Class Lj j )?& Book »C-^> ma THE QUESTION BOOK m A GENERAL REVIEW OF COMMON SCHOOL STUDIES. FOE THE USE OF TEACHERS, AND THOSE INTENDING TO TEACH. : iSLl BY ASA H. CRAIG, CALDWELL'S PRAIRIE, RACINE CO., WIS. DELAFIELD, WIS. THE RURAL BOOK AND PAMPHLET PRESS. 1872. ■Si* Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1872, By ASA H. CRAIG, In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the United States, in and for the District of Wisconsin. QUESTIONS COT OETHOaEAPHY. What is Orthography? How is voice produced? What are those sounds called produced by the differ- ent organs of speech? How many elementary sounds in the English lan- guage? How divided? What are tonics? Subtonics? Atonies? Enumerate the letters which compose them. v\ r hat are vowels? Consonants? How are consonants divided? Define each. What are the sounds of a, e, i, o, uf How many sounds have b, h, k, I, m, v, shf How many sounds have d, g, n, /, j, p, r, s, x, % ph f What are the sounds of c, t, chf What peculiarity about the sounds of q and wh f What letters have a second sound in only one or two words? Which letters are never silent? Which have no sound of their own? What is a surd? What is assimilation of consonants ? What are cognates? What are alphabetical equivalents? What is a diphthong? Triphthong? Digraph? What is a letter? Syllable? Word? ' What are words of one, two, three, four or more sylla- bles called? 4 Teachers' Question Book. 22. Define a primitive, a derivative, a simple, and com- pound word. 23. What is a prefix ? Suffix ? The root ? 24. What are the chief errors of articulation ? 25. Where should capital letters be used ? 26. For what purpose are italic letters used ? 27. When are w and y used as consonants, and when as vowels? 28. How many regular dipthongal sounds are there? 29. Which elementary sounds cannot be represented by a single character? 30. Which letters have no substitutes? 31. What is the use of silent letters? 32. What is the difference between the name ane power of a letter? 33. What is an aspirate? 34. What is syllabication? 35. What is the guide for dividing words into syllables? 36. How may words be divided at the end of lines? 37. Why are words divided into syllables? 38. When is the hyphen required? 39. When two vowels come together in the same syllable, how are they disposed of in syllabication? QUESTIONS CXN HEADING. 1. What is Reading? 2. What is elocution ? 3. What does elocution embrace? Define each. 4. What does orthoepy embrace? Teacher's 1 Question Book. 5 5. Define articulation. 6. What are the oral elements? How produced? 7. What is accent? 8. When two syllables of a word are accented, which has the greater force? 9. What are the expressions of speeeh? Define slur and emphasis. 10. How are emphatic words distinguished ? 11. When should emphatic words be used? 12. How many inflections are there? Define each. 13. When is each inflection used ? 14. What is a monotone? 15. What is modulation and its divisions ? 16. What is pitch, force, rate, and quality, and how divided ? 17. What is a pure tone? An oratund? An aspirate? A gutteral ? A trembling ? 18. What is personation ? 19. What are pauses ? Grammatical pauses ? Rhetori- cal pauses? 20. What is suspensive quantity? 21. What does quantity embrace? 22. How many kinds of emphasis ? Define each. 23. What are some of the essential qualities of good reading ? 24. What is enunciation? Pronunciation? 25. What quality of voice is mostly used in reading and speaking ? 26. What determines the proper accent of words ? 27. How is inflection sometimes affected by emphasis ? 28. What is cadence? 29. What is the difference between the construction of prose and poetry? 30. What is a parenthetic clause, and how should it be read ? 6 Teachers' Question Book. 31. When melody comes in conflict with accent, which must yield? 32. What is simile? ' QUESTIONS (OT ENGLISH GRAM- MAR. 1. What is English Grammar? 2. Into what parts is it divided ? 3. Of what does pronunciation treat? Etymology? Syn- tax ? Prosody ? 4. What is the basis of grammar? 5. Of what does language consist? 6. What is a part of speech? How many? 7. How are nouns divided? Define them. 8. When does a proper noun become a common? 9. When does a common noun become a proper? 10. How are pronouns divided? Define each class. 11. What is the antecedent of a pronoun? 12. Does the pronoun it always have an antecedent? 13. What is a compound personal pronoun? 14. To what is the relative who and which applied ? How is what used? 15. When is as a relative pronoun? When is that? 16. What are the compound relative pronouns? 17. What is a responsive, or indirect interrogative pro- noun ? 18. How are adjective pronouns divided? 19. How should either, neither, each other, and one another be used? Teachers Question Book. 7 20. How should this and that be used? 21. What properties have nouns and pronouns? 22. What are the methods of distinguishing the genders? 23. When and how are proper nouns made plural? 24. What class of nouns is generally used in the singular number? When may they be used in the plural? 25. When is a collective noun singular, and when plural? 26. How are nouns made plural? 27. How are compound words made plural? 28. How are the titles Mr., Miss, Dr., and Mrs. made plural ? 29. How is the plural of foreign nouns formed? 30. How is the editorial we used? 31. What is case? Name the cases. 32. When is a noun or pronoun used in the different cases ? 33. How is the possessive case denoted? 34. When are two terms in apposition? When is one predicated of the other? In what must these terms agree? 35. Decline who, which, what, and that. 36. When may ivhat have two cases? 37. What is declension? 38. What is an adjective? 39. How are adjectives divided? Define each class. 40. Into what smaller classes are they divided? Describe each class. 41. How are the numeral adjectives divided? 42. What is comparison? How many degrees? 43. What parts of speech have comparison? 44. How are degrees below the positive expressed? 45. When should more and most in comparison be pre- ferred? 46. Must adjectives always agree with their substantive in number? 8 Teachers' Question Book. 47. When does an adjective become a noun? 48. What is a verb? A regular verb? An irregular verb? 49. What are the principal parts of a verb? 50. What is a redundant verb? A defective verb? A fi- nite verb? 51. . What parts of a verb are not finite? 52. When may a transitive verb become intransitive? An intransitive, transitive? 53. What is a neuter verb? A principal verb ? An auxil- iary verb? 54. What properties have verbs? Define each. 55. When is a verb in the active or passive voice? 56. How many modes are there? Define each. 57" How many tenses in each of the modes? 58. What are the signs of the tenses? 59. What are the forms of a tense? 60. What ending does a verb have when its subject is thou*! 61. When a subject or antecedent consists of words dif- fering in person, how is the person of the verb or pronoun determined? 62. What is an impersonal verb? 63. What properties have auxiliary verbs ? 64. Which are auxiliary verbs? Which sometimes are principal verbs? 65. What is an infinitive ? How many ? 66. When is to, the sign of the infinitive, omitted? 67. What is a participle ? How many ? 68. What is a compound participle ? 69. Do participles have voice ? 70. What do being, having, and having been express in re- lation to participles ? 71. What are some of the chief particulars in which participles and infinitives agree ? Some in which they differ ? Teachers' Question Book. 9 72. What is conjugation? Synopsis? 73. What is an adverb? How are the most of them formed ? 74. What is a conjunctive adverb ? 75. Into what classes are adverbs divided? 76. What is the difference in the use of an adjective and adverb ? 77. What is a preposition? An adjunct? To what does it relate? 78. What may a substantive, governed by a preposition, be? 79. What is a conjunction? How divided? 80. What is analysis? Synthesis? Parsing? 81. What is relation? Agreement? Government? 82. What is a sentence? Clause? Proposition? Phrase? 83. What is a declaratory sentence? Interrogatory? Im- perative? Exclamatory? 84. What is a simple sentence? Compound? Complex? 85. What is the subject and predicate of a sentence? 86. What is the logical and grammatical subject and predicate of a sentence? 87. What is a discourse? Of what may it treat? 88. What is a paragraph ? 89. What is analysis based upon? 90. What are elements of sentences? 91. What must every proposition have? 92. What is a modifier? How many kinds? 93. By what may a noun or pronoun be modified? 94. By what may a verb be modified? 95. When an infinitive or participle is used as a noun, what modifiers do they take? 96. What may an independent element be? 97. In what do all the errors in language consist? io Teachers' Question Book. PARSING. Parse the italicised words in the following sentences : 1. To go a fishing. What are you about t She walks about. I am & friend. Adieu! adieu! my native land. 2. I have asked you again and again. All are but parts of one stupendous whole. He is all in all. They are all alone. The city and also the country, have their enjoyments. Are they any better than we f Let such as hear take heed. 3. Ay, so let it be. Home, he loved thee best. Every per- son ought to do his best. A ship of two thousand tons burden. Whence all but him had fled. By the by, do you know John was at home? We sell cheap. We bought one each. 4. Bring me your book? I, even I, was there. A long fast. To fast long. He had better have taken cold than taken our umbrella. Poor, guiltless I; and can I choose but smile. It was /. Methinlcs I hear a call. 5. Stop, madam, I will hear no more! Teacher, he called me names. Stay till to-morrow. Three times the son's age is equal to the father's. Three times four are twelve. Come ivhen you can. Since when was it? 6. I will take what you^send. What is the matter '( I know what is the matter. What success to-day? What! leave me here? 7. I believe that that boy that was here yesterday has my knife; and that knife is worth a dollar. A man passes for that he is worth. Dr. Palmer, No. 178, Pearl St., Boston, Mass. 8. Smith, Johnson & Wilson's Bookstore. They named TeacJiers' Question Book. 1 1 her Mary. I was eyes to the blind, and/eei was I to the lame. And eyes looked love to eyes that spoke. Somebody, call my wife. 9. Hark! hear him speak. He is about to go home. The horse stands sleeping. The Atlantic Ocean is three thousand miles wide. Take, boatman, thrice thy fee ! Yes, that is so. Is that the man you spoke off 10. He that hath, to him shall be given. We sailed north a hundred miles the first day. Do you remember what was given? His being bloody was the cause of suspicion. " Lazy wire"! exclaimed the dial plate. "Very good," replied the pendulum. Just as I approached the house the names broke through the roof. 11. Stay, jailer, stay, and hear my woe ! Oh, yes, my lord; I will serve thee unto death. This depends on who the commissioners are. I will not object to what is reasonable. Friends, Romans, countrymen ! lend me your ears ! On the grassy brink, stood a tall waving ash, sound to the very top. I tried to do what you told me. 12. Is there aught in sleep can charm the sense ? Calm was the day. We may expect a calm after a storm. To prevent passion is easier than to calm it. The Lord shall judge between us, she said, in a cold, icy tone, that froze the murderer's heart. QUESTIONS Q]ST MENTAL ARITH- METIC. 1. A market-woman bought 50 oranges, and had 2 of them stolen; the remainder she sold at 3 cents 12 Teachers' Question Book. each, and thereby gained \ of a cent on each orange bought. How much did they cost each ? 2. A man had stolen from him \ of his money ; the thief was not caught until he had spent f of what he had stolen ; the remainder, $320, was given back. How much had he at first ! 3. What number is less by 33 than the sum of its one- half, its one-third, and its one-fourth? 4. A person said the time past noon was f- of the time to midnight ; what was the time of day ? 5. Two men and a boy perform a piece of work; the first can do it in \ of a day; the second in \ of a day; but the boy requires 8 days. In what time will they do it working together ? 6. A and B are on opposite sides of an island, 20 rods around. While A travels 10 rods, B travels 11 rods ; how many times will A go round before B overtakes him ? 7. A owes f of B's income, bat by saving -iz of B's in- come annually, he can pay his debt in five years, and have 50 dollars left. What is B's income ? 8. A is twenty years old; the sum of the ages of B and C equal four times A's age; C's age is \ of A's and B's together. What is the age of each"/ 9. The interest on \ of A's fortune and flj of B's, for one year, at 7 per cent., is $140. If A's fortune is % of B's, what is the fortune of each? 10. When gold is 130, is it better to lend money at 7 per cent., or to buy 5-20's at 106? 11. A pole is fixed in the bottom of a river. 3 feet are in the air ; the part in the water is three times as long as that in the mud ; and the part in the mud Teachers' Question Book. 13 is -h of the rest of the pole. How long is the pole ? 12. A man sold a watch for $90, and gained 50 per cent.; what per cent, would he have gained if he had sold it for $75? 13. Ira's age is 6, Paul's 20; in how many years will Paul be twice as old as Ira? 14. What number is doubled by adding 35 to \ of itself? 15. What per cent, of I of 40 is f of 12? 16. What is the difference between five feet square and five square feet? 17. If I buy apples, 4 for 5 cents, and sell 5 for 4 cents, what rate per cent, do I lose ? 18. How shall I mark goods, which cost me $4, so that I may fall twenty per cent, from my asking price, and still make 25 per cent ? 19. I pay $12.60 for 30 bushels of corn, giving 50 cents per bushel for that which is good, and 20 cents a bushel for that which is damaged. How many bushels of each kind ? 20. A cistern has 3 pipes ; the first fills it in 9 hours ; the other two are of equal size. If all 3 are left open the cistern will be filled in five hours. In what time will the second fill it ? 21. A tailor sold tAVO coats for $26 each ; on one he gained 30 per cent.; and on the other he lost 30 per cent. Did he gain or lose on both, and how much? 22. If I of the cost equals % of the selling price, what is the loss per cent.? 23. By selling silk at 75 cents a yard, a merchant gained \ of the cost. What was the cost? 24. How many clays will it take 4 men to earn $111, if 3 men earn i of a dollar in I of a day? 14 Teachers' Question Book. 25. A farmer sold f of li times his flock, and had 12 sheep remaining. How many sheep had he at first? 26. A wolf ran 80 rods to catch a sheep ; § of the dis- tance the sheep ran was equal to the distance between them when the chase commenced. What was the distance? 27. If a ton of hay is bought for f of the market price, and sold for 5 per cent, more than the market price, what per cent, is gained? 28. The difference between the cost of a horse and a buggy is $40; % of the cost of the buggy is equal to -^ of the cost of the horse. What is the value of each ? 29. At what time between 6 and 7 o'clock are the hour and minute hands of the clock together ? 30. A and B can do a piece of work in 12 days ; B and C in 9 days ; how long will it take each alone to doit? 31. A man bought a horse for $72, and sold it for 25 per cent, more than it cost, and 10 per cent, less than he asked for it. What did he ask for it? 32. If a certain number be multiplied by i of itself and 3 added to the product, the result will be 51. What is the number? 33. The sum of two numbers is 10 ; their difference is equal to I of the greater number ; what are the numbers ? 34. I of a sum received for goods was gain ; what was the gain per cent.? 35. A piece of paper is 4 inches square ; what part of a square yard is the paper ? Teachers' Question Book. 15 36. I spent i of my money, lost f of the remainder, and, after spending $20 more than I of what was left, I had $60. What had I at first ? 37. Interest, $20; time, 18 months ; rate, 8 per cent.; what is the principal ? 38. What per cent, do I gain by selling 9 oz. of gold for a pound? 39. If $1 in gold is worth $1.40 in greenbacks, how many dollars in currency will buy $500 in gold ? 40. The difference between the cost of a horse and a buggy is $40 ; % of the cost of the buggy equal t 8 5 of the cost of the horse. What is the cost of each? 41. A boy gave to each of his playmates 3 cents, and had 24 cents remaining. If he had given them each 7 cents, it would have taken all the money he had. How many playmates had he ? 42. If 8 times a certain number is 36 more than times the same number, what is the number ? 43.. I of one number is equal to f of another, and their sum is 57 ; what are the two numbers ? 44. A person being asked the time of day said, the time past noon is i of the time past midnight ; what was the hour : 45. If to a certain number I and i of itself and 8 be add- ed, the number will be doubled; what is the number? 46. In what time will $120 gain $3.25 at 5 per cent.? 47. I of the cost of A's horse is 4 times what he gained by selling it ; what was his gain by selling it ? 48. If I of an apple costs f of a cent, what will f of an apple cost ? 1 6 Teachers' Question Book. 49. A boy bought peaches at the rate of 3 for 2 cents, and sold them at the rate of 9 for 7 cents ; what was his gain per cent.? 50. A pole was f under water ; the water rose 8 feet, and then there was as much under water as had been above water before. How long was the pole? 51. If I of A's money equals % of B's, what part of B's equals I of A's? 52. A's money is $4 more than I, and $5 less than I of B's ; how much has each ? 53. If I sell flour for $84, and gain 20 per cent., what per cent, would I have gained if I had sold for $100 ? 54. Alice is \ as old as her mother. 5 years since she was but \ as old; in how many years will she be half as old? 55. A drover paid $76 for calves and sheep, paying $3 for calves, and $2 for sheep. He sold \ of his calves and | of his sheep for $23, and in so doing lost 8 per cent, on their cost. How many of each did he purchase ? 56. A and B can do a piece of work in 14 days ; A can do f as much as B ; in how many days can each doit? QUESTIONS OTS WRITTEN ARITHMETIC. 1. What are mathematics ? 2. What is quantity ? Teachers' Question Book. ij 3. What is a unit ? 4. What is a number? A power of a number? 5. What is an integer ? 6. What is an abstract number? Concrete number? 7. What is a sign ? 8. What is a rule ? A problem ? 9. What is notation ? Numeration ? 10. How many systems of notation in general use ? 11. Upon what is the Roman notation founded? 12. What is the sign of aggregation ? 13. What is an axiom ? 14. What is the minuend ? Subtrahend ? 15. What are the component factors of a number ? 16. How find the true remainder in dividing by factors ? 17. W T hat is a prime number ? 18. What is a common divisor? The greatest common divisor ? 19. What is a multiple? Common multiple? Least com- mon multiple ? 20. What are fractions ? 21. What is the value of a fraction? 22. What does the numerator show ? The denominator ? 23. What is a proper fraction? Improper? Mixed? Complex? 24. Why invert the divisor in division of fractions ? 25. How find the greatest common divisor of fractions ? 26. How find the least common multiple of fractions ? 27. What are decimal fractions? 28. What are circulating decimals ? 29. What is a repetend ? 30. What are continued fractions ? 31. What is the difference between decimal fractions and common fractions ? 1 8 Teachers' Question Book. 32. What is currency ? 33. From what was the sign $ derived? 34. What is an aliquot part of a number ? 35. What is a bill? 36. What is a compound number ? 37. What is measure? How divided? 38. What is a scale ? 39. What is weight? 40. What is the difference between a pound Troy and a pound Avoirdupois ? 41. What is extension? 42. What is linear measure? 43. What is a square ? A cube ? 44. How many cubic inches in a wine gallon ? In a beer gallon? In a bushel? 45. How is every circle supposed to be divided? 46. What are duodecimals ? 47. What is percentage ? What is its base? 48. What does the wordier cent, mean? 49. What is brokerage ? Commission ? 50. When is stock at par ? When below par ? 51. What is a share ? Stock ? 52. What is the difference between a charter and a firm ? 53. What is a dividend ? 54. What is profit and loss ? 55. How find the gain or loss per cent, when the cost and selling price are given ? 56. How find the selling price when the cost and gain or loss per cent, are given ? 57^ How find the cost when the selling price and the gain or loss per cent, are given? 58. What is insurance ? A policy ? A premium ? 59. What is a tax ? An inventory ? Teachers' Question Book. 19 60. What are duties or customs? What is a custom house? 61. What is interest ? Usury? 62. The time, rate per cent., and interest, being given, how find the principal ? 63. The time, rate per cent., and amount being given, how find the principal ? 64. The principal, time, and interest, being given, how find the rate per cent.? 65. The principal, interest,- and rate per cent., being given, how find the time ? 66. What is discount ? Bank discount ? Days of grace ? 67. What is the present worth of a debt ? How find it ? 68. What is exchange ? How many kinds ? 69. What is equated time ? 70. What is a focal date ? 71. What is ratio? Define each kind? 72. What is the antecedent ? Consequent ? 73. What is direct ratio? Inverse or reciprocal? 74. What is proportion ? 75. Which are the extremes ? The means ? 76. What is partnership? A dividend? 77. Of what does allegation treat ? 78. How many kinds of allegation ? Define each. 79. What is involution ? Evolution ? 80. What is a surd? 81. What is the square root of a number? 82. What is the cube root of a number? 83. What is arithmetical progression ? 84. What is geometrical progression ? 85. What is the length of the longest measure that can be exactly contained in each of the two distances 18| feet and 57i feet? 86. What is the least common multiple of f , to, ^, and rt? 20 Teachers' Question Book. 87. What is the least common multiple of ^, ff , f§ ? 88. What number, diminished by the difference between f and f of itself, leaves a remainder of 144 ? 89. There are two numbers, whose difference is 25te, and one number is f of the other ; what are the num- bers? 90. If | of a bushel of barley be worth f of a bushel of corn, and corn be worth $>§ per bushel, how many bushels of barley will $15 buy ? 91. If a person agree to do a job of work in 30 days, what part of it ought he to do in 16| days ? 92. A cistern, being full of water, sprung a leak ; and, be- fore it could be stopped, f of the water ran out, but f as much ran in at the same time ; what part of the cistern was emptied ? 93. A, B, and C start at the same point in the circumfer-' ence of a circular island, and travel round it in the same direction. A makes f of a revolution in a day, B T 4 T , and C 5 8 j. In how many days will they all be together at the point of starting ? 94. A miller paid $54 for grain, tu of it being barley at $ .62^ per bushel, and f of it wheat at $1.87i per bushel ; the balance of the money he expended for oats at $ .37i per bushel. How many bushels of grain did he purchase ? 95. Paris is 2°, 20', and Canton 113°, 14' east longitude; what is the difference in time ? 96. The longitude of Cambridge, Mass., is 71°, 7' west; and of Cambridge, England, is 5', 2" east. What time is it in the former place, when it is 12 M. at the latter ? 97. What is the value, in Avoirdupois weight, of 16 lbs. 5 oz. 10 pwt. 13 gr. Troy? Teachers' Question Book. 21 98. What decimal of a rod is 1 ft. 7.8 in.? 99. If a piece of timber be 9 in. wide and 6 in. thick, what length of it will be required to make 3 cubic ft.? 100. The great pyramid of Cheops measures 763.4 feet on each side of its base which is square. How many acres does it cover ? 101. The roof of a house is 42 ft. long, and each side 20 ft, 6 in. wide; what will the roofing cost at $4.62i a square? 102. How many U.S. bushels will a bin contain that is 8.5 ft. long, 4.25 ft. wide, and 3| ft. deep ? 103. If 12 men working 9 hours a day for 15f days were able to execute § of a job; how many men may be withdrawn, and the job be finished in 15 days more, if the laborers are employed only 7 hours a day 1 104. If the use of $300, for 1 yr. 8 mo., is worth $30, how much is the use of $210.25, for 3 yrs. 4 mo. 24 da., worth ? 105. A merchant, in selling groceries, sells 14^- oz. for a pound ; how much does he cheat a customer who buys of him to the amount of $38.40 ? 106. In the erection of a house I paid twice as much for material as for labor. Had I paid 6 % more for material, and 9 % more for labor, my house would have cost $1284. What was its cost? 107. An army, which has been twice decimated in battle, now contains only 6480 men ; what was the orig- inal number in the army ? 108. Each of two men, A and B, desired to sell a -horse to C. A asked a certain price, and B asked 50 % more. A then reduced his price 20 % , and B his 22 Teachers' Question Book. price 30 % ; at which prices C took both horses, paying for them $148. What was each man's asking price? 109. Having sold a consignment of cotton on 3 % com- mission, I . am instructed to invest the proceeds in city lots, after deducting my purchase commis- sion of 2 % . My whole commission is $265. What is the price of the city lots '? 110. What is the value in gold, of a dollar in currency, when gold is at 203 % ? 111. How many yards of cotton, at 25 cts. in gold, can be purchased for $250 in current funds, when gold is at 175 % ? 112. Which is the better investment, a bond and mortgage at 7 %, or U. S. 10-40's, gold being 134? And what per cent, in gold? 113. Sold my carriage at 30 % gain, and with the money bought another, which I sold for $182, and lost 12ir %. How much did each carriage cost me? 114. A machinist sold 24 grain drills for $125 each. On one-half of them he gained 25 % , and on the re- mainder lost 25 % . Did he gain or lose on the whole, and how much ? 115. Bought land at $30 per acre ; how much must I ask per acre, that I may abate 25 % from my asking price, and still make 20 % on the purchase money? 116. If I make a profit of 18f % by selling broadcloth at $ .75 per yard above cost, how must I advance on this price to realize a profit of 31 i % ? 117. What is the present worth of a debt of $385,314, to be paid in 5 mo. 15 da., at 6 % ? 118. What is the difference between the interest and dis- Teachers' Question Book. 23 count of $576, due 1 yr. 4 mo. hence, at 6 % ? 119. What rates of bank discount on 30 day notes corres- pond to 10 % interest ? 120. Three men hire a pasture for $55.50. A put in 5 cows 12 weeks ; B 4 cows 10 weeks ; C 6 cows 8 weeks. How much ought each to pay ? 121. Three men take an interest in a coal mine. B invests his capital for 4 months. A claims tV of the pro- fits; C's capital is in 8 months; and D invests $6,000 for 6 months, and claims f of the profits. How much did B and C put in? 122. In what proportions may we take sugars at 7cts., 8 cts., 13 cts., and 15 cts., to form a compound worth 10 cts. per pound, using equal parts of the first three kinds? 123. A dairyman bought ten cows at $20 a head; how many must he purchase at $16, $18, and $24 a head, so that the whole may cost him an average price of $22 a head ? 124. How much wine, at $1.75 a gallon, must be added to 60 gallons, at $1.14, and 30 gallons, at $1.26, so that the mixture may be worth $1.57 a gallon? 125. A man bought calves, sheep and lambs, 154 in all, for $154. He paid $3J for each calf, $H for each sheep, $2 for each lamb. How many did he buy of each? 126. Find the square root of 6f, correct to the sixth dec- imal place. 127. Find the cube root of 24, correct to six decimal places. 128. Find the cube root of .171467. 129. If it cost $75 to enclose a circular pond, containing a certain area, how much will it cost, at the same 24 Teachers' Question. Book. rate, to enclose another containing 5 times the area of the first? 130. If a cistern 6 feet in diameter hold 80 barrels of water, what must be the diameter of a cistern, of the same depth, to hold 1200 barrels? 131. What must be the length of the side of a cubical bin that will contain 150 bushels ? 132. How many square feet in the surface of a cube, whose solidity is 79507 cu. ft.? 133. If a cistern, 6 ft. in diameter, holds 80 bbls of water,, how much water will be contained in a cistern of the same depth, and 18 ft. in diameter ? 134. What is the length of the side of a square which can be enclosed within a circle 42 in. in diameter ? 135. If a stack of hay 4 ft. high contains 4 tons, how high must a similar stack be to contain 20 tons ? 136. How many globes 4 in. in diameter are equal in vol- ume to one 12 in. in diameter? 137. Find the sum of the series, the first term of which is 4, the common difference 6, and the last term 40. 138. If the first term be 6, the ratio i, and the number of terms 8, what is the last term ? 139. The extremes are 2 and 512, and the number of terms is 5 ; what is the ratio ? 140. A man traveled 13 days ; his last day's journey was 80 miles ; and each day he traveled 5 miles more than on the preceding day. How far did he travel, and what was his first day's journey ? Teachers' Question Book. 25 QUESTIONS CXN HISTORY. 1. What is History? 2. What records show that America was discovered pre- vious to the discovery by Columbus ? 3. What land did Columbus first discover, and when ? When the main land ? 4. How many voyages did Columbus make ? 5. Who discovered the continent before Columbus, and where ? 6. What discoveries were made in 1512 and 1513, and by whom ? 7. Who were the first Spanish, English and French dis- coverers ? 8. Who was James Carter? 9. Who was Ferdinand De Soto ? 10. When and where was the first colony founded on the American continent? 11. When, where, and by whom was the first colony founded in the United States ? 12. Who first attempted to form English settlements in America ? 13. When and where was the first permanent English set- tlement made in the United States ? 14. Who sent out the settlers to Jamestown ? 15. What territory was granted the London Company ? 16. Who was the first president of the Jamestown colony? 17. Who was Captain John Smith ? 18. Who were Pocahontas and Powhattan ? 19. When did the first English women come to America ? 20. What valuable plants were discovered in America ? 26 Teachers' Question Book. 21. When was the first Indian plot to massacre the Eng- lish? 22. When was the first Indian massacre ? the second ? '23. Who discovered the Hudson River ? 24. What was the object of Hudson's explorations? what became of him ? 25. What was the country called explored by Hudson ? What nations claimed it ? 26. How was the dispute settled? 27. When, and by what nation, was Negro slavery intro- duced into the United States ? 28. When, and by whom was Massachusetts settled ? 29. How many Puritans came on the first voyage ? Who was their governor ? 30. Was the colony prosperous ? 31. Who was Roger Williams? 32. What was the treatment of the Puritans to the Qua- kers ? 33. When was King Philip's war ? Who was King Philip? 34. What European wars disturbed the American colonies? 35. What part did the Indians take in those wars? 36. What was the cause of the Pequot war ? How did it terminate ? 37. In 1741, what caused great excitement in New York city? 38. What colonies composed the United Colonies of New England ? 39. How were these colonies governed ? 40. From what was derived the appellation Charter Oak ? 41. When and where were Harvard and Yale colleges founded ? 42. What was the cause and result of the New England witchcraft? Teachers' Question Book. 27 43. Who was William Kidcl ? 44. When, and by whom, was the first newspaper started in America ? 45. Who were the first partial explorers of the Mississippi river and its branches ? 46. Who were La Salle and Father Hennepin ? 47. W T hen, and where, was the first permanent settlement made in the Mississippi river valley ? 48. Who was John Eliot? 49. Who was William Penn ? 50. Which of the colonies was free from Indian warfare ? 51. What was the cause of the French and Indian war ? Who were the parties engaged in it ? 52. Where was the disputed territory ? 53. Who was sent to request the French to withdraw from the territory on the Ohio ? 54. What was the result of Washington's endeavors to compel the French to abandon the Ohio ? 55. How were Col. Washington and his soldiers rewarded by the Legislature of Virginia? 56. After Washington's retreat, what general was sent in his place against the French? 57. What was the result of Gen. Braddock's expedition? 58. Who was the only mounted officer saved in this ex- pedition ? 59. At what other points besides the Ohio did the Colonies attack the French? In the French and Indian war, what was the most remarkable battle? 61. Who were the commanders at the battle of Quebec? 62. What was the treaty of peace between France and England? 28 Teachers' Question Book. 63. What were the chief causes which led to the American Revolution? 64. What was the Stamp Act, and when passed? 65. Who was Patrick Henry? 66. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, what attempt was made to tax the Colonies? 67. What occurred in Boston in relation to the tea tax? 68. What was the Boston Port Bill? 69. When and where did the first general Congress of the Colonies assemble? 70. Who had command of the British army at the com- mencement of the Revolution? 71. When and where was the first battle fought? 72. When and where was fought the battle of Bunker Hill? 73. Who were the commanders in this battle? what was the force of each army, and the loss ? 74. What American general was killed in this battle ? 75. When did Gen. Washington take command of the American army, and how large was the force ? 76. What two forts were captured by the Americans in May, 1775? 77. To whom did these forts surrender ? 78. What did Allen say when asked by what authority he demanded the surrender of Ticonderoga? 79. What was the result of the American attack on Canada? 80. When did the second Continental Congress assemble? When was it again convened? 81. Who introduced measures into Congress that these United Colonies are, and of a right ought to be, free and independent states? Teachers' Question Book. 29 82. Who were appointed to draw up a declaration of rights ? 83. When was the Declaration of Independence accepted by Congress? 84. What did this declaration declare? 85. When were these articles signed, and by how many persons ? 86. What became necessary after this declaration? 87. What were these articles called, and when were they to take effect? 88. Were they ratified by the Colonies immediately ? 89. Which state was the last to give her consent? 90. Why were the articles of confederation not adapted to the general wants of the government? 91. When was fought the battle of Long Island, and with what result? 92. In the retreat of Washington, through what places did he pass? 93. When was fought the battle of White Plains, and who was victorious? 94. What daring exploit was made by Washington near the close of the year 1776? 95. What battle soon followed Washington's success at Trenton ? 96. When was fought the battle of Brandywine, and who was victorious? 97. When did Philadelphia surrender to the British? 98. Where did Washington attack the British soon after his retreat from Philadelphia, and with what res alt?. 99. What was one of the most daring and remarkable ex- ploits during the war, and how accomplished? 30 Teachers' Question Book. 100. What was the chief object of taking Gen. Prescott? 101. Who invaded the United States from Canada? 102. Who commanded the northern division of the American army? Who the British? 103. What battles were fought by Gates and Burgoyne ? Who were victorious ? 104. When, where, and to whom did Burgoyne surrender ? 105. What was the agreement in the surrender? 106. Who were appointed by Congress to solicit aid from the French government ? 107. When and where was a treaty of alliance formed ? 108. What assistance was sent by France ? 109. How long did the British hold Philadelphia ? 110. Where did Congress assemble while the British held Philadelphia ? 111. When and where was fought the battle of Mon- mouth, and who was victorious ? 112. Who had command of the American forces in the South in 1779 ? Who the British ? 113. At this time where were Washington and Clinton? 114. What important posts on the Hudson were surrend- ered to the Americans in 1779 ? 115. How were these posts taken, and by whom? 116. What was the result of the attack on Savannah in the fall of 1779? 117. In the siege of Savannah, what nobleman was mor- tally wounded? 118. Who was Paul Jones? 119. In 1780 where were the military operations mostly carried on? 120. What was the result of the siege of Charleston? Teachers' Question Book. 31 121. Who succeeded Lincoln in the command of the south- ern forces ; and who had command of the British ? 122. When did the massacre of Wyoming occur; and who directed it? 123. What massacre was perpetrated by Col. Tarleton and a body of British ? 124. When and where was the battle of Camden, who commanded, and who were victorious ? 125. Who received command of the southern army after the unsuccessful operation of Gen. Gates? 126. What fleet came to assist the Americans in July, 1780? 127. Who was Benedict Arnold? 128. Who was Maj. Andre? 129. What were the names of the captors of Andre ; and how were the}?' rewarded by Congress ? 130. What became of Arnold and Andre ? 131. When and where was fought the battle of Cowpens ; and who were victorious ? 132. What successful operation under Gen. Greene in September 1781? 133. W T hat event brought the war to a close? 134. When and to whom did Cornwallis surrender? 135. When and where was the treaty of peace signed? and who were the commissioners who signed it ? 136. When was peace proclaimed to the American army ? 137. When and where did Washington resign his mili- tary commission? 138. When was the national flag adopted ? Describe it, 139. 1 1 What noted persons from foreign powers gave their assistance to the Americans ? 32 Teachers' Question Book. 140. Name the thirteen colonies ? 141. When was the Constitution adopted? 142. After the adoption of the Constitution, where did Congress first meet ? 143. When did the city of Washington become the Cap- itol of the United States ? 144. How were the early settlers of Ohio annoyed ? 145. By whom were the Indians subdued ? 146. Who routed the Indians in Indiana in 1811? 147. Who w T as Aaron Burr? Alexander Hamilton? 148. What was the cause of the war with Tripoli ? When did it occur ? 149. How was Thomas Jefferson elected President? 150. When was the second war with Great Britain? What caused this war? Under whose administration? 151. Where were the first engagements of this war? 152. What were some of the most important naval victor- ies for the Americans in 1812? 153. Where were the American armies located in 1813? 154. What important naval victory on Lake Erie ? 155. What were the principal naval victories in 1813 ? 156. What were the important British naval victories in 1813? 157. When was fought the battle of Lundy's Lane? 158. What was the result of the British attack on Wash- ington ? 159. Where was the last attempt made by the British to overcome the Americans in this war? 160. What important affair occurred during the adminis- tration of Jackson? 161. What occurred of note during the administration of Van Buren? Teachers' Question Book. 33 162. What was the " Dorr Rebellion?" 163. When, and under whose administration , was the war with Mexico? 164. What was the cause of this war ? 165. Who had command of the American army? 166. What was the treaty of peace between the United States and Mexico ? 167. When was Texas admitted into the Union ? 168. How did the United States obtain Florida? 169. How was that tract of country formerly called Loui- siana obtained? 170. What tract of country was called Louisiana ? 171. What dispute arose in regard to Vermont, and how was it settled? 172. What was the Missouri Compromise Bill ? 173. What was the Kansas Nebraska Bill? 174. What were the causes which led to the Civil War ? 175. What state first passed an .ordinance of secession, and when ? 176. What other states followed this example ? 177. What government was formed by these states ? Who was elected president, and when inaugurated ? 178. What event signalized the commencement of war ? 179. What was the result of this bombardment? 180. Where was the first blood shed in this war ? 181. When was fought the battle of Bull Run, and with what result ? 182. By whom was McDowell superceded? 183. In what other battles in northern Virginia, during 1861, were the Confederates successful ? 184. When and where was Gen. Lyons killed ? 34 Teachers' Question Book. 185. Who were James M. Mason and John Slidell ? 186. What successes had the Union forces early in 1862 ? 187. When was fought the battle of Shiloh; and who commanded ? 188. What vessels were sunk by the Merrimac? 189. • What was the result of the engagement between the Merrimac and the Monitor ? When was it ? 190. When was the battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, and who commanded? 191. Where is Island No. 10? When, and by whom was it captured? 192. When, and to whom did New Orleans surrender? 193. What success did McClellan have on his approach to Richmond? 194. When McClellan was changing his position, after his retreat to the James River, what desperate fight- ing occurred? 195. What did Lee attempt to do, and how far did he succeed ? 196. What battles were fought after Lee entered Maryland ? 197. Who commanded at the battle of Antietam ? What was the result? 198. Who superceded Gen. McClellan ? 199. What was the result of Burnsides' attempt to take Richmond ? 200. By whom was Gen. Burnsides superceded? 201. When was fought the battle of Murfreesboro ? Who were victorious? 202. In what great battle was Rosecranz defeated by Gen. Bragg ? 203. When was the battle of Lookout Mountain? 204. When was the Emancipation Proclamation issued ? Teachers' Question Book. 35 205. What was the result of Hooker's attempt to take Richmond ? 206. Where was Gen. " Stonewall " Jackson killed ? 207. After the battle of Chancellorsville, what did Lee do ? 208. How was his progress arrested ? 209. When, and to whom did Vicksburg surrender ? 210. When, and to whom did Port Hudson surrender? 211. Was Gen. Banks successful in his expedition up the Red River? 212. When was Gen. Grant appointed Lieutenant-General of the Union forces? 213. In May 1864, what two great armies were put in motion? 214. At the time of Grant's move towards Richmond, who commanded the Rebel forces, and what battles were fought? 215. What success had Gen. Sherman in Georgia ? 216. After the surrender of Atlanta, what famous march was made by Sherman's army? 217. What raids were made by Gen. Early ? 218. What was secured by these expeditions ? 219. In what battles was Gen. Sheridan successful ? 220. What brilliant naval victory did Admiral Farragut achieve ? 221. When, where, and with what result, was the encoun- ter between the Kearsarge and the Alabama ? 222. When, and to whom did Fort Fisher surrender ? 223. When were Petersburg and Richmond evacuated by the rebels? 224. When, and to whom did Lee and Johnson surrender? 225. How long did the war last ? 36 Teachers' Question Book. 226. When was Jefferson Davis captured, and how? What became of him ? 227. How was slavery abolished in the United States ? 228. How was Alaska acquired ? 229. When was the Pacific railroad completed? 230. When, where, and by whom, were each of the states settled, and when admitted as a state ? 231. Name the presidents in their order. How long in office ? Who died in office ? 232. When, and by whom was Lincoln assassinated? QUESTIONS OX GEOGEAPHY. 1. How many kinds of geography? Define each. 2. What is the shape of the earth? 3. How much greater is the diameter at the equator than the diameter at the poles? 4. What is the axis of the earth? What are the poles? 5. How many revolutions has the earth ? Define each. 6. What causes the seasons ? , 7. What causes day and night ? 8. What is the earth's orbit? Its estimated length? 9. How great is the earth's annual motion ? 10. What is a compass V Its cardinal points ? 11. Into how many circles is the earth divided? What are they? 12. Howls every circle divided ? 13. What is a map ? Teachers' Question Book. $7 14. What are the^lines, or circles, on a map? 15. What is the equator? 16. What is a meridian circle ? A meridian ? 17. What is longitude ? 18. What is the greatest longitude a place can have ? 19. What is the length of a degree of longitude ? 20. What is latitude ? How many kinds ? 21. What is the highest degree of latitude? 22. What is the length of a degree of latitude ? 23. What are the tropic circles ? What distance from the equator ? 24. What are the polar circles ? How situated ? 25. What are zones ? How many? Their width? Where situated ? 26. How many seasons has each of the zones ? 27. When it is summer in north latitude, what season is it in south latitude ? 28. What arc the natural divisions of land? Describe each. 29. What arc the natural divisions of water ? Describe each. 30. What is a firth, or estuary ? 31. What is an archipelago? 32. What is a delta? 33. What is a road,' or roadstead ? 34. What is the valley, or basin of a river ? 35. What is an oasis ? 36. How many kinds of government? Describe each. 37. What are the political divisions of the earth ? 38. What is an empire ? A kingdom ? A republic ? A state ? A county ? 39. How many distinct races of men ? 38 Teachers' Question Book. 40. Into how many divisions is mankind divided, in re- gard to social condition ? 41. How many prevailing systems of religion? 42. How many distinct languages ? 43. What language is spoken by the greatest number of people? Which the most widely spread? 44. What are the chief branches of industry ? 45. Which countries are most noted for manufactures? Which for commerce ? Which for agriculture ? 46. Which are the grand divisions of the earth ? 47. What is the height of the loftiest mountain in the world? In Africa? In Europe? In North Amer- ica ? In South America ? In Mexico ? In Ocean- ica? 48. How many states in the Union ? How divided ? Name the territories. 49. Locate the capitols of each state. 50. What countries are crossed by the Arctic Circle ? The Tropic of Cancer, the Equator, and the Tropic of Capricorn ? 51. Which are the most noted volcanoes in the world? 52. What is the latitude and longitude of Milwaukee; and through which states does its meridian and its parallel run ? 53. Name the principal exports and imports of the United States. 54. What countries border on the Mediterranean Sea? 55. What countries in South America border on the Pa- cific Ocean? 56. What point on the earth's surface has neither latitude nor longitude ? 57. What powerful nations inhabit islands ? Teachers' Question Book. 39 58. Which is the largest state in the Union ? Which the smallest ? Which the most populous ? 59. What states are separated by the Mississippi River ? 60. What is the latitude and longitude of the north pole ? 61. How long is a day at the poles? 62. Which way does a shadow point at noon, projected by the sun, at Cape Good Hope ? 63. What are the principal exports of the various coun- tries ? 64. What is the extent in square miles of each of the con- tinents and their grand divisions ? 65. What is the extent in square miles of each of the oceans? 66. Name and locate the chief seas of the earth. 67. Name and locate the chief islands of North America. 68. Of South America. 69. Of Europe. 70. Of Asia, 71. Of Africa. 72. Of Oceanica. 73. Name and locate the chief lakes of the world. 74. Rivers of the world. 75. Gulfs and bays of the world. 76. Straits of the world. 77. Channels of the world. 78. Sounds of the world. 79. Name and locate the chief capes of North America. 80. Of South America. 81. Of Europe. 82. Of Asia. 83. Of Africa, 84. Of Australia. 40 Teachers' Question Book. 85. Name and locate the chief peninsulas of the world. 86. Isthmuses of the world. 87. Ranges of mountains of the world. 88. Sea-ports of the world. 89. Inland cities of the world. QUESTIONS O^ PHYSICAL aEOaEAPHY. 1. What is Physical Geography? 2. What are some of the proofs of the rotundity of the earth ? 3. What conclusively proves the annual revolution of the earth ? 4. What is the ecliptic, and why is it so called ? 5. Of what does geology treat ? 6. How are rocks classified ? 7. Into what classes are islands divided "\ 8. What are continental islands ? What are pelegic ? 9. How are solitary islands generally formed ? 10. How are coral islands formed ? 11. What are the classes of coralline formation? 12. Describe the lagoon-islands, or atolls. Encircling- reefs. Barrier-reefs. Fringing-reefs. 13. What is a lagoon ? 14. Into how many classes are mountains divided ? 15. What is a mountain system ? 16. How many systems in America ? 17. What is a longitudinal valley ? A transverse valley ? Teachers' Question Book. 41 18. What is a plateau, or table-land? 19. .Describe the plateau of North America. How may this region be divided ? 20. How may the plateaus of South America be divided ? 21. Describe the plateau of the Andes. 22. Into what divisions are the plateaus of Asia divided ? 23. What does the central table-land of Asia embrace ? 24. What table-lands does Southern Asia embrace ? 25. What are the known table-lands of Africa ? 26. Describe the principal plateau in Europe ? 27. What is a plain ? 28. Where is the great plain of North America? 29. What does the great plain of South America comprise ? How is it divided ? 30. What are the llanos, salves, pampas, and wastes? 31. What is the boundary of the great plain of the Eastern Continent ? 32. What are steppes, heaths, landes, and where found? 33. What are some of the chief points in the physical geography of Siberia ? 34. What are the principal known plains of Africa ? 35. Describe the Desert of Sahara. 36. Of what is the interior of Australia supposed to con- sist? 37. How are volcanic mountains classified? 38. What are intermittent volcanoes ? 39. Into what two classes are volcanoes divided ? 40. What is the central ? The lineal ? 41. Where are volcanoes most numerous? 42. What are the Geysers, and where are they found ? 43. What are earthquakes, and where confined ? 44. What are the movements of earthquakes? 45. Of what does Hydrography treat ? 42 Teachers' Question Book. 46. What are springs, and how may they be classified ? 47. What are perennial springs ? Intermittent ? Period- ical? 48. What is the basin of a river ? 49. Wh3& is a water -shed? 50. Into what classes are rivers divided ? Describe each class. 51. Into what divisions may the United States be divided, with reference to its drainage ? 52. How are lakes divided ? Describe each class. 53. What is the color of the ocean ? 54. Why does the water of the ocean contain more salt at the equator and at the poles than in other parts ? 55. What are the three distinct movements of the ocean ? 56. What are tides ? Neap tides ? Spring tides ? 57. What are the chief causes of the tides ? 58. What are ocean currents, and how are they caused ? 59. How are ocean currents divided? 60. Describe the Gulf Stream. 61. What is a counter current? 62. Of what does Meteorology treat? 63. What is temperature? 64. On what does the temperature of a place depend ? 65. What is wind ? 66. How are winds classified ? Describe each class ? 67. What are trade winds, and how caused ? 68. What are land and sea breezes ? Monsoons ? Etesian winds ? Northers of Texas and Mexico ? 69. What are the most noted hot winds, and where do they prevail? 70. What are the most noted cold winds, and where do they prevail ? Teachers' Question Book. 43 71. What are whirlwinds ? 72. How are the tropical storms variously named ? 73. Where are the three principal hurricane regions? What motion has the wind ? 74. What are water-spouts ? 75. What is dew, hoar-frost, fogs, clouds, rain, hail, and snow '? 76. Into what classes are clouds divided? Describe each class. 77. How may the surface of the earth be divided, in refer- ence to the quantity of rain that falls ? 78. What are glaciers ? Icebergs ? 79. What are avalanches? 80. What is climate? 81. What circumstances affect the climate of a place ? 82. What are isothermal lines ? 83. Into how many zones of climate may the surface of the earth be divided by the isothermal lines ? 84. What is organic life ? 85. Under what three divisions is this department consid - ered ? Describe each department . 86. Into what two great classes are vegetable forms di- vided ? 87. What plants are flowerless ? 88. How are flowering plants divided ? 89. What are the principal food-plants of the torrid and hot zones ? 90. What are the principal food-plants of the warm and temperate zones? 91. Into what chief classes are animals divided ? 92. How are the mammalia divided ? 44 Teachers' Question Book. QUESTIONS O^T PHYSIOLOGY. 1. Do all animal beings change ? 2. What is the difference between food and living flesh V 3. What organs constitute the digestive apparatus ? 4. How many teeth has man, and how divided? 5. What are the salivary glands, and where are they sit- uated ? What is their function ? 6. Describe the pharynx. 7. What is the epiglottis ? 8. Describe the oesophagus. 9. How does food find its way to the stomach ? 10. Describe the stomach. 11. Describe the process of digestion in the stomach. 12. What is hunger ? 13. What is the relative position of the stomach, lungs, liver, and diaphragm? 14. To what substance is all food reduced in the stomach ? 15. Does the stomach digest fatty articles of food ? 16. What is the temperature of the stomach ? 17. Can food be digested artificially ? 18. What is the pyloric valve ? 19. Into what organ does the chyme pass from the stomach? 20. Describe the intestinal canal. 21. What is the pancreas ? Its office ? 22. What are the lacteal absorbents ? 23. What is the lacteal duct ? 24. What is called the lacteal system ? 25. What is chyle? 26. What is the office of the liver? Where is the bile emptied ? Teachers 1 Question Book. 45 27. Where is the spleen ? Its office ? 28. Why do growing persons, or convalescents require more food than adults or persons in health ? 29. What is the common error in regard to eating ? 30. When any organ of the body is in action, what changes occur? 31. What is fatigue? Rest? 32. What are the differences in the temperament of men ? 33. What becomes of the chyle? 34. What is the apparatus of the circulation of the blood? 35. Describe the heart. 36. How many sets of bloodvessels ? Describe each. 37. What is the difference between the pulmonary and systemic circulation ? 38. Give the circulation of the blood. 39. What is the aorta ? The carotids ? The subclavians ? 40. What arteries supply the stomach with blood ? What the liver ? The kidneys, the spleen, the intestinal canal, and the heart ? 41. What is the vena cava? What are the names of the larger branches of the vena cavas ? 42. How does the blood pass through the heart ? 43. How do the pulmonary arteries and the pulmonary veins differ? 44. What prevents the blood in the veins from flowing backwards ? 45. How does arterial blood differ from venous ? 46. What action has the lungs upon the blood ? 47. What causes the blood to circulate in the veins ? 48. Where is the living flesh made ? 49. How are the wasted particles of the blood disposed oi ? 50. Describe the lungs. 46 Teachers' Question Book. 51. Describe the spine. Sternum. Ribs. 52. Describe the skull. 53. What are the bones of the arm and forearm ? Of the wrist ? Of the hands ? 54. Name the bones of the lower extremities. 55. Where is the clavicle ? Scapula ? 56. How many different kinds of joints? How are bones held together ? 57. What peculiarity about the joints of the neck ? 58. How is the femur joined to the pelvis? 59. What is the pelvis ? Of how many bones composed ? 60. What peculiarity about the elbow and wrist joints ? 61. How many bones in the human body? 62. Of what is a bone made ? What is its structure ? 63. Where are the synovial membranes situated, and what is their function ? 64. When is a joint said to be sprained ? 65. What is a muscle ? Their use ? 66. How many muscles ? 67. How are the muscles under the control of the will? 68. Is the heart a muscle ? Voluntary or organic ? 69. How do we breathe ? 70. What is inspiration and expiration ? 71. What is the organ of voice? 72. How is voice produced ? 73. What is coughing ? Sneezing ? 74. What is the effect of breathing the same air several times ? 75. In how many ways is the air unfit for respiration ? 76. How much fresh air ought to be supplied to each per- son per minute ? 77. How much air will the lungs hold ? Teachers' Question Book. 47 78. What effect has an ill-ventilated schoolroom upon children ? 79. What is the average number of respirations per min- ute? 80. What is the temperature of the human body ? 81. What is the origin of heat in living bodies? 82. Why is more fat required for food in a cold climate than in a warm ? 83. What prevents an increase of temperature in the body ? 84. What is the difference between sensible and insensible perspiration ? 85. Describe the skin. 86. Describe the hair. 87. Describe the nails. 88. Where is the seat of color in the skin ? 89. What proportion of the waste of the body passes through the skin ? 90. What connection exists between the internal organs and the skin ? 91. What is the office of the skin? 92. .Name those organs which carry off waste matter from the body. 93. Name the organs which bring fresh material to the body. 94. Of what does the nervous system consist? 95. Describe the general outlines of the brain ? 96. What large nervous trunks have their origin in the brain ? 97. What is the spinal cord, and its position ? 98. How many kinds of nerves? 99. What three things are necessary for sensation ? 100. Is the action of the different organs modified by the nerves ? 48 Teachers' Question Book. 101. Do the arteries have nerves V 102. If the nerve which governs the action of the heart should be severed, what would the heart do ? 103. Describe the eye. 104. What is the sclerotic coat ? Cornea ? Choroid coat ? 105. Where is the retina ? Its office ? 106. Where is the iris ? Its office ? 107. How does the eye change as one grows old? 108. What is the difference between a short-sighted man and one who is long-sighted? 109. Where is the fluid prepared that moistens the eye ? 110. What is the nasal dnct? 111. What is the conjunctiva? 112. Why are some persons cross-eyed? 113. What does the organ of hearing include? 114. Describe the external ear. 115. Describe the internal ear. 116. What is the eustachian tube ? 117. How is sound produced? QUESTIONS ON CIVIL GOV- EE^ME^T. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. What is a preamble? 2. What are legislative powers, and in what are they vested ? 3. What is Congress ? 4. What is the Senate ? House of Representatives ? Teachers' Question Book. 49 5. How are senators and representatives elected, and for how long a term of office ? 6. How old must a representative be, and how long a citizen of the United States ? 7. How are representatives proportioned among the states ? 8. What is census ? How often taken ? 9. If vacancies happen in the representation of any state, how is that vacancy filled ? 10. What officers does the House of Representatives choose ? 11. Into how many classes are the senators divided? 12. Who is president of the Senate? Can he vote? 13. Should a vacancy occur what is to be done ? 14. How old must a senator be, and how long a citizen of the United States ? 15. Who becomes president of the Senate when the vice- president is absent ? 16. How may the president be punished for crimes in office? 17. Who appoints the times, places and manner of hold- ing elections of senators and representatives ? Are there exceptions? 18. If disputes arise in election returns, how are they to be decided? 19. How many does it require to do business ? What may a smaller number do ? 20. Can either House adjourn at pleasure? 21. Shall each House keep a journal of its proceedings? 22. When shall the yeas and noes be entered on the journal? 23. When shall Congress assemble ? Can it assemble at any other time ? 50 Teachers' Question Book. 24. How do the members receive compensation ? 25. Can a member be arrested while Congress is in session? 26. Can any person hold an office under the United States, and be a member of Congress ? 27. Where shall bills for raising revenue originate? What is revenue ? 28. When does a bill become a law ? 29. What question does not require the sanction of the president ? 30. What are the powers of Congress ? 31. What are duties, imports, and excises ? 32. What is the writ of habeas corpus f When can it be suspended ? 33. What is a bill of attainder ? Is it allowed ? 34. What is an ex post facto law ? 35. How is money drawn from the treasury ? 36. Can any state enter into any treaty, alliance, or con- federation ? 37. For what use are the duties and imports ? 38. Can a state engage in war ? 39. In whom is the executive power of the United States vested ? 40. Who are eligible to this office, and how elected ? 41. Must the vice-president be a native of the United States ? 42. Who is commander-in-chief of the army and navy? 43. What offence is he not permitted to pardon ? 44. Does he have a right to make treaties, appoint em- bassadors, judges of the. Supreme Court, and offi- cers of the United States ? 45. If a vacancy occur during a recess of Congress, how is it filled? Teachers' Question Book. 51 46. What is the president's message ? 47. For what crimes can the president, vice-president, and all civil officers of the United States, be im- peached ? 48. In what is the judicial power of the United States vested ? 49. How long do the judges of the Supreme Court hold office? To what cases does their power extend? 50. Where shall a criminal be tried ? 51. What crimes are not tried by jury ? 52. What is treason? What power declares its punish- ment ? 53. Can a person charged with crime be taken from another state ? 54. How are new states admitted into the Union ? 55. How can new states be formed ? 56. What shall the United States guarantee te every state in the Union ? 57. How may the Constitution be amended ? 58. What is the supreme law of the land? Who are bound by oath to support it ? 59. How many signers were there to the Constitution originally ? 60. How many amendments to the Constitution ? When were the first ten adopted? 61. What is the last amendment ? CONSTITUTION OP WISCONSIN. 1. What is the Declaration of Eights ? 2. What right has every man in regard to speech ? Is he liable for the abuse of this right ? 52 Teachers' Question Book. 3. Have the people a right to assemble at any time they choose ? 4. What right shall remain inviolate ? 5. Can excessive bail be required, excessive fines be im- posed, or cruel or unusual punishments be in- flicted? 6. What right has the accused in all criminal prose- cutions ? 7. Can a person be twice put in jeopardy for the same offence ? 8. What is martial law ? When permitted ? 9. What is treason against the State ? 10. How is a person convicted of treason ? 11. Are the people secure against unreasonable search or seizure ? 12. Can anything be allowed in the State that is forbidden in the Constitution of the United States ? 13. If a person is a member of Congress, or is holding any position under the United States, is he eligible to a seat in the Legislature ? 14. If a vacancy occur in either House, how is it filled? 15. What is meant by the term allodial in relation to lands ? 16. What are feudal tenures ? Are they allowed? 17. Can any person be imprisoned for a debt? What privileges has a debtor? 18. What right shall never be infringed, in regard to religion ? 19. Has the State any right to interfere with, or help any religious organization ? 20. Is any religious test required as a test of qualification for any office of public trust ? Teachers' Question Book. 53 21. What is a writ of error f Is it prohibited ? 22. Who have the right of suffrage ? 23. How and when are votes cast ? 24. Does a person lose his residence if he is absent on business for the State or the United States? 25. Who may be excluded from the right of suffrage ? 26. What is the Legislature? 27. In what is the legislative power vested? 28. To how many members is each branch of the Legis- lature entitled ? 29. What number has the Legislature now ? 30. Who are eligible to the Legislature, and how are the members chosen? 31. Can a member be expelled a second time for the same offence ? 32. Who is president of the Senate ? 33. What officers does each House elect ? 34. When and where does the Legislature meet? 35. Can either House adjourn at pleasure ? 36. Can the Legislature pass laws that conflict with the Constitution ? 37. What privileges have members of the Legislature ? 38. How shall all laws of the State be prefaced ? 39. Where may a bill originate ? 40. When shall the yeas or nays of the members of either House, on any question, be entered on the journal? 41. What does each member receive for his services? 42. What power establishes town and county government ? 43. Does the Legislature authorize any lottery, or grant any divorce? 44. What is the law respecting stationery and printing? 54 Teachers' Question Book. 45. What shall the Legislature direct respecting suits brought against the state ? 46. What officers are required to take an oath or affirma- tion and subscribe to it ? What is the form of the oath? 47. In whom is the executive power vested, and for how long a term of office ? 48. In what manner shall a governor and lieutenant- governor be elected ? 49. If no governor is chosen, how is one elected ? 50. Who is commander-in-chief of the military forces of the state? 51. W T hat are some of the powers of the governor? 52. How much is the salary of the governor and the lieu- tenant-governor ? 53. What must a governor do when he has granted a par- don, commutation, or a reprieve ? 54. When the governor's seat is vacated, who shall occupy the chair ? 55. If both governor and lieutenant-governor are unable to fill that office, who shall be governor ? 56. When does a bill become a law? 57. What state officers are chosen for two years ? 58. What county officers are chosen for two years ? 59. Is the sheriff eligible to a second term of office, and is the county responsible for his acts ? 60. How may the governor be impeached ? 61. In what is the judicial power of the state vested? 62. In the Supreme Court is there a trial by jury ? 63. How are vacancies filled in the Supreme or Circuit Courts ? 64. Which is the highest court in the state ? How long do the judges hold their seats? Teachers' Question Book. 55 65. What is the Circuit Court ? How long do the judges hold their seats ? 66. What are Courts of Probate ? Term of office of the judges ? 67. What are justices of the peace ? Their term of office ? 68. What shall be the style of all writs and processes ? 69. What shall be the rule of taxation ? 70. For what tax shall the Legislature provide ? 71. For what purpose may the state contract public debts ? In what cases forbidden ? 72. What shall be common highways for vessels of the United States ? 73. In whom shall the supervision of public instruction be vested, and how elected ? 74. How are district schools established ? and how sup- ported ? Are they free ? 75. How many months school must a district have every year to obtain public money ? 76. How may the Constitution be amended ? 77. When does the political year of the State of Wiscon- sin commence ? 78. What is the penalty for engaging in a duel V 79. How many Representatives in Congress is the State entitled to? 80. How many amendments to the Constitution are there ? ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS OT$ OETHOaEAPHY. 1. It treats of correct spelling and the forms of letters. 2. By the action of the breath on the larynx. 3. Those produced by the teeth are called dentals; those by the tongue, Unguals; those by the palate, pal- atals; those by the lips, labials. 4. Forty-three; and are divided into tonics, subtonics and atonies. 5. Tonics are pure tones; subtonics are tones modified by the organs of speech; atonies are breathings modified by the organs of speech. The tonics are the sounds of the vowels; the subtonics are the sounds of b, d, g,j, I, m, n, ng, r, th, v, w, y, z; the atonies are the sounds of /, h, k, p, s, t, th, ch, sh, wh. 6. Vowels are letters that denote pure tones; consonants are letters that cannot be fully uttered without the aid of a vowel sound. 7. Into mutes and semi-vowels. The mutes are b, p, d, t, k, q, c and g hard; and have no sound of their own without the aid of a vowel. The semi-vowels are all consonants except the mutes ; and have some sound of their own, being in nature between a vowel and a mute. L, m, n, r are sometimes called liquids, because of their soft sound, which easily unites with the sounds of other letters. 8. A has six sounds, as in age, at, art, all, care, ask ; e has three sounds, as in he, elk, her ; i has two, as in ice and ink ; o has three sounds, as in old, on, do ; u has three sounds, as in cv.re, bud, Ml. 9. One sound each. Teachers' Question Book. 57 10. Two sounds each : d, as in sad and missed ; g, as in bog and gun ; n, as in note and linger ; /, as in /or and of; p, as in pen and clapboard ; r, as in baron and farm ; j, as in jibe and hallelujah ; s, as in sin and has ; x, as in tax and ecrist ; z, as in zone and seizure ; ph, as in phantom and Stephen. 11. Three each: c, as in cite, cat, suffice; t, as in fake, patient, question; ch, as in much, chaise, c/iorus. 12. Q is always followed by u, and is pronounced like hit; ivh is pronounced like hu. 13. Fj as in of; j, as in hallelujah; p, as in cupboard and clapboard. 14. T, r, j, sh, and v except in sevennight. C, x, and g have no sound of their own. 15. An aspirated consonant. 16. The harmonising of the sounds of two consonants, as in dogs. 17. Letters whose elements are produced by the same organs in a similar maimer, as / and v. 18. Letters or combination of letters which represent the same sound ; as, i is an equivalent of e in pique. 19. A union of two vowels in the same syllable is called a diphthong; a union of three, a triphthong; a union of two, when one vowel is silent, is called a digraph. 20. Letters are characters used to represent the sounds of the human voice ; a syllable is a letter or combina- tion of letters uttered by one emission of the voice ; a word is a syllable or combination of syllables representing some thought or idea. 21. Monosyllables, dissyllables, trisyllables and polysyl- lables. 22. A primitive word is one derived from no other word ; a derivative is one formed from a primitive by means of prefixes and suffixes ; a simple word is one that is not compounded ; a compound word is one composed of two or more simple ones. 58 Teachers' Question Book. 23. A letter or letters joined to the beginning of a word is called a prefix ; when added to the end of a word, a suffix; and the root is the chief word without prefix or suffix. 24. The omission of one or more elements in a word ; ut- tering one or more elements that should not be sounded; substituting one element for another. 25. The names of individuals and places ; all words having reference to the Creator ; every line of poetry ; the first word after a full pause; the first word of a direct quotation; words personified; every title of nobility; usually, every word derived from a proper name ; important words, or those technically applied which would not be sufficiently definite if written otherwise ; the chief words in titles or headings, — all these should commence with capitals. Titles or headings, when emphatic, are sometimes written wholly in capitals ; also I and 0. 26. To attract special attention. • 27. As consonants, when they precede a vowel heard in the same syllable ; as vowels, when they follow i or u or have their sound. 28. Three: oi, ou, and ow. 29. Ch, sh, th, whj ph, and ng. 30. B, d, g, h, I, m, n, p, and r. 31. To modify the sounds of other letters. 32. The name is what it is called in the alphabet; its power is its sound. 33. A letter pronounced with a full emission of the breath. 34. Dividing words into syllables. 35. Vowel sounds, every syllable having one vowel sound. 36. Between the syllables. 37. To assist in the pronunciation of words. 38. Between compound words when first formed or when little used; between syllables at the end of lines; and between syllables for the purpose of instruction. 39. Only one sound is given. Teachers' Question Book. 59 A1STSWEKS TO QUESTIONS ON" KEADISTG-. 1 . The enunciation of written language. 2. The delivery of composition. 3. Orthoepy and expression. Orthoepy is the art of cor- rect pronunciation ; and expression is the manner . of delivery. 4. Articulation, syllabication, and accent. 5. The distinct utterance of the oral elements. 6. The sounds that form syllables and words; and are produced by the position of the organs of speech in connection with the voice and breath. 7. The force given to one or more syllables of a word. 8. The primary. 9. Emphasis, slur, inflection, modulation, monotone, per- sonation, and pauses. Emphasis is the force given to one or more words of a sentence; slur is that smooth, gliding, subdued movement of the voice used in parenthetic clauses, words contrasted or repeated, and in explanation. 10. By italics, small capitals, and capitals. 11. When words and phrases are important in meaning, or when they point out a difference; when emphat- ic words are repeated, or when a succession of im- portant words or phrases occur. 12. The rising inflection, falling inflection, and circum- flex. The rising inflection is an upward turn, or slide, of the voice; the falling inflection is a down- ward turn, or slide, of the voice; the circumflex is the union of the two former inflections, beginning with the one, and ending with the other. 13. The rising inflection is generally used when the sense is incomplete; in questions which may be answered by yes or no ; when a word or sentence is repeated as a kind of interrogatory exclamation ; usually in 60 Teachers' Question Book. negative sentences; and in the last but one of a passage. The falling inflection is generally used when the sense is complete, when language demands strong emphasis, in exclamations, and in questions which cannot be answered by yes or no. The cir- cumflex is mainly used in the language of irony, sarcasm, and contrast. 14. A sameness of tone. 15. Modulation is the variation of the voice made in read- ing and speaking, and is divided into pitch, force, quality, and rate. 16. Pitch is the degree of elevation of the voice, and is divided into high, moderate, and low; force is the volume, or loudness of voice, and is divided into loud, moderate, and gentle; rate is the speed, and is divided into quick, moderate, and slow; quality has reference to the kinds of sound uttered, and is divided into the pure tone, the oratund, the aspirate, the gutteral, and the trembling. 17. A pure tone is a clear, smooth, flowing sound, with moderate pitch ; the oratund is the pure, deep tone intensified ; the aspirate is the expulsion of the breath, the words being spoken in a whisper ; the gutteral is a deep undertone, expressing hatred, con- tempt, and loathing ; the trembling is a constant waver of the voice, used to express an intense de- gree of suppressed excitement, or to represent the tones of enfeebled old age. 18. Changes of the voice necessary to represent two or more persons speaking. 19. Suspensions of the voice in reading or speaking. Gram- matical pauses are indicated by the punctuation marks. Rhetorical pauses are suspensions of the voice which the sense requires when a grammatical pause is not admissible. 20. Prolongation of the voice at the end of a word with- out making an actual pause. 21. Force and rate. Teachers' Question Book. 61 22. Absolute and antithetic. The first is used to desig- nate the important words of a sentence without reference to the other words ; the latter is founded on the contrast of one word or clause with another. 23. To read slowly, mind the pauses, give the proper in- flections, speak plainly, and read as if talking. 24. Enunciation is the utterance of words; pronunciation, the mode of utterance. 25. The pure tone. 26. General usage. 27 . It sometimes changes the falling to the rising inflection. 28. It is a fall of the voice very similar to the falling in- flection. 29. Prose pays no attention to the melodious arrangement of its words, while poetry is written with regard to the rhythm and feet of each line. 30. Something abruptly introduced into a sentence for the purpose of modifying, explaining or adding to the leading proposition, and should be read in a lower tone of voice. 31. Accent. 32. A comparison. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS OX ENGLISH GEAMMAE, 1. The science of speaking and writing the English Ian- ' guage correctly. 2. Pronunciation, orthography, etymology, syntax and prosody. ' 3. Pronunciation treats of the sounds of letters and syl- lables ; etymology of the different parts of speech, their derivation and modification ; syntax of the arrangement and relation of words in sentences ; prosody of versification, punctuation, figures and utterance. 62 Teachers' Question Book. 4. The usage of the best authors. 5. Of sounds, which, combined, form words which rep- resent ideas. 6. Classes of words, differing according to their usage and meaning, of which there are ten : nouns, pronouns, articles, adjectives, verbs, participles, adverbs, prep- ositions, conjunctions and interjections. 7. Into proper and common nouns ; and the common are divided into collective, abstract and verbal nouns. A proper noun is the name of an individual, a place, or people ; a common noun is the name of a sort, kind, or class of things ; a collective noun is the name of a collection of individuals, or things ; an abstract noun is the name of some quality apart from its substance • a participial noun is a parti- ciple or infinitive used as a noun. 8. When it is used to denote a whole class : as, " The Washingtons of the world are few." 9. When personified, or used as a proper name. 10. Into personal, relative, interrogative and adjective pronouns. A personal pronoun is one which dis- tinguishes the person by its form ; a relative pro- noun is one that relates to an antecedent, and con- nects to it a descriptive clause; an interrogative pronoun is one with which a question is asked ; an adjective pronoun is a common specifying adjective used instead of a noun. 11. The word, phrase or clause which the pronoun rep- resents. 12. No ; it sometimes introduces a sentence, and denotes merely the state or condition of things. 13. It is a personal pronoun, compounded with self in the singular, and with selves in the plural. 14. Who is applied to persons only ; which to persons or things ; what is used in place of that which or things which, and may denote persons or things. 15. When preceded by such, many or same, and relates to Teachers' Question Book. 63 the objects thus specified. That is a relative pro- noun when it is equivalent to who, whom or which. 16. Who, which and what, with ever and soever annexed. 17. A pronoun used in a responsive sense, or used indi- rectly as an interrogative ; as," Tell me what truth is." 18. Into distributive, demonstrative, indefinite and recip- rocal. 19. In speaking of two, either, neither and each other should be used; but in speaking of more than two, one another. 20. That should be applied to the more distant, the first mentioned or the absent; this, to the nearer, the last mentioned or the present. 21. Gender, person number and case. 22. By different words, different endings, and by a distin- guishing word. 23. When they refer to a class of the same character, and are made plural by adding s if it does not coalesce in sound, otherwise es. 24. The names of substances, actions, states, qualities, arts, sciences and diseases, when they refer to the kind of thing ; but when different kinds are meant they are plural; as, wines, teas, sugars. 25. When the whole collection is regarded as one thing, it is singular, but plural when different collections are meant, or when it refers to the individuals composing the collection. 26. Most nouns add s to the singular; but those ending in i, 0, u, y, s, x, z, sh and soft ch, add es. 27. By making plural that part described by the rest; as, mouse-traps. 28. The first three by making plural the title; the last by making plural the name. 29. Most of them retain their foreign plural. 30. To represent one person. 31. That property of nouns and pronouns which shows 64 Teachers' Question Book. their relation to other words. They are the nomi- native, possessive, objective. 32. In the nominative when it is the subject of a verb; in the objective when it is the object of a verb or preposition; and in the possessive when it denotes possession. 33. By adding the apostrophe and s, except when it ends in -s, when the apostrophe only is added. 34. When a verb joins the terms, one is predicated of the other ; bnt when no verb joins them, the latter term is in apposition with the other; and the terms must agree in case; as, "He is president." "Web- ster, the orator." 35. Nominative ivho, possessive whose, objective whom. which and what have the same form in the nomina- tive and objective, but borrow whose for their pos- sessive. That is not declined. 36. When it is a relative, and equivalent to that which. 37. A regular arrangement of the grammatical properties of a noun or pronoun. 38. A word used to qualify or limit a noun or pronoun. 39. Into two chief classes : descriptive and definitive. The descriptive describes or qualifies ; the definitive specifies or limits. 40. Into common, proper, numeral, pronominal, particip- ial, and compound. The common expresses quali- ty ; the proper is derived from a proper name ; the numeral expresses number ; the pronominal is an adjective sometimes used as a pronoun ; the parti- cipial is a participial used as an adjective ; the com- pound is a compound word used as an adjective. 41. Into cardinal, ordinal, multiplicative, and indefinite. The cardinal adjectives are one, two, etc.; the ordi- nals, first, second, etc.; the multiplicative, single, double; the indefinite, few, many, etc. 42. The variation in the form of adjectives and adverbs to denote different degrees of meaning. There are three degrees : positive, comparative, and superlative. t Teachers' Question Book. 65 43. Adjectives and adverbs. 44. Usually by adding less or least. 45. Usually with adjectives of more than two syllables, or those of two syllables that do not end in le or y. 46. Yes ; although the substantive is not always expressed. 47. When it is used abstractly, or in place of a noun of which it expresses a quality: as, "The briny deep." "The good." 48. A word used to express the act or state of the subject. A regular verb is one that forms its past tense by adding ed; an irregular verb does not add ed. 49. The present tense, the past tense, the past participle, and perfect participle. 50. A redundant verb is one that has more than one form for its principal parts. A defective verb is wanting in some of its principal parts. A finite predicates the act or state of its subject. 51. The infinitives and participles. 52. It may become intransitive when it is the chief design to set forth the act, and leave the object unknown: intransitive, she reads, transitive, she reads her lesson. An intransitive may become transitive in poetical expression in a causitive sense, and in idiom- atic expressions : as, to march armies; I laughed myself hoarse. 53. A neuter verb is Qne that does not express action or relation. A principal verb expresses the chief act or state. An auxiliary verb helps other verbs to express their grammatical properties. 54. Voice, mode, tense, person and number. Voice shows whether the subject does or receives the act; mode is manner of assertion; tense expresses time; the person and number is the form of the verb to agree with its subject. 55. In the active when the subject acts, in the passive when it receives the act. 56. Four : indicative, subjunctive, potential and impera- 66 Teachers' Question Book. tive. Some grammarians add the infinitive mode. The indicative indicates or declares a fact; the sub- junctive expresses a wish, an uncertainty or a future contingency ; the potential expresses power, possi- bility, liberty, inclination, duty and necessity ; the imperative commands or entreats. 57. Six in the indicative ; three in the subjunctive, the present, past, and past-perfect; the potential, four, the present, present-perfect, past and past-perfect; the imperative, one, the present tense. 58. In the indicative mode have is the sign of the present- perfect tense; had the sign of the past-perfect; shall or ivill is the sign of the future tense ; shall have or ivill have is the sign of the future-perfect; the present or past tense of a verb is a verb in its simplest form, expressing present or past time. The signs of the present potential are may, can, must; of the present-perfect, may have, can have, must have; of the past, might, could, would, shoidd; of the past-perfect, might have, could have, would have, shoidd have. The three tenses of the subjunc- tive mode are the same in form as the indicative, except in the singular number of the present and past tense, which takes the plural form without variation. The imperative has the same form as the present indicative. 59. The different ways in which it can be expressed ; as the common form, the emphatic, the progressive, the passive, and solemn. 60. T, st, or est. 61. The first person is preferred to the second, and the second to the third. 62. A verb having person and number without a subject. 63. Voice, mode, tense, person, and number. 64. Be, and its variations, do, did, can, could, have, had, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would. Do, be and have are sometimes principle verbs. 65. The form of a verb generally preceded by to, express- Teachers' Question Book. 6j ing an act or state without predicating it. There are two infinitives, the present and perfect. 66. When the infinitive is combined with an auxiliary or after the active verbs, bid, dare, let, make, need, see, hear, feel, and sometimes after have, help, please and find. 67. A word derived from a verb, participating in the prop- erties of a verb and adjective, and is generally formed by adding ing, d, or ed to the verb. There are two participles, the present and perfect. 68. Being, having or having been, combined with some other participle. 69. They do, the same as verbs. 70. Being expresses the present passive participle ; having expresses the perfect active participle ; having been, the perfect passive participle. 71. They have voice, and tense, are annexed to auxiliary verbs, they partake of the nature of nouns, adjec- tives, and adverbs, and when nouns they assume case. A participle may become an adjective, it may govern the possessive case, it may become concrete and assume number, it may be used after preposi- tions ; but an infinitive has none of these attributes. 72. The regular arrangement of the modes, tenses, persons, numbers, and participles of verbs. A synopsis is only an outline of its parts through the modes and tenses, in a single person and number. 73. A word used to modify the meaning of a verb, and adjective or another adverb. The most of them are formed from adjectives by adding ly. 74. A word used to perform the office of a conjunction and adverb at the same time. 75. Into adverbs of time, place, degree and manner. 76. An adverb expresses manner, or describes the act; an adjective describes the object. 77. A word used to show the relation between a following noun or pronoun and some other word. An adjunct is a preposition with its object and modifiers, and 68 Teachers' Question Book. may relate to a substantive, verb, adjective, or adverb. 78. A noun, pronoun, infinitive, participial noun and a clause. 79. A word used to connect words, phrases, or proposi- tions, and are divided into copulative and dis- junctive. 80. Analysis is the resolving of the whole into its parts ; synthesis is the combining of the parts to form the whole. Parsing is the resolving of a sentence into its parts, giving their properties and syntax. 81. The relation of words is their relation or connection with one another; agreement is their similarity in person, number, gender, case etc.; government is the power one word has over another. 82. A sentence is an assemblage of words making complete sense ; a clause is a proposition that makes but part of a sentence; a proposition is a subject combined with its predicate; a phrase is two or more words, but not an entire proposition. 83. The declaratory expresses a declaration, the interroga- tive asks a question, the imperative expresses a command or entreaty, 'the exclamatory expresses an exclamation. 84. A simple sentence has but one proposition; a com- pound has two or more propositions; a complex has one principle clause, with one or more depend- ent clauses. 85. The subject is that of which something is said; the predicate is that which denotes what is said of the subject. 86. The grammatical subject and predicate are the gram- matical subject and predicate words; the logical subject and predicate are these words with all their modifiers. 87. A train of thought expressed in language, and may be description, narration, science, or philosophy. Teachers' Question Book. 6g 88. A sentence or combination of sentences, completing a train of thought, and distinguished by a new begin- ning. 89. Three relations: the predicate, object, and adverbial relation. 90. Words, phrases, and clauses. 91. A subject and predicate. 92. A dependent word, phrase, or clause, used to limit or vary the meaning of some other word or expression ; and may be an adjective modifier or adverbial. 93. By an article, adjective, a possessive, an appositive, a participle, an infinitive, phrases, and clauses. 94. By an object, a predicate adjective, an adverb, a parti- ciple, an infinitive, phrases, and clauses. 95. The infinitive takes only the modifiers of a verb ; the participle either those of a verb or a noun. 96. An interjection, an adverb, an independent nominative, and sometimes a participle, an infinitive, or a prep- ositional phrase. 97. In the improper arrangement of words, in the use of improper words, in the omission of words, and the use of unnecessary words. PARSING. To go is an in.; a, prep. What, rel. pro., obj. of prep. about. About, adv.; friend, noun same case as I. Adieu, inter] . Again and again, adv. phr. All, pro.; but, adv. All, noun. All, adv. And, conj.; also, adv. Any, adv.; better, adj.; than, conj.; we, pro., nom. c. Such, pro.; as, rel. pro.; take heed, in. Ay, adv.; so, adv.; let, verb; be, in. The best, adv. phr. Every, adj.; best, noun. Tons, noun; burden, noun, in apposition with tons. Whence, conj. adv.; but, prep. By the by, conj. phr. Cheap, adv. One, adj. pro.; each, adj. pro. in apposition with one. JO Teachers 1 Question Book. 4. Me, noun, obj. of prep. to. Even, conj. Long, ad].; fast, noun. To fast, in.', long, adv. Have taken, in.; cold, noun; taken, in. Poor, adj.; 7", hid. pro.; but, prep. i", pro., same case with it. Methinks, an imp. verb. 5. Stop, verb in the imp. mode; no, adj.; more, noun. Me, noun, obj. of a prep, understood. Till, prep.; tomor- row, noun. Times, noun, governed by prep, under- stood; equal, adj.; father's, pass. noun. Four, noun, gov. by the prep, of understood; twelve, noun, an appositive of times. When, conj. adv. When, noun. 6. What, com. rel. pro. obj. of take and send. What, int.- pro. What, resp. pro. What, adj. What, interj. 7. That, conj.; that, adv.; that, rel. pro.; Yesterday, noun, governed by prep, understood; that, adj.; ivorth, adj.; dollar, noun, gov. by prep. For, prep., governs that he is worth; that, adj.; ivorth, noun. To Dr. Pal- mer at No. 178 on Pearl St. in Boston in Mass. 8. Smith and Johnson, nouns, possessive case. Mary, noun in apposition with her. Eyes, noun, same case as I; also feet used in the same way. Love, noun, obj. c; that, rel. pro. Somebody, noun; call, verb in the im. mode. 9. Hark, verb in the im. mode; speak, inf. verb. About, prep.; to go, inf. verb; home, noun in the obj. case by prep, understood. Sleeping, part, used as an adv. Miles, noun, obj. case, by prep, understood; wide, adj. Boatman, noun in nom. c; thrice, adv. Yes, adv. ind.; so, adv.; of, prep. 10. He, pro. nom. c. ind.; that, rel. pro.; hath, verb; to him, prep, phr.; shall be given, verb with sub. understood. With north, miles, and day, s apply the prep, toward, over, and during. What, rel. pro. with two cases, nom. and obj. His being bloody, an inf. used as a noun. Lazy wire, used as a noun, gov. by exclaim- ed; very good, n. gov. by replied. Just, adv. modi- fying as I approached the house. 11. Stay, imp. verb ; jailer, noun, nom. c. by direct address. Oh, yes, my lord, an ind. element. On, prep. gov. Teachers Question Book. 71 who the commissioners are; who, rel. pro., nom. c; commissioners, noun; are, verb. What, rel. pro., obj. of to, and sub. of is reasonable. Friends, Romans and countrymen, nouns by direct address. Sound and very, adjs. Tried, verb ; what, rel. pro. of two cases; me, pro. gov. by prep, understood. 12. Aught, noun; can charm, verb. Calm, adj. Calm, noun. To calm, verb inf. The Lord shall judge be- tween us, gov. by she said. SYNOPSIS OF EXAMPLES LN" MENTAL ARITHMETIC. 1. 50 — ^ of 50 = 25 X .03 =.75. i cent gain equals .25. .75 — .25 = .50, cost. 2. f of f = f, amount spent; f — f .= % or $320; then f = $640, Ans. 3. * + i + i == if — if = -h = 3i, and if = 40, Ans. 4. There must be f more from time to midnight than before; then f + f = V; V 2 = 12 hours; f = 5 hours, or 5 o'clock, Ans. 5. One man will do the work 4 times in one day, the other 5 times, and the boy will do i of it ; 4 -f 5 -j- i = 9* ; 1 -s- 94 = t 8 3 of a day, Ans. 6. Every time A travels 20 rods, B gains two rods ; then to gain 10 rods, the distance between them, A must travel as many times around the island as 2 is contained times in 10 = 5, Ans. 7. 4 7 5X5 = |f; 1 + 50 = ff; and If — I W* = $50; f = $450, Ans. 8. A's age equals 20; B's -f C's = 80; A's + B's -f C's = 100; A's + B's = f; C J s = i; t+-« = 100; C's = 10, and B's = 70. j 2 Teachers* Question Book. 9. $140 -=- .07 = $2000, A's money ; | of B's == | of A's ; * of % =h\ t 3 o of f =ft; -^ + -^ = $2000; ^=$500, and | = $4000, A's; \ = $5000, B's. 10. 6 cents, the interest on 5-20's, X 1.30 = .078, value in currency; 1.06, the value in currency of $1 of the 5-20's, X .07 = .0742; .078 — .0742 = .0038, the amount gained on $1, by investment in 5-20's. 11. ^ = part in the mud; 11 = part in the water; If = length. f 3 5 = 3; and \% = 19, length of pole. 12. $90 -s- 1.50 = $60, cost; $15 gain -*- 60 = 25% gain. 13. 20 — 6 = 14; 14 — 6 = 8 yrs., Ans. 14. \ + 35 = | ; | = 20, Ans. 15. f of 40 = 15; f of 12 = 9; 9Vl5 = 60%. 16. 5 ft. square = 25 square ft.; 25 — 5 = 20 square ft, difference. 17. Loss on one apple = \ of a cent ; f , cost, -f- \ = 20 % loss. 18. $4 X 1.25 = $5. $5 -f- 80 % = $6.24, asking price. 19. $12.60 -=- 30 = 42 cents per bushel; 42 compared with 50 and 20 gives 22 at .50, and 8 bushels at .20. 20. One pipe will fill i of the cistern in an hour ; the other two will fill t£ of it in an hour; 4 4 5~=-2 = ^, the part one pipe will fill in one hour; hence the pipe will fill the cistern in 22 } hours. 21. $26 --1.30 = $20, cost; $26 -v- .70 = 837* cost; 20 + 37* =574- cost of both; $57* —652=67* loss. 22. If| = f-f = M; M-M= what A will do in one day ; hence it will take A 36 days. 31. $72 X 1.25 = $90; $90 ~ 90 % = $100, asking price. 32. One of the factors of the number must be 3 ; the other has multiplied itself to produce 48 ; then 48 X 3 = square root of the number, or 144, the root of which is 12, the number. 33. § = greater ; I ==z less ; f = 10 ; § = 6, and 1 = 4, Ans. 34. i = gain ; I = cost; £ = i cost, or 33£ % . 35. A square yard = 1296 in.; 4 in. sq.= 16 sq. in.= st of a square yard. 36. f — *=.«;* of f = T 5 8;*of-& = A=$80;ff = $576, Ans. 37. 18 mo. at 8 % = 12 % for one year; $20 -=-.12 = $166f , Ans. 38. 3 oz. gain':= i of 12 oz., or 25 %, Ans. 39. $500 X 1.40 = $700, the amount required. 40. If I =A,*=4»; *—« = *; i = U0; |.= $120, cost of horse ; $120 — $40 = $80, cost of buggy. 41. 7 — 3 = 4; 24 -r- 4 = 6, number of companions. 42. 8 — 5 = 3; 36 -5- 3 = 12, Ans. 43. If f = % then § = t 9 . Ans> (Si il H [ i = 1 II 1X14 = 3 || 3X14 = 2 || 7X14 = = 14 = 42 = 98 11 154 154 -5- 11 = 14. 6f = 6.571428 + root of which == 1.338226. 2.8844992, Ans. .55+, Ans. 1 : 5 :: 75 2 : (?) = 28125, square of the cost; the spuare root of 28125 = $167.70+ Ans. 80 : 1200 : : 6 2 : (?) = 540, square of the decimeter required ; the square root of 540 = 23.23 + ft., Ans. 2150.4 cu. in. X 150= 322560 cu. in. in the bin, the cube root of which is 5 ft., 8.6 in., Ans. The cube root of 79507 = 43 ft., length of one side; 432 x 6 = 11094, Ans. 6 2 : 18 2 : : 80 bbl. : (?) = 720 bbl. Ans. The diameter of the circle will be the diagonal of the square ; hence 42 2 = 1764, twice the square of one side of the enclosed square ; 1764 -5- 2 = 884, square root of which = 29.7 — in., Ans. The cube root of -^ or 5 equals 1.71+ ; 4 ft, X 1.71 = 6.84, Ans. 123 _*_ 43 = !728 ; 1728 -5- 4 3 = 27, Ans. 40- 6 X 4 = 36; 36-6 = 6; 6 + 1 = 7, Ans. 7295 Ans. 84 Teachers' Question Book. 139. 512 -*- 2 = 256, the fourth root of which = 4, Ans. 140. (13 — 1) X 5 = 60; 80 — 60 = 20, first day's journey. §2+20 x 13 = 650, whole distance traveled. A¥S¥EES TO QUESTIONS O^ HISTORY. 1. A recital of what has happened respecting nations and countries. 2. The historical records of Iceland show that America was discovered in 1002 by the Northmen. 3. The island of Guanahani or San. Salvador, in October 1492, and the mainland at the mouth of the Ori- noco River in 1498. 4. Four. 5. John Cabot and his son, Sebastian, who discovered the coast of Labrador in 1497. 6. Florida was discovered by Ponce de Leon in 1512, who went in search of a fountain said to contain the elements of restoring youth to all who drank of its waters. The discovery of 1513 was that of the Pacific Ocean by Vasco de Balboa. 7. Columbus was the first Spanish, John Cabot the first English, and John Verrazzani the first French dis- coverer. 8. A French,, explorer, who made three voyages to the St. Lawrence River, which he discovered in 1534. 9. A Spanish nobleman who invaded Florida in 1539 in search of gold; who discovered the Mississippi River; and was shortly after buried in its waters. 10. At Darien by the Spaniards in 1510. 11. At St. Augustine by the Spaniards in 1565. Teachers' Question Book. 85 12. Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir Humphrey Gilbert; their labors were unsuccessful. 13. At Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. 14. The London Company, composed of noblemen, gentle- men, and merchants of London. 15. All the country between the southern limit of Mary- land and Cape Fear. 16. Edward Wingfield. 17. One of the founders of Jamestown, who succeeded RatclifTe, and governed the affairs of the colony, with great energy and success. 18. Pocahontas was the daughter of the Indian Chief, Pow- hatan, and saved the life of John Smith, who was sentenced to death by her father. 19. In 1608 to Jamestown. 20. Indian corn, potatoes, and tobacco. 21. In 1609 ; but the massacre was prevented by Pocahon- tas, who revealed the plot to the people of James- town. 22. In 1622, when in one hour 347 men, women, and chil- dren were massacred. The second was in 1644,when 300 were killed : this plot was originated by Ope- chancanough, and was intended to exterminate all the English settlers. 23. Henry Hudson in 1609, who sailed up the river 116 miles, where the city of Hudson now stands. 24. To find a northwest passage to the East Indies. In 1610, when he discovered the strait and bay which bear his name, he was placed in an open boat by his companions and abandoned. 25. The New Netherlands, and was Claimed by the English and Dutch. The claims of the English were based upon the discoveries of the Cabots ; and the claims of the Dutch upon the discoveries of Hudson. 26. By force of arms,— the English maintaining possession. 27. By the Dutch in 1620. 86 Teachers' Question Book. 28. By the Puritans or Pilgrim Fathers, who landed at Plymouth December, 30, 1620. 29. One hundred. John Carver was their first governor. 30. Nearly one half the number died during the first four months ; and all would have perished but for the aid of fishermen off the coast. Their sufferings continued three years, after which they were prosperous. 31. A Puritan, who for his liberal religious opinions, was banished from Massachusetts. He afterwards form- ed the first settlement in Rhode Island. 32. The Quakers were banished from the colony, many were imprisoned, and four were put to death. 33. The war commenced in 1675, continuing about one year. King Philip was an Indian Chief, and was killed by an Indian, an ally of the English, in 1676. 34. King William's War in 1689, Queen Anne's in 1702, and King George's in 1744. 35. They assisted the French against the English. 36. The Indians had become troublesome and dangerous to the early settlers of Connecticut, who resolved to make war upon the Pequots. The battle took place at Mystic River, where the tribe was annihilated, those who were not killed were captured and made slaves, or escaped and joined other tribes. 37. The supposed Negro Plot, the plan being to burn New York, and make one of their number governor. Many innocent persons suffered death. 38. Massachusetts, Plymouth, Rhode Island, and Con- necticut. 39. Charters were given to each colony, and the right of government to the people. 40. The charters of the colonies were recalled, but Con- necticut refused to surrender hers. It was hidden in the hollow of an old oak, which since that time has been called the Charter Oak. 41. Harvard was founded at Cambridge, Mass. in 1638; Teachers' Question Book. 87 and Yale at New Haven, Conn, in 1701. 42. A Superstition prevailed that persons were subject to the control of invisible evil spirits; and it is the re- ceived opinion that 200 persons were accused, 150 imprisoned, 28 condemned, 19 hanged, and one pressed to death. 43. He was a man sent out by England to suppress piracy in 1696, but turned pirate himself; he was captur- ed in Boston in 1699, sent to England, condemned and executed. 44. The Boston News Letter was established in 1704, by Bartholomew Green. 45. Joliet and Marquette. 46. They were early explorers of some of the northern lakes, and the Mississippi River and its branches. 47. At Kaskaskia in Illinois about 1690. 48. A minister who labored among the Indians; and for his devotion was called the Indian Apostle. He also translated the Bible into the Indian language. 49. A Quaker who, with a band of followers, settled in Pennsylvania in 1682, buying the lands of Indians. 50. Pennsylvania ; and is supposed to be due to the hon- orable policy pursued by William Penn. 51. The cause was disputed territory ; and the parties were the French and Indians against the English. 52. Principally on the Ohio river and the northern lakes. 53. George Washington. 54. After some successes Washington marched to a place called Great Meadows, where he built Ft. Necessity. Early in July, 1755, the fort was attacked by the whole French and Indian force, but was defended with such resistance that the French commander, Count de Villiers, sent in a flag of truce. Washing- ^ ton gave up the fort, but was permitted to march away with all the honors of war. 55. A vote of thanks was passed; and each soldier was to receive a pistole. 88 Teachers' Question Book. 56. Gen. Bracldock with a select force of 1200 men. 57. When within ten miles of Ft. du Quesne he was sur- prised by a body of French and Indians in ambush. Braddock was mortally wounded, and nearly all his officers, and one half his troops were killed. 58. Washington, although four bullets pierced his coat, and two horses were shot under him. 59. At Nova Scotia, Crown Point and Niagara. 60. The capture of Quebec by the English, the 13th of September, 1759. 61. Gen. Wolfe of the English forces, and Gen. Montcalm of the French ; both were killed. 62. That France should cede to Great Britain nearly all of her possessions east of the Mississippi River. 63. The colonies were unjustly taxed, and not allowed the right of sending representatives to Parliament. 64. That all paper used for bonds, deeds, pamphlets, etc., should be stamped. It was passed by Parliament in 1765. 65. A Virginian who with boldness and eloquence distin- guished himself by his opposition to the Stamp Act. 66. A duty was laid on all tea, glass, paper, and painters' colors, which should be imported. 67. Vessels containing nearly 350 chests of tea were board- ed by Americans, disguised as Indians, and the tea thrown into the harbor. 68. An act of Parliament forbidding the landing of goods in Boston. 69. At Philadelphia, September 4th, 1774. 70. Gen. Gage. 71. At Lexington, near Boston, April 19th, 1775. 72. On Breed's Hill, June 17th, 1775. 73. Gen. Howe of the British army, and of the Americans it is uncertain who commanded; but it is thought by some to have been Col. Prescott. The British Teachers' Question Book. 89 force was 3000, loss 1000: the American force 1500 loss 450. 74. Gen. Warren. 75. June 15, 1775. His force was 14000 men. 76. Ticonderoga and Crown Point. 77. Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold. 78. "I demand it in the name of the Great Jehovah, and the Continental Congress." 79. They were unsuccessful, receiving a defeat at Quebec, where Gen. Montgomery, the American general, was killed. 80. It assembled May 10, 1775, when they voted to raise and equip 20,000 men, and give the command to Gen. Washington. It was again convened at Phil- adelphia in May, 1776. 81. Richard Henry Lee, of Virginia, June 7, 1776. 82. Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Livingston. 83. July 4, 1776. 84. That the Thirteen United States of America were free and independent. 85. August 2, 1776, by all the members of Congress, num- bering fifty-six. 86. That articles of government should be drawn. 87. Articles of Confederation, and were to take effect when ratified by all the States. 88. No; delays and objections arose, but they were estab- lished March, 1781. 89. • Maryland. 90. Because it gave no real power to Congress, who could only recommend what should be done. Congress could borrow money, but was not empowered to pay it; could declare war, and determine how many troops should be raised, but could not levy taxes to defray the expenses, nor compel the States to raise the troops. 90 Teachers' Question Book. 91. August 27, 1776, the Americans being compelled to withdraw, closely pursued by the British under Gen. Howe. 92. North by the way of Harlem, White Plains, and North Chester, then south-west through New Jersey to the Pensylvania side of the Delaware river. 93. October 28, 1776, neither party being victorious, al- though Washington retreated when the British re- ceived reinforcements. 94. He crossed the Delaware December 26, proceeded to Trenton, captured one thousand Hessians and a large qnantity of arms. 95. The battle of Princeton, January 3, 1777, which was one of the hottest fought battles during the whole war. The Americans were successful. 96. September 11, 1777. Washington was defeated, re- treating to Philadelphia. 97. September 26, 1777, without opposition. 98. At Germantown, October 4, meeting with a defeat, losing 1200 men. 99. The capture of the British general, Prescott, by Col. Barton with forty select soldiers, who crossed from Warwick in the night to the island of Rhode, where the British army was encamped, proceeded to Gen. Prescott 's lodgings, captured him, and returned. 100 To have an officer equal in rank to Gen. Lee, that they might exchange. 101. Gen. Burgoyne with 10,000 British and Indian troops. 102. Gen. Gates commanded the Americans, and Gen. Burgoyne the British. 103. The battles of Stillwater, September 19, and October 7, 1777. The Americans were successful. 104. To Gen. Gates, at Saratoga, October 17, 1777. 105. That the British should give up their arms and am- munition, return to England, and engage no more in the war. Teachers' Question Book. 91 106. Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee. 107. At Paris, February 6, 1778, and was ratified by Con- gress May 4. 108. A French fleet under Count d'Estaing. 109. About nine months, withdrawing their forces June 18, 1778. 110. At Lancaster and York, Pa. 111. June 28, 1778, in the eastern part of New Jersey, both parties claiming the victory; but the British with- drew their troops. 112. Gen. Lincoln. Gen. Prevost of the British. 113. In the northern states. 114. Stony Point and Paulus Hook. 115. Gen. Wayne, in the night of July 15, with unloaded guns and fixed bayonets, attacked Stony Point, carrying the works. Paulus Hook was surprised and taken by Maj. Lee, July 19. 116. A great loss to the American and French forces. 117. The Polish nobleman, Count Pulaski. 118. A yery successful naval commander of the naval forces. He captured two English vessels of war off the coast of Scotland. 119. In South Carolina. 120. Gen. Lincoln was forced to surrender his troops, 2000 in number, May 12, 1780. 121. Gen. Gates succeeded Lincoln; and Lord Cornwallis had command of the British. 122. July 3, 1778, under the direction of John Butler at the head of 1600 Tories and Indians. 123. The massacre of Maxhaw Creek, where a body of 400 Americans were surpised ; and after surrender- ing were massacred. 124. Near Camden, S.C., Aug. 16, 1780. The armies were commanded by Gates and Cornwallis, the Americans being defeated with a loss of 2000 men. 125. Gen. Greene. 92 Teachers' Question Book. 126. A French fleet, under De Ternay and Count de Rochambeau, with 6000 troops. 127. An American traitor, who secretly agreed to betray West Point into the hands of the British for $30,000. 128. A British officer sent by Clinton to negotiate with Arnold. 129. John Paulding, David Williams, and Isaac Van Wert. They received a pension of $200 each for life, and a silver medal, bearing on one side the motto "Fidelity," and on the other, "The Love of Country Conquers." 130. Arnold escaped to the British, and was given a com- mand in the army; Andre was hanged as a spy, October 2, 1780. 131. In South Carolina, January 17, 1781. The Americans, under Gen. Morgan, were successful, with a loss of only 80 men. The enemy's loss was 800. 132. He attacked and defeated the British at Eutaw Springs. 133. The surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown. 134. To Gen. Washington, October 19, 1781. 135. At Paris, September 3, 1783. The American com- missioners were John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Lawrence and John Jay; the British com- missioners were Messrs. Fitzherbert and Oswold. 136. April 19, 1783, just eight years after the battle of Lexington. 137. Before Congress, which was assembled at Annapolis, December 23, 1783; after which he returned to his home in Virginia. 138. In 1777, by Congress. It is composed of thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, with a field of blue in the upper flagstaff corner, on which is a star for every state. The width is two thirds the length. 139. The Marquis de La Fayette, Count de Grasse, Count de Rochambeau, Count d'Estaing, Count Pulaski, and De Ternay. Teachers' Question Book. 93 140. Virginia, New York, New Jersey, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maryland, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Delaware, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. 141. In 1788. 142. At New York, April 1789. 143. In the year 1800. 144. By the Indians, who defeated Generals Warner and St. Clair with great -slaughter. 145. By Gen. Wayne, who in 1794 gained a complete vic- tory, laying waste their whole country. 146. Gen. Harrison at the battle of Tippecanoe. 147. Aaron Burr was at one time Vice-president of the United States. He attempted to form a govern- ment west of the Alleghanies, was tried for treason, but was acquitted. This was called "Burr's Con- spiracy." Alexander Hamilton was distinguished in the affairs of government, and was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr in 1804. 148. American commerce suffered greatly from the inhab- itants of the Barbary States, who were known as pirates. The war occured in 1805. 149. He was elected by Congress on the thirty-sixth bal- lot, there being no election by the people, he and Aaron Burr receiving an equal number of votes. 150. It occurred in 1812 and '13, under James Madison's administration. The cause was the impressment of American citizens by England. 151. In Michigan. 152. The capture of the Guerriere by the Constitution, August 19 ; of the Frolic by the Wasp, October 18; of the Macedonian by the United States, October 25 ; of the Java by the Constitution, December 29. 153. The division under Harrison, on the west shore of lake Erie ; the division under Dearborne, between lakes Erie and Ontario ; and Hampden's division on the shore of lake Champlain. 94 Teachers' Question Book. 154. 155. 156. 157. 158. 159. 160. 161. 162. 163. 164. 165. Commodore Perry's victory, September 10, 1813, when he captured the British fleet of six vessels and sixty-three guns. The capture of the Peacock by the Hornet, February 24 ; of the Boxer by the Enterprise, September 5 ; of Barclay's fleet by Perry's fleet, September 10. The capture of the Chesapeake by the Shannon ; of the Argus by the Pelican. July 25, 1813. The Capitol was burned, with its valuable library ; also, the president's house and several private buildings : after which, the British retreated to their fleet. At New Orleans, January 8, 1815, Gen. Jackson com- manding the American forces, numbering 6,000; and Gen. Peckenham commanding the British, numbering 12,000. The American loss was seven killed and seven wounded ; the British lost 2500. South Carolina proposed to resist certain acts of Congress, or secede ; but by a proclamation of Jack- son, and a compromise bill offered by Clay, the difficulty was settled. Great commercial distress, banks failed, business houses suspended ; also the Canadian Insurrection, which called a proclamation from the president to keep peace on the border. The people of Rhode Island organized by force a new constitution and elected Dow governor. Dow was imprisoned, and tried for treason, but released. In 1846 and '47, under James K. Polk. Peace was declared February 2, 1848. The annexation of Texas by the United States, and a certain tract of land claimed both by Mexico and the United States. Gen. Taylor in 1846, and Gen. Winfield Scott in 1847. Scott was successful in many engagements, entering Mexico September 14, 1847. Teachers' Question Book. 95 166. That the United States should evacuate all the fort- resses in Mexico in her possession ; and that Mexico should cede to the United States the territories of New Mexico and Upper California for the sum of $15,000,000, and pay $3,500,000 to American citi- zens due them by Mexico. 167. 1836. 168. It was purchased from Spain in 1820. 169. It was purchased from France in 1803 for $15,000,000. 170. All that tract of country lying between the Mississippi river and the Rocky mountains. 171. It was claimed by New Hampshire and New York; but was settled by being admitted as a separate state. 172. A bill defining the limits of slavery: all states north of latitude 36°, admitted after the passage of this act, being declared free states. 173. It proposed a repeal of the Missouri Compromise Bill, allowing the people of the state to decide whether it should be bond or free. 174. The agitation of the slavery question. The southern states, believing they had a right to secede from the Union, seceded, but the Federal government, deny- ing that right, raised armies and enforced its authority. 175. South Carolina, December 20, 1860. 176. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee. 177. The government was similar to the government of the United States. The states were called the "Confederate States of America." Jefferson Davis was president, and was inaugurated February 4, 1861. 178. tThe^bombardment of Fort Sumter. 179. Fort Sumter fell into the hands of the rebels under Gen. Beauregard. Maj. Anderson, the commander g6 Teachers' Question Book. of Sumter, was permitted to go north with his men. 180. In Baltimore, April 19, 1861, when southern sympa- thizers attacked a Massachusetts regiment on its way to Washington. 181. July 21, 1861, in Northern Virginia. Gen. McDowell made the attack, and was defeated after a severe engagement. 182. By Gen. George B. McClellan. 183. The battle of Ball's Bluff, October 21, in which the Union commander, Col. Baker, was killed. 184. Near Springfield, Missouri, August 10, 1861. 185. Southern commissioners sent to Europe to plead the cause of the Confederacy. 186. Gen. Thomas won an engagement at Mill Springs, and Com. Foote and Gen. Grant captured Forts Henry and Donelson in Northern Tennessee. 187. On the 6th and 7th of April, 1862. Gen. Grant com- manded the Union forces, and Gen. Beauregard the Rebels. 188. The Cumberland and Congress, March 8, 1862. 189. The Merrimac was disabled by the Monitor near Norfolk, March 9, 1862. 190. March 9, 1862. Gen. Curtis of the Union forces gained a victory over Van Dorn. 191. In the Mississippi river between Kentucky and Missouri. It was taken by Com. Foote and Gen. Pope, April 7, 1862. 192. To Admiral Farragut and Com. Porter, April 25, 1862. 193. At first he compelled the Rebels to retire from York- town and Williamsburg; but after the battle of Fair Oaks, he was obliged to retreat to the James river. 194. A series of battles, lasting seven days, commencing June 25. 195. He attempted to take Washington, but was opposed by Pope. He took Harper's Ferry, and entered Maryland. Teachers' Question Book. gy 196. The battles of South Mountain, September 14, and Antietam, September 17. 197. Gen. McClellan of the Union forces, and Lee of the Rebels. Lee was defeated, and withdrew his army across the Potomac to Virginia. 198. Gen. Burnsides. 199. He was defeated at Fredericksburg, December, 13, 1862, with great loss. 200. By Gen. Hooker. 201. January 2, 1863. Gen. Rosecrans defeated the Rebels under Gen. Bragg. 202. The battle of Ghickamauga, September 19, 1863. 203. November 24, 1863, in which Bragg was defeated. 204. January 1, 1863. 205. He was attacked by Gen. Lee, at Chancellorsville May 2, and 3, 1863, and was defeated with great loss. 206. At the battle of Chancellorsville. 207. He crossed the Potomac, passed through Maryland, entered Pennsylvania, and proceeded within four miles of Harrisburg. 208. By the battle of Gettysburg, which was fought July 1, 2, and 3. Gen. Meade commanded the Union forces. Gen. Lee retreated to Virginia. 209. To Gen. Grant, July 4, 1863. 210. To Gen. Banks, July 8, 1863. 211. He was not, being defeated by Gen. Taylor, April 8, 1864. 212. March 3, 1864. 213. One, under command of Grant, against Richmond; and the other, under Sherman, against Atlanta. 214. Gen. Lee had command of the Rebels. The battles of the Wilderness, which lasted three days, the battle of Spottsylvania, which lasted six days, were fought; after which, Gen. Lee retired to Richmond. 215. He defeated Gen. Johnson in several engagements, 98 Teachers' Question Book. and captured Atlanta, September 2, 1864. 216. His "march to the sea," passing through Georgia, reaching Savannah in December, 1864. 217. He entered Maryland, threatened Washington and Baltimore, defeated Wallace, and then withdrew to Virginia. In the same month, July, he crossed into Pennsylvania, his troops setting fire to Cham- bersburgh ; after which, he withdrew. 218. A vast amount of stores, 5000 horses, and the with- drawal of part of Grant's army from before Peters- burg. 219. The battles of Winchester and Fisher's Hill, in Sep- tember, 1864. 220. The capture of Mobile, August 5, 1864. 221. The engagement was off the coast of France, in the English Channel, June 15, 1864. The Alabama was sunk. 222. To Gen. Terry and Admiral Porter, January 15, 1865. 223. April 3, 1865. 224. Lee surrendered to Gen. Grant, near Lynchburg. Virginia, April 9, 1865, and Johnson to Sherman, in North Carolina, April 26. 225. Four years. 226. He was taken in disguise by a party of Union troops, in Georgia, May 10, 1865, and imprisoned in For- tress Monroe, but was afterwards bailed out. 227. By an act of Congress, ratified by three-fourths the States. 228. By purchase from Russia for $7,200,000 in gold. 229. In 1869. 230. adm'd States. where settled, when. by whom. as a STATE. Florida, St. Augustine, 1565 Spanish, 1845 Virginia, Jamestown, 1607 English, New York, Albany, 1614 Dutch, Massachusetts, Plymouth, 1620 English, Teachers' Question Book. 99 New Jersey, New Hampshire Maine, Connecticut, Maryland, • Rhode Island, Delaware, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Wisconsin, South Carolina, Michigan, Illinois, Arkansas, Indiana, Texas, Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi, Vermont, Georgia, Missouri. Tennesee, California, Kentucky, Ohio, Oregon, Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, West Virginia, Bergen, 1620 ,Dover, 1623 York, 1630 Windsor, 1633 St.Mary's, 1634 Providence, 1636 Wilmington, 1638 Philadelphia, 1643 Albemarl, 1650 Green Bay, 1669 Port Royal, 1670 Detroit, 1670 Kaskaskia, 1688 Arkansas Post, 1685 Vincennes, 1690 Bexar, 1693 Iberville, 1699 Mobile, 1702 Natchez, 1716 Ft. Drummer, " 1724 Savannah, 1733 St. Genevieve, 1755 Fort London, 1757 San Diego, 1767 Boonsboro, 1770 Marietta, ' 1788 Astoria, Burlington, 1833 St. Paul, Omaha, Dutch and Danes, English, ft Em. from Mass., English, Roger Williams, Swedes and Finns, Swedes, English, French, English, French, Spanish, French, Em. from Mass., English, French, Em. from N. C, Spanish, Daniel Boone, Em. from New Em * Those that composed the thirteen colonies. 231. PRESIDENTS. INAUGURATED. George Washington, 1789 John Adams, 1797 Thomas Jefferson, 1801 James Madison, 1809 James Monroe, 1817 John Quincy Adams, 1825 Andrew Jackson, 1829 Martin Van Buren, 1837 William H. Harrison, 1841 *John Tyler, 1841 James K. Polk, 1845 Zachary Taylor, 1849 * * 1620 1848 1837 1818 1836 1816 1845 1812 1819 1817 1791 1821 1796 1850 1792 1802 1859 1846 1858 1867 1864 1863 YEARS IN OFFICE. 8 4 8 8 8 4 8 4 1 mo. 3 yrs. 11 mo. 4 1* 100 Teachers' Question Book. *Millard Fillmore, 1850 2| Franklin Pierce, 1853 4 James Buchanan, 1857 4 Abraham Lincoln, 1861 4i ^Andrew Johnson, 1865 3J Ulysses S. Grant, 1869 * Elected vice-president, and became president on the death of their pre- decessor. 232. The 14th of April 1865, by J. Wilkes Booth. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS O^ aEOGEAPHY. 1. Three: Mathematical, Physical, and Political. Mathe- matical treats of the form, magnitude, and motions of the earth, and of the various imaginary lines on its surface. Physical treats of the solid and fluid parts of the earth's surface, the atmosphere, and all animal and vegetable life. Political treats of the various countries on the earth's surface, the people, customs, religion, and government. 2. A sphere, flattened at the ends. 3. About twenty-six miles. 4. An imaginary line on which it performs its daily rev- olution: its poles are the points where the axis meets the surface. 5. Two : diurnal and annual. The diurnal is its motion from east to west; the annual is its revolution around the sun. 6. The revolution of the earth around the sun. 7. The revolution of the earth on its axis. 8. It is the course it takes in its annual motion ; its esti- mated length is 600,000,000 miles. 9. About 68,000 miles an hour. Teachers' Question Book. 101 10. A magnetic needle, resting upon a pivot, enclosed in a circular box. It always points north. The car- dinal points are north, south, east, and west. 11. Into great and small circles. The great circles are the meridians and the equator; the small circles are the tropic and polar circles, and the parallels of latitude. 12. Into 360 equal parts, called degrees. 13. A drawing which represents a whole or a part of the earth's surface. 14. The equator, meridians, parallels, tropic and polar circles. 15. A great circle equally distant from the poles. 16. Any great circle passing through the poles. A mer- idian is half a meridian circle. 17. The distance either east or west from any given mer- idian. 18. 180° either east or west. 19. 60 geographical miles at the equator; but they grad- ually grow less as they approach the poles; at 60° from the equator they are only thirty miles. 20. The distance either north or south from the equator, called north and south latitude. 21. 90°, which is at the poles. 22. 60 geographical, or 69 \ statute miles. 23. Two small circles parallel with the equator : one sit- uated 23!° north, and called the Tropic of Cancer; the other 23 2 ° south, and called the Tropic of Cap- ricorn. 24. Two small circles parallel with the equator, at a dis- tance of 23i° from the poles, the one north being- called the Arctic Circle, the one south the Antarc- tic Circle. 25. Belts, or divisions of the earth, bounded by the tropic and polar circles, of which there are five: two frigid, two temperate, and one torrid. The north 102 Teachers' Question Book. frigid lies between the pole and the Arctic Circle, and is 23 \° in width ; the north temperate lies be- tween the Arctic Circle and the Tropic of Cancer, and is 43° in width ; the torrid lies between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, and extends 23$° north and south of the equator; the south temperate is of the same size as the north, and lies between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle ; the south frigid is all of the earth's surface south of the Antarctic Circle. 26. The frigid zones have two : a very long, cold winter, and a short summer; the temperate have four: spring, summer, autumn, and winter; the torrid two : the wet and the dry. 27. Winter. 28. Continents, islands, peninsulas, isthmuses, cape's, promontories, mountains, hills, plains, and valleys. 29. Oceans, gulfs, bays, straits, passages, sounds, channels, lakes, and rivers. 30. A narrow arm of the sea into which a river empties. 31. A sea interspersed with many islands. 32. When a river discharges its waters by several outlets, the tract of land embraced by these outlets is call- ed a Delta. 33. A place some distance from shore where vessels can anchor in safety. 34. The tract of country drained by that river and its tribu- taries. 35. A fertile spot in a desert. 36. Three: Monarchy, Aristocracy, and Democracy. A monarchy is a form of government where the su- preme power is in the hands of one person; an ar- istocracy, where the power is in the hands of a privileged few; a democracy, where the power is in the hands of the people. These forms of govern- ment may be variously modified. 37. Empires, kingdoms, republics, states, counties, town- Teachers' Question Book. 103 ships, and cities. 38. An empire is a country governed by an emperor ; a kingdom, one governed by a king; a republic, one governed by representatives, chosen by the people ; a state is a division of a republic, having laws of its own, harmonizing with the general government ; a county is a division of a state or kingdom. 39. Five; Caucasian, Mongolian, American or Indian, African, and Malay. 40. Into four: enlightened, civilized, half-civilized, and savage. 41. Four: Christians, Jewish, Mohamedan, and Pagan. 42. 860; and from these are derived 5000 dialects. 43. The Chinese. The most widely spread is the English. 44. Agriculture, manufactures, and commerce. 45. Those most noted for agriculture are the British Is- lands, Central and Western Europe, and the Unit- en States ; those most noted for manufactures, are Great Britain, Holland, Belgium, Germany, Switzer- land, France, and the United States; those most noted for commerce are Great Britain, France, Hol- land, Denmark, Sweden, Bussia, and the United States. 46. Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America, and Oceanica. 47. Mount Everest, of the Himalaya Mountains, 29,100 feet in hight. In Africa, Mount Kilimanjaro, 20,000 feet; in Europe, Mount Blanc of the Alps, 15,810 feet; in North America, Mount St. Elias, 17,900 feet; in South America, Mount Aconcagua, of the Andes, 23,910 feet; in Mexico, ^Popocatapetl, a volcano, 17,720 feet; in Oceanica, Mount Ophir, of the island of Sumatra, 13,840 feet. 48. Thirty-seven: divided into Eastern, Middle, Southern, and Western. The territories are Alaska, Washing- ton, Montana, Idaho, Dacotah, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Indian, and Colorado. io4 Teachers' Question Book. 49. CAPITOLS. Augusta, Concord, Montpelier, Boston, Hartford, New Haven, Providence, \ Newport, ) Albany, Trenton, Harrisburg, Dover, Annapolis, Richmond, Wheeling, Raleigh, Columbus, Atlanta, Tallahassee, Montgomery, Jackson, New Orleans, Austin, Little Rock, Nashville, Columbus, Indianapolis, Frankfort, Jefferson City, Springfield, Des Moines, Lansing, Madison, Saint Paul, Lincoln, Topeka, Sacramento City, Salem, Carson City, 50. STATES. LOCATION. Maine, Kennnebec river. New Harnpshire,Merrimac river. Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia. North Carolina, Neuse river. South Carolina, Congaree river. Onion river. Massachusetts Bay. Connecticut river. Long Island Sound. Pawtucket river. Rhode Island in Narragan- sett Bay. Hudson river. Delaware river. Susquehanna river. Jones creek. Near the Chesapeake bay. James river. Ohio river. Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, Ohio, Indiana, Kentucky, Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, California, Oregon, Nevada, Inland. Inland, near Saint Marks. Alabama river. Pearl river. Mississippi river. Colorado river. Arkansas river. Cumberland river. Scioto river. West fork of White river. Kentucky river. Missouri river. Sangamon river. Des Moines river. Grand river. Between Third and Fourth lakes. Mississippi river. Small branch of -the Platte. Kansas river. Sacramento river. Willamette river. Carson river. By the Arctic Circle: Alaska, BritishfAmerica, Norway, Sweden, Russia, Siberia; by the Tropic of Cancer: Mexico, Cuba, Sahara Desert, Nubia, Arabia, Hin- Teachers' Question Book. 105 dostan, China; by the Equator: Brazil, United States Columbia, Ecuador, Lower Guinea, Ethiopia, Zan- guebar, East Indies ; by the Tropic of Capricorn: Brazil, Paraguay, Argentine Confederation, Bolivia, southern part of Africa, and Australia. 51. Peak of TenerifTe, Canary Islands; Mount iEtna, Island of Sicily ; Vesuvius, Italy ; Cotopaxi, Ecua- dor ; Mount Hecla, Iceland ; Stromboli, in an island of the Mediterranean; Popocatapetl, Mexico; Mount Erebus, Victoria's Land. 52. North Latitude, 43°, longitude 88° West from Green- wich, or 11° from Washington. The meridian runs through Northern Michigan, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama. The parallel runs through Michigan, New York, Vermont, New Hampshire, Iowa, Nebraska, Oregon, and Nevada. 53. The principal exports are grain, pork, beef, machinery, and cotton; the imports are sugar, tea, merchan- dise, spices, etc. 54. Spain, France, Italy, Turkey, Greece, Morocco, Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Egypt. 55. United States Columbia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and Chili. 56. A place on the equator has no latitude ; and if on the meridian from which we reckon longitude, it is said to have no longitude. 57. The English and Japanese. 58. Texas is the largest, Rhode Island the smallest, and New York the most populous. 59. On the west, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana; on the east, Wisconsin, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and a small part of Louisiana. 60. 90° latitude, but no longitude. 61. Six months. 62. South. 106 Teachers' Question Book. 63. Arabia: coffee, aloes, myrrh, frankincense, gum Ara- bic ; Asiatic Islands : pepper, cloves, nutmegs, gin- ger, camphor, etc.; Barbary States: leather, gums, hides, fruits, wax, ostrich feathers; Belgium: grain, flax, hops, woolens, linens, laces, etc.; Bra- zil: cotton, sugar, coffee, tobacco, gold, diamonds, wheat, etc.; Canada, Novia Scotia, and New Bruns- wick: flour, furs, lumber, fish; Cape Colony: bran- dy, wine, ostrich feathers, hides, tallow; Central America : logwood, mahogany, indigo, cocoa ; Chili : silver, gold, copper, wheat, hemp, hides, sugar, fruits ; China: tea, silks, nankeens, porcelain, articles of ivory and pearl; Denmark: grain, horses, cattle, beef, pork, butter, cheese ; Eastern States : lumber, beef, pork, fish, cottons, woolens; Eastern, western, and central Africa: gold, ivory, ostrich feathers; Egypt: rice, grain, linseed, fruits, indigo, cotton, Ecuador: coffee, cotton, indigo, fruits; France: silks, woolens, linens, cottons, wine, brandy, toys; Germany: linens, grain, various manfactures of silver, copper, etc.; Great Britain : woolens, cottons, linens, hardware, porcelain ; Greenland: whale oil, whalebone, sealskins; Guiana: sugar, coffee, cot- ton, fruits, etc.; Holland: fine linens, woolens, butter, cheese, etc.; Hindostan: cotton, silks, rice, sugar, coffee, opium, indigo; Italy: silks, wines, grains, oil, fruits ; Ireland : linen, beef, butter, tal- low, hides, potatoes, barley ; Japan : silk, and cotton goods, Japan ware, porcelain ; Mexico : gold, silver, logwood, cochineal, fruits; Middle States: flour, wheat, salt, coal, cottons, woolens; Madeira and Canaries: wine, fruits; Newfoundland: codfish; New Grenada: indigo, sugar, coffee, cocoa, cotton, fruits; Persia: carpets, shawls, wine, silk, cotton, rice, rhubarb; Peru: silver, gold, Peruvian bark, mercury, sugar, fruits; Russia: hemp, iron, linen, grain, timber, furs, platina ; Southern States : cot- ton, rice, tobacco, corn, lumber, pitch; Spain and Portugal: silks, wool, wine, oil, fruits, salt; Sweden and Norway: iron, steel, copper, timber, fish; Teachers' Question Book. 107 Switzerland: watches, jewelry, paper, lace, linen, cotton and silk goods ; Turkey : grain, fruits, cot- ton, oil, wine, carpets, swords; Venezuela: sugar, coflee, cocoa, cotton, indigo, fruits; West Indies: sugar, rum, molasses, coffee, spice, indigo; Western States : wheat, corn, lead, coal, salt, lime, beef, pork. 64. The Eastern Continent, 32,192,000; the Western, 14,500,000; the Australian, 3,000,000; Asia, 15,- 552,000; Africa; 12,940,000; North America 8,000,- 000; South America, 6,500,000; Oceanica, 4,500,000; Europe, 3,700,000. 65. The Pacific Ocean, 70,000,000; Atlantic, 30,000,000; Indian, 25,000,000; Antarctic, 20,000,000; Arctic, 2,000,000. The greatest width of the Pacific is 10,000 miles; the Atlantic, 5,000; the Indian, 6,000. 66. Mediterranean, Caribbean, Japan, Adriatic, Red, Cele- bes, Marmora, Kamtchatka, White, Black, North, Yellow, Irish, China, Baltic, Okhotsk, Ionian, Kara, Azor, Arabian. [For location, see map.] 67. Greenland, Newfoundland, Anticosti, Prince Edward's, Cape Breton, Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, Long, Vancouver's, Bahama Isles, Cuba, Jamaica, Hayti, Portorico, Antigua, Gaudaloupe, Dominica, Martin- ique, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Barbadoes, Marguerita. 68. Joannes, Falkland Isles, Terra-del-Fuego, Hermit, Desolation, Wellington, Chiloe, Juan Fernandez, St. Felix. 69. Iceland, Nova Zembla, Candia, Ionian Isles, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Balearic Isles, British Isles, Shetland Isles, Orkney Isles, Wight, Anglesea, Man, Hebrides. 70. Kurile Isles, Saghalien, Jesso, Niphon, Sikokf, Kiusiu, Loo-Choo Isles, Formosa, Hainan, Ceylon, Maldive, Laccadive. 71. Socotra, Madagascar, Mauritius, Bourbon, St. Helena, Ascension, Cape Verde Isles, Canary Isles, Madeira Isles. io8 Teachers' Question Book. 72. Sandwich Isles, New Guinea, Van Diemen's Land, Philipine Isles, Spice Isles, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, Celebes. 73. Athabasca, Abbitibee, Allugas, Baikal, Champlain, Cayuga, Constance, Como, Dembea, Erie, Great Slave, Great Bear, Great Salt, Geneva, Huron, Humboldt, Itasca, Ladoga, Methye, Mistissinnie, Michigan, Memphremagog, Moosehead, Maracaybo, Nicaragua, Ontario, Oneida, Otsego, Onega, Simcoe, Superior, St. Clair, Seneca, Saima, Titicaca, Tchad, Winnepeg, Wener, Wetter, Zaisan. 74. Hudson, Rhine, Ganges, Mississippi, Volga, Penobscot, Po, St. Lawrence, Connecticut, Danube, Wisconsin, Yang-tse-Kiang, Detroit, Elbe, Shannon, Indus, Tennessee, Illinois, Loire, Wabash, Humber, White, Theiss, Columbia, Muskingum, Alabama, Delaware, Vistula, Cumberland, Don, Alleghany, Amoor, Mo- bile, Kennebec, Ottawa, Weser, Thames, Nile, Mis- souri, Kentucky, Irrawaddy, Kansas, Oder, Forth, Red, Drave, Sacramento, Arkansas, Brazos, St. Clair. 75. St. Lawrence, Acapulco, Chesapeake, Biscay, Tonquin, Bothnia, Guayaquil, San Francisco, Venezuela, Ly- ons, Baffin's, Passamaquoddy, Valentia, Genoa, Australia, Massachusetts, Havana, Penobscot, Geor- gian, Finland, California, Naples, Persian, Panama, Dublin, Guinea, Honduras, Bengal, Hudson, Taran- to, Galway, Trinity, Siam, Fundy, Georgia, Dela- ware, Campeche, Mexico, Green, Tampa, Casco. 76. Banks, Melville, Barrow, Fury, Hudson, Belleisle, Northumberland, Canso, Mackinaw, Juan-de-Fuca, Davis, Magellen, Enikale, Bosphorus, Dardanelles, Otranto, Messina, Gibralter, Dover, Skager Rack, Cattegat, Bonifacio, Pentland, Menai, Little Minch, The Minch, Behring, Corea, Malacca, Ormus, Bap- el-Mandeb, La Perouse, Simonoski, Cook's, Torres, Bass, Macassar. 77. Old Bahama, Windward, Mona, English, Bristol, St. George's, North, Tartary, Fermosa, Mozambique. Teachers' Question Book. 109 78. Long Island, Albemarle, Pamlico, Smith's, Lancasters, Prince Regent, Wager, Chesterfield. 79. Barrow, Bathurst, Churchill, Charles, Canso, Sable, Race, Ray, North, Breton, Cod, Malabar, May, Montauk Point, Henlopen, Charles, Henry, Hat- teras, Lookout, Fear, Canaveral, St. Bias, Roxo, Gracias a Dios, Gorda, Corrientes, St. Lucas, Men- docino, Flattery, Elizabeth, Prince of Wales, Maysi Point, Morant Point, False, Mole, Mala Pasque. 80. Gallinas, Orange, North, St. Roque, Frio, San Antonio, Corrientes, Horn, Mexillones, Blanco. 81. North, Sviatoi, Matapan, Spartivento, De Gata, St. Vincent, Finisterre, Ortegal, The Naze, Wrath, Dunnet Head, Land's End, Hartlancl Point. 82. Sviatoi, East, Lopatka, Cambodia, Romania, Negrais, Comorin, Ras-al-Gat. 83. Bon, Guardafui, Corrientes, Good Hope, Frio, Lopez, Palmas, Verde. 84. York, Moretown, How, Coffin, North- West. 85. Melville, Nova Scotia, New Jersey, Florida, Yucatan, Lower California, Alaska, Michigan, Scandinavian, Crimea, Greece, Italy, Spanish, Denmark, Kam- chatka, Corea, Farther India, Malay, Hindostan, Arabia. 86. Panama, Kraw, Suez. 87. White, Green, Adirondack, Catskill, Blue Ridge, Alleghany, Cumberland, Sierra Madre, Mexican Cordilleras, Coast, Cascade, Rocky, Mount St. Elias, Mount Fairweather, Cordillera de Cuba, Acaray, Brazilian, Andes, Geral, Dover Field, Kiolen, Ural, Balkan, Apennines, Pyrenees, Sierra Morena, Alps, Carpathian, Grampian, Cheviot, Wicklow, Altai, Peling, Meling, Himalaya, Hindoo Koosh, Ural, Kuen-Lun, Atlas, Lupata, Snow, Kong, Moon. 88. Halifax, Baltimore, Vera Cruz, London, Marseilles, Melbourne, Elsinore, New Bedford, Sydney, Venice, Nangasaki, Amsterdam, Alexandria, Cape Town, no Teachers' Question Book. San Juan cle Nicaragua, Amoy, Buenos Ayres, Charlestown, Salem, Aberdeen, Aspinwall, Canton, Rotterdam, Palermo, Montevideo, Providence, Ma- tanzas, Tripoli, Lisbon, Lubeck, Smyrna, Naples, New York, Acapulco, Havana, Genoa, Acheen, Honolulu, Boston, Hull, New Orleans, Rio Janeiro, Maulmine, Tangier, Oporto, Shanghai, Calcutta, Valparaiso, Southampton, Brest, Panama, Nan- tucket, Leith, Simoda, Constantinople, Bremen, Mobile, Portland, Monrovia, Trieste, Bombay, Hamburg, St. John's, Limerick, Bangkok, Adelaide, Ningpo, Valencia, Portland, Dundee, San Francisco, Brighton, Manzanillo, Newburyport, Bordeaux, Savannah, Galway, Matanzas, Dublin, Monterey, Pernambuco, Bristol, Port Mahone, Ostend, Tunis, Newport, Brooklyn, Pensacola, New London, Olym- pia, Realejo, Havre, Waterford, Pondicherry, Ba- tavia, Newcastle, Callao, Belfast, Philadelphia, Cork, Galveston, Sacramento, Bahia, Liverpool, Settin, Antwerp, Quilimane, Madras, Leghorn, Marblehead, Norfolk, Londonderry, Key West, Jersey City, Wil- mington, Toulon, Barcelona, Para, Dover, Dantzic, Salonica, Mozambique, Columbo, Auckland. 89. Quebec, Ottawa, Kingston, Toronto, Montreal, Three Rivers, Fredericton, Oswego, Rochester, Buffalo, Erie, Cleveland, Sandusky City, Toledo, Detroit, Saginaw, Kalamazoo, Grand Haven, Ann Arbor, Milwaukee, Racine, Kenosha, Chicago, Michigan City, Fond du Lac, Stillwater, Janesville, Prairie du Chien, Duluth, Winona, Dubuque, Kaskaskia, Rock Island, Peoria, Bloomington, Alton, St. Louis, Cairo, Memphis, Helena, Vicksburg, Natchez, New Orleans, Louisville, Cincinnati, Dayton, Lexington, Chattanooga, Tuscaloosa, Atlanta, Camden, Knox- ville, Pittsburg, Alleghany, Harper's Ferry, Troy, Sing Sing, Poughkeepsie, Saratoga, Utica, Spring- field, Worcester, Lowell, Manchester, Nashua, Burlington, Bangor, Leavenworth, Omaha, Council Bluffs, Greeley, San Jose, Sonoma, Salt Lake City, Teachers' Question Book. 1 1 1 Oregon City, Comayagua, Parana, Mendoza, Santia- go, Chuquisaca, Lima, Popayan, Bogota, Angostura, Obidos, Assumption, Quito, Moscow, Astrachan, Sebastopol, Florence, Turin, Berne, Paris, Madrid, Lisbon, Brussels, Berlin, Frankfort, Vienna, St. Petersburg, Cronstadt, Belgrade, Pesth, Prague, Dresden, Cologne, Ghent, Eouen, Orleans, Lyons, Sheffield, Manchester, Glasgow, Tobolsk, Irkutsk, Lassa, Hue, Kelat, Cabul, Heart, Bokahara, Kho- kan, Khiva, Teheran, Mecca, Tiflis, Nankin, Pekin, Jerusalem, Damascus, Cairo, Gonclar, Cobbe, Sego, Timboo, Timbuctoo. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON PHYSICAL GEOGEAPHY. 1. That science which treats of the natural division of water, the atmosphere, and all organic life. 2. The masts of a ship coming into a harbor are seen before the hull, and the shadow of the earth on the moon is always circular. 3. By astronomical observation of the phenomena known as abberration of light. 4. The orbit in which the earth revolves around the sun. 5. The general structure of the earth beneath the surface, and the natural divisions of land. 6. As stratified or unstratified : as fossiliferous or non- fossiliferous ; as igneous, metamorphic, or agneous. 7. Into continental and pelagic. 8. Continental islands are those which lie along the coasts of continents, and are generally long and narrow. Pelagic islands are those which are formed in the 112 Teachers' Question Book. midst of seas, and are generally round or oblong. 9. By volcanic eruptions. 10. By the work of minute insects, which exist in the tropical parts of the Indian and Pacific Oceans. 11. Lagoon islands or atolls, encircling reefs, barrier reefs, and fringing reefs. 12. The lagoon islands are belts of coral formation enclos- ing a vacant space of ocean ; encircling reefs differ from the atolls by having one or more islands in the circle ; barrier reefs extend along the shores of continents or large islands ; fringing reefs are mere lines of coral near the shores. 13. The vacant space enclosed by lagoon islands. 14. Into three : those rising to an elevation of 20,000 feet or upwards; those between 10,000 and 20,000 feet, and those between 2,000 and 10,000 feet. 15. Several connected systems. 16. Six : the Rocky Mountains, California, Alleghany, An- dean, Parime, and Brazilian. 17. Longitudinal valleys are those which separate parallel ridges of mountain chains, and extend in the same direction. Transverse valleys cut the ridges at right angle, and extend in an opposite direction. 18. An extensive level tract considerably elevated above the level of the sea. 19. It extends from the 50th parallel of north latitude between the Rocky mountains and the coast range of the, Pacific, through the central part of Mexico to the Isthmus of Panama, and may be divided in- to the Great Basin of Utah, the Great Mexican Pla- teau, and the table-lands of Central America. 20. The Great Plateau of the Andes, the elevated plains of Quito, Bogota, and Popagan, and the table-land of Brazil. 21. It is an extensive tract of lofty table-land stretching along the tops of the Andes between the parallels of Teachers' Question Book. 113 15° and 3° south latitude, with an elevation of near- ly 13,000 feet. 22. They are divided into the Central, Southern, and South-western Asia. 23. The great desert of Gobi, and the table-land of Thibet. 24. Those of Hindostan, Iran, Asia Minor, and Arabia. 25. Those of Abyssinia, and South Africa. 26. It is the Spanish peninsula, the whole central part of which consists of a series of lofty plains, divided from each other by parallel mountain chains. This plateau comprises 93,000 square miles, or nearly one half of the peninsula. 27. A tract of country comparatively level, and but little elevated above the surface of the ocean. 28. It extends from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, and from the Rocky Mountains to the Alleghanies ; and is divided about midway into a northern and southern slope. 29. The entire peninsula east of the Andes, except the mountain systems and the Brazilian table-land ; and is divided into the llanos of the Oronoco, the salves of the Amazon, the pampas of the Argentine Confederation, and the barren wastes of Patagonia. 30. The llanos are level, and of great extent. During the dry season they are parched, and seem desolate; but with the return of rain rich pastures are abund- ant. The salves are the forest plains of the Ama- zon, occupying the lower part of the Basin, extend- ing as far as the periodical inundation.- The pampas are covered with a heavy growth of grass, and afford sustenance to great herds of cattle and horses. The wastes of Patagonia are sterile tracts, covered with sand and gravel. 31. It extends from the bay of Biscay and the North sea to Behring's strait. 32. Steppes are barren plains in south-eastern Russia: 114 Teachers' Question Book. heaths -are sanely tracts in northern Germany and Denmark ; landes are unfertile tracts in the south- ern part of France. 33. It contains a great plain, extending from the foot of the Ural mountains to the Pacific ocean, and from the Altai mountains to the Arctic ocean. This plain, near the Arctic, is a barren and desolate re- gion, and the cold is so intense that the spongy soil is perpetually frozen to the depth of several hund- red feet. Near the Irtysh river, soil is rich and pasturage good, but there are few inhabitants. 34. Sahara, the plains of Egypt, central Africa, and the regions of Zambezi. 35. It is from 750 to 1200 miles in width, and 3000 miles in length. 36. Of vast barren plains. 37. As active, intermittent, and extinct. 38. Those that have periods of rest. 39. The central and lineal systems. 40. The central consists of several vents grouped together, one of which usually serves as common point of eruption. The lineal consists of several vents, ex- tending in one direction, at no great distance from each other, forming, as it were, chimneys along an extended fissure. 41. On the islands and shores of the Pacific Ocean. 42. They consist of about fifty hot springs, occupying an area not exceeding twelve acres, in Iceland, about thirty-five miles from Mount Hecla. 43. Convulsions of the earth, and are most common in volcanic districts. 44. Horizontal, vertical and rotary. 45. The waters upon the earth. 46. Fountains of water which flow from reservoirs under neath the ground, and are classified as perennial, or constant, intermitting, and periodical. ov. Teachers' Question Book. 115 Perennial springs are those which continue to flow at all seasons; the intermitting are those that alter- nately flow and stop ; the periodical depend upon the prevailing character of the seasons. The extent of country drained by that river and its branches. The margin of country which separates one basin from another. Into oceanic and continental. The oceanic are those that flow into the ocean, and are divided into five classes, one for each ocean. The continental are those rivers which never reach the ocean. The St. Lawrence basin, Atlantic slope, Mississippi valley, Texas slope, Pacific slope, inland basin of Utah, Red river. Four: first, those which receive no streams and have no outlet; second, those which receive no streams, and have an outlet; third, those which receive streams and have no outlet; fourth, those which both receive and discharge streams. 53. It is generally a deep, bluish green, which becomes clearer near the coast. 54. It is probably owing to the abundant rains at the equa- tor and the melting of ice at the poles. 55. Waves, tides, and currents. 56. Tides are elevations and depressions of the ocean at regular intervals, occurring twice in twenty-four hours ; the neap tides are the least ebb and flow of the water and are during the first and last quar- ter of the moon ; spring tides are the greatest ebb and flow of the water which occur at the time of the new and the full moon. 57. The attraction of the moon and sun. 58. They are like vast rivers, transporting its waters from one part to another, and are caused by the heat of the sun, rotation of the earth, the saltness of the sea, by winds, tides, and melting ice. n6 Teachers' Question Book. 59. Into constant, periodical, and temporary. 60. It issues from the gulf of Mexico, spreads out a breadth of 150 miles, and sweeps along the coast of North America to Newfoundland. Here it meets a cur- rent from the north, and divides into two branches, one of which takes a south-easterly course toward the western coast of Africa, while the other sets in a north-easterly direction toward the British Isles and Norway. 61. A stream which runs by the side of, or beneath anoth- er current, and in an opposite direction. 62. Of the atmosphere, temperature, winds and moisture (dews, fogs, rain, snow, and hail.) 63. The quantity of sensible heat which a body possesses, as indicated by thermometer. 64. The direction and the amount of the sun's rays, its vicinity to the sea, the prevailing winds to which it is exposed, and its elevation above the sea. 65. Air in motion. 66. As constant, periodical, and variable. Constant winds maintain nearly the same direction and rate through the entire year; periodical winds are those which regularly prevail at certain times of the day or year: variable winds are those which have no regularity. 67. Trade winds are the constant winds in the equatorial regions, and as this region is the hottest part of the . earth, the air above becomes heated and rising blows over the colder air, which rushes in to supply the place of the warmer currents constantly rising. 68. Land and sea breezes are those which blow in summer from the sea to the land during the greater part of the day, and from the land to the sea at night; they are caused by the different temperature of the land and water, the land being warmer than water in the day and colder at night. Monsoons are winds which prevail in the Indian Ocean, blow- Teachers' Question Book. 117 ing part the year in one direction and part in an opposite. Etesian winds are periodicals which blow on the Mediteranean Sea in summer and owe their origin to the Sahara desert. The Northers are violent winds which sweep over the prairies of Texas and plains of Mexico. They prevail from October to March. 69. The Simoon, Khamsin, Harmattan, Sirocco, and So- lano. The simoons prevail on the deserts of Ara- bia, Nubia, Persia, and Syria; the khamsin blow in Egypt, but are not so oppressive as the simoon; the sirocco is a well known hot wind of Greece and Itaty, and the solano of Spain, which owe their origin to the vicinity of the Sahara. 70. The Pamperos and Bora. The pamperos are cold south-west winds which originate among the snows of the Andes, and sweep with great violence over the level pampas of South America. The bora is a north-east wind common on the eastern shores of the Gulf of Venice. 71. The meeting of two winds at an angle. 72. As hurricanes, typoons, ceylons, and tornadoes. 73. In the West Indies, Indian ocean and the Chinese sea, The wind revolves. 74. Columns of water raised by whirlwinds. 75. Dew is moisture collected on substances during the night; hoar-frost is frozen dew; fogs are masses of vapor resting on or near the surface of the earth ; clouds are masses of visible vapor differing in no respect from fogs except in position ; rain is water, which, originally taken up in the atmosphere in the form of vapor, is returned to the earth in drops ; hail is frozen rain ; snow is the frozen vapor of the atmosphere. 76. The cirrus, cumulus, stratus, and nimbus. The cirrus occupy the highest position in the atmosphere, and resemble a lock of hair, being composed of parallel 1 1 8 Teachers' Question Book. streaks ; the cumulus resemble a mountain of snow, and are most common in summer ; the stratus con- sist of horizontal bands near the surface of the earth and belong to the night; the nimbus is the rain cloud and much more dense than the others, al- though the others may change to the nimbus. 77. Into rainless regions, regions of periodical rains, and regions of frequent rains. 78. Glaciers are great masses of ice and snow, which are formed in the polar regions, or on the sides of moun- tains ; icebergs are great masses of fresh water ice broken off by the waves from the glaciers in the polar seas. 79. Large masses of snow and ice, which roll down the sides of mountains. 80. The condition of the atmosphere with regard to heat and cold, moisture and dryness, healthiness or un- healthiness. 81. The latitude of a place; its hight above the level of the sea ; the position and direction of the mountain chains ; its distance from the sea ; the slope of the country; the character of the soil; the degree of cultivation and density of the population; the quantity of rain that falls. 82. Lines which are drawn through all places, which have nearly the same mean annual temperature. 83. Into six: the torrid, hot, warm, temperate, cold, and frigid. 84. It is that department of Physical Geography, which treats of all vegetable and animal life. 85. Botanical Geography, Zoological Geography, and Ethnography. Botanical Geography treats of the different divisions of the vegetable kingdom and their geographical distribution ; Zoological Geogra- phy treats of the different divisions of the animal kingdom and their geographical distribution ; Eth- nography treats of the different varieties of the human race and their location. Teachers' Question Book. 119 86. Into the cryptogamous (flowerless), and the pheno- gamous (flowering). 87. The mosses, lichens, fungi, ferns, and sea weeds. 88. Into the endogenous (increasing from within, as grass- es, sugar-cane, corn etc.) ; and exogenous (increas- ing by coatings from without, as the trees of the forest etc). 89. Rice, bananas, bread-fruit, dates, cocoanuts, yams, cassava and sago. 90. Wheat, potatoes, corn, rye, oats, and barley. 91. 1st, Vertebrated (those having an internal skeleton joined to the backbone, and comprise four classes: 1st, mammalia, as horse, 'dog, cat, etc; 2d, birds; 3d, reptiles; 4th, fishes). 2d, Molluscous (those having no skeleton, as oysters, snails, mussel, etc.) 3d, Articulated (those which have joints or rings, as the lobster, worms, spiders, and insects). 4th, Radiated (those whose organs are arranged like rays, proceeding from a center, as the coral insect, and many microscopic animals.) 92. Quadrumana (four-handed) : monkey, ape. Carnivora (flesh-eaters) : bear, cat, dog. Marsupialia (pouched): opossum, kangaroo. Rodentia (gnawers) ; beaver, squirrel, rat. Edentata (toothless) : sloth, armadillo. Pachydermata (thick skinned) : elephant, hare, hog. Ruminantia (chewing the cud) : camel, ox, sheep. Marine Mammalia : whale,, dolphin, seal. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS ON PHYSIOLOGY. 1. They change unceasingly. 2. Food is the material we eat, changed by the action of the system into living flesh. 120 Teachers' Question Book. 3. The mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, and intestinal canal. 4. Sixteen in each jaw: four incisors in the center; one canine next to the incisors, on each side ; then two bicuspids, and three molars. 5. They are glands which empty their fluids into the mouth. The two larger ones, situated between the ear and upper part of the jaw, and are called paro- tid glands. Two smaller ones situated about half way between the angle of the jaw and the symphe- sis, or center, are called submaxillary. Smaller ones still, underneath the tongue, are called sub- lingual. Their function is to secrete fluid which moistens the food during mastication, and assists, in a measure, in digestion. 6. It is separated from the mouth by the palate. Four passages open out of it: one leads forward to the mouth; a second, upward to the nose; a third, downward to the lungs; and a fourth, backward to the stomach. 7. A small valve placed over the mouth of the trachea, admitting air, but excluding all foreign substances. 8. It is a soft muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach, and is about nine inches in length, and some less than one inch in diameter. It is composed principally of two muscular coats, the fibers of one running lengthwise of the tube, and the fibers of the other passing around it in a circu- lar manner. 9. Upon being forced back in the mouth to the pharynx it causes, by its presence, the muscles of the phar- ynx to contract upon it. This is the act of swallow- ing, and is beyond the control of the will. The circular fibers of the muscles of the oesophagus, seize upon the morsel of food, and contracting, force it downward until it reaches the stomach. 10. It is an oval shaped sac, situated below the diaphragm Teachers' Question Book. 121 on the same plane with the liver, and lies mostly on the left side of the spine. It has two openings : an upper, or cardiac orifice, where the oesophagus enters ; and a lower, or pyloric orifice, which enters into the duodenum. It is composed of three coats : an outer, or serous coat, which is the same as that which lines the whole abdomen; a middle, or mus- cular coat, composed of two layers of fibers, longi- tudinal and circular, the contractions of which move the food about the stomach during digestion ; and an inner, or mucous coat, containing the gastric tubules which secrete the gastric juice. 11. The presence of food in the stomach causes the gastric juice to be thrown out. The muscles of the stom- ach move the food about, which causes the gastric juice to be thoroughly intermingled with it. The gastric juice reduces the food to a pulpy mass, which occurs, usually, in three or four hours, and is then passed out the stomach at the pyloric orifice. The gastric juice is composed of an acid, supposed to be lactic or hydrochloric acid, and an organic substance called pepsine. 12. A sensation of want of more nutriment in the body; and is caused by the action of the blood on the terminal branches of the nerves in the mucous coat of the stomach. 13. The lungs lie within the walls of the thorax, separated ' from the abdomen by a broad muscle, the dia- phragm. Under the right lung, below the dia- phragm, lies the liver ; and to the left is the stomach. 14. A pulpy substance, called chyme. 15. It does not ; they are digested by the pancreatic and intestinal juices. 16. About 100°. ' 17. It can. If food be thoroughly mixed with dilute hy- drochloric acid and pepsine, and kept at an equal temperature of 100°, it will be reduced in a few hours to a homogeneous mass somewhat resembling- chyme. 122 Teachers' Question Book. 18. It is no valve, but simply a narrowing or contraction of the pyloric end of the stomach. 19. Into the duodenum. 20. It is composed of three coats, arranged in a manner similar to the stomach, and for similar purposes. The mucous coat secretes the intestinal juice, which aids digestion. It is divided into the large and small intestines : the small intestine is subdivided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum ; between the ileum and the large intestine is a perfect valve, which allows nothing to pass back that has once entered the large intestine from the ileum. 21. A long, narrow gland, situated immediately below and behind the stomach. It secretes the pancreatic juice, which is emptied into the duodenum, and digests the fatty parts of food. 22. Numberless minute tubules in the intestinal mucous membrane, which take up by absorption the nutri- ment, and convey it to the blood. These tubules join together, forming other tubules, which again join, and continue to do so until all are united in the thoracic duct. 23. The duct into which all the lacteal absorbents empty; and is sometimes called the thoracic duct. It passes upward along the spine, and empties into the left subclavian vein. 24. The lacteal absorbents, the tubes which they form by joining together, and the lacteal duct, — all together form the lacteal system. 25. Food reduced to a whitish colored fluid, and ready to be absorbed by the lacteals. 26. To form bile, the elements of which are separated from the blood. It is emptied through a duct into the duodenum, and serves to keep the intestinal con- tents in a healthy condition. 27. On the left side the spine, below the pancreas. It is a ductless gland ; and its office is not for a certain- ty known. Teachers' Question Book. 123 28. In growing persons there is increased action in the system ; so there is increased waste, and, conse- quently, a greater demand for material. The body is increasing in size, also, and food is required to build it. In convalescents, the material wasted during sickness has to be restored. 29. That to please the palate, food that is not easily di- gested is eaten, and more than the system requires. 30. The nervous force of the part is increased, and the circulation of the blood quickened, to supply the waste, and support its powers. 31. A waste of the particles of the system, by exercise greater than the new materials supplied by the blood. Rest is the restoration of the materials wasted by fatigue. 32. Those in whom the nervous system predominates, who are easily elated or depressed, whose mental actions are performed with rapidity, are said to have a ner- vous temperament, Those in whom the circulatory system predominates, who are strong, but at the same time active, who are bold and resolute, and always hopeful, are said to have a sanguine tem- perament. Those in whom the physical system predominates, who are strong in mind and body, but not quick, who are calm, steady, and persever- ing, are said to have a bilious temperament. Those in whom the lymphatic system predominates, who are indisposed to exertion and unexcitable, are said to have a lymphatic temperament. These four temperaments may be variously combined. 33. It is taken up by the lacteal absorbents, carried through the lacteal tubes, to the thoracic duct, and from that, emptied into the left subclavian vein near the heart. 34. The heart, arteries, capillaries, and veins. 35. It is a hollow, muscular organ of a conical form, plac- ed between the lungs, lying more in the left than 124 Teachers' Question Book. the right cavity of the chest. It is about five inches in length, three inches and a half in breadth, and two inches and a half in thickness; and weighs from eight to twelve ounces. It is divided by a septum into two lateral halves; and a transverse constriction divides each half into two cavities, the upper cavity on each side being called the au- ricle and the lower, the ventricle. 36. Three: the arteries, veins, and capillaries. The ar- teries are tubular vessels, which serve to convey the blood fromjboth ventricles of the heart to every parts of the body. They are composed of three coats : internal, middle, and external. The middle coat consists of muscular and elastic fibres princi- pally, which make the larger .arteries very elastic. The arteries are supplied with nutrient arteries and nerves. The capillaries are minute terminal branches of the arteries, and pervade nearly every tissue of the body in a vast network. The veins return the blood from the capillaries to the heart, communicating very freely with one another. 87. In the pulmonary circulation the blood is conveyed to the lungs to be purified and then brought back to the heart; in the systemic circulation the blood is carried to every part of ths system, and returned by the veins to the heart. 38. By a contraction of the heart the blood is forced from the left ventricle through the aortic valves into the aorta, and through all the arteries of the body, to the upper and lower extremities, and the internal organs. From these various points it enters the capillaries, where all the changes in the system are produced; and is then taken up by the veins, and returned as venous blood to the right auricle of the heart. From the right auricle it passes through- a valvular constriction into the right ventricle; from the right ventricle it is forced through valves into the pulmonary artery, which carries it to the lungs ; and from the lungs returned again to the heart Teachers' Question Book. 125 through the pulmonary veins, entering the left auri- cle of the heart, and passing to the left ventricle, the point of commencement. 39. The largest artery in the systemic circulation. It passes upward from the heart at first, describes a curve, and goes downward, passing through the diaphragm, and along the spinal column. The curv- ed portion is called the arch of the aorta; between the arch and the diaphragm it is called the thoracic aorta; below the diaphragm, the abdominal aorta. The carotids are arteries carrying blood upwards along the neck;- the left carotid arises from the arch of the aorta; the right from the arteria innominata, a large vessel springing from the arch. The sub- clavian carry blood to the arms. The left arises from the arch of the aorta; the right from the ar- teria innominata. 40. The gastric artery, arising from the ccelic, which arises from the abdominal aorta; also, a branch from the splenic artery, and one from the hepatic. The liver is supplied by the hepatic artery, a branch of the ccelic axis. The spleen is supplied by the splenic- artery, the third branch of the ccelic axis ; the kid- neys by the renal arteries; the intestinal canal by the superior and inferior messenteric arteries; and the heart by the coronary arteries, small branches from the aorta. 41. ^ There are two vessels by this name: one called the superior, and the other the inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava is formed by the junction of the two innominate veins, which in. turn are formed from the subclavian and jugular veins. The inferior vena cava is formed from the junction of the two iliac veins, which are supplied by the femoral and other veins. Both vessels empty into the right auricle of the heart. 42. By the contraction of the heart, which forces theblood from one chamber to another; first, from the right 126 Teachers' Question Book. auricle to the right ventricle, then to the lungs, and back to the heart, passing through the left auricle and the left ventricle. 43. The pulmonary arteries convey venous blood from the heart to the lungs, where it is purified, and then returned to the heart by the pulmonary veins as arterial blood. 44. Valves placed at proper intervals on the inner coat of the veins. The long veins are the best supplied ; some veins have no valves. 45. Venous blood is of a dark purple color, loaded with the waste particles of the system. The arterial blood is of a bright scarlet color, purified of all waste matter, rich in oxygen and nutritious elements. 46. It purifies the venous blood by means of the air in the lungs, which gives up its oxygen, and absorbs the carbon and other impurities. 47. The action of the heart which is like a pump; for when the arterial blood is forced out, it- leaves a vacuum for the venous blood to flow in ; also the pressure of the muscles on the veins by contraction ; and perhaps a power from behind, or capillary force, in the capillaries. 48. In the capillaries. 49. They are thrown out of the system by the lungs, by the skin, by the kidneys, and by the liver and intestines. 50. The lungs are placed, one in each of the lateral cavities of the chest, separated from each other by the heart; and are conical in shape. The right lung is larger than the other, and has three lobes ; the left lung has two. The weight of both lungs is about forty-two ounces; the color, in young per- sons, is of a pinkish white, but mottled with dark spots as age advances. The substance of the lung is of a light, spongy texture. Passing through it in every direction from the trachea are numerous Teachers' Question Book. 127 tubes, Galled bronchial tubes, growing smaller as they subdivide. Each tube ends in a minute cell, or vesicle, the air-cell; and it is on the walls of each of these little air-cells that the blood is brought in contact with the air and purified. The trachea conveys the air to the bronchial tubes : at its upper part is the larynx, a little chamber with small cords, called vocal cords, stretched across it, by means of which voice is produced. 51. The spinal column is composed of twenty-four verte- brae, the sacrum, and coccyx ; and is a little over two feet in length. The vertebra? are separated from one another by a thick piece of elastic carti- lage, which saves the body from jars. Twelve of the vertebrae in the thoracic region support the twelve ribs on each side. The sternum, a flat, sword- shaped bone, consisting of three pieces, forms the front part of the thorax, and supports the ribs by means of their cartilages. The ribs are curved, and join the spine behind, and the sternum in front. The lower five are called false ribs, because their con- nection with the sternum is not so close as that of the others. 52. The skull is divided into the cranium and face ; the cranium is composed of eight bones, the face of fourteen. 53. The humerus of the arm, and the radius and ulna of the forearm. In the wrist are eight small bones, arranged in two layers. In the hands are the five metacarpal bones and fourteen phlanges. 54. In the thigh, the femur; in the leg, the tibia and fibu- la; in the ankle, seven small bones; in the foot, five metacarpal bones and fourteen phlanges ; also, the patella, or knee-pan. 55. The clavicle is the collar bone, extending between the sternum and shoulder. The scapula is a broad, flat, triangular bone, called the shoulder blade^, it forms part of the shoulder joint. 128 Teachers' Question Book. 56. Four: the hinge joint, as in the elbow; the ball and socket joint, as in the shoulder and thigh; a com- bination of the hinge joint with a rotary movement, as in the neck ; and a joint with a sliding move- ment, as between the clavicle and sternum. Joints are held together by ligaments. 57. Between the head and the first vertebra is a hinge joint; and between the first and second vertebra? is a joint with a rotary movement, formed by a tooth-like projection from the second vertebra, which serves as an axis for the first to play upon. These two joints combined give the various move- ments to the head. 58. By a ball and socket joint. The socket is a deep cut called the acetabulum. 59. It is a bony cavity at the lower part of the spine, com- posed of the sacrum, coccyx, and the two innomi- nate bones, or hip bones. 60. That a rotary movement is %given to the hand by the radius rotating in a fibrous socket at the elbow, and a corresponding movement at the wrist between the ulna and hand. 61. 204 besides the teeth and the patellae or knee-caps. 62. Of animal and earthy matter: two-thirds earthy and one-third animal. The earthy matter is principally carbonate and phosphate of lime. Bone is made of two kinds of tissue; a dense, hard tissue, like ivory, which is on the outside and forms the shell : and a porous or cancellated tissue, always found on the inside of the bone. 63. In joints; its function is to secrete a liquid which lubricates the joint. 64. When a ligament or some fibres of a ligament are torn or much stretched, by an accident, the joint is said to be sprained. 65. The active organs of locomotion. They are formed of bundles of reddish fibres endowed with the prop- Teachers' Question Book. 129 erty of contractility. There are two kinds of muscles : those under control of the will, called muscles of animal life; and those over which the will has no control, called muscles of organic life. The two kinds are sometimes joined together. The muscles serve to produce all the motions of the body. 66. About 527 ; the number varies. 67. Through the nervous system. Every muscle of animal life is supplied with nerves through which the mind operates. 68. It is a muscle of organic life. 69. Principally by the aid of the diaphragm, which con- tracting produces a vacuum in the lungs, and air rushes in to fill the space. 70. Inspiration is the act of taking air into the lungs; expiration is the act of forcing it out. 71. The larynx. 72. By the air rushing over the vocal cords. 73. A spasmodic action of the muscles of expiration forcing the air out violently through the mouth. Sneezing is the same action, only the mouth is closed, and the air rushes through the nose. 74. It poisons the system, the expired air being loaded with waste matter and carbonic acid. 75. Three : by being deprived of oxygen ; by being loaded with carbonic acid; by being rilled with waste matter from the lungs, skin, etc., or other poisonous materials. 76. About 4 cubic feet. 77. About 384 cubic inches. 78. They grow dull and sleepy from the action of the poisonous matter in the air. 79. Eighteen. 80. 98° to 100°. 81. The carbon of the food and the oxygen of the air. 130 Teachers' Question Book. These two unite and produce heat similar to the way in which heat is produced by sensible com- bustion. 82. Because it supplies more carbon, and gives more heat. 83. Perspiration. .,,', 84. In insensible perspiration the moisture is absorbed by the air as fast as formed; in sensible perspiration the moisture is exuded too fast to be immediately absorbed, and is left in small drops upon the skin. 85. It is composed of two layers : the derma, or true skin, and the epidermis, or cuticle. On the surface of the former are the sensitive papillae; and within or beneath it, are the sweat-glands, hair-follicles, and sebaceous glands. The cuticle, or scarf skin, is a thin layer which is for the purpose of protect- ing the derma. 86. It is an outgrowth from the skin. It has a root which is bulbous ; and a shaft which is hollow, in which the coloring matter is contained. The hollow ceases near the point. 87. The nails are also outgrowths from the skin. They are flattened elastic structures of a horny nature, and are firmly connected with the cutis. 88. In the cuticle, by the presence of a pigment there. 89. About five-eighths. 90. A most intimate connection. As the blood finds its way freely through it, it serves to relieve internal organs when the circulation is disturbed. 91. It protects the body; it regulates the heat of the body by means of its sweat-follicles ; and it throws out much waste matter. 92. The skin, lungs, kidneys, liver, and intestines. 93. The stomach and intestines particularly; and some- times the skin. The lungs bring oxygen. 94. The brain, spinal cord, and the nerves. Teachers' Question Book. 131 95. It is divided into two principal parts, the cerebrum and cerebellum. The first is divided by a deep fissure into two lateral halves, called hemispheres. The under part of the cerebellum is divided in the same way. The cerebrum is much the larger part of the brain, and occupies the anterior portion of the skull. Its surface is indented with numerous convolutions. The outer portion of gray color, is called the cortical substance ; the inner portion, of light color, is called the medullary substance. The cerebrum is separated from the cerebellum by a strong, fibrous tissue. The brain is protected by three membranes which cover it. 96. The olfactory nerve, the optic, the facial and auditory, the pneumogastric, and others, nine in all. Some authors divide the seventh and eighth pair, and make three more nerves. 97. It extends from the brain, through the whole length of the spinal column. It gives off thirty pair of nerves, which divide and subdivide until they reach every part of the body. 98. Two : motor and sensory. 99. The nerves upon which the impression is made, the trunk which conveys the impression, and the brain which receives it and perceives it. 100. They are. The amount of blood they receive is reg- ulated by the nerves. 101. They do. 102. It would stop. 103. It is placed in a deep bony socket. It contains two humors: the aqueous humor, a transparent fluid in the anterior portion of the eye ; and the vitreous humor, transparent and jelly-like, in the posterior portion, and forms the greater part of the eye. Between these two humors is the chrystalline lens, a double convex lens. 104. It is a dense fibrous coat, covering the whole eye 132 Teachers' Question Book. except in front, in which the cornea is placed, a transparent and strong tissue. The choroid is the middle coat, and contains a black pigment which absorbs such rays of light as are not needed for vision. 105. A delicate nervous membrane, lining the inner sur- face of the choroid coat. The images of external objects are received upon it. Behind it is continuous with the optic nerve. 106. It is a thin, circular-shaped curtain suspended behind the cornea in the aqueous humor, and connected at its circumference with the choroid coat. A small opening in its center admits the rays of light, and is called the pupil. 107. The lens loses its convexity in some degree, and the rays of light are not concentrated at short distances upon the retina; the person becomes far-sighted. 108. In one who is near-sighted the lenses are too convex ; in one who is long-sighted the lenses are not con- vex enough. 109. The lining membrane of the lids secrete the lubrica- ting fluid ; the lachrymal glands, in the upper and outer part of the orbit, secrete the tears. The tears clean the eye of any particles of foreign matter; and upon reaching the inner corner of the eye pass into the lachrymal canal and nasal duct into the nose. 110. A membranous canal, about three quarters of an inch in length, extending from the inner corner of the eye into the nose. 111. A mucous membrane which lines the eyelids, and is reflected over the fore part of the sclerotic coat and cornea. 112. Because the muscles that govern the movements of the eyeball do not act in harmony ; one muscle is more powerful than another, and draws the eye to one side. Teachers' Question Book. 133 113. The external ear, the internal ear, and the passage between them. 114. The external ear is composed principally of stiff car- tilage; and its shape is that which is best adapted to catch sounds, and transmit them to the internal ear. The canal leading inwards is about an inch in length; and is covered with hair and wax to protect it from insects. A thin membrane, the cov- ering of the drum of the ear is stretched across the canal, and separates it from the internal ear. 115. The internal ear consists of a cavity filled with air behind the membrane of the drum, and three small bones, which reach from the membrane to the laby- rinth, where the auditory nerve is spread out in numerous filaments to receive impressions of sound. 116. A canal passing from the internal ear to the back part of the mouth, and serves as a vent to the air in the drum of the ear. 117. The pulsations of air pass along the external canal, cause the membrane of the drum to vibrate, which transmits the vibrations by the air and the three small bones to the labyrinth, where, in some unex- plained manner, the filaments of the auditory nerve receive the impression, which is conveyed to the brain, and we hear. ANSWEES TO QUESTIONS OX CIVIL aOYEE^ME^T. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 1. A formal and explanatory introduction. 2. The right to make and enforce laws, and are vested in a Congress of the United States. 3. An assemblage especially applied to the two Houses of legislative power in the United States. 134 Teachers' Question Book. 4. The upper House of a Legislature or Congress. The lower House. 5. Senators are elected by the legislatures of the states for a term of six years, each state being entitled to two ; representatives are elected by the people for a term of two years, each state being represented according to its population. 6. Twenty-five years, and seven years a citizen. 7. According to the population of the states. 8. An official enumeration of the people, with a state- ment of their property, pursuits, age, etc. 9. By the executive authority of the state. 10. Speaker, chief clerk, and sergeant-at-arms. 11. Three ; one class being elected every second year. 12. Vice-president of the United States, and is entitled to the casting vote. 13. The executive of the state may make a temporary ap- pointment, until the next meeting of the legislature. 14. Thirty years of age, and nine years a citizen. 15. The Senate elects one, pro tern. 16. By the Senate and House of Representatives, sitting under oath, the chief justice presiding, who may impeach him, which prohibits him from holding any office of trust under the United States, and makes him amenable to the common law. 17. The legislatures of the different states, although Con- gress may determine the time, etc. for the election of representatives. 18. Each House is the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its members. 19. A majority ; but a smaller number may compel others to attend, under penalty. 20. Not for more than three days, without the consent of the other House. 21. It shall, and print the same, unless secresy is required. Teachers' Question Book. 1 35 22. When one-fifth of those present shall request it. 23. The first Monday in December ; but it may be con- vened by the president, when necessary, or Congress may adjourn from time to time. 24. Bylaw; and are paid from the treasury. 25. Only for felony, treason, or breach of the peace ; nor can he be questioned in any other place for any speech or debate in Congress. 26. He can not. 27. In the House of Representatives. Revenue is the in- come of government, arising from taxes, duties, etc. 28. By passing both Houses of Congress, and receiving the sanction of the president ; but if returned with- in ten days, Sundays excepted, with his objections, it does not become a law, unless reconsidered and passed by a two-thirds vote of both Houses. 29. Adjournment. 30. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts, and excises, to provide for the general welfare of the United States. 31. Duties and imposts are taxes levied on imports ; excises are taxes on home commodities. 32. A writ to deliver a person from illegal imprisonment ; and can only be suspended in cases of treason, or when the public safety requires it. 33. A special act of the legislature inflicting capital pun- ishment upon persons supposed to be guilty of high crimes, without the process of law. 34. A law making an act criminal which was not so when done. 35. By a systematic course of law. 36. It cannot. 37. To defray the expenses of the government. 38. Not unless in imminent danger from invasion. 39. In a president. 40. Any citizen born in the United States, thirty-five years 136 Teachers' Question Book. of age, and fourteen years a resident; and is elected by an electoral college chosen by the people. 41. He is subject to the same conditions as the president. 42. The president. 43. Leases of impeachment. 44. He has the right with the consent of two-thirds the Senate. 45. By an appointment by the president. 46. An article directed to Congress, stating the condition of the country, and proposing such measures as he may judge necessary and expedient. 47. For treason, bribery, and other high crimes and mis- demeanors. 48. One Supreme Court and such inferior courts as Con- gress may from time to time establish. 49. During good behavior or life ; and their power extends to all cases arising under the Constitution, the laws of the United States, and cases that can not be settled in the Supreme Court of any state. 50. In the state where the crime was committed. 51. Crimes subject to impeachment. 52. Levying war against the United States, or giving aid or comfort to its enemies ; and is punished by Congress. 53. On demand of the executive authority he can. 54. By consent of Congress. 55. From territories having 30,000 inhabitants, or from states or parts of states with the consent of the states concerned. 56. A republican form of government, and protection. 57. By two-thirds vote of both Houses of Congress, or by the action of the legislatures of two-thirds the states, ratified in either case by three-fourths of all the states. 58. The Constitution and laws of the United States. All Teachers' Question Book. 137 government officers and representatives are bound by oath to support it. 59. Forty-one. 60. Fifteen: the first ten were adopted at the first session of Congress. 61. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. CONSTITUTION OF WISCONSIN. 1. That all men are created equal, and have certain inher- ent rights, as life, liberty, and the pursuit of happi- ness. 2. To freely speak, write, and publish his sentiments on all subjects; but is liable for the abuse of it. 3. Yes; if their assemblies are peaceable and for the common good. 4 . The right of trial by jury. 5. No. 6. The right to be heard by himself and counsel, to de- mand the cause of the accusation, to meet the wit- nesses face to face, to compel the attendance of witnesses in his behalf, and the right to a speedy public trial by an impartial jury, within the district where it is charged the offence was committed. 7. He can not. 8. Law administered by the military, superceding the civil law; and is only allowed in times of public danger. 9. Levying war against the state, or giving its enemies aid and comfort. 10. By the testimony of two witnesses on the same act, or by confession in open court. 138 Teachers' Question Book. 11. They are. 12. It can not. 13. He is not. 14. By the governor issuing a writ for a new election. 15. That the owners of lands are guaranteed absolute ownership. 16. Lands held by military or other service ; not allowed. 17. He cannot; and has a reasonable amount of property exempted from seizure or sale for the payment of any debt. 18. The right of every man to worship Almighty God ac- cording to the dictates of his own conscience. 19. It has not. 20. No. 21. A writ authorizing a court to examine its records and correct them. It is not prohibited. 22. Every male person of the age of twenty-one or up- wards, who shall have resided in the state one year next preceding the election, except Indians, not citizens, criminals, and insane people. 23. By secret ballot, at such places within the ward or township as the people may decide, on the first Tuesday in April, and the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November, as directed by law. 24. He does not. 25. Persons convicted of bribery, larceny, or any infamous crime, or any one interested in any bet or wager depending upon the result of any election. 26. Those empowered to make or alter laws, and consists of a senate and assembly. 27. A senate and assembly. 28. The senate shall have no more than one-third, and no less than one-fourth of the number of assem- blymen; the assembly shall have no more than one hundred, and no less than fifty-four. Teachers' Question Book. 139 29. The assembly has one hundred, and the senate thirty- three. 30. Any qualified elector. The assemblymen are chosen annually by single districts ; the Senators are chosen every two years, by single districts, and are divided into two classes, so that one-half are chosen each year. The election takes place on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November. 31. He can not. 32. The lieutenant-governor. 33. A chief clerk and sergeant-at-arms. 34. At the seat of government once each year; and no oftener unless convened by the governor. 35. Not for more than three days without consent of the other house,, 36. No, but the Constitution may be so amended that the articles may become a law. 37. They are free from arrest except in cases of treason, felony, and breach of the peace, nor shall they be subject to any legal process during the session of the legislature, nor for fifteen days next preceding the commencement of each session, nor for fifteen days after the termination; and they are not liable for anything spoken in debate. 38. Thus : " The people of the State of Wisconsin, represent- ed in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows : — " 39. In either house; and may be amended by the other house. 40. When one-sixth of those present shall desire it. 41. Three hundred and fifty dollars, with the addition of ten cents for every mile he shall travel in going to and from the place of meeting of the legislature, by the most usual route. 42. The legislature. 43. It does not. 44. That the contract shall be let to the lowest bidder: 140 Teachers' Question Book. , but no member shall be interested in any such contract. 45. It shall direct in what manner and in what court the suit shall be brought. 46. Members of the legislature, and all officers, executive and judicial, except such inferior officers as may be exempt by law. The oath or affirmation shall be to support the Constitution of the United States, and the Constitution of the state of Wisconsin, and faithfully to discharge their duties to the best of their ability. 47. In a governor and lieutenant-governor, for a term of two years. 48. By the qualified electors of the state, at the times and places of choosing members of the legislature. 49. By the legislature in joint ballot choosing one of the persons, having an equal and highest number votes. 50. The governor. 51. The sole power to convene the legislature on extra- ordinary occasions, and in cases of invasion, or dan- ger from contagious disease, at the seat of govern- ment, he may convene them at any suitable place within the state. 52. The governor's salary is $5,000; the lieutenant-govern- or's is $1,000. 53. He must communicate to the legislature each case, the name of the convict, the crime for which he was convicted, the sentence and its date, and the reasons for granting the pardon. 54. The lieutenant-governor. 55. The secretary of state. 56. After passing both houses of the legislature, and receiv- ing the signature of the governor; but if he does not sign it, he must return it to the legislature with his objections, when it may be reconsidered, and passed by a two-thirds vote in each house, after which it becomes a law. Teachers' Question Book. ' 141 57. Secretary of state, treasurer, attorney general, state prison commissioners, senators, lieutenant-governor and governor. 58. Sheriff, coroner, register of deeds, treasurer and district attorney. 59. He is not eligible for the following term. The county is not liable for his acts. 60. By the senate, — a two-third vote being necessary to convict. 61. In a supreme court, circuit courts, courts of probate, and justices of the peace. 62. No. 63. By appointment by the governor. 64. The supreme court. The judges hold their seats for a term of six. years. 65. A court that presides over a district. The judges hold their seats for a term of six years. 66. A court that presides over a county. The term of office of the judges is two years. 67. A town officer whose duty is to preserve the peace, and preside in questions of law that may be brought before him. His term of office is two years. 68. They shall be prefaced with " The State of Wisconsin." 69. It shall be uniform. 70. An annual tax sufficient to defray the expenses of the government. 71. Extraordinary expenses. It is forbidden in works of internal improvement. 72. The principal rivers and lakes. 73. A state superintendent and other officers as the legis- lature may direct ; and are elected the same as other officers, for a term of two years. 74. By the legislature, and supported by a district tax and a proportion of the money derived from the state school fund, and are free. 75. Five months. 142 Teachers' Question Book. 76. The amendment may be proposed in either house, and if a majority of the members of the legislature concur, it shall be published three months before the election of the next legislature ; and if a majori- ty of the new legislature vote for its acceptance, it shall be submitted to the people, at some general election, and if the people ratify it, the amend- ment becomes a part of the Constitution. 77. The first Monday in January. 78. Disqualification as an elector. 79. Eight. 80. Four. ff'&jrffJBJHM. PAGE Questions on Orthography 3 Answers to Questions on Orthography 56 Questions on Reading 4 Answers to Questions on Reading 59 Questions on Grammar 6 Answers to Questions on Grammar 61 Examples in Mental Arithmetic 11 Answers to Examples in Mental Arithmetic 71 Questions on Written Arithmetic 16 Answers to Questions on Written Arithmetic 74 Questions on History 25 Answers to Questions on History 84 Questions on Geography 36 Answers to Questions on Geography 100 Questions on Physical Geography 40 Answers to Questions on Physical Geography Ill Questions on Physiology 44 Answers to Questions on Physiology. 119 Questions on Constitution of United States 48 Answers to Questions on Constitution of United States 133 Questions on Constitution of Wisconsin 51 Answers to Questions on Constitution of Wisconsin 137 /