 
 
 Issus, Darius routed at Con. 5 
 
 Ithamar, voungest son of Aaron... 231 
 Ittai, the Gittite, follows David.... 338 
 
 sent to battle hy David 341 
 
 Ituraea, subdued by Aristobulus, 
 
 Con. 48 
 
 J. 
 
 Jabal, son of Adah and Lamech... 8 
 
 Jabbok, a river 245 
 
 Jabesh-^ilead, four hundred vir- 
 gins of, sent to the Benja- 
 
 niites 274 
 
 besieged by Nahash 306 
 
 Jabesh-gileadites bury the bodies 
 
 of Saul and bis sons 321 
 
 Jabin, king of Hazor, defeated by 
 
 Joshua 260 
 
 defeated by Barak 278 
 
 Jacob, born : why so named 40 
 
 obtains Esau's birthright 43 
 
 his father's blessing... 46 
 
 goes to Lalian ; bis dream 47 
 
 marries Leah and Rachel 49 
 
 his family 50 
 
 bis new covenant with Laban.. 51 
 leaves, and is pursued by 
 
 Laban ; reconciled 52 
 
 his vision at Mahanaini ; mes- 
 sage to Esau 53 
 
 wrestles with a man at Peniel ; 
 
 name changed to Israel 54 
 
 meeting with Esau 55 
 
 dwells at Succotb 56 
 
 buries the idols and goes to 
 Bethel; God's promise re- 
 in wed 57 
 
 leaves Bethel 58 
 
 joins his father at Mature 60 
 
 deceived by his children 61 
 
 scuds his sons to Egypt for 
 
 corn 68 
 
 sends Benjamin 69 
 
 goes to Egypl 70 
 
 his dving acts and prophecies. 72 
 
 their fulfilment 73 
 
 bis death and burial 74 
 
 Jaddua, sou of Jonathan, high 
 
 priest Con. 3 
 
 Jaddua, saluted by Alexander. ..Con. 5 
 
 Jael, slavs Sisera " 278 
 
 Jahaziel, a prophet 398 
 
 .lair, a judge 287 
 
 Janinia. a seaport on the .Mediter- 
 ranean Con. 24 
 
 Japheth, son of Noah 12 
 
 his posterity 14 
 
 Japhia, sing of Lachisb, slain by 
 
 Joshua 259 
 
 Jarmuth, Piraui,king of, slain by 
 
 Joshua 259 
 
 Jared, rather of Enoch 9 
 
 Jaaher, book of 260, note, and 269 
 
 31 
 
 Sect. 
 Jason, introduces Greek idolatry 
 
 among the Jews Om. 16 
 
 supplanted by Menelaus in 
 
 high priesthood Con. 17 
 
 Javan, descendant of Japheth, fa- 
 ther of the Greeks 14 
 
 Jebusites, position in Canaan 23 
 
 subdued by Joshua 261 
 
 Jerusalem taken from them 
 
 by David 326 
 
 Jeconiah. See Jehoiachin. 
 Jeduthun,a writer of the Psalms... 604 
 Jehoahaz, king of Israel, son of 
 
 Jehu; duration of reign 457 
 
 his idolatry; oppressed by 
 
 Hazael, etc 458 
 
 Jehoahaz, king of Judah, son of 
 
 Josiah 5°9 
 
 deposed by Necho 530 
 
 Jehoash, king of Judah, son of 
 
 Ahaziah ; duration of reign. 448 
 restores the worship of Je- 
 hovah 449 
 
 repairs the temple 452 
 
 worships Baal; commands 
 Zeehariah to be stoned.. ... 454 
 
 bribes Hazael 456 
 
 slain by his servants 459 
 
 Jehoash, king of Israel, son of Je- 
 hoahaz; duration of reign... 461 
 his idolatry ; Elisha's promise, 
 
 463 and note 
 defeats Syrians three times... 465 
 
 defeats Amaziah 467 
 
 Jehoiachin, king of Judah, son of 
 Jehoiakim; duration of 
 
 reign 542 
 
 carried away captive by Nebu- 
 chadnezzar 543 
 
 Jehoiada. the high priest 446 
 
 resent 449 
 
 his death 454 
 
 Jehoiakim, son of Josiah; dura- 
 tion of rcien 531 
 
 Jeremiah and Urijah prophesy 
 
 against him 532 
 
 charged by Jeremiah with 
 
 murder of Urijah 533 
 
 made tributary by Nebuchad- 
 nezzar 537 
 
 seeks to destroy Jeremiah 538 
 
 revolts 539 
 
 slain 540 
 
 Jehonadab, the son of Kechah, 
 
 meets Jehu 445 
 
 obedience of Rechahitea to.... 534 
 Jehoram, king of Israel, son of 
 
 Ahah; duration of reign.... 126 
 
 his idolatry 427 
 
 allies with Jeho«haphal 4?9 
 
 seeks to slav KIM, a 4S3 
 
 slain hy Jeliu 441 
 
 Jehoram. king of Judah, son of 
 Jehoshaphat ; duration of 
 
 reign 134 
 
 his idolatry 485 
 
362 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Seel. 
 Jehoratn, king of Judah.his death. 4:J6 
 Jehoshaphat, king of Judah, son 
 
 of Asa; duration of reign.. 398 
 
 worships Jehovah 400 
 
 organizes the national educa- 
 tion 402 
 
 fortifies Juriah ; levies an 
 
 army 404 
 
 appoints judges 407 
 
 flourishing state of his king- 
 dom 408 
 
 his affinity with Ahah 409 
 
 nearly killed at Ramoth 415 
 
 rebuked by Jehu 416 
 
 tries to revive t lie commerce 
 
 of Solomon, etc 419 
 
 defeats Moabites and Ammon- 
 ites 422 
 
 allies with Jehoram 4 9 
 
 Jehosheha, wife of Jehoiada, saves 
 
 Joash 446 
 
 Jehovah-jireh ("the Lord will pro- 
 vide"), so called by Abra- 
 ham 36 
 
 Jehovah-nissi("the Lord my ban- 
 ner"), an altar built by 
 
 Moses 105 
 
 Jehu, son of Hanani, a prophet... 389 
 Jehu, son of Nimshi, anointed 
 king of Israel ; slays Aha- 
 
 ziah and Jehoram 441, 442 
 
 king of Israel; duration of 
 
 reign 444 
 
 slays Jezebel 445 
 
 destroys Baal's worshippers.... 450 
 
 his idolatry 455 
 
 Jephthah, judgeship of 288 
 
 captain of a band of men in 
 
 Tob 289 
 
 sends to the king of Amnion. 290 
 defeats Ammonites; his vow... 291 
 
 Jeremiah, prophesies 521-531 
 
 prophesies against Jehoiakim. 532 
 charges him with the murder 
 
 of Urijah 533 
 
 foretells seventy years' cap- 
 tivity 534 
 
 prophecies publicly read 538 
 
 writes to the captives of Baby- 
 lon 545 
 
 cast into a pit 549 
 
 his prophecy against Zede- 
 
 kiah 550 
 
 his life and period 617 
 
 Jericho, spies sent thither 253 
 
 taken hv Joshua 256 
 
 rebuilt by Hiel 418 
 
 Jeroboam, son of Nebat, prom- 
 ised the government of ten 
 tribes hy Ahijah ; flies to 
 
 Egypt 362 
 
 returns from Egypt 364 
 
 king of Israel ; duration of 
 
 reign 371 
 
 fortifies Shechem 373 
 
 his idolatry 374 
 
 Sect. 
 Jeroboam, man of God sent to; his 
 
 band withered ;J77 
 
 Ahijah's prophecy against 
 
 him 380 
 
 Jeroboam II., son of Joash ; du- 
 ration of reign 169 
 
 Jonah's promise 471 
 
 recovers all Hazael had taken 
 
 away; his idolatry 473 
 
 Jerubbaal (" let Baal plead"), name 
 
 given to Gideon 280 
 
 Jerusalem, taken by David 326 
 
 description of..." 326, note 
 
 capital of Judah; called Sa- 
 lem and Jebus p. 201 
 
 taken by Joash, king of Is- 
 rael 467 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar... 550 
 
 sacked by Nebuzaradan 551 
 
 Alexander visits Con. 5 
 
 taken by Antiochus Epiph- 
 
 anes Con. 18 
 
 Pompev Con. 61 
 
 Herod "the Great. Con. 73 
 
 Jeshua, grandson of Seraiah 572 
 
 high priest 574 
 
 Jesse, son of Obed 305 
 
 father of David 309 
 
 Jesus. See Jason. 
 
 Jethro, priest of Midian; bis 
 
 daughters meet with Moses. 83 
 
 his advice to Moses 106 
 
 Jewish constitution, account of, 
 
 133 and note 
 See Assemblies, legislative. 
 connection of the tribes with 
 
 each other 137 
 
 the tribunal of seventy insti- 
 tuted by Moses 138 
 
 Jezebel, daughter of Ethbaal, mar- 
 ries Ahah 401 
 
 persecutes the prophets 405 
 
 threatens Elijah 410 
 
 advises A hub to seize Naboth's 
 
 vineyard 414 
 
 slain by Jehu 445 
 
 Joab, son of Zeruiah, slays Abner. 324 
 
 made chief captain 326 
 
 conquers Ammonites and Syr- 
 ians 331 
 
 reduces Rabbah 333 
 
 mediates between Absalom 
 
 and David 336 
 
 marches against Absalom 341 
 
 slays Absalom 342 
 
 superseded in command by 
 
 Ainasa 344 
 
 slays Amasa 345 
 
 remonstrates with David on 
 his numbering the people. 348 
 
 slain by Benaiah 353 
 
 his character 354 
 
 Joash, father of Gideon 280 
 
 See JEHOASH. 
 Job, chronology of the time of..... 595 
 his country 596 
 
INDEX. 
 
 363 
 
 Sect. 
 Job, his condition and character.. 597 
 
 afflicted by Satan 598 
 
 visited by his three friends.... 599 
 
 reproved by Elibn 600 
 
 Jehovah appears to him 601 
 
 is restored to prosperity 602 
 
 prophetical intimation of Mes- 
 siah in book of. 603 
 
 Jochebed, mother of Moses 82 
 
 Joel, son of Samuel 302 
 
 Joel, prophesies 470, 632 
 
 Johauan, a chief officer of Geda- 
 
 liah 552 
 
 John Hyrcanus. See Hyrcanus. 
 
 Jonah, prophesies 451 
 
 his history; sent against Nin- 
 eveh 635 
 
 Jonathan, son of Saul : his heroic 
 
 conduct 307 
 
 his friendship with David 312 
 
 his death 321 
 
 Jonathan, son of Abiathar 338 
 
 the high priest Con.2 
 
 (See Maccab.eus) Con. 31 
 
 Joram, son ofToi, kiugof Hatuath, 
 
 visits David 329 
 
 See Jehoeam. 
 Jordan, the, crossed by the Israel- 
 ites 254 
 
 Joseph, son of Rachel, born 50 
 
 sold by his brethren 61 
 
 sold to Potiphar and cast into 
 
 prison 63 
 
 interprets the dreams of the 
 
 butl r and the baker 64 
 
 interprets the dreams of Pha- 
 raoh 65 
 
 made chief ruler of Egypt; 
 
 marries Asenath '..* 66 
 
 his sons 66 
 
 his brethren visit him 68 
 
 a second time ; 
 sends for his father and fam- 
 ily 69 
 
 his policy during the famine, 
 
 71, note 
 Jacob's prophecy respecting 
 
 him 72 
 
 buries Jacob 74 
 
 again forgives his brethren... 75 
 
 death and burial 76 
 
 a type Of Christ 77 
 
 burial of his bones in Canaan. 267 
 
 Joseph, a son of Antipater ('on. am 
 
 executed by Herod the Great, 
 
 Con. 78 
 Joshua, previous life of; his name 
 
 Changed 252 and note 
 
 defeats the Atnalekites 105 
 
 attends Moses in the mount... 109 
 
 one of the twelve spies ; his 
 conduct 222 
 
 appointed Moa «' suecessor.285, 239 
 
 semis spies to Jericho 253 
 
 ei oases i be Jordan 254 
 
 an angel appear.-, to him 255 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Joshua, takes Jericho 256 
 
 takes Ai ; punishes Achan 257 
 
 allies with the Gibeouites 258 
 
 defeats Adonizedek and four 
 
 kings 259 
 
 defeats Northern kings 260 
 
 divides Canaan among the 
 
 tribes 263 
 
 district assigned to him 264 
 
 his last days and death 266, 267 
 
 Joshua, book of, Analysis of its 
 
 contents p. 136 
 
 Joshua, a Bethsbemite 302 
 
 Joshua, slain in the temple by his 
 
 brother Jonathan Con. 2 
 
 Josiah, king of Judah, son of 
 
 Anion; duration of reign... 518 
 
 worships Jehovah 519 
 
 repairs the temple 523 
 
 throws down the altar of Je- 
 roboam 525 
 
 celebrates the passover 526 
 
 slain 528 
 
 Jotham, Gideon's son 283 
 
 his parable of the trees 284 
 
 Jotham, king of Judah, son of 
 
 Uzziah ; duration of reign.. 481 
 
 reigns righteously 483 
 
 Jubal, sou of Lamech and Adah, 
 
 descendant of Cain 8 
 
 Jubilee, the 195 
 
 Judah, son of Leah, born 50 
 
 proposes to sell Joseph 61 
 
 marries the daughter of Shu- 
 ah ; his sons, and incest 
 
 with Tamar 62 
 
 his address to Joseph 69 
 
 Jacob's prophecy respecting 
 
 him 72 
 
 the territory of his tribe 263 
 
 defeats Adonibezek 270 
 
 prefatory history of the king- 
 dom 365 
 
 Judas Maccabaeus. See Maccab- 
 
 jevs. 
 Judges, book of, obscurity of chro- 
 nology, and Analysis of its 
 
 contents p. 145 
 
 Judgeships, the 275-296 
 
 Judith, book of Con. 106 
 
 K. 
 
 Kadeah-barnea, spies sent thence. 221 
 
 Israelites return thither 225 
 
 Kadmonites, a people of Canaan.. 23 
 
 Kedesh,a city of refuge 2;;o 
 
 Keilah. David rescues it from the 
 
 Philistines 316 
 
 Cenites, a people of Canaan 2:i 
 
 Kenizzites, a people of Cauaan 28 
 
 Keturab marries Abraham; her 
 
 sons 89 
 
 Kibroth-liattaavali (''the graves 
 of lu-i ' , i »raelltes mur- 
 mur there for flesh 21s 
 
564 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Kings, Analytical Table of p. 106 
 
 Kir-haraseth, capital of Moabites, 
 besieged bv Jehoram and 
 
 Jehoshaphat 429 
 
 Kish, fatber of Saul 303 
 
 Kishon, a river of Palestine 245 
 
 Baal's prophets slaughtered 
 
 at 406 
 
 Kohathites, a family of the Le- 
 
 vites 164 
 
 their charge and situation. ...p 91 
 
 Koran, rebellion of. 223 
 
 Psalms ascribed to the sons of. 604 
 
 L. 
 
 Laban, brother of Rebekab 47 
 
 •welcomes Jacob ; deceives him. 49 
 
 new covenant with Jacob 51 
 
 puisnes Jacob; is reconciled 
 
 to him 52 
 
 Laborasoarchod,sonofNeriglissor. 564 
 son-in-law of Nebuchadnezzar. 625 
 Labynetus, name given to Bel- 
 
 shazzar by Herodotus 565 
 
 Lachish, reduced by Joshua 259 
 
 Amaziah slain there 468 
 
 Laish, taken by Danites; called 
 
 Dan 272 
 
 Lamech, son of Methusael, de- 
 scendant of Cain 8 
 
 son of Methuselah, father of 
 
 Noah 9 
 
 Lamentations, book of. 619 
 
 Land, dry, created 1 
 
 Landmarks, law respecting 124 
 
 Language, original, of the Old Tes- 
 tament Int. 60 
 
 but one after the death of 
 
 Noah 17 
 
 Lapidoth, husband of Deborah.... 278 
 
 Laver, the 150 
 
 Law, the moral, given 108 
 
 the ceremonial 109 
 
 Lawyers Con. 101 
 
 Leah, daughter of Laban, marries 
 
 Jacob 49 
 
 her children 50 
 
 Lebi, Samson taken there 296 
 
 Leprosv, how Moses acted respect- 
 ing 207 
 
 different kinds 208 
 
 first, in man 209 
 
 laws, for distinguishing 210 
 
 purification from 211 
 
 second, in houses 212 
 
 third, in clothes 213 
 
 Levi, son of Leah, born 50 
 
 bis cruelty to the Shechem- 
 
 ites 56 
 
 Jacob's prophecy respecting 
 
 him 72 
 
 the tribe, slay 3000 of the idol- 
 aters 110 
 
 devoted to temple-service..l53-l<>4 
 Levites, the 164 
 
 Sect 
 Leviticus, Analysis of its con- 
 tents .". p. 96 
 
 typical intimations in 214 
 
 Libnah, reduced by Joshua 259 
 
 besieged by Sennacherib 509 
 
 Light, creation of 1 
 
 Lot, son of Haran 19 
 
 leaves Ur with Abram 20 
 
 dwells at Sodom 22 
 
 rescued by Abram 24 
 
 escapes from Sodom ; fate of 
 his- wile; incest with bis 
 
 daughters 31 
 
 Lud, descendant of Shem, father 
 
 of Lydians 16 
 
 Lydians, the, descended from 
 
 Shem 16 
 
 Lysias invades .J udsea ; defeated by 
 
 Judas Maccabteus 25 
 
 Lysimachus, a general of Alex- 
 ander Con. 9 
 
 M. 
 
 Maacah, a king in North Pales- 
 tine 331 
 
 Maachah, grandmother of Asa, de- 
 posed by him 384 
 
 Maachathites", war with 261 
 
 Maccabseus (Hammerer), Judas, 
 
 third son of Mattathias...Om. 20 
 restores the temple; institutes 
 
 feast of dedication Con. 22 
 
 his victories Con. 24,25 
 
 his wars Con. 24-27 
 
 peace with Syria Con. 25, 28 
 
 defeats force of Demetrius 
 
 Soter Con. 29 
 
 allies with Rome; slain Con. 30 
 
 Jonathan, brother of Judas, 
 chosen leader bv the peo- 
 ple '. Con. 31 
 
 war with Baechides Con. 32 
 
 made high priest Om. 33 
 
 assists Antiochus Con. 35 
 
 allies with Rome and Lacedae- 
 
 mon ; fortifies Judaea Con. 36 
 
 falls by the treachery of Try- 
 
 phoD Con. 37 
 
 Simon, second son of Mat- 
 tat hias Con. 20 
 
 succeeds Jonathan Con. 38 
 
 completes fortifications; re- 
 duces Acra Con. 39 
 
 public memorial of his acts; 
 his powers recognized by 
 
 Rome Con. 40 
 
 bis murder Con. 41 
 
 Maccabees, rule of Con. 20 
 
 books of Con. 115-117 
 
 Machir, son of Ammicl, succors 
 
 David 341 
 
 Machpclah, cave of, purchased; 
 the burial-place of Sarah, of 
 
 Rebekab, and of Leah 37 
 
 of Abraham 41 
 
INDEX. 
 
 365 
 
 Sect. 
 Machpelah, burial-place of Jacob. 74 
 
 of Joseph 267 
 
 Madai, faiher of Medes, descend- 
 ant of Japheth 14 
 
 Magog, father of Scythians, de- 
 scendant of Japheth 14 
 
 Mahalaleel, son of Cainan, de- 
 scendant of Seth 9 
 
 Mahalath, daughter of Ishraael... 34 
 
 marries Esau 48 
 
 Mahanaim ("God's host"), Jacob 
 
 met by angels there 53 
 
 Makkedah,caveof, live kings take 
 
 refuge in 259 
 
 Malachi, prophesies 592 
 
 bis prophecies 642 
 
 Malichus, poisons Antipater; death 
 
 of Con. 68 
 
 faction of Con. 69, 70 
 
 Marnre, Ahrani dwells there, 
 
 22 and note 
 
 an Amorite, assists Abram 24 
 
 Man created and hlessed 1-3 
 
 Manasseh, son of Joseph ; born... 67 
 
 hlessed by Jacob 72 
 
 territory of his trihe..263 and note 
 Manasseh, king of Judah, son of 
 
 Hezekiah ; duration of reign. 514 
 
 his idolatry 515 
 
 Manasseh, carried into captivity 
 
 by Esarhaddon 516 
 
 Prayer of Con. 114 
 
 Manasses, high priest of Samaria, 
 
 Con. 3 
 
 Manna, sent 102 
 
 properties of; Aaron lays up 
 
 an omer 103 
 
 a type of Christ 152 
 
 ceases 255 
 
 Manoah, a Dauite, father of Sam- 
 son 296 
 
 Manslaughter, law against 116 
 
 Maon, wilderness of; David goes 
 
 there 316 
 
 Marah (" bitter "), Muses heals the 
 
 water of 102 
 
 Marathon, battle of 582 
 
 Mariamne, granddaughter of Hyr- 
 
 canus, espoused to Herod".... 68 
 
 her marriage 73 
 
 first secrei instructions re- 
 
 Bpecting her 78 
 
 second Becrel Instructions re- 
 
 BpeCting her, and death 80 
 
 her -"lis executed 85 
 
 Marriage, instituted i and note 
 
 unlawful marriages 119 
 
 ii (" temptation "), (see 
 Mbbibab 101 
 
 Mattan, a pi i> -i of Baal, slain by 
 
 Jeboiada 449 
 
 Mattaniah, king of Jndali (see 
 
 Zim.ki am i 543 
 
 Mattal bias, a priest ; revolt of Jews 
 under; father of Judas Mac- 
 cabeus Con. 20 
 
 31 * 
 
 Matri, Saul's family 303 
 
 Matrimonial laws 119-122 
 
 Medes, descended from Japheth... 14 
 Media, History and Geography of, 
 
 Int. 48, 49 
 
 Megabyzus 588 
 
 Megiddo, Ahaziab slain at 442 
 
 Josiah slain in valley of. 528 
 
 Mehujael, son of Irad, descendant 
 
 of Cain 8 
 
 Melchizedek, king of Salem ; meets 
 
 Abram 24 
 
 his character and office 25 
 
 psalms ascrihed to him 604 
 
 Menahem, king of Israel, assassi- 
 nates Shallum 482 
 
 his idolatry; duration of reign. 484 
 
 bribes Pul" 486 
 
 Mene 627 
 
 Menelaus, supplants Jason in high 
 
 priesthood Con. 17 and note 
 
 guides Antiochus into the 
 
 temple Con. 18 and note 
 
 Menses, purification from 206 
 
 Men-stealing, law against 125 
 
 Mephibosheth, son of Jonathan; 
 
 adopted by David 330 
 
 falsely reported to David by 
 
 Ziba 338 
 
 testifies his loyalty to David... 343 
 
 Merab, Saul's eldest daughter 310 
 
 promised to David 311 
 
 Merarites, a family of the Levites. 164 
 (For their charge and situa- 
 tion see p. 91.) 
 
 Mercy-seat, the 145 
 
 Meribah ("strife"), Moses and 
 
 Aaron sin there 104, 225 
 
 Merodach-baladan, king of Baby- 
 lon, sends to Hezekiah 512 
 
 Merom, the waters of 245, 260 
 
 Meschech, father of Muscovites, 
 
 descendant of Japheth 14 
 
 Meshach, given as a hostage to 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar 537 
 
 (Hebrew Mishael), educated at 
 
 Babylon 621 
 
 cast into the fiery furnace 62;! 
 
 Mesopotamia, History and Geog- 
 raphy of Int. 3!) 
 
 Messiah, prophecies and typical 
 
 intimations of 643 et seq. 
 
 Methusael, son of Mehujael, de- 
 scendant of Cain 8 
 
 Methuselah, son of Enoch, oldest 
 
 Of all men 9 
 
 Micah, a native of Mount Eph- 
 
 raim ; idolatry of 272 
 
 Micah, the prophet, prophesies.... 185 
 
 his prophecy 636 
 
 Micaiah, prophesies ■'''.''■> 
 
 Sent lor by Abab 415 
 
 Michal, Saul's daughter, marries 
 
 David :;ii 
 
 assists David's Bight 312 
 
 given to Phalli 318 
 
366 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Miobal, restored to David 824 
 
 reproves him 328 
 
 Michmash 307 
 
 Midian, Moses flees thither 83 
 
 son of Abraham and Keturah, 
 
 progenitor of Midianit.es 39 
 
 Midianires, the, descended from 
 
 Midian 39 
 
 defeated by the Israelites 232 
 
 harass the Israelites 279 
 
 defeated by Gideon 281 
 
 Milcali, daughter of Haran, mar- 
 ries Nahor 19 
 
 grandmother of Rebekah 38 
 
 Minnith 291 
 
 Miriam, sister of Moses 101 
 
 sedition; smitten with lep- 
 rosy 220 
 
 her death 225 
 
 Miscellaneous precepts 131 
 
 Mishael, Hebr. name of Meshach... 621 
 
 Mitre, the 163 
 
 Mizpeh, Samuel assembles Israel 
 
 at 302 
 
 Mizraim, father of the Egyptians, 
 
 descendant of Ham" 15 
 
 Moab, his birth 31 
 
 Moabites, history of Int. 20 
 
 descended from Moab 31 
 
 10 000 slain by Ehud 276 
 
 defeated bv Saul 308 
 
 by David 319 
 
 subject to Solomon 352 
 
 defeated by Je.hoshaphat 422 
 
 Molech, worshipped bv Solomon... 362 
 
 by Ahaz 488 
 
 Moon, created 1 
 
 Morastbi.Micah born there 636 
 
 Morderai, carried to Babylon by 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar 543 
 
 honored 593 
 
 Moreh, A brain goes there.. 21 and note 
 Moriah, Mount, Abraham tempt- 
 ed to offer Isaac there 36 
 
 Jerusalem built on it 326, note 
 
 temple built on it 359 
 
 Moses (" saved from water"), born. 82 
 
 writer of Pentateuch Om. 55 
 
 flight to Midian ; marries Zip- 
 
 porab 83 
 
 called at Horeb 81 
 
 returns to Egypt; circumcises 
 
 his son 85 
 
 stands before Pharaoh... 86 
 
 leads Israelites out of Egypt.. 98 
 
 divides the Red Sea 101 
 
 heals water at Marah 102 
 
 commands Joshua to attack 
 
 the Amalekites 105 
 
 visited by Jethro 106 
 
 ascends Mount Sinai 109 
 
 reprimands Aaron for idola- 
 try 110 
 
 reasceoda Mount Sinai Ill 
 
 consecrates Aaron and his 
 sons 166 
 
 Sect. 
 
 I Moses, institutes festivals 187 
 
 numbers the twelve tribes 216 
 
 appoints seventy elders to as- 
 sist in governing 219 
 
 sends out the twelve spies 221 
 
 his sin at Meribah 225 
 
 puts the sacerdotal garments 
 
 on Eleazar 226 
 
 sets up the brazen serpent 228 
 
 reviews the people in plains 
 
 of Moab 233 
 
 appoints Joshua his succes- 
 sor 235, 239 
 
 appoints the cities of refuge... 2:!0 
 
 his last acts and death 239 
 
 review of his life and charac- 
 ter 240 
 
 Mountains of Canaan 2-15 
 
 Murder, law against 116 
 
 Muscovites, descended from Ja- 
 
 pheth 14 
 
 Mycale, battle of. 582 
 
 W. 
 
 Naamah, daughter of Lamech and 
 
 Zillah 8 
 
 Naaman, his leprosy cured by Eli- 
 
 sha 430 
 
 Nabal, husband of Abigail, death 
 
 of 318 
 
 Nabonad, name given to Belshaz- 
 
 zar by Josephus 5G5 
 
 Nabopolassar, an Assyrian gene- 
 ral, king of Cbaldees, and 
 father of Nebuchadnezzar... 535 
 
 Naboth, his vineyard coveted by 
 
 Abab; his death 414 
 
 Nadab, son of Aaron, with Abihu 
 
 attends Moses in the mount. 109 
 
 Nadab and Abihu, their sin 169 
 
 Nadab, king of Israel, son of Je- 
 roboam ; duration of reign.. 382 
 his idolatry; slain by Ba- 
 asba 383 
 
 Nahash, king of the Ammonites, 
 
 defeated by Saul 306 
 
 death of. 331 
 
 Nahor, bis descent and age 18 
 
 marries Milcah 19 
 
 grandfather of Rebekah 38 
 
 Nahum, the prophet 637 
 
 Naioth, Samuel takes David thith- 
 er 312 and note 
 
 Naomi, mother-in-law of Ruth 305 
 
 Naphtali, son of Bilhah, born 50 
 
 Jacob's prophecy respecting 
 
 him 72 
 
 territory of his tribe 263 
 
 Nathan, a prophet, forbids David 
 
 to build a temple 328 
 
 reproves him for his sin 382 
 
 proclaims Solomon king 349 
 
 Nazaritism 201 
 
 Nebat, father of Jeroboam :;71 
 
 Nebo, Mount 245, note 
 
INDEX. 
 
 367 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar, son of Nabopo- 
 
 lassar 535 
 
 defeats Pharaoh-Neclio 586 
 
 takes Jerusalem, etc 637 
 
 besieges Jerusalem, carries 
 captive Ezekiel and Morde- 
 
 cai 543 
 
 slays the sons and puts out 
 
 the eyes of Zedekiali 550 
 
 erects a golden image 558 
 
 conquers Tyre, etc 559 
 
 beautifies Babylon 560 
 
 his insanity 561 
 
 his restoration and death.. 624, 561 
 
 Nebuchadonosor 527 
 
 Nebuzaradan sacks Jerusalem 251 
 
 Necho. See Pharaoh. 
 Neheraiah, book of, Analysis of.. p. 253 
 appointed governor of J udiea. 5S8 
 rebuilds the walls, etc. of Je- 
 rusalem 589 
 
 his first administration 590 
 
 second 591 
 
 Neriglissor, son-in-law of Neb- 
 uchadnezzar 563 
 
 Nethaneel, a son of Jesse 309 
 
 Nethinim, the 165 
 
 origin of. 258 
 
 New moon, festival of 313 and note 
 
 Nimrod, son of Cush 17 
 
 founds the kingdom of Babel. 554 
 
 Nimshi, father of Jehu 444 
 
 Nineveh, or Nimroud 486, note 
 
 Sennacherib flies to 510 
 
 taken by Cyaxares and Nabo- 
 
 polassar 535 
 
 Jonah sent by God to 635 
 
 Nisroch, Sennacherib slain in the 
 
 temple of 510 and note 
 
 Nitocris, mother of B< Ishazzar 560 
 
 completes unfinished works 
 
 of Nebuchadnezzar 565 
 
 Noah, son of Lantech, born 9 
 
 builds the ark 10 
 
 leaves the ark and sacrifices 
 
 to Jehovah 11 
 
 prophecies concerning his 
 
 sons 12 
 
 his posterity 13-16 
 
 >'oh, Saul massacres the priests at. 315 
 
 Numbers, book of, Analysis of.. .p. 120 
 
 typical intimations in -238 
 
 O. 
 
 Obadiah, governor of Abab's 
 
 house, ("•••■ds the prophets... 105 
 
 meets Elijah 406 
 
 Obadiah, the prophet 631 
 
 Obed, Bon of Ruth, father of Jesse. 805 
 
 Obed the prophet 490 
 
 Obed-edom, David leaves the ark 
 
 in hi* house 828 
 
 Oblations 167 
 
 first, ordinary 17s 
 
 second, free 179 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Oblations, third, prescribed 180 
 
 See Dkqjk-Offkrings 185 
 
 Oded, the prophet, remonstrates 
 
 with Pekah 492 
 
 Offerings, first, burnt- 169 
 
 second, peace- 170 
 
 third, sin- 171-175 
 
 fourth, trespass- 176 
 
 drink- 185 
 
 Og, king of Bashan, defeated by 
 
 Israelites 229 and note 
 
 Old Testament, world of. Int. 1 
 
 Critical History of. p. 25 
 
 Olives, Mount of, Solomon erects 
 
 high places on 362 
 
 Orari, king of Israel, besieges 
 
 Zimri 395 
 
 his party prevails over that 
 
 of Tibni 396 
 
 builds Samaria; death of. 397 
 
 On, or Heliopolis 66, note 
 
 Ouan, son of Judah and the Ca- 
 
 naanite 62 
 
 Ophir 357, 419 
 
 Ophrah, in Manasseh 280 
 
 Oreb, prince of the Midianites; 
 
 slain by Ephraimhes 281 
 
 Orpah, daughter-in-law of Naomi. 305 
 Othniel, takes Debir; marries 
 
 Achsah 264 
 
 judgeship ; delivers the people. 275 
 Ozem, a son of Jesse 309 
 
 P. 
 
 Palestine, Geography of, and His- 
 tory at different periods. ..Int. 23 
 
 description of 245 
 
 early inhabitants of 246 
 
 the highway between Egypt 
 
 and the Asiatic empires 251 
 
 Palmyra, or Tadmor, built by .Sol- 
 omon 357 
 
 Paran, wilderness of 216 
 
 David goes there 318 
 
 Parents, law against disobedience 
 
 to 115 
 
 Passover, instituted 97 
 
 described 188 
 
 a type of the Messiah 196 
 
 kept by Joshua 255 
 
 by Bezekiah 504 
 
 Pekah, king of Israel, assassinates 
 
 Pekahiah 489 
 
 son of Itemaliab; duration of 
 
 reign 490 
 
 allies with Rezin invades .lu- 
 dab I'll 
 
 second invasion 492 
 
 slain by lloslna 495 
 
 Pekahiah. king of Israel, son 
 of Menaheru ; duration of 
 
 reign ; bis death iso 
 
 Peleg, son of Eber is 
 
 Pelitliitrs, follow David 888 
 
 march against Amasa 84S 
 
368 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sect. 
 Peniel (" face of God "), name giv- 
 en by Jacob 54 
 
 Peninnah, wife of Elkanah 298 
 
 Pentateuch Int. 55 
 
 Pentecost, feast of 189 
 
 a type of the Messiah 196 
 
 Peres 627 and note 
 
 Perizzites, the, their position in 
 
 Canaan 23 
 
 subdued by Joshua 261 
 
 Persia, Geography and History 
 
 of Int.5C> 
 
 Pethor, in Mesopotamia 230 
 
 Pethuel, father of Joel 632 
 
 Petra, taken by Pompey 61 
 
 Phalti, son of Laish, Michal given 
 
 to 318 
 
 Pharaoh, different dynasties of. ..Int. 4 
 
 deceived by Abrani 21 
 
 his dreams interpreted by Jo- 
 seph 64 
 
 commands male infants of 
 Hebrews to be destroyed... 81 
 
 his death 83 
 
 to whom Moses is sent 83 
 
 pursues the Hebrews 101 
 
 Pharaoh-Hophra. See Apries. 
 
 Pharaoh-Necho, invasion of 528 
 
 Pharez, son of Judah and Tamar. 62 
 Pharisees, the, become a political 
 
 faction Con. 46 
 
 a sect of the Jews Con. 94 
 
 their tenets Con. 95 
 
 practices Con. 96 
 
 Phasael, son of Antipater, made 
 
 governor of Jerusalem. ..Con. 67 
 made a tetrarch of Pales- 
 tine Con. 70 
 
 commits suicide Con. 71 
 
 Pheroras, son of Antipater Con. 67 
 
 plots against Herod ; his death, 
 
 Con. 86 
 
 Philip Con. 28 
 
 a son of Herod the Great... Con. 90 
 Philistia, Geographv and History 
 
 of. .". Int. 36, 37 
 
 Philistines, their origin { 2 78,'t<2 
 
 attack the southern Jewish 
 tribes; repulsed by Sham- 
 gar 277 
 
 forty years' oppression of 295 
 
 defeated by Samson 296 
 
 defeat Israelites at Ehenezer. 301 
 
 defeated by Saul 307 
 
 by David 310 
 
 defeat Saul 321 
 
 defeated by David 327-329 
 
 David's last expedition against 
 
 them 347 
 
 subject to Solomon 352 
 
 tributary to Jehoshaphat 408 
 
 smitten by Hezekiah 506 
 
 Phi neb as, son of Eleazar, slays 
 
 Zimri and Cozbi 231 
 
 Phinehas,son of Eli, misconduct of 299 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Phinehas, son of Eli, death of 301 
 
 Phoenicia, Geographv and His- 
 tory of .". Int. 11, 12 
 
 Phoenicians, descended from If am. 15 
 
 account of 248 
 
 Phut, father of Libyans, son of 
 
 Ham 15 
 
 Pihahiroth, Israelites encamp at.. 100 
 Moses divides the Red Sea 
 
 at 101 
 
 Piram, king of Jarmuth, slain by 
 
 Joshua „ 259 
 
 Pisgah, Moses views Land of Prom- 
 ise from 239 
 
 Pison, a river of Eden 4 
 
 Pithom, a treasure-city, built by 
 
 Israelites 81 
 
 Plagues, the ten 87-98 
 
 individual design and cha- 
 racter of. 98, note 
 
 Platsea, battle of. 582 
 
 Pledges, law respecting 127 
 
 Poetical books, account of Int. 57 
 
 Pollio, a mem ber of the Sanhedrim, 
 
 Con. 74 
 Pompey, reduces Ccele-Syria.... Con. 60 
 
 takes Jerusalem Con. 61 
 
 death of Con. 66 
 
 Potiphar, captain of Pharaoh's 
 
 guard, Joseph sold to 63 
 
 Potipherah, priest of On, father- 
 in-law of Joseph 66 
 
 Prayer of Manasses 114 
 
 Prie'sts, the 153 
 
 classification of. 153 
 
 their duties and requirements; 
 family of Aaron appointed.. 154 
 
 dress 155 
 
 sources of their livelihood 156 
 
 divided into twenty -four 
 
 courses by David 156, note 
 
 four courses return from 
 
 Babylon 581 
 
 Prophets, their chronological or- 
 der p. 266 
 
 Prophetical books, account of. ..Int. 58 
 Proverbs, the book of, authorship 
 
 and scope 608 
 
 Psalms, the book of, authorship... 604 
 
 subjects 605 
 
 classification 606 
 
 occurrence of word Selah io... 607 
 Psammetichus, father of Pharaoh- 
 Necho 528 
 
 Psammis, son of Pharaoh-Necho.. 547 
 Ptolemies, government under...Cbn. 10 
 Ptolemy I., Lagus, takes Jerusa- 
 lem Con. 8 
 
 his provinces Con. 9 
 
 II., Philadelphia; Eleazar 
 
 sends 70 elders to Con. 12 
 
 III., Euergetes Con. 13 
 
 IV., Philopator, enters the 
 
 Holy of Holies Con. 13 
 
 V., Epiphanes Con. 14 
 
 Puah, a Hebrew midwife 81 
 
INDEX. 
 
 369 
 
 Pul, king of Assyria, invades 
 
 Israel 486, 554 
 
 Purifications, first, as a religious 
 
 ceremonial 205 
 
 second, from personal unclean- 
 
 ness 206 
 
 third, from leprosy 207-213 
 
 Purim, least of. 193 
 
 origin of 594 
 
 Kaamses, a treasure-citv, built by 
 
 Israelites. ." 81 
 
 Kabbah, Joab sent bv David to be- 
 siege 331 
 
 taken by David 333 
 
 Rabshakeh, sent bv Sennacherib 
 
 to Hezekiah..". 509 
 
 Rachel, daughter of Laban, mar- 
 ries Jacob 49 
 
 her children 50 
 
 steals Laban's images 52 
 
 death and burial of 58 
 
 Raddai, a son of Jesse 309 
 
 Ragaba Con. 54 
 
 Raguel. S-'e Jetiiro. 
 
 Rahab, hides the spies; their 
 
 promise to her 253 
 
 "with her family, saved 256 
 
 Raman, David goes there 312 
 
 fortified 389,390 
 
 Rameses, Israelites leave 100 
 
 Ramoth-gilead, a city of refuge... 236 
 
 Abab defeated there 415 
 
 Rebekah, daughter of Bethuel, 
 
 marries Isaac 38 
 
 assists the deception of Jacob. 46 
 Esau's threat reported to her.. 47 
 
 buried at Machphelah 37 
 
 Rechal), a captain and murderer 
 of Ishbosheth; slain by 
 
 David 325 
 
 father of Jehonadab 445 
 
 Rechabites, the 201 and note, 534 
 
 Red Sea, passage of 101 
 
 Refuge, cities of, law respecting... 116 
 
 appointed by Moses 236 
 
 Rehoboam, king of Judah, son of 
 Solomon and Naainab ; ten 
 
 tribes revolt from him 364 
 
 duration of reign 370 
 
 assembles an army to recover 
 
 Israel 372 
 
 rebuked by Shemaiah 375 
 
 Uephaims, the, their position in 
 
 Canaan 23 
 
 Rephidim, j lurney oflsraelites to. 104 
 
 lt'ii, son oi Peleg IS 
 
 Reuben, eldest son of Leah, born. 50 
 
 his incest with Billiah 5!) 
 
 opposes the killing of Joseph. 01 
 
 Oners his sons a security for 
 
 Benjamin's life 68 
 
 Jacobs prophecy respecting 
 li i iii 72 
 
 Sect. 
 Reuben, the territory of his tribe, 
 
 235, 263 
 Reuel. See Jetiiro. 
 Rezin, allies with Pekah ; invades 
 
 Judah.. 491 
 
 second invasion of 492 
 
 slain by Abaz 493 and note 
 
 Rezon, son of Eliadah ; founds Da- 
 mascus 362 
 
 Rezon, or Hezion 493, note 
 
 Riblah, Jehoahaz put in bands 
 
 there 530 
 
 Rimmon, rock, Benjamites abide 
 
 there 274 
 
 Rivers of Canaan 245 
 
 Rizpah, concubine of Saul 324 
 
 her sons given to Gibeonites.. 346 
 
 Ruth, book of 304, 305 
 
 story of 305 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabseans 515 
 
 Sabbath instituted 4, note 
 
 Sabbatical vear, the 194 
 
 Sacrifices ..*. 167-177 
 
 See Offerings and Oblations. 
 
 classified 167 
 
 selection of victims 168 
 
 their typical character 177 
 
 national 186 
 
 Sadducees, become a political fac- 
 tion Con. 46 
 
 their origin Con. 97 
 
 tenets Con. 98 
 
 Sais 528 
 
 Salah, son of Arphaxad 18 
 
 Salamis, battle of. 582 
 
 Sale, law of 126 
 
 Salome, queen of Aristobulus I. 
 
 (see Alexandra) Con. 48 
 
 Salt, valley of, 18,000 Edomites 
 
 slain in 329 
 
 Edomites conquered in, by 
 
 Amaziah 464 
 
 Samaria, built bv Omri 396 
 
 besieged by Ben had ad II 433 
 
 taken by Sbalmaneser 505 
 
 colonization of 507 
 
 Samaritans, who so called 507 
 
 hinder building of temple. .575, 589 
 
 sect of Cm. 102 
 
 Samias, a member of the Sanhe- 
 drim Con. 67 
 
 counsels surrender of the city, 
 
 Con. 74 
 
 Samson, judgeship of 295 
 
 born'; life and exploits of 296 
 
 capture and death 297 
 
 Samuel, son ofElkanah and Han- 
 nah 2D8 
 
 prophecy of 800 
 
 calls on the people to put away 
 
 Idolatry 802 
 
 his sons ;' anoints Saul king... 303 
 rebukes Saul for disobedience. 307 
 
370 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Samuel, slays Agag 308 
 
 anoints David king 309 
 
 death of 318 
 
 appears after death to Saul.... 320 
 
 books of, Analysis of p. 161 
 
 Sanballat, hinders "building of the 
 
 temple 589 
 
 governor of Samaria Con. 3 
 
 Sanhedrim, its supposed origin, 
 
 138, 219 
 
 defied by Herod Con. 67 
 
 massacred by Herod Con. 74 
 
 Saosduehinus 527 
 
 Sarai, daughter of Haran, marries 
 
 Ahram 19 
 
 deals hardly with Hagar 27 
 
 a son promised to her 28 
 
 her name changed to Sarah... 29 
 
 laughs at the promise 30 
 
 death of 37 
 
 Said, son of Kish, anointed king.. 303 
 
 defeats Ammonites 306 
 
 his disobedience ; defeats Phil- 
 istines 307 
 
 reproved by Samuel 308 
 
 endeavors to kill David 311 
 
 sends messengers after David. 312 
 massacres the priests of Nob.. 315 
 the skirt of his robe cut off by 
 
 David 317 
 
 his spear and cruse of water 
 
 carried awav by David 319 
 
 consults witch of Endor 320 
 
 defeat and suicide of 321 
 
 character of 322 
 
 Scape-goat, the 192 
 
 Scaurus, a general of Pompev..C<m 60 
 
 Scribes, the "..Con. 101 
 
 Scythopolis 321 
 
 Sects, Jewish Con. 93 
 
 Segub, son of Hiel 256, 418 
 
 Seir 596 
 
 Selah 607 
 
 Seleucus, a general of Alexander ; 
 
 his provinces Con. 9 
 
 Seleucus Philopator, succeeds to 
 
 the throne of Syria Con. 15 
 
 Seminisemissio, purification from. 206 
 
 Semiramis 560 
 
 Sennacherib, succeeds to the 
 throne; Hezekiah submits 
 
 to 508 
 
 takes Ashdod ; invades Judah. 509 
 destruction of his army. ...510, 554 
 
 Septuagint Int. 61 
 
 completed 12 
 
 Seraiah, a high priest 572 
 
 Serpent, the, tempts Eve 5 
 
 the brazen, set up by Moses... 229 
 destroyed by Heze- 
 kiah 502 
 
 Serpents, the fiery 228 
 
 Serug, father of Nahor 18 
 
 Servitudes, the 275-298 
 
 Seth, son of Adam 9 
 
 Sethon 508, note 
 
 Sect. 
 Seventy, the tribunal of, instituted 
 
 by Moses 138 
 
 appointed 219 
 
 Shadrach, given as a hostage to 
 
 Nebuchadnezzar 537 
 
 Shadrach (Hebrew Hananiah), 
 
 educated at Babylon 621 
 
 cast into the fiery furnace 623 
 
 Shallum, assassinates Zechariah... 479 
 
 duration of reign 482 
 
 a name of Jehoahaz 529 
 
 Shalmaneser, makes Hoshea trib- 
 utary 500 
 
 besieges Samaria 505, 554 
 
 Shamgar, judgeship of. 277 
 
 Shammah, son of Jesse 309 
 
 Sharon, a canton of Palestine 612 
 
 Sheba, revolt of. 344 
 
 death of. 345 
 
 Sheba, queen of, visits Solomon.... 361 
 Shechein, Jacob resides at; son of 
 
 Hamor 56 
 
 a city of refuge 236 
 
 laws set up at, on Mount Ebal. 239 
 
 capital of Israel 369 
 
 See 283. note 
 Shechemites, circumcised, and 
 
 slaughter of. 56 
 
 Shechinah, the 147 
 
 Shelah, son of Judah and the Ca- 
 
 naanite 62 
 
 Shelomith, the son of, blasphemes 
 
 and is stoned 113 
 
 Shem, son of Noah 12 
 
 his posterity 16 
 
 Shen 302 
 
 Shemaiah, the prophet 370 
 
 forbids Kehoboam to fight 
 
 against Israel 372 
 
 Shemaiah, a false prophet; his 
 
 punishment 545 
 
 Shepherds, an abomination to the 
 
 Egyptians 69 
 
 Sheshai, son of Anak 264 
 
 Sheshbazzar. (See ZERUBBABEL). 572 
 
 Shew-bred, the table 142 
 
 David obtains some from 
 
 Ahimelech 314 
 
 Shibboleth, Ephraimites made to 
 
 pronounce 291 
 
 Shiloh, the tabernacle set up there. 262 
 daughters of, carried off by 
 
 Benjamites 274 
 
 Shimei, curses David 338 
 
 David forgives him 343 
 
 slain by Benaiah 355 
 
 Shinar 24 
 
 Shiphrah, a Hebrew midwife 81 
 
 Shishak, king of Egypt, invades 
 
 Judah 375 
 
 Shittim, Israelites led to, by Josh- 
 ua 253 
 
 Shobach, commander-in-chief of 
 
 Uadadezer 331 
 
 Shobi, son of Nahash. succors Da- 
 vid 311 
 
INDEX. 
 
 371 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Shuah, a Canaanite 62 
 
 Shunaminite, the, her son restored 
 
 by Elisba 437 
 
 Shur, wilderness of; Hagar goes 
 
 thither 27 
 
 Israelites enter 102 
 
 Sicarii, the, sect of. Con. 102 
 
 Sichem, Abrani passes through, 
 
 21 and note 
 
 Siddini, vale of. 24 
 
 Sidonians, the, war with 261 
 
 Sihon, king of the Araorites, de- 
 feated hy Israelites 229 
 
 wrests territory from Am- 
 monites 290 
 
 Siloam, pool of. 340 
 
 Simeon, son of Leah, horn 50 
 
 his cruelty to Shechemites 56 
 
 kept as a pledge by Joseph 68 
 
 Jacoh's prophecy respecting 
 
 him 72 
 
 territory of his tribe 263 
 
 trihe of, defeats Adonibezek... 270 
 Simon the Just, high priest, death 
 
 of. Con. 10 
 
 See MACCAByEUS. 
 
 Sin, wilderness of, Israelites enter 102 
 
 Sinai. (See Horeh) 84 
 
 the Jews encamp before it 107 
 
 Sisera, general of Jabin, slain by 
 
 Jael 278 
 
 Slavery, law respecting 132 
 
 Blares, fugitive, law respecting 125 
 
 Smerdis Magus. See Artaxerxes. 
 
 Sodom, Lot dwells there 22 
 
 Abraham intercedes for it 30 
 
 destruction of 31 
 
 Soemus, a friend of Herod the 
 
 Great Con. 80 
 
 Solomon, son of Bathsheba, born. 330 
 
 proclaimed king 349 
 
 extent of his kingdom 352 
 
 ascends the throne; executes 
 
 Adonijafa and Joab 354 
 
 puts Shimei to death 355 
 
 marries Pharaoh's daughter.. 356 
 
 commerce of. 357 
 
 builds the temple 358 
 
 his idolatry 362 
 
 his death and character 363 
 
 a writer of the Psalms 604 
 
 the Proverbs 608 
 
 Ecclesiastes 609 
 
 Song of 611 
 
 Wisdom of Qm. 108 
 
 fiontrof the Three Children. ..Cow. Ill 
 Sunk, valley of 297 
 
 Spies, twelve, sen 1 into Canaan.... 221 
 
 two, sent to Jericho 253 
 
 Star-, created 1 
 
 Stealing, law against 123 
 
 Succoth ("booths"; 100, note 
 
 Sun, created 1 
 
 Susanna, History of Qm. 112 
 
 Syria, Geography and History of, 
 
 Int. '.), If) 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Syria, History of 493, vote 
 
 (See pp. 166-169, note.) 
 Syrians defeated by David 331 
 
 T. 
 
 Taberah ("a burning") march of 
 
 Israelites to 217 
 
 Tabernacle, the, external descrip- 
 tion 139 
 
 court of 148 
 
 completion of 151 
 
 set up in Sbiloh 262 
 
 Tabernacles, feast of 190 
 
 a type of the 
 
 Messiah .". 196 
 
 kept by Ezra 585 
 
 Tabor, mountain of Canaan 245 
 
 Tabrimon, father of Benhadad I., 
 
 493, note 
 Tadmor, or Palmyra, built by Sol- 
 omon 357 
 
 Tamar, wife of Ur, Judah's incest 
 
 with 62 
 
 daughter of David ; abused by 
 
 Amnon 334 
 
 Tatnai, a Persian governor 578 
 
 Tekel 627 
 
 Tekoah, Jehoshaphat obtains a 
 
 victory there 422 
 
 Temple, the, built by Solomon 358 
 
 description of 359 
 
 dedication of. 360 
 
 the second 360, note 
 
 Herod's 360, note 
 
 Ten tribes, revolt of 364 
 
 Terah, father of Abram, his de- 
 scent 19 
 
 leaves Ur; his death 20 
 
 Tarshish 357,419 
 
 Thebez, Ahimelech slain in be- 
 sieging 285 
 
 Thermopylae, battle of. 582 
 
 Thracians, descended from Ja- 
 
 pheth 14 
 
 Thu minim 162 
 
 Tibarenians, descended from Ja- 
 
 pheth 14 
 
 Tibni, faction of; death of 396 
 
 Tidal, king of nations 24 
 
 Tiglath-pileser, Aha/, applies to; 
 
 slays Rezin 493,554 
 
 Timnath 62,296 
 
 Timnath-serah given to Joshua.... 264 
 Tiras, father of the Thraeians, de- 
 scendant of Japheth 14 
 
 Tirhakah, king of Ethiopia 510 
 
 Tit/.ah, burnt by Ztitiri 395 
 
 Tillies 188 
 
 'rob, land of 289 
 
 Tobiah binders building of the 
 
 temple 5X9 
 
 Tobit, book of Qm. 105 
 
 Toi, father of Joram, king of Ha- 
 
 niatb 829 
 
 Tola, a judge 286 
 
372 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Trespass, law of 124 
 
 Tribes, connection with each oth- 
 er 137 
 
 Trumpets, feast of. 191 
 
 Tryphon, treachery of. Con. 37 
 
 Tubal-Cain, son of Lamech and 
 
 Zillah 8 
 
 Type, a scriptural meaning of 78 
 
 Tyre, kings of Int. 12 
 
 u. 
 
 Uncleanness, purification from.... 206 
 
 Upharsin 627, note 
 
 Ur, Abram born tliere 20 
 
 Uriah, husband of Bathsheba, bis 
 
 death 332 
 
 Urijah, a prophet, slain by Je- 
 
 hoiakim : 532 
 
 Urim 162 
 
 Uz, land of. 596 
 
 Uzzah, slain for touching the ark.. 328 
 TJzziah, or Azariah, king of Ju- 
 
 dah ; duration of reign 470 
 
 influence of Zechariah over 
 
 him 472 
 
 smitten with leprosy 475 
 
 V. 
 
 Vashti, queen of Ahasuerus, di- 
 vorced 593 
 
 Vow, Jephthah's 291, note 
 
 Vows, nature of 197 
 
 classification 199 
 
 I. of dedication 200 
 
 II. of self-interdiction and 
 Nazaritism 201 
 
 Vulgate, the Int. 62 
 
 W. 
 
 Wars of the Lord, hook of 237 
 
 Wisdom of Solomon Con. 108 
 
 Witness, false, law respecting 129 
 
 World, the, of Old Testament 1 
 
 X. 
 
 Xerxes, succeeds Darius 582 
 
 See Table p. 257 
 
 Y. 
 
 Yarmuk, a river of Palestine 245 
 
 Z. 
 
 Zabad, expedition of the sons of, 
 
 81, note 
 
 Zabianism, Job alludes to 595 
 
 Zadok, the priest, bears the ark 
 after David ; ordered to car- 
 ry it hack 338 
 
 ordered by David to proclaim 
 Solomon king 349 
 
 Sect. 
 Zalmunnah, a king of the Midian- 
 
 ites, slain by Gideon 281 
 
 Zarrah, son of Judah and Tamar.. 62 
 
 Zared, a river 228 
 
 Zarephath, a Phoenician city 403 
 
 Zealots, the Con. 102 
 
 Zebah, a king of the Midianites, 
 
 slain by Gideon 281 
 
 Zehul, governor of Shechem 285 
 
 Zebulon, son of Leah, born 50 
 
 Jacob's prophecy respecting 
 
 him 72 
 
 the territory of his tribe 263 
 
 Zechariah, son of Jehoiada, stoned 
 
 by Joash 454 
 
 Zechariah, king of Israel, son of 
 Jeroboam II.; duration of 
 reign ; assassinated byShal- 
 
 lum 479 
 
 Zechariah the prophet, son of Ber- 
 
 echiah 641 
 
 Zedekiah, king of Judah, son of 
 
 Josiab ; duration of reign... 544 
 allies with Pharaoh-Hophra... 547 
 
 applies to Jeremiah 549 
 
 his eyes put out by Nebu- 
 chadnezzar; carried to Bab- 
 ylon ; death, and contradic- 
 tory prophecies concerning 
 
 him 550 
 
 Zeeb, prince of the Midianites, 
 
 slain by Ephraimites 281 
 
 Zelophehad, daughters of. 128 
 
 Zeinaraim, a mountain on the bor- 
 ders of Ephraim 379 
 
 Zephaniah, the prophet 518 
 
 his prophecies 639 
 
 Zerah, the Ethiopian, defeated by 
 
 Asa 387 
 
 Zerubbabel, grandson of Jehoia- 
 cliin, appointed tirshatha of 
 
 Judaea 572 
 
 refuses assistance from Sa- 
 maritans in the building 
 
 the temple 575 
 
 Zeruiah, sister of David 326, note 
 
 mother of Joab 354 
 
 Ziba, David { .ces Mephibosheth 
 
 under his care 330 
 
 falselv accuses Mephibosheth 
 
 to David 334 
 
 Mephibosheth complains of 
 
 his treachery 343 
 
 Ziklag, given to David by Achish. 319 
 
 Zillah, a wife of Lamech 8 
 
 Zilpah, Leah's handmaid 49 
 
 her sons 50 
 
 Zimri, slain by Phinebas 231 
 
 Zimri, king of Israel, assassinates 
 
 Elan. 393 
 
 duration of reign 3'.)4 
 
 besieged bv Oniri ; his death.. 395 
 
 Zion, taken by David 326 
 
 Ziph, wilderness of, David goes 
 
 there 316 
 
 his forbearance at 319 
 
INDEX. 
 
 373 
 
 Sect. 
 Zipporah, dauehter of Jethro, 
 
 marries Moses 83 
 
 circumcises her son 85 
 
 brought to Moses hy Jethro... 106 
 Zobah, kings of, defeated by Saul. 
 
 308, note 
 
 Sect. 
 
 Zobah, invaded by David 329 
 
 Zophar the Naamathite, Job's 
 
 friend 599 
 
 Zopyrtis, retakes the city of Baby- 
 lon 582 
 
 THE END. 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 " This is not a commonplace book. It is the result of labor 
 and learning. It is fitted to render much help to the student 
 in his endeavor to become acquainted with the contents of 
 the Bible analytically and chronologically, and by means of 
 a judicious classification of them. ... It presents an excel- 
 lent summary of matters adapted to facilitate an intelligent 
 study of the sacred volume." — British Quarterly Review. 
 
 " This Analysis cannot fail to be useful to a large class of 
 students. Numerous tables, summaries of events, analyses 
 of law systems, and other important matters, are appended." 
 — Athenaeum. 
 
 " Of the first edition of this work we had the pleasure of 
 speaking in terms of hearty praise; and if then it claimed 
 acceptance as an intelligently-conceived and well-executed 
 hand-book to the study of the Old Testament, it now deserves 
 more specific and emphatic commendation, so thoroughly has 
 the author perfected what at first he achieved so happily. 
 Amongst the chief additions are the following: An account 
 of Canaan prior to its conquest by the Israelites ; synchron- 
 istic^ tables of the history of Israel and Judah ; a review of 
 the history of these divided monarchies, prefacing a thorough 
 rearrangement of this portion of the general history, by which 
 greater clearness is attained than we ever found in any similar 
 work; and a new connection of the Old and New Testaments, 
 including the history of the Jews from the governorship of 
 Nehemiah to the birth of our Lord, which is marked by many 
 
TESTIMONIALS. 
 
 great improvements and is admirable for lucidity and com- 
 pleteness. Another feature of the work worthy of special 
 mention is the excellent analysis of the laws of Moses. 
 
 " We know of no manual for the student of the Old Testa- 
 ment so perfect in method, so comprehensive in its contents, 
 so thorough in its information, and so reliable in its treatment 
 of the most intricate portions of Jewish history, as is this vol- 
 ume. Clear intelligence, historical learning, and great care- 
 fulness of labor are stamped on every page. To students 
 preparing for theological examinations, to teachers under 
 training in normal schools, and to ministers conducting Bible- 
 classes of young men, we can give it our best word, assured 
 that they will find it of high value." — Nonconformist. 
 
 " The volume before us is well described by its title. It is 
 very simple in its plan, but, simple as the plan seems, its 
 execution must have been a work of time and labor, and the 
 author has lost sight of nothing that might conduce to the 
 object in view. The summary and analysis of the text, 
 which is of itself a work of no small difficulty, is cleverly 
 done, especially in the Mosaic laws and ordinances ; and the 
 author generally endeavors to explain or illustrate any ob- 
 scure points in Jewish history — ' particularly,' as he frankly 
 remarks, ' those portions which are most frequently the sub- 
 jects of college examinations.' " — Dr. Kitto's Journal of Sa- 
 cred Literature. 
 
>t\ 
 
 <o 
 
Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 
 Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
 Treatment Date: June 2005 
 
 PreservationTechnologies 
 
 A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 
 
 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive 
 Cranberry Township. PA 16066 
 (724)779-2111 
 
p* 5 ^ 
 
 IBRARY