Glass 
 Book 
 
QUICK RULES /^ 
 
 HEATING AND 
 VENTILATING 
 
 By 
 Wm. T. Baldwin, Tr. 
 
 Heating and Ventilating Engineer 
 
 1907 
 
 Published by Wm. J. Baldwin, Jr. 
 
 New York 
 
 PRICE ONE DOLLAR 
 
I will avoid whys and wherefores. 
 
 The first question which generally presents 
 itself is : What is the best heating system for the 
 particular building in hand? 
 
 The second question : How to determine 
 fairly accurately the sizes of the necessary princi- 
 pal parts of the apparatus ? 
 
 Heating Apparatus best suited 
 For the Residence 
 
 First : Indirect Hot Water is the ideal 
 system. (The cost of installation and mainte- 
 nance makes it generally prohibitory.) 
 
 Second : Direct Hot Water is the practical, 
 commercial way of warming a residence. 
 
 Third : The Steam Heating Apparatus for a 
 residence should preferably be used only in the 
 case of indirect radiation. 
 
 Fourth : The Hot Air Furnace for a resi- 
 dence should invariably be avoided. 
 
For the School 
 
 First : The Fan Blower System with a steam 
 tempering coil to temper the air, supplemented 
 at the base of each flue with indirect stacks to 
 warm the air. 
 
 Direct Radiators in all rooms and halls. 
 
 A Vent Fan System for exhausting the foul air. 
 
 (This makes an ideal school, heating and 
 ventilating system.) 
 
 Second : A less expensive apparatus can be 
 installed by omitting the indirect stacks at the 
 base of the flues, and enlarging the tempering 
 stack. 
 
 The vent or outlet fans are sometimes 
 omitted to reduce the cost. 
 
 The direct radiators are sometimes omitted 
 as a further means of reducing the cost of 
 installation. 
 
 Note. When the fan blower becomes in- 
 operative during cold weather, school must be 
 dismissed if there are no direct radiators. 
 
For the Church 
 
 Install whatever system the board of wardens 
 or vestrymen unanimously agree on. If they 
 cannot agree (and they won't) you can in- 
 variably anticipate trouble no matter what sys- 
 tem is installed. 
 
 First : Direct Steam Radiators in the en- 
 trance halls and all small rooms. 
 
 A Fan Blower and Tempering Coil System 
 with warm air flues and inlets 8 ft. above the 
 floor line in the church. 
 
 A vent fan system with flue openings near 
 floor and the ceiling with means of closing the 
 ceiling outlets. 
 
 Second. A less expensive apparatus can be 
 installed by omitting the fan-blower and tem- 
 pering coil and installing direct radiators 
 throughout. 
 
For the Theatre 
 
 Direct Steam Radiators in entrance halls. 
 
 Wall coils on the stage (very large). 
 
 For the Auditorium; the Plenum System with 
 fan-blower and steam tempering coil. 
 
 Warm air inlets below each seat of the audi- 
 torium and first balcony. 
 
 For the Dressing Rooms. Direct radiators 
 with ventilation if possible. 
 
 Ventilation. A vent fan system in roof 
 space above centre ceiling opening with vent 
 flues leading to the rear of the auditorium and 
 below the balconies. 
 
 Dormitory Buildings 
 
 Indirect Hot IVater system with warm air 
 flues to each room. 
 
 Direct hot water radiators in halls. 
 
 7 
 
Hospitals 
 
 {For small buildings) 
 
 Indirect Hot Water system with warm air 
 flues to each room. 
 
 Vent Fan System and flues for removing 
 foul air. 
 
 {For large buildings) 
 
 Where steam will be kept up day and night 
 the Indirect Steam Heating System with fan 
 blower and tempering coil, supplemented at 
 the base of each flue with indirect stacks. 
 
 The Vent Fan System and vent flues. 
 
 Temperature regulation should be installed. 
 
 Office Buildings, Lofts 
 and Factories 
 
 Where exhaust steam can be had in abun- 
 dance from electric light engines, etc., it is 
 economy to use it for heating purposes. 
 
 Direct Steam is the most practical and gen- 
 erally adopted system for the above class of 
 buildings. 
 
 8 
 
Hotels and Apartment 
 Houses 
 
 (High Class Building) 
 
 First. Direct Hot Water , as less expensive 
 to maintain and ideal as to comfort. 
 
 Second. Direct Steam, as less expensive to 
 install. 
 
 The Garage 
 
 Direct Hot Water Coils. 
 
 Note. The boiler should be placed in an 
 adjoining building to prevent possibility of 
 fire or explosion. 
 
 The Conservatory and Com 
 mercial Green House 
 
 Hot Water System (Special design). 
 
Size of 
 Radiators, Chimney, Grate 
 Boiler, etc. 
 
 With the preceding few suggestions as to the 
 best systems of heating, I will now proceed to 
 give a few rules for determining fairly accu- 
 rately the size of the principal parts of the 
 heating apparatus. 
 
 The dimension of almost every part of the 
 heating apparatus depends upon the amount 
 of radiating surface (radiators, coils, etc.) 
 necessary to warm the building. I will there- 
 fore begin with radiators. 
 
 10 
 
Radiators and Coils 
 
 To determine the size radiators or coils 
 necessary to warm a well constructed building 
 or part thereof from zero to 70 Fah. : 
 
 Rule i. Steam Radiators. Figure in square 
 feet the glass surface of each outside window, 
 glass door and skylight. 'Take seven-tenths 
 of the total square feet of outside glass surface 
 and tall it "G" (glass). 
 
 Figure in square feet the surface of all out- 
 side or cold walls (do not include the windows 
 again) and all cold floors and ceilings. (Note. 
 Where the rooms above, below and adjoining 
 are warmed, the ceilings and floors and inside 
 wall surface is not to be considered as cooling 
 surface.) 
 
 Divide the total square feet of outside cold 
 wall surface by 15. Call this "W" (walls). 
 Add "G" and "tV y] together and the answer 
 will be the number of square feet of direct 
 steam radiators or coils necessary to warm the 
 room from zero to 70 Fah. 
 
 1 1 
 
Rule 2. Hot Water Radiators. In de- 
 termining the size of hot water radiators, figure 
 the same as for steam and add to the total 
 about 30 per cent, more radiating surface. 
 
 Rule 3. Indirect Steam Radiators. 
 
 (Without fan system.) 
 
 It will require approximately twice the num- 
 ber of square feet of indirect steam radiators to 
 warm a room as would be required with direct 
 steam radiators. 
 
 Rule 4. Indirect Hot Water Radiators. 
 
 It will require approximately 2*^ times the 
 number of square feet of indirect hot water 
 radiators to warm a room as would be required 
 with direct hot water radiators. 
 
 Note. Indirect hot water radiators should 
 always be at least T4 inches deep and the sec- 
 tions should be set somewhat closer than is 
 required with indirect steam radiators. 
 
 12 
 
Rule 5. Steam Tempering Stacks. 
 
 (With fan blower.) 
 
 (Supplemented with indirect coils at base of 
 each heat flue.) 
 
 To temper the air 50 Fah. will require 100 
 square feet of heating surface in tempering 
 stack for each 1 00,000 cubic feet of air deliv- 
 ered into the building in an hour. 
 
 Rule 6. Steam Tempering Stacks. 
 
 (With fan blower.) 
 
 (Without indirect coils at base of flues.) To 
 warm the air from zero to 75 ° Fah. 150 
 square feet of heating surface in tempering 
 stack for each 100,000 cubic feet of air deliv- 
 ered into the building in an hour. 
 
 Note. (Avoid hot water tempering stacks 
 with fan blowers, as there is great danger of 
 freezing unless the system is most carefully 
 designed and installed.) 
 
 l 3 
 
Chimneys 
 
 Rule 7. The chimney should be at least 
 40 feet high when possible. 
 
 The cross sectional area of the chimney in 
 low buildings should be approximately y% the 
 size of the grates in the boiler. 
 
 In high -buildings 1/10 the size of the grates. 
 
 A Few Don'ts for Chimne 
 
 vs 
 
 Don't have unnecessary openings into the 
 chimney. 
 
 Don't have offsets. 
 
 Don't have long horizontal underground 
 flue connections to chimney. 
 
 Don't construct chimney with inside walls 
 rough. 
 
 14 
 
Grates 
 
 Rule 8. In determining the size of the 
 grate necessary (for small buildings) , allow one 
 square foot of grate for each ioo square feet 
 of direct radiators in building. 
 
 For large buildings (where an Engineer is 
 constantly in attendance), allow one square foot 
 of grate for each 250 square feet of direct 
 radiators. 
 
 In determining the size of grates as com- 
 pared with the horsepower, in large boilers 
 allow 1 square foot of grate for each 2^ horse- 
 power of steam used. 
 
 Note. (The above rules for grate surface 
 will vary, depending on the kind and quality 
 of fuel used and upon the service for which 
 the boiler is intended.) 
 
 J 5 
 
Boil 
 
 er 
 
 Rule 9. To determine size of boiler 
 necessary, take the total number of square 
 feet of direct radiators and coils, plus the 
 total number of square feet of outside sur- 
 face of uncovered pipes, and add to the 
 total 25 per cent, additional for safety. This 
 will give you the size of the boiler in square 
 feet of direct radiating surface as generally 
 designated in the boiler maker's catalogue. 
 
 Note. Where you have Indirect Radiators 
 (without fan system) consider each square foot 
 of Indirect Radiator as two square feet of 
 Direct Radiators and increase the size of boiler 
 accordingly. 
 
 Where the Fan System is used, consider each 
 square foot of Indirect Radiator equivalent to 
 four square feet of Direct Radiators, and in- 
 crease size of boiler accordingly. 
 
 Note. To designate the size of the boiler 
 in horsepower, divide the total number of square 
 feet of direct radiating surface or equivalent by 
 100; this will give approximately the horse- 
 power of boiler required. 
 
 16 
 
Size of Heat Flues 
 
 Rule io. {With fan blower.) 
 
 One square foot cross sectional area in heat 
 flue for each 50,000 cubic feet of air admitted 
 into the room in one hour. 
 
 [Without fan blower.) 
 
 One square foot cross sectional area for each 
 15,000 cubic feet admitted into upper story 
 rooms in one hour. Double this area for first 
 story rooms. 
 
 Vent Flues 
 
 Rule ii. The vent flues should be of 
 same cross sectional area as the heat flues 
 except in the case of first story vent flues 
 which should be one-half the area of the first 
 story heat flues. 
 
 Note. When the vent fan is omitted the 
 vent flues should never be carried straight 
 through the roof. Always empty the vent 
 flues into the roof space or attic and place ven- 
 tilators on the roof for the discharge of the 
 foul air. 
 
 17 
 
Registers 
 
 Rule 12. (Heat and vent.) The register 
 should be one and three quarters times as 
 large as the cross sectional area of the flue. 
 
 Rule 13. Position of Heat Register. 
 
 The heat register should be placed approxi- 
 mately 8 feet above the floor line. 
 
 Rule 14. Position of Vent Registers. One 
 vent register should be placed near the floor 
 line and one near the ceiling line. Have 
 means of closing the upper vent register. 
 
 Air Ducts 
 
 Rule 15. The size of ducts depends on 
 the amount of air to be passed, the length of 
 the ducts, the number of bends, and the type 
 of fan blowers used. 
 
 For Short Straight Ducts (with a forward 
 direction cone fan) 1 square foot of cross 
 sectional area for each 100,000 cubic feet of 
 air delivered per hour. 
 
 For Long Ducts with complicated turns and 
 elbows there is no set rule, they should be 
 carefully designed by an expert. Friction is a 
 large factor in passing air long distances 
 through ducts. 
 
 18 
 
Fans 
 
 There are three general types of fans or 
 blowers used for heating and ventilating. 
 
 First. The paddle wheel type of blower^ 
 which is an unnecessarily expensive fan for 
 heating purposes. 
 
 Second. The cone pressure fan, generally 
 known as the Forward-Direction Cone Fan, is 
 the ideal type for heating and ventilating. 
 
 Third. The exhaust fan used for exhaust- 
 ing air in quantities against low pressures, such 
 as the Wing and Balckman type. 
 
 Sizes 
 
 Table of sizes of forward direction cone fan 
 for heating and ventilating. . 
 
 Amount of air delivered per hour against 
 one inch water pressure. 
 
 Quantity of Air. 
 
 Diam. of Fan. 
 
 Size of Motor. 
 
 200,000 cubic feet 
 
 48 inch 
 
 \Y* HP 
 
 500,000 " 
 
 60 " 
 
 3 HP 
 
 750,000 " 
 
 72 " 
 
 A l A HP 
 
 1, 000,000 " 
 
 84 " 
 
 6 HP 
 
 1,500,000 " 
 
 90 " 
 
 9 HP 
 
 2,000,000 " 
 
 96 « 
 
 12 HP 
 
 19 
 
Amount of Air Required for 
 Ventilation 
 
 For Schools 
 
 2,000 cubic feet of air per hour, per pupil. 
 
 For Theatres 
 
 1,000 cubic feet of air per hour, per person, 
 is considered fair. 
 
 For Hospitals 
 
 (Small single rooms.) 
 
 The air should be changed in the room 
 about four times each hour. 
 
 Hospitals. (Large wards, if crowded.) 
 Change the air six times per hour. 
 
 For Banks, Post Offices, Printing 
 Establishments, Factories 
 
 and other indoor places where many people work 
 in close proximity to each other. 
 
 For each person 3,000 cubic feet of fresh air 
 per hour is not excessive. 
 
 Note. It is difficult to prevent draughts 
 with so large a quantity of air. 
 
 no 
 
Piping 
 
 The successful working, the economical 
 running and the comfort to be derived from 
 the heating apparatus depends chiefly upon 
 the piping work. It must be designed not 
 only as to proper sizes but as to the method 
 of installation. 
 
 No two plans are exactly alike and every 
 plant requires special design. 
 
 It is impossible in a brief space to give any 
 broad rules for sizes of piping. 
 
 If the Architect desires to designate the 
 size piping accurately, I would refer to Mr. 
 Baldwin's tables in cc Steam Heating for 
 Buildings" and in "Hot Water Heating and 
 Fitting." 
 
 The details of installation must be either 
 designed by an Engineer or left to the Con- 
 tractor. The results as a rule are varied and 
 sometimes disastrous. 
 
 21 
 
In closing this booklet I offer no apology for 
 omissions or brevity. Its mission will have 
 been accomplished if it does nothing more than 
 save you an occasional half hour of a busy day ; 
 and when you are perplexed over any heating 
 and ventilating problem, do not hesitate to call 
 upon me. Anything you direct to my care 
 will have my personal attention, either in 
 assisting with specification or design or the 
 installation of any work you favor me with. 
 
 Wm. J. BALDWIN, Jr. 
 
 22 
 
WM. J. BALDWIN, Jr. 
 
 Heating and Ventilating 
 Engineer 
 
 The Baldwin Heating 
 Company 
 
 HEATING and VENTILATING 
 CONTRACTOR 
 
 Power Plants 
 
 Air Cooling and Vacuum Cleaning Apparatus 
 
 Designs, Specifications and Plans 
 Furnished 
 
 Office: 1181 Broadway, NEW YORK 
 
 Telephone Connection 
 Shop : JERSEY CITY, N. J. 
 
 23 
 
Ind 
 
 ex 
 
 HEATING SYSTEMS best suited for 
 
 Page 
 
 Residences 4 
 
 Schools 5 
 
 Churches 6 
 
 Theatres 7 
 
 Dormitories 7 
 
 Hospitals . . 8 
 
 Office Buildings 8 
 
 Page 
 
 Lofts 8 
 
 Factories 8 
 
 Hotels 9 
 
 Apartment Houses 9 
 
 Garage 9 
 
 Conservatories 9 
 
 Green Houses 9 
 
 RULES FOR SIZES of 
 
 Page 
 
 Radiators, Steam 11 
 
 " Hot Water. . 12 
 
 * € Indirect .... 12 
 
 Tempering Stacks 13 
 
 Chimneys 14 
 
 Grates 15 
 
 Boiler 16 
 
 Pa 
 
 Flues, Heat 17 
 
 Flues, Vent 17 
 
 Registers 18 
 
 Ducts 18 
 
 Fans 19 
 
 Piping 21 
 
 VENTILATING SYSTEMS for 
 
 Page Page 
 
 Schools 20 J Hospitals 20 
 
 Theatres 20 Banks 20 
 
 24 
 
For Heating and all 
 Low Pressure Steam Work 
 
 The Gurney Boilers 
 
 are THE BEST 
 
 GURNEY 
 
 HEATER MANUFACTURING 
 
 COMPANY 
 
 BOSTON NEW YORK 
 
 2 5