Class. L_73 Book -.(a 7 137 — oi'Ti'ieiAr. ^>oNAxro^f. HISTORICAL SKETCH AND MATTERS APPERTAINING TO THE Granary Burial-G round Published by the Cemetery Department of the City of Boston TRUSTEES J. Albert Brackett, Chairman Jacob Morse William J. Fallon Albert W. Hersey Frederick E. Atteaux Albert E. Smith, Sea-dary Note. — The department acknowledges with gratitude the assistance received in the prep- aration of the histories of Copp's Hill and the Granary EurialGrounds from C. W. Ernst, Esq., who has given freely of his time, contributed much valuable historical matter, and pointed out many important details which, from a careful and analytical study of the records of our city, have come to his knowledge. BOSTON MUNICIPAL PRINTING OFFICE 1902 )- I'd NOV 4 1S02 D.ofD. ENTRANCE TO GRANARY BURIAL-GROUND. THE GRANARY BURIAL GROUND. An epitome of the history of the Granary Burial Ground and of its roll of famous tenants is wrought in the inscription on its gates. On the left hand gate we read : GRANARY BURIAL GROUND 1660. WITHIN THIS GROUND ARE BURIED THE VICTIMS OF THE BOSTON MASSACRE, MARCH 5, 1770. JOSIAH FRANKLIN AND WIFE ( Parents of Benjamin Franklin) ; PETER FANEUIL; PAUL REVERE AND JOHN PHILLIPS, FIRST MAYOR of BOSTON. On the right hand gate is this inscription : GRANARY BURIAL GROUND 1660. WITHIN THIS GROUND ARE BURIED JOHN HANCOCK. SAMUEL ADAMS, and ROBERT TREAT PAINE, Signers of the Declaration of Independence; GOVERNORS RICHARD BELLINGHAM, WILLIAM DUMMER, JAMES BOWDOIN, INCREASE SUMNER, JAMES SULLIVAN and CHRISTOPHER GORE; LIEUT. GOVERNOR THOMAS GUSHING; CHIEF JUSTICE SAMUEL SEW^ALL; MINISTERS JOHN BAILY, SA^HUEL WILLARD; JEREMY BELKNAP AND JOHN LATHROP. This burial ground situated on Tremont street, between Park Street Church and the Tremont Building, at the corner of Tre- mont and Beacon streets, is the third oldest cemetery in Boston. It is of almost the same date as Copp's Hill, being estabUshed about 1660. The ordinance of 1833, to discontinue burials in the old groimd for a time, refers to the Granary as well as to Copp's Hill. In common with Copp's Hill, the Granary owes its establishment to the incapacity of King's Chapel to contain all the (lead of the growing town. It was generally called the .South Burying Ground or place until about 1737, when the town granary was moved from the head of what is now Park street and set up on the site of the present Park Street Church. The granary when built in 1729 stood in the Common, where the City has built sani- taries (13 Boston Kec. 189; Price map of 1743; 12 Boston Rec. 159). May 3, 1737, it was voted in meeting of Select- men that the "Granary be tixed and set at a distance of twelve feet from the wall of the Burying place." Later it was occasionally referred to as the Central or Middle aground, being situated midway between the King's Chapel ground on the north and the Boylstou Street ground on the south. In May 1830, it was proposed to call it "Franklin Cemetery" but the name never acquired currency. The term South Burial Ground as apphed to the Granary Burial Ground lasted from about 1660 to about 1756, when the new burial ground corner of Tremout and Boylston Streets began to receive the appellation. In 1759 the Town Records (vol. 16, p. 27) call it "the South Burial place on the back of the Workhouse." The term Granary Burial Ground is modern. We have no exact quotation before 1795 (27 Boston Rec. 274). The granary served as such from 1728 to 1784, and after it was given to other uses, the term " Granary Burial Ground " came up, and still lasts, illustrating the tenacity or conservatism of our folk speech. At present, it is bounded about 327 feet southeast on Tremont street; 297 feet southwest on the Park street side; 210 feet northwest ; and 262 feet northeast. It was at iirst a part of the Common, which once took in all the area bounded by Tremont, Beacon and Park streets. Its northerly l)oundary toward Bea- con is the same as originally made in the latter part of the sev- enteenth century. Originally part of the Common, the territory between Tre- mont, Beacon and Park streets, was soon devoted to special uses when the first pound in Boston was established in the present burial ground, near the present Tremont building, not far from Tremont street (2 Bost. Rec. 17, 18, 40; 3 Suff. Deeds 45), and when about an acre to the north of the pound was granted to John AVilson, the pastor, who sold it in IGGl to James Oliver. The original Wilson lot, mentioned in the Book of Possessions, is now covered l)y the Tremont building. Beacon street, from Tremont to Somerset, was established on March 30, 1640 (2 Bost. Rec. 52) ; from Somerset to Park under the Town order of 20 : 6 : 1660, fully carried out 25 : 6 : 1662. Tremont street, from School to Park, is mentioned in the Book of Possessions, about 1645, as "the streete on the west" of Zaccheus Bosworth's property, now occupied by the Parker House. Park street was established under the order of the Town Meet- ing adopted on INIarch 14, 1737/8 (12 Bost. Rec. 191). The irregular square bounded by these streets was originally a part of the Common. At an early day the pound was established there, "the fould keeper" and "ye f ould " being mentioned in the Town Records of INIay 13, 1637. This pound was near the northeast corner of the burial ground, just back of the southern projection from the Tremont building on Tremont street. The northern and eastern lines of the pound still exist. The land from the pound to Beacon street, and up to the pres- ent Athenoeum lot, about an acre, was the garden of John Wil- son, the first pastor of the First Church, who sold it in 1661 (Book of Poss., 3 vSuff. Deeds 489). It was soon cut into house lots. The original almshouse lot included the Athenneum lot, and the gore or triangle, numbered 8 and 10 Beacon street, was given to Mary AVillis on March 11, 1660/61. It was reduced" by the change in the line of Beacon street, and a description of the re- duced lot appears in the Town Records of 22 : 12 : 1668/69. The irregular little lot between the pound and Tremont street, still .to be seen, and originally covering 745 square feet, was given on November 28, 1664, to Stephen Barrett (7 Bost. Rec. 23; 7 Suff. Deeds 44). The House of Correction, or bridewell, could have been established on Park street, below the almshouse, by the County of Suffolk, under the consent given in the town meeting of De- cember 27, 1720 (8 Bost. Rec. 148). In 1662, the almshouse, corner of Park and Beacon streets, was built; in 1721, the House of Correction, or Bridewell, lower down on Park street; the Granary in 1728; to the noith and northwest, private lots were granted and dwellings erected after 1660. There is some doubt as to the establishment of the bridewell or house of correction. An outbuilding of the alms- house may have been so used. By 1722, as shown in Bonner's map of that date, the land fronting Beacon street had been set off in house lots on nearly the present lines. Tremont street, however, was scarcely more than an open lane up to the eightheenth century, with but few houses on the eastern side facing the great common field and the cemetery. Originally it was called all sorts of names, until in 1708 the town adopted the official title of Common street. Until after the revolution. Park street was still but a roadway. It first appears laid out on Norman's map, publislied in 1789 ; and was then known as Cen- try or Sentry street, and sometimes Century street. Beacon street was ordered laid out March 30th, 1640 (o.s.) which is also, in a measure, the birthday of Boston Common, but did not take its present form until 1662. The records as to the Granary are incomplete and fragmentary, though it is referred to in many ways at a very early period of the town's history. On May 15, 1717, the selectmeu were voted authorit}', at their discretion, "to Enlarge the SoutI) burying place by takeing in part of the High way on the P^asterly yide thereof, J'o as that thereby ye said Highway be not thereby too muchytraightened." On April 29, 1719, nothing apparently having been done, this time it was ordered, that the South Burying Place should be enlarged next the Common or Training Field. The precise ex- tent of the addition is doubtful, the probability being that some of the graves extended into the present area of the Common, as was evidenced by the fact that several gravestones were dis- interred by the workmen digging the foundations of the Brewer Fountain in 1868. In 1720, the historic pound was removed from the burial ground, near Tremont street, to what is now Park street. During the year 1720-21 fifteen tombs were built and licensed. Vide 13, Rec. Comm. R., p. 18. They ran in a line parallel to Park street, on the southwest side, beginning at the upper cor- ner. Six were added in 1722, extending east, the first being that of the Hancocks, and by 1725 the line was complete. In 1727, a new range was begun from the corner, following Tremont street on the east side to No. 30 and 13 northerly. This row was finished, and the line carried irregularly around what was then the corner of the Tremont House garden, as far as number 80. In 1739 five more tombs were added. No records are extant of any grants until ISIO, and few or no tombs were probably built meanwhile. In that and the following three or four years, twenty-six tombs were built on the northerly side, and the same number on the westerly. Beside these tombs, bordering on the sides, there are sixty others within the yard, of which the city owns one, set apart for the interment of children. Many tombs are not under regular grant and these usually contain the remains of ministers and prominent men of the town. In 1807 permission was granted William Payne and his sisters to erect tombs in the yards of their Beacon street estates, west of the Athenanim, and bordering on the burial ground, to be entered from the latter. Of these tombs, despite the fact that they were situated under stables and outhouses, nine were built and purchased by such leading citizens as David Sears, John Gore, Uriah Cotting, Edward Blake and others. The records of the selectmen contain numerous grants of tombs, with sundry conditions as to the manner of building and maintenance. The introduction to the first fifteen grants runs : — " April 1:], 1T21. Voted, That whereas tlie Town of Boston at a Pub- licke Town >[enting on the 2i)t]i Day of aprill, 1719, Ordered that the South Burying place /liould be Inlaifjed next tlie Common or Training field, In jtersuance of which vole or order, The /electmen in the year 1720 did iidarge the ./aid Burying Place, At which time /undry of the Inhabitants of tlie/aid Town to tlie Number of fifteen desired Liberty to Erect new Toombs, on the South Line of the/aid Burying place, wliich the /electmen Clranted, on Condition they would cary uji and maintain, a brick wall, on /aid Line at the End of their Toombs, which /aid line of Toombs begins at the upper or West Corner of the /aid Burying Place next the Aim's House." In a description of Boston written in the Columbian Magazine at Philadelphia, in \1787, among the chief buildings mentioned wei'e '• a workhouse; a bridewell; a public granary." All these three, and especially the last, are closely connected with the Granary Burial Ground. In the Provincial days, the question of the grain supply was of great importance to the town. Grain was frequently scarce, and but few of the inhabitants were so wealthy as not to be affected thereby. On December 29, 1718, the selectmen reported that in provision against such scarcity 'they had "purchased 10,000 weight of bread, at 40 shill p hundred for the fupply of ye Inhabit^*." It was ordered sold during one month in small quantities to such as desired to purchase. On October 16, 1733, also a contract was made with two of the selectmen, John Jeffries and David Colson, to erect a granai'y or "Meal House" in the North End "on a piece of land belonging to the Town near the North Mill," the cost not to exceed £100. The granary in the southern part of the town, after which the cemetery is called, was built in 1729 near the foot of Park street. In 1737 it was moved to the present site of Park Street Church as a result of the addition of the workhouse to the neighboring town buildings. There had been for some years an agitation for a new workhouse, but the project had been deferred on account of the expense. A subscription in 1736 contributed £4368, given by 123 persons. A committee appointed to consider the matter reported on March 29, 1737, recommending a location near the granar}', while the latter building was to be removed to the corner of Tremont street. It was a long, wooden building, framed with oak timbers, of plain and gloomy appearance, with a capacity of 12,000 bushels. The grain was purchased and stored each year by the town's agents, and sold to the needy at an advance of ten per cent, in price. The keeper of this granary for a long period was Francis Willoughby. In the troublous da^'s, prior to the breaking out of the Revolution, the granary was kept well stored until the end of the Revolutionary War. In 1795 the town voted to sell the buildings on condition of an early removal. It remained ten- anted by various tradesmen, refreshment stands, etc., until 1809, when it was removed to Commercial Point, Dorchester, and altered into a hotel. Further up on Park street were the almhouse, workhouse, and bridewell, built of brick. The almhouse was erected on the corner of Beacon street in 1686, and was a two-storied building, with gambrel roof and projecting gable. Later a wing was added. It remained in use until the opening of the almhouse on Leverett street in 1802. The workhouse, the subscription for which has already been mentioned, was erected for the detention of the vagrant and dis- solute in 1738. It was soinewluit larger than the alnislioiise, being 140 feet long, witb gables, and also two-storied. The bridewell, a combined bouse of correction and insane asylum, was smaller than the other two buildings and stood in the centre of Park street. In front were two of the three trees growing on the Common in 1722, according to Bonner's nr.ap. There was also a Bull house standing close to the bounds of the yard, for the Eecords of the Selectmen Feb. 25, 1735, state that " Liberty is granted to M'. John Kneeland to break up the Ground in the South Burying Place between the Bull House and the north east corner of it, in order for the Building Five Tombs." This Bull house was in reality but a shed used temporarily for the stabling of the town's bulls. Not far away, on the corner of Hamilton place and Tremont street, was a manufacturing house erected by the province for the encouragement of spinning, etc. This was demolished in 1806. In 1783 it was voted, " That Part of Common Street between the Grainery and the North end of the Burying Ground Adjoin- ing be the Places for the Wood Markets for all the AVood brought by land into this Town for Sale." These were the rather j)rosaic and dismal surroundings of the early cemetery. Dingy buildings and ill-kept fences were all that Park street had to show a century since. INIan}' of tlie towns- people, on their way to the Common or the Training Field, were often moved to generous pity by begging hands thrust through tlie almshouse fence and by the appeals of the poor and orphans within. The Granary burial ground was used as a pasture lot for that purpose to John Woodmansey in 1678 (7 Boston Rec. 120, 204). April 26, 1703, George Ripley was appointed to take care of watering the Bulls "and to put them by night in the burrying place." In 1713 " ye 21th of Aprill, The Selectmen have agreed according to James Williams' proposals to Lett unto him the grass of Ye South burying place " for " Fourty Shillings" he to make good all damages " w'^'' may happen to the graves by reason of his Cows going there." It appears from the town's records Feb. 28, 1727, "Ordered That the Town Treasurer abate mess'* Ezekel Lewis & James Williams Twenty Six Shillings and Eight i)ence being one third part of the Last years Rent of the South Burying Place, by Reason they Lost i)art of the feed the fence being Down Some time." At a meeting of the Selectmen June 2nd 1756 Voted: "To order the Sextons to Stubl) up some Poisonous AVeeds in the Burying grounds near the Alms House." May 17, 1758, At a meeting of the selectmen "John Ramstead hierd the Herbage of the South Burying grounds for One year at three pounds Six Shillings & Eight pence p Annum." Trees were ordered planted along all the cemeteries in 1712. (11 Boston Rec. 157). 9 As the town exitanded southward, however, some attempt was made to beautify the neighborhood, mainly by the planting of trees. In March 1733, it was voted that- " the row of trees already planted on the Common should be taken care of by the Selectmen," and that "another row be planted at a suitable distance from the former, and a row of posts be set up with a rail on top of them." This fence was to extend " through the Common from the Burying Place to Colonel Fitche's fence, leaving openings at the several streets and lanes." In 1737 the Common was separated from the Granary by a fence running up the hill; and two years later, one was ordered "set up" to Beacon street. A fence similar to the former was maintained until 1836, when the iron fence designed by Richard Upjohn was built around the Common at an expense of $82,160. In the fall of 1784, a third row of trees was planted on the Common, inside the other two, by Oliver Smith and others. The greatest gratitude is due, however, for the planting of the famous row of beautiful elms on " Paddock's Mall," in front of the burying ground. These were set out in 1762 by Capt, Adino Paddock and Mr. John Ballard. The former was a coach builder, and kept his shop at what is now the corner of Winter and Tremont streets, where formerly lived -Daniel Maud, the schoolmaster, on a lot granted in 1637. Mr. Ballard was a public spirited resident of the North End. The mall in ancient days was about 350 feet long, and before the "straitening" of 1717 comprised part of the present ceme- tery. The erection of the cemetery fence further narrowed the walk, which at first lay so near the highway that the footpath barely protected the roots of the trees from passing vehicles. Later another walk was added on the street edge, some inches lower than the inner path, and separated from it by a curbstone. Along this walk in the old days, as well as within the Common, stood refreshment booths set up on holidays. Captain Paddock's elms were imported from England as sap- lings and were kept in a nursery at Milton until capable of being transplanted. They grew to a noble size and retained their ver- dure five or six weeks longer than the native elms on the Common. They are supposed to have extended from Park Street Church northerly to the larch tree that grew in the ceme- tery over the victims of the Boston Massacre, and were probably about sixteen in number. These old elms, long the favorite resort of the birds and the gray squirrels, were narrowly threatened with destruction in 1860 from the march of trade ; and in 1870 but eleven, already infirm with age, were standing. Since then, they have all, despite indignant protests, fallen unfortunate victims to the modernizing of Tremont street. The largest stood nearest the Tremont House, and in 1870, as told by Shurtleff, measured sixteen feet ten inches in circumference at the sidewalk. Captain Paddock took the most precious care of them while he lived. It is related of Jacob Kuhn, for many years the honest 10 and vigilant messenger of the State House, that " it was he who, when a young lad, was jiassing along the (iranaiy Burj'ing- grouud, shortly after Mr. Paddock had caused a row of young trees to be set out on the sidewalk. lie took hold of one of those slender saplings, and thoughtlessly began to shake it. In a moment Mr. Paddock darted out from his house opposite and served him as he had served the tree." In the celebration of the repeal of the Stamp Act on May 19, 1766, the elms on the mall, as well as the Liberty Tree, were decorated with lanterns. In the "Massachusetts Gazette Extraordinary" of May 22 of the same year, and in the "Evening Post" of May 26, Captain Paddock was forced to insert the following notice : " 2i^=" Tlie Row of Trees opposite Mr. Paddock's shop have of late received Damage by persons inadvertently breaking off the Hmbs of the most flourisliinj^. The Youth of both sexes are requested, as they pass that way, not to molest them ; those trees being planted at a consider- able expense, for an Ornament and Service to the Town. Not one of the trees was injured tlie Night of General Rejoicing, but last Night several limbs were broke off." Again, on August 26, 1771, Captain Paddock advertised as follows in the " Evening Post " : "A GUINEA REWARD Will be given by the subscriber to any one who shall inform him of the Person or Persons that on Thursday night last cut and hacked one of the Trees opposite his House in Long Acre." " As the said Row of Trees were planted and cultivated at a consider- able expense, it is hoped that all persons will do their Endeavour to dis- countenance said Practices. Adino Paddock." Long Acre was a popular name for Tremont street beween School and Winter streets, because it was largely occupied by coach builders, like Long Acre in London. The outrage may have been due to the fact that Paddock, who, out of respect for London's famous carriage-building district, had given the name of Long Acre to that part of Tremont street between W^inter street and King's Chapel, was a Tory. At the time of the Evacua- tion, five 3'ears later, he left the town forever, and went to Hali- fax. At all events, during the Revolution the elms suffered no injury from the ruthless British soldier}'. It is said that many years after the Revolution, Paddock wrote to a friend in Boston expressing his gratitude that his favorite trees had come un- scathed through the Revolution. They also survived, with more or less damage, the great gales of 1815, 1860, and 1869. When the stone foundation was laid for the iron fence built in front of the cemetery in 1840 at a cost of S5,000, and when Tremont street was paved with brick, their roots suffered seriously and their nourishment was nuu-h dimin- ished ; but they lived through it all with little impairment of their grace and beauty. I 11 Captain Paddock, their sponsor, was one of the commanders of the train of artillery, and also served many years as sealer of leather. He stayed a year in Halifax after the Evacuation, then embarked for England. In 1781 he became an officeholder in the Isle of Jersey and there died March 25, 1804, aged 76. The trees within the burying-ground itself were largely pro- vided by private subscription, and were planted in the spring of 1830. Since that date, there have been various additions made to the trees and shrubbery, and most of the paths have been laid out, as w^ell as a foolish symmetry attained by rearranging the gravestones. — Gleaner. The Granary was less fitted naturally than Copp's Hill for a burial-ground. It continually required draining, as is evidenced by many orders, petitions and votes set forth in the town's records, there being many underground springs which made the turf damp and boggy. At the time of the moving of the Gran- ary in 1737, the tombs were filled with water by the temporary cessation of drainage, while the old drain, which had emptied upon the Common, was being replaced by a new one emptying into the common sewer. Remains of this old drain were uncovered in 1868, when the foundations of the Brewer fountain were being laid. The old Bellingham tomb, near the westerly wall, given to Governor James Sullivan, when the Bellingham family became extinct, was found by the latter, when he sought to repair it, about a century ago, partly filled with water. Overcrowding and neglect marked the history of the Granary, as well as of the other cemeteries of Boston. In 1740 a petition was presented to the selectmen from John Chambers and others, grave-diggers, declaring that " the old and South Burying Places are so filled with Dead Bodies, they are obliged oft times to bury them four deep, praying it may be laid before the Town, for their consideration." At their leisure, the authorities began to look about for a new burying-ground, and on October 11, 1754, selected, and in 1756 purchased, "a portion of Colonel Fitche's pasture at the bottom of the Common." The tract decided upon embraced about two acres, and then belonged to Andrew Oliver, Jr. This was the South Burying-ground, later known succes- sively as the Common and Central Ground. Intennents continued, however, in the Granary and also in King's Chapel, amid complete indifference on the part of the town, and with very disagTeeable results a century or more later. In 1795, attention was again drawn to the crowded condition of the two Tremont-street cemeteries. A committee appointed to consider means of discontinuing the opening of graves in the Granary and King's Chapel, reported on November 6, 1795, that " having consulted physicians of the town, they find it to be, in their opinion, tliat the liealth of the inhabitants is in danger from the crowded state of tliese grounds, and the exhalations which must fre- quently arise from the opening of graves thereon. In addition to which, they find it is almost impossible to open new graves without disturb- 12 ing the relics of the dead already interred. From an equal regard to health, for a decent respect for tlio living and the dead, they recom- mend to the inhabitants to adopt the following measures: " First : That no graves or new tombs shall be opened or built in either the Common or Chapel Bvirying-ground, after May Ist next. " Second: As the South lUirying-ground is already sufficiently large for the i)resent accommodation of the inhabitants, and will admit of such enlargement, that the Selectmen be em- powered to allot to any inhabitant who may apply for the same, sufficient ground for erecting a tomb in the ground, and en- large the said South Buryiug-ground in a direction westerly whenever the public convenience shall in their judgment re- quire it." The report was accepted, but interments in the tombs still con- tinued, altliougb no new graves were opened. In 1879 the city council sat upon the matter. Numerous ol)jections to closing the tombs were made on sentimental grounds. The board of health, however, held that the practice was a menace to public health, the odor being such as to sicken persons in the vicinity. The tombs were exceedingly dilapi- dated, giving free vent to gases, and in some instances men cut- ting grass had fallen into them. The soil of both the Granary and King's Chapel was fairly saturated with buried remains, the two cemeteries containing about 3,000 bodies. "Dives," de- clared the board, " is no sweeter in decomposition than Lazarus." The result was an order forbidding further interments. The main interest of a burial-ground is in those who tenant it. Here, in the heart of the populous, living city, swept round by the central pulse and tingle of Boston life, yet utterly aloof, sleep the dead of a different and departed Boston. Here are thej' who builded the rude village, who managed the growing town. Save for a few modern memorials erected in patriotic commemo- ration, the stones are gray and old and worn. Neatl}^ piled in a corner are fragments of slabs, broken, defaced, detached from their unknown places, so illegible that none can tell in memory of whom they were carved. Though kept with all care and neat- ness, the cemetery is slowly mouldering away. The inhabitants of the town of Boston were at an early day keenly alive to business and thrift. The records of the town evidence tliis in many ways and every possible income Avas ex- acted from the old burial-grounds. Reference has already been made to sales of herbage and the letting for pastures. Grave- diggers were appointed to office l)y the selectmen and their charges fixed ami regulated from time to time by the town. April 28, 1701, it was "Ordered that the digging of Graves in the two South burrying places shall be Three Shillings for each grave for a grown persons Corps from the first day of Aprill to the first day of October, and four Shillings, from the first day of October, to the first day of Aprill yearly, and James Williams in behalfe of his mother undertakes to take care of digging the graves in the two South burriall i)laccs for this year at that rate." 13 Later in the same year the selectmen being " Enformed by the grave digers that they often faile of receiving their pay of Sever- all of the poorer Sort of persons and that much time is spent in waiting on burrialls besides the noysomness and other difficultyes attending their work at Some Seasons of the year more than other, The price for digging graves was ordered to be four shil- Ungs throught the year for a man or woman." Thirty years later (May 17, 1732) finds a new schedule of rates adopted. For white man or woman 10 shillings For persons 6 to 12 years of age .... 7 shillings For children caryed by hand .... 5 shillings For negro man or woman ... 7 shillings & G pence Ditto from six to twelve years of age . . 6 shillings For children. four shillings For opening the new or wall Toombes . . 14 shillings For opening the Old Toombes or those that stand in the midst of the Burying Places sixteen shillings These charges for some reason were reduced Sept. 13, 1745, when another change was voted. At this time the " Prices to be paid in old tenor bills." For digging a grave white man or woman For children by hand .... For a negro man or woman at ye South For ditto at the North Burial Ground. For ditto to 12 years of age at both places For opening a wall tomb For opening an old tomb . nine shillings . four shillings . seven shillings . eight shillings five shillings twelve shillings fourteen shillings Still later, Dec. 28, 1748, Voted : " That the Grave Diggers in the South Burying places be Allowed for Digging a Grave for a man or woman Sixteen Shillings old tenor, for children eight shillings." It is likely that the first graves dug in the Granary were unmarked with stones, and burials therein were not numerous. Though the ground was laid out in 1660, no stone has been found of an earlier date than 1667, The oldest stone discovered is one found west of the Frankhn monument, and bearing the following inscription : HERE LIES YE BODY OF JOHN WAKEFIELD. AGED .52 YEARS DEC'D JUNE YE 18 1667. The oldest horizontal slab, as well as the first metrical epitaph, records the death of Mrs. Hannah Allen, wife of Rev. .James Allen, pastor of the First Church, She died on February 26, 1667, aged twenty-one. The verse on her tomb reads : 14 STAY ! THOU THIS TOM HE THAT PASSETH BY AND THINK HOW SOON THAT THOU MAYST DIE : IF SEX, OK AGE, OK VIKTUES BRIGHT WOULD HAVE PROLONGED TO THESE IT MIGHT, THOUGH VIRTUE MADE NOT DEATH TO STAY, YET TURN'D IT WAS TO BE THEIR WAY, AND IF WITH THEM THOU WOULDST BE BLEST, PREPARE TO DY'E BEFORE THOU REST. Perliai)s no burial-ground in New England contains names more distingiiisbed. Though the Granary is not so actively con- nected with local history as is Copp's Hill, yet a greater number of famous Bostonians are here buried. Here lie governors of the province and state, judges, ministers, and town leaders, together with some of the leading figures of the Revolution. The conspicuous monument in the centre of the yard, erected over the parents of Franklin, draws perhaps most attention from the casual visitor. Nearby sleep others of the Franklin family. The original stone, erected by Franklin himself, had become so dilapidated that in 1827 it was replaced by the present stone, the gift of " a number of citizens." Josiah Franklin, the father, was born in Ecton in Northampton- shire, in 1598, and during the non-comformist persecution came over to New England in 1685. Abiah, whose name shares the inscription, was his second wife. In his memoir, their youngest son, Benjamin, writes, "I never knew either my father or mother to have sickness but that of which they died, he at eighty-nine, and she at eighty-five j^ears of age. They lie buried together at Boston, where I, some years since, placed a marble over their grave with this inscription : — JOSIAH FRANKLIN AND ABIAH HIS WIFE, LIE HERE INTERRED. THEY LIVED LOVINGLY TOGETHER IN WEDLOCK FIFTY^-FIVE Y^EARS. AND WITHOUT AN ESTATE OR ANY GAINFUL EMPLOYMENT, BY CONSTANT LABOR AND HONEST INDUSTRY, MAINTAINED A LARGE FAMILY COMFORTABLY", AND BROUGHT UP THIRTEEN CHILDREN AND SEVEN GRANDCHILDREN REPUTABLY'. FROM THIS INSTANCE, READER, BE ENCOURAGED TO DILIGENCE IN THEY" CALLING, AND DISTRUST NOT PROVIDENCE. HE WAS A PIOUS AND PRUDENT MAN; SHE A DISCREET AND VIRTUOUS WOMAN. THEIR Y"OUNGEST SON, IN FILIAL REGARD TO THEIR MEMORY, PLACES THIS STONE. J. F. BORN lG5r), DIED 1744, AE. 89. A. F. BORN 1667, DIED 1752, AE. 85. This stone was replaced on June 15, 1827, by the present mon- ument, which is an obelisk of Quincy granite twenty-one feet high. On the front side in bronze letters is affixed the name FRANKLIN TOMB, GRANARY BURIAL-GROUND. 15 "Franklin." On a bronze table beneath, sunk into the stone, is carved Franklin's epitaph, with the following inscription below it: THE ORIGINAL INSCRIPTION HAVING BEEN NEARLY OBLITERATED A NUMBER OF CITIZENS ERECTED THIS MONUMENT, AS A MARK OF RESPECT FOR THE ILLUSTRIOUS AUTHOR, MDCCCXXVII. Under the corner-stone were placed an inscribed silver plate, a Franklin medal, and several other medals. The inscription on the plate declares that "This monument was erected over the remains of the Parents of Benjamin Franklin, by the citizens of Boston, from respect to the private character and public services of this illustrious patriot and philosopher, and for the many tokens of his affectionate attachment to this native town." Perhaps the most famous tenant of the Granary is Samuel Adams. On the bowlder placed over his grave by the Massachu- setts Society of the Sons of the Revolution, the inscription runs : Heke lies bubied Samuel Adams Signer of the Declaration of Independence Governor of this Commonwealth A Leader of Men and an ardent Patriot Born 1722 Died 1803 massachusetts sons of the SOCIETY revolution. 1898. There is little need of recounting the public fame of " Sam Adams." As to his personal career, he was born in Boston, Sep- tember 15, 1722, being the son of Captain Samuel Adams, a brewer. He was sent to Harvard to become a minister, but the charm of politics lured him from the pulpit to the forum. The subject of his oration at graduation was : " Whether it be lawful to Resist the Supreme Magistrate, if the Commonwealth cannot otherwise be preserved? " Adams decided that it is. He was vainly launched on a mercantile career. After an in- different apprenticeship in a counting house, his father lent him £1,000 with which to begin business. Of this sum, he lent one half to a friend in distress, and never exacted payment. The rest was soon frittered away. Adams then devoted heart and soul to his true vocation — politics. With voice and pen, he led the way to revolution. In a few brief years, he induced his countrymen to boycott British goods till the repeal of the Stamp Act ; inspired the Boston Tea Party ; originated the Provincial Congress ; and created the pub- lic opinion which upheld all these measures. 16 After seiviiig in Congress tlironoh the war, he returned to find his house practically destroyed by the British. The premature death of his son, Dr. Adams, hoM'ever, left him a competence for old age. He hecame an ardent Republican, despite the political obloquy thus incurred. He was chosen governor by a narrow margin, and in 1796 received a scattering vote for President. He died in October, 1803, aged eighty-two. Party feeling ran 80 deep at the time that with difficulty were got for him the funeral honors due to one of exalted rank. The character of this tril)une of the people is illuminated by his refusal to accept from the Biitish government a pension of £2,000 to keep quiet, and by this opinion passed upon him by a Tory governor; — " Such is the obstinacy and the intlexil)le disposition of the man, that he never would bo conciliated by an}- office what- ever." Over the grave of the patriot orator, James Otis, is another bowlder, dedicated by the Massachusetts Society Sons of the Revolution. On the plate affixed to the stone is inscribed the following epitaph : Here lies buried James Otis Orator and Patriot of the Revolution Famous for his Argument against Writs of Assistance Born 1725 Died 1783 massachusetts sons of the society revolution 1898. Otis was born in Barnstable on February 5, 1725. After graduating from Harvard in 1743, he studied law and was admitted to the bar in Plymouth in 1748, removing to Boston in 1750. His brilliant and stormy public career ])egan with his famous opposition to the Writs of Assistance, allowing the king's officers to break open any citizen's store or dwelling in their search for goods on which duty had not been paid and compelling sheriffs and others to aid in the hateful work. Otis resigned rather than uphold the writs. In fact, he was chosen to contest their legality l)efore a court held amid great excitement in the old town hall. Gridley, the crown advocate, argued that parliamentary suprem- acy left no ground for complaint. The answering speech of Otis created a profound impression. " Otis was a flame of fire," wrote John Adams, "with a promptitude of classical allusions, a rapid summary of historical events and dates, a profusion of legal authorities, a prophetic glance of his eyes into futurity and a rapid torrent of impetuous eloquence, he hurried away all before him American independence was then and there born." The judges evaded a decision ; and the writs, though secretly granted at the next term, were never executed. In the following year, Otis was elected to the Legislature, where he became the leader of the popular party and earned the 17 title of " the greatest incendiary of New England." He offered on June 6, 1765, a motion recommending a provincial congress. The circular letter sent out in consequence resulted in the holding at New York in October of the Stamp Act Congress, to which Otis was a delegate. In 1768, after the passage of Townshend's plan of taxation, the House sent out another circular letter advising united action to obtain redress. Governor Bernard demanded that the letter be rescinded. Otis thereupon made a speech which the partisans of the government termed "the most violent, insolent, abusive and treasonable declaration that has perhaps ever been delivered." By a vote of ninety-two to seventeen, the House refused to rescind. In the summer of 1769 Otis inserted a notice in the Boston " Gazette," denouncing the customs commissioners for having charged him with treason. The next evening in a coffee-house, he met Robinson, one of the commissioners. An affray ensued in which Otis was severely injured by a blow on the head from a cudgel. He obtained £2,000 damages from Robinson, but restored the amount on receiving an apology. The blow, however, had ruined his career. Henceforth he was but a wreck of the orator and scholar. In 1770 he retired to Andover, for his health. The next year, in the Legislature, he made practically his last public appearance. Save at intervals, during the rest of his life, his mind was deranged. During his insanity, he destroyed all his papers. On May 23, 1783, while standing at the door or the house in which he lodged at Andover, he was killed by lightning, the death he is said to have desired. The stones placed over the graves of Adams and Otis are handsome bowlders of Roxbury puddingstone, and easily consti- tute the most artistic memorials in the Granary. The following account regarding them is taken from a historical sketch of the Massachusetts Society of the Sons of the Revolution, l)y Mr. Walter Oilman Pase : " On the one liimdred and twenty-third anniversary of the battle of Lexington, the Sons of the Revolution gathered about the tomb of Samuel Adams in the Old Granary Burial-ground. For ninety-five years the spot where the mortal remains of Samuel Adams were laid away had been unmarked, and almost unknown, at least to a large pro- portion of the citizens of Boston. " On March 20, 1898, the tomb was opened for purposes of identifica- tion, though it was well known that Samuel Adams was buried in the Checkley Tomb, the property of his wife. It was necessary to remove the earth to about the depth of three feet before the two stone slabs which lay across the short flight of steps leading down into the mouth of the tomb could be reached. The tomb was found to be in excellent condition, perfectly intact, constructed solidly of brick throughout, the roof being slightly curved. Every indication furnished satisfactory evidence, and left no doubt, if any existed, that the great organizer of the Revolution was laid to rest in the Checkley tomb: "Sanmel Adams Wells, the grandson of Samuel Adams, made the following memorandum, which appears in the appendix of a volume of poems by John Witt Randall, great-grandson of Adams: 18 " ' Samuel Adams was buried in the Checkley Tomb, which adjoins the westerly sidewalk of Tremont street in Boston. His bones were gathered into a box by liis grandson, and deposited in a corner of the vault. 'Teste, S. A. Wells.' " The rugged granite bowlder with its tablet of bronze is in perfect keeping with the ancient character of the Old Burial-ground, in which it has found a permanent abiding-place. No otlier form of memorial would have been so appropriate; and the selection was a happy one, typifying, as it so well does, the bold and firm nature of the man whose iilustrious memory it guards. Placed at the head of the fiiglit of steps, leading down to the entrance of the tomb, it was unveiled with simple but impressive speech, and presented to the City that Samuel Adams loved so well. " In the same lino of tombs, but on the opposite side of the entrance to the Old Granary, and equally distant from it, interred i-n the Longley tomb, repose the remains of the liery orator and ardent patriot, .lames Otis. The proofs of this fact are so interesting in themselves that per- haps no apology is needed for recording them here in this connection at some length. " That the location of the burial-place of James Otis, one of the great leaders in the Revolution, should have been forgotten for over half a century, seems almost incredible; but many circumstances have tended to veil it from public knowledge. For many years, queries have appeared in the daily press and historical publications, asking for information on the subject. Conjectures were made that he was buried in West Barnstable, where he was born; while many others have be- lieved that he was buried at Andover, Mass., where he was killed by lightning. And this sujiposition was strengthened by the fact of his re- quest, shortly before his death, to be buried on a knoll directly in the rear of Mr. Osgood's house at Andover. Local historians have looked in vain for any clow that would lead to a solution of the mystery. '•But by collecting probate records, family history gathered from various sources, and the traditions of one family connected with the Cunningham family, of the generation contemporary with James Otis, the tomb in which were interred the remains of the lion. James Otis, the distinguished i^atriot of the Revolution, has finally been discovered, " Thomas Bridgman, who wrote a book of epitaphs of the Granary Burying-ground, does not mention the name of Otis. The bronze tab- lets on the iron gates do not record the fact that James Otis is buried within the grounds. But our records are conclusive that James Otis was buried in tliat burying-ground after his remains were brought from Andover to his dwelling in Boston, and the funeral cortege that marched from the house to tlie ground was one of the largest ever beheld in Boston. '• In the records of St. John's lodge of A. F. & A. M. of Boston is recorded tlie fact than .James Otis was made a Mason in the year 1752, and was a member of that lodge. This lodge escorted his remains to the tomb. •'The newspapers published at the time of Mr. Otis' death and funeral furnished but meagre accounts. The Boston Gazette or Country Journal, under date of Boston, May 26, 1783, says : — " 'We hear from Andover that last Friday Evening the House of Mr. Isaac Osgood was set on lire and much shattered by Lightning, by which the Hon. James Otis, Esq., of this Town, leaning upon his Cane at the front Door, was instantly killed. Several Persons were in the House at the Time, some of whom were violently affected by the Shock, but, immediately recovering, ran to Mr. Otis' support ; but he had expired without a groan. The Friends and Acquaintances of the Deceased are informed his Funeral is to be To-Morrow from his House near the County Court House. Freemasons are to preceed tlie Corps.' "The ^lassachusetts Spy or Worcester Gazette, under date Boston, May 29, ]78o, contains almost exactly the same account as above, with the following addition: 'His remains were honourably interred last 19 Tuesday afternoon, preceded by the honourable fraternity of free and accepted masons, and followed Ijy a long train of respectable friends.' " Mr. Otis' family were notified as soon as possible of the sudden death of Mr, Otis; and Samviel Allyne Otis, the youngest brother of Mr. Otis, proceeded at once to Andover, and brought his remains to Boston. "Colonel Joseph May, a prominent citizen of Boston, for many years a member of King's Chapel, who died in Boston in 1841, and to whose memory a marble tablet was placed on the wall of King's Chapel, was well versed in the history of Iioston. He came to breakfast after his usual morning walk, and said to the family : ' I have seen something wonderfully interesting this morning. As I passed the Old Granary Burying-ground, I saw that the tomb was open in which I knew were the remains of James Otis, and with the help of the sexton I opened the lid of Otis' coffin, and, behold ! the coffin was full of the fibrous roots of the elm, especially thick and matted about the skull ; and, going out, I looked at tlie noble elm, and there, in transfigured glory, I saw all that was material of James Otis.' " The elm referred to was undoubtedly one of the gigantic Pad- dock elms that formerly stood on the Tremont Street sidewalk in front of the burying-ground. The remains of James Otis were interred in the Nathaniel Cunningham, Sr., tomb, numbered forty on the Tremont Street front of the Granary Burying-ground, between the Park Street Church front and the gate of the Burying-ground. This tomb was built by Nathaniel Cunningham, Sr., a wealthy merchant of Boston, in 1726 (Boston records). Nathaniel Cunningham, Sr., his mother Ruth Cunningham, his son Nathaniel Cunningham, Jr., the Hon. James Otis, Ruth (Cunningham) Otis, wife of James Otis and daughter of Nathaniel Cunningham, Sr., and a number of others of this family, are buried in this tomb. The slate slab on the tomb bears the inscription only of George Longley, 1809. The absence of the names Cunningham and Otis from the tomb slab, together with the early death of Mr. Otis' family, caused the identification of this tomb with the name of Otis to be obscured. This tomb, after the death of Nathaniel Cunningham, Sr., was held by Ruth, Sarah, and Nathaniel Cunningham, Jr. ; Nathaniel Jr., dying soon after his father, left the two daughters, his sisters, Ruth and Sarah, heirs of the tomb. Ruth married James Otis; and, as her husband never owned a tomb, his widow caused his remains to be placed in this tomb, of which she was part owner, and wliich contained the remains of her an- cestors. Besides the heirship to the Cunningham tomb by the James Otis family, traditions have been handed down by well-known families that James Otis' remains were buried in the Cunningham tomb. On July 15, 1898, the anniversary of the storming of Stony Point by Anthony "Wayne, a boulder and tablet similar to the memorial already dedicated to the memory of Samuel Adams was unveiled in the presence of a large gathering, and presented by the Sons of the Revolution to Mayor Quiucy, who accepted the gift in behalf of the city. These two simple monuments shall be 20 a witnes8 to generations yet unborn that the descendants of the men who stood l)ehind Adams and Otis, perhaps tardil}', j'et worthily, honor their memories as true and tried patriots. The inscriptions for the Adams and Otis tablets were written by Dr. Samuel A. Green, of the Massachusetts Historical Society. In the southwestern corner of the ground a rough stone with this simple inscription, Np 16 TOMB OF HANCOCK was all that marked the resting-place of John Hancock, the first governor of this Commonwealth. In 1895 the Commonwealth erected a magnificent steel monument, with the following inscrip- tion : OBSTA PRINCIPIIS • THIS • MEMORIAL • ERECTED • • A • D • MDCCCXCV • BY • THE • COM- MONWEALTH • OF • MASSACHV- SETTS • TO • MARK • THE • GRAVE • OF • JOHN • HANCOCK • Hancock was born in Quincy on January 12, 1737. After graduating from Harvard in 1754, he entered the clearing house of his wealthy uncle as a clerk. At 27 he came into possession of his uncle's estate, one of the largest in the province. His first public office was that of selectman, which he held for several years. At 29 he entered the Legislature. His strong convictions, coupled with his social and public prominence, nat- urally made him a leader in the popular ante-Eevolution move- ment. He was one of the committee which secured the removal of the British troops after the Boston Massacre. On an anniver- sary of the same occasion he delivered a bold and glowing ad- dress which deejjly offended the government. It had tried to win him over by intimidation and flattery, but now sought to repress him with a strong hand. Gage's expedition to Concord was partly with the jnirpose of seizing Hancock and Adams ; the quarry, however, escaped. In October, 1774, the Massachusetts Provincial Congress chose Hancock its president. The next year he became president of the Continental Congress at Philadelphia, serving till October, 1777, when he resigned and retired to Quincy. His bold signa- ture to the Declaration, especially since at first the only one appended, bronglit him into conspicuous notice, and has since kei)t him there. ▼ Hancock was commissioned a major-general of the IMassachu- setts Militia and in August, 1778, commanded the Massachusetts troops in the ineffective Rhode Island expedition. JOHN HANCOCK TOMB, GRANARY BURIAL-GROUND. 21 He presided over the State Constitutional Convention in 1780 and was chosen the first governor after its adoption. He was elected five successive years, and again, after an interval of two years, filled the chair until his death. In the presidential elec- tion of 1789 he received four electoral votes. As Hancock left no children, he bequeathed most of his fortune to benevolent purposes, generously remembering Harvard. The college conferred upon him the degree of LL.D. in 1792. He died on October 8, 1793. A headstone of notable patriotic significance, as that of a famous signer of the Declaration of Independence, is one bearing the simple inscription : NO. 88. THE TOMB OF K. T. PAINE, 1810. Paine was born in Boston on March 11, 1731, and died there on May 11, 1814. On graduating from Harvard in 1749, he studied theology and in 1755 acted as army chaplain on the northern frontier. After a business voyage to Europe, he studied law, meanwliile supporting himself by teaching school. He began practice in Taunton and was chosen a delegate to the convention held in Boston after the dissolution of the General Court by Governor Bernard for its refusal to rescind its circular letter. In 1770 he added largely to his reputation by conducting, in the absence of the attorney-general, the case against Captain Preston and the troopers engaged in the Boston Massacre. He represented Taunton in the House of 1773 and 1774, and in 1774 and 1775 was a delegate to the Continental Congress. He was again in Congress in 1776, 1777 and 1778, meanwhile acting in 1777 as Speaker of the Massachusetts House and as attorney-general. In 1779 he was a member of the Executive Council and was one of the committee to frame the State consti- tution. He served as the first attorney-general of the State until 1790, when he became a justice of tiie Supreme Court. Deafness and ill-health, however, compelled him to resign in 1804. In the same year he was chosen State councillor, but shortly retired to private life. He was a founder of the American Academy established in 1780. As attorney-general his strictness is said to have gained him a reputation for undue severity. Another noteworthy patriot interred in the Granary is the ingenious mechanic and ardent patriot, the messenger of the mid- night ride immortalized by Longfellow — Paul Revere. The in- scription on his headstone is as follows : PAUL REVERE BORN IN BOSTON, JANUARY, 1734, DIED MAY 1818. 22 Revere was born in Boston on January 1, 17;^."), and died in May, 1S18. He was Iliiguenot descent, the family name liaving been Hi voire. He was brought up to his father's trade of gold- smith. Before setting up in business, he served as a lieutenant of artillery in the colonial army. He speedily learned the art of copper-plate engraving, and was one of the four engravers in America at the time of tbe Revolu- tion. Many of his prints possess much historical significance and were very popular, such as that of "The Seventeen Re- scinders," at the time of Governor Bernard's effort to suppress the circular letter; " The Boston Massacre," etc. In 1775, when the Provincial Congress authorized the issue of paper mone}^ it was Revere who engraved the plates, made the press, and printed the bills. He was sent to Philadelphia to visit the powder mill there and to learn the method of its construction. He set up a mill in Boston on his return. Revere's active deeds as a patriot began with his participation in the Tea Party. He was forthwith sent to New York and Philadelphia to spread the news of what had been done. He was sent on a similar errand when the decree arrived closing the port of Boston. Then followed the famous ride to Lexington, to warn Hancock, Adams, and the rest of the coming of Gage to Concord. The story hardly needs retelling. Later Revere became a lieutenant- colonel in the defence of Massachusetts. After the Revolution, his career had still a military tinge, being devoted to the casting of cannon as well as church bells. Revere also attained consid- erable prominence as a Mason. Of equal interest with the tombs of these patriot leaders is the unmarked grave where sleep the humbler victims of the Boston Massacre. Their remains lie about twenty feet in from the iron fence and sixty feet south of the Tremout Building. Over the spot formerly grew a rich and beautiful larch-tree. In some lines on the Massacre in " Fleet's Post," published March 12, 1770, a local versifier sang: " Dear to your country shall your fame extend, While to tlie world the lettered stone shall tell How Caldwell, Attucks, Gray and Maverick fell." Sad to say, no stone fulfils tliis mission ; if ever there was one, it fell a victim to British spite or to the mistaken zeal of some attendant afllicted with an iconoclastic passion for repairs. The five here buried are : Crispus Attucks, Samuel Gray, James Caldwell, Samuel Maverick and Patrick Carr. The story of the historic fracas between the rope-makers and Preston's soldiers is too well known to need recounting. The first four were buried on March 8. A huge procession, four abreast, and bearing emblematic banners, followed the hearses to the Granary, while in the rear came practically all the carriages in Boston. During the funeral the bells were tolled in the town and PAUL REVERE TOMB, GRANARY BURIAL-GROUND. 23 the suburbs. On March 14, Patrick Carr, who had meanwhile died, was buried in the same grave. When the City tomb was being dug at the time the iron fence was erected in June, 1840, the bones of the five were discovered, as attested by a bullet-hole through one of the skulls, that of Samuel Gray. One of the sextons of King's Chapel, Martin Smith by name, replaced the bones in the earth close by the larch- tree. The Granary also has the honor of having been the temporary resting-place of the remains of Gen. Joseph Warren. In the spring of 1776, his corpse was deposited in the Minot tomb, on the southwestern side of the yard. In 1824, Dr. J. C. Warren opened the tomb and identified the patriot's relics by the bullet wound in the skull and the decay of one of the teeth. The remains were encased in a mahogany box and deposited in a tomb under St. Paul's Church. In August, 1855, they were deposited in a stone urn and transferred to Forest Hills where they still remain. Besides the Revolutionary heroes it contains, the Granary holds the remains of several of the old-time governors. The first of these was Governor Richard Bellingham, who, as shown by the following inscription, shares his tomb with a later governor : The family tomb of JAMES SULLIVAN, ESQ. late Governor and Commander in chief of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, who departed this life on the 10th Day of Dec'r A. D. 1808 Aged 64 Years. His Remains are Here Deposited. During a life of remarkable industry, activity and usefulness, amidst Public and private contemporaneous avocations, uncommonly various, he was distinguished for zeal, intelligence and fidelity. Public-spirited, benevolent and social, he was eminently beloved as a man, eminently esteemed as a citizen, and eminently respected as a magistrate. Huic versatile ingenium Sic pariter ad omnia fuit, ut, adid unum diceres quod cum que ageret. HERE LIES RICHARD BELLINGHAM, ESQUIRE, LATE GOVERNOR IN THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS, WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE IN THE 7TH DAY OF DECEMBER, 1672, THE EIGHTY-FIRST YEARE OF HIS AGE. VIRTUE'S FAST FRIEND WITHIN THIS TOMB DOTH LYE, A FOE TO BRIBES, BUT RICH IN CHARITY. 24 The Bellingliaju Family being extinct The Selectmen of Boston in the Year 1782 Assigned this Tomb to JAMES SULLIVAN, ESQ. The remains of Governor Bellingliam Are Here Preserved, And the above inscription is restored From the ancient Monviment. The second slab is raised on six stone pillars above the first, in practically the shape of a table. Each is of marble. Belliugham was first elected in 1641 by a narrow majority ; but the General Court was not satisfied as to the validity of the election. He was again chosen in 1654, and on the death of Endicott in May, 1665, was once more elected, ser\'ing continu- ously until his death. In all he served ten years as governor and thirteen as deputy governor, besides being chosen major-general in 1664. His second wife, married in 1641, was about to be contracted to a friend of Bellingham's, "when on a sudden the Governor treated with her and obtained her for himself." He performed the ceremony himself and to the strictiu'es of public opinion gave as his excuse the very natural one of "the strength of his affection." Hubbard describes him as " a verj^ ancient gentleman having spun a very long thread of above eighty years ; he was a great justiciary, a notable hater of tribes, firm and fixed in any reso- lution he entertained, of larger comprehension than expression, like a vessel whose vent holdeth no good proportion with its capacity to contain disadvantage to a public person." At the time of his death. Governor Bellingham was the sole surviving patentee named in the colonial charter. Governor Sullivan's was truly " a life of remarkable industry and usefulness," and his avocations "uncommonly various." He was about equally a lawyer, author, business man, and politi- cian, and very busy at each. He was born of Irish descent at Berwick, Maine, April 22, 1744. He stood high among the legal lights that came forth in New England toward the end of the century. During his seventeen years' service as attorney- general, he conducted many of the admiralty, probate, superior and supreme courts ; in addition, he had a heavy private prac- tice. As an author, he showed marked ability in the writing of law works, political tracts, and constant contributions to the poHtical controversies of the press. In public life, besides serv- ing on various commissions, he acted as representative, member of the council, delegate to Congress, and, after several close cam- paigns, was in 1807 and 1808 twice successful as Rei)ublican candidate for goveimor, dying before the end of his second term. He was one of the incorporators of the Middlesex Canal and largely instrumental in its final building. He helped found the Massachusetts Historical Society and was its first president. He 25 was exceedingly active, high spirited, eloquent, and hospitable, and was popular even with his Federalist opponents in times when part}^ feeling ran high. A beautifully chiselled coat-of-arms, with the inscription "JAMES BOWDOIN, ESQ." carved boldly above it on a tab- let of slate, marks the tomb of another famous governor, one of the chief magistrates of the State. The slab has been enclosed during the spring of the present year (1901) in a durable casing of bronze, which emphasizes its striking and well-preserved appearance. It stands in the southwest corner of the yard. Bowdoiu was born August 7, 1726, and died November 6, 1790. Of him his eulogist. Judge Lowell, said: "It may be said that our country has produced many men of as much genius, many men of as much learning and knowledge, many of as much zeal for the liberties of their country and many of as great piety and virtue ; but is it not rare indeed, to find those in whom they have all combined and been adorned with his other accomplish- ments ? " ' Bowdoin was graduated from Harvard in 1 745 and at twenty- four began a hfe long friendship with Franklin. He was later elected a fellow of the Royal Society and was the first president of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He served three years in the Provincial Legislature and six- teen in the Council, wherein he was styled by Wedderburn, " the leader and manager as Mr. Adams was in the House." Illness prevented his going as one of the five Massachusetts dele- gates to the first Continental Congress. He presided over the constitutional convention in 1780, and in 1785 was elected gov- ernor. During his second term, he quelled the difficulties of Shay's Rebellion with great moderation. His last public capacity was that of a member in the state convention which in 1788 rati- fied the Constitution. Another worthy and notable tenant of the Granary is G-overnor AYilliam Dummer, who was prominent in public life a half century before Bowdoin. Dummer, though born in Massachusetts, in 1679, was, when appointed lieutenant-governor, holding a com- missioner's office in Plymouth, England. He was left governor on the departure of Shute in 1723 and held that post till Burnet's arrival in 1728. He enjoyed a second shorter tenure between Burnet's death and the term of his successor, William Tailer. His administration was honest and upright and distinguished by successful campaigns against the Indians. After 1730, Dum- mer hved in retirement till his death on October 10, 1761, at the age of eighty- two. He was a man of pure character and of marked piety and charity. Gov. Christopher Gore also lies buried in the Granary. He was born in Boston in 1758 and graduated from Harvard in 1776. After some years' service as L^nited State attorney, he was appointed with William Pinckney a commissioner under Jay's treaty to settle our spoliation claims against England. 26 After his return, he succeeded Governor Sullivan in 1809, but in the following year was replaced by Governor Gerry. From 1814 he served three years as United States Senator, then retir- ing from public life. On the conspicuous stone over the grave of another governor, Increase Sumner, is carved the following laudatory epitai)h : Here reposes the remains of INCREASE SUMNER, Born at Roxbury Nov. 27, 1746, Died at same place June 7, 1799. He was for some time a pi-actitioner at the Bar ; And for fifteen years an Associate Justice of the Supreme Judicial Court ; Was thrice elected GOVERNOR OF MASSACHUSETTS in which office he died As a Lawyer, he was faithful and able ; As a Judge patient, impartial and decisive As a Chief Magistrate accessable, frank and independent. In the vigour of intellectual attainments and in the midst of usefulness he was called by Divine Providence to rest with his fathers, he went down to the chambers of death, in the full belief, that the grave is the pathway to future existence. As in life be secured the suffrages of the free. And was blessed with the approbation of the wise, So in death he was honoured by the tears of the patriotic And is held in sweet remembrance by a discerning and affectionate people. In private life. He was affectionate and mild ; In public life, He was dignified and firm, Party feuds were allayed by the correctness of his conduct, Calumny was silenced by the weight of his virtues, And rancour softened by the amenity of his manners. This compendious epitaph leaves little to be said. Sumner was graduated from Harvard with distinction in 1767, and, beginning with 1776, served three terms in the General Court, as well as two in the Senate from 1780. He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1779-80, as also later of the con- INCREASE SUMNER TOMB, GRANARY BURIAL-GROUND. 27 vention which accepted the federal constitution. In August, 1782, he was appointed an associate justice of the Supreme Judicial Court, and in January, 1785, was added to the committee to revise the State laws. In 1796, though averse to being a candidate, lie was elected governor, and was thrice reelected by great majorities. He did not live to enter on his last term. As the inscription on his tomb would indicate, no governor was more trusted and beloved. His remains were interred with military honors at the public expense, the funeral procession extending from Roxbury to the State House. Perhaps none of the graves in the Granary contain a more interesting and notable pexsonage than does the populous Sewall tomb, which already had at the opening of the Revolution at least forty occupants, chief among them the famous chronicler of provincial days. Judge Samuel Sewall. The tomb was built by Sewall's father-in-law, John Hull, the master of the mint, who lies buried therein, and who is noted for having bestowed as a dowry on his daughter, Hannah, at her marriage to Sewall, her weight in bright silver Pine Tree shillings from his mint. Judge Sewall was born on March 28, 1652, at Bishop Stoke, Hampshire County, England, and was brought over to Boston in the second and final migration of his parents hither in 1661. He was graduated from Harvard in 1671, serving some time as a tutor. By his marriage in February, 1675-6, he acquired a for- tune for those days. He was treasurer of the colony in 1676, and subsequently one of the Board of Assistants, besides serving thirty- three years in the Council. He was long a probate judge for Suffolk County. He served on the bench of the Supreme Court over forty years, ten years of his tenure being in the capacity of Chief Justice. The next notable incident of his judicial career was the famons witch trials, his public remorse on account of which, together with his remarkable confession of penitence in the records, strikingly illuminates the character of the man. New P^ngland never had a judge more wise, just, pious, and humane. The fame of his charming and picturesque diary, that treasure of the antiquarians, is too universal to jus- tify recounting. Another of the public officials who sleep in the Granary is Lieutenant-Governor Cushing. On the marble obelisk erected over his tomb in 1846 by a grandson is carved the following in scription : THOMAS GUSHING, Lieut. Gov. of Mass. died IDt.h Jan. 1788 ; aged 63 years He took an active part in the Revolutionary conflict and was several years Speaker of The House of Representatives of Mass. until lie became a member of the Continental Congress, in the year 1774 and 5. 28 Cashing was born in Boston in 1725 and graduated from Har- vard in 1744. His life was largely spent in public office, the earlier part in the Legislature. On returning from service' in the Continental Congress, he was elected to the Council, and also was ai)pointed judge of the Court of Common Pleas and of Pro- bate in Suffolk County. On the adoption of the State constitu- tion, he was chosen lieutenant-governor, retaining that office till his death. He was a man of ability and learning, as well as of a kindly and amiable disposition. As is natural, the Granary is studded with names of Boston divines. Among the many ministers buried here, one might single out Rev. Thomas Prince, the learned historical scholar ; Rev. Joseph Eckley, the distinguished pastor of the Old South congregation, at the time it retook the Old South Meeting-House after its British occupation ; Rev. Jeremy Belknap, the generous benefactor of the Massachusetts General Hospital ; Doctors Lathrop, Baldwin, the evangelist, and Stillman. An interesting ecclesiastic buried in the Granary is Rev. Pierre Daille, the pastor of the Huguenots who found refuge in Boston in 1687, after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. He organ- ized his little congregation in the town school-house on School street, and it was not till 1716, a year after his death, that they succeeded in building a small brick church on the same street. Though most of the Huguenots migrated from Boston in a few years succeeding, many French names can be deciphered on the stones in the Granary. The headstone over Daille's grave was found in 1860 in the cellar of an old estate on Pleasant street. The worthy French parson left instructions '' that there be no wine at my funeral, and none of my wife's relations have any mourning clothes furnished them except gloves." The founder of the "Cradle of Liberty," Peter Faneuil, is a noteworthy tenant of the Granary. It was in rather interesting fashion that he came to make his historic gift out of the fortune newly inherited from his uncle. Amid great dissension, three market houses, one of them in Dock square, had been built to supplement the old system of itinerant peddhng. One night in 1737, the advocates of the old Re'gime, "disguised hke clergymen," destroyed the central market house mentioned. At a town-meeting in July, 1740, Faneuil offered to rebuild and maintain the demolished market house. The key of the finished structure was delivered to the select- men on Sept. 10, 1742. During the construction, it was sug- gested to Faneuil that a town hall miglit readily Ite built over the market. He aceeitted the suggestion, although he is said t'o have grumbled a little when informed of the additional cost. At a meeting held forthwith in the new hall, it was voted that, whereas Peter Faneuil " has, at a very great expense, erected a nol)le structure, far exceeding his first proposal, inasmuch as it contains not only a large and sufficient accommodation for a market place, but a spacious and most l)eautiful town hall over it, and several other convenient rooms which may prove very benelicial to the town for offices or otherwise ; as the said build- ing being now linished, he has delivered possession thereof to the 29 selectmen for the use of tbe town ; it is therefore voted that the town do, with the utmost gratitude, receive and accept this most generous and noble benefaction." It was also voted that the hall be called Faneuil Hall forever. This building of Faneuil's, of which only the \¥alls were left standing after the fire of January 13, 1761, was but half the width of the present structure, and but two stories high. It could contain but one thousand persons. John Phillips, the first mayor of Boston, also sleeps in the Granar}^ He was born in Boston, Nov. 26, 1770, and graduated from Harvard in 1788. His public career before election to the new office of mayor comprised many years' service as town advocate and public prosecutor, beside twenty years spent in the Senate, ten of them as its president. He was chosen mayor as a compromise candidate. Josiah Qiiincy agreed to run for the office, not knowing that Harrison Gray Otis, then the leading local figure in the party, was also a candidate. The Democrats seized the opportunity and after nominating Thomas L. Winthrop on the night before election, • threw enough votes to prevent any candidate getting a majority. Otis and Quincy then withdrew, and Phillips, an acceptable third choice, was readilj^ elected. He proved an upright official, of tact and good judgment, as well as discreet and pliant enough to smoothen the transition to the new form of local government. Apart from the organization of departments, little of positive importance was done during his administration. On the refusal of Phillips, because of ill-health, to accept a second term, Josiah Quincy said of his predecessor: "It is im- possible for me to refrain from expressing the sense I entertain -of the services of that high and honorable individual who has filled the chair of this city." Probably the most remarkable epitaph in the Granary is the following : ELISHA BROWN (of) BOSTON Who in Octi- J769, during J7 days infpired with a generous Zeal for the LAWS, bravely & fuccefsfully oppofed a whole Britifli Regt. in their violent attempt to FORCP: him from his (legal Habitation) Happy Citizen when Call'd fmgley to be a Barrier to the Liberties [of a Continent) The incident narrated in the inscription occurred in the south €nd of the town. Brown was ordered to surrender his roomy mansion for use as a barracks. On his refusal, he was sur- rounded and besieged by the troops. With all the doors and windows barred, he held out " bravely and successfully" for the seventeen days mentioned, subsisting on the household stores and on what provisions his friends could smuggle in from without. 30 At length, the British gave up the unpleasant task in disgust. Brown died in August, 1785, at the age of sixty-five. The following inscription tells a long story of heroism, and needs no comment : Tomb No. 192 In Memory of COLONEL JOHN ARMSTRONG, The Patriot-Hero, and his wife MRS. Christian Bass Armstrong, and their six children, He and his two sons John & Samuel marched to Long Island, N.Y. and were there engaged in various battles with the British Army, August 27, 1776. Capt. John Armstrong was Father of Governor Samuel Terell Armstrong, The Col. was killed on the battle field, Maj. Samuel Armstrong had a providen- tial escape from the enemy's bullets while re- treating, He was wounded, but continuing in the army vmtil the Peace of 1783. He served as Adjutant and Paymaster in the Eighth Regt. Mass. Inf'y. also as Aid-de-Camp to Gen. Jackson, He was an 'original member of the society of Cincinnati, He married Nancy, only daughter of INIaj. Josiah Allen, who served \inder Col. Ethan Allen, at the conquest of Ticonderoga and Crown Point, GEORGE WASHINGTON ARMSTRONG, Was born Feb. 22, 1792, He held a commission in the war of 1812, as l*.t Lieut, in 10t> Regt. U. S. Inf. signed by James Madison Presd't U. S. and John Armstrong, Sec. of U. S. War Dept. He served in the Boston Light Inf. Co. (Tigers) Also as Ass's Engineer on Fort Strong,, an in Forts Warren & Indipendence and the Water Battery, He was Sec. of the War Office for fitting out Privateers and Letters of Marque. He was a Franklin Medal Scholar in the class with the Hon. Edward Everett, in 1803,-4, By him this memorial was inscribed in 1866 A needless and melancholy tragedy underlies the words of the following epitaph : HERE Lyes INTERRED THE BODY OF MR. BENJAMIN WOODBRIDGE, SON OF -Lie HONORABLE DUDLEY WOODBRIDGE, ESQ'R, WHO DEC-D JULY ye 3d 1728, IN ye 20th YEAR OF HIS AGE. Young AYoodbridge fell mortally wounded in the first duel fought in Boston. He was the son of a Barbadoes merchant and on completing his education had been admitted to partnership .31 with Jonathan Sewall, a leading merchant. His opponent was Heniy Phillips, twenty-four, freshly graduated from Harvard, and successor with his brother, Gillam, to the bookselling business of their father, Samuel Phillips. The pair, who had quarrelled over cards, fought with small swords in the evening, on a knoll of the Common, near where stood an ancient powder-house. Woodbridge, who was thrust through the body, died on the spot before morning. Phillips, who was slightly wounded, was assisted by his brother, Gillam, and by Peter Faneuil, to make his escape to the British man-of-war Sheerness, which conveyed him to France. "Within a year he died of grief at Eochelle. Though the Granary contains more famous personages, yet it is not so rich in poetical effusions and striking epitaphs as is Copp's Hill. Perhaps the longest and most original piece of elegian verse runs as follows : TO THE MEMORY OF MR WILLIAM WARDEN PRINTER CtBSIT, March J8t.^ J786 Aged 25 William thy Mother confecrates this Stone, A mark of FriendChip, and of Love fmcere; While in her Memory, ever thou will Bloom, And in her Heart forever will be dear. While private Friends deplore their heavy lofs, The Publick at thy Death their grief difplay; The ufefull Prefs no longer from thy hand, Shall to the liftning World the Tipe convey. Yet, while we mourn, permit the briny Tear, To wet thy Ashes, mouldering in the Duft; Tho fnach'd by cruel Death in early years. To Heaven's bleft realms with lolid Hope we truft. On the ornate monument southeast of the Franklin tomb, erected in memory of Gershom Flagg, were carved the follow- ing lines : To limits fix'' d our Def lined Course we bend And with resistlej's Haste, to Death's i^ale Empire tend; Fromfcene tofcene our fhiftincj Moments go ; And then return the Ground the Bust we Owe, Virtue alone unmoved can hear thf call. And face theftroke that makes all Nature fall. The early severance of a scholar from his books is told in this wise ! In memory of DANIEL JONES JUN? A.M. Who having been early deprived of a diftinguished Genius By disease of Body Made a happv Exit Augst 23^ 1779 In the 29'.V Year of his Age. Here penfive Reader make a moment's paufe Think how precarious ev'ry human Joy See Nature's Hloom (lii"rr)b'd by nature's Cause And Death rolealing what it can'' deftroy. Thanks bo to (iod that giveth us the Victory through our Lord Jefus Chrift. 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