\/- HISTORT ©F THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICit, WITH A 4JGEOGRAPHICAL APPENDIX, AND A Cfironolofiical ^Tafjlc oi ^mxxnin. FOR THE USE OF FAMILIES AND SCHOOLS. BY FREDERICK BUTLER, A. M. THIRD REVISED AND IMPROVED EDITION- WETHERSFIELD : ?UCUSn£D BY D£MINO & FrANCIS. 1828. *\^, 4 J O^^^, ^^n^^ \%>^ DISTRICT OF CONNECTICUT, SS. Be It remembered, Tiiat on tlic twentieth day of December, in L. IS. the fiftieth year of the Independence of the United Slates ot America, Doming & Francis, of the said district, have deposi- ted in this office tlie title of a Book, the rigrht whereof they claim as proprietors, in the words following, to wit ; •' A History of the United States of America, with a Geographical Appendix and a Chronological Table of Contents ; for the Use of Fam- ilies and Schools. By Frederick Butler, A. M." In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, en- titled *' An act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the cop- ies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors ©f such copies, during the times therein mentioned." And also to the act en- titled " An act supplementary to an act, entitled, * An act for the en- couragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned,' and extending the benefits thereef to the arts dl desjgnmg, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." CHARLES A. INGERSOLU^^^i^^lj^ ' Clerk of the District of Conneeticul- A true copT of Record, examined, and sealed by me, CHARLES A. INGERSOLL, Clerk of the District of Connecticut, ..«''^' FRSFACE. The great and important uses of history are, to inform thr Hiind, enlarge and str-jngthen the understanding, and mend the heart. To effect these objects, the style, as well as the nar- rative, should be easy, chaste and interesting as possible, thft subject both useful and important, the arrangement clear and per-'picuons, and the facts indubitable. Under the influence of these impressions, the author commenced and has carried forwanl the work ; and to accomplish his purpose the more effectually, he has divided it mto the following parts, viz. Part I. commeitces the settlement of New England, and car- ries forward those stales, from their origin, down to the peace of 1763, because this confederacy was more immediately con- nected with the French and Indian wars, in Canada. Part n. embraces the history of the Middle and Southern states, from their origin down to the same period, because they were moieVnmediately connecter! with the French and Indian wars of the west, anrl the Spanish and Indian wars at the south. Part III. embraces the whole period of the revolutionary war, together with 'the causes that led to it. In this period the grand confederacy of the nation is first formed, and the history of the several states becomes national, and is carried forward therefrom, in their united capacity. Part IV. embraces the commencement and continuance of the federal government, together with the causes that led to and promoted the change in the old confederation. Also a succinct account of those measures, that were the immediate causes of national party, under Washington's administration ; with a general view of that, and the subsequent administra- tions ; the Indian wars ; war with France, and the Barbary powers ; a particular view ot the late war with England, and the causes that led to that war. Also, a chronological view of the rise and progress of those southern and western stales, that have grown up under the administration of the fedepai government, and become members of the federal union. PREFACE. The author has added, at the close of each part, remarks upon the manners and customs, religion, trade and commerce, arts and manufactures, agriculture, education, and wars, of that particular period. The work closes with an appendix, containing the declara- tion of independence, the old confederation, the new federal constitution, president Washington's farewell address, a brief geographical view of the United States, and a chronological table of contents. The author is fully persuaded that this is the only plan up- on which a clear and perspicuous view of the history of the United States can be exhibited ; and in the execution of his plan, he has endeavored to avoid all party interest, and to br governed entirely by the principles of candor and truth. In collecting and arranging the mateiials of this work, the author has endeavored to iSx as strong an impression upon the wise and virtuous institutions of our forefathers, civil reli- gious and literary, as the nature of things'would fairly war- rant, in order to enforce upon the minds of the rismg genera- tion, the necessity and importance of cultivating and preserv- ing pure religion and morals, so long as they wish to enjoy the benefits of free education and free government. The author has been the more urgent in this, because the work is de- signed immediately for the use of families and schools, to the heads of which, he begs leave to address himself, by saying, let the rising generation have every possible advantage to ac- quire a knowledge of history, that they may learn the prin- ciples upon which our free institutions are founded ; remem- bering that they are to become the guardians of all those pre eminent privileges that we enjoy, and that to them will b^ committed the destinies of this great and rising nation, INTRODUCTION. The discovery of Aoierica, may be considered as one of tl.ie most important events in the annals of man. It will ultimate- ly be productive of the j^reatest consequences to the world. In 1492, (,ibout two whole centuries 'after Goya had un- folded the secrets of magnetism, and taught the use ot the mariner's compass,) Christopher Columbus traversed the vast ocean of the Atlantic, and opened a new world to the family of man. This Genoese pilot was well skilled in the science of navigation, and well versed in the sciences of as- tronomy and geography, for that age ; and fully persuaded in his own mind, that a largo body of land must be situated in the recfions of the west, in order to give the earth that bal- ance, which was absolutely necessary, to preserve that equa- ble motion, which marked her ^diurnal rotation. To ascer- tain this fact, he formed the plan of exploring the Atlantic ocean, in quest of this unknown continent. To effect this, it became necessary to obtain ships, men, and money, and to procure them, he offered his services, iirst to the republic of Genoa, (his own country) where his scheme was treated as visionary, and disregarded ; he next offered his services to Portugal, but without success ; next to Spain, but without success ; he next sent his brother Bartholomew to tender his services to the king of England ; but his brother was ship- wrecked on his iiassage, which delayed the application for several years ; and when application was made to the king, (then Henry VII.) he gave no countenance to the adventure. Ferdinand, king of Spain, was deaf to the views of Colum- bus ; but Isabella, his queen, listened to his overture ; her capacious mind saw the force of his reasoning, caught the spir- it of the enterprise, and gave Columbus a gracious recep- tion ; she pawned her jewels to raise money for the occasion, and thus with the assistance of her husband, fitted out three small vessels ; gave Columbus the command ; and he set sail into the unknown regions of the west. To recount the perils of the voyage, the dangers of the seas, the mutiny of the sail- ors, their conflicting passions, that threatened his life, and pressed him to return ; the fatigues of anxious cares, sleepless 1» vt INTRODUCTION. nights, and constant vvatchings, that distressed his mind, ami wasted his health, upon this long, this interesting voyage, would exceed the limits of this work. All these he endured with a steady eye to the great object before him ; and on the 1 1th of October, 1492, he discovered land, that proved to be OQe of the Bahama islands, which he called San Salvador, (in allusion to his wonderful preservation) and after visiting the island of Hispaniola, he shipped on board several of the na- tives ; planted a little colony in the island, and returned to Spain. To relate the perils and distresses he endured, when over- taken by a violent storm, on his return to Spain ; to express the anxiety he felt, lest the knowledge of the new world should be buried with him, forever, in the tempestuous deep : or recount the joy that greeted his return to Spain, the hon- ors bestowed upon him by his benefiictress, and her illustri- ous piince, will exceed our limits ; suffice it to say, that the modesty with which Columbus disclosed his adventures, the riches of the west, and the character of the natives, drew up- on himself universrd admiration and applause. The outlines of the further adventures, which led to the discovery and settlement of the several parts of the New World, are given in a concise manner, in the following chrono- logical form : — tJolunbus made a second voyage, which proved unsuc- cessful, " A. D. ]49;> Made a third voyage, and discovered South America, 149S Americus Yespucius, under the patronage of the mer- chants of Seville, followed the track of Columbus ; touch- ed upon the continent of South America ; returned ; pub lished a pompous account of his- voyage and discoveries, and gave his name to the continent of America, 1499 John Cabot, a Venecian, obtained a grant from Henry VII. of England, for foreign discoveries ; explored the coast of North America ; touched upon the coast of Lab- rador, and returned to England, 1496 The next year he explored the whole extent of the American coast, from Davis' strait to Florida ; discover- ed Newfoundland, and returned to England, 1497 Sebastian Cabot, (son of John Cabot) under Henry VII. pursued the adventures of his father ; visited New- foundland, and carried several natives to England, 1502 Alvarez de Cabral, on his passage to India from Lisbon, (Portugal) discovered Brazil, 1500 INTRODUCTION. vii Juan Leon, an adventurer from Porto Ricg, discover- ed Florida, gave it its name, and attempted a settlement, 161.3 Terra Firma, (on tlie continent of South America,) was settled by Spain, 152(^ Cortez, the Spanish adventurer, conquered Mexico, 1521- The next adventurer was Stephen Gomez, a Spaniard, who explored the coast trom Florida to cape Race, lati- tude 46 degrees nortli, in search of a north-west passage to India, 152^. Pizarro, another Spanish adventurer, conquered Peru, 1540' Ferdinand de Soto, who had served under Cortes, in the conquest of i\lexico, sailed from the island of Cuba, with a mditary force of 900 men, and landed in Florida, in quest of the wealth of anotiier city of Mexico, 1539.'. He traversed the interior, through the Chickasaw country, crossed the Missij^sippi, and proceeded up Red river, a very considerable distance, where he died, at the end of three years. His troops returned to the Mis- sissippi, constructed such shipping as would convey them down the river, and thus returned to Cuba, under Alver- do, their leader, 1541;;- The Portuguese settled Brazil, 1549 Francis I. king of France, made some efforts for dis- coveries in the n«w world, by John Verezano, a Floren- tine ; but he was lost in his second a(!venture, 1524 Ten years after this, Francis I. made another effort, by James Q,uartier, vv'ho touched at Newfoundland ; discov- ered and gave name to the gulf of St. Lawrence, and made an unsuccessful attempt to lind a j)assage to China, 1534 The next year he explored the St. Lawrence, up to the rapids ; wintered in the country, at a fort which he built on the isle of Orleans, and in the spring, carried several of the natives to France, 1630 James Q,uartier pursued his adventures under the same patronage, to complete a settlement in Canada, or New-France, where he remained, at a place which he named Charlebdurg, about two years, and then retire(^ to Newfoundland, 154()r Francis I. sent out other adventurers to strengthen the settlements in Canada ; but they all fiiled, 1545 About this time began the Newfoundland fisheries, which have since proved so profitable to the world. via mTRODtJCTIO>r The French, under Chittillon, made some further dis- coveries in East Florida, and attempted a settlement, irhich failed, 15^^ About this time, several French adventurers visited the coast, in quest of a passage to India, and returned to France. Commodore Ilibault was despatched from France, by the admiral Coligni, with two ships, to plant a colony in North America. He touched at Port Royal, (South Carolina) landed his men, built a fort, and called it Charles, where he left a colony of twenty or thirty men, under captain Albert and returned to France, 1564 Commodore Loudonnier was sent out from France, with three ships, to plant a colony in Florida, and in June he built a fort on the river May, or St. Mary, where he }>lanted a colony of 100 men, and called it Carolina, in honor of Charles IX. 15t;6 In Auo-ust folUwins;, commodore Rrbault arrived with a colony of French Huguenots, to strengthen the colony at Port Royal ; but they had mutined and butchered their captain, Albert, and were gone. In September of the same year, Pedro Melanges, a Spaniard, with six ships, by order of Philip H. his mas- ter, pursued Ribault, with his little colony, up the river, landed a strong force of 200 soldiers and 2600 planters, look his fort and colony, and put all to the sword, or hung ihem upon the trees. The next adventurer who visited the coast, was captain Frobisher, who sailed from England m quest of a north- west passage to Irvdia ; but being obstructed by the ice, he abandoned the enterprise, and returned to England, 157G This year sir Francis Drake doubled cape Horn, and discovered New Albion, upon the western coast, north of California. Queen Elizabeth granted letters patent to sir Hum- phrey Gilbert, for foreign discoveries, and in his adven- tures he touched at Newfoundland, and from thence to the continent, and took possession for the crown of Eng- land. He was lost in a storm, 15§3 The coast of Virginia was discovered ; named after the virgin queen, and settled by 107 persons, near Roanoke, by sir Walter Raleigh, who sailed ander a commissien from queen Elizabeth. 1585 4' . INTRODUCTION. *a The same year, this colony returned to E^ngland, with sir Francis Drake, ]58ti Sir Walter Raleigh sent out seven ships, with another colony, to the same settlement on the Koanoke, where they endured extreme hardships, and were in their turn, conveyed back to England, by sir Francis Drake, 158 7 Sir Walter sent out governor White with a colony, to strengthen the rormer colony at Roanoke, with a charter, and a regular form of government ; but they were gone, and governor White left a colony of 1 15 at Koanoke, antl returned, 1500 Governor White came over again, to recruit the little colony in Virgin!;^ ; but alas ! they had ail shared the fate of his former colony, and not a vestige of them remained, 1590 With this colony, came out Manteo and I'owaye, two natives, who had been carried to England by former ad- venturers. The former was baptised in August, which is not only the first convert among the natives, but the first notice of any religious rite in all these numerous ad- ventures. At the same time, a daughter was born in the colony, of a Mrs. Dare, whom she called Virginia. This was the first christian birth in North America. A Spanish expedition under Juan de Fuca, was sent out from Mexico, to explore a north-west passage, who dis- covered the strait that bears his name, latitude 48 north, and returned. 159" In the reign of Henry IV. of France, an expedition sail- ed under De la Loche, consisting of convicts, to conquer and settle Canada. De la Loche landed forty on the isle of Sables, where they languished seven years, and then twelve returned to France, where they were pardoned, and received fifty crowns each, from the king, to recom- pense their sufferings, 1599 This year, cape Cod, Martha's Vineyard, and Eliza- beth Island, and Dover Cliff, were discovered by Bar- tholomew Gosnold, and thirty-tivo adventurers, who made an attempt to settle on Elizabeth Island ; but failed, and returned to England, JCQ^ At this time not one solitary English, French, or Dutch settlement had been permanently made, on the whole coast of North America, through the long period ©f ad- ventures, for 110 years. The English made two adventures to Virginia, and no| X INTRODUCTION. finding the third colony at Roanoke, and being roughly handled by the natives, they all returned to England, 160c^ The French began their settlement at Port Royal, on the bay of Fundy, -- 1604 The English, under captain Weymouth, explored the coast of the Province oi' Maine ; made no settlement, but carried off several natives, and returned, 1605 This year James I. divided Virginia into two colonies or districts, (for there was not a settlement in either) the southern was bounded on the 34th and 41st degrees of north latitude, and styled the first colony, and granted to ihe London Company. The northern or second colony, was included within the 38th and 45th degrees of north latitude, and granted to the Plymouth company, 1606 Each of these companies consisted of a president and twelve assistants, to govern the affairs of the colonies ; with express prohibitions to settle within 100 miles of each other. The next year another colony commenced the settle- ment of Jamestown, on James river, under captain New- port, 1607 This was the first permanent settlement planted in North America. The Plymouth company sent out admiral sir Rawley Gilbert, with 100 planters, to North Virginia, with cap- tain George Popham for their president. Admiral Gil- bert^touched at Sagadahoc (Kennebec) river ; landed forty-five men, with their president, and the rest return- ed to England. At the same time a company from St. Maloes, in France, founded Quebec, 1607 The sufferings of the Sagadahoc colony ; the loss of their store-house, by fire, and of their president, induc- ed them to return to England, the next season, 1608 The same year Ja nestown was burnt. This year the London company sent out supplies and a recruit of two hundred persons, to strengthen the colony at Jamestown, which now amounted to 500, 1608 — 9+ Admiral Somers, on his passage to America, with a part of this little fleet, was wrecked on one of the Bahama islands, and lost his ship ; but the crew and passengers t The same year the Rov. John Robinson removed with his flock, to Holland. # INTRODUCTION. _ xi were ail saved, and remained there until the next year^ when they were taken off by lord Delaware, on his pas- sage to Virginia.! The colony at Jamestown was now reduced to sixty, and had all embarked for England ; but meeting his lord- ship at the entrance of the bay, they were induced tore- turn with him and resume their settlement at Jamestown, June 10th, 1610 Here commences the history of Virginia. This year sir Thomas Dale and sir Thomas Gates, sent out each 300 men, with cattle, swine, &c.^forthe settle- ment, 1611 In the year 1607 — 8, captain Henry Hudson received a commission from king James I. for foreign adventure, and in the service of the East-India company, sailed in quest of a north- west passage, 1607 — 8 In 1609, he left this service in disgust, and prosecuted his advtintures in the service of the Dutch. He entered North river, which he called by his own name, 1609 This adventure gave rise to the Dutch settlement at New-Netherlands, 1613 Conception bay, in the island of Newfoundland, was settled by John Gray, under a patent from king James, 1613 This 3'ear captain Smith, with two ships, sailed to the coast of North Virginia, and took out wiih him, Tantum or Squantum, an Indian formerly carried to England, by captain Weymouth, in 1605. Captain Smith landed Tan- tum at cape Cod, and explored the Massachusetts bay, and returned to England m one vessel ; but left the oth- er with captain Hunt, who touched at Sagadahoc river, and decoyed on board twenty Indians, and carried them to Spain, where he sold them for j£2() each, as slaves, 1614 This perfidious act proved highly prejudicial to the trade, hereafter. When captain Smith returned to England, he drew a chart of this coast, and called it New-England, which still continues. >.j- This year William Baffin, in search of a north-west %{j passage, discovered the bay that bears his name, 1616 t By some it is understood that they built a vessel aod sailed for Jamestown, without the assistance «f lord Pelawait. xPi INTRODUCTION. About this time, a sweeping sickness among the natives, desolated the coast about Massachusetts bay, and the tribe of Patuxet was wholly destroyed. This prepared the way for the settlement of the Puritan colonv at New- Pi vmouth, * 1^^30 HISTORY OF THE UNITED STA TESo PART 1. CHAPTER I. • OMMENCEHENT OF TUE SETTLEMENT OF \EW-EXGLAXD rLYMOUTH. THE commencement of the reformation in Eni^lantl, un tier John WickhiTo,in the 14th century; the rise ofthedisci pies of VVickhfte called Lollards ; their principles, their perse- cutions under Henry VHI. ; the bloody reign of queen Mary, und the succeeding reigns ; their flight to Germany and Swit- zerland ; the refinement of their principles and modes of worship under the advice of John Calvin, the great apostle of Switzerland, which gave to their church the title or name of puritan ; their return to England in the reign of queen Eli- zabeth ; their persecutions in the reign of James the 1st ; their flight to Holland, in the year 1608, under the pious John Robinson, their pastor, are all faithfully recorded in Neal's history of the puritans, and in Hume's history of England. Let us now accompany a part of this flock to the wilds of America, and witness how God rolls on the successive events »f his providence, to accomplish his purposes and designs. Twelve years this little flock enjoyed their religion io peace among their brethren in Holland ; but the abuses oi the Sabbath, together with the confusion of business, and the general character of the Dutch, rendered their residence irk- some ; they therefore resolved to make one more eftort to find a retreat, where they might enjoy the religion of their hearts in peace. To effect this, they turned their attentiea to the shores of North America, They sent their agents to England to negociate v?ith the London company, who were at that time making efforts fvv the settlement of Virginia, and obtained a patent for tkeir ar 14 HISTORY OF THE commodation, 1619.t In July, 1620, a part of Mr. Robin- son's congregation tore themselves from theirbeloved pastor and friends, and embarked for England, where they landed to complete the preparations for their voyage. In August they embarked at Southampton, and set sail for America ; but were constrained to return on account of the leakiness of one of their vessels On the 6th of September, they took their departure from Plymouth, and on the 18th of November came to anchor in the harbor of cape Cod. Their object was to join the Dutch colony at Manhattan, at the mouth of the Hucison river ; but the Dutch captain de- feated this object by touching at cape Cod, at the entrance of Massachusetts bay. Such had been the severities and distresses of the voyage, thatihey preferred landing upon this solitary coast, to encoun- tering again the perils of the deep, at this late season of the year. They accordingly made the necessary arrangements for landing upon this dreary, desolate, inhospitable waste. To effect this, they tirst poured out their souls to God in pray- er and thanksgiving, tor their preservation and deliverance ; they next drew up and subscribed a solemn compact, for the government of the colony ; and when this had been duly exe- cuted, by twenty- four heads ot fam.ilies and seventeen single men, making forty-one subscribers, in behalf of the whole, which amounted to one hundred andjprie, they proceeded to elect Mr. John Carver as their governor, for one year. Having thus organized their little colony they proceeded to land their families and effects, and to imprint the first foot- steps of civilized man, upon this desolate shore of a new world. This being accomplished, they fell on their knees, and poured out their souls renewedly, in prayers and praises, with thanksgiving, and dedicated their hearts, their lives and all that they possessed, to God their deliverer ; and commit- ted themselves to his most holy keeping, — November 2Uth, 1620. When they had celebrated the first sabbath in this little colony, and thus rendered the shores of this howling wilder- ness vocal with the praises of their God, they commenced the labors of the week in exploring the coast, in their shallop, and tKing James I, granted letters patent to this company in 1606. which authoriaed them to possess all lands in America, lying between 34 apd 4S deg. of N. latitude. UNITED STATES. 15 die forest with an armed party, to spy out the land and disco- ver the face of the country, in quest of a permanent resi- dence. In all their several attempts to explore the forest, they discovered the natives, who sometimes fled at their ap- proach, and at others, annoyed them with showers of arrows, and the horrors of their savage yells ; but the report of their fire-arms awed them into submission, or hold them at bay. On the 18th of December, they discovered a site at the bottom of spacious, delightful bay, which attracted their at- tention, as being best adapted to their necessities, for a permanent residence. There they planted their little colo- ny, and called it Plymouth, in honor of the port that wit- nessed their last adue to the land of their Withers. There they erected their dwellings, which formed the first village in New-England ; a village of log huts ; there they again cele- brated the sabbath, and the wilderness agam became vocal with the praises of their God. Thus they planted down upon the borders of an unbounded forest, at the commencement of a New-England winter; without support, except the scanty re- mains of the voyage ; and without friends to succor or protect them. Before them was the wilderness, full of the habitations of cruelty ; behind them, that ocean, with its boisterous and tempestuous billows which had borne them to these remote regions. In their dwellings a mortal sickness soon prevailed that raged through the winter, and sweptoff forty-six of their number. To add to this, and other calamities, their store, house took fire, and consumed much of their valuable effects. Here was a picture of distress, that opened a field for the dis- play of the virtues of that religion, which they had forsaken fathers and mothers, houses and lands, and even their dear na- tive country, the land of their fathers, and thus jeoparded their lives upon the ocean, and in the wilderness, to secure and enjoy. This field of distress became to them a field of delight ; for they had escaped the persecution of their ene- mies, and in the midst of their sufferings, their hearts were un- appalled 5 they trusted in God. and he was their deliverer. In the midst of this distress, a friendly Indian, who spoke English, came into their village, and exclaimed welcome Eng- lish, welcome English.] By this Indian, they learnt the geo- graphy of the adjacent country, and the names and number of tThis Indian, whose name was Samoset, had been carried to Spain in the year 1614, by a Capt. Hunt, from whence he went to England* whcife HO learnt the language, &c. and returned to America. to HISTORY OF THE tiie tribes in this region ; and also that the tribe ot' Paluxet which liad possessed the section on which they had hmded had shortly before been cut off by a mortal sickness. Thro* the instrumentality of this Indian, a fri'endly intercourse wan opened with the neighboring tribes, and a friendly conference introduced with their chiefs ; he taught them also how to cultivate the Indian corn, the next season. In the course of the winter they formed themselves into a military company, and chose Miles Standish for their captain, who became to the colony a distinguished chief. The first military display of captain Standish, appears in his conducting the great sachem, Massasoit,t upon a friendly interview with governor Carver, March 1621. At this interview a treaty of alliance, offensive and defensive was concluded, with an in- terchange of great civilities. The governor kissed the hand of the sachem, and the sachem the hand of the governor ; and the treaty was religiousl}'^ observed for more than fifty years. Captain Standish became the champion of the colony, exhibit- ing specimens of distinguished coolness, intrepidity and brave- ry, that rendered his n.jme a terror to the savages and great- ly endeared him to the colon}'. In the midst of these scenes, died governor Carver, April, 1621, and was succeeded by governor Bradford. During this year, a patent was obtained of the Plymouth ("omp^any or council of Plymouth for the colony of Plym- outh, in the name of VVm. Bradford, his heirs, associates and assigns, which defined the limits of New-England, and con- firmed their former title against all encroachments from the crown, or foreign adventures ; and gave them the right of holding the country, either by purchase or conquest. This patent gave strength to the C(^lony, and opened a commercial intercourse with England, in the fur trade, which proved use- ful and profitable to the parties. | In the meantime they continued to explore the country, to cultivate the ground, and maintain upon just and equitable iChief of the Packanockcts. ■\Oii the 3d of Nov. 16'-20, king James granted a patent to the earl of Warwick, the duke of Lenox, sir Ferdinando Gorges, and others, (te the number of about forty) and their successors, styling them the council of riymouth, in the county of Devon, for the planting, ruling, ordering and governing of New-England, in America. This charter included all that part of America which lies between the 40th and 48tli degrees of north latitude, and wasthebasis oi'all the subsequent cha-r f No-. England. ONITED STATES. 17 terms, their friendly intercourse with the natives. And in autumn they were blest with plentilul supplies for the ap- proaching winter. This friendly intercourse excited the jealousy of the Na- ragansetts, and other tribes yet more remote, which produ- ced some collisions with the friendly tribes ; but these the colony soon quelled by the terror of their fire-arms. At this time (Nov.)a ship arrived from England, with thir- ty-iive passengers, by which they learnt the distracted state of their country ; and they rejoiced in the God of their com- forts, who had given them a quiet retreat amidst the savages of the forest, where they might enjoy the religion of their hearts. In 1624, the first cattle were brought into New-England, :!nd in 1629, about one hundred and fifty head of horses, cat- tle, sheep and goats were imported, and they had a rapid in- crease. CHAPTER II. :h MASSACHUSETTS. In the year 1625, died king James I. and was succeeded by his son Charles I. The fire of civil and religious contro- versy, which distracted the reign of James I. was kindled in- to a flame in the reign of Charles I. by the madness of the king, his ministers and prelates, at the head of whom stood the duke of Buckmgham and bishop Laud. These scenes of distress and persecutions, drove into voluntary banishment, muijy of those sons of liberty and virtue, which increased the colony of Plymouth, and augmented her strength. Some of the best blood of the nation, looked to the wilds of America for a retreat, and actually obtained patents from the crown, to accomplish their designs. In the year 1627, the council of Plymouth granted a patent to sir Henry Roswell and others— constituting them a body- politic, under the name of" the governor and company of the Massachusetts bay, in New-England," &c. This patent ex- tended three miles north of the Merrimac, and three south of Charles river, and from the Atlantic on the east to the Pa- ' ific on the west ; which laid the foundation of the colony of 2* ^^ HISTORY OF THE Massnchuselts. A settlement commenced this year, at Na- umkeag, (Salem) by an emigration from England, under the administration of capt. John Endicott ; this was augmented the next year, by another emigration, to the number of three hundred. In 1629, king Charles confirmed the patent of Blassacuu- .setts by special charter, which defined the powers of the colo- ny, and appointed John Winthrop and Thomas Dudley, gov- ernor and lieut. governor, with sir Richard Saltonstall and seventeen others, as assistants ; and in February, 1630, they arrived from England, with their charter, accompanied by an emigration of about fifteen hundred souls. This acces- sion of wealth, numbers and character, gave new eneigies to New-England, and called forth the homage of their hearts, in gratilude and praise to God, by a public thanksgiving.! On the 30lh ol July, 1630, the first christian church was formed in Boston, and in August following the first general court was held. Justices were regularly appointed, as in England, and a regular support for the gospel was provided by law. iJuring this year, the settlements at and about Bos- ton, progressed rapidly ; and the population became so nu- ufierous in Boston that it was necessary to build a meeting- house. In the springof 1631, the general court resolved, " that the governor, lieutenant governor, and legislature, should be chosen by the freemen only ; that none should be admitted to the freedom of the company, but such as were chosen mem- bers, wno had certificates from their ministers, that they were of orthodox principles, and that none but freemen should vote as electors, or act as magistrates or jurors." Seven men were chosen in Boston, to regulate the distribution of the town lands, which originated the custom of choosing selectmen to regulate town affairs, throughout New-England. J During this yearthe French from Le Acadia, (Nova Sco- lia,)seized on a trading establishment at Penobscot, owned by t At this time a wasting famine produced a mortal disease in the set- tlements, which led them to appoint Friday, February 6th, as a day ot' fasting, humiliation and prayer ; l)ut the arrival of this ship, with sup- plies from England, on the 5th, changed the fast into a day of public, thanksgiving. JThis year the first vessel was built, called the Blessing of the Bay and the next year the first mill was built near Watertown. In 1640 a ship 9(^QQ tons was built at Salem, and one of 160 tons at Boston. UNITED STATES. 19 the Plymouth company, (erected 1628)\vhich kindled a lire that was never fully extinguished until the peace of 1763. In 16:52 — Sand 4, several emigrations from England arriv- ed, and settled the towns of Ipswich, Medford and Newberry. The churches nad now extended more than thirty miles around Boston, and were supphed with faithful pastors. Amono- the ipost distinguished of them, were a Higginson, a Parker, a Noyes, a VVoodbridge, .1 Chauncey, and others, whose names are embalmed in the m* nories of the pious Atthis time afric-ndly negotiation, for mutual support and defence took place between the colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay, which proved highly important to the par- ties. The flattering prospects of the pilgrims in New-England, were soon published in England, where the spirit of bitter- ness and persecution continued to rage, and many were indu- ced to abandon their country, and fly into voluntary banish- ment, to join the standard of the church in the wilderness. Among the most distinguished, were a Haynes, a Hooker, a Cotton, a Stone, with sir Henry Vane, and others, all pious and godly men, who held the first distinctions in the civil and re- ligious establishments of New-England . In 1634, the general court passed a bill of rights, which guaranteed to the citizens of Massachusetts, the fundamental principles of civil and religious liberty ; which remained dur- ing the continuance of their charter, and which, with little al- teration, they have continued to enjoy to this day.f The first trade between New-England and the West-Indies commenced in 1635, and the next year they imported the first negroes, which commenced African slavery amon«" Ihem. About the year 162£t, the Indian claims to the southern sec- tion of New-Hampshire, were extinguished by John Wheel- right and others, of the colony of Massachusetts ; but their efforts to settle it were feeble, and they sold their claims t© two adventurers in England, Mason and Gorges, who attempt- ed to divide New-England into twelve lordshids, under a vice- roy or governor general. The whole plan failed, althoughit tin 1637, the first synod held in America, was convened at Newr town. The design of this synod was to inquire into certain heretical opinions, publicly taught by one Ann Hutchinson, in the town of Bos- ton, and they discovered and Gondenuied eighty- two, as b#inff vaex- >0 HISTORY OF TH]S was sanctioned by king Charles I. and Gofges veste^d with the supreme authority. Mason died early > and Gor'jre&, vviUi all his schemes, languished and finally expired, wi'chout producing one solitary settlement. About the years 1633 to 4^, settlem^enls commenced at Portsmouth, Dover, Humplon and Exter, but they were soon after assigned over to tho jurisdiction of Massachusetts bay. In 1(338, the great earthquake, (so called)was felt through- out the country, which fixed a remarkable epoch in the annals of New-Englanch In 1639 and 40,1 the settlements progressed rapidly, and improvements kept pace with the settlements. Religion was the first object of attention in New-England ; next, civil go- vernment and a regular system of education. To effect these great objects, they built meeting houses in all the towns ; pro- vided for and settled minir-ters ; established regular civil and judicial courts throughout the colonies — -each colony maintain- ing its independence. Regular schools were established by law throughout theirtowns, and in 16^9, the colony of Masssa- chusetts laid the foundation of the college at Cambridge, by ap- propriating, as a permament fund, the sum of £400, which had been granted in 1636, for a public school. In 1639, the rev. John Harvard, minister of Charlestown, made a bequest to the college, of five hundred and forty pounds, which conferred up- on the institution the honor of his name. In 1640, the gene- ral court granted to the college the avails of the ferry at Charlestown ; and the rev. Henry Dunster became their first president. To give permanence ani respectability lo the college, the general court appointed the magistrates and teach- ing elders oftlie six: nearest towns, together with the presi- dent, as a perpetual government. In 1G50, the general court gave to the college a charter, which appointed a new corporation, consisting of seven, who were to be^lective, under thi^ title of the President and Fel- lows of Harvard College. These two branches united, com- posed the government of the college. Professorships m all the branches of science have been regularly endowed in this college, (now university) of Cambridge, by a HoUis, a Han- cock, a Boylston, a John Alfred, a gov. Bowdoin, and others, whose names distinguish their several professorships. This institution began early to flourish, andhascontmuedto flourish till lG39the cod fishing commenced off cape Ann, and inl641,moTo than 300,000 were shipped abroad to foreign markets. UNITED STATES. 2i down to the present time, when the number of students gene- rally amounts to about three hundred. Printing was introduced into the colony, as early as 1639, and a weekly paper soon commenced atCambiiJge. In 1640, a system of laws, to the number of one hundred, was established by the general court, styled the " Body of Li- berties." In this system, it was a fixed principle, " that no injunction should be laid upon any church, church officer, or member, in point of doctrine, discipline or worship, besides the institution of the Lord." Whenever any law should prove defective, " the word of God was to be the rule of decision."! At this time, more than four thousand frimilies had fled from the persecutions of their suffering country, and taken refuge inthe wilds of New-England. The expense of this numerous emigration, was estimated at about two hundred thousand pounds sterling, exclusive of the price paid to extinguish the Indian titles to their lands ; and all these efforts were made to lay the foundation of that civil and religious liberty, whicii they have transmitted down to us their descendants, and whick we so richly enjoy. J At this time, settlements had commenced in the colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, New-Hampshire, Connecticut, N. Haven and Khode-Island, and were rapidly progressing. In May, 1643, commenced the general confederacy between the colonies of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut and New-Haven, under the title of the United Colonies of New - England. This compact became the palladium of New-Eng land ; and its good eflects have l>een felt through the whole period of her political existence, to this day. The same lan- guage, laws and religion, united to the same pursuits, gave the same manners, customs and habits, to the whole ; and render- ed them one common family. 'I tSo early as 1639, the custom of drinking healths was prohibited hj law ; and in 1651, all persons were prohibited from " wearing any gold or silver lace, or any bone lace, above 2s. per yard ;" and the select men wore authorised to take notice thereof, together with " the apparel of the people, especially m their wearing ribbands and great boots." :j:In 1650 the general court passed a law against quakcrs, with a pe- nality of £100 for all masters of vessels who should bring one into the colony. The next year the statute was amended by adding the pun- ishment of boring their tongues, cropping their ears, &c. and in case of obstinacy, banishment or even death. In 16: 9, four were actually ex- ecuted under this statute, Ijlu 1646 a synod met at Cambridge, and continued by adjournments into the year ie48. They formed and adopted wliat is termed the 22 HISTORY OF THE I will now proceed to bring forward the other colonies ot New-England, to the timeof this confederacy. CHAPTER HI. CONNECTICUT. This district of country, lying south of Massachusetts, and we^t of Plymouth, was granted by the Plymouth council in England, to the earl ol Warwick, and confirmed by Charles I. 1630, extending 120 miles west of the river Naragansett. In 1631, the earl of Warwick conveyed this grant to the lord* Say and Seal, and Brook, and associates, in trust for the pilgrims.! In 1632, the Plymouth colony sent out adventurers to ex- plore the country, by land. They also explored the coast, the next year and sailed up the Connecticut, as far as the mouth of the ^Vindsor river, where they erected a trading house. The Dutch settlers at Manhattan, at the mouth of the Hud- son river, had explored the coast upon the Sound, and commenced a settlement at Branford ; they had also explored the Connecticut, and erected a small fort at mouth of the Cambridge platform, founded upon the " Westminster confession of faith." The churches of Connecticut and New-Haven were represen - ted in this synod, and the doings of this council were binding upon those colonies, until they established the Saybrook Platform, about 60 years afterward. tThe grant conveyed to lords Say and Seal and Brook, and associ- ates, is as follows : " All that part of New-England in America, which lies and extends itself from a river there called Naraganset river, for the space of forty leagues, upon a strait line, near the shore, towards the southwest and west by south, as the coast runs, towards Virginia; accounting three English miles to the league, and all and singular, the lands and iiereditaments whatsoever, lying and being the lands afore- said, north and south, in latitude and breadth, and in length and lon- gitude, of and within all the breadth aforesaid, throughout all the mam lands there, from the Western Ocean to the South seas ; and all lands and grounds, soil, wood and woods ground, havens, forts, creeks and rivers, waters, fishings and hereditaments whatsoever, lying with- in the said space, and every part and parcel thereof; and also all isl- ands lyingin America aforesaid, in the said seas, or either of them, on the western or eastern coasts, or parts of the said tracts of land, by these presents to be given or granted." UNITED STATES. 23 little river at Hartford, which site retains the name of Dutch- point, to this day.^ In 1633, John Winthrop, son of tjje governor of Massa- chusetts, arrived at Boston, with a commission which he had received in England, from lords Say and Seal and Brook, as [governor of Connecticut ; and he sent out by water, a party of fibout twenty men, to take pcsses&ion of the mouth of the Connecticut. A settlement commenced, and a fort »vas built by this company, with Mr. Fenwickat their head, under the patronage of lords Say and Seal and Brook, and the place re- tains the name of Saybrook. This settlement obtained a grant of the river Connecticut, by a treaty with thePequots, which embraced the adjacent country indefinitely, 1634. In 1635, a little colony of about one hundred persons, from Lhe towns of Dorchester, Newtown and Cambridge, in Massa- chusetts, removed in a body across this howling wilderness, with their families and eifects, and after traversing the desert fourteen dnys, which for the first time resounded with the praises of the -rue God, they reached the banks of the Con- necticut at Windsor, where a part of the company passed over and planted themselves down at the mouth of Windsor river, in anxious expectation of their effects, and supplies for [he approaching winter, whsch they had sent round b}' water. Here the scenes and distresses of the pilgrims of Plymouth were renewed ; they were in the midst of numerou-*, fierce, ravage tribes ; divided from their friends by a pathless desert, their effects and supplies were all lot^t on their pas-^age, and the blasts of a New Enghmd winter, threatened them with in- evitable ruin. They fed on such game as they could find, to- gether with acorns, and even the bark of trees, through the winter, and when spring returned, their hearts expanded with gratitude and praise to God. In June, 1636, a company from Wcitertown and Dorches- ter, Mass. with their pious clergyman, the rev. Mr. Hooker, began their march, and with their flocks and herds, traversed the wilderness, as the Windsor company had done before, and commenced settlements at Wothersfield and Hartford. These settlements first originated a political government for tiie colony of Connecticut, by a solemn compact, bearing date the 14th of January, 1639. This compact was confirmed bj^ the charter of king Charles II. 1662, which included the co- tThis fort hailed the English boat as she passed, and fired or threat- ened to fire upon her, but she kept on her course. 24 HISTORY OF THE lony of New-Haven, and was continued down to the year 1818, when it was superseded by a new constitution.! +The following is the original constitution of Connecticut, adopted April, 1639 : *' Forasmuch as it hath pleased Almighty God, by the wise disposi- tion of his divine providence, so as to order and dispose of things, that we, the inhabitants of Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield, are now cohabiting and dwelling in and upon the river of Connecticut, and the lands thereunto adjoining, and well knowing where a people are •athered together, the work of God requireih, that to maintain the peace and union of such a people, there should be an orderly and de- cent government established, according to God, to order and dispose * of the affairs of the people, at all seasons, as occasion shall require ; do therefore associate and conjoin ourselves to be as one public state, •r commonwealth, and do for ourselves, our successors, and such as shall be adjoined unto us at any time hereafter, enter into combina- tion and confederation, together, to maintain and preserve the liberty and purity of the gospel of our Lord Jesus, which we now profess, as also the discipline of the churches, which according to the truth of said gospel, is now practiced among us as also in our civil affairs to he cruided, and governed according to such laws, rules, orders and de- crees, as shall be made, ordered and decreed, as follownth : — I. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that there shall be yearly* two f^eneral assemblies, or courts ; the one on the second Thursday of April, and the other on the second Thursday of September following. The first shall be called the court of election, wherein shall be chosen from time to time, so many magistrates and other public officers, as shall be found requisite ; whereof one to be chosen governor for the year ensuing, and until another be chosen and no other magistrate to be chosen for more tlian one year ; provided always, there be six cho- sen, besides the governor ; which being sworn according to an oath recorded for that purpose, shall have power to administer justice, ac- cording to the laws here established, and for want thereof, according to the rule of the word of God ; which choice shall be made by all that are admitted freemen, ana have taken the oath of fidelity, and do co- habit within this jurisdiction, having been admitted inhabitants by the major part of the town, where they live, or the major part as shall He then present. II. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that the election of th« aforesaid magistrates shall be in this manner ; every person present and qualified to vote shall bring in to the persons deputed to receive them, one single paper, with the name written on it whom he desires to have governor, and he that hath the greatest number of papers shall be governor for that year ; and the rest of the magistiates and publip •fiicers, to be chosen in this manner ; the secretary for the time being, shall read the names of all that are to be put to choice, and then shall severally nominate them distinctly, and every one that would have th« person nominated to be chosen, shall bring in one single paper, writ- ten upon ; and he that would not have him chosen shall bring in a. blank, and every one that has more written pap^ers than blanks shall Ve 9, i&agietratd for that year, which jaap«rs shall )»§ r«eeiY«d, anil tol^ UNITED STATES. in 1636, the first court in Connecticut was held at Weth- ersfield. by one or more that shall be chosen by the court and sworn to be faith ful therein ; but in case there shall not be six persona, as aforesaid, besides the governor, out of those which are nominated, then he or they which have the most written papers, shall be a magistrate, or magistrates for the year ensuing, to make the aforesaid number. III. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that the secretary shall not nominate any person anew, nor shall any person be chosen newly into the magistracy, that was not propounded in some general court before, to be nominated at the next election, and to that end, it shall be lawful for each of the towns aforesaid, by their deputies, to nomin- ate any two, whom they conceive fit to be put to election, and the oourt may add as many more, as they may judge requisite. IV. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that no person be chosen governor, above once in two years, and that the governor be always a member of some approved congregation, and formerly of the magistra- cy within this jurisdiction ; and all the magistrates, freemen of this commonwealth ; and that no magistrate, or other public officer, shall execute any part of his or their office, before Ihey are severally sworn, which shall be done in the face of the court, if they be present, and in ease of absence, by some one deputed for that purpose. V. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that to the aforesaid court of elections, the several towns shall send their deputies, and when the elections are ended, they may proceed in any public services, as at other courts ; also the other general court, in September, shall be for making laws, and any other public occasions, which concern the good of the commonwealth. VI. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that the governor shall, •ither by himself, or by the secretary, send out summonses to the con- stables of every town, for the calling of those two standing courts, one month at least before their several terras ; and also, if the governor and the greatest part of the magistrates see cause, upon any special occasion, to call a general court, they may give orders to the secretary so to do, within fourteen days warning ; and if urgent necessity re- quire, upon a shorter notice, giving sufficient grounds for it to the de- puties, when they meet, or else be questioned for the same. And if the governor or major part of the magistrates, shall either refuse or neglect to call the two standing courts, or either of them, as also at • other times when the occasions of the commonwealth may require, the freemen thereof, or the major part of them, may petition them so to do, and then if it be either neglected or denied, the said freemen, or tlio major part of them, shall have power to give order to the constable.5 of the several towns, to do the same, and so may meet together, and choose to themselves a moderator, and may proceed to do any act of power, which any other general courts may. VII,. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that after there are war- rants given out for the warning of any of the said general courts, that the constable or constables of each town, shall forthwith give notice distinctly, to the inhabitants of the same, in some public assembly, or hy going or s«ndinf from house to house, that at a place and time b» 3 ■^6 HISTORY OF THE When the English explored the Connecticut river, in IG34 the Pequots murdered a captain Norton, with six of his com- him or them limited and set, tliey meet and assembled themselves to- gether, to elect certain deputies, to be at the general court then fol- lowing-, to agitate the affairs of the commonwealth, which said depu- ties shall be chosen by all that are admitted inhabitants, in the seve- ral towns, and have taken the oath of fidelity : provided that none be chosen a member of the general court, who is not a freeman of this commonwealth. The aforesaid deputy shall be chosen in the follow- ing manner : every person that is present and qualified, as before ex- pressed shall bring the names of such persons, written upon a piece of paper, as they desire to have chosen for that employment, and those three or four, njore or less, being the number agreed on to be chosen at that time, that have the greatest num')er of papers written for them, shall be deputies foi that court ; whose names shall be indorsed upon the back of the warrant, and returned into the court, by the consta- bles hand under the same. VIII. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that Windsor, Hartford and Wethersfield shall have power to send four of their freemen from each town, as deputies to every general court, and whatsoever other towns shall be hereafter added to this jurisdiction, they shall send so many depvities,as the court shall judge meet; a reasonable proportion to the number of freemen in each town, being to be attended therein ; which deputies shall have the power of the whole town to give their Totes and allowance, to all such laws and orders as may be for the pub- lic good, and unto which the said towns are to be bound. IX. It is ordered, sentenced and decreed, that the deputies thus cho- sen, shall have power to appoint a time and place of meeting together, before any general court, to advise and consult of all such things as may concern the public good, as also to examine their own elections whether according to the order ; and if they or the greatest part of them find any election to be illegal, they may seclude such person, for the present, from their meeting and return the same and their reasons to the court ; and if it be true, the court may fine the party or parties, so intruding upon the town, if they see cause and give out a warrant to go to anew election in a legal way, either in part or in the whole ; also the said deputies shall have power to fine any one that is disorder- ly in their meetings, or for not coming in due time or place, according to appointment ; and they may return said fine into the court, if it be refused to be paid, and the treasurer is to take notice of it, and to es- treat or levy the same as he doth other fines. .X. Itis ordered, sentenced and decreed, that every general court(ex- ceptsuch as through neglect of the governor, and the greatest part of the magistrates, the freemen themselves do call ) shall consist of the ••overnor or some one chosen to moderate the court, and four other mao-istrates at least, with the major part of the deputies of the several towns, legally chosen ; and in case the freemen or the major part of them, through neglect or refusal of the governor, and major part of the magistrates shall call a court that shall consist of the major part of the freemen that are present, or their deputies, with a moderator cho- sen bj them, in which said general court, shall consist th« supr«m« UNITFD STATES. 27 •pany which showed the hostihty of their character. In 1636, they murdered a Mr Oldham, at Block-Ishmd. These acts of hostihly, roused the resentment of Massachusetts, and thej- resolved to punish the outrage, and bring the offenders to jus- tice. They accordingly detached captain Endicot, with nine- ty men, with orders to take exemplary punishment on the of- fenders. They set sail immediately for Block-Island, prompt- ly executed their commission, and from thence directed their course to Connecticut river, where they took twenty men, and returned to Pequot river, (Thames) where they commen- ced an attack upon their villages ; dispersed the Indians, (about 300) burnt their Trigwams, canoes, corn, &c, and re- turned to Boston. power of the commonwealth, and they only shall have power to mak« laws or repeal them, to grant levies, to admit freemen, and to dispose of lands undisposed of, to several towns or persons, and also shall have power to call other courts, or magistrate, or any other person whatso- ever, into question, for any misdemeanor; and may for just cause, dis- place or deal with otherwise, according to the nature of the offence ; and also may deal in any other matter thai concerns this common- wealth, except the election of magistrates, which shall be done by the whole body of the freemen ; in wliich court the governor or moderator •hall have power to order the court to give liberty of speech ; and si- lence unreasonable and disorderly speaking, to put all things to vote, and in case the vote be equal, to have a casting vote ; but none of these courts shall be adjourned or dissolved, without the consent of the ma- jor part of the same. XI. It IS ordered, sentenced and decreed, that when any genera? court have agreed upon the occasions of the commonwealth, upon any sum or sums of money, to be levied upon the several towns within this jurisdiction, that a committee be chosen, to set out and appoint what shall be the proportion of every town to pay, of the said levy, provided the committee be made up of an equal number from each town. Jan- uary 14th, 1638—9." I have inserted this compact at large, to shew the simplicity of that , form of government, that formed the basis of the colony of Connecti- -^ cut, and which served as her political standard, through a period of nearly two centuries ; a standard that gave to Connecticut more poli- tical peace and enjoyment, than ever fell to the lot of any other body politic in the whole family of man.. Out of this compact, have grown up with the rising colony, a system of habits and morals, that have been as powerful in their effects in restraining vice and promoting vir- tue, in suppressing discord and promoting order, as the laws them- selves ; a system of morals and habits, which in Connecticut may fair- ly be denominated the handmaids of the laws. These habits serve to shew with what reverence the sons have cherished the virtues and the virtuous institution of their sires, as well a^ the blessings they hay* ^nUerited as their rich rewgirdj HISTORY OF THE This roused the resentment of the savages ; they assaulted the settlement atSaybrook.and an action commenced, in which one of the English was wounded. Depredations were conti- nued, and it became dangerous for the English to appear abroad in their tields, to pursue their labors. In autumn ot ihe fcame year, the Narragansett chiefs entered into a confede- racy with the English at Boston, against the Pequots. The Plymouth company complained of the aggressions ci the Massachusetts colony, upon the Pequots ; but theyjusti- lied themselves by the necessity of the case. About this time, the Pequots murdered one Tilly, on the banks of Connecticut river, by cutting off his hands and leet. and thus leaving him to perish. In May, 1637, six men and three women were killed at Wetherstield ; three young girls were taken prisoners, and twenty cows were driven otf. This led the settlers to build a stone fort upon a rising ground, near the great meadow, where the whole village retired to pass the night, and where the women and children sou2;ht safetv in times of alarm. The men, after this, went armed into the tield, to their common labor. At this time a general court was convened at Hartford, antl they resolved to commence and prosecute the war with the Pequots. The Dutch at Manhattan, encouraged the Indians in their hostilities, which led to a union of effort between Connecticut and Massachusetts. The former turnished ninety men, and the latter one hundred and tbrty ; these were joined by twen- ty more from Connecticut, which amounted to two hundred and tifty ; and Uncas, sachem of the Mohegans, united in the war. When the Connecticut troops were assembled tor war. the Rev. Mr. Hooker, of Hartford, delivered to them the following address. May 1G37 : *• Fellow soldiers, countrymen and companions ! you are this day assembled by the special providence of God ; you are not collected by wild tancy, nor ferocious passion. It is not a tumultuous assembly, whose actions are ab«>rtive, or if suc- cessful, produce only theft, rapine and murder ; crimes incon- sistent with nature's light — inconsistent with a soldier's valor. You, my dear hearts, were selected from your neighbors, by J the godiy fathers of the land, for your known courage, to ex- m ecute such a work. Your cause is the cause of heaven : '^^^ * tJNrTED STATES. 29 encmv have blasphemed your God,t and slain his servants ; ^ou aVe only the ministers ot his justice. I do not pretend that your enemies arc careless or inditlerent ; no, their ha- tred is inflamed, their lips thirst lor blood ; they would de- vour you, and all the people of God ; but my brave soldiers, their guilt has reached the clouds ; they are ripe lor destruc- tion ; their cruelty is notorious ; and cruelty and cowardice are always united. There is nothing, therefore, to prevent your certain victory, but their nimble feet and their impenetra- ble swamps and woods ; from these your small numbers will entice them, or your courage drive them. I now put the ♦{uestion — Who would not tight in such a cause ? fight with undaunted boldness ? do you wish for more encouragement ? more I give vou. Riches waken the soldier's sword ; and though vou will not obtain silver and gold on the field of vie- tory, you will secure \vh;it is intinitely more precious, you will secure the liberties^ the privileges, an/ the lives of Christ'' a churchy in this new w 'vld. You will procure safety for your aft'ectionate wives, sateiy iov your prattling, harmless, smilinj^ bahes : you will secure all the blessings enjoy<^l by the peo- ple of God, in the ordinances of the gospel. Distinguished was the honor conferred upon Diivid, for lighting the battles of the Lord ; this honor, O ye courageous soldiers of God, is now prepared for you. You will now execute his vengeance on the heathen ; you will bind their kings in chains and their nobles in ietters of iron. But pcihups some one may fear that a fatal arrow may cieprive him of this honor. Let every faithful soldier of Jesus Christ, be assured, that if any servant be taken away, it is merely because the honors of this world are to narrow for his reward ; an everlasting crown is set upon his head, because the rewards of this life are insufficient. 3Iarch then with christian courage, in the strength of the Lord ; march with faith in his'divine promises, and soon youF swords shall iLnd your enemies, soon they shall fall like the leaves of the forest under your feet." This war opened soon with an action between the Mohe- gans and Pequots ; the former were successful ; they killed tive,took one, and one only escaped: Upon their prisoners they practiced the tortures usual in Indian warfare ; they then cut off their heads, and set them upon the fort. This gave a general alarm ; and the Pequots retired to their forts ; the tThey had said the Englishman's God was one Ftr, and th« Eng- ■ i^hman one s. The pilgrims carried with them into the wilds of America, the same civil and I eligious principles, which prevailed in England, in the time of the commonwealth, and these formed the basis of their civil and religious institutions. Impressed with the extremes of these virtues, the Rev. Roger Williams emigrated from England, and settled at Salem as assistant to the Rev. Mr. Skelton, 1631. Mr. Williams sooQ disclosed the following sentiments; 1. "That sw:k rtt UNITED STATES. 3 churclics or church members, as had held a communion ^tith the church of England, should manifest their repentance by a confession. 2. That it is not lawful for the godly to hold communion with the ungodly, either in prayer, or in an oath. 3. That it is not lawful for the unregenerate to pray. — 4. That the magistrates ought to be excluded from all inter- ference in religious matters, and that whatever controlled a free toleration of religious sentiment, was persecution ; and lastly, that king Charles' patent was founded in injustice, and therefore a nullity." These sentiments, openly and publicly avowed, led thr colony of Massachusetts to call Mr. Williams to an account, and banish him from their limits. t Mr. Williams fled intothr wilderness, and settled upon the banks of a noble river, near the confines of Massachusetts, where he began a settlement. which he called Providence, commemorative of his proTiden- tial deliveran.e and preservation. This commenced the set- tlement of Rhode-Island, 1636. In 1636, William Coddington, a rich and respectable mer- chant of Boston, together with the Rev. John Clark, and sir- teen others, removed from Massachusetts, and purchased the island of Aquetnec, which they called Rhode Island, (in allusion to the island of Rhodes) where they commenced d settlement called Portsmouth. In 1639, Newport was settled, and they formed a civil com- pact and chose Mr. Coddington their tirst chief magistrate. In 1640, the inhabitants of Providence associated in a form of government, and the settlements in the colonies progressed rapidly. These compacts were purely democratic, and em braced the whole field of religious toleration. J i|||. In 1644, they obtained, through Mr. Williams, a patent from the earl of Warwick, which guaranteed to them the right of governing themselves.il They proceeded to elect a president, and fnur commissioners, as conservators of the tMr. Williams was summoned to appear before the general courf. where all the ministers of the colony were convened, and Mr. Hooker of Hartford, (Conn.) was selected to hold a public conversation with hira, to reclaim him, if possible ; but Mr. Williams was fi.xed, and he ^Yas sentenced by the court to perpetual banishment, in six w«eks; an«l the ministers approved the sentence. ^Mr. Williams laid the foundation of his colony with the Baptist f.hurch, which was the first m America. i|Mr. Williams, visited England this year, and as agent for th© colo- ny, obtained their patent. :U HISTORY OF THE peace, together with a legislative court of commissioners, coq- sisting ofsix, whose acts were binding, unless repealed by the freemen. In May, It)47, the first general court enacted a body of laws that gave permanence to the government. In 1652, the patent of the earl of Warwick was revoked b}' order of parlinment ; but was renewed soon after, and con- tinued until 1663, when they obtained a regular charter from king Charles 11. under the title of " the governor and compa- ny of the English colony of Rhode-Island and Providence plantations." This charter placed Rhode-Island upon the same footing as the colony of Connecticut, and authorised them to pass and repass through, and traffic with, any of the colonies in New- England. The first legislative council, that assembled under this char- ter, by a special act. excluded Roman catholics from the lib- erties of freemen, and thereby from the government. At the commencement of the reign ot James II. who was a catholic, they were brought to smart in their turn, for their intolerance. James ordered a writ of quo warranto against the charter, and placed Rhode Island under the government of sir Edmond Andros, governor of Massachusetts, 1886. Thje revolution in England, of 1688, which stripped James II. of his crown, and sent him into banishment, caused the recovery of Rhode Island. She resumed her charter, and has continued to preserve it. In 1764, Nicholas Brown, esq. founded the university at Warren, which bears his name, by a donation ol ^5000. This was removed to Providence shortly after, where it became flourishing and respectiible, 1770. Before we enter upon that crisis, which fixed the destiny of New England, known by the name of Philip's war, we will take a survey of the nutiv s of the country, the number of their tribes, local residence, particular chiefs. &c. CHAPTER V, NATIVES OE NEW-ENGLAND, WITH THEIR SACHEMS AND TRIBE^. The charter of the colony of Plymouth embraced three sachemdoms, including many small tribes ; the principal ol UNITED STATES. 35 these tribes were the Naucets, whose sachem was Mashpee. They lay about the cape. On the west ol the colony, and extending into Rhode-Isl- and, lay the Packanuckets, a numerous tribe, with their great sachem Massasoit,t whose influence and control extended over the neighboring tribes The great Philip, whose wars we are about to relate become the sachem of this tribe, and thus acquired his influence West of the Packanockets, extending along the coast, and about the Narragans.eU bay, lay the Narragansetts. These embraced several smaller tribes, under their great sachem Miantonimo. This was the most numerous sachemdom in New- England. West of the Naragansetts, lay the Pequots, whose destruc- tion has been noticed. North of the Pequols lay the numer- ous tribes of Haddam, Middletown, VVetherstield, Hart- ford and Windsor^ which were styled the river tribes, but the most numerous of all these, was the tribe of Podunks, at Windsor. West of the Connecticut, not only upon the sea-cost, but extending back into the country, were various tribes, and sachemdoms, inhabiting the fertile banks of all the numer- ous rivers and streams with which the country abounds. East of the river Indians, and north of the Pequots, were the Mohegans, which extended into the now counties of Wind- ham and Tolland, who were governed by the great sachem Uncas. This tribe, with the Pequots, in 1636, could muster one thousand warriors ; and the whole number of Connec- ticut Indians vvas then estimated at about l2,000. The Rhode-Island Indians, at the commencement of Philip's war, were estimated at :£000 warriors, and about onehalf had fire-arms. Their whole number in that state, in 1636, was estimated at about 80uO. The whole nuniber, as well as the particular tribes in Mas- sachusetts, at the early settlement, was not known; but at the comencement of Philip's war, they were estimated at 10 or 12,000. The great sachem of Massachusetts, resided upon an emi- nence at Dorchester, and his dominions extended, generally, over the adjacent country, lying about the great bay. The mouth of Charles river was the place of general rcndezvoas, for all the neighboring tribes. tWho made the first treaty with governor Carver. .30 ^ HISTORY OF THE lu the now county of Worcester, lay the Nipmuck tribe ; •At Agawatn or Ipswich, wis another tribe, and at Naumkeag, 'Salem) was another sachemdom, that embraced all the tribe? in the eastern pirt ot' Massachusetts proper. In New Hampshire, the Newcehewannock, Wianooset, Pd- tuckct, Amoskeag and Peniiecook tribes, dwelt upon the prin- cipal rivers. In the nrovince of Maine, the Norridgewock, Kennebeck, Penobscot, and several oti»er tribes, dwelt upon the principal waters. These were denominated Tarenteens ; and with th? more eastern Indians, (called Abiuaquies), were numerous and warlike, and almost perpetually at war with the English. The natives ot' North America, in their physical character, liave all a strong resemblance, excepting the Esquimaux of Labrador and the northern regions ; these are a dwarfish race peculiar to themselves. The other tribes are tall and straight in their persons ; well proportioned, with hair long, straight and black; small black eyes ; teeth white and regular, with olive skin, and firm ath- letic constitutions. In their walk, they carry their chins high, with a tk"m and manly step. They are shrewd in their intel- lectual powers, with strong retentive memories. Warm tViends, but implacable enemies, mild in peace, fierce and intrepid in war ; easily provoked, but not easily appeased ; strong national pride, that disdains to ask even life of an ene- my, but takes delight, and even glories in the torture and . death of their enemies. They have no books but nature'^*' volume, wherein they learn the arts of war and of the chase, by which they defend and support themselves. The same volume teaches them how to construct their wigwams or dwellings ; their bows and arrows, as weapons of war or the chase ; their wampum for ornament ; stone hatchets, as sub istitutes for the axe, and their stone mortars, to grind or poun their corn ; the art,of dressing skins for clothing, and the ar of weaving mats from the bark of trees or Indian hemp ; also the art of ship-building, so far as to construct canoes from th( bark of trees, that are both safe and portable. Their husbandry is confined to the culture of a few simples such as corn, beans, potatoes, melons, &c. ; these supply their wants, for nature's wants are few. The same volume of nature teaches them how to heal theij diseases and cure their wounds, by the plants that grow iq nature's garden. When these fail, they often use the cold o UNITED STATES. oi \^ixrm bath. But their diseases are few, and their remedies few and simple. The employments of the men are more generally confined to war and hunting ; the squaws till the ground, rear the chil- dren, nurse the sick, do the drudgery, and when they travel, carry the pappoose upon their back?. In tine, the squaws are the slaves. This is not only true of savage life, but of all countries where the gospel is not enjoyed. The amusements of the men are cjuch athletic exercises as are best calculated to render them dexterous, either in waror the chase. Their war dances are always round a large tire, in which they sing the feats of their \farriors, and in their gestures, act over the scenes of the combat. The squaws sel- dom, if ever, join in their sports, or enjo}^ amusements, or re- creations among themselves. The dress of both sexes is very similar, and is adapted di- rectly to the season ; in summer, very light ; in winter, the skins of the chase keep them w.irm. All classes are fond of show and ornament ; but the chiefs take great delight in pamting themselves for waror public shows. If for war, the more hideous their figure, the more highly ornamental. Their habitations, or wigwams, are mere pens, inclosed and covered with bark or brush, with an aperture at the top, through which the smoke of the fire ascends ; the earth their bedsted, and skins their bed and covering. They usually sleep around the fire, with their feet inward, like so manr radii of a circle. Their domestic utensils are such as are necessary to pound the corn, roast or boil their food ;. and at the same time mav be carried by hand, or on their backs, when they remove. Their food is such as the chase affords, or fish when ther can be obtained ; and this they devour .uncooked, whenever the situation of their enemies, or their own removals, render it necessary. Their money consists in wampum, skins, shells, orsuch ar- ticles of bart^^r, ;ts nature requires. A belt of wampum is generally used as a confirmation of a treaty, or any other en- gagement, assurance or promise. Social intercourse between the sexes is not known ; a squaw is a degraded, savage slave, who knows no better condition. The language of the Indians is strong, bold, nervous, and. energetic ; capable of powerful expression, and they pos- ?ess powerful means of using it. In fine, both in utterance am! 4 38 HISTORY OF THE gesture, they are nature's orators, who rise and fall with the magnitude of their suhject ; but their language possesses nothing of the social turn, and is barren of those expressions peculiar to the tete a tete of social life. War is the study and delight of the savage ; and this he con- ducts, by surprising and destroying his enemies ; or if discov- ered too soon, by rushing to the conflict with daring intrepid- ity, and rending the air with horri 1 yells, whilst the combat continues ; but his chief delight is in the torture cf his cap- lives. The governments of the tribes arc absolute. The will of the chief or sachem, is fixed, and binding upon the whole ; but in all questions of war or peace, and in all treaties, especially such as regird a sale, or exQhmge of property, the chief al- ways assembles his council of old men, or warriors, and the subject is fairly and fully '^Uscussed. The young men often attend in council, but never speak. Although the voice of the majority is generally decissv \ stdl it is in the power of the chief alone to decide. They speak deliberately, listen atten- tively, and such is their memory, that they often retain a long speech, and in their reply the next day, repeat it correctly. The religion of the Inuiims corresponds with the religion of all the ancient he ithsn n itiqns, as well as the more modern. They believe in the ex'.stv;ncf of a supreme being, who made ana governs all things, whom they call the Great Spirit. Him they consider as the author of til good. ihe.y believe also in an evil deity, whom they consider as the author of all evil. The first, they worship -.s the object of their love ; and the other, as the ohjecl oi" their fear Marriages among ihe Indians are considered as temporary contracts, but they often, if not generally, continue through life. The squ.jw, hov^ever; is nev.'r considered by the par- ties as being any thing more tlian the menial of her sanepor husband. The rites of sepulture are more uniform among the Indians than any other rites. They generally bury their dead in .a sitting posture, with their clothe-i on, anil faces towards the east, accompanied with their arms, and other utensils, neces- sary for a long journey ; for they believe in a future state where they expeci. to visit their friends and relatives,* whose smiles will reward their virtues, and whose frowns will punish their crimes. Loud bowlings, by way of mourning-, at the sepulture of their dead, are common among the Indians. UNITED STATES. 39 it is usual for rome tribes to collect the bones of their detui, and deposit them in a common cemetery, now called a bar- row. The resemblance ofthe natives of America in form and fea- tuie, as well as in manners and customs, to the northern Asiat- ics, has led to a general belief, that they migrated from that continent, across Beering's straits, a distance of only forty-one miles, which may often be passed upon the ice. It has become a very fashionable opinion, that the natives of North America are descendants of the ten tribes of Israel, and has the following authority of William Penn. " For their origin, (the natives,) I am ready to believe them of the Jewish race; I mean of the stock of the ten tribes, and that for the following reasons. First, they were to go to a land no t plant- ed nor known^ (Esdras xiii. ^Tt — 50.) which to be sure Asia and Africa were, and even Europe ; and he that intended that extraordinary ju Igment, might make their passage easy to them, as it is not impossible to cross from the easternmost parts of Asia to the westernmost parts of America. In the next place, I iindth'^m of like countenance, and their children of so lively a resemblance, that a man could think himself in Duke's place, or Berry-street, London, where he seeth them But this is not all, they agree in rites, they reckon by moons, they offer their first fruits, they have a kind of feast of taber- nacles, they are said to lay their altar upon twelve stones, their mourning a year, the custom of women, &c." The whole number of the New-England Indians, could nev- er be exactly known ; but it was at all time, sufficient to have destroyed the English, before the settlement of Connecticut, and the destruction of the Pequots ; after that time, the Eng- lish had become toostrong, and they were able to quell an in- surrection of all the tribes, when united in one grand confed- eracy, and armed with muskets, as may be seen in the foUow- isig war, styled Philip's war.j Philip'' s War. 1675.— During a period of fifty-five years, the English had lived quietly with the savages of New-Eng- land, excepting the war which exterminated the Pequots, and Rome small collisions with the Narragansett and some smaller tribes ; but this war commenced as a war of extermination, by a coalition of all the tribe* of New-England. This plot ■t The whole number of Indians within the limits of the thirteen original United States, at the commenecmont of their settlement, has been estimated at 150,000, f^' ii) IIISTOrxY OF THE was communicated to the English by a friendly Indian, but i' was too kite ; he paid for his friendship, by falhng a sacrifice to savage resentment, the next day, and the war opened by an attack upon the people of Swanzej^ as they returned from meeting on the Sabbath. In this attack, two men were killed and one wounded ; the people dispersed and lied ; the In- dians pursued, and eight men were kdled. A body of horse and infantry was despatched from Boston, into the enemy's country, and besieged Philip in his retreat. They commenced an attack, and dispersed the savages, with the loss of one man killed and one wounded. They next compelled the Narragansetts to a peace, and re- turned to Boston. The English at Boston, hearing that Philip had fled to the Nipmucks, sent an embassy to renew the treaty with that tribe ; but Philip was there, and excited them to war. The embassy was received by the explosion of r.n Indian ambush, which killed eight of the mission, and wounded their chief: the rest fled to a neighboring village, where they all assem- bled in one house. Philip with his Indians pursued, burnt the village, and sur- rounded the house. Here commenced one of the most me- morable attacks recorded in the wars of New-England. An incessant discharge of musketry pierce(! the house on every side, accompanied with the most hideous savage yells ; but all w'ithout eft'ect, excepting the loss of one man killed. They then set tire to a cart, loaded with swingling tow and other combustibles, and moved it up against the house ; yet even this was extinguished by a special providential shower ot rain. At this critical moment, major Willard arrived with a party of English, and put the enemy to tlight with very consid- erable slaughter. The enemy next appeared at Deerfield, on Connecticut river, and laid waste the village. They next attacked North- ileld, and killed eight men, ami cut oft" captain Burr, who was sent to the relief of Northfield, with a party of thirty men. Captain Lathrop, who was sent from Boston, to the relief of Deerfield, with a party of ' ighty men and teams, fell into an Indian ambush, and lost seventy of his men, who were al! buried in one grave.! t This party, on their return, were carelessly eng-aged at Mudd> Urook, in gathering grapes, when tliey were surprised by a party o' .ibout eight hundred Indians, and seventy were sliot dov\'n in a fen- .".\ laments. UNITED STATES 41 A cnptaiii Mosely, who w;is near with a body of men, flew to the relierof his iiiends, dispersed the enemy, who fled, and left 136 killed and wounded, on the field. Captain Mose- ly 'lost only two men. This scene was distressing beyond what the ])ilgrims had ever experienced ; the whole country was tilled with con- sternation and distress. Tiie Indians next apj)eared at S()ringfield, and burnt thirty- two houses. This alarmed the general court, then sitting at Boston, and they appointed a civil and ecclesiastical commit- tee, to inquire into the state of New-England, ifpossibly, they might discover and correct those crying sins, that had brought tiuch heavy judgments upon the land. The committee rc- ])orted agreeable to their a()poinimpnt, and a general reforma- tion of manners and morals was recommended. The Tarenteens or eastern Indians, at this time, were ex- cited to war by the v/anton misconduct olsome English sea- men, and they commenced their-rsvages in New-Hampsiiire and Maine. Saco, Scarborough and Kiltcry, suffered severe- ly by their murders, robberies and confl;igrationfc. More than thirty of the English were kdlod. and many houses, barns and mills were consumed. New-England was now involved in one general distress and gloom. '^ The ravages of the enemy had now become general in Mas- sachusetts. Before the tl imes of Springfield were extin- guished, seven or eight hundred Indians attacked the town of Hatfield, but they were repulsed with very great carnage, and tied to Narragansett, and took refuge in a strong hold, in a dismal swamp, where they felt secure. This fort was sit- uated upon a rising ground in the midst of the swamp, and surrounded with pallisadoes and trees, and so constructed sis to be deemed impenetrable, with but one entrance, which lav over a water, upon a singletree ; and this pass was strongly guarded. In this fort were collected about 4,000 Indians. The forces of New England, consist ng of about eighteen hundred men, and one hundred and sixty friendly Indians, now rallied to the combat, under g» neral VVmslow. Thev pur- sued the enemy in the midst of frost and snow, with the great- est possible rapidity, and overtook a pnrty at thdientranre of the swamp, who exchanged one shot ;'nd tl^d to their sirono- hold. The English ativimced and cemmt need an attack upon the fort, but were repulsed with loss^ , 1 hey soon renewed the attack with redoubled ardor, and entered the fort amidst iv 42 HISTORY OF THE tremendous explosion of musketry, and put all to the swore that fell in their way, excepting about three hundred warri- ors, and three hundred women andchiidren, that were taken, and the rest fled and made their escape. The English next set fire to about six hundred wigwams, which exhibited a solemn and awful scene. Amidst the rage of the flames were heard the shrieks of the aged and the sick, the infant and the mother, and the groans of the dying. With all this distress was connected the destruction of their stores, and magazines of corn. More than one thousand warriors were slain, and the alFrighted fugitives became the miserable vic- tims of death the ensuing winter, for the want of those very stores, whose destruction they now witnessed. 'J'hiswas a glorious day to New-England, although they had purchased this victory with the loss of six brave captains, and about two hundred and thirty men killed and wounded ; yet God had given their enemies into their hands, and broken the strength of the natives. . It was now the 20th of December, and the driving snow and piercing cold, were very distressing to the wounded among the English ; yet their sufferings were small, compar- ed to those of the savages, who had lost theicali, in this mur- ^ierons conflict. Although the strength of the savages was now broken, yet the s ime power in Canada that had furnished fire-arms i'or vhe war, now furnished allies to fill their ranks, and carry on an Indian predatory war. In January, they laid M^ndon in ashes. In Fehruary, they destroyed Lancaster, and carried off the inhabitants into cap- tivity ; particularly Mrs. Rowlinson, the wife of their minis- ter, who vviiS then absent. t The same torch consumed part of Marlborough, Sudbury, Chelmsford and Modford ; and even Plymouth witnessed (he loss of two of her f unifies. J|n March, they carried the torch into Warwick, Marlboroug^and Sudbury again, Northamp- ton and Groton, and committed a massacre at Springfield. The English pursued the war with energy ; but they suf- fered severely from the musketry ofthe savages»vvho had be- come as fierce as bears bereft "f their whel[»s. This waf of^xleiminat'c ,' raged through the month ci t Mrs. Rowlin55on returned to her fnends, after a long" captivity iij Canada, and wrote her owri'niemoirs, in which her sufferings are fullj^ described. UNITED STATES. 43. March, near the close of which, the towns of liehobotb, Providence and Audover, suffered severely by conflagration, Sudbury was again attacked by about 500 Indiiins, and felt the Joss of her brave captain Wadsworth, and more than fifty men. The savages wreaked their vengeance on their pris- oners, with the most cruel tortures. These scenes of desolation am! distress called up the atten- tion of the pilgrims to a sense of their situation, and ledthena to eye the hand of God in these juflgments, and to pour out their souls to him in the deepest humility, fasting and prayer. One general spirit of supplication prevailed throughout the churches of New-England. God heard their prayers, and gave them a gracious answer of peace. The ravages of the enemy were soon closed for the want of supplies, and the parties which were scattered about the country, were hunted like wild beasts, by the united forces o^ Massachusetts and Connecticut. They were driven from Briiigcwater, xMedfield, Northamj)ton, Hadley, Hatfield and Rehoboth, with severe loss and carnage. These signal victories opened the hearts of the people of Massachusetts, in a {)ublic thanksgiving to Almighty God, for the success of the war. The scene was now changed. The Matjuas, a powerfui tribe, resented some wrongs which they had suffered trorri Philip, rose in arms, fi^ll upon his flying parties, and butcher- ed them without mercy. Struck with despair, Philip ffed to Mount Hope, and Iii^^ people sought safety by flight. The troops of Mas^^achusetts and Connecticut again entered the country of the Narragansetts, and triumphed over their enemies, wherever they foand them ; kdling and destroying more than 2000 of the savages. I^ist of all, they discovered Philip in one of his swamps, shot him, and carried his head to Plymouth, where it heightened the gratitude of their public thanksgiving, and gave a new zest to the joy of their hearts. t 'i bus fell great Philip, the head of this terrible confederacy against the pilgrims of New England ; and with him all hop^p of further success inthis bloody, savage war. t Captain Church, the hero of New-Eno'land, ordered Phiiip to bf beheaded and quartered, and the Indian who executed the order, thuv addressed the fallen chief: — "You have been one very great man, You have made many men afraid of you j butsQ bi^ as you be I vr.ill cut off your head." 44 HISTORY OF THE To recount (he exploits of the heroes of New-Enghmd, who ! uistinguished themselves in this memorable war, would ex- ' ceed the limits of this work. Such coolness and br.ivery, as well .as intrepidity and skill, as were displayed by both offi- | cers and troops, have rarely, if ever been recorded.! Such Wiis the severity of the war, that New- England lost more than t)00 of her valiant sons, who fell ni)on the field, or suffered a miserable captivity. Almost every family was in mourning ; more than 600 buildings, (mostly dwelling houses) had been burnt ; property to a great amount had been de- ; stroycd, and the colonies were greatly in debt. Yet they : sustained all this loss, with becoming y)atience and resignation. - The ravages ol the Tarentecns continued in New-Hamp- t Among the heroes of that day, none were so conspicuously dis- ' linroviHce of Maine, this commission appoints John Cutts, esq. president for one year, and until another shall have been aj)pointed by the same au- thority ; also Richard Martin and William Vaughn, with four others, to be of the council, who were authorised to choose three others in the province, to be added to them. The pres- ident to appoint a deputy to preside in his absence ; and the president, or his deputy, with tive counsellors, to form a quo- rum. They were to meet at Portsmouth, in twenty days af- ter the arrival of the commission, and publish it. They were constituted a court for the administration of justice, according to the laws of England, so far as circumstances would permit : reservmg the right of appeal to the king in council, for ac- tions of fifty pounds value. They were to appoint military officers, and take all needful measures for defence against the common enemy. Liberty of conscience was allowed to all protestants ; those of the church of England to be particular- ly encouraged. For the support of government, they were to continue the present taxes, until an assembly could be call- ed ; to which end they were to issue writs of election, with- in three months, under the province seal, for calling an as- sembly, to whom the president shall recommend the passing Ik., t It will be recollected that the first attempts to settle this colony in 1629, so far failed, as to constrain the patentees to assign the jurisdic- tion to the colony of Massachusetts, in the year 16 10, where itcgntinu- ed until this time. iU HISTORY OF THE such laws assliould establish their allegiance, good order rnd defence ; and the raising taxes, in sncli m inner and |)roportioa as they should see fit. All laws to be approv^ed by the pres- ident and council, tmd then to remain in full force, until the king's pleasure could be known : for which purpose they should be sent to England by the Srst ships. In case of the president's death, his deputy to succeed him ; and on the death of a counsellor, the remainder were ] to elect another, and send over his name, with the names of two other meet persons, that the king might appoint one of the three. The king engaged for himself and his successors, tocontiii-,i ne the privilege of an assembly, in the same manner and form, ""unless by inconvenience arising therefrom, he or his heirs; should see cause to alter the same." On the tirst of March, 1G80, the tirst legislative assembl\'^ was convened, according to this commission or charter. They proceeded to declare the colon of New- Hampshire t^rce, and independent of the colony of Massachusetts, and to enact wise and salutary laws. The peace of this government was of short duration. Ma- son, (son and heir of the original grantee) came over, and de- manded a seat in the government, which was granted ; but he soon returned to England in fiisgust, and made a partial sur- render of his claims to the crown, and mortgaged the remain- der to Edmond CranfieM, esq. who vvas appointed lieutenant governor and commander-in chief of New- Hampshire. In 1682, Cranticlil repaired to his government with acorn- mission from the crown, with "lull powers to call, adjourn, prorogue, and dissolve general courts, to have a negativv'^ voice in all the acts of rjovernment, to suspend any counsellor at his will, (which barred his future election,) to appoint a depu'y governor, judires, justices, and other oOicers, and to exercise the powers of vice-admiral." Here commenced a new order of things. Cranfield arriv- ed, disclosed his com mission, andcommmcod a system of ty- ranny and persecution. A new \3sem!)ly yvas called, jnany new laws were en icterl, and a doceur of £-50 voted to the governor, which softened for a time, the rigors of his admin- istration. The assembly was adjourned. In .January, 1083, the ass^^mbly met according to adjourn- ment. New collisions sprang up, and the governor dissolved UNITED STATES. 47 the iissembiy ; this threw the colony into confusion, and the cry of" hberty mid relorm," became the order of the day. These sceries led to new troubles. Mason appeared again, setup his claims, and demanded that all lands and estates should be held of him by lease, upon an annual rent -; and the govern- or favored the claim. The people resi;*ted, prosecutions commenced, and judgments were rendered in lavor of Mason, but he could not obtain any consideration ; all was anxiety and alarm, and the peop'e petitioned the king. The governor called an assembly to quiet the people, but they were not cordial to his views, cind he dissolved them. The i;overnor next commenced a religious persecution, upon the English statutes of non-coniormity anci actually obtamed judgment against the Rev. Joshua Moody, minister of Ports- mouth, one of the worthies of Ncw-Enghmd, and com.mitted him to prismi for the term of six month?;, without bail. The governor next attempted to levy taxes, by the advice of his council, with'-ut the consent of tiie assembly, which roused the people to a just sense of their rights ; and they exhibited such comphunts to the kmg, as caused his removal ; and B irefoot, the lieutenimt governor, succeeded to the chair, where he continued until su(ceeded by Dudley, as president of New-England. The spirit of liberty which prevailed throughout the colo- nies, gave great offmde to the king.f and he determined to chv'jck and control it ; accordingl}' he appointed sir Edward lumdolph, as a special agent of the crown, to remove all their charters, by writs of qiio n-arranto^ and scire facias, and ap- pointed Joseph Dudley, esq. presitient, and sir VVm. Stough- ton vice-pj-esident, with Simon Bradstreet, Robert Mason, and thirteen others as counsellors. This government embraced Massachusetts, New-Hampshire, Maine, | Rhode-Island and Connecticut. This form of government commenced May, 1G86, to the utter exclusion of those legislative assemblies, which had be- come sooffensive to tlie governors of the crown. From this t James IT. :j: Sir Ferdinand Gorges had obtained of the crown a charter of this district, extending from .the rivev Piscataqua to Sao;uIabock, m the year 16. 19 ; but failing in his attempts to settle the country, it was an- nexed to t^e jurisdiction orMassachusetts, about the year !6 2; or by actual purchase of the heirs of Gorges, for the sum of JG 1200, in the year 1677. 43 HISTORY OF THE council of the country were selected judges of the county courts, with right of appeal to their superior courts, to be holden at Boston, and from thence to the crown. Justice courts, and probate courts were organized under this govern- ment, and a complete new order of thmgs commenced in New^ England. To strengthen this government yet further, sir Edmond Andros, late gov3rnor of New- York, was appointed captain- general and commaniler-in-chief over the colonies of New- England, not including Plymouth. To this government a council was added, tive of whom, with the governor, made a quorum, with poweis almost unhmited. To this government the colony of New-York was annexed. This new order of things in New-England arose out of the change which had taken place in England. — Charles II. had died, and James II. succeeded to the throne, 1685. James was a bigoted Roman catholic, and a tyrant ; and the people of England were groaning under his despotic sway, as well as the colonies. When the people of England expelled James from the throne in 1688, and conferred it upon William and Mary, the people of Boston rose in arms, seized Andros, and sent him to England. In this unsettled state of things the colonies resumed their charters, and New-Hampshire again put herself under the protection of Massachusetts. About this time the heirs of Mason sold their claims for £750, free from entail, to Samuel Allen, of London, and he obtained a commission for the government of New-Hamp- shire, with the appointment of John Usher, his son-in-law, as deputy governor, with full powers in Allen's absence, togeth- er with twelve counsellors, who acted under the crown, in- dependent of the legislative assemblies. In 1692, Usher took possession of his governmeni, in the midst of an extensive Indian war, which tilled that country with distress, and drenched it in blood. The Indians of Nova Scotia and Canada became engaged in this war, and like that ©f Philip, it was a war of extermination.! + The whole white population of Eritiish America, »t thii time, did not exceed 200,000. UNITED STATES. 4y CHAPTER VII. ISEW-HAMPSHIRE, CONTINUED. KING WILLIIm's WAR. The revoiution in Enghmci which drove James -from his throne, threw him into the urms ot Louis XIV. king of France : brought WiUiam, prince of Ornnge, with Mary his wife,! to the throne of England, and involved the nation in a war with France, 1688. 'J he passions which kmdled this war, extended to New- England, through the n a long table, in his elbow chair, and presenting themselves before iiun. exclaimed " Who judge Indians now ?" Thej then menaced hir.i with their knives, cutting Lim at the same timo .^icross the breast and body, exclaimed "I cross, out my account." They next cut off his nose and ears, and thrust them into Ins mouth ; and when he grew faint from loss of blood, they tumbled him dov,'u np«n the point of his own sword, which closed the liorrid scene 5 50 HISTORY OF THE A settlement at Salmon F.ills, was next surprised by anoth- er party ; a sharp action conifnenced, eighty men, women and children were either killer or taken ^ the village was plun- dered, and the cattle w ere driven off. A pany ol 140 men pursued, overtook and dispersed the savages, after a sharp action, -snd brought back the spoil. In the spring, a third party from Quebec, surprised and de- stroyed the settlement at Casco, in Maine, and the eastern set- tlers abandoned their villages, and fled to Wells. Alarmed at this dar.ng enterprise, the colonies of New- England resolved to destroy the power ot the French in Can- ada, at a blow. They anordmgly uniteci in titting out a fleet and armament against Qik b« c, under the command of sir Wm. Phipps ; but the season was too fur advanced, and the expe- dition failed. The expenses of this expedition, caused the first emission of paper money in New-England. The Indians, alaimed at the energies oi the English, prac- tised a new stratagem : they voluntarily came in, and proffer- ed a truce, which was accepted, ant! the terms of peace were agreed upon, and hostages .left on their part to guarantee theic fidelity. This truce continuee untii the June following, when, in the midst of security, the Indi. ns attacked the fort at Wells, which had become the asylum of the east, but were repulsed with great slaughter. They next attacked Exeter, but with the destruction of only two men. They then fell upon Sandy- Beach, where they killed and destroyed twenty-two persons, 1691. In January, I6j^2 they surprised and destroyed York, which closed the scene for the winter, generally ; but in May following, they again tell upon the fortress at Wells, and were again repulsed with great loss. This, added to the vigilance and exertions of sir Wm. Phipps, governor of Massachusetts, kept the Indians quiet. This state of quiet, which continued through the years 1692 and 3, became again a snare to the English, by lullingiheni into a state of security. In the midst of this false security, the sieur V illieu, the brave defender of Quebec, against the expedition under sir Wm. Phi[;{s. being now removed to the command of the station at Penobscot*, assembled a force of about 250 Indians, attended by a Fxen^'h priest, and made a descent upon the vilhige of.Doxer. upon Oyster river, where he took and destroyed five garrison houses out of tw.el.Se ; the others were defended with firmnt ss. In this enteiprlisb, ;;bout 100 persons were killed lind ti;ken, ynd about twenty houses UNITED STATES. «Sl, 51 rvere destroyed, anrl the Inrlians escaped with their booty, 1694. The next ye.ir, two men a^-.tin were killed at Exeter, md in 1696, a sm;dl vdl.t'^e at Sand) Be i<:hti,w:as surprised and l^urnt ; fourteen persons Wt^re killad and four were taken and :arried off. A strong party pursued, and recovered the pris- oners and plunder, but th'3 savages m »de their escape. They next surprised the citizi^.ns of ov.^r, on the Sa!)bath, as they returned trom meeting ; three were killed and three wound- ed, andihree weretik^ii and earn i to Penobscot, from whence they were soon r turned. In 1697, they attempted to surprise the town of Exeior, but were providentially dis- covered, and they fl;*d. In their retreat, they took ven- geance on a major Frost, at Kittery, vvbo had been concerned in the capture of the 400 Indians ai Cocheco, which were sold in Europe. These scenes of distress were but the preludes of what were to follow, had the whole plan succeeded. This plan, concerted in France, had for its object the destruction of New-England, by the assistance oi a fle;^t and armament from France, lo co-operite with the forces of Canada, and lay waste the whole country. The pi; n was a bold one, but that God who had planted his church in the wilderness, had pre- served her through sufferings, to meet and repel the attempt. The lleet remained at Newfoundland until winter, and then returned to France. f The stt aggling parties of Indians com- mitted some deprc'dations, but n;4hing of importance. The events of Indian war can be related, but the pen can- not disclose its blood-chilling horrors. The distresses of our iathers are lost in reality, and own their retnembrance is al- most swallowed up, in those rich enjoyments they provided for their descendants. Through all these scenes of alarm and distress, the colony of New-Hampshire was cr« ssed, v -xed and perplexed with proprietary governors, appomted by the crown, under Ma- son's, or rather Allen's claims ; first by Usher, as has been noticed, from 1692 to 1695. then by Wm. Partridge, next by Allen himself; and in 1699, the earl ofBellomont arrived, ligreeable to his appointment, and entered upon the govern- t This fleet, under the command of count Nesniond, consisted often ships of the line a galhot and two frigates: Count H'rontenac waste have joined the expedition at Penobscot, with 1500 men. Boston was the first object of their destination. 52 HISTORY OF THE ment of the province, and Wm. Partridge acted as lieut. gov- ernor. This change in the government, quieted the feuds which had perplexed the colony, and gave repose to the feel- ings of the people. This war continued to rage, and the eastern settlements suffered very severely, down to the peace of Ryswick, 1697. In the winter following, hostilities ceased in America, by the treaty of Casco.t " tThe details of individual sufferings that occurred during this war^ irere they faithfully recorded, would excite the sympathies of the most unfeeling bosom. One instance only will serve to confirm the remark. In an attack, by a body of Indians, upon Haverhill, New Hamp- shire, in the winter of 1697, the concluding year of the war, a party of the assailants, burning with savage animosity, approached the house of a Mr. Dustan. Upon the first alarm, he flew from a neighboring field to his family, with the hope of hurrying them to a place of safe- ty. Seven of his children he directed to flee, while he himself went to assist his wife, who was confined in her bed with an infant a week old ; but before she could leave the bed the savages arrived. In despair of rendering her assistance, Mr. Dustan flew to the door, mounted his horse, and determined in his own mind to snatch up iha child which he loved best. He followed in pursuit of his little flock, but on coming up with them he found it impossible to make a selec- tion. He determined, therefore, to meet hisfaie with them ; to defend and save them from the knife of the pursumg savages, or die by their aide. A body of the Indians soon came up with them, and from short dis- tances, commenced a fire upon him and his little company. For more than a mile he continued to retreat, placing himself between the fire of the Indians and his children and returned their shots with great spirit and success. At length he saw them all safely lodged from their bloody pursuers, in a distant house. It is not easy to find a nobler instance of fortitude and courage, in- apired by affection, than is exhibited in this heroic act. Let us ever cultivate the influence of those ties of kindred, wiiich are capable oi" giving so generous and elevated a direction to our actions. As Mr. Dustan quitted his house, a party of Indians entered it. Mrs. Dustan was in bed, but they ordeied her to rise instantly, and be- fore she could finish dressing, obliged h.er and the nurse, who had in rain attempted to escape with the infant, to quit the house, which thay plundered and burnt. In these distressing circumstances, Mrs. Dustan began her march with other captives, into the wilderness. The air was keen, and their path led through snow and deep mud, and their savage conductors de- lighted rather in their afilictions, than in alleviating their distress. The company had proceeded but a short distance, when .an Indian, thinking the infant an incumbrance, took it from the arms of the nurse and violently terminated its life. Such of the other captives as became weary and incapable of proceeding, the Indians killed with UNITED STATES. 53 CHAPTER VIII. HISTORY OF THE PILGRIMS, CONTINUED. MASSACHUSETTS. The character and adventures of the lirst settlers of Massa- chusetts, have been noticed, with the charter obtained from Charles I. and the spirit and geniu* oitheir government ; the loss of their chartcir in the reign of Charles II. 1684, togeth- er with the union of the governments of Massachusetts and N. Hampshire, under governors sent out by the crown, under James II. 1686. Upon the accession of William and Mary, sir VVm. Phipps was appointed governor of Massachusetts, and arrived at Boston, with their new charter. May 14, 1692. This charter embraced all the limits of the old, together with the colony of Plymouth and the province of Maine and Nova Scotia ; extending to the river St. Lawrence on the north, and the South sea on the west, excepting N. Hampshire and New- York. By this charter, " all grant;* being made to any town, college, orschools of learning, were confirmed," and under the sanction of this charter, the g*^ner.d court provided the next year, to extend their liberal support to their general system of education. The council who were named in this charter, were mostly descendants of the first worthies of Massachusetts and Ply- mouth colonies, and were generally ofthe old council. The most im{)ortant subject th it interested the public at this time, was the confusion of witchcraft, that distracted the their tomahawks. Feeble as Mrs. Dustan was, both she and her nurse sustained with wonderful ener^-^y. the fatigues and misery at- tending a journey of one hundred and fifty miles. On their arriving at tlie place of their destination, they found the wigwam ofthe savage who claimed ilu-m, to be inhabited by twelve Indians. In the ensuing April, this uunily set out, with their captives, for an Indian settlement, still more rtniote. The captives were in- formed that on their arrival at the settlement, they must submit to be atiipped, scourged, and run the gauuilet between two files of Indians. This information carried distress to the minds of the captive women, and led them promptly to devise some means of escape. Early in the morning ofthe 31st of April, Mrs. Dustan awaking her nurse and another fellow-prisoner, they dispatched ten of the twelve Indians, while they were asleep; the otlier two escaped. The wo- men then commenced their difficult and dangerous journey, through the wilderness, and at length arrived sale at Haverhill. Subsequent- ly they visited Boston, and received from the general court a hand- some consideration for their extraordinary sufferings and heroic eon- (iuct," — Dwight's Travels. 5* «^ 54 HISTORY OF THE town of Salem. For the honor of New-England, it is to be desired that a subject so disgraceful in itself, might have been forever buried in oblivion. The particulars of this contempt- ible transaction, may be found in Hutchinson's history of Mas- sachusetts Bay.t " tThe first suspicion of witchcraft in New-England, and in the Uni- ted States, began at Springfield, Massachusetts, as early as 1645. Several persons, about tijat time, were accused, tried, and executed iu Massachusetts ; one at Charlestown, one at Dorchester, one at Cam- bridge, and one at Boston. For almobt thirty years afterwards the subject rested. But in 168^ or 16813, it was revived in Boston ; four of the children of John Goodwin united in accusing a poor Irish wo- man with bewitching them. Unhappily the accusation was regarded with attention, and the woman was tried and executed. Near the close of February, 1692, the subject was again revived, in consequence of several children in Danvers and Salem, beginning to act in a peculiar and unaccountable manner. Their strange conduct con- tinued for several days, their friends betook themselves to fasting anil praj^er. During religious e.^ercises, it was found that the children were generally decent and i-till ; but after service was ended, they re- newed their former inexplicable conduct. This was deemed sufficient evidence that they were laboring under the intluence of witchcraft. At the expiration of some days, the childred began to accuse several persons in the neighborhood of bewitching them. Unfortunately they were credited, and the suspected authors of the spell were seized and imprisoned. From this date, the awful mania rapidly spread into the neighboring- country, and soon appeared in various parts of Essex, Middlesex and Suffolk. Persons at Andover, Ipswich, Gloucester, Boston, and sever- al other places, were accused by their neighbors and others. For some time the victims were selected only from among the low- er classes. But at length, the accusations fell upon persons of the most respectable rank, in August, Mr. George Burroughs, sometirnw minister in Salem, was accused, brought to trial, and condemned. Ac- cusations were also brought against Mr. English, a respectable mer- chant in Salem, and his wife ; against Mef;srs, Dudley and John Brad- street, sons of the then late governor Bradstreet; against the wife of Mr. Hale, the lady of sir Wm. Phipps, and against tne secretary of Connecticut. The evil Jiad now become awfully alarming. One man, named Giles Corey, had been pressed to death for refusing to plead, and nine- teen persons had bee a executed. More than one tliird of these were members of the church. One hundred and fifty ware in prison, and two hundred were accused. At length, the inquiry was anxiously suggested, where v/ill this ac- cumulated mischief and misery end? The conviction soon followed, that the proceedings had been rash and indefensible. A special court was held on the subject, and fifty, who were brought to trial, were acquitted excepting three, who were afterwards reprieved by the gov- ernor. These events were followed by a general release of tjiose wh^ UNITED STATES, 55 During the administration. of sir Wm. Phipps, the colonies of New-England attempted the reduction of Canada, by an expedition against Q,uebec, which failed ; and upon his re- turn to Boston, he fell into a controversy with the captain of an English frigate, which occasioned him a voyage to Eng- land, in his own defence, where he died, February IC, 1695. In 1696, lord Bellomont was appointed governor of New- York, Massachusetts, and New-Hampshire. His lordship ar- rived at Boston, from his government in New York, in June, 1699, and entered upon his high commission. During the first year of his lordship's administration, he entered with zesii and spirit into a system of measures for the suppression ot piracy, and was so fortunate as to seize, in the port of Boston, the noted pimte Kid, and caused him to be executed. Many other pirates were taken, and the infamous practice generaliy suppressed. In the year 170'^'*, his lordship returned to New York where he died, March, 1701, itroyed his church, &c. This blow roused the resentment of the Indians, and they renewed their depredations with increased ferocity, and ma- ny of the settlers soon fell a prey to their savage barbarities. The war now raged with violence ; a captain Lovewell, with his company, were ambushed in the wilderness, by a numerous party of Indians, and after a desperate conflict, they secured their retreat, witli the loss of their brave captain, and twenty- three of their numl)er, killed and wounded. The severitv of this action caus<^d the Indians to withdraw, and a negociation with the governor of Canada soon after com- menced, that led to a cessation of hostilities, and the restora- tion of several captives. A treaty was held at Boston in the spring of 1 726 ; the con- ditions of peace were ratified at Falmouth soon after, and trading houses were erected in many p irts o^ the Indian coun- try, which served to promote a good understanding between the parties. As soon as the war was closed, the old leven of discord be- gan to prevail in the government. Upon the accession of king George II. governor Burnet was appointed governor of Massachusetts and New-Hamp- shire, 1727. In July, 1729, he arrived at Boston, and enter- ed upon the duties of his admini-tration. A controversy about a permanent salary, opened with the first session of the general court, and continued to rage with bitterness between the parties, until September, when the governor died and closed the contest. In August, 1730, governor Belcher arrived in Boston, as successor to governor Burnet, and the old quarrel was reviv- ed. Although the point respecting a permanent salary was over-ruled by the general court ; yet others sprang up and raged, until governor Belcher was removed, and governor Shirley succeeded to the chair, 1740.1 . tThis year the celebrated Whitfield came into New-England, and exerted his pulpit talents to promote the spread of that great revival, 64 HISTORY OF THE Under this administration the old controversj was healed i, but the land bank and paper money, greatly distressed the province oi Massachusetts. The Spanish war, which commenced this year, gave some diversion to the parties ; turned their attention to the defence of the province, and prepared them to meet the approaching French war. Among the last acts of governor Belcher's administration, was the settlement of the boundary line between Massachu- setts and New-Hampshire. This long and sharp controversy was finally closed by commissioners, appointed by the crown, who settled it according to the charter of Massachusetts. The next year this boundisry line was duly established, and the colony of New-Hampshire became intiependent of Massa- chusetts. Benning Wentworth was appointed governor of the former, and William Sliirley governor of the latter. Governor Wentworth sailed for America soon after his ap- pointment, where he arrived in December, 1741; and was hailed as the immediate deliverer of the colony. Governor Wentworth maintained a good understanding with governor Shirley, and tiieir measures \Tere pursued with ^ general harmony. The Spanish war continued to rage, and in 1743, France took part with Spain, (by the treaty of Fontainbleau) and was involved in the contest. The |^rench war brought on collis- ions between Nova Scotia and Cape Breton, and the eastern colonies, and involved them in the war. The French C(;m- menced a successful -ttack upon the island of Canseau, which was defended by a small block house, and captured the garri- son ; but an attack upon Newfoundland, at the same time, flail- ed. - They commenced another attack, soon after, upon Anna- polis, (formerly Port Ro^'al) but were repulsed with loss. These attacks laid open the northern and eastern frontier of New-England, to the renewed ravages of the savage foe. Louisburg, next to Quebec, had then become the strongest fortress in America, and was to France, a strong hold of more importance than even Quebec! which had commenced at Northampton, in 1737, and was extending: throughout New-England, Mr. Whitfield labored with great zeal and activity in the vineyard of his Lord, and his labors were greatly blessed, t The harbor of Louisburg lies in latitude 45 deg. 55 min. ; its en« trance is about 400 yards wide. The ajichorage is uniformlv safe, and UNITED STATES. 6^ It had now become an object of the first importance, that the colonies should possess or destroy this Dunkirk of Amer- ica. Governor Shirley conceived the plan, and communica- ted his views to governor Weniworth, who approved of the measure. To prepare the way for this important enterprise, govern- or Shirley obtained a grant of £200, from the general courts, to strengthen the castle, at the entrance of Boston harbor, together with the frontier posts generally, and the fortress of Annapolis, in Nova Scotia. He next opened his plan to the British ministry, and requested a naval armament for the pur- ships mny run ashore on a soft muddy bottom. The depth of water at the entrance is about nine to twelve I'athom. The harbor lies open to the southeast. Upon a neck of land upon the south side of the harbor, was built the town, two miles and a quarter in circumference ; fortified in every accessible part, v4th a rampart of stone, from thirty to sixty feet high, and a ditch eight feet wide. A space of about two hundred yards was left without a rampart ; on the side next to the sea, it was inclosed with a simple dike, and a line of pickets ; the sea was so shallow in this place that it made only a narrow channel, inaccessi- ble from its numerous reefs, to any shipping whatever. The side-fir» from the bastions secured this spot from attack. There were six bas- tions and three batteries, containing embrazures for one hundred and forty-eight cannon, of which sixty five were only mounted, and six- teen mortars. On an island at the entrance of the harbor was planted a battery of thirty cannon, carrying twenty-eight pound shot ; and at the bottom of the harbor, directly opposite to the entrance, was the grand or royal battery, of twentyfight cannon, forty -two pounders, and two eighteen pounders. "On a high cliff opposite to the island battery, stood a light-house ; and within this point, at the northeast part of the harbor, was a careening whaxf, secure from all winds, and a magazine of naval stores. " The town was regularly laid out in squares ; the streets were broad, the houses mostly of wood, and some of stone. On the west side, near the rampart, was a spacious citadel, and a large parade ; on the «ne side of which were the governors apartments ; under the rampart were casemates to receive the women and children, during a siege. The entrance of the town on the land side, was at the west gate, over a draw-bridge, near to which was a circulor battery, mounting sixteen guns of twenty-four pound shot. These works have be(n twenty-five years in building, and have cost the crown of France not less than thirty million of iivres. The place was so strong as to be called the " Dunkuk of America." It was iu peace a safe retreat for the ships of France, bound homeward fjom the East or West Indies ; and in war a source of d'stre.«s to the northern English colonies ; its situation being extremely favourable for priva- teers to ruin their fishery, and intercept their coasting and foreign trade ; for which reason the reduction of it was as desirable to them, as the reduction of Carthag-e was to the Romans. — Abbe Raynal. 6* 66 HISTORY OF THE pose. In February, the governor opened his plan to the general court, under the injunction of an oath ot* secrecy :. but the boldness of the measure astonished the court, and tjiey rejected it, as an enterprise too great even to be at- tempted. The merchants of Boston, and the friends of gov- ernor Shirley, opened the subject anew to the court, by nu- , nierous petitions, and the question was carried by a majority ^ of one. All parties at once entered with zeal and spirit into the measure. The governor next laid an embargo throughout the colony, and sent desp;itches to the other colonies, as far south as Pennsylvania, requesting an embargo, and a cordial co-operation in an expedition against Louisburg, which was rejected. New-England stood alone to prosecute the plan. Massa- chusetts raised 3,250 men, exclusive of commissioned ofli- cers ; Conne'ticut 500, and Rhode-Island and New-Hamp^ shire, each 300. The naval force consisted uf twelve ships, with numerous transports ; and in three months, general Pep- perell embarked with 4,(jOu troops. On the 24th of xMarch, the fleet sailed from Nantasket, and arrived at Canso, on the Uh of April, 1745. Roger Wolcott, esq lieut. governor of Connecticut, appear- ed at the head of the colonial troops, and held the second command in the expedition. Governor Shirley h -d sent a request to commodore Warren, upon the West-India station, to support tiie expedition with his squadron ; but he declined to engage without orders ; tht: commodore, however, received orders from the admiraityj in a few days; and on the last of April, joined the expedition vvith his squadron On the o'Jth of April, the troops were all landed at Chap- i>eauro?-ue ; the fleet took their station ofl'the harhorofLou- isburg, and the city was invested before they had knowledge of the expedition. Such was the general surprise, that the troops destroyed all the houses and stores, without the walls, and took the grand battery, without exchanging a shot. Thus having entered upon the arduous duties before them, they next drew their cannon through a deep morass, covered by the fire of the main battery, which they had taken from the enemy ; this lire became very alarming and destructive to the town. Having surmounted the difliculties of the morass, and constructed batteries for the cannon, they were now pre- UNITED STATES. 67 pared to co-operate vvith the fleet, in one general attack upon the town. At this critical moment, a store-ship from France appeared off the harbor, for the relief «f the gurrison, and was taken by the New-England fleet, This was a valuable acquisition to the besiegers, and a severe blow to the besieged. The general next ordered a detachment ot 400 men, to at- tack and carry the island battery, wtiich failed with the loss of 60 men killed, and 116 taken ^jrisoners. This occasioned the general to send an express to Boston, for a reinforcement. Massachusetts sent on 400, and Connecticut 200 men ; and at this eventtul moment, one sixty and one forty gun ship, ar- rived from England anil joined ihe fleet. May 22. Early in June, two sixty gun ship.s, and one of eighty guns, arrived, which augmented the squadron to eleven sail, besides the pro- rincial fleet. Elated with his prospects, the general pushed the seige by a heavy cannonade from his batteries, which silenced the harbor battery, demolished the west gate, and greatly dis- tressed the town. At the satne time the fleet made a move- ment to enter the harbor, and co operate with the troops in a general assault. Alarmed at these movements, the governor sent out a flag, and proposed articles of capitulation. These were rejected, and others were sent in by the general and commodore, which were accepted. On the 17th of June, they entered the town in triumph, and the garrison were em- barked for France. The news of this glorious event reached Boston by ex- press, the 3d of July, and spread like lightning throughout the country. Joy glowed in every breast, and beamed in ev- ery countenance, and evultation burst lorth from all parts of the colonies. The French fl-ig continued to wave upon the walls of Lou- isburg, which decoyed in several India ships, supposed to be worth £600,000 sterling. Governor Shirley embarked immediately for Louisburg, and persuaded most of the army to continue in garrison through the winter, and took the command until his majesty's pleasure could be known. An armament of Seven ships of the line, sailed from France, early in July, 1745, destined for the conquest of Noya Scotia, with orders to touch at Louisburg ; but upoB 08 HISTORY OF THE intelligence at sea, of the fall of Louisburg, they returned to France. The boldness of this enterprise against Louisburg, and the success with which it was crowned, astonished, not only America, but Europe, and led to a system of measures high- ly interesting and advantageous,, both to England and her colo- nies. England contemplated the reduction of Canada, and France contemplated the reduction of Louisburg and Nova Scotia, to- gether with the whole American seaboard, from Georgia to Maine. To effect this, she fitted out her Brest fleetof seven- ty sail ; fourteen of which were of the line. This fleet left Rocheile the 22d of June, 1746, with a land force of 3 or 4,000 men, destined for the reduction of Louisburg, and the conquest of Nova Scolia. Detachments of this fleet were seen in those seas, and spread a general alarm throughout the American coast ; but storms and adverse winds arose, which scattered the fleet ; some of them were driven to the W. In- dies, some foundered at sea, and the remnant returned to France, with the melancholy tidings, that the whole expedi- tion had failed, that i ne of their admirals had poij^oned him- self, through grief, and another had run mad and stabbed him- self, through rage and disappointment, and that the remnant of the lleet had been overtaken by a cold and terrible storm, off cape Sable, where they suffered severely, as they bid a linal adieu to the American coast. Thus ended the French armada agamst the colonies of America. All prospects of success on the part of France, appeared from this time to fail ; and the war languished until the 30th of April, 1748, when hostilities ceased, under the prelimina- ries of Aix-laChapelle. In October following, peace was ratified and contirmed, and all conquests were relinquished. The people of Massachusetts now began to feel the press- ure of their affairs. A flood of paper money had been issued to support the exigencies of the war ; taxes had multiplied,, and their paper money had depreciated almost to a cypher : all which threatened the ruin of trade and of morals. Parliament made a grant to the colonies of New-England, to indemnify the expenses .of the capture of Louisburg ; and Massachusolts redeemed her paper money with silver and gold, vYhici>Vfn!ered her medium permanent. UNITED STATES 69 The ravages of the French and Indians from Canada, were carried on through the war and into the year 1749, upon the frontier towns generally, with great severity ; and many per- sons were killed, wounded or carried away captive to Canada ; but the settlements were not burnt, nor the people butchered, as formerly. This partial humanity, the enemy turned to his advantage, by extorting large sums of mone^/ for the ransom of their captives, which rendered l>iew England tributary to Canada.! CHAPTER XI. GENERAL AFB'AIRS OF THE COLO-^TIES. The peace of Aix-Ia-Chapelle, which ^restored the con- quests of France and Britain, in America and in India, lulled the two nations into that state of security, which was improv- ed by France, through a labyrinth of intrigues, to carry her ambitious plans into effect, upon a more extended scale thau before. To accomplish this, she attempted to unite witii Spain, in a family compact, but fluled ; yet Louis XIV. open- ed his intrigues in India. France continued, at the same time, to mature her plans, and sow the seeds of war in America. By the treaty of Utrecht, France had ceded to England the whoie country of Nova Scotia*; but the boundaries had never been defined. Soon after the war, the English built the town of Halifax, in a commanding position, in that cotintry, and sent out a colony of about 3000 families to settle it ; this step kindled a fire about boundaries. France had connected her settlements in Canada, with her settlements in Louisiana, by a chain of military posts, which extended from Quebec to New Orleans. With these, she expected to command the trade and friendship of the savages of the wilderness. As the preparations of the parties progressed in Araerica, collisions ensued, until the French and Indians in Nova Sco- tia, rose in arms and began their ravages. t New-England lost in this war 3 or 4000 of her sons, and the wars of the last century have occasioned to "Vew England, the loss of about. 200,000 souls. The loss was felt by i\ew York as well as New Eng;-. land, though not in an equal ratio.— Hutchinson'tj History. 70 HISTORY OF THE An armed force at the same time surprised a fortress, of rather u tradmg establishment, upon the river Ohio, which belonged to the Ohio company of Virginia ; murdered the people, and carried off the plunder, to the amount of twenty thousand pounds. f They next seized on another English fort at the forks of the Monongahela, with a force of one thou- sand men, and eighteen pieces of cannon. The French next constructed a strong and regular fortress at the forks of the Monongahela, and called it fort Duquesne, which established a regular communication between the river Ohio and the lakes, and threatened the ruin of the Virginia company. The governor of Virginia despatched major George Wash- ington, then twenty-one years of age, with a letter to the commanding officer nt fore Duqnesne, demanding an explana- tion. The mission, perilous as it was, was laithfally executed, and the answer of the commandant returned, " that he had acted according to orders. "| This mission was soon followed bv orders from the British minister, that the colonies should assist Virginia, and repel the French. A regiment was raised in Virginia, for the service, and major George Washington was appointed colbnel and took the command. South Carolina sent out one company and New York sent out two companies, tojoin colonel \Vashington, which formed a force oi' 400 men. Colonel Wiishington surprised and attempted to cut off a party of French from tort Duquesne, near (he Great Mead- ows, (so called) which he defeated with great loss ; but the next day, De Villiers, the French commander, surprised colo- nel Washington, with a strong party of about 900 French and Indians. The colonel had erected a stockade, to 'cover his party, which enabled him to maintain such a desperate resistance, as to obtain an [honorable capitulation, and thus brought off his party with safety, by delivermg up his temporary fortres?, July 4th, 1754. t This company had obtained a grant from the crown of 600,000 ; acres of land, lying upon the river Ohio, for the purposes of settling the country and extending a trade with the Indians. ,| X The distance was about 400 miles ; about 300 of which lay through | a pathless wilderness, across the Allegany mountains, and inhabited;| ^nly by savages and wild beasts. J "i UNITED STATES. 1 When the tidings of the depredation of the French, upon the Ohio company, arrived in England, the lords of trade and plantations recommended, " that commissioners be imme- diately appointed in America, to effect a union between the colonies, and a league of friendship with the neighborino- In- dians." '' The recommendation was complied with, and a convention of the governors and principal gentlemen from all the colonies was agreed upon to be held at Albany, in the same year.t-^ but the commissioners of Delaware and the colonies south of the Potomac did not attend. 1 ^^i^}u J*^"S^^^'' '* ^'''^s proposed, ♦' that a grand council should be formed, of members chosen from ail the assemblies and sent from all the colonies ; which council, with a govern- or-general appointed by the crown, should be empowered to make general laws, and to raise money in all the colonies for the defence of the whole." This plan was disai.proved by the delegates of Connecticut, and the provincial assem- blies generally ; and wholly rejected in England, by the min- istry. The British minister next sent out the following plan :— '' The governors of the colonies, with one or more of their counsellors, should form a convention to concert measures? for the general defence ; erect forts, and raise such numbers of men, as they should judge necessary ; and that they should draw on the British treasury for such sums as should be thought requisite to reimburse their expenses ; parliament to reimburse the whole by taxes on the colonies, after the war." This plan was rejected by all the colonies. t Campaign of 1755.— The campaign opened with the plan of fuur grand expeditions ; the first against fort Duquesne • the second against Nova Scotia ; the third against Ticondero- ga and Crown Point ; and the fourth against Niagara. General Braddock embarked at Cork, January, 1755, with loOO men, and arrived in Virginia about the first of March destmed against fort Duquesne. I The French fitted out a strong armament for the American service, early in the spring, consisting of twenty ships of the iefelf'^ congress was in session at the time of colonel Washington's^ wiJi^ '''!'';^n K'Sni^*^''" °^ ^^'^ ""^^^"^^^ ^as estimated, at this time. f> be about 1,046,000-385,000 ef which belonged -ta N. England. 72 HISTORY OF THE | )ine, with frigates, transports, &c. carrying 4000 men, undei- fhp rommand of the baroa Dieskau. '' ThTBrUish minuter despatched a fleet of seventeen sh.ps , of the line and seven frigates, with a land f»^^« «f ^OM "''^^^ nnHer the command of admirals Boscawm and Holbourn, to ;1" the mofons of the enemy upon the A^erjca.. sta^t.on Both tleets appeared off the coast of Newfoundland, at he same t,me ; buff hey were so enveloped ,n ' e fogs o f tot coi«t that they did not discover each other until all the t rench ^!r, tin entered the gulf of St. Lawrence, excepting two S S sh ps hich flu in with the British fleet and were trken This^ction opened the contest upon the water, and %^h:?pnnrope-rin America, with active and vigorous ,CZ fJ the war. 'f he legislatures of the several ?:roCs were : semblXand communicated with each c.her . by special messages, to unite an.l co-operate with all possible tf»fforts in raisins: men for the war. , , i +> . New-EnVland raised about fiOOO men, which joined he rorthJrn army at Albany, about the lirst of June, under the northern ""ro-y «,, f,.iev. A detachment of this northern ^^rmTTboloOO^lo'g besides a large body of Mohawk In- Hns' under Hendrick their chief, was entrusted to the com- mand of General Johnson, and destined against Ticonderoga.^ 'r„T Crow'. Point, but general Shirley commanded the division ^'tl^S'eUs tnt onTsn;ng detachment to Nova Scotia Mas»acriu eiyt^ expedition succeeded, and by| hirst oUi colonel Moncton h^id taken all the fortressej repossession ol the French, disarmed the Acadeans, and send .reat numbers of them into Neiv England | General BraddocU took the command of about 2000 reguj larfand provincials, in June, and commenced his operationtf Jains" fort Duquesne, assisted by colonel Washington a his Id de-camn When he ha cade, upon iSfeth declivities of the mountams, and thus it was a com- plete surprise, for col. Williams had unhappily netrlected to place any scouts upon his wings. A bloody battle ensued, and a deadly tire was poured in upon both flanks. — Col. Williams, erwieavoring to lead his men against the unseen enemy, was instantly shot through the head, and he and hundreds of his party, including old Hendrick, the chief of the Mohawks, and forty Indians were slain. The remainder of the party, under the command of col. Whiting, retreated into the canip- They came running in, in the utmost confusion and consternation, and perhaps owed their safety, in a great measure, to another party, which, when the firing was heard, and perceived to be growing louder and nearer, was sent out to succor them. "Nor did this battle terminate the fighting of this bloody day. The remains of Dieskau's army retreated about four miles, to the ground M'here colonel Williams had been defeated in the morning, — the rear of the army were there sitting upon the ground, had opened tlieir knapsacks, and were lefreshing themselves, when capt. McGinnies, who with two hundred men, had been despatched from fort Edward, to succor the main body, came up with this portion of the French ar- my, thussittisg in security, and attacked and totally defeated them, although he was himself mortally wounded Thus were three battles ibught in one day, and almost upon the same ground. This ground I went over. The neighboring mountain, in which the French so sud- denly made their appearance, is to this day, called French JVIountain, and this name, with the tradition of the fact, will be sent down to th» latest posterity. I was shown a reck by the road, at which a consid- erable slaughter took place It was on the east side of the road near where colonel Williams fell, and 1 am informed is, to this day, called William.s' Rock. "Just by the present road, and in the mid^l of these battle grounds, ii a circular pond, shaped exactly like a bowl ; it may be 200 feet in di- ameter, and was when I saw it, full of watei, and covered with the pond HI}'. Alas ! this pond now so peaceful, was the common sepul- chre of the brave; the dead bodies ot most of those who were slain on this evcii'ful day were thrown, in undistinguished confusion into this pond ; from that time to the present, it has been called the Bloody Pond, and there is not a chiid in this region, but will point you to the Fjench Mountain and the Bloody Pond^. — 1 stood with diead»UFO" its brink, and threw a stone :nto the unconscious waters. After thes» •vents, a regular fort was constructed at the head of the lake and calU fi ftrt William Henry ^" — Silhman's Tour. UNITED STATES. 75 Such was the general success of this expedition, that the king created gen. Johnson a baronet, and parliament award- ed him with a present of £8000 sterling ; and the army re- ceived the applause of the nation. The depredations of the Indians, continued upon the back settlements of Viri^inia and Pennsylvania, through the summer and winter of 1753 — 6. Campaign of 1756, in America — The war had now raged in America two years, and upon the ocean one ; yet England and France still kept up their negotiations, and war was not declared by either until iM y, when Great Britain made her declaration, which was followed in June by France. General Aberciombie was appointed to succeed gen. Shir- ley, and lord Loudon was appointed commander-in-chief, and governor of Virginia. 'J'he colonies were active and zealous in their preparations for the war ; but the generals did not arrive in America, until June and Jidy. The phm of the campaign, had been early formed by a council held at New-York, and that of the last year was re- newed. The northern expeditions were assigned to the northern colonies, and the expedition against fort Duquesne, to the southern. The northern colonies assembled an army of 7000 men at Albany, which, added to the regulars, amounted to about ten thousand. General Abercrombie arrived in June ; but all preparations were delayed until the arrival of lord Loudon, in July. The general detached colonel Bradstreet, with a strong par- ty, to convey provisions to fort Oswego, anfl he executed his commission promptly ; but on his return, he fell into an In- dian ambuscade, as he ascended the river Onondaga. He flevr to a small ishmd, landed his men, and prepared for his de- fence. The Indians rallied, rushed into the water, and com- menced a desperate attack. Colonel Braastreet repelled this attack by a well directed tire, and the enemy fled. He then advanced, with 200 men, against another party of the enemy, and put them to fliglit, in a close and desperate action. He next proceeded against a third parly, still higher up the river ; put them to flight ; and in the three actions, destroyed about 150 of the enemy, with the loss of seventy of his party. This action opened his way l>ack to Albany. Colonel Bradstreet gave notice to general Abercrombie, oii |jis return, that a tbrniidable force of French and Indians from 76 HISTORY OF THE Canada, were on their waj' against Oswego ; and the general detached colonel Webb, with one regiment, tor the relief of the fortress. On the 29th of July, lord Loudon arrived at Albany, and took the command. Gen. Wiuslow, at this time, h;ul advanc- ed to lake George, and lay with impatience, waiting for orders to advance against Ticonderoga ; but the general continued inactive at Albany, with three thousand regulars, until the middle of August. General Webb, at this time, commenced his march for the relief of Osweso. On the 12th of August, the marquis de Montcalm, who had succeeded general Dieskau, invested the fortress of Oswego, with about 3000 Canadians antl Indians, blocked up the river, and opened his trenches. On the 11th, colonel Mercer, the commanding olhcer, was killed, and the fort surrendered. Thus fell Oswego, the strong hold of the west, defended by 121 pieces of cannon, 14 mortars, 2- frigates, 200 boats, and a garrison of 1600 men, well supplied with provisions and mili- tary stores. General Montcalm dismantled the fort, and car- ried off the booty into Canada. With t!ie fall of this fort, the lakes Erie and Ontario, with the whole north-western frontier, were laid open to the ene- my, and the finest settlements fell a prey to their ravages. Gen. Webb learned the fate of Oswego, when at the port- age, between the Mohawk and Wood Creek, and immediately secured his retreat back to Albanv. Lord Loudon remained safe at Albany until September, when the provincials were disbanded, and the regulars went into winter qu;irters, and the campaign of 1756 closed. Dark and gloomy was the winter that followed. Campaign ofllbl. — The spring of 1757, opened with new efforts on the part of Great Britain, to prosecute the war in America. An armament of eleven ships of the line, a fire- ship, bomb ketch, and transports, with 6 or 7000 men, sailed from Cork in the month of May, under the command of admi- ral Holbourn, commodore Holmes, and general Hopson, and arrived at Hallifax on the 9th of July. The colonies met this armament with their regular quotas of men ; but when they found the object of destination to be Louisburg, they refused to co-operate. They feared to expose their northern and western frontiers, to the ravages of the enemy ; but the com- mander-in-chief was lord Loudon, and his commands ^vefji^-; obeyed. UNITED STATES. 77 Lord Loudon sailed from New-York, on the 9th of July, and joined general Hopson at Halifax, with 6000 men, which gave him the command of a lanti lorce of.about 12,000, and a powerful fleet destined against Louisburg ; but all this was too iate. Louisburg had been streni^lhened by the Brest fleet, of seventeen sail, and 90 men irom France, and the expedition failed. Lord Loudon returned to New-York, with his accus- tomed moderation, and repaired to Albany. Not so with Montcalm ; he was not an idle spectator of the farCe the peer of England was actmg in Anierica. He, like an able general, faithlul to his king, his country, and his honor, cut ofl'col. Parker, who was detached with a force against Ti- conderoga, and advanced vicioriousl}' against tort Wm. Henry. In six days, this fort surrendered to the conqueror, and the garrison marched out with the honors of war, protected by an honorable capitulation ; but the savages under Montcalm, re- gardless of his engagtments, broke into the ranks of the gar- rison, stripped, piun(iered, and butchered them in the most barbarous manner ; and gen. Montcalm was accessary to the scene. Gen. Montcalm destroyed the fort and retired to Ti- conderoga.t ' The fall of Oswego had excited general alarm ; but the mas- sacre at fort Wm. Henry, filied the country with distress. The enemy, elated with these successes, ravaged the fron- tier, and laid waste with tire and sword, the fine settlement? -called the German Flats, on the Mohawk. At this time, there were more than 20,000 British regulars ypon the Americ;m station, besides the numerous troops of the colonies ; and yet the strong holds of America, were falling into the hands of the French, in regular succession, and the enemy rioted in their ravages, without so much as a field day opposition. But 1 forbear ; the defence of America Ivas in-* trusted to the service of British troops, and a peer of England had the honor to command. Early in the season, the provincials were disbanded, and the regular troops, as before, retired into winter aguarters. t The massacre continued all along the road, through the defile of the mountains, and for many miles, the miserable prisoners, especially those in the rear, were tomahawked and hewn down in cold blood ; it 'night be well called the 6Zoorfv/ dfjile, lor it was the same ground that mB the scene of the battles, only two years befora, in 1755. ■j 7* 'M T^ HISTORY OF THE "^ ' CHAPTER XH. CAMPAIGN OF 1758, IN AMERICA. The nflfairs of Great-Britain in India, had been as iinsuc cessful a« in America, until a captain, now colonel, Clive, ap- peared to lay the lasting foundation of the British empire in India. During the operations in Inrlia, lord Walpole had been re- moved from the administration, and Mr. Pitt restored to thr helm of state.! With the change in the ministry, commenced a change of men and measures. Now energies sprang up in the councils, and were dilfused to the armies and the nation. Mr. Pitt announced to the colonies his majesty's intention to prosecute the war with vigor in America, and requested New-England, New-York and New-Jersey, to furnish 20,000 men to meet the exigencies of the war, and enter upon thr conquest of Canada. Assurances at the same time were giv- en, that all the expenses of the colonies should be recom- mended to parfmmcnt for indemnilication. Fired wjth ttue patriotic zeal, the colonies aforesaid sent commissioners to Hartfipij;^^, in April, 1758, to concert meas- ures for mutual co-operation. LfOrd Tioudon had heen recalled ; general Abercrombie suc- ceeded to the comni md of tlie northern army, and the north- ern colonies promptly furnished their several quotas of men. lo (he amount of 10.000. Alirc to th- war and the interests of America, Mr. Pitt despatched a tleet from Englanci, in February, under the commune^ of admiral Boscawen, for the American station, with n l.Hid fnrre, under the command of general Amherst and nvajc! , al Wolfe. This armament, when joined to the force u Halifax, amounted to 150 vessels and 14,000 men, ilestined lor the reduction of Louisburg. Early in June, this whole force appeared before this Dunkirk of America. The fortress was defended by a garrison of 2500 regulars, .and about 600 militia, commany a detachment of GOO marines in boats, who seized on the other two ships of war ; destroyed the one and towed otV the other, and thus the harbor was cleared ntj\ blow. The batteries commenced, at the same, time, a heavy cannonade, and the general threatened an as- sault upon the town. The governor olVered a reasonable ca]>itulation, which was accepted, and on the 'iGth of July, the city ofLouisburg, St. .lohns, and the whole coast, Irom the St. Lawrence to Nova Scotia, were delivereti up to the English. This blow in America, added to the successes in Iniiia, gave new spirit, and new energies to England and America, and opened the scenes of future triumphs in tiie war. . Peniling these successes against Louisburg, general Aher- crombie coniinenced operations with the northern army, against Ticonderoga and Crown Point. He advanced to lake George, early in July, at the head of IG, 000 men ; and on the 5th and Gth, crossed over and commenced his march for fort Ticonderoga. t The general, after sustaining some losses in crossing the forests, advanced to the attack of Ticonderoga, before hi« cannon had come up. Atndng the heaviest of these losses ired him with Ihoi^e tflbits that led to the conquest of all French America. Louishurg and forts Frontenac and Duquesne had fallen, and the successes in the West Indies, closed the last campaign gloriously. The seaboard was thus cleared of French marauders, and the western frontier, of savage depredations ; the northern frontier was opened for an expedition into Canada, and the conquest of (Quebec The minister communicated the plan of th.i campaign to the governors of the northern colonies, and called on them for their several quotas of men, to be raised as heretofore, to the amount ot 20,000. The colonie^ met this requisition promptly. The requisite troops were raised, equipped, and early in the held. General Amherst took the command of the northern army, and began his oper- ations in June. In July, he crossed lake George, and appear- ed before Ticonderoga. The gifrrison blow up their maga- zine, abandoned the tort and retired to Crown Point. The garrison at Crown Point caught the alarm, and the whole . force retired to the isle Au Nfoix.t The i^eneral advanced and took possession of these forts, in succession, without a gun ; and thus the keys of Canada were removed. General Am- herst next proceeded to construe' a naval force, to dislodge the enemy from ther strorii; hold, at the isle Au Noix. During these operations, general Pridenux, with his divis- ion of the army, in conjum tion with sir William Johnson and the Indians of the Six Nations, advanced against Niagara ; about the middle of July, he invested the fort, and opened his trenches ; but in the midst of anxious hope '^nd active dut}', the gallant Prideaux was killed, by the bursting of a cohorn. The command devolved on ijoneral Johnson, and the siege was continued with viiror. The French commander, dread- ing ihe horrors of a storm, determined to risk a battle. He accordingly marched out with hi*! garrison and numerous In- dian allies, and commenced the attack The action soon be- came warm and bloody ; the carnage was great, but the con- diet was short. The enemy lied, and general Johnson pur- sued. A general slaughter marked the footsteps of the fugi**- f In the northern part of lake Champlain. UNITED STATES. 83 Lives for more than five miles. De Aubry, their general, was taken, and the fortr ss surrendered to the victors. With the tall of Ni.igin, .« \v ly was o[-)en 'd to the heart of the enemy ; Canada was unmasktMi, an.i Q,uebeG and Montreal became the immediate objects of the war. To effect the conqu st ol Canada, a formidable naval arma- ment arrived at ilahi'ix, iVom England under the command of admirals Saunders, Hohnes and Durel, together with a land force of 8,000 men, un.ler the comm ml of general Wolfe. As soon as the river wis cj^ear of ice, admiral Saunders set sail for Q,uebec, with his wholj fierce, and on the 26th of June, general Wolfe land.^d his troops upon the isle of Or- leans, and commenceor ol" Quebec ; this also provotl unsuooessUil. Tlio season was now tar aiivanred ; all had hoen ilone that *onUI bo done, atui vet the tortress remained inaeeessible. The indetatiijable etVorts of u;«MUM'al Wolle was(( dhis streniith ; his health bes;;m to deelim\ and \\c wrote to the unnister, (Mr. I'itt) that he beiran to despair ot" success. iStnna; with ehaiirin at his own, as well as his countrT's dis- appointment, jjeneral Wolt'e called a council ol'm^r. in which it was deternnned to carry lus operations, it" possible. ui>on the pluins olVAbrahan*. The troops were nnnuuhately enibarkedon boani the ih^et ; the post at point T.evi was stnM)i;tlu luul. anil a nianunivreini; conmienctMl tor several days, up and down the river, to draw the attvM)tii>n ol'the enemv tVon> (he city. Alontcahn, .nhve to his duty, sent a detachment ol IfKK) men, to guani every accessible point, and watch the motions of the enemy. On the night et'the I'Mh ol' September, the troops landed near their place ofdestmatioii ; crawled up a j^teep and almost inaccessd>le precipice. (n»ore than I .'>(» iVt^t perpendu niar height) by the assistanci^ ot' rocks, stumps. burmeil on th(* plains of Abraham. | talioi\ ; who, unilorst!u\diiig tluvt n young goutl«M»uui, lu!» kinsniiiu. hml ilroppotl on tlio {x<.Ai\ oChnitlv, had put liiiusolt'al tl»o lu\nu «>rtUu parly , with whioli ht* i»onotrutod to tlio nnUillo ot' tho HoUl, drove a Oonsuiorablo number ot' tho Kionrh uml Imlians hot'oro him, and tindin;^ Ills r(»lution still unsral|>o»l, oarnoil him otl* in himnjih. I'wor rnptawi Oohlorlony ^v;v^s oonvoyod to QuohtH, whoro, in i\ low th»y»». ho diod o/ liis wouTids, At^or lh«> vo«Uiotn>n of thsu plnoo, tlioVronoh su who atlondod hin\, dooUuod tliat, in all piolmhilily. ho wovildl.a.. .. eovorod ot'tho twv» .^hots ho hud roooivoil in his bivu^t, luul ho not brou mortally woundod in (ho holly, by tho lnduin*s scnlping knil'o. " As tins vory romnrUablo soono was aotod \n .luvht t>t'both atuui >. tfciicral 'rowu>on*l, ni tho i;onuol, ixpostulatotl wttU ilu' Kiomli «»tVi- c«»» upon the uduum\uiiy ol' kooping up s pow- er of disoipliiio to rostvaiu." SilUnuxn's Tour. i On tho l«th ot' >' boi. ono hovir inWxx n -^ ^Vo^t"«, with his. ;irnu- j- tl;c ;:hip>:, tmli.tikcd i UNITfcU) STATES. iJ7 ^V'lu>n (ho lidiniiis oi' (his in;is(«Mlv inovomonl loarhed ^I(Ui(c;jitn, ho s-,»u' hiins(^I(" out-i;»MUM mKnI, and iiniDrdiatoly loiitly »ln)p|»iMl (1»»\VM with llio iMirront, lutt'iuliiio- 1«> Uuul a loiii»iio abiivu >'!«p«> DiainoMii, ami thus to oain tli«> h»M<';l>ts ol' Abraham. Hut, owinjv t<> Iho japuiity ut'lho tMu rent, tlu'v IVII l>«\h)w th»Mr iutciult'd place, ami WiNomharUtMi at. what ts mi»w rallnl WoICo'h cove, a mile, or a milo ami a halt', al)ov«i I ho i-ity. Tho oporathm was a most iM-ilical one -tlioy iiad (.o navijL»"ato m sHonoo, »h>wn ii rapul stroam —to hit, upon the n^ht. l)hu'o for a hiuiliui>-, whu'h iu thiMlarU, uuiiht l)o oa'^ily uiistakou — tlio tjliore was nholvmy, ami th<^ hank to bo asi'«M\dod was stoop and lot\y, (uui soarroly pra("tioal)!o ovon without opposiliou. l)oubth*ss, it was this combination ot' oiroumNlancos, whub lullod tlu> vijfilanrr ol' tho wary and disrorninjj ^Ton(('alln : ho thoujrht stich an ontorprisc abso- hitoly imprat'tioabh', and tluM'ol'oro had slatiunod only acnlinols ami {>iokot }^uar«ls alouij this pio«Mi)it(nis shoro. Indood, tho attonipt was in tho oroalost tlangor oi' boin. th«' vory ^roat dolica- oy »>t iho transact urn. Ono ol'tho Fronrh sontinols, posted alonjf tho shoro, challouji>od thv F.njflish boats in tho onstomary military lanouajic of (ho Kron«li, " Qui vit 1" who o-oos thoro I to wliioh a captain of (''razor's roii'imonl, who iiad sorvod in lloliand, and was familiar with tho l''rt nch lan- ^uayo and customs, promptly replied, "la Kranoo." The next ques- tion was much more ombarrassmj^' lor the senlinel tlomandod, *' a tpiel voi'inuMil ;■" " to what ro,oiim>ut,"' Tho eaptain, who happened to kjiow tho name oi' ono ol'llu» reyiments which was up tho river, willt o«Miii*viavillo, p;\;;;;;;l!y rejoined, " do la lloim'," " the queen's." The soldier immwdiateiy rj'plicd, " pusse," for he «i.uol'vl;lv,d 111 <>ne.e- that this was a l''r»Mii'h convoy of pr»)visions, which, as the F,n;»lish had learned, from some deserters, was expecteil to pass down the rivor to Quebec. Tho other sentinols wore ilecoivod in a similar mantier; but on«\ loss creilulous than thi' rest, rnnninji- «lown to tho water's otlije, called out," Toa'tjutM est c«' quo vonsne parte/, plushaut:'"" why dont you spoak louciieral Wolfe percoivma" tln> com miction on board, rowed alon^ij- side in person, and pr<>ventcd the lirini>-, which wonhl have alarmed the town, and tVuslrateil the onterpris(>. (toneral Wolfe, althoujih jjroatly reduced l)y a fever, to which a tlysentary was superadded, was novtM-tln^less the tiist man to leap ashm'c. The rUir- y;od precipices, I'uU t>f projciMions of rocks and of trees, and shrubs growinji' every whore amonij- the clitfs, into which tho bank was brok- en, prcsenliMl a most forbiddiuj:- app«'arance, ami ^(Mioral \Voll*e t'aiiiil- iarly speakinn' to an olVucr win* stoo«l by, said, " I don't believe th«re is any ptissiblity of jjfottinjj up, l>nt yttn must do yinir emleav<»vir." Thoro was only a narrow path, hnulino- obliquely up tho hill ; this had been rciulorod by tlie ciitMny im^iassible, in conscy taking hold of the bought and stumps of the trees and of the prcjaetions of the rocks. Thia-precipic8, (which may be in different places, from one hundred and fifty to two hundred feet high) is still very rude and rugged, but probably much less so than in 1759; it can now be surmounted, with- out very gj-eat difficulty, by men who are unmolested. Wolfe staked all, upon a very hazardous adventure ; had he been discovered prematurely, through a spy, a deserter, or an alarmed sen- try, his army would have been inevitably lost ; but having gained the lieights, he formed his troops, and met the enemy in good order. The plains of Abraham lie south and west of Quebec, and com- mence the moment you leave the walls of the city. They are a very elevated tract of ground ; this must of course be the fact, as they art* on the summit of the heights which terminate at the river; they arc nearly level — free from trees and all other obstacles, and I presume were nearly so at the time of the battle. Our military friend, captain — — , with true professional feelings, remarked, that it was " a fine place for a battle." I went to the brink of the precipice, where my guide assured me that ^^ olfe and the army came up ; a foot path, much tredden, leads through low bushes to the spot. I presume, that five hundred men, posted on this edge, would have repelled the whole army. It was about an hour before the dawn, that the army began to as- cend the precipice, and by day light, they were formed and in perfect preparation to meet the enemy.— Sillijnan.'s Tour, UNITED STATES, 8^ sword, until they reachod the gates of the city, which alone covered them iVotn total ruin. The gallant Montcalm fell mortally wounded, in the action, but lived not to witness the fall of the city. Quebec surren- dered to the conquerors in five days. Thus fell Montcalm, the hero of French America ; thus fell general Wolfe, the glory of his country, and his country's arms ; and thus fell Q,uebec, the Gbraltar of America. t General Townsend embarked about 1000 French officers and soldiers, and sent them to France. He also left a garri- son of 50"0 men under the command of the gallant general Murray, and then embarked on board the fleet, and set sail for England. General Amherst had succeeded in destroying the naval force of the enemy, upon lake Champlain ; but the season had become so tempestuous before he could carry on his opera- tions against isle Au Noix, that he abandoned the enterprise, and returned to Crown Point for the winter. CHAPTER XIV. CAMPAIGN OF 1760. At the close of the action that decided the fate of Quebec, the main body of the French army, consisting of about ten battalions of regulars, retired to Montreal, under the eom- m ind of monsieur de Levi, where they were reinforced with 6000 Canadian militia, in the coarse of the winter. With the opening of the spjring, monsieur de Levi, who had succeeded general Montcalm, commenced his operations for the reduction of Quebec. He embarked about 1 1 .000 men at Montreal, with a great body of Indians, and descended the river, under the protection of six large frigates, and landed his whole force at Point au-Tremble, on the 26th of April. With this force, de Levi had resolved to carry the city by a coup de-main. But the gallant Murray had otherwise deter- mined ; accordingly, he marched out at the head of 3000 t The French lostabout 1000 men, killed and woynded, in the aeti«n and this English abeut 500, 8* 90 HISTORY OF THE men, (the remains of the 5000 left in autumn) and gare i\\» enemy battle. The van of the French w»^ie routed by the impetuosity of the charge, and driven in disorder upon the main body ; the Enghsh pursued, and the action becaaie gen- eral and bloody. Overpowered by numbers, the gallant Mur- ray beat a retreat, and led back his heroes into the city, with the loss of 1000 of his garrison. Elated with this victory, the enemy pursued to the wallfj and conjmenced the most vigorous operations to carry the city. The strife became despeu;ite between the parties, un- til the 9th of May, when an English frigate arrived, and an- nounced the approach of an English lleet. On the loth of May, a part of the fleet arrived, and gave relief to the garrison. On the loth, the French frigates were all taken or destroved, and monsieur de Levi abandoned hi« camp in the night, and tied with the greatest precipitation to- wards Montreal. Lord Colville arrived with the remaind* UNITED STATES. 9t CHAPTER XV. (jENERAL arrangements in EUROPE TO PROSECUTE THE WAR, WITH A VIEW TO OBTAIN AN EQUITABLE PEACE. The war still riiged with violence in Europe and in India. Spain became alarmed for the tato of her American colonies, when slie saw the unparalleled success of the British arms. France took advantage of this, and commenced negotiations with Spain, to engage her in the war, under the alliance of the family compact. Thi^ roused the jealousy of England, and Mr- Pitt demanded an immediate decl.iration of war against Spain, which was refused ; and he turned his attention to the ocean, and commenced vigorous war upon the West-Indies. The allies in Europe, pushed the war in Prussia, and the French attempted to seize on Hanover. Mr. Pitt sent a naval armament to the coast of France, and took Belle-Isle, (ofl' the mouth of the Loire) which filled Kngland with spirit and hilarity. This blow, trifling as it was, called the attention of France to a peace, and she actually of- fered to yield to England all ht-r conquests in America and In- dia ; and offered Minorca for Gaud. iloupo and Mariagalante ; also to relinquish all her conquests in Germany, provided Eng- land would mike restitution lor her commerce taken before the declaration of war. All th<*se concessions the minister refused, and his refusal sealed the family compact, August 15, 17G1. The basis of this compact was a community of inter- est, and a mutual naturalization of the subjects of both king- doms ; and its obligations were mutual and reciprocal. It also extended to the king of the two Sicilies, and embraced the unity of the three monarchies. This compact gavv- a shock to Europe, and threatened the subversion of her balance of powor. Mr. Pitt rose indignant at the pusillanimity of the king and council, in refusing him it declaration of war against Sp;»in, and resigned in disgust. The earl of Egremont vv;is rai>ed to the helm of state. Me felt the high responsibility attached to that station ; and en- tered with spirit into tho measun's of Mr. Pitt, lie wrote to the governors of New- England, to furnish the same number of men, for the service ol this year, as the last, to secure the conquests in America. The troops were as promptly rai^e*^ ^ Uefore, and general Amherst took the «oniffiand. HISTORY OF THE To meet the exigencies of the approaching war with Spaiu. the minister sent a poworful armament to the West- India sta- tion, consisting of eighteen ships of the Hne, besides frigates, lire-ships, bomb-ketches &c. under the command of admiral Rodney, with about 9000 le. The cession of French America to Great Britain, cost the colonies an arduous and expensive eight years war ; and it was then believed, that it would have disarmed the Indians of the murderous hatchet and scalping knife ; and extinguished the torch that had for so many years laid waste their frontier settlements 5 but their savage spirits were not yet subdued. CHAPTER XVI. INDIAN WAR. The treaty with the Cherokess, of 1761, was considered by both parties, as the basis ofa lasting peace ; not only with the Cherokees, but with all the Indian tribes, throughout the western wilderness. To renfier this peace the more perma- nent, three Cherokee chiefs went over to England, and there confirmed the peace with the British court. Sir William Johnson made a tour through the interior of the northern tribes, to avert that jealousy which the conquest; D'l HISTORY OF THE of Canaria had excited, and which tlio. emissaries of France wore endeavoring to kindle into a flame. At the same time, thi^ governors of several of the nortli- crn colonies held a conference with the Six Nations, at Al- bany, to strengthen the force of former treaties, engage their confidence, and fix a permanent and lastmg peace between them and the colonies. At tliis conference a plot vv;h concerted by the In(hans to sur()risc the English forts, butcher the garrisons and destrov the settlements. This plot produced a confederacy of all the tribes north of the Ohio, to engage in llie war. In the month of harvest, 1763, a general attack commenc- ed upon the frontier settlements of P(jnnsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia ; anrl they fell a defenceless prey to the ravages of an Indian war. All the tr;ulers in the Indian country were murdered, at the same time, and plundered to the amount of several hundred thous;md pounds, which furnished sup- plies to carry en the sav.ige w.ir. The forts of Le Bicut, Venango and Presque-isle, became the first objects of the war. These, with MichilimackiuMC, were soon sur[)rised and taken by the Indians, and the garrisons butchered or carried into captivity. r.^r!? 1*'^^» '^Pli'oit 'THfl Niagara, became the next objects of the war. Tlie two (irst were imineMMiety iiiVc»irru »iy liU- merous parties of Indians, and the garrisons shut up within the forts. Gen. Amhi>rst, alarmed for tho safety ol these posts, after the fill of the others, despatched captain Dalyell, with a reinforcement to strengthen the garrison of Detroit. This detachment succe<'d«'d, and d'ter some severe skirmish- ing, raised the siege, and the savjiges withdrew. General Amherst sent another pnrty at the same time, to strengthen the garrison nt tort Pitt, under the command of col. Bou(juet. This party was met on their way, and fell in- to an ambuscade at Turtle creek, which commenced an action that continued two d.jys successively. The savages fought with the most desj)erate fury ; but the English met the shock with firmness, repelled the enemy .it the point of the bayo- net, and drove them into the forest. These attacks were re- newed, again and ag.iin. and as often repelled ; until the sava- ges were overj)owered and abandoned the contest. Colonel Bouquet pursued his miuch without much further mQlcstation, and in four days reached fort Pitt. UNITED STATES. db General Amlierst sent a third detachment to the relief of Niagara, but they fell into an anihuscade near the point of destination, and were all cut ofl" and destroyed, September, 1163 ; the garrison, however, held the fortress. General Gage now succeeded general Amherst, and the war continued. The colonies rousf^d to the combat, raised a force which entered the Indian country, under the command of colonels Bouquet, Bradstreet and Putjiam, with such suc- cess, as compelled them to sue lor peace. The English dictated the articles of this treaty, with such severity, as they hoped would secure their frontiers from all future savage wars. Ten chiefs were «letained as hostages from the council, to guaranty the safe return of all prisoners taken in the war : all which was duly fulhlled, and the hostages released. Pence was restored. CHAPTER XVII. ;5US NNSYLVANIA. It will be recollected that Ihe original grant of the colony of Connecticut was incliided in the grant, made by king James I. of England, in the year 1620, to the earl of Warwick and others, and that ihis patent conveyed ail the lands in America, lying between the fortieth and forty-eighth degrees of north latitude, extending Ironi the Atlantic ocean on the east, to the Pacific ocean on the w(!st, ani. including those tracts of coun- try, which afterwards became the colonies of Pennsylvania and New York. It will also be recollected, that in 1631, the carl of Warwick, president of the council of Plymouth, granted by patents to loids Say and Seal, and Brook, anti as- sociates, as descrd)ed in note to page 22. This territory was agam conhimcd to Connecticut, as a co- lony of England, by her charter granted by king Charles II. in 1662, and has been noticed ; which confirmation under the great seal of England, was considered as divesting the crown of all possible legal claims, and vesting in the colony of Connecticut, all possible legal rights to said lands. These Hgrante were all made, as well as the charter of Charles IT. "C^ij HISTORY OF THE and given many years before any grants were made to Wm. Penn ; and the settlers of the colony of Connecticut, had not the least doubt but their title to the lands was clear, and that they had good right to sell or settle all lands heretotore de- scribed. According!)' in the year 1754, a company of gentle- men, (afterwards known by the name of the Susquehaunah company) purchased of the Iroquois, or Six Nations, (when in council^ at the congress held at Albany at that time) a tract of land lying west of the colony of New York, and upon the waters of the Susquehaunah, extending seventy miles north and south, and ten miles east of said river ; being within the degress of latitude described in the grant first made to the earl of Warwick, and afterwards conveyed by| him to lords Say and Seal, and Brook, and confirmed by king Charles U. to the colony of Connecticut. These purchasers, with full confidence in their claim, petitioned the general assembly, at their session in May, 1655, praying for an act of incorporation, with permission to form a distinct commonwealth, if it should meet with his majesty's pleasure ; which petition was granted, and the company was recommended to the favor of his majesty. These lands, at the time this company extinguished the In- dian claims at Albany, were uninhabited and unoccupied ; and at the close of the war, in 1763, the company began the Wy- oming settlement, upon the river Susquehaunah. At the same time, the company sent out col. Eliphalet Dyer, as their agent to the court of Great Britain, to manage the concerns of the company. The agent presented a petition to his majesty, praying " that the company might become colonists on said lands, and that he would grant them such power, privileges and authorities, as in his great wisdom he should think fit." His majesty took this petition into his most gracious consider- ation ; but it had not heeu acted upon when the revolutiona- ry war commenced, and the contested claims of Pennsylvania remained unsettled. Pending this petition to the crown, the assembly of Con- necticut, at their May session, 1770, passed a resolve to trans- mit a statement of the case in controversy, to a learned coun- sel in England, who gave their final answer in the following words : "In case the governor and company of Connecticut, shall in point of prudence, think it expedient to make this claim and support it, it will be proper, either amicably, and in concurrence with the proprietaries of Pennsylvania, or in caSf UNITFD STATES. 9^ of tlie refusal of these proprietaries, without them, to apply to the king in council, praying his majesty to appoint commis- sioners in America, to decide the question, with the usual pow- er of appeal ;" signed by four of the tirst counsellors at law in England. This decision was received by the assembly, at theirOctober session, 1773, whereupon they resolved, " that this assembly, at this time, will assert their claim, and in some proper way, support such claim to those lands, contained with- in the limits and boundaries of the charter oi this colony, which are westward of the. colony of New-York." The as- sembly appointed col. Dyer, doctor Johnson, and J. Strong, to carry this resolve into effect, by treating with governor Penn, concerning the lands in question. These con)missioners ac- cepted their appointment, and in December following, went to Philadelphia to confer with gov. Penn, and if pOsiible, to set- tle the controversy. They opened their commission to his excellency, and communicated the acts of assembly, relative to the lands in question, and their appointment ; but the gov- ernor declined all discussion upon the subject of the contro- versy, and the commissioners returned, and made their report to the assembly, at their session in January. Upon this report, the general assembly proceeded to incor- porate the town of Westmoreland, upon the river Susquehan- nah, with the same privileges as the other towns in the colony of Connecticut. This act of the assembly gave a general alarm throughout the colony ; many saw, or thought they say, that the peace and interest of the colony were about to be commit ted, to gratify the avarice and ambition of a company of specu- lators ; they accordingly assembled in large numbers at Mid dletown, and drew up a remonstrance to the general assembly, in which they style themselves — " A meeting of the commit tees of twenty -three towns," and in which they state largely and extensively, their grievances and fears, as well as their ob- jections to the measure at large, and the more unjustifiable proceedings of the Susquehannah company, &c. This peti- tion was met by a petition to the assembly, from the Susque- hannah company, in Vv'hich they state the legality of their claims, the great expense they have incurred in support ol those claims, their prospects of success, and the good that will result to the public. Pamphlet writers entered largely into the merits of the question, pro and con ; but the revolutionary war commenced in the midst of the controversy, and both par- ties went on to settle the lands ; the Connecticut claims were 9 18 HISTORY OF THE inally overpowered by tlie violence of the Pennsylvania sel- lers, and her title was lost. CHAPTER XVHI. VERMONT. The settlement of the Dutch at Mjinhattan, at the mouth of he Hudaon, and at Albany, together with the grant of the co- ony to the duke ol York, by king Charles 11. and the settle- iient of Nevv-llampsliire by the English, have been noticed ; >ut the contested claims belwten Ncw-llanipshire and New- fork, that led* to the settlement of Vermont, now claim par- icular notice. , The colony of New-Hampshire, after she had settled her outhern boundary with Mw^-sac husetts, in 1741, claimed as ar west as the western line of Mnssachusetts ; and the then - ;overnor oi the colony, Benning Wentvvorth, made a grant of 1 township, six miles j^qu.ire, upon the south-western corner >f the claims ; bounded !?outl) on Massachusetts, and west on ^cw-York, and lying twenty miles east of Hudson river, and ailed it after his own christian name, Benningtown. The ame governor continued to make grants of those lands, lying vestof ConnecticiU rivejr, until the war of 1754 commenced, called the old French war) and irom that time, all grants ;eased, until the close of the war in America, 1761. In 17G3, about 100 townships had been located, west of Connecticut river, extending to the boundary of New-York, I'iz. twenty miles east ol the Hudson river, and above the source of that river, to the shore of lake Champlain. The lieutenant governor of New-York claimed all these ands west of Connecticut river, by proclamation ; and assert- ed the right of jurisdiction, as belonging to the colony ofNew i^)rk, by virtue of the patent of the duke of York. The governor of New-tlampshire, rejected the claims of !;^ew-York, by his prf clamation ; confirming the New-Hamp- shire giants, and exhorted the settlers to be firm, and perse- rere. "** The colony of New-York carried her claims to the crown, }y the way of memorial, and obtained the following order, 1764: UNITED STATES. 99 " His majesty orders and declares, the western banks of the Connecticut river, from where it enters the province of Mas- sachusetts-Bay, as fir north as the 45th degree of north lati- tude, to be the boundary line between the said two provinces ofNew-lJampshire and New-York." The colony of New-York iu;xt proceeded, upon this decis- ion, to lay out four counties, exteiulin of this colony, and all such as have grown out of it, were first chosen by the people, lor short periods, and possessed no power, but such as was delegated to theni by their constitu- ents, and this power was checked and bal.inced by fixed con- stitutional principles. When they had thus laid the /ounda- tions of government, they commenced their arduous duties of purcliasing lands ol the natives, clearing the forest, building towns, gathering churches, est.ibhshing a j^regular system of public worship, and laying permanent foundations for the sup- port of a liberal plan of education. LIpon this broad basis of wisdom and strength, were the tbundations of the colonies of New England laifl, and upon this we have seen them rise (o that high elevation of national prosperity they now enjoy. To understand correctly the character of this people, it may be necessary to trace a little more particularly, the prom- inent features of this general policy. Religion, manners aticl customs — The religion of the found- ers of New Engl md w.i.- strictiv puritan, and of the congre- gational or independent denomin;ition ; it commenced under the great English reformer, John VVicklifte, in the 14th cen- tury, and hiving p.issed through those scenes of persecution in England, that distinguished the reigns of Henry VI II. and his successors, down to the time of J imes I., Charles 1. and the Commonwealth, sought a retreat for peace and safety in the wilds of N. England. Th ' m mners* and customs that grew out of this religion, vvere rigiilly puritanical. Grave, severe, and circumspect in their d;^port(nent, our ancestors combined a practical religion, with the most scrupulous morals, which laid the foundation for a set of customs and habits, that opera- ted upon society more forcil)ly, if possible, than the laws, and gave a peculiar fqape anvho was to be chosen by the council, when they should ar- rive in Virginia, who also should be one of their number, and have two votes in all questions before them. In June, cap- tain Newport sailed lor England. Captain John Smith soon succeeded to the command of this colony, and beca.ne very active in their service. The tulents of captain Smith were well adapted to the com- mand of such a colony, in such perilous times. He entered with spirit upon the arduous duties of his office, and put forthj|j all his efforts to build up the settlements and secure the sink- ing colony. Captain Smith was equally active in exploring the countryj and in encouraging and Winging forward the colony. In one 108 HISTORY OF THE of his efforts to explore the Chickahominy river, he was siez- ed by a party of the warriors of the great Powhatan, and con- ducted in triumph, into the presence of the sachem, who re- ceived him with all the pomp, majesty and terror, which a savase could assume. He ordered his prisoner to be stretch- od on the ground, his head to be placed upon a large flat stone, and his brains to be knocked out with the war club. The eyes of the spectators viewed with impatience the exe- cutioner, us he raised the massy club, to gratify their thirst for blood. But lol to their astonishment, Pocahontas, daugh- ter of the sachem, and child of his delight, sprang through the crowd, flung herself upon the {ground, and placed her head upon the head of captain Smith. Struck with amazement, Powhatan raised her from the ground, dismissed her with kindness, and ordered captaia Smith to be set at liberty. In a short time, he sent him back to Jamestov/n, under a faithful escort, loaded with presents for his family ami friends. Thus relieved from impending death, by the benevolence of a female savage, then only thirteen years of age, captain Smith returned to his little colony, which he found in the ut- most possible distress and confusion.. He once more restored union and eflbrt to the colony ; and his little deliverer, with her little female attendants, made him frequent visits, loaded with such presents as were very useful to the sick and inllrm. At this time, captain Newport arrived from England with supplies, which contributed to the present relief, as well as the future prosperity «f the colony. Mr. Hunt, their clergy- man, commenced a regular course of public worship, with the administration of the ordinances of the gospel ; and harmony and order began to arise upon the solid basis of civil and re- gions liberty. This prosperity was not of long continuance. In the fol- lowing winter, their store-house caught fire and consumed, not only their stores, but extended to the town, and destroy- ed their dwellings. These calamities they bore with patience and fortitude, and put themselves upon an allowance of meal and water, through the winter. In the spring, captain Nelson arrived from England, (by thr way of the West-Indies, where he had wintered) with a sup- ^)ly of men and provisions for the colony. This arrival gavr- them new spirits and new energies ; they united their labor.* ttrough the summer, rebuilt the town, cultivated their fields, UNITED STATES, lQf« und in autumn they were blest with a good supply lor i\\e winter. But this prosperity was not permanent. Many of the com pany were bred in habits of indolence, and when they em barked for America, vainly expected to find gold withoul: labor, and riches without industry ; and when they began to realize their mistake, they commenced a clamor against cap- tain Smith, that not only embarrassed his government, buf reached even to London. At this time, sir Walter Raleigh was attainted of high trea '^OR, and his charter was forfeited.! Notwithstanding all that captain Smith had done for this colony, the London company petitioned the king, and obtained a new charter. They ap- pointed sir Thomas West, (lord Dc La War, or Delaware) captain general, sir Thomas Gates, lieutenant general, and sir George Somcrs, admiral, &c. Admiral Somers set sail from England in May, 1609, with a fleet of nme ships, and 500 people, to strengthen the colony at Jamestown ; but the admiral, with three noblemen, and lit ty others, together with a ketch, were cast away upon Ber Hiuda islands, where they wintered. When the remainder of the fleet arrived in Virginia, thev found the colony distracted by their vices, corruptions, ant' licentiousness. In September, 1G09, president Smith was so severely burnt, by an explosion of gunpowder, that ho was constrained to abandon the colony, and return to England. Jamestown could now boast of about 500 inhabitants, com ibrtably accommodated, in about sixty houses, well fortified, and defended by three ships, twenty-four pieces of cannon, and a good supply of muskets, ammunition, &c. with necessa- ry tools for labor. They also had a good supply of hogh', sheep, goats, and fowls, together with nets and boats for fish- ing ; but president Smith was gone, and with him, all thatwa^ raluable to the colony. Captain Piercy, who succeeded president Smith, was truly a man of worth ; but his feeble health unfitted him for Ihos*^ arduous duties, the factious state of the colony required. The vices of the planters provoked hostilities with the na lives, who destroyed their settlements, stole their tools, and drove olf their stock ; all which reduced them l'» thee* tremes of distress. 1 Sccintiodaction,for tho year 1585, HO ^ HISTORY OF THE Such was the wretched situation of the colony when ad- miral Somers arrived, in the spring of 1610, that the 600 colonists were reduced to 60 ; and such were their suffer- ings and prospects, that they actu;»lly abandoned their village, embarked on board their fleet, and set sail for England. At this eventful crisis, lord DelHware met them near the mouth of the bay, with a fleet and supplies from England, and by his influence, persuaded them to return, resume their dwelhngs, and submit to his government, June, 1610. Lord Delaware brought out about 600 people, 200 hogs, 200 cattle, with a year's provisions for the colony, as well as a good supply of all nr^cessary tools for husbandry. Order, tranquility, and plenty were again restored. CHAPTER II. HERE COMMENCES THE HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. The prosperity of the colony revived under the administra- tion of lord Delaware. He restored public worship, appoint- ed all the necessary officers, established a due degree of sub- ordination, and thus gave tone to his government, and indus- try, harmony and plenty to this late ruined colony. In 1611, the health of lord Delaware began to decline, and he returned to England. The government devolved upon sir Thomas Dale. Under the administration of governor Dale, the colony sunk into their former corruptions, and he was constrained to ex- ercise the most rigid military government, to check their li- centiousness, and save them from rum ; this, added to their habits of vice, and indolence, checked their enterprise, and kept them down, for many years. In 1613, Mr. Rolf, (then secretary of the colony) became attached to Pocahontas ; obtained her affections ; offered his hand, and with the consent of her father, and governor Dale, married her, April, 1614. Mr. Rolf, like a true and affec- tionate husband, sought to improve the mind of the young princess, both in useful knowledge, and religion ; and by the assistance of Mr. Whitaker. she soon acquired the English lan- guage, embraced the christian religion, and was baptised, by the name of Rebecca. UNITED STATES. HI In 1616, Mr. Rolf, with his wife, visited England, where she was introduced to her m gesty, and treated with great respect at court, and by the people of the first distinction in London. She died when about to return to America, and left one son, who was handsomely educated in England. When he became a man, he removed to Virginia^ where he lived in affluence and respectability, and died much lamen- ted. Some of the most respectable families sprang from Mr» Thomas Rolf, son of the princess Pocahontas, the deliverer of captain Smith, who may well glory in the excellent virtues of such an ancestor. About this time, ?:overnor Smith again visited the coast of America, in the character of an adventurer, and drew charts ofthe coast of North Virginia, to Which he gave the name of New-England. This coast, with its settlements, has been ful- ly noticed in the first part. In 1616, sir Thomas Dde returned to England, and was succeeded by Mr. George Yeardley. The administration of governor Dale had been prosperous, and the colony flourish- ed, and continued to flourish, through the administration of governor Yeardley. In 1617, governor Argall succeeded to the chair, and gov- ernor Yeardley returned to England. In two years, this despot subverted the prosperous admin- istrations of a Delaware, and a Dale, and threw the colony back into the times of former distress, and ruined all the efforts which had been mride by the London company, for ten or twelve years ; a period, in which they had expended more than eighty thousand pounds sterling, and from the number of 1670 souls, that had been transported into the colony, more than 1200 had been lost by sickness, savage barbarities, or an oppressive and rapacious government. Sunk again to the lowest state of distress, the people await- ed, with anxious impatience, the return of lord Delaware, to bless the colony with his presence and government ,- but again their hopes were blasted ; his lordship reached the mouth of Delaware bay, where he died, 1618 ; and thus gave name to a bay, that has ever continued. A change in the London company, this year, removed gov- ernor Argall, and restored governor Yeardley to the govern- ment of Virginia. This change abolished the oppressive gov- ernment of Argall, and restored the colony to the liberties of 112 HISTORY OF THE free-born Englishmen, and thus laid the foundation of liberty enterprise, and industry, in Virginia. The London company gave orders, that governor Argall should be arrested and tried in the colony, for mal-adminis- tration ; but justice was robbed of her rights, and Argall es- caped to England unpunished. During all this time, the phmters had endured all their dis tresses as single men, and had settled, or attempted to settle, only six or seven towns ; but this year, the London company sent out a new recruit, of about 1216 men, together with a colony of 140 young and virtuous women, and assigned thens a settlement called Maiflstovvn. Woman pawned her jewels to furnish Columbus with mon- ey to discover America. — Woman saved Virginia, by rescu- ing captain Smith, at the hazard of her life, and by the pow- ers of virtuous affection, gave to Virginia some of her best citizens ; and woman, by the settlement of Maidstown, gave to the colony new spirits, and new energies, and laid the per- manent foundation of Virginia, 1619.1 The planters selected their wives from the new settlement of Maidstown, and new scenes, new amusements, as well as new habits of industry and enterprise, became general through- out the colony. In June, 1621, governor Yeardley convened the tirst as- sembly, and as the elections were made from towns that held the rights and forms of boroughs, the representatives were therefore termed burgesses. This assembly abolished martial law, and gave freedom^ and the rights of civil law to Virginia. J This general assembly decreed, " that ihe colony should hereafter be governed by two supreme councils ; the one called the council of state, and the other the general assem- bly ; to be convened annually by the governor, or oftener, as circumstances may require. The general assembly to con- sist of a council of state, and two burgesses from each town, hundred or plantation, and all decisions to be made by a ma- jority of votes ; reserving to the governor, a casting vote. The powers of this assembly, to be strictly legislative ; and all laws enacted by them, to be in conformity to the laws of England. No laws to become binding, until ratified by the t About this time, a Dutch vessel landed about twenty ne«rroes,\vhc were sold for slaves, which commenced African slavery in the south I This was the first legislative assembly held in America, United states 113 oompan}' in England, and returned under their seal. — And no laws of the company in England, to be binding on the colony, until ratified by the colonial assembly. " This year, king James ordered the bishops of England to make a general collection in all their several dioceses, to found a college in Virginia. The order was carried into ef- fect, and £1500 sterling was raised, which, added to 10,000 acres of wild land, laid the foundation of the first college in Virginia. About this time, a mortal sickness swept off above 300 of the planters, and king James ordered the London company to transport 100 convicts into the colony. In 1622, private adventurers in England, fitted out twenty- one ships, with 1300 passengers, to Virginia, and sir Francis Wyat, was sent out as governor. Those early attempts that had been made to introduce some form of religion in the colony, had long since been de- stroyed, through the licentiousness of the planters ; and the new addition of convicts, had increased the evil. The London company at this time, made one effort, through the instrumentality of sir Francis, to give a christian form t» the colony, and lay the foundations of such in.^titutions, as might train up the rising generation to the knowledge of the one true God. Powhatan was now dead, and his successor Opecancanoah, formed a general conspiracy among the savages, to extermin- ate the English. On the 22d of May, the whole confederacy entered the English settlements at mid-day, under the mask of their usual friendship, and at a signal given, commenced an indiscriminate butchery ; and in less than one hour, about 300, of all ages, fell a sacrifice to their savage fury. A Mr. Vace had warning from a friendly Indian, and gave such seasonaT»le notice to Jamestown, that the people stood to their arms, and rallied from the neighboring villages, and thus saved that settlement ; but the savages drove off the cat- tle, burnt and destroyed their mills, iron works, and even the houses upon the plantations, and swept the country with a general pillage. Their new college was destroyed, and the superintendent, Mr, Thorpe, was killed. Roused by a sense of their wrongs, the planters rallied t» the combat, entered the enemy's country, laid waste their vil- lages with fire and sword, and earned off their com : all 10' U4 HISTORY OF TMC which proved very destructive to the Indians, the ensuing winter, 1623. The settlement of tliis colony, down to the year 1621, had cost the company more than jC 1 50,000 sterling, besides the expense of private adventurers; and more than 4,000 lives had been lost. In 1624, king James issued writs of quo warranto, against the London company, and dissolved their charter, and the government reverted to the crown. In 1625, king Charles I. succeeded to the throne, upon the death of his father, James 1. and immediately granted a new charter to the colony of Virginia ; which charter, vested in the governor and council, unlimited powers. The king next appointed sir John Harvey, their governor. This tyrant ruled with such despotic sway, that the people ar- rested him in his mad career, and sent him to England for trial accompanied by two agents, as his accusers. King Charles resented this indignity offered to his govern- or ; dismissed the suit, and sent him back to his government, 1639. The people became so indignant, under his second adminis- tration, and accused him so severely to the king, that he recall- ed him the same year, and sent out sir \Vm. Berkeley, as his successor. To add to the calamities of the administration of governor Harvey, the savages resented his encroachments upon their lands, commenced a second massacre upon the colony, and murdered moi'c thnn five hundred people, in the settlements upon James river, York river, antl others, 'i'his, added to the oppressions of Harvey, gave such a check to the colony, that many years could not fully recover. Sir VVm. Berkeley entered upon his administration, by call- ing an assembly, upon the plan of the old charter. This caused the restoration of law, order, and civil rights, agreea- ble to the laws of England. These combined, restored tbt colony to her former situation in the days of lord Delaware. These blessings would have given new enjoyments to the: colony ; but the murder of 500 people in cold blood, called for that justice, which could not be obtained of a savage, but by the point of the sword. To the sword they appealed ; and although the appeal was just, yet a long and bloody war ensued, before the savages were humbled, and a firm and ^ j)ermanent peace restornd. UNITED STATES. 110 During these changes, under the administration of governor Berkeley, the civil war in England, had subverted the monar- chy, and raised Oliver Cromwell to the throne, as lord high protector, 1653. Governor Berkeley refused to do homage to the protector ; and Cromwell despatched a Heet to the coast of Virginia, un- der the command of captain Dennis, to reduce the colony to obedience. Governor Berkeley submitted to an honorable capitulation, which was expected to secure to the colony, all the rights and privileges of the old charter. But Cromwell rigidly enlbrced upon Virginia, the famous British navigation act, (which parliament had passed in 1651) which embarrass- ed her trade and kept her down. t When governor Matthews, (the last of the governors ap- pointed by Cromwell) had died, Virginia took advantage oi the imbecile reign of Richard Cromwell, and proceeded to re-elect sir Wm. Berkeley as their governor, and published their declaration in favor of Charles II. Sir Wm. upon the strength of this, ventured to proclaim Charles 11. as king ol England, Scotland, France, lieland ;ind Viiginia, several months before the restoration. I^y this act, Virginia hoped to recover hrr ancient charter privileges, which Cromwell had wantonly violated, and dej^troycd. She also anticipated the favor of the king, in consequence of their legislative re- solve, of 16-12, which declared " that as they were born under a monarchy, they would n»iver degenerate from the condition of their births, by being subject to any other government." Upon the accession oi" Charles 11. 1G60, Virginia presented to his majesty, a humble address, in whicli they spread their grievances before the throne, and prayed for a relief from their burdens, and a restoration of their ancient chartered rights. Vain were their remonstrances, deaf was the king, and des- perate was their cause. Upon the back of all this, Virginia soon became entangled in a long and distressing Indian war, that raged down to the time of the famous war in New-England, called Philip's *var. 1675 ; and the whole country was full of distress. In the midst of this war, a faction sprang u[), which threat- ened the subversion of the government. t This act decreed " that the colonies should not import or expoj i any foreign conimoditic!?, except in Khip:> built and navi^atad by En"- lishnion." no HISTORY OF THE A bold antl aspiring adventurer, by the n.Mne of Bacon, who liad been bred a lawyer in London, h;id emigrated to Virgin- ia, like thousanits of otliers, to seek his fortune ; he soon be- came a member of the council ; took adv. mtiige of his po|)uhH talents ; volunteered his services agaiuj^t the Indian-?, assem- bled a company, anddem indeil of the governor a commission. This was refused ; and the governor demanded, that Bacon should disband his men, and come down to Jamestown, on pain of being declared a rebel. Bacon assured his men, that he would never lay down his arms, until he ii.ui revenged their cause, and punished the Indians ; but upon retloction, he selected forty men to accom- p my him to Jamestown, in obedience to the guvernor. Here a quarrel ensued with the governor, and he suspended Bacon iVom the council. Bacon resented the indignity, made his escape, put liim- sclf again at the head of about 600 men, and marched down to Jamestown ; drew up his troops belore the house of assem- bly, and demanded a gv-neral's commission, to go against the Indians. The commission w. is granted, and signed by the gov- ernor, (with reluctance) and general Bacon marched off in triumph. The governor, by advice of tlie assembly, immediately is- sued a proclam »tion of rebellion, against Bacon, and ordered out the militia to arrest his j)rogress. A civil war commenc- v.d ; general Bacon marched immediately to Jamestown, in (pi^st of the governor, who fled at his approach, and crossed over to Accomack. Jiacon immediately called a convention of his I'arlizans ; issued a m inileslo against the governor, and assumed the reigns of government. In the mean time, the j;overnor assembled a force, under the command of m:ijor Beverley, who crosseil the bay, and rommenced o|>erations against Bacon. A severe skirmish ensued ; blooil and slaughter marked the violence of the par- ties, until the death of Bacon checked this mad career of par- ty, and closed this civil war. 'J'he insurgents immediately dispersed ; a general amnesty was granted, and peace was restored. The blood spilt ia this contest, bore no proportion to the ether calamities that followed. Jamestown was laid in ashes ; ihe liocks of cattle were butchered for the use of the parties. or wantonly destroyed ; agriculture was neglected ; and to lown all, the savages renewed their depredations and niur I UNITKI) STATKS. 117 (lers, willi such incrcancMl violence, that at tho close of thr war, the country was threatened with famine. Viri^inia groan- ed under the eiVects ol' these calamities ibr morc^ than thirty years. At the return ol i»eace, a re«;ini«'iit of soldiers arrived iVoni I'.nglnnd, by the request of the governor, to maintain t\ui or- der of the colony. Governor Berkeley soon after abandoned Virginia, and re- turned to England, where he died. In 1G79, lord Cul[)<'|)|)er was appointed to succeed govern- or Berkeley, and he set sail for Virginia, with a code of rrew laws for the government of his colony. Thus armed, with his code of n New-England. This colony transported several Indian chil- dren into New-England, under a pretence of educating them, which roused the revenge of the savages, and they commenc- ed general depredations upon the settlement ; killed and drove off their cattle ; atd they abandoned the settlement, and re- turned to New-England. In 1665, a colony from Barbadoes, came upon the coast : resumed the settlement at Old Town, and commenced the province of Clarcl'ndon, upon the same constitution as that of Albemarle. Sir John Yenmens became their first governor. This colony entered with spirit, upon the labors befor UNITED STATES. 123 them, and greatly enlarged the land bounty, offered by the former colony, to induce settlers to come in. — They were al- so indulged with the special privilege of choosing their own governors, who continued in office three years. In 1666, this settlement amounted to about BOO. In 1667, the county ol Albemarle convened the first assem- bly in Carolina, under governor Stevens. By this assembly, it was enacted " that none should be su- ed in five years, for any cause of action arising out of the country ; and that no person should accept a power of attor- ney, to receive debts contracted abroad." It was also enact- ed, " that none might be hindered in so necessary a work for the preservation of mankind, any persons wishing to marry, by declaring their purposes before the governor and council, and their neighbors, should be considered as man and wife." A law ♦vas also passed, imposing a duty of thirty pounds of tobacco, upon every law suit, to dffr.iy the expenses of the government. These laws were approved by the proprietors. The people had thus far lived without law, or law guits ; they were free from debt, without taxes, and hardly knew the use of money. This year, 1668, the proprietors enlarged their bounty lands, by what was then called the great deed or charter, and the county flourished. In 1669, the proprietors fitted out three vessels, and plant- ed a colony under gov. Savle, at Port-Royal; and erected it into a county, which they "called drteret. Thps, three dis- tinct governments were tbrined in Carolina. The attention of the proprietors was now turned towards a permanent government. Their avowed object was " to make the government of Carolina agree, as nearly as possible, with the monarchy of which it was a part ; and to avoid erecting a numerous democracy." Lord Ashley, afterwards earl of Shaftsbury, at the request of the proprietors, obtained a sin- gular constitution from the celebrated John Locke. t t This constitution provided, that all the proprietors should compose a palatine court, who should elect a president for life. That an hered- itary nobility, termed landgraves, caziques and barons, should be for- med. That a parliament should be held once in two years, consisting' of the proprietors, the nobility, and the representatives cliosen by the people, who were all to meet in one apartment, and have an equal vote. All business, however, was to originate in the grand council ol the two first orders. 124 HISTORY OF THE Gov. S.iyle iitlempted to put into operation, the non-descnpt constitution of Mr. Locke ; but found it impracticable. lie soon fell a victim to thecliniate, and was succeeded by sir John Ycamans. governor of Cape Fear, whose authority was ex- tended over this southern district. Thus the colony of Carolina was formed into two govern ment, August, 1C7I. Charleston had been founded by governor Sayle. No gen- eral staple had, as yet, appeared in Carolina ; but the propri- etors believed that silk, raisins, (from the multitude of grapes) capers, wax, almonds and olives, might be encouraged and cultivated here, as in Turkey in Europe, and they exempted all these articles from duties, for seven years. In IGbO, not one of these articles had been cultivated, and the king caused tilly families of Huguenots, who had tied into England, from the persecutions of France, to be transported into Carolina, gratis, for the express purpose of introducing the culture of the above articles. The plan wholly failed, ;md the culture was lu glected. In 1G90, the settlement at cape Fear, was abandoned, and the settlers joined the southern colony. About the year 1670, governor Stevens died at Albemarle, and gov. Carluriglit succeeded for a short time ; but being called to England, Eastchurch was af)poinled governor, and entered u|)on the administration ot the colony, then consisting of about 1400 taxable inhabitants ;1" one third of whom were slaves. The produce of the colony was then estimated at 80 hogsheads of tobiicco, annually, 'i'his was said to be ol little value to the planters, for the New-England traders engrossed nearly the whole, with their whiskey, and other ardent spir- its ; together with a few trilles, which they brought into the country. Governor Eastchurch s;iiled for England, to promote the interest of the colony ; and in his absence, Miller, his secre- tary, acted as president, and was so severe Sn collecting the revenue, and in attempting to suppress the whisk(iy trade from New-England, as to raise a rebellion. The people rose in arms, headed by one Culpepper^ (a surveyor of South Carolina) who had tied from justice, and taken refuge at Albemarle. t These were either white males of 16 years old, or slaves, eitlioi neorroes, mulattoea or Indians, male or female, 12 years old. t):t^lTtD STATES. 125 Culpepper arrested Miller and six of his council, and put them into close continernent ; assumed the reins of govern- ment, seized on the treasury, (containing about three thousand pounds) and entered upon the collection of the rustoms. The next year, governor Eastchurch arrived, and fmding the colony in a state of rebellion, he applied to the governor of Virginia for a military force to restore order ; but before the troops arrived, he died. The next year, Culpepper and Miller both went over to England, to make their delVnce to the lords proprietors, and seek redress. Culpepper was arrested, and tried for higli treason ; but was acquitted upon the grotuid, that the affray could not aojonnt to any thing more than a riot. This subject now engrossed the attention of the lords pro- prietors, to determine, whether they should provide by force, to render the laws respectable, or receive the submission ol the offenders, upon easy terms. They chose the latter; the offenders were pardoned, :in(l the government received a wound from which it never recovered, lG75.t The lords proprietors next appomted one Sothel, to suc- ceed governor Eastchurch. Sothel had recently become a proprietor, by buying the share of lord Clarendon, and of course received the appointment of governor, and set sail for Carolina. He was taken on his pass:ige, an;l carried into Al- giers ; and John Jenkins was appointed to till the chair of Al^ bemarle, pro tern. During his administration, an act of general amnesty was passed in favor of the late rioters, saving the indemnity to the crown, for duties. Thus relieved from the arm of the law, the liolers com- menced a general persecution against their opponents, with such bitterness, that many fled into Virginia, for safety and protection. In the midst of this persecution, governor Sothel arrived, with instructions from the lords? proprietors, to redress ail grievances, and by a firm, yet mild and equitable government, restore order, peace, and concord in the colony. What is the force of council to a mad-man, or the power of wisdom to an idiot, or the influence of justice and moderation, upon the sordid and avaricious ? Sothol entered uj)on his administration, as au adept in al! f This year commenced Thilip's war m New-England, 11* 12G HISTORY OF THE those arts, by which man oppresses his fellow man. Ju^ice ami injustice, innocence and ^uilt, were with him synonymous terms ; and money was the only make-weight in his scale. Well might it be said of him, " IVhen the wicked bear rule, the people mourn.^' The people did mourn ; but not in silence and despair. They siezed the ollcnder, and were about to send him oil* to England for trial ; but he plead for mercy, :'nd prayed to be tried by the colonial assembly ; they granted his prayer. The assembly tried him, and sentenced him to depart ihe co- lony in twelve months ; and he complied with their decree. Sothel retired into the southern colony, where, like Cul- pepper, he put himself at the head ul" a faction, who were op- posing the governor, and by his popular zeal, obtained the reins ot government ; and the people of the south, like those of the north, were brought to feel the oppression of his ruth, less power. Doomed to perpetual civil war, Carolina saw no end to her troubles. Torn with internal dissentions, which arose Ironj the corruptions of the people, and the corrupt administration of her government, she hoped to remove the latter, by re- lurniiig to tlie charter ; but in making this change, new trou- bles arose. The tirst sketch of the constitution of Mr. Locke, had beeu ;?ent over in a rough, untinislied state, and was at once receiv- ed rtnd put into operation, in l(JG9 ; but the true constitution*, as the}' were designed by the lords proprietors, to become the basis of the government, were not received until March, 1G70. The first be.ng then in operation, and most favorable to the people, was received and supported by them, and the latter were rejected. This excited party strife agnin for v) time ; but the people finally united in rejecting the constitu- tions, and a state of anarcliy ensued, that disstracted the colo- ny, and produced all those excesses that arise out ol idleness and dissipation ; and many of the best members of society lied the colony. This state of anarchy reigned triumphant in both colonies, for more than twenty years. Sometimes a civil war, and sometimes a religious persecution prevailed ; and all was con- fusion, until governor Archdale was sent out as an instrument of peace for Carolina. In 1695, governor Archdale arrived in South Carolina, and .-otered upon tha arduous duties of hi^ oflise. He first re~ UiNlTKD STATES, 127 moved the high toned partisans from tlie council, and appoint- ed moderate men in their places. He next began to reform the tactions of the colony at large, by administering justice, with a liberal hanil ; and when the heat of party began sufll- ciently to abate, he called an assembly of the people. This step restored order. CHAPTER V. CAROLINA, CONTINUED. All the wisdom that Wm. Penn displayed, in quieting tfif i'euds of his colony, was found in governor Archdal(\ in (juell- ing the feutis ol Carolina ; both were quaker^, and in their governinenls, exhibited the true characlur of their religion. Governor Arch8 HISTORY OF THE be cast away upon cape Fear. They readily complied, tlieu prisoners were restored, and they manifested their sincerity, by aft'ording reliel'to about fifty unfortunate New-England ad- v-^nturers, who were Cvast away upon cape Fear, soon after, on their way to Charleston. The fame of governor Archdale soon reached the northern colony, and prepared the way for him to take the chair there, and enter upon the Herculean tusk, of relbrming the abuses, and corruptions ofanother ^jrolligate, and factious government. The reformed example of the south, had shone so con- spicuously, that it greatly facilitated the reformation of the north ; and thequakers in the north, being numerous, render- ed the admmistration of governor Archdale the more easy and pleasant, he being one of their sect. He took up his abode with them, purchased an estate at Albemarle, married his daughter at Pasquetank, and left a progeny behind him, that are respectable to this day. Sir Nathaniel Johnson succeeded to the chair in South Car- olina, upon the departure of governor Archdale. The old religious teuds sprang up under his mild administration, and distracted the colony. In lt)99, Thomas Harvey succeeded governor Johnson ; and in 1703, Robert Daniel became pres- ident of the council, and Thomas Carey succeeded to the chair. Tlie high church paity had gained an ascendancy, and oppressed the dissenters ; they remonstrated to the house of lords, who laid their remonstrance before queen Ann. The queen ordered their oppressive laws to be repealed ; but left the colony to settle their own feuds. During this period of ten or twelve years, both colonies flourished, and settlements were made upon the Neuse and Taw rivers. The county of Bath was formed in the south, and general peace and goud order had succeeded the times of •anarchy, and misrule. In 1G90, a mortal sickness raged among the Indians upon Pamlico river, and nearly swept otT that tribe ; and the Caro- lina Inilians were severely humbled, by another powerful tribe, and the settlers entered without molestation, upon those vacated lands, 1698. In the forepart of the 18th century, the settlement thus extended, changed the name of '* Albemarle county in Caro- lina," to that of the " colony of North Carolina," and the gov- ernor took his title accordingly. Such was the scarcity of money in those day?, that the sev- UNITED STATES. r29 oral articles of tratic were substituted in the place of money, and their prices tixed by law. Even judgments of court?* were entered upon the dockets as payable in particular arti- cles therein specified, f With the change of the constitution, the name of the su- preme court was changed, from that of parliament, to that o( general asssembly. This change of name could be remember- ed ; but the laws they enacted could hardly 1)e expected to be remembered, for they were not yet printed. At the rising of each as^-^embly, the laws then enacted, were read aloud in the audience of the people, and no man was al- lowed to plead ignorance of the law. At one session ot a biennial assembly, more than tit'ty laws were passed, and pub- lished to the people at one readina;. At this time, printing presses were {)roliibited, bo'h in Vir- ginia and Carolinii. Even sir Wm\ Berkeley had expressed his emotions of gratitude to heaven, '■'that there was not a printing press in all the southern provinces.'''' About the tirst of the Itith century, a ship from Madagas- car, bound to London ton hed at the bar, on her passage ; and the captain gave the governor a small qu mtity of nee, and from this present^ rice became one of the staple? of Carolina. In the reign of queen Ann, and about the same time, the Swedes, who had hitherto furnished tar for the English navy, became extravagant in their demands. "The queen otTered a bounty upon tar, which encoiiiagey mouth. "In the year 1705, the first church was built in Chowan precinct, and a larger church was built, the year following, at Perquimons. Two episcopal ministers arrived about this time. t Deer-skins, liides, tallow and small fair, were the articlps in gen ~ eral use, at country price?. 13u HISTORY OF THE " The province wks afterwards divided by law, into pai ishes ; each precinct, in general, forming one parish. Thr people on the Neuse and ail the southern settlers, were in- cluded in Craven parish. " Magistrates were authorised b^ law, to join parties in iharriage, provided there was not a minister in the parish, otherwise they were subject to a tine of live pounds for per- torming the service. Protestant dissenters were allowed to worship in public, by another act, subject to the same rules, regulations and restrictions, as were contained in the several nets of parliament in fc^ngland. (^^uakers were also permitteil by law to affirm, insteatl of swearing ; but they could not by virtue of such affirmation, t^ive evidence in any criminal case, ot serve on a jur^^ or hold any office of ])rofit or trust in the land. These were the tirst departures in the northern gov ernment, from the original engagement of the proprietors, on the subject of religion ; but the spint of intolerance groN stronger, as the province increased in population ; for the constant influence of patronage, and numerous emigration- iVom Virginia, had given the episcopalians a majority in the legislature.!" Thomas Carey, lieutenant-governor of the northern colo- ny, had been collector of the proprietary quit- rents ; but ibr mal-administration, they removed him from his offices, and di- rected the council to administer fhe government. A meetinji of the deputies was held, and they elected xMr. Glover presi- dent. Carey continued his seat at the council board, with apparent satisfaction, until he had by his intrigues tbrmed a party, which he believed to be sutliciently strong to seize on the government. He made the attempt with an armed force, and failed. At the same time a commission arrived from the lords proprietors, to Edward Hyde, as lieut. governor. Governor Hyde promised to redress all the grievances of which Carey complained ; but this was not the object. Ca- rey had been deposed, and now taken arms to recover the government, and was resolved to persevere. Governor Spotswood, ot Virginia, attempted to interfere, by oflfering hi> mediation, but all in vain. Carey looked to the government, and was resolved to recover it. Carey commenced an attack upon Edenton, but failed, anu tl have given this extract from the historian of Carolina, to shov- iheir religious character. UNITED STATES. 131 was repulsed with loss. He made several attempts to aug- ment his forces ; but the people were not ripe ibr such an in- surrection. Governor Hyde applied to governor Spots wood, for aid, who sent him a small armed force, and Carey's mob were soon dispersed. He tied into Virginia, where the governor seized him, and sent him piisoner to England. Governor Hyde, agreeable to his instructions, issued his proclamation, offering pardon to all the insurgents, excepting Thomas Carey, John Potter and three others. Tranquility was again restored. Notwithstanding the black catalogue of events that marked the early settlements of Carolina, it stands recorded b}' their faithful histori.ui. doctor Williamson, '* that in 1708, only two persons had been executed for capit d offences ; the one a Turk, and the other an old woman, suspected of witchcratt.'" In 1703, Albamarle sound was frozen over. Thus situated, the colony flourished, and the population progressed, until the several precints in the original counties of Albemarle and Bath, became so extensive, that the whole were called counties, about the year 1738. CHAPTER VI. CAROLINA CONTINUED. The last chapter was closed with the suppression of Carey V rebellion. The history of the Huguenot and Palatine colo- nies, noAV claims attention. '^ In 1690, a colony of French Huguenots came into Virginia, from England, under the patronage of king William, and set- tled at the Mamakin Town, upon James river. Displeased ^vith their. situation, they removed into Carolina, and settlet! upon the river Trent, under the pastoral care of their be- loved Ribonrg. This colony was a valuable acquisition to Carolina, on account of their pious, industrious and frugal habits ; and they flourished under these virtues, and became useful and valuable citizens. A colony of German protestants, from Heidleburg, upon the Rhine, fled also from the persecutions of their lordly, despotic rulers, and took refuge in England ; where they J32 HISTORY OF THE ^vcrr, cordially received, and supported at the expense of liu' **overntnent.t At their request 100 families were transport- ed to Carolina, through the agency of Christopher Graffenried, and Lewis Mitchell, who had been in America, exploring the country of Virginia and Carolina, to prepare the way lor a colony. These specalators entered into a contract with the propri- etors of Carolina, upon the following conditions, viz. That 10,000 acres of land should be svrveyed to them, lying be- tween the Neuse and cape Fear rivers, at the ratio of twenty shdlings per hundred acres, and six pence the yearly quit- rent. Also another tract, in reserve, of 100,000 acres, for tw.'lve years. And whoever should pay the usual price for 5,000 acres, should possess a title, which fell to GriilTenried. Queen Ann had appointed commissioners to make provis- ion, and furnish support for this colony of Palatines, whilst they yet remained in England ; and these commissioners en- teredinto a contract with Graffenried and Mitchell, upon the following terms, viz. '' That they, Graffenried and Mitchell, would transport to Carolina, G50 men, women and children, of these Palatines, (100 fimilies) and that they would convey to each family, 250 acres of land, surveyed into lots of that size, free of rent for five years, and then at an annual rent of two pence per acre, currency, per annum, for ever. That they would supply each family with provisions for one year, for which they were to pay a reasonable consideration, at the end ot the following year. They also agreed to furnish each family vvith the necessary implements of husbandry, free of expense ; as well as tools to erect houses, &c. ; also cows, hogs and sheep, to a certain number, w ithin four months after their at-rival in Carolina ; to be paid for in seven years ; and lialf of the remaining increase to be returned as a considera- tion of interest." The commissioners stipulated to pay five pounds per head for their tran^portation, and at the same time, gave each one, cither old or young, twenty shillings from the charitable funds, collected for their support. The Palatines delivered this money to Graffenried and Mitchell, in trust, to be paid on t The religious persecutions in Franco and Germany, were then in their extremes. Queen Ann at this time, had invited these fugitives into England, by her proclamation of 1708. UNITED STATES. 133 in December, 1709, the colony arrived at the confluence uf the rivers Neuse and Trent, where they erected huts to shelter them, until they could enter upon their lands. This place of their first residence, they called New-Bern, in honor of the native place of Graffenried, in Switzerland. Graffenried, who had gained his title by his purchase, and now become baron de Graftenried, was content to mortgage his lands to Thomas Pollock, for i^800 sterling ; deliver over his palatine colony, and return to Switzerland. Thus abandoned by their chief, they were constrained to take up such lands as they could procure ; and by their in- dustrious and frugal habits, they acquired a subsistence. — They soon atter petitioned king George I. and he granted them 10,000 acres of land, rent free, tor ten years, as a re oompense for their losses. The first settlers of America, not only speculated upon each other, but they too often speculated upon the Indians, and purchased their land for trifles, as light as air ; entered into unjust and forcible possession, or what is worse than both, corrupted them by rum, and thus obtained their lands.- — Through the medium of all these evils, the Indians were of- ten provoked to revenge their wrongs, which produced war, and sealed the other evils with blood. Hitherto the pru- dence of the first settlers of Carolina, had so far shunned these evils, as to escape war ; but their population had increased so rapidly, their encroachments become so frequent, and the use of rum so common, that all those numerous tribes, who dwelt upon the great rivers near the sea-coast, were nearly all ex tinct. At this time, one Lawson, a surveyor, (who from the nature of his oflice was generally known among the Indians, and who had lately marked off a survey, that encroached upon their lands) attempted to explore the lands upon the river Neuse, accompanied by the baron de Graffenried, for whona he had recently surveyed the 10,000 acres, that had given the Indians an alarm. When he had ascended the river to the first night's lodging, they found a rcce{)tion unusually cool, and their suspicions of danger led (hem to retire to their boat ; but the Indians detained them as prisoners, and the next day they held a solemn trial upon them, and condemned and exe- cuted Lawson ; but the baron, upon a plea of being a foreign- er, and not English, they acquitted, and suffered to return ; but not until they had attempted to execute their cruel de- sign, which was to murder all the English to the south of 12 134 HISTORY OF THE Albemarle sound. Accordingly upon the 22d of September. 1711, the Indians divided themselves into small companies ot six'or seven each, and entered the villages, put whole fami- lies to indiscriminate death, with all their wonted savage cru- elty, to the number of 130; young men and maidens, old men and babes, were all devoted to indiscriminate butchery by the tomahawk. This instrument they had chosen in pre- ference to their guns, to avoid suspicion ; but all could not be massacred at once ; and the remnant seized their gunsr, and made their defence, until they were relieved by their friends. South Carolina sent colonel Biirnwell, with a small body of white men, and a large body of friendly Indians, to their re- lief; they also made them a gran of about £4,0'^0 in money. The friendly Indians were Creeks, Cherokees, and Cataw- bas. With this force, colonel Barnwell entered the northern province, and laid waste the settlements of the Corees, Bear River, Neuse, and Mattamuskeet Indians, who had all been confederate against Neuse and Pamlico settlements ; killed and destroyed about tifty, and carried off about 200 women and children, as prisoners. The Tuscaroras, a tribe who dwelt more remote from the English settlements, were both numerous and warlike. — These also, had been engaged in the conspiracy against the English ; and to secure themselves from the vengeance of colonel Barnwell, had taken shelter in an Indian castle, to the number of about 800 warriors. Colonel Barnwell, with two field pieces, approached the fort regularly, with Mitchell the speculator, for his engineer, and might have destroyed thi? nest of murderers, at a blow ; but he made peace, and suffered them to escape. As soon as Barnwell had withdrawn his troops, these Indians returned to their accustomed ravages. The northern colony again ap- plied to the southern for aid, and they sent out colonel Moor, with about forty white men, and 800 Ashley Indians, who ar- rived in the northern colony, in December. Virginia sent out some troops, and about £1 1<^0 ^^ money, to relieve the sufieriags of Carolina, and clothe her troops ; but the troops were never raised, and the county of Bath was left to sufl'er. More than forty settlers were either killed.-or carried off, during the winter, and the settlements thoroughly ravaged. When colonel Moor arrived at Albemarle, he was con- itrained to halt several weeks, for the want of provision?. ITKD STATES. 135 Oa the tirst of January, ho bcijan his march in pursuit of the oueiny. On the Ithof Fohru uy, he reiichedthe Taw river, wliere lie was detained by a doep snow, and the Tuscaroras dreadin:: the Asldev In lians, had secured themselves in theiv Ibrts, about lifty niih's up the C.jtecliony. Knowinii; th »l eoloiud M(U)i hid nnrehed ai^ainst llicin with cannon, tijey secunul their Ibrls by a deep (htcli, and paUis- adoes ; and in the centre th.'y Mjnk larj;\» pits, and threw up the earth on all sides, to shield them from the shot ol" the can- non. Thus fortilieil, the Inili ins :iwaited their pursuers. Colonel Moor approached llieir iort reiijnlarly, knowinu; the enemy to be in i;reat force, and well snpplied with musk- ets. Ifelh'st cut olVlheir coininnnication with the water, and next carried forward his rei^ular aj)proaches, mdil he entered the iorl with the point ol* Iht) biyonel, and made the whole i^arrison prisoners, to the niKnl)er ol' 800 warriors. These prisoners were delivered to the Ashley Indians, as a reward lor their services, who carried them into South Carolina, and sold tbein for slaves. Colonel [Moor lost in this memorable seii^c, about fifty white men, kdled and wounded, and about eighty or ninety friendly Indians. The enemy abandouiMl th^'ir other forts, and lied into the wilderness. riie eastern Tuscaroras sued ibr peace, which was g-ranted upon tl»e foUowiiiij; terms, viz. 1st. The Tusks, sh ill deliver twenty lMelf at the luMil of his warriors, and in the service of the English, becamf* very successful, in killing, captuiing, anil destroying the remaining Corees and iMattamuskeets, who were mostly taken and sold as slaves. 136 HISTORY OF THE The remnant of these tribes sued for peace, which wa* granted upon condition, that they should dwell at Mattamus- keet, under the care of an inspector. Thus closed this ever memorable war, February, 1715. Colonel Moor returned in triumph to South Carolina, where his services were soon required, to quell an insurrection among the savages of the south. This he soon effected, and peace was restored. To defray the expenses of these wars. South Carolina was constrained to issue eight thousand pounds in bills of credit ; and to support their value, they were made a lawful tender, in payment of just debts. This, by its depreciation, soon be- came an evil, worse than an Indian war. In 1676, Carolina consisted of fourteen hundred taxable in- habitants ; and in 1717, it did not exceed two thousand, allow- ing one third for slaves. Then the fencibles of the colony did not exceed thirteen hundred. This fact alone, is a suffi- cient comment upon the genius of their government, as well as upon its administration. Such were the emigrntions, durmg the administrations of Sothel, Culpepper, and Car, that the governor of Virginia was constrained to issue a proclamation, ordering, " that all fugi- tives from Carolina, without a pass, should be arrested and sent back." Their historian, doctor Williamson, thus remarks : — " The temperature of the climate in Carolina, was so inviting, the soil so fertile, and the means of living so easy, that the people must have been very numerous, if the government had been administered with any degree of wisdom. " The farmer was not constrained to make provision for his cattle in winter, for they found a sufficient supply in the woods, and flocks of wild cattle became the subjects of profit able game to the hunter." CHAPTER VH. CAROLINA, CONTINUED. President Pollock presided over the northern colony two years, and was succeeded by governor Eden, who arrived from England, in May^ 1714. UNITFD STATES. 137 That buccaniering spirit which had raged with so much ,success, upon the coast of Spanish America^ in the 17th cen- tury, had now extended to the coast of North America, and was patronised by certain characters, high in office, in many of the colonies. Governor Eden had not been long in office, before the same suspicion fell upon him. He was accused of holding piratical intercourse with the noted pirate Theach, (com- monly called Black Beard) through the agency of the secre- tary of the provmce, and collector of the customs, Tobias Knight. Although Theach was afterwards taken with his crew, and condemned and executed in Virginia ; and although upon his trial, strong circumstantial evidence appeared against Knight ; yet no facts were proved against him or the governor, and they both escaped without further inquiry. In March, 1722, governorEden died, and Thomas Pollock was again chosen president. He died soon after, and was succeeded by Willi im Reed, who presided until governor Barrii?gton arrived, the ensuing summer. In 1715, the Yammasee Indians conspired against the south- ern colony ; ravaged the country, and threatened Charles- ton ; but governor Craven rallied a Ibrce of about 1200 men, dnd fell upon the savages with such success, that they were routed, after a severe action ; driven beyond the river Sa- vannah, and dispersed. This war was short, but severe ; the English lost more than 400 men, but they expelled the Yammusees, who took refuge among the Spaniards in Florida. This year about forty buccaniers were l,(ken and executed at Charleston. This, with the late executions in Virginia, gave a severe check to piracy, in those seas. In 1717, a savage conspiracy broke out in the county of Bath ; but the vigilance and activity of the English, soon brought the Indians to terms. In 1719, the people of South Carolina, became impatient of the proprietary government j entered into a solemn league and covenant to support each other in opposing it, and in as- serting their own just rights and privileges. They next met in general assembly, and requested gov- ernor Johnston to accept an appointment under the crown ; but he refused ; and they proceeded to elect colonel James Moor, and proclaimed him governor. The king in ceuR- 12* 138 HISTORY OF THE cil, approved the choice ; yet they sent out Francis Nicfeol. son, as provisional governor, and he was well received. In 1725, the southern colony, provoked by the savage dep- redations of the Yamraasees, from Florida, sent colonel Palm- er, with about 400 men, whites and Indians, to check their ravages He marched to St. Augustine, chastised that nest of marauders ; burnt all the settlements ; destroyed their provisions ; drove otT their cattle ; killed, took, and dispers- ed the savages, and laid the foundation for a lasting peace. In 1728, the boundary line was amicably settled between Carolina and Virginia, and a bone of long contention was thus remo\7ed. In 1729, the proprietors of Carolina sold their claims to the agents of the crown, for £17,600 sterling, and surrendered all their rights ;t and the crown appointed separate govern- ors for each colony. King George II. re-appointed governor Barrington, to the chair of North Carolina; and he entered upon his adminis- tration, in February, 1731. In 1734, he abandoned a stor- my, vexatious administration, and returned to England, where he was robbed and murdered, soon after ; and governor John- ston succeeded to the chair. Governor Johnston turned the attention of the first assem- bly, to the education of the youth, and the support of the gos- pel. The assembly complied with the recommendation ; but it was for the sup])ort of a particular church, which greatly- excited the public mind. They also granted money to en- dow a seminary, without providing for the support of common schools, and the object failed. The depreciation of thoir paper money, now became alarming, and they attempted to remedy the evil, by granting new emissions. Thi-! increased the calamity, by increasing the depreciation. In 1739, they were paying off their just debts in paper money, at the depreciated value of seven for one. Thus says doctor Williamson : " There were men banished from Carolina, for stealing a hog, whilst those who banished them, would contend for paying a debt of seven pounds, with the value of twenty shillings." In 1738, the Spaniards instigated an alarming insurrection t Excepting one-eighth, belonging to lord Carteret, which he re- tained upon the northern border, and adjoined the Virginia line. # UNITED STATES. 13i? among the negroes in Carolina ; but the whites soon suppres- sed this, by the aid of their muskets and ruin ; and the blacks were a2:ain reduced to obedience. This year the precincts were converted into counties, and the marshals were called sheriffs. In 1743, commissioners were appointed, between lord Carteret anrl the governor, to setoff his lordship's one-eighth, and they ran out the line, as far as Pimlico river. In 174G, they continued the line about 100 miles, and stopped ; but with orders to finish it. The next object that interested the attention of the assem- bly, was a division line between North and South Carolina : hitherto this had only been nominal. The two colonies ap- pointed commissioners for the purpose, who met and com- menced their labors, in 1737. They r;m out the line until they reached the Pedee, and there stopped. As late as 1771, this line was not completed. In 1740, things had generally become quiet, and their pa- per money was fast rising in its value, when an expedition was projected against Carthagena, (as has been noticed under New-England) and North Carolina furnished 400 men, to em- bark on this foreign adventure. A tax of three shillings on the poll was levied, to defray the expenses of this expedition, which called in the principal part of their paper money. In 1744, Carolina began to feel the effects of the Spanish war. At the mouth of Clarendon river, stood fort Johnston, and three other forts ; yet a Spanish privateer landed a party at Brunswick, who began to plunder the town. Alarmed for their safety, they rallied a force, and commenced so brisk an attack upon the privateer, that she was blown up and destroy- ed, and the town relived. CHAPTER VIII. CAROLINA, CONTINUED, In the reign of king James I. the earls of Tyrone and Tyr- connell, put themselves at the head of a Catholic insurrec- tion in Ireland, which proved to be a very serious rebellion sgainst the English government, but being subdued; they fled 140 HISTORY OF THE and left their vast estates, upon a process of outlawry, to es? cheat to the crown. Kins James ordered these estates to be surveyed into small tracts, and offered to settlers, who would commence their set- tlements within four years. The terms were liberal, and a preference was given to the protestants,*in the west of Scot- land. Thesa people readily accepted the terms, and emigrated from Scotland, to avoid that prelacy, which had been imposed on them in 1637 and 1061. The presbyterian, or the reli- <-^ion of the kirk of Scotland, was the religion of their hearts, and they fled to Ireland to enjoy it This colony of Scotch flourished greatly in Ireland, and when augmented with the remains of Cromwell's army, they had become the principal, or most numerous inhabitants, in the six northern counties of Ireland, at the close of the seven- teenth century ; and have ever continued lirm supporters of a protestant succession m England, and faithful friends of the dynasty of Hanover. The Irish catholics felt indignant at this change, and persecuted them to such a degree, that they resolved to emigrate in a body, and seek a retreat in the wilds of America. They accordingly einbiirked from Ireland, with iheir families and effects, and landed in Pennsylvania. — Froni thence they continued southerly, until they reached Caroli- na, where they settled, and became both numerous and res- pectable. About the year 1753, six young men from Pennsylvania, of the Moravian fraternity, removed into the interior of North Carolina, and obtained a survey of 10", 000 acres of land, for ;he accommodation of a Moravian colony, then in England, who had been driven by areligious persecution, from the land of their fathers, and now looked for a quiet retreat in the wilds of America. In the same year, twelve young men from Pennsylvania, commenced a settlement upon the same tract ; and the next -year, they were joined by several others. An Indian war soon commenced, that checked their [progress, and they secured their settlements with pallisadoes, after the manner of an In- dian castle ; for the Moravians, like the quakers, never bear arms. In this state of their settlement, they were incorpora- ted, and their village was callelf of St. Lawrence, again defeated the enterprise, and left the colony again involveil in debt. In autun.n, the governor convened the assembly, to provide for the exigencies of the colony ; but a controversy sprang^ up between the two houses, which marred the interest of the colony, and defeated the object of the session. Both parties were obstinate, and the debts of the colony remained unpaid. In May, 1712, the governor again convened the assembly, and the same evils continued* The ])ublic groaned under the accumulated pressure of the debts incurred l»y the war ; yet the house was obstinate, and the governor dissolved the assembly. J In Marcl), 1713, the treaty of Utrecht was signed, and the ])eace was soon announced in America. By this treaty, the Five Nations of Indians, were (for the first time) acknowledg- ed subjects of the crown of England. In May, 1713, the governor convened a new assembly ; and by his laconic speech, broke the obstinacy of the liouse, and they promptly provided for the exigencies of the public. In 1719, governor Hunter took an affectionate leave of the colony, and sailed for England ; and colonel Peter Schuyler, + Port Royal was taken at this time. X This year lias been distinguishod for tlic union of the Tuscaroras of Carolina, with the Five Nations, from which time they becaiii? the Sbc Nations. J 6^ illSTOUV OF TllK as eldest counsellor, took the chuir. — 'J'he most conspicuou.- realm-e« in this administration, were a new treaty with the Six Nations, at Albany, and the settlement of the colony linr >vi(h New Jersey. On ihe ITlh of Seplend)er, 1720, Win. Un^nel,e^^|. aim- ed in New York with the kin«;\s con)nHssion, and relieved eolonel Schuyler Ironi the duties of the chair, and eoniinenc- <>d his administration as governor; colonel Schuyler hecamr his senior counsellor. In IT*^?, governor r>urnet was removed hy his majesty, uooro-e 11. and placed in the chair orMassachusetts, and ^i;ov- crnor Montp;oinery succeeded to the chair.} 'i'iie adnHuistii-aion of j;overnor Monti^omery settled ihf- I>oundary line with Connecticut, hy exchanij:;»iii;- lands near the sounil, lor a tract lyinii; bel\ve(Mi the roioiiies, of (^(),Ot^t^ acres called the ohlong,' 1731. 'I1»e sanie year, the French built the fortress at Crown J'oint, on lake Champlain. 'The subsequent history of^^ew York has been carried for- ward in the jioneral history of New Kn«j;land, (lo\vn to tin"- ])eare of Taiis oi" 170:5. CllAPTKK \1. iwai: AND rnOCRBBS of NKW-JERSliV. The patent of the duke of Voik to lord Berkeley, ami sir V 'I'orjie (^n-tertU, bearini;" ilate lUtil, which laid the louuda- tion of the irolonv of New .Icrsey, has been noticed in the history of New York ; and the incipietit stau;cs of the rise of New Jersey, has been carried forward in that history, be- c.iuse they were inseparably connected. The next year, Philip Carteret was appointeil fijovernor. He came over iVom l''nu;land and setthnl at Klizabelhtown ; and laid the foundation of the eolony upon the tree and inde- pendent |>lan of llu» ("olonies of Nevv-Fnuiland, and presided with wisdom and di«;nity, until the colony was conquered by the Dutch, 1G7:> The Hutch erected the colony of New Jersev into three I Kingf Coorgc ascended the throne in Juno, 11^27 UNITED STATES. 155 jurisdictions, viz. Niewer Amstel, Upland, and Hoel-Kill, and appointed Anthony Colve, governor. The next year, the colony was restored to the English b} the peace of Westminster. The king granted a new patent to the duke of York, and the duke appointed sir Edniond An- dros governor of all his territories in America. " In 1676, the province was divided into East and West Jersey. Lord Berkeley's assignees released East Jerse}*^ to Carteret, who in return, conveyed West Jersey as a depen- dency of New York ; but Carteret retained the fgovernment of East Jersey." *' In 1667, a vessel arrived from England, with 230 passen- gers, mostly Quakers, who proceeded up the Delaware, treat- ed with the Indians for a tract of land, and commenced a set- tlement, at what is now called Burlington. Two vessels ar- rived the same year, with about 200 passengers, and settled at the same place." " West Jersey continued to be held as a dependency oi New York, or rather as a conquered country, until the year 1680, when the duke of York, after much solicitation from the proprietors, restored to them the rights granted by his patent of 1664; and West Jersey was no longer subject to New- York." This year the first mills were erected in New Jersey. Governor Andres caused Philip Carteret, governor of East- Jersey, to be arrested this year, and brought prisoner to New York ; but the duke interposed, restored Carteret to his gov- ernment, and removed Andros. In 1685, the duke of York, then king James II. appointed sir Edmond Andros, to the government of New England. In 1702, the proprietors of East and West Jersey, resign ed up their colonies to queen Ann. and they were governed by the crown, down to the time of the revolution of 1775. One common governor, under the crown, from 1702 to 1738, governed the colonies of New York and New Jersey ; they then became distinct and separate governments, and liave continued so to this day. In 1738, Princeton college was founded, by tlie name of Nassau Hall, by charter from John Hamilton, president of the council, and liberally endowed by governor Belcher, in 1747. In 1776, the present constitution of government was fram- ed ami adopted. i )5e HISTORY OF THE CHAPTER XH. RISE AND PROGRESS OF DELAWARE. la the year 1627, this country was visited by a party oi Swedes, by permission of Gustavus Adolphus, king of Swe- lien, who commenced a settlement at cape Henlopen, (then called Paradise Point) under the command of William Use- Hog, a noted S:vedish merchant, who called it New Swede- kmd. In 1631, they built a fort near where Wilmington now stands, which they called Christeen or Christiana, and laid out A village, which the Dutch afterwards destroyed. Soon after this, Peter Minuet was commissioned by the re- gency of Sweden, under the minority of ihe queen, to the jovernment of the colony. When queen Christiana ascended the throne of Sweden, 1633, she commissioned John Printz to the government ot the colony ; and his administration continued to the year 1654, when he was succeeded by his son-in-law John Pap- goia. In the year 1655, Peter Stuyvesant, governor of New Netherlands, made a general conquest of New-Swedeland, and added it to the Dutch colony, and Alric became their tirst governor. In 1644, the English took possession of the Dutch colony of New Netherlands, and king Charlos II. conveyed this dis- trict in his patent to the duke of York. The whole was con firmed to the English at the peace of Breda. In the year 1662, the Dutch incorporated the town of New- Castle, and the inhabitants had a free trade, without being obliged to make entry at New-York. In 1681, this country was covered by the patent of Penn sylvania, which king Charles 11. granted to Wm. Penn. In the year 1682, the THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION. The first settlemont that commenced in this district, that now bears the name of Maryland, was made by William Clai- borne. In the year 1G3I, kmg Charles I. granted to Claiborne, a license to traffic, in all such par's of America, as were not pat- ented to others ; and he planted a small colony upon Kent island, near the centre of the territory. About the samp time, king Ch irles 1 . caused a patent of this district of country, to be made out to sir George Calvert, (lord Baltimore) who had been secretary to his father, king .Tames 1. ami vvho having become a papi>?t, now sought a re- treat in the wilds of America, where he might enjoy hhs re- ligion undisturbed. Sir George was one of the original partners of the Virginia company, and continued so, until its dissolution, which led him to seek a retreat in this part of America. When sir George arrived in Virginia, he found the people all churchmen, whose intoler tnce was as bitter, as that he had left in England ; he therefore removed into the district of Maryland ; but before his pjtent passed the seals, sir George died, and the king issued the patent to his son Coecil, lord Baltimore, June 20th, 1632. The patent issu*^d to Coecil, lord Baltimore, is thus defined, viz. "■ All that part of Pennsylvania, lying between the ocean on the east, and the bay of Chesapeake on the west ; and di' vided from the other part, by a line drawn from the cape, cal' led Watkinson's Point, situated in the aforesaid bay, near the river Wighco, on the west, to the main ocean, on the east ; and between that bound on the south, to that part of Dela- ware bay on the north, which lies under the fortieth degree UNITED STATES. 167 of north latitude, &c. and all thai tract of land, from the aforesaid Delaware bay, in a right line, by the degree afore- said, to the true meridian of the first fountain of the river Potomac, and from thence, tending towards the south, to the further bank of the aforesaid river, and following the west and south ^ide ot it, to a certam place called the Cinquack, situated near the mouth of s.iid river, where it falls into the Chesapeake bay ; and Irom thence, in a straight line, to the aforesaid cape, called Watkinson's Pomt," &.c. This grant, as well as that of Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut, was so carelessly dotined, as to involve the par- ties in long, and obstinate disputes, which cost them much time nnd expense to settle. Lord Baltimore, (some say king Charles) gave to the province the name ol Maryland, in hon- or of the queen, (Henrietta M.iria). In 1633, lord Baltimore appointed his brother, Leonard Calvert, as governor of the province ; and in 1634, he com- menced a settlement upon the north side of the Potomac, and near its mouth, with about 2U0 settlers, mostly Roman Catho- lics. Lord Baltimore laid the foundations of his province, in the security of property, and liberty in religion ; granting in ab- solute fee, fifty acres of land, to every actual settler, and es- tablishing Christianity, agreeable totheold common law, with- out allowing pre-eminence to any sect. These measures of his choice, soon converted a dreary wil- derness, into a prosperous colony More than £40,000 were expended by his lordship, in the two first years, in transport- ing settlers, and their neceusary storch, &c. The people, to remunerate this expense, granted to his lordship, a subsidy of two-fitteenths of tobacco, upon every poll. Such was the paciiic disposition of the Indians, that the first settlers lived, for some time, among them, under the do- mestic regimen of a family. The Indian women taught the emigrants how to make bread of their corn ; their men taught the English how to hunt and fish, and when they assisted in the chase, sold them the game they took tor themselves, for a trifle ; all which, furnished them an easy support, until they could clear the ground, and cultivate for themselves. Such was the fertility of the soil, the mildness of the clim- ate, and the free toleration of the government, that emigrants flocked to the province from Europe, and se!tlements began to multiply. i(38 HISTORY OF THE In 1 63 J, the freemen all met in general assembly, but nu other record remains of their doings, than an act passed, *Vthat all ofifenders, in all murders and felonies, shal] suiier the same pains and forfeitures, as forthe same crimes in England.'* In 1638, the gOFernor called a new assembly, and present- ed for their acceptance, a body of laws, sent over by lord Baltimore ; but the assembly rejected these, and prepared a ooUection of regulations, better adapted to their circumstan- oes. At this time Claiborne, who had settled on Kent island, re- fused obedience to the laws of Maryland, and set up his claims, and appealed to the crown. This was rejected by the lords oommissioi?ers, who established the claims and jurisdiction of lord Baltimore. In 1629, a third assembly was convened by the governor., und an act was passed, " for establi>hing the house of assem- bly. '* This act declared, that all who should be elected pur- suant t» writs issued, should be called burgessos. That the gentlemen, summoned by special writ of the proprietary, to- gether with the governor and secretary, should be called the house of assembly. All nets to be of the same force, as it the whole body of freemen had been present. By an act of this assembly, the people are distinguished from the slaves^ which serves to show, that slavery commenced al- most with their origin. In 1640, an effort was made by Virginia, to extend her do- minion over the province of Maryland, and subvert her char- ter ; but their etforts fiiled, and thus, what commenced in in- justice, ended in disgrace. TliP people of Maiyland were peculiarly happy under the government of lord Baltimore. They both understood, and pursued their own best interest ; and while they cherished a just regard for the prerogatives of the proprietary, they nev- er lost siijht of their own rights as freemen. The intrigues of Claiborne, together with the imprudence of the settlers, involved the province in an Indian wai, in 1642, which raged for several years ; but the savages were humbled, and peace was restored. Immediately upon the rest»^ration of peace, Claiborne unit- ed with RichiU'd Ingolds, and aided by the turbulent spirit ot the times, raised a re)»ellion in this province. Calvert, the governor, fled into Virginia, and Claiborne seized Qn the UNITED STATES. it>9 government, 1645. In August following, the rebellion wa? quelled, and tranquility restored. In 1649, an act of free religious toleration was passed by the assembly, which was confirmed in 1676, among the perpetual Inws ofthe province. A new religious drama was now opened upon the great the- atre ofthe American colonies. Virginia passed several laws against the puritans. In Massachusetts, the puritans were persecuting the episcopalians, baptists, quakers, &c. but the catholics in Maryland, to their eternal honor, were tolerating «nd protecting all. In the memorable year, 1650, that constitution was finally established, which continued, with very little interruption, «lown to the year 1776, when the present constitution was adopted. In forming this constitution, those who were call- ed by special writs, formed the upper house, and those chos- en by hundreds, the lower house ; and allibills that passed both houses, with the governor's signature, becamt? the laws o! the province. From this epoch, the democratic part of the assembly, (consisting of fourteen delegates) must date the origin of it? particular immunities, or exclusive privileges. The province at this time, was divided into three counties ifiz. St. Mary's, the isle of Kent, and Ann-Arundale. Thesr: counties were sub-divided into hundreds. In 1651, the ruling power in England, (the commonwealth ■parliament) appointed commissioners, " for the reduction and governing the provinces within the Chesapeake bay," which trust they exercised with great attention and dexterity ; aK though the proprietor of Maryland had submitted to the par^ liameat, and obtained leave to govern, in the name of thr *' keepers ofthe liberties of England." In 1654, Oliver Cromwell seized on the government of Ma ryland, which excited a strife between the puritans and cath- olics, that issued in a civil war ; a decisive battle was fought, the catholics were vanquished, the governor was taken, and by a court-martial, sentenced to die ; but the puritans inter yosed, and his sentence was changed to a long confinement. This year, Claiborne again attempted to assume the rein- ©f government, under the authority of" the lord high protec tor of England ;" and with his commissioners, called an as- «ftmblT ; but the burgesses of St. Mary's county, declineci 15 170 HISTORY OF THE hk government, as being incompatible with their oaths iv \otd Bahimorej and refused to attend. This assembly ac^ knotfledged the government of Cromwell, and passed an act} declaring all papists^ outlaws in the province. The contrast between this, and the act of assembly in 1649, reflects great honor on the catholics of that day, for their liberality in mat- lefs of religion* in March, 1668, the commissioners resigned their trust to Josiah Fendal esq. ae governor, on the part of the proprieta- In 1669, he called an agsembly, which abolished the senate uf Upper house, and rendered the lower house absolute in the IjOVernment j and the governor was appointed by the ruling party. Upon the restoration of king Charles 11. in 1660, a change was again e<)fected in the government. The proprietary ap- pointed Philip Calvert, governor of Maryland, and in Decem- ber, he entered upon the administration. These political changes produced no sensible effects upon the prosperity of the province. Her wealth and populationi lik^ that of Pennsylvania, had so rapidly progressed, that she cotlld number more than 12,000 inhabitants, including slaves. In l6CJi, the proprietary appointed his eldest son, Charles Calvertj to the government, who followed the maxims ot his father, and ruled in wisdom. This year the peace of the province was disturbed by the Janadoah Indians 5 but the war was short, and Rucces^fully terminated. b 1676, Coecilius Calvert, the fatherof Maryland, died in the 44th year of his government. At this time, the province wag divided into ten counties, containing more than 16,000 jiOUk. Maryland then contained neither parishes, nor church- es, and no provision had been made by law, for the support of the gospel. There were only three episcopal clergymen in Marvlatid, CharleH Calvert, the then governor, became the proprieta^ ry, and underthis authority^ he convened an assembly, which gave to Maryland a new code of wise and salutary laws. In 1689, a revolution was completely effected in Maryland, by the protestants, under the mask of a popish plot, in con- nection with the Indians, to massacre all the protestants, and >a8iume the reini of government. The revolutionists placed *»e .l#bn Coodeinthe chair of the province, and king William UNITED STATES, Mi Sanctioned the measure, by orders to those who had assumed the power, to exercise it in his name, until further orders. From this, the government of the province remained under the control oftho crown, about twenty-seven years. In 1692, Maryland was divided into thirty-six parishes, and the bishop of London appomted Thomas Bray, D. D. as his commissary, to superintend the protestant cause in this province. Thus the protestant reUgion was established by Jaw. In 1094, the town of Severn was changed to that of Annapo lis, and made a port of entry. In 1697, it became the seat of government, and thus continues to this time. In the year 1716, the government was restored by king George I. to Charles, lord Baltimore, the proprietor, and it continued in his family, down to the year 1776, when the freemen of the province assumed the government, coniiscated the property, although the then proprietary was a minor, and framed and adopted the present constitution. In 1790, Maryland granted to the United States, that part of the District of Columbia, that lies east of the Potomac. The remainder of the history of Maryland, will be carried /orward with the United States, coWeciively, CHAPTER XV. HISE AND PROGRESS OF GEORGIA, FROM ITS ORIGIN, IN 1732, DOWN TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, A period of more than one century elapsed, from the settle- ment of Virginia, New- York and New-England, before any attempts were made to settle Georgia. In June, 1732, king George 11. t granted a charter to a company in England, to settle that part of Georgia, that lies between the rivers Savan- nah and Alatamaha ; and the colony bears his name. The proprietors of this grant had it in view, to settle their lands, by transporting such indigent people in England, as had become burdensome, and were disposed to become adventur- ers to the new world. In the month of July, of the same year, the proprietors met, and appointed lord Percival for their president ; ordered a + King Georgo II, ascended the throne, January, 1727. HISTORY OF THE common seal, &c. The powers vested in the company by this charter, extended to the term oftvvent}' years ; and then the government was to revert to the crown. In August following, a large sum of money was raised by subscription, among the higher orders in England, under the management of sir VVm. Heathcote, to provide for the neces- sities of the settlers, and support the views of the company. Parliament also cooperated by a grant of £10,000, to carry forward the plan. In November following, between one and two hundred la- borers, volunteered in the enterprise, and embarked irom England, in December, under the superintendance of James Oglethorpe. In January, 1733, they all arrived in Carolina, where they were kindly received, and hospitably provided for. The Carolinians supplied this colony with such live stock and tools, as were necessary to commence their settlement, together with such military escort, scout boats, &c. as were necessary to conduct them safe into Georgia. Thus provided for, this little colony, with their illustrious chief, arrived safe in Georgia ; explored the banks of the Sa- vannah for a permjinent residence ; and on the 9th of Febru- ary, erected the first house on that elevation, where the town of Savannah now stands. They next erected a small fort ; embodied and organized ihe settlers into a regular militia, for the defence, and pro- tection of the colony, and commenced their labors. They next entered into friendly negotiations with the neighboring In- dians, particular!}- the Creeks, who were the most numerous, and concluded treaties of safety. This colony was considered as a frontier settlement, be- tween the Indians on the one side, and the Spaniards on the other ; they were tlierefore all armed, and equipped, at the expense of the company ; and the settlers were accordingly bound to do military duty, and hold themselves in readiness, for the public defence. The government was so far feudal, that the trustees granted their lands upon a male entailment, and upon a failure in the male line, the lands were to revert back to the trustees ; reserving the right and power of provid ing for the female heirs, upon such estates in reversion", as the several improvements, as well as their necessities would justify. Reserving to the widows the dwelling-house, with one half of the lands, duringj life,, UNITED STATES. 03 All lands suflered to lie waste for eighteen years, together with all lands forfeited by high treason, felonies, kc. were to revert back to the trustees. All trade with the Indians, to be subject to the regulations of the trustees, and all negroes and rum, were prohibited to the colony. Such a plan, for settling a colony in Georgia, soon proved as abortive, as ;Lhe constitution of Mr. Locke, for Carolina ; the settlers fled the province, in qu*^st of lands, [rec from entail, and which were easy to be obtained. In 1734, the trustees collected together, from the gleanings of cities, about 600 adventurers, whom they transported into Georgia ; but these proved a nuisance to the colony, by their idle and dissolute habits. The colony continued to languish, although parliament had augmented their grai its, to the amount of £36,000, to carry forw.jrd the benevolent design. The trustees opened a new plan for conducting their settle- ments. They laid off eleven townships, upon the Alatamaha, Savannah, Santee, Pedee, &c. consisting of 20,000 acres each^ surveyed into tifty acre lots. They next offered one tifty acre lot t« every actual settler. When the trustees published these terms in Scotland, 130 Highlanders volunteered at once, and were transported int* Georgia, where they built the town of Inverness, upon the Alatamaha. At the same time, a company from Germany, consisting of about one hundred and seventy, embarked for Georgia, and settled a German colony. In 1736, general Oglethorpe, who had returned to England, to promote the good of the province, sailed for Georgia, with 300 phmters, and settled Frederica, which augmented the num- ber of settlers to i400. All which, gave high hopes to (he trustees ; but their hopes were premature ; the idleness and dissipation of the first settlers, added to their wars with the Indians, blastf^d their hopes, and kept the colony in a state of wretchedness. At the commencement of the Spanish war, general Ogle- thorpe was appointed commander-in-chief of all his majesty's forces, in Georgia and South Carolina, 1 738. The first object of the general, was to secure the friendship of the Creeks, to defeat the intrigues of the Spaniards. This being accomplish- ed, he next concerted measures with governor Bull, of South Carolina, for the conquest of East Florida. General Oglethorpe, at the headof4(»0 men, from Virginia, Carolina, and Georgia, with a body of friendly ladiaws. eiter- 15* 7# HISTORY OF THE' ed Florida, and took fort Diego, within twenty miles of St Augustine. Soon after, he was joined by the other colonial troops and Indians, to the number of about 2000, and march- ed to St. Augustine, without opposition, and invested the castle. The general pushfd the siege for several days, with vigor ; but the garrison was reinforced, his troops became sickly, and began to desert; the hurricane season was athand, and the general abandoned the enterprise, and returned to Georgia. In 1742, the Spaniards attempted to return the rompli- ment to the general. A Spanish force of 200u men, under the command of Don Antonio Ridondo, from the Havanna, touched at St. Augus^tine, and took in a reinforcement of 1000 men, and from thence sailed to Georgia ; entered the Alata- maha, and proceeded up the river, and erected a buttery of twenty eighteen pounders. General Oglethorpe retired at their approach, and retreated to Frederica, with only 700 men. The Spanish commander detached several parties, in pur- suit of general Oglethorpe, but these weie defeated, with very considerable loss, and the enterprise failed. At this time, general Oglethorpe learned, that the dissen- sions in the Spanish army, obliged them to keep two encamp- ments, and he attempted to surprise one of them in the night ; but his plan was discovered by a deserter, and he was obliged again to retreat to Frederica. The general hit upon an expedient to revenge on the de- serter, for his treachery. He addressed to him a letter, by u Spanish captive, as though he was a spy in the Spanish camp, and directed htm to inform the Spanish general, that if be marched directly to Frederica, he might surprise the English, in their defenceless situation ; but if he delayed three days, the English would then be reinforced, by six Briti=^h ships of war, and 2000 men. This stratagem succeeded ; the letter was delivered to the Spanish general, and the deserter Wiis put in irons. The o-eneral, undetermined how to act, delayed his movements un- til the third day, when a reinforcement, which had sailed from South Carolina, for the relief of general Oglethorpe, appear- ed in view. The Spanish general took the alarm ; demol ished his fort, spiked his heavy cannon, abandoned his pro- visions and military stores, embarked his troops, and retarji ed to Florida, UNITED STATES. ilt Georgia was thus relieved ; and general Oglethorpe was hailed as the deliverer of his couotiy ; but the Spanish gen- eral, on his return to Havanna, was thrown into prison, for his dastardly conduct. At this time, the supplies of money voted by parliament, for the settlement of Georgia, amounted to £112, UOO ; but with all this patronage, the restrictions, forfeitures, and hardships endured by the settlers, embarrassed the colony, and the set- tlers languished. Tired of these fruitless efforts, the trustees abandoned the enterprise ; resigned up their trust to the crown, and Georgia became a royal government, in 1652 ; just twenty years after the first settlements in the country. King George established a regular colonial government in Georgia, after the plan of the other royal governments, and appointed John Reynolds for their first governor, under the crown. At this time, the whole exports of the province, did not exceed £10,000 sterling, per annum. In 1755, the first general court was established in Georgia ; but the progress of agricultural improvements had been ao slow, that their exports, at the close of the old French war. did not exceed j£27, 000 per annum. Soon after the peace of 1763, a spirit of enterprise began to prevail, under the administration of governor Wright ; their low lands and swamps began to be cleared, and cultiva- ted ; and the colony enjoyed such prosperity, that in 1773„ their annual exports amounted to about 120,0 >0 pounds ster- ling. In 1763, king George III. annexed to Georgia, all the lands lying between the river Alatamaha and St, Mar^'. In 1785, Georgia adopted her first free constitution, and the legislature incorporated the university of Georgia. In 1798, Georgia amended, and adopted the present constitution. The remainder of the history of Georgia, will be carried usrnrard callectively, with the United States. QENERAL REMARKS ON PART IV. In the sketch here given, of the rise and progress of th§ co- lonies south of the Hudson river, we are led to notice a vari- ety of character, aadelisGordant interests ; anil each indepem- 176 HISTORY OF THE dently pursuing its own. To accomplish this, they had gor- ernments to form, the forest to subdue, the Indians to keep quiet, and their lands to obtain, either by purchase, or con- quest, which often involved them in long and bloody savage wars. These common objects engrossed their whole atten- tion, and served as a bond of union, to support them in their efibrts 10 clear and settle the country. Manners and Customs. — These were not only diiferent, in the several colonies, but in each they were peculiar to them- selves. In New- York, they were rigidly characteristic of the Hollanders, from whence they severally emigrated, and pos- sessed all the features, peculiar to the sober, neat, frugal, in- dustrious, and plodding low Dutch. In Virginia, they felt and indulged the pride and ostentation of highborn Englishmen, and while they scorned the rigid manners and customs of the puritans of the north, indulged in all the luxury, effeminacy, and dissipation of their countrymen, under the reign of king Charles II. In Carolina the excesses, and licentiousness of the tirst emigrants, were almost peculiar to themselves, but from the times of the settlements of the several protestant colonies, from France, Germany, Scotland and Ireland, the manners and customs of the Carolinas were greatly changed, and assumed a more fixed and permanent character. — Mary- land commenced her settlement under more favourable auspi- ces ; although they were Rom m c;itholics, they received from their leader, lord Baltimore, a liberal and fixed charac- ter, that rendered their manners and customs permanent and respectable. Pennsylvania, Delaware and New Jersey, were generally quakers, and their settlements commenced under a system of manners and customs, peculiar to that people.— !Neat, frugal, temperate, honest and industrious, they paid the natives liberally for their land, and treated them fairly and hon- Qrably ; lived among them as brethren, and were the most ex- empt from Indian wars of any of the American colonies. Religion. — In this, these colonies differed ms much as in their manners and customs, which may serve to show, in some measure, the reciprocal influence they have upon each other. In New-York, the Dutch ret7)rmed religion gen<^,rdly prevail- ed, for this Tvas the religion of their country. In Virginia, the religion of the Episcopal church of England, generally pre- Tailed, for this was the prevailing religion of their country.-— In Carolina, whatever religion they may be supposed to have had in their early period, was of a mixed character, until the UNITED STATES. Itf protestani colonies commenced their settlements ; after that time, their religious character became more fixed, and res- pectable. In Maryland, the Roman catholic religion was the standard of the first settlers, and for ihe free enjoyment oi this, lord Baltimore led his colony into the wilds of America, and commenced the settlement of Maryland. The colony continued to enjo}' their religion, until the protestant reign of William and Mary commenced in England ; from that time, religious dissensions arose, and distracted the colony, until they subverted the established religion of the government : and the dissenters introduced, and fixed the protestant religion by law, which had become the prevailingreligion, at the close of this period, and still continues. The religion of the three other colonies, was that of the denomination called quakers, or friends, and the great William Penn, who settled the colony of Pennsylvania, was considered as the leader, and father of this people in America, and he was reverenced by them, next to their original founder, George Fox. The practical princi- ples of this religion, peace on earth and good will to men, se- cured to these colonies, the rich enjoyments of civil and re- ligious institutions, and a general peace and harmony with the Indians. Trade and Commerce, — Trade and commerce commenced in these colonies, with their origin, and have formed the lead- ing features of their character. Furs and peltry, .^ere the first articles of traffic, which were procured from the Indians, and generally for such trifles as rendered the trade very profita- ble, when they were exported to England. Tobacco, in the southern colonies, was also an article of considerable export, particularly in Virginia and Maryland. As the settlementjs extended, beef, pork, lard, vidieat, flour, and some live stock, were added to their exports, in large quantities. About the beginning of the 18th century, rice and tar, inCarohna, were added to the above articles. These taken collectively, formed the basis of the exports from the middle and southern colonies, for which they received in exchange W. India and European goods ; but the latter, were received principally from G. Brit- ain, because, by her commercial acts, she engrossed, as far as possible, the foreign trade of her American colonies. Ship building did not commence and flourish early, in these colo- nies, as it had done in New England, which gave to Great Brit- ain the principal part of their carrying trade. Arts and Manufactures. — These were not known in the^ middle and southern colonies, any farther than was necessary na HISTORY OF THE to construct their dwellings, erect bridges, mills, kc. and to manufacture coarse domestic cloths, for common use, and ev- en these, were very limited in their extent. They had no fisheries, as in New-England, to encourage the art of ship- building, or serve as a nursery for seamen, to manage their foreign trade ; which renrjered the British navigation act, of 1651, more effectual in these colonies, than at the north. The art of printing was early introduced into New England ; but at the close of this period, it is believed, not to have been in- troduced south of Pennsylvania. During the admmistration of governor Berkeley in Virginia, he " thanked God, that there was not a printing press in all the southern colonies." Population. — The whole white colonial population, at the close of this period, has been estimated at 900,000 ; of which amount, the middle and southern colonies contained more than one half. Education. — That system of education, which commenced with the settlement of New England, in their primary schools, grammar schools, and colleges, was not known in either of the middle or southern colonies, at the close of this period. The rich planters, and merchants, sent their sons abroad for their education, generally ; but the middling, and lower classes of the people, remained in ignorance at home. As early as 1619 to 21, funds were raised in England and Virginia, to endow a public seminary at Henrico, and another at Charles city ; but they both failed ; and in 1690, these funds were applied'^to the support of William and Mary college, which was established and patronised, by the then reigning family in England. Thi< was the only public seminary that had been established, at the close of this period, from the Hudson to Georgia. War. — Wars with the Indians were common to all these co- lonies ; but they did not any of them suffer from the ravages of the French, and the Canada Indians, in connection with the wars of New England, except New York. Her northern frontier was equally exposed to those savage depredations, that had been so distressing to New England, through this period, and which were closed by the conquest of Canada. In this conquest, New York and New England made a common cause, Virginia and tlie Carolinas suffered severely from Indian wars, until the capture of fort Duqnesne, and the humiliation of the more southern Indians ; but Pennsylvania, Maryland, Dela-= ware and Jersey, were more favored, and suffered less from Lndian ravages, than any of the other colonies. UNITED STATES* PAK r III. CHAPTER I. LauSES that led to the AMERICAN RE VOLUTION - By the peace of 1763, Great Britain had triumphed over her enemies in the east and in the west, and become mistress q( the seas, and arbiter of the world.— The colonies had tri- timphed over the French in Canada, and the savages of the wilderness i and laid the foundation of a lasting Indian peace ; but new troubles awaited them, more serious in their effects and consequences, than any they had yet endured, and from tt quarter wholly uncontemplated. Great-Britain, jealous of the rising strength of the colonieSj x'esolved to make an effort to check and control it. At this time, her navigation act, so called, of 1651, was in full force in America ; by which she engrossed all the trade of the col- onies, and from which she derived such a revenue, as ought to have shown her where her true interest lay, and made her contented* This degree of wisdom she did not possess ; but her ava- tice, combined with her jealousy, and lust of domination, led her to check this free trade, by a system of duties on com* merce, under the authority of the following act, of 1764 i ** Whereas it is just and necessary, that a revenue be raised in America, to defray the expenses of defending, securing, and protecting the same, &c. We, the commons, fee. do give and grant unto your majesty, towards raising the sum of to be levied upon the following articles, therein specified, Yiz. upon all foreign clayed sugars, mdigo, coffee, and all for- eign produce, upon all wines except French, upon all wrought silks, and all calicoes, molasses and sirups, being the produce of a colony not under the dominion of Great Britain," &c. All which duties, were to be paid into his majesty's exchequer.! t From the following acts of parliament, it may be seen how passive America had. beeajimder the ristriqlions of her trade, an^ fv^m which ISO HISTORY OF THE This act enforced the collection of these duties in the courts of admiralty, and ordered all duties to be paid in specie ; both of which aimed a mortal blow at the liberty and prosperity of America. Well might the colonies take the alarm, at such a bold stretch of power, and well might they sound the alarm through the country. The sagacious politicians of America saw a cloud arising, under this act, that threatened to destroy their just rights and dearest interests forever. It had been a maxim interwoven in the fundamental princi- ples of the colonial governments, "that taxation and repre- sentation, were, and ought to be, inseparable." Impressed with the importance of this truth, the colonies demanded, by way of petition to the crown, that the taxes might be remov- ed, and the colonies left free to tax themselves, or be admit- ted to an equal representation in the government. Deaf to the remonstrances of the colonies, the taxes were continued by the ministry, and rigidly enforced by the naval commanders, stationed upon the American coast. This led the colonies to appoint committees of correspondence, to call up the attention of the people, and promote a general union of sentiment and action. Instead of listening to the prayers and remonstrances of the colonies, and removing the taxes, the ministry added the duly on stamps, termed the stamp act, which passed in March^ 1765. t G. Britain argued that she would continue to be passive. In >732, an act was passed, prohibiting the exportation of hats from America, and restricting the number of appicntices, taken by hatters. In 1750, an act prohibited the erection of any mill, for slitting or rolling iron, ox any plating forge, to work with a tilt hammer, or any furnace, for ma- king steel, in the colonies. Also, all wools or woollen goods, the pro- duce of America, were prohibited to be exported from one province to another, in any manner whatever. tThis act ordained, that all instruments of writing, such as notes,, l)onds, deeds, Sic. should be executed on stamped paper, throughout the colonies, or be null and void by law, all which stamped paper, should pay a duty to the crown. While this system of measures was under discussion in parliament, Charles Townsend thus expressed himself in debate : " These Americans, our own children, planted by our care, nourished by pur indulgence, protected by own arms, until they are grown to a wQQd degree of strength and opulence ; will they now turn their backs upon US', and grudge to contribute their mite to relieve us from the heavy load which overwhelms us ?" Col. Barre caught the words, and, witlj a Ttheipcnci Jiectmin^ » (tu? is^l^i^r, r9se £knd sa,id : UNITED STATES. 181 When this had passed, doctor Franklin, then in London, wrote Mr. Charles Thompson,! at Philadelphia, and thus ex- pressed himself: " The sun of liberty is set, you must light up the candles of industry and economy." To which Mr., Thompson replied, " I fear other lights may become neces- sary." To guard ag.iinst colonial opposition to this system of taxa lion, as well as to keep the peace in America, it was con- templated by the ministry, that the revenue on stamps would support an armed force. Lord Grenville introduced another bill, authorising mihtary officers in America, to quarter their troops upon the people, in private houses. This bill, cor- rupt as it was, passed in part, and ordered the legislatures of the several colonies, to provide by law, for the support of the troops. Thus the system of despotism was unfolded at one view, and the colonies saw nothing before them, but resistance or slavery ; even the slavery of Ireland, at the point of the bay- onet. '• Plnnledbyijour care ! No ! your oppression planted them in Amer^ ica ; they flsd trom your tyranny, into a then uncultivated land, where they were exposed to ahnost all the hardships, to which human nature is liable, and among others, to the savage cruelty of the enemy of tht; country, a people, the most subtle, and I take upon me to say, tlie most truly terrible, of any people that over inhabited any part of God's earth ; and yet, actuated by principles of true English liberty, they met all these hardships with pleasure, compared with those they suf- fered m their own country, from the hands of those that should have been their friends. " Thei/ 7iourished bj/ your indulgence '. They grew by your neglect ; as soon as you began to care about them, that care was exercised, in sending persons to rule over them, in one department and another, who were, perhaps, the deputies of the deputies of some members of this house, sent to spy out their liberties, to misrepresent tlieir actions, and to prey upon them : men, whose behavior, on many occasions, has caused the blood of those eons of liberty to recoil witliin them : men, promoted to the highest seats of justice, some of whom, to my knowledge, were glad, by going to foreign countries, to escape the vengeance of the laws in their own. ** They protected by your arms ! Tiiey have uobly taken up arms in four defence, have exerted their valor, amidst their constant and labo- rious industry, for the defence of a country, whose frontiers, while flrenched in blood, its interior parts have yielded for your enlargement, the little savings of their frugality, and the fruits of their toils. Antt believe me, remember,! this day told you so, that the same spirit whicK actuated that people at first, will continue with them still." t Afterwards socretary to congress, 16 182 HISTORY OF THE The patriots of Virginia, George Johnston and Patrick Hen- ry, kindled the spark of liberty, which burst forth in a migh- ty blaze, and illuminated the country with their spirited re- solves, in May.f These were reciprocated through the colo- nies, and led to the convention of a general congress at New- York, in October. This, like the grand assembly at Albany, in 1764, gave union, strength, and spirit to the colonies. — The sons of those pilgrims, who had subdued the forest, the savage and the French, lost not a moment in their choice, but rallied round the standard of liberty, and stood forth, the champions of their country's rights. Tumults commenced in Boston, and spread through the country. Acts of non-importation were passed, that lessened the imports from Britain, this year, j[;;)880,81 1. At this time, the free white population of these colonies, was estimated at 926,000 ; extending on the sea coast, from Geor- gia to Maine ; yet their manly resistance, supported by the influence of the great Wm. Pitt, compelled the British minis- try to repeal the stamp act ; and in March, 1766, his majesty went to the house of peers, and gave his royal sanction to the act of repeal. Great was the joy in London ; the city was illuminated ; the ships displayed their colors, and all was a scene of re- t In these resolutions, Virginia led the way. On the meeting of the liouee ofburgessas, Patrick Henry- presented, among others, the fol- lowing, which were substantially adopted. Resolved^ That his majoaty's liooo people of this his ancient colony, have enjoyed the rights of being thus governed by their own assembly, in the article of taxes, and internal police, and that the same have ne- ver been forfeited, or yielded up, but have been coustaiitly recognized by the king and people of Britam. Resolved, therefore. That the general assembly of this colony, to- gether with his majesty, or his substitutes, have, in their representa- tive capacity, the only exclusive right and power, to lay taxes and im- posts, upon the iahabitants of this colony ; and that every attempt to vest such power in any other person, or persons, whatsoever, than the general assembly aforesaid, is illegal, unconstitutional and unjust, and hath a, manifest tendency to destroy British, as well as American lib- erty. Resolved, That his majesi3'''s liege people, the inhabitants of this co- lony, are not bound to yield obedience to any law, or ordinance what- ever, desiL'ned to impose any taxation whatever, upon them, other thau the laws or ordinances of the general assembly aforesaid. Resolved, That any person who shall, by speaking or writing, assert or maintain, that any person or persons, otherthan the general assem- bly of this colony, have any right or power to impose, or lay a tax on the people here, shall be deemed an enemy of this his majesty's colony. UNITED STATES. 183 joicing. The joyful tidings flew like lightning to the shores of America, and the colonies were filled with transports of joy. The bold declaration of the great commoner, Pitt, " You have no right to tax America ; I am glad she has resisted ^^^ be- came the topic of the day, and he the idol of the people. The clause in this act o^ repeal, styled the declaratory act, was, impossible, more hostile to the peace and interest of the colonies, than the stamp act itself. This pernicious clause, ^^ Parliament has, and of right ought to have, power to bind the colonies ni all cases zvhat )ei'er," finally severed the nation, and established the independence of the colonies. America felt the elevated ground on which she stood, from the high acquisition she had g:iir.ed, the saving clause in the act of repeal notwithstanding, and ascribed the victory to the impression she had made on commerce ; hence she conclud- ed, that she might always wield that weapon with success, should she ever have another occasion. Great Britain at the same time, felt her honor, as well as her interest wounded, and lost not a moment in seeking re- dress. In 1767, Charles Townsend, chancellor of the exchequer, called up the attention of parliament to the declaratory act, and pledged his honor, that the same might be enforced. To accomplish this, he introduced a bill into parliament, for grant- ing certain duties to his majesty, on glass, paper, painter's co- lors and tea, imported into America ; which was passed into a law. This bill opened the wound of the stamp act afresh, and roused the same excitement in America, that the bill of ship money had done in England, the last century, and raised the same opposition. This bill contained a sweeping clause, which empowered the king to establish a civil list in the colo- nies, upon which he might levy taxes at pleasure, to an inde* finite amount. An act was also passed, for establishing a board of commissioners at Boston, to superintend the customs, and manage the revenue. An act also provided, that British troops should be supported, at the expense of the colonies in America. On the 27th of May, a bill passed in parliament, ** for re- straining the assembly of New- York from passing any act, un- til they had complied with the act of parliament, for furnishing his majesty's troops with the necessaries required by the act." This act was signed by the king, the 2d of July following. 184 HISTORY OF THE This act unfoldecl the whole system of arbitrary power, which the ministers had assumed, and called forth from the house of burgesses in Virginia, the following remark: "If parliament can compel the colonies to furnish a single article to the troops sent over, the}' may by the same rule, oblige Ihem to furnish clothes, arms, and ever}' other necessary, even to the pay of the officers and soldiers ; a doctrine replete ^vith every mischief, and utterly subversive of every thing dear and valuable.'- This act of parliament took effect in New-York, and the powers of the assembly were suspended, one whole year» which brought them to terms. They complied with the act, and their functions were restored ; but when they attem})ted to co-operate with the other colonies, by their resolves, to support the grand system of opposition ; the governor dissol- ved them. Alarmed at such daring innovations ; impressed with a just sense of their situation, and alive to their best rights and dear- est interests, the colonies again roused to the contest, and open- ed their whole battery of resolves, petitions, addresses and remonstrances, with which they liad withstood the stamp act ; together with their general associations of non-importation. This commanding atiiiude of the colonies, alarmed lord Hillsborough, secretary of slate for American aflairs, and he •wrote to all the crown governors in the colonies, to exert tlieir influence, to suppress these combinations. This o|)ened the war between the governors and the jieople ; and the scenes oi the stamp act, ^vere extensively renewed. At the .June session of Massachusetts assembly, in 1768, governor Bernard, by order of the British minister, demand- ed that they should rescind a particular act of a iormer assem- bly ; to which Mr. Otis replied, " When lord Hillsborough knows that we will not repeal our acts, he should apply to par- liament to rescind theirs. Let Britain rescind her measures, or she is lost forever.''^ The public mind was now ripe for an explosion, and an in- cident occurred that lit up the fire. On the lOth of June, the officers of the customs seized a sloop, belonging to John Hancock esq. while in the act of dis- charging a cargo of wine. Resistance was made, but without effect. The people rose in a tumultuous manner, to the num- ber of about 2000 ; beat and wounded the officers of the cus- toms ; demolished their houses, and renewed the scenes®! UNITED STATES. 185 the stamp ant, so fully, that the commissioners of the customs fled to the castle, under the protection of the governor, until the storm was over. Lord Hillsborough had anticipated these scenes in Boston, and written, on the 8th of June, to general Gage, and admiral Hood, at Halifox, to send a military force from that station to Boston, to protect the commissioners of the revenue. On the 1 1th of August, general Gage communicated this order to the governor of Massachusetts, and informed him, that he had sent over one regiment, with a small naval force, to pro- tect the harbor of Boston. On the first of October, the fleet entered the port of Boston, and proceeded to land the troops, under cover of their guns, without opposition ; i*nd they were quartered in FaneuilHall and the Town House, until other accommodations could be provided. In February, 1769, the house of lords passed sundry bills, liighly indicative of the resentment thoy felt, towards the pro- ceedings of Massachusetts, with which the house of commons concurred, and both houses united in an address to his majes- ty, applauding the firmness of his measures, and assuring him of their support. They also besought his majesty *' to direct the governor of Massachusetts to procure the fullest information, touching all treasons, and misprisons of treason, committed within the co- lony, since the 30th of Uecember, 1767, and to transmit the same, together with the names of the persons, who were the most active in such oifcnces, to one of the secretaries of state, in order that his majesty might issue a special commission, for inquiring of, hearin;; and determining the same offences, with- in the realm of Great Britain ; pursuant to the statute of the 35th of Henry VHI." The indignation which this address excited in Ameriba, can never again be either felt or expressed. The lollowing resolu- tion of the house of burgesses, in Virginia, may serve to shew the sense, as well as the iirmness of the colonies at large, viz. " Resolved, That this house has the exclusive right to tax their constituents ; as well as their just right, to petition their sovereign, for the redress of grievances, and also to procure the concurrence of the other colonies, in praying for the in- terposition of his majesty, in favor of the violated rights of America. And that all trials for treasons, or misprisons, or any other crimes whatsoever, committed in the colony, ought to be tried before the courts of his majestv, in that colotiy ; 16* 18C HISTORY OF THE nnd thnl the seizing of liny person, residing in that colony, stft pected of any crime whatsoever, committed therein, and sen- ding such persons to phices beyond se:s to be tried, was high- ly derogatory to the rights ot" British subjects." The next day, ]ovi\ Bottetourt the jiovernor, dissolved the assembly. The same resolutions were passed in Carolina, and tlie same effects followed, trom governor Tryon. In 17G8, the non-importation association liad become gen eral throughout the colonies, under the motto of '' United wc conquer; divided we die." In Massachusetts, the fire raged with increased violence. Here were the ioreign troops, and here was the focus of the revolution. The Massachusetts house of assembly, by the firmness of their resolves, extorted the following acknowledgement from the governor : *' Gentlemen, 1 have no authority over his majesty's ships in this port, or his troops in this town," which led them to ])ass the following resolve : " that we can proceed no lariher ^vith business, while surrounded with an armetl force.'"! The governor adjourned the general court, to hold their sittings at Cambridge. The governor next requested the house, to make provis- ion for the expenses of the troops ; which they, by their re- solves, absolutely rei'used. The wliole colonies had now become sensibly alive to the oppressions they felt ; their resolves reached Britain, which caused an attempt in the house oTcommons, to repeal the ob- noxious duties, supported by the clamor of the citizens of London ; but without elVect. Lord North appeared at the head of the opposition, and thus expressed the sense of par- jiainent : '* However prudence, or policy, may hereaOer in- duce us to repeal the late piper and glass act, / hope li'c shall never think of it, until tec h.'jvc brought ^hnerica to onrfect.^^ Lord Hillsborough, at the close of this session of j)arlia- ment, attempted to soolh the irritability of the colonies, and soften down their feelings, as well as their measures, by the fallowing circular, which he addressed to the governors of all the colonies — May 13, 1709. " It is the intention of his majesty's ministers, to move iu the next parliament, that the duties on glass, paper, and col- 1 A park of artillery was planted in front of tho state house, vfi\k Wlliixks poiuteii Uircctly tewards the seat ofjuslice and tUoIuWij. UNITED STATES. JU ors, be romovetl, as having been laid, contrary to the trur jninciples of commerce ;" with assurances at the same time, *' that a design to propose to parhament any further taxes ou America, for tiie purpose of raising a revenue, lias at no lime been entertaincil.'" This uas plausible, but it took no elVect. The duty of three pence per pound, remaining on tea, shewed to the col- onies, that enough of taxes was retained, to establish the prin- ciple in the declaratory act, *' that Great Britain claims the right of binding the colonies in all things whatsoever." This to them, amounted to tlie same, as it" the whole taxes had been retained ; because the princii>le was the same, and this was the real point in (juestion. Governor Bernard was recalled by his nrijestv, in June, and in August, he embarked tor England, leaving lieutenant-gov- ernor IJutchinson in the chair of IMas^achusells. CllABTEK 11. CAUSES liiXi LEU TO THE UKVOLl TIOX, CONTINUED, Unfortunate collisions between the troops and citizens ot' Boston, had been frequei't, and the public peace iiad often been disturbed ; these collisions iiad engendered strife, and bitterness between the parties, and violence often ensued. On the '2d of March, 1770. an atVray took place between a number of soldier.s and rope-makers, which beciime serious, and led to the collection of a mob at evening. At 9 o'clock, the |>opulace were assembled at the ringing of tlie bells, and commenced an attack u|ion the main guard, accompanied with the cry of, " kill the soldiers, kill the soldiers." 'i'he olhcer of the guaril, resented this outrage, and ordei-eU the men to lire on the populace, wliich was obeyed in part ; three were instantly killed ; five were dangerously, and sev- eral slightly wounded — March 5, 1770. The shock w.is inexpressihly great ; the town was instantly ;(larmed ; they beat to arms, \vilh the general cry of " turn out with your guns." Tlie citizens immediately assembled to ihe number of several thousands, both with and without arms. At the same time, the lieut. governor called on the ollioer «f ihe guard, («<;aptain Treston) and demanded the reason why 188 HISTORY OF THE he fired upon the people without orders ? To which he re- plied, " we were insulted." The lieut. governor instantly passed on to meet the council, and on his way, attempted to appease the populace. On the morning of the 6th, the lieutenant-governor assem- bled his council, and by permission, lieutenant colonels Dal- rymple ana Carr, appeared in the council. The people, at the same time, assembled in town-meeting, in a vast con- course, and in great rage, where they passed the following re- solve, and sent it by a special committee to the governor : — *'It is the unanimous voice of this meeting, that nothing can prevent blood and carnage, and restore the peace of the town, but the immediate removal of the troops." The lieutenant colonel commandant returned for answer, *' that he readily consented, that the offending (29lh) regiment, should be re- moved." At the receipt of this report, (3 o'clock, P. M.) the town meeting had increased to about three thousand. — They returned another resolve, " the whole of the troops must be removed." To which the venerable Samuel Adams, who bore the message to the governor, added, " it you can remove the 29th, you can remove the 14th, and it is at your peril, if you do not." The lieutenant-governor appealed to the council for ad- vice, and whilst the question thus balanced, Mr. secretary Oliver, frankly told the governor, "you must either comply with the demands of the people, or prepare to leave the province." Captain Preston and his guard were taken into custody the next day, and committed to prison for trial. On the 8lh of March, one of the wounded men died, and the funeral of the slain, was attended by an unusual concourse of the citizens of Boston, and the neighboring towns; under the solemnity of the largest and most interesting procession, that was ever witnessed in Boston. The mournful peal of all the bells in Boston, Chailestown and Roxbury, tolled their solemn knell ; which gave an inexpressible gloom to the scene. The troops were all removed down to the castle, and gen- eral tranquility was so far restored, as to admit the trial of c-aptain Preston to commence, on the 24th, in due form. The v-rime tor which he stood indicted, *vas murder. The counsel for the prisoner, were John Adams and Josiah t^uincy esq's. These distinguished sons of liberty, warm UNITED STATES. IBS as had been their emotions and expressions, in the cause ol their injured country, became cool and disinterested, in the court ofjustice, anddisphiyed the magnanimity ot'lheir char- acters, in the defence of their chent. On the 30th, a virtuous, independent jury, regardless of the emotions of their own breasts, or the rage of popular opiiion, returned a verdict ot not guilty. The trial of the eight sohlicrs of the guard, who actually fired on the people, commenced the next day, upon tlie same indictment. 'J'hey were defended by the same counsel ; and after a trial of five d;iys, were in the same manner acquitted. It was remarked of Mr. Adams, that his arguments to shew under what a variety of circumstances, murder was actually reduced to man-slaughter, were so luminous, that they indu- ced the popular leaders to change their ground, and turn their attention to the militia, as the best defence of liberty. On the 26th of Septemb r, the governor informed the house, that the troops were to be withdrawn from the castle, and their place was to be supplied with such other reguhu troops, as his myesty should be pleased to appoint to that sta- tion, and be subject to the command of general Gage. Struck with alarm, at this intelligence, the assembly saw before them the awful crisis. They passed a resolve, " ap- pomting Wednesday, the 3d of October next, to be observed hy both houses, as a day of prayer, to seek the Lord for his direction and blessing." This was sent up to the council, and approved unanimously. The assembly were at this time in session at Cambridge, by order of the governor. In January, 1771, a recent grant of i^2000, by the assem- bly of New- York, for the support of British troops, raised violent commotions in that citv. Anonvmous publications were circulated, to inflame the passions of the people ; call- ing upon them to assemble in the tields. About 1400 obey- ed the summons, and repaired to the tields, where they ex- pressed by a resolve, their disapprobation of the acts of the legislature, granting money for the support of British troops ; appointed a committee to communicate their doings to the as- sembl}', and quietly dispersed. In the years 1771 and 2, general arrangements were made throughout the colonies, by corresponding committees, s[)e- cially appointed, to ascertain the strength of the sons of lib- erty, in every town. The public mind was at the same time, excited by a succession of the most spirited publications, '0!\ the side of liberty, and the rights of the country. 190 HISTORY OF THE At this time, the citizens of Providence burnt and destroy- ed the Gaspee schooner, a noted vexatious revenue cutter in that river, which served to give impulse to the public feeling. Town meetings continued to multiply, and their resolves were transmitted to the general committee in Boston. A general summary of the whole may be seen in the following : Resolved, " That it is the first and 'highest social duty of this people, to consider of, and seek ways and means for a speedy redress of these mighty grievances and intolerable wrongs ; and that for the obtaining of this end, this people are warranted by the laws of God and nature, in the use of every rightful act, and energy of policy, stratagem, or force.'' In 1773, a traitorous and periidous correspondence of gov- ernor Hutchinson, judge Oliver, and five others, with the British ministry, was detected and sent to America, by doctor Franklin, (then in London) where it circulated through the country, in the public prints, and gave high impulse to the public mmd. The assembly of Massachusetts immediately forwarded a petition to his majesty, praying for a speedy re- moval of the governor, kc. When the news of the destruction of the Gaspee schooner arrived m England, the ministry obtained an act of parliament under the following title, viz. *' An act'for the better securing his majesty's dock-yards, magazines, ships, ammunition, stores, &c." by which the penalty of death was denounced against all who should destroy, or aid and assist in destroying any of the articles named in this act ; and also subjected the offenders to a trial in any shire or county in England. Armed with these powers, parliament next proceeded to pass another act, authorising the East India company to ex- port their teas, free from duty, in any part of the world.* This would give tea to the American colonies, with the duty to government of three pence per pound, cheaper than the then current price. The company were aware of the evils that might ensue, and offered to government a duty of six pence, on all teas exported, if they would withdraw the colonial duty of three pence ; but this was rejected, and the East India company ?5hipped to each of the cities of Philadelphia, New York and Boston, 600 chests, and a general distribution in like propor- tion to the other colonies. t The East India company had on hand at that time, about seven-' teen million nounds of tea. UNITED STATES. 191 These measures were rightly appreciated in America, and combinations were immediately formed by the merchants, throughout the colonies, to resist the measures, and oppose both the landing and sales of the tea ; denouncing as tories and traitors, all who either aided or assisted in thus violating the liberties of their country. The consignees of the tea, generally, resigned their trusts, to avoid the rage of the populace ; and the tea was either sent back or stored, by all the cities to which it was shipped, except Boston. The consignees at Boston had refused to re- sign. A town meeting was called ; the tea ships were seized and secured by a strong guard ; the citizens of the neighbor- ing towns repaired to Boston, to witness the scene that was passing in town meeting, then held under that liberty tree, which had been so conspicuoui- in the riots of the stamp act. Alarmed for their safety, the consignees then requested permission of the governor to resign, but he refused. The die was now cast ; the town meetings were adjourned from day to day, until the impatience of the populace could no longer be restrained. The captain of one of the tea ships applied to the governor for a pass for his vessel, that he might return to England, which the governor refused. The sound of the war-whoop burst from the front gallery of the " Old South," (where this meeting was held) and the meeting v/as dissolved ; but the Mohawks (citizens in dis- guise) rushed out (and ran down to the wharf; entered the tea ships and threw into the dock more than 300 chests of tea ; dispersed and retired quietly to their homes. This act of destroying the tea, was a full declaration of what was afterwards expressed, " that they had taken a de- cided stand, and were resolved to resist all acts of oppression, in blood up to their knees." Notwithstanding the warmth of feeling so openly expressed by all public bodies, at this eventful day, and notwithstanding the tirm and energetic measures which had been, and contin- ued to be pursued, in resisting the aggressions of Britain ; the great body of the people were anxious for a reconciliation with the mother country, and hoped that the repeal of the duty on tea would restore the same harmony , as the repeal of the stamp act had done before. But the leading few saw that this was now impossible ; and at the head of these, stood Samuel Adams, who not onlv felt, but often declared in the circle of 392 HISTORY OF THE his friends, "the country shall be independent, and we will not be content with any thing short of it.'' Early in March following, his majesty announced to parlia- ment, the proceedings of the town of Boston, which so highly incensed that body, that they passed the famous ** Boston Port Bill," laying a commercial interdiction upon that town — 1774. From this eventful moment, the movements of the parties, both in England and America^ progressed in regular succes- sion, to meet the awful crisis before them. CHAPTER III. AUSES THAT LED TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION CONTINUED BATTLE OF LEXINGTON. 4 On the 5th of September, 1774, a delegation of all the colonies, except North Carolina, assembled at Philadelphia, agreeable to their appointment, and chose Peyton Randolph, esq. of Virginia, for their president, and Charles Thompson, esq. of Pennsylvania, for their secretary. This congress, by their first resolve, placed all the colonies upon im equality, by declaring "* that in determining all questions, each colony shall have one vote." The delegation from North Carolina, soon after appeared and took their seats, which rendered the amount of the whole number fifty-two, besides the president. Thus organized, congress passed numerous resolves, in vindication of the cause (»f their suffering country, and in 8U()port of the measurcB that had been pursued in her defence, particularly for tbe support of the town of Boston, fcc. Congress next entered into a general bond of union, which consisted of fourteen articles, for themselves and their con- stituents, •' to be and remain in force, until the obnoxious acts, or parlft of acts, relating to these colonies, shall be re- pealed ;"" signed by all the members, October, 1774. Congress next resolved, that an address be prepared, and sent to the inhabitants of Great Britain. They next resolved, that a petition be presented to his ma- jesty. Congress next resolved^ that letters be addressed to the ip- UNITED STATES. 193 habitants of Canada, Nova Scotia, St. Johns, and Georgia, in- viting them to mutual aid, in the common cause of British America, t These were all dignified and masterly productions ; did honor to the illustrious statesmen of the day, and were of great utility, in carrying forward and supporting the common cause of the colonies, both in Europe and America. Congress at the same time, published a manifesto, unfold- ing to the world, the causes of the contest, and the resolu- tions of the colonies. They next called up their attention to their armed vessels, and the defence of their sea-ports. They then proceeded to establish a general post-office, and appointed Benjamin Franklin, post-master general. They also established a hospital tor 20,^00 men. These general outlines being settled, all parties prepared for action. Congress further resolved, '"• that another congress be call- ed on the 10th of May next, unless the obnoxious acts should be repealed ;" and on the 2Uth of October, they dissolved their sittings. The wisdom, firmness, dignity, and patriotic spirit of this congress, will shed a lustre on the American character, t« the latest generation. Pending this session of congress, general Gage issued writs, and called an assembly or g<»neral court, of Massachusetts, at Salem. Ninety members met, and the general countermand- ed his writs ; but the members convened, resolved them- selves int© a provincial congress, chose John Hancock esq. president, and adjourned to Concord. This congress assumed the direction and government of the affairs of the province, and continued their sittings, by ad- journment, trom time to time, and place to place, as circum stances required. Such was the power of habit, arising from a long and steady obedience to the laws, in a well regulated state of society, that Massachusetts was, in all respects, as free from every de- gree of licentiousness, wh^.n all courts of law were suspended, and one great bustle of military preparation, usurped the place of the laws, as she ever had been, in times of the most profound peace. The firmness of the town of Boston, under all her suffer t Messrs. Lee, Gushing and Dickinson, were, tlie cowmiitteo wki/ 5»reparod thes* ad«lr«sses. 17 194 HISTORY OF THE ings, shed a lustre upon herself, and a glory upon her coun- try, which gained her the universal applause of that day, and %vhich will be transmitted down to the latest posterity. The king met his new parliament, on the oOth of Novem- ber, with a high-toned speech, in which he announced the re- bellious state of the colonies, particularly Masrjachusetts, and called on parliament to maintain and defend the nceasuros he had adopted, to bring the colonies to obedience. Parliament met this speech by an overwhelming majority, in favor of the king. Lord North disclosed the views of the ministry, in the following declaration to Mr. Quincy : •' We must try what we can do to support the authority we have claimed over America ; if we are defective in power, we must sit down contented, and make the best terms we can ; no body can blame us, after we have done our utmost ; but until we have tried what we can do, we can never be satisfied in receding," &c. But America had friends, as well as enemies, in England ; friends, who knew her strength, -as well as worth ; friends, who wished to cultivate peace, both for the good of America, and the best interest of Britain. At the head of these friends, stood the great, the illustrious Wm. Pitt, earl of Chatham. Mr. Q,uincy, who attended in the house of lords, on the 20th of December, when the minister opened hie budget upon the affairs of America, thus describes the great champion of her cause. *' Lord Chatham rose, like Marcellus, ^' Vivos sujperimet •mnes,*^ he seemed to feel himself superior to those around him. His language, voice, and gesture, were more pathetic, than 1 ever saw or heard before, at the bar. or in the senate. He seemed like an old Roman senator, rising with the dignity of age, yet speaking with the fire of youth," &c. He then proceeded ; *' My lords, these papers, now laid for the first time before your lordships, have been five or six weeks in the pockets of the minister, and notwithstanding the fate of this kingdom, bangs upon the event of this great controversy, we are but this moment called to a consideration of this important sub- ject. My lords, I do not want to look into one of these pa- pers ; 1 know their contents well enough already ; I know there is not a member in this house, but is acquainted with -tlieir contents also There ought, therefore, to be no delay UNITED STATES. 195 in entering upon this matter ; we ought to proceed immedi- ately^," &c. " I move my lords, that an humble address be presented to his majesty, most humbly to advise and beseech his majesty, that it may graciously please his majesty to direct, that orders be immediately despatched to general Gage, for removing the troops from the town of Boston, as soon as may be. *' The way, my lords, must be immediately opened for a reconciliation. It will soon be too late. I know not who ad- vises the present measures ; I know not who advises a per- severance and enforcement of them ; but this I will say, that whoerer advises them, ought to answer for it at his peril. 1 know that no one will avow, that he advises to these meas- ures ; every one shrinks from the charge. But somebod} has advised his majesty to these measures ; and if his majes- ty continues to hear sucb evil counsel, his ni;ijegty Is UlidonS, His iiirijesty may indeed continue to wear the crown, but the American jewel out of it, it will not be worth the wearing. " What more shall I say, my lords ? I will not say the kingdom ig betrayed ; but this I will say, the nation is ruined. What foundation have we for our claims over America .' What is our right to jjcrsist in such cruel and vindictive meas- ures, against that loyal, that respectable people ? They saj' you have no right to tax them >vithout their consent, and they say rightl\'. Representation and taxation must go together ; they are inseparable. Yet there is hardly a man in our streets, be he ever so poor, but thinks he must be legislator for America. Our American subjects, is a common phrase in the mouth of the lowest order of our citizens ; but property, my lords.^ is the sole and entire dominion of the owner. None can meddle with it ; it is a unity ; a mathematical point ; it is an atom, untangible by any but the proprietor. Touch it, and the owner loses his whole property. The (ouch con- taminates the whole mass; the whole property vanishes,'" &c. " In the last parliament, all was anger, all was rage. Ad- ministration did not consider what was practicable, but what was revenge. Sine cladc victoria, was the language of the ministry, the last session ; but every bod}"^ knew ; an ideot might know, that such would not be the issue. For the ruin of the nation, was a matter of no concern, if ministers might be revenged. Americans were abused, misrepresented and (raducedj in the most outrageous manner, in order to give a 196 HISTORY OF THE color, and urge on to the most precipitate, unjust, cruel, mud vindictive measures, that ever disgraced a nation. " Gnossius hiBc Khadanianthus, habet durissima regna. ** Castigalque, auditquc dolos. " My lords, the very infornal spirits, they chasiise, casti- <;atque ; sed amUtque. My lords, the w.ry spirits of the in- fernal regions, Acar before they pimish. But how have these respectable people behaved, under all their grievances ? With unexampled patience, with unparalleled wisdom. " They chose delegates by Iheir suflrages ; no bribery, no corruption, no influence here, my lords. Their representa- tives met, will) the sentiments and temper, and speak the sen- timents ot the whole continent. For genuine sagacity, foi' singular moderation, for solid wisdom, manly spirit, sublime sentiments, and simplicity of language ; for every thing hon- orable JVid respectable, the congress at Phi!;i(lelpliia, shorn unrivalled. " This wise people speak out. They do not hokl the lan- guage of slaves ; they tell you what they mean. They do not ask you to repeal your laws, as a favor ; they claim it as a right ; they demand it. They tell you (hey will not submit to them ; and I tell you the acts njust be repealed ; they will be repealed ; you cannot enforce them. *' Repeal, therefore, my lords, I say. But repeal will not satisfy this enlightened, this spirited people. What ! repeal a bit of paper ! repeal a piece of parchment ! that alone, my lords, will not do. You.must go tlirough ; you must declare you have no right to tax, then they may trust you ; then they may have confidence in you. '' My lonis, there are three million oi whigs. Three mil- lion of whigs, my lords, with arms in their hands, are a formi- dable body. 'Twas the whigs, my lords, that set his majesty's royal ancestors upon the throne of England. I hope, my lords, there are yet double the number of whigs in England, there are in America. 1 hope the whigs of both countries, will join, and make a common cause. Ireland is with Ameri- ca, to a man ; the whigs of that country wdl, and those oftln> ought, to make the cause of America their own. *' The cause oi' ship money, was the cause of the whigs of England. You sJiaJI not take my money ivitJwut my consent, is the doctrine and language of whigs. It is the doctrine, in support of which, 1 do not know how many names 1 covid, I may call, in this house, among the living. I cannot Say hov, UNITED STATES. 197 UXduy I could join with me, and maintain tliose doctrines with their blood ; but among tlic dead, 1 coukl raise an host innu nieiiil)h\ '' My lords, consistent with the i)rcceding doctrines, and with what 1 ever have, and shall continue to niaintain, I say, I shall oppose America, whenever I see her aiming at tlirow- ing ofl'the navi<^ailon act, and otiier regulatory acts of trade, made, bonajlde, for that purpose, and framed, and calculated for a reciprocation of interest, and the general extended wel- fare, and security of the whole empire. It is suggested, tliat such is their design ; I see no evidence of it. But to come to acestain ktiovvleilge of their designs upon this head, it would he |)roper, iirst to do them justice. Treat them as subjects, before you treat them as aliens, rebels and traitors. *'My lords, deeply impressed with tiie injportance of taking some healing measures, at this most alarniing, distracted state of your affairs, though bowed down with a cruel disease,! I have crawled to this house, to give you my best experience and counsel ; and my advice is, to beseech his majesty, &,c. this is the best I can think of. It will convince America, thai you meiui to tiy her cause in the spirit, and by the laws of freedom and fair inquiry, and not bv codes of blood. How can she now trust you, with the bayonet at her breast ? She ha.« all the reason in the world to believe, you mean either her death, or her bondage," &:c. I regret that the limits of this work, will not permit me to insert the whole of this most masterly protluclion. What I have inserted, will shew most clearly, that the hearts of minis- ters, were steeled against conviction ; that their passions had surmounted their understandings, and that they were blinded by the grossest delusion. The petition of the continental congress, had been present- ed to the king, and was n»w referred to the house of lords. This threw the house into a high fever. They denied the le- gality of that body, (congress) treated their petition with con- tempt, and rejected it without discussion, by a majority of 281 ioG'o. On the 27th of February, Mr. Quincy sailed for America ; but he fell sick on his passage, and died, a short time before the ship reached her port of destination. Thus balanced, the parties moved forward, with a steady step, to the awful crisis before them : and the destinies of America, were suspended t The 'rout. 17* 198 HISTORY OF ^tiP. upon a thread, which the meanest ruffian was liable evert' moment to break, and drench the land in blood. On the 18th of April, notice was given to Messrs. Samuel Adams and John Hancock, at Lexington, that general Gage was about to make a movement ; and a number oi provincial officers dmed together at Cambridge, in order to watch the motions olthe enemy, and give the alarm accordingly. Aboui midnight, a detachment, consisting of about eighteen hundred grenadiers and infantry, (the flower of the British army) un- der the command of lieutenant-colonel Smith, and major Pit- cairn, embarked at the foot of the common, crossed over, and landed ut Phipp's farm, and commenced their march for Con- cord, in quest of the American stores. On the 19th, the detachment arrived at Lexington, and caused an alarm in that town, and vicinity.! The captain of the Lexington company of militia, assembled his mCn upon the green, (about 130) at 2 o'clock in the morning. No fur- ther intelligence of the enemy being received, the company was dismissed, after roll call, to assemble upon parade at the beat of drum. About four in the morning, the approach of the enemy gave the alarm ; the drums beat to arms, and those that were near, assembled .again upon parade, (about 70) amidst a concourse of spectators, who were drawn together by-the alarm. When the company was forming, major Pit- cairn rode up at the he-ad of h»s division, and with an imperi- ous command, exclaimed, '' Disjierse you rebels, (hroxv down your arms and disperse.'" Regardless of the order, the com- pany continued to form. Major Pitcairn advanced to the charge, fired his pistol, flourished his sword, and ordered his men to fire. The order was obeyed, accompanied with a huzza ; and the militia instantly dispersed. The fire was re- peated, and the militia returned a scattering fire, as they fled, and took shelter under cover of the adjacent stone walls ; from whence they continued to fire. The enemy killed three upon the green, at their first fire, and five others behind the stone walls. The detachment continued its march to Concord, to seize, the American stores, which were the principal object of its destination. The conflict at Lexington, had given the alarm at Concord, and the militia assembled and stood in their defence ; but upon the approach of a strong regular force, they retired t This alarm was giron by vinginor the bcUfj, l>y signal guns, vollics, iJtc. , • UNITED STATES. u^ , ^ behind thn river, and waited for aid from Ihc neighboring towns. Colonel Smitii advanced with his whole force, and began tiic destruction of the niilitarv stores at Concord. Two 24 pounders were disabled, and their carriages destroyed, be- sides the wheels of several others, of a smaller size. Five hundred pounds of shot were thrown into the river and wells, &,c. and about sixty barrels of flour broken in pieces, and half destroyed. At this time the militia were reinibrced from the adjacent towns, and advanced upon the enemy, under the command of major Butterick ; a conllict began at the bridge ; the enemy fired, and killed captain Davis, and one of his privates ; the provincials returned the fire, and the enemy retreated, with the loss of several killed and wounded. t This detachment soon joined the main body, and coloneT Smith attempted to lead back his troo|>s to Boston. l)ut the whole vicinity was in arms, and pressed uj)on his rear ; whilst the provincial sharp-shooters, galled his flanks from the adjacent stone wall!:, hedges, and other coverts, which greatly endangered, and alarmeilthe oflicers, who were more immediately the objects of their vengeance. Miijor Pitcairn, who burnt the tirst pow- der at Lexington, dismounted, and led his division on foot ; but his horse was taken by the provincials, together with his pistols in their holsters. To check the ravages of the enemy, on their retreat, the rev. Mr. Payson, of Chelsea, headed a small detachment of militia, and killed, wounded, and captured a small detachment of the British, and recovered the plunder they were carrying ofl'to Boston. About sunset, the fugitives secured their retreat over Charlestovvn neck, covered by a party of about nine hundred regulars, under the comiaund of lord Percey ; and the next morning, they escaped safe into Boston. Colonel Smith, wh(» received a wound in the expedition, had the honor to report to general Gage, that in obedience to his orders, he had marched to Concord, and destroyed such stores as were to be found ; engaged the Yankees in several skirmishes, in which they had sulTercd severely ; but being overpowered by num- bers, he had been able to make good his retreat to Boston, tOnc of the wouiidod enetny was killed with a hatchet, by a strag- !ing pursuer, which gave rise to very extra vag-ant reports from the liritisli, iifler Ihey returned t« Boston." :00 HISTORY OF THi: with the loss of only 65 killed, 180 wounded, cuid 158 taken prisoners, total 403. As f^oon as regular returns could bo made by tiie provin- «:ials, their loss was fount! to be 50 killed, and 34 wounded, ;md four missing, total 88 ; which, deducted from 403, leftu balance of success in their favor, of 315, besides the exult- ing triumph of pursuini;- the enemy about twenty miles, and driving them into close quaiters. Thus the conflict began ; blood was spilt, and the scene was opened. The news of this conflict flashed like lightning through the country, and kindled a spirit of revenge, in those hardy sons of liberty, who rushed to the war, to take vengeance on the insulting foe. The heroes of the old war, put themselves at the head of their injured bretiiren, and enrolled themseh'es in the ranks of tlieir country, to wipe out the stain, by the blood of the British. General Ward, an old experienced oflicer, took the com- mand (tigreeable to his appointment) of the troops at Cam- bridge, as they collected Irom the neighboring country, and colonies, and general Gage soon found himselfclcsely investctl in Boston, by ;\n army of 20,000 men. When the tidings of the conflict at Lexington, reached the colonies at the south, they roused to the contest, with the same ardeut, patriotic zeal, as the colonics at the north, and one universal im|)jdse, in the cause of liberty, inspired the whole American famdy. The whole white population of the colonies, at this time, amounted to about 3,00u,000. CHAPTER i\ . V.MEUICAN REVOLUTION, CONTINUED, FROM THE BATTLE OK LEXIXOTON, TO Tlli-^. FALL OF MONTGOMERY BEFORE tiUEBEC. Thus armed against herself, Great Britain put forth all her efforts to prosecute the war, and bring her colonies *' at her feet.'' Arrayed in one lirm bond of union, under the guidance of her general congress, America committed her cause to Ocd, UNITKD STATES. !:0 1 iuul entered tljc lists with Britain, then mistioss of the seas, and arbiter of tlie world. 'J'lie provincial coni^rcss ol' JMassacluisett->^ addressed tli(> tollowins circular l^'^ter to the several colonics, bearing dal(>, April '28lh, 1776 : • " We conjure you by all that is (U'ar, by jdl tiiat is sacred, Ihat you give all possible assistance in ibrining an army, in de- fence of the country. Our all is at stake. Death and de struction are the certain consequences of delay. Kvery mo ment is infinitely precious ; an hour lost, may de.lui!;e your country in blood, and entail perpetual slavery, upon the few ofyour i.osterity that survive the carna!2;e. We beg and en- treat, as you wi'll answer it to your country, to your (M)nscieii- ces, and above all, as you will answer it to your Goil, th;>( you will hasten, by all possd)le means, the enlistment of men, to form an army ; and send tlH>m forward to head-nuarters, at Cambriil^e, "with that e.xpedition, which the vast impor tance, and instant ur^>:ency of the afl'iirs ennington, where they met colonel Allen, and ar- ranged the enterprise. The colonel pro.^.eeded to complete his complement of men, while the others procured such arms. *"C^ HISTORY OF THE stores, &c. OS the expedition required. They fixed upoi. Castleton, as a place of rendezvoui=. Colonel Allen repair- ed to Castleton with 230 men, and joined the party, which (hen amounted to 172, and proceeded lo post Gentries upon all the roads, leading to ibrt Ticonderoga, to intercept all in- telligence. At this critical moincnt, colonel Benedict Arnold arrived troni camp, attended only by his servant, and offered to take the command ; but this was rejected, and he consented to act in concert with colonel Allen. Thus arrayed, these patriots moved forward to the object before them. On the loth of May, colonel Allen crossed over the lake, with a detachment of eighty three men, and surprised fort Ticonderoga, in the grey of the morning. The colonel sum- moned the fortress, "in the name of (he great Jehovah, and (he continental congress."! Captain Delaplace o!)eyed the summons, and delivered up the fort. Tjje garrison, consist- ing of one liciUciiant, one gunner, two sergeants, and foriy-four rank and tile, besides women and children, were taken prison- ers of war, and sent down into Con?iecticut, for security. J Colonel Seth Warner crosseri the lake, with the remainder of the party, surprised and took the foitress of Crown-Point. This fort contained more than 100 pieces of cannon. Colonel Arnold embarked upon the lake in a small schoon- er, and captured an armed vessel, at ihe north end of the lake. and returned with his [)rize to Ticonderoga. Thus the com manri of lake Champlain was secured, and with it, a free com- muiiicallon witii Canada. During these operations in the north, general Gage con templated at) attack upon general Thomas, at Roxbury. Tlie general's whole force consisted of only 700 militia, who were almost destitute of arms and ammunition. General Thomas learned the movements of general Gage, and practised upon him an old military stratagem, by displaying his forces. He marched his troops round a hill, in view of the enemy, through i Congress convened at Philadelphia about. 10 oVlocktlie same day. if. The arms and military stores taker, in this fort, were as follows, viz. 120 iron cannon, G,424 pounds of ball, bO swivels, two 10 inch mor- tars, one howitzer, onocohorn, 100 stand of arms, ten tons of musket balls, three cart loads of flints, thirl}' new gun carriages, a large quaji- tity of shells, ten casks of powder, two brass cannon, thirty barrels ol" flour, eigljteen barrels of pork, Szc. ; also a warehouse full of materials for boat buildino-. UNITED STATES. 203 the day, and thus deceived general Gage, and prevented his attack. General Thomas was soon reinforced, and Roxbury preserved. During these operations, the British foraging parties were often surprised and defeated, among the small islands of the bay, which inspired the Americans with courage and confi- dence, and taught tliem to face the British with firmness and success. On the 25th, the three British generals, Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne, arrived in Boston. These were expected " to bring the colonies at the feet of the ministry," the first cam paign. On the 27th, general Putnam, and doctor Warren, at tht^ head of a party of provincials, defeated a strong British for- aging p.irty, upon the islands of the bay, and destroyed the armed vessel stationed for their defence. The same success- es were renewed on the 30th, and the stock generally remov- ed from those islands, which greatly distressed the enemy ii) Boston. All intercourse with the town was now closed. The American army now began to suffer severely, by the small pox, which had been communicated from Boston. The scarcity of money also, became serious. At this time, the whole American force did not exceed 8000, officers r.nd sol- diers ; and this was rather an assemblage of men, than an ar- my. Such was the state of discipline, and such their priva- tions, that nothing but their zeal for the rights of the country, kept them together. On thf 12th of June, general Gage issued his proclamation, offering pardon, &c. in the king's name, to all who should quietly submit to the royal uithority, excepting Samuel Adams and John Hancock ; denouncing, at the same time, as rebels and traitors, all such as? should refuse this offered mercy, or aid and_assist, in any way, or correspond with, such as should refuse to accept. It also declared the province under mar- tial law, until the civil law could be restored. This proclamation was considered as a public manifesto, and a prelude to some serious operations. The Americans watched the enemy closely. On the 16th, colonel Prescott was detached, with 1000 men, to fortify Bunker's hill, in Charlestown ; but by mistake iu the night, he fortified Breed's hill, which lay contiguous to the former, and nearer to Boston. Struck with surprise at the firmness of this movement, general Gage saw at once, that 204- HISTORY OF THE his own safety in Boston, depended very much, upon the strength of this position. He resolved to dislodge the Amer- icans, as soon as possible. Accordingly, about noon of the 17th, he detached four battalions of infantry ; ten companies of grenadiers, and a suitable train of artillery, under the com- mand of major-general Howe, and brigadier-general Pigot, to dislodge the provincials. This force crossed over to Charlestown, where they were reinforced, and became 3000 strong. This whole force for- med on the beach, and marched regularly to the combat ; a terrible cannonade commenced. Colonel Prescott, supported by colonel Stark, of New- Hampshire, and captain Morton, of Connecticut, received the lirst shock of the enemy with firmness. Generals Warren, Pomeroy and Putnam, soon joined the detachment, and gave spirit and energy to the party. Charlestown, by order of general Gage, was now wrapt in flames, as the murderous Britons advanced to the charge. The provincials, like the illustrious heroes of the plains of Abraham, reserved their tire, until the enemy had advanced within twelve rods ; they then opened a well directed fire of musketry, which was serious in its effects, and checked their pace. The explosion of musketry now became terrible ; the enemy gave way, and fled in disorder. Stung with mortifica- tion, they rallied to the charge ; again they were cut down, and thrown into disorder, b}' the destructive fire of the Yan- kees, and put to flight. At this eventful moment, general Clinton joined general Howe, {and by the united exertions of British ofticers and British valor, the troops were once more led on to the charge, and the carnage again became terrible. At this critical moment, the powder of the provincials began to fail, and the soldiers rifled the cartridge boxes of the dead, to keep up their fire, even after the enemy had turned their flank, and brought their artillery to rake their trenches. The British now redoubled their exertions, supported by a terrible cannonade from their ships and batteries ; the officers pressed on the troops with the bayonet, and the sword, in their rear ; the combat became close. The British entered the trenches, at the point of the bayone' ; the Yankees clubbed their muskets, and maintained their defence, until overpower- ed by numbers, they were constrained to retire. They re- treated in good order, and regained their camp at Gambridge, UNITED STATES. 205 under a galling fire from the enemy's ships and batteries, which raked Charlestown neck, as they passed. The brave general Warren tell gloriously on the field, in defence of his country, and his country's riglits. Not one action stands recorded, in honor of British valor, on the whole historic page, where her troops met with such matchless firmness, and desperate resistance, as was displayed by the Americans at Bunker's hill. The loss in this action, as stated by general Gage, was 226 killed, 19 of whom were commissioned officers, 70 officers wounded ; total, killed and wounded, 1054, rank and file. The American loss amounted to 139 killed, 278 wounded, and 36 missing — total 453. The loss of general VVarren, colonel Gardner, lieut. colonel Parker, and majors Moore and McClaney, Wcis severely felt by America, and cast agloom over the nation. This loss at Bunker hill, equalled the loss sustained by general Wolfe, upon the plains of Abraham, at the capture of Quebec ; but in the loss of ofiiccrs, it stands as 18 to 13 killed, and 70 to 66 wounded. From this, some true estimate can^be formed, of that firmness and valor, the Amer- icans displayed, in defence of Bunker hill. Congress had assembled at Philadelphia, agreeable to ap- pointment, on the 10th of May, and commenced their sittings.! The honorable Peyton Randolph, was again chosen president, and Charles Thompson esq. secretary. On the 2d of June, they interdicted all traffic or intercourse with the enemy, by a special resolve. ' On the 7th, congress assumed the style of the Twelve Uni- ted Colonies, by a special resolve, which appointed a public fast on the 20th of July following. On the 15th, congress appointed George Washington, esq. commander-in-chief of all the forces raised, or to be raised, in defence of the Americr.n colonies. General Washington, then a member, accepted the trust with great modesty, declaring at the same time, " that he did not consider himself equid to the command he was honored with." When the commission was made out and delivered to gen. Washington, congress pledged their lives, their fortunes, and their sacred honors, to support him in his arduous duties, in defence of his country. Congress next proceeded to appoint the officers of the co»- 1 The morniuff of the capture effort Ticonderoga, 18 ?06 HISTORY OF THE tinental army, and their commissions were made out, and de- livered to the general-in chief, lor distribution. During these proceei lings, general Washington retired to his seat, at Mount Vernon ; set his house in order ; made pre- parations for the service, and on the 2d of July, commenced his journey, accompanied b)' general Lee, and several other gentlemen ; and actually arrived at Cambridge, in just fifteen days from the date of his cornmissjon. One universal express- ion burst fiom all parts of United America : " Under God, Washington must be the savior of his country.''^ When the general had tnterful upon the duties of his ap- pointment, and examined the returns of the army, he found himself at the head of about 14,000 men, without order, dis- cipline, or military stores, (or rather with a very scanty sup- ply) and destitute of most of the conveniences essential to a camp. When the continental officers arrived, the general proceed- ed to deliver their commissions, and they entered with zeal and ardor, into a joint co-operation with his excellency, to diffuse a spirit of cleanliness, order, activity and disciphne, throughout the army. h>ew energies, and new efforts became universal. The main body of the British army w^as posted at this time, very strongly, on Bunker's hill, commanded by his excellen- cy general Howe. The other division of the British army, was strongly posted near Roxbury. Those two positions, together with the fleet and armed vessels, covered the town of Boston, and the corps-de-reserve, which commanded that station. His excellency general Washington, took up his head-quar- ters at Cambridge, with the main body of the American army. His right was secured by general Ward, strongly posted at Roxbury. His left was intrusted to the command of general Lee, who was strongly intrenched upon prospect hill. Gen- eral Putnam and others, filled the intermediate points of at- tack, with about 3000 men. Thus posted, the American army, firm to the righteous cause of their country, nobly surmounted all their embarrass- ments, and held their enemy in a state ol siege. Such was the ardent spirit of patriotism, in this country, thai a battallion of rifle corps, ordered by congress, on the 14Lh and 22d of June, to be raised in Virginia and Pennsyl- vania, were raised, accoutred, and marched to the army. UNITED STATES. 207 where they were embodied, on the 7th of August following ; and all, without one cent of advance from the public treasury. The want of powder and bayonets, gieatly exposed the American army to an attack from the enemy, and it became the most urgent duty of the general-in-chief, to deceive the British general, until he could supply these deticiences. These embarrassments were augmented by the want of clothes, camp utensils, tools for service, and engineers ; to- gether with a disaffection among the officers, which arose from the congressional appointments. JVLrny of the troops were to be discharged in November, and the longest service, did not exceed the last of December. Yet all these embar- rassments were sustiuned, by tliat zeal and spirit, that flowed from a righteous cause. The force of the enemy in Boston, was at this time, aug- mented by a reinforcemont from England, to about 8000 men. General Washington called a council of wir, to settle the plans of operation for the season ; and a g<^noral system of blockade was agreed upon, for the want of powder and bayonets, to car- ry the town of Boston by storm. On the 1st of August, it was well ascertained, that the ene- my had lost, in various ways, about 2500 of his original force, «ince the 19th of April, and from this it was concluded, that before the spring recruits could arrive, the British army would become more vulnerable. In July, Georgia joined the confederacy, and America then tookiheUtle of '' the Thirteen United States." About this time, general Gage sent orders to New York, to invite all foreign seamen into hi^ servic^^, as volunteers. In the month of October, the town of Falmouth was burnt, in obedience to orders i-sued in the name of Jiis majesty, to the commanders of his majesty's ships oi war, to treat the Ameri- cans as rebels, and la^ waste and destroy the seaports of all such as had taken part in the rebellion. The flames of Falmouth, lik<.' the flames of Charlestown, flashed through the country, and roused the colonies atresh, to union and revenge. Congress fitted out several frigates, and caused two battalions of marines to be raised for the ser- vice ; and framed articles of war, for the government of the navy. General Washin<:;ton al-so, employed several cruisers, to intercept the store sliips of the enemy, for the immediatv^ service of the army : all which, produced a spirit ofadven- 208 HISl ORY OF THE tiire upon the seas ; and the American coast soon swarmcc) with priv.iteers, which cruised with great success. A rich store-ship was taken at this time, by captain Manley, of the privateer Lee, hulen with supphes, for the army in Boston. These captures, not only gave support and energy to the American army, in carrying on the siege of Boston, but greatly distressed the enemy, by cutting off his supphes. South Carolina, by a summons from her general committee, convened her provincial congress, upon the first tithngs, that blood had been, shed at Lexington, and chose Henry Laurens esq. president, .Tuly 1. On the 2d, they passed, by a unanim- ous resolve, the following covenant : " Thoroughly convinced, tint under our present distressed circumstances, we shall be justiiied before God and man, in resisting force by force : Wc do unite ourselves, under every tie of religion and honor, to associate, as a band of brothers, in defence of our injured country, against every foe : hereby solemnly engaging, that whenever our continental or provin- cial councils, shall decree it necessary, we will go forth, and be ready to sacrifice our lives and fortunes, to secure her do- fence and safety. This covenant to continue in force, until a reconciliation shall take place, between (ircat Britain and America, upon constitutional principles ; an event which \\v most heartily desire. And we will hold those persons crimin-^ al to the liberty of these colonics, who shall refuse to sub- scribe to this association." This resolve was cordially supported by the people. On the 5th, this congress proceeded to raise two regiments of in- fantry, ;hkI one regiment of rangers, for the d(dence of the colony ; and the languag(^ of the day, was *' We will freely give up one half, or evm iJir m^hole of ovr property, to secure our libcrties.^^ T'his congres? next assumed the reins of government over the colony ; entered with spirit into a general organization ol' their affaii's, and ailjourned. The same zeal for the support of the common cause, pre- vailed in all the colonies at the south ; their crown govern- ors were all renioved, anci the people assumed the govern- ment. Each colony organized a provmcial congress, commit- tee of safety, &c. for the managen^ent of their affairs. While 'these events ^vere transpiring, the colonies general \y» P^^t forth all their efforts, to collect military stores, for the supply of the army at Boston, and turned their attention to UNITED STATES. 20y their cruisers on the w:iter. They sent ;in:l {JiirchMsed pow- der ill (oreign ports, wh^^rovorit wis praoticahle ; and even obtained it from Bermuda, and some ot^ the British forts, on the coast of Africa.! They also commenced the manufucturv of powder in many of the colonies. At the same tune, information arrived at head-quarters, that the addresses of coni^ress had been favorably received in Can* ada ; and that the peoph^ would not act a2;ainst the colonies. General Washington «lotaciied a body of troops, under the comininfl of colonel Arnold, (about 1000) aiilOvd by colonels Greene and Enos, and majors Meigs and Bigelow, upon an ex- pedition into Canada. On the 10th of September, colonel Arnold embarked his troops at Newburypcrt, for the river Kcnneb«'c, where he ar- rived the 20th, and on the 22d, began to ascend that river, upon an expedition against Q,uebec. On the 9th of Novem- ber, he accomplished his march,' throirgh a pathless, uninhab- ited wilderness ; ov^^rcome every possibU^ didiculty, hardship and fitigue, jmuI arrived at [loint Levi, opposite to the city of Q,uebec. At the same time, general Montgomery penetrated into Canada, by the way of lake Champlain, accompanied by gen- eral Schuyler ; and on (he 8lh of October, laid siege to the fortress of St. John's. Sir Guy Carleton, governor of Cana- "da, appeared at the h^ad of about 800 men, for the relief of St. John's ; but col. Warner, at the head of his Green moun- tain boys, defeated sir Guy, and on the 18th, majors Brown and Livingston passed by fort St. John's, with a party, and sur- prised the small fort ol'Chamblee, where they found six tons of powder, &,c. with which they pushed the siege of St. John's ; and on the 2d of November, the fort surrendered. The garrison became prisoners of war. During the siege of St. John's, colonel Allen attrirpted to surprise the city of Montreal, but failed ; was taken prisoner on the 25th of October ; loaded with irons, and sent to Eng- land. On the 12th of November, general Montgrmery entered Montreal in triumph, and on the 17th, eleven >ail of vessels, with general Prescott and several other officers, and about 120 privates, with a large supply of flour, beef, butter, kc. be- t Seven thousand pounds were received by general Washington fiom the latter, by the wav of Providence, about the ftrst of Sept. . 18* 510 lilSTOHY OF TIJK sides cnnnon, small arms, and military sloros, were taken ; ail wliich became useful to the army, in prosecuting the conquest of Canada.. •Governor Carleton escaped in a canoe, with muflkd paddles, in the night, and retired to (:^uebec. ^ General Montgomery, with such troops as he could retain for the seryice, penetrated into Canada, and joined colonel Arnold, belbre (Quebec, on the first of December ; and on the 5th, they connnenced a system oT operations, to carry the city by storm. This Gibraltar of America was then garrisoned by about 1500 men, under the command ofsir Guy Carleton, who^ had arrived from Montreal, on the 10th of November ; yet the brave general Alontgomery sat down before this strong hold, in the severity of winter, and opened his trenches in the ?now, (the ground being impenetrably (ixed by the frost) and Iiardened these trenches with water, which froze into ice, and thus commenced the siege. General Montgomery next called a council of war, to con- sult upon the future operations of the siege ; the council mi< the views of the general, and were almost unanimous in th>' resolution, to attempt to cairj the city by storm. Arrang(>- mcnts wore accordingly made ; the next day the general pre- parations commenced ; and on the morning of the 31st, the signal was given for tlio attack, by a discharge ol rockets, pre- cisely at 5 o'clock. A violent snow storm covered the troops, as they advanced with (irmness to the combat ; but the garri- son had taken the alarm from the discharge of rockets, and stood on their defence. General Montgomery, at the head of the lirst "division, at- tempted to enter the lower towi) by the margin of the river ; carried the first battery and dispersed the guard ; but in pass- ing a defile, at the head of his brave troojis, the dischiu-ge ol' one solitary gun from the abandoned battery, kiHed general Montgomery, with captains Cheesnr.in and McTherson, and several others. The troops, api)alled at the loss of their gen- eral, retired from the detile, and aban(ioned tiie enterprise. Not so with colonel Arnold ; he, at the head of the second division, entered the lower town, on the opposite side, accom- panied by captain Lamb, at the head of his artillery company, with one' field piece n\ounted on a sled. The main body (»f the divi<,i.on brought up the rear. At tho head of this brave column, colonel Arnold was wounded in the leg, by a musket UNITED STATES. -li l>all, while iorcing the first barrier, which iVacturcd the bone, iind obhged liirii to be roinoved to the roar. The cotnmaiul now devolved upon colonel Morgan, who led on the column, htonned the hrst barrier, and advanceil to (he attack ot'tlu- second, with high houea of succeiss, and in monientiry ex- ]>ectation of learning the success of general Montgotnery. At this eventful moment, colonel Morgan was joined by majors Meigs and Bigelow, whirh augmented his force to the number ol about ^00. At the head oi" this lorce, colonel Morgan led on the charge, lo siorm the second barrier ; the whole column, amidst a shower of musketry, ascended their ladders and mounted the barrier ; when lo ! to their aston- ishment, a forest of bayonets, bristled in array against them, and hlled all the street. To advance was de.j'h, to retreat was d.angerous ; they therefore entered the adjacent houses, and stood in their defence, until overpowered by numbers, they yielded to necessity, and surrendered themselves prison- ers of war. Thus this desperate enterprise (ailed, with the loss of their general, and about 'lUO men, killed, wounded and taken, and Quebec was relieved. The death of general Montgomery was a serious loss to the American cause, and severely felt, as well as deeply lamented, throughout the nation. Congress felt the shock and resolved, that a monument be erected to liis memory, commemorative of his excellent worth. Wt! will now leave colonel Arnold to continue the blockade ofQuebcc, and pursue the siege of Boston. CHAPTER \'.' nEvor.UTioN' continued, from the VAL], ov montgomerv, TO THE EVACUAriON OF BOSTON. In the month of October, general Ilowe succeeded general (^age, in the command at Boston, and the British army lay in an inactive state of blockade, through the winter. Congress, being desirous of supporting the views of gener- al Washington, resolved as follo\vs, viz. " That if general Washington and his council of war, shall be of opinion, th;it a .successful attack may be made upon the troops in Boston, h(> rihould make it, in any manner he might think cxpedientj x\oV. 112 HISTORY OF THE ithstanding the town and property in it might thereby be estroyed." The general, in his reply to this resolve, thus expressed imself : " It is not in the pages of history to furnish a case ke ours. To maintain a po>t within musket shot of the en- Qiy for six months together, without ammunition, and at the ime time to disband^ one army and recruit another, within lat distance of twenty odd British regiments, is more than robably was ever attempted ; hut if we succeed in the itter, as we have done m the former, I shall think it one of ie most forlun.ite events of my whole life." Such was the deti:.i'jncy of arms in the service, at this time, lat the general wrode to congress about the tirst of February', more than 2000 mi;n in this armv are without arms of anv ort, and my whole lorce does not exceed 885 > men." The general, at the s ime time pressed it upon Congress, to- aise a regular army, for a given time, as a prop the country ;iight more fully rely upon. Congress saw the necessity of lie measure, and by the tirst of March, tbe army before Bos- 3n, was about 14.000 strong; which, when reinforced by 000 militia, amounted to 20/000. — With this ai my, the gen- ral ^commenced serious operation.-?. He ordered general 'homas, with adeiachment from Roxbury, to take possession f Dorchester heights, whilst he covered the movement by bombardment upon the town of Boston. On the night of le 4th of March, -^ener d Thonas took possession of the icights, and threw up a breast-work sufficient to cover his •arty from the fire oi the enemy, in the morning. General Howe saw at once, tlie necessity of dislodging the irovincials from this commanding position, or of evacuating Boston. He resolved on the former, and detached lord Per- y, with 3,000 men for this service. His lordship actually mbarked to execute his. orders ; but the movement was de- eated by tempestuous weather. General Washington li id made his arrangements to com- aence an attack upon Boston, as soon as tlie detachment hould become engaged at Dorchester; and thus the storm nosl probably saved the British army in Boston. Pressed upon all sides, general Howe despatched a special lag to general Washington, to communicate his intentions to evacuate Boston, and threatened to destroy the town if his novements were molested. On the night of the 16th, the British armv were all embarked^ and sailed en the ITlb, for UNITED STATES. 213 Nantosket roads ; and in a few days, llie v^liole fleet sailed for Halifax. General Washington marched, and took possession of Bos- ton ; and universal joy spread through the colonies. Con- gress passed a resolution, expressing the thanks of that body, and of the colonies, to general Washington, and ordered a gold medal to be struck, with a proper device, commemorative of the event, and presented to the genera!. During these operations in the north, lord Dunmore raised a force, and attempted to ellect a counter-revolution in Vir- ginia ; but the patriots pressed his lordship so close, that he Avas compelled to abandon the cause, and take refuge on board his fleet. To revenge this indignity, his lordship ordered the fleet to destroy the town of Norfolk, and the order was obeyed on the night of the first of January, 1776. His lordship contin- ued his depredations upon the coast, until he disgusted his own party, and then withdrew with his negro booty, (say 1000) to Florida and Bermuda, where the slaves were sold, for the benefit of the concern. Governor Martin made a similar attempt in North Carolina; but his movements were all defeated ; the insurrection v/as suppressed, and the patriots established. On the l7th of February, commodore Hopkins had put to sea, with the American navy, from cape Henlopen, and in fifteen days, surprised and dismantled a fort, upon the island of New Providence, and brought off forty pieces of iron oid- nance, fifteen brass mortars &c. together with the governor, and lieutenant-governor, and one counsellor of the isianf^. On the fourth of March, the fleet fell in with, and captured, a British schooner, and on the fifth, they took a bomb-brig, la- den with arms and military stores, and on the 6th, a part of the fleet engaged the Glasgow sloop-of-war of twenty guns ; night parted the combatants, and in the morning, the Glasgow escaped into Newport. During these movements in America, the news of the bat- tles of Lexington and Bui-ker's hill, had reached England, to- gether with the appointment of general Washington, as com- niander-in-chiefof the American armies ; all which, made very serious impressions upon the people, and the government ; but the king and the ministry were obstinately bent on war. Parliament convened on the 26th of October, and the king, by his speech, supported the war system. Altho' the speech 214 HISTORY OF THE net with a strong opposition in both houses, yet the king and he ministry prav-iiled, and the war was continued. On the 29th of December, the sliips Acteon and Thunder- )omb, sailed from Portsmouth for Cork, with sir Peter Park- er and earl Cornwallis, to convoy the transports with 4000 roops to America. Colonel Ethan Allen returned to America, on board this lect. Colonel Allen had been confined in Pendennis castle, in Cornwall, and treated with great severity ; but when he ar- ived in Ireland, a subscription was opened for his relief, and IkU of his companions, which was the first succor they had eceived. On the 13lh, lord North moved "that his majesty's trea- ies with the landgrave of Hesse Crtssel, and the duke of "Jrunswick, and other Germ:in | rinces, for 17,000 men, to be -mployed in America, bo referred to the committee of sup- )iy." This motion, after a warm debate, was carried by 242 OU. In the course of these debates, it was shewn, that this body >f troops v.'ould cost the nation (me million sterling, annually ; md that the army in garrison at Boston, bad already cost the iation more than £lOO sterling per mm, in less than a year ; ind that even under this enorjnous expense, their privations r.id been great, and their supplies wretched in the extreme. In April and May following, two divisions of these German roops, sailed for America. The whole estimate of forces to )e employed against America, this year, (1776) amounted to ^o,o;io. The destination of the Cork fleet to the southern states, was 'arly known in America, by an intercepted letter addressed to ord Dunmore, of Virginia ; and on the ."d of May, the fleet lad all arrived in cape Fear river, whero they were joined by general Clinton from the army of the north. On the 5th of May, 1776, general Clinton published his >roclamation of pardon, &:r;. to all such as should lay down heir arms ; but finding liftle encouragement, the general, vith his fleet, sailed (or Charleston, S. C. where they arrived ibout the first of June, and came to anchor off Sullivan's isl- md. General Clinton commenced the siege of Charleston, by is- uing his proclamation of pardon, &c. as he had done in North UNITED STATES. 2lb Carolina, and with the same effect. It had now become too late for proclamations ol pardon in America. The secretary's letter had reached South-Carolina, and gov- ernor Rutledge had made all possible preparation to receive the enemy. The militia of the vicinity, promptly obeyed the summons of the governor, and rallied round the standard of their country. General Lee appeared, at this critical mo- ment, at the head of several regular regiments from the north, and took the command, in defence of Charleston. On the 26th of June, the enemy crossed the bar, with sev- eral ships and frigates, and commenced their operations ; but they were so severely gidled by the American fort and batte- ries, that they were consirainefl to withdraw, with the loss of one fifty-gun ship, wholly destroyed, and the others so disa- bled, as to be unfit for further service. Such was the sever- ity of this contest, that more than 7000 loose balls were pick- ed up on Sullivan's island, after the action. Such was the intrepidity of colonel Moultrie and his brave garrison, at the fort, that when their flag staff was shot away in the action, sergeant Jasper, of the grenadiers, leaped upon the beach, seized the flag, fastened it to a sponge-staff, and erected it again, m the heat of the action ; for which act of bravery, governor Rutledge presented him with a sword, the next day. Such was the character of the heroes, who defended Charles- ton, and such was the signal defeat of the English, that they abandoned the enterprise, retired to New York, and left the patriots to the full enjoyment of their rights and liberties. When the news of this glorious defeat reached Congress, it kindled into a flame that spark of liberty, which prudence and caution had long smothered, in that honorable body ; and it burst forth in the declaration of independence. The colo- nies were now well prepared tor such an event, and the decla- ration of independence was hailed by America, as the salva- tion of the nation. This spirit in Congress was supported by instructions communicated from aW the colonies ; and the following resolution was moved by Richard Henry Lee, and seconded by John Adams : '* Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states ; find that all polit- ical connection between them and Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved " — Passed unanimously. During these movements, a Declaration of Independence ^16 HISTORY OF THE iiad been prepared by a special committee,! and the same was now adopted unanimously, and signed by all the members according to the order of the states. (See appendix, letter A.) This was one of the most memorable state papers, that the whole historic page can boast ; and the worthies whose names stand recorded in support of this dignitied measure, as the authors of this glorious epoch, are enrolled in the temple of ^ immortal fame, and their names can never die. This was the epoch of permanent liberty, and the death- blow to British power, and British influence in America. The jBons of those venerable sires, have watched vvith care the sacred tire ; resolved to transmit it in its purity, to their posterity, that generations yet unborn, may fan the sacred llame, and bid it burn to time's remotest bounds. CHAPTER VI. REVOLUTION CONTINUED CAPTURE OF NEW VOK.K- General Howe arrived at Sandy Hook, v^^ith his fleet and armament, from Halifax, on the 28th of June ; and lord Howe arrived with a fleet and armament from England, and joined his jjrother, on the 12th of July. Lord Howe brought a commission from the British govern ment, which clothed him and his brother with full powers to treat with the United States, collectively or separately, or %vith individuals, to grant pardons, kc. His lordship, upon his first arrival at the hook, despatched a flag to Amboy, vvitl* a circular letter, announcing his commission, &c. General Washington, who had arrived with his army from Boston, for the defence of New-York, ordered this circulai to be transmitted to Congress. General Howe addressed a letter to George Washington, esq. for the purpose 6f opening a correspondence upon the subject of his commission ; but the general returned the let- ter unopened, as being improperly addressed ; and congress applauded the act by a spf^cial resolve. tThe gentlemen whe camposed this ever memorable committc*. wore Messrs. Jcftcrson, J. Adams, Franklin, Sherman, and 11. R. Liv iugston , but the honor of the draft has ever been ascribed to Mr. Jefferson. UNITED STATES. 217 General Howe despatched colonel Patterson, adjutant-gen- eral of the British army, with another letter addressed to George Washington, &c. This was also rejected, and the colonel opened the subject to the general in a conversation, in which he disclosed the powers of the commissioners to treaty grant pardons, &c. to which general Washington replied, *' that they who had committed no fault, wanted no pardon.'"' Colonel Patterson expressed his " regret that the negociation should have failed," and withdrew. Gen. Washington meditated an attack upon general Howe, upon Staten Island, before the whole force should have ar- rived from England ; but was prevented by tempestuous weather, and \n the mean time, the whole force arrived, ex- cepting tke last division of the Germans; amounting in the whole to about 24,000 men. This was one of the best appointed armaments, the British government had ever fitted out, and from which they had the highest espectalions. General Washington had under his command, at this time, about 17,00Qt men ; three or four thousand of whom were sick, and the remainder were* stationed in New York, upon Long Island, Governor's IslanrI, and at Paulus Hook. Some of these posts were ten or fifteen miles distant from each other, and separated by waters navigable by the fleet of the enemy ; and the whole exposed to an attack by a superior force. Thus posted, under such circumstances, and in the pres- ence of such a foe, the American commander-in-chief, attemp- ted to cover New York. At this time, the American army was augmented by drafts of militia, to about 27,000 ; one fourth of whom were sick, with diseases common to raw troops, who were exposed to the open air, without tents, &c. The whole force of the enemy had now arrived, and gen- eral Washington made his arrangements to support his point ol" defence of New York, upon Long Island. There general Sul- livan was stationed, in the command of general Greene, who had retired through extreme indisposition. Early in the morning of the 22d of August, the British shewed a disposition to land on Long Island, and consequently general Sullivan was strongly reinforced ; but the enemy made good his landing, under cover of his ships, at Utrecht, and Gravesend, at the narrows, (so called.) Colonel Handj of the Pennsylvania line, retired to the high grounds, to cover the pass leading to Flatbush village. 19 18 HISTORY OF THE Lieutenant-general Clinton, who commanded this expedi- on, detached lord Cornwallis to seize tiie pass to Flatbush, unoccupied, but not to hazard an engagement. His lordship ivanced ; but finding the pass in possession of the Ameri- ms, he halted in the village. These movements bemg announced to general Washington, e issued the following orders : " The enem}' have now landed upon Long Island, the hour fast approaching on which the honor ;md success of this ar- y, and the safety of our bleeding country depend, llemem- er, oihcers and soldiers, that you are freemen, fighting lor le blessings of liberty ; that slavery will be your portion, id that of your posterity, il you do not quit yourselves like len. Remember, how your courage has been (iespised, and aduced, by your cruel Invaders, though they have found, by ear experience at Boston, ( harlestown, and other places, hat a few brave men can do, in their own land, and in the est of causes, against hirelings and mercenaries. Be cool, c determined. Do not tire at a distance, but wftit for orders omyour officers." These orders closed with renewed injunctii||^, to shoot own every man who might desert his post, to seek shelter y flight. And with assurances, " that if they acquitted them- 2lves well, like men, they had good reason to expect to save leir country, 6y a glorious victory, and acquire to themselves nmortal honor." , The camp at Brooklyn, was now placed under the command f major-general Putnam, and reinforced with six regiments, ^ith orders, to be in readiness for a momentary attack, and to eep open a communication with his best troops, through the mods, with the advance guiird on the heights of Fl.itbush. On the 23d, general de Heistcr landed, at the head of two rigades of Hessians, and on the 25Lth, took post,at Flatbush, nd lord Cornwallis drew oft' his division to Flatland. On the 26th, general Washington crossed over to Brooklyn, nd passed the day, in making arrangements lor the action. The British army were now formed, with the Hessians in he centre. General Grant, with his division on the left, and ;eneral Clinton, lord Cornwallis, and earl Percey, with the lower of the British army, on the right. Thus posted, the listance between the two armies, did not exceed four miles, ind their approach to each other, was accessible by three di- UNITED STATES. 219 Vect roads, which led across the hills, that divided the armies, and which were covered with woods. The direct road from Flatbush to Brooklyn, was possessed by the Americans, and defended by a strong redoubt, mounted with several pieces of cannon, and supported by a strong de- tachment of infantry. The other two roads were guarded by detachments of infantry, within view of the enemy. These passes being thus guarded, general CUnton detach- ed the van of the British army, on the night of the 27th, con- sisting of light infantry, grenadiers, and light horse, and a re- serve under lord Cornwallis, with fourteen pieces of cannon, to seize on another pass, that led to Jamaica, about three miles east of the Bedford road. This movement succeeded, and opened the way for this whjle division to pass the heights, and in the morning they were encamped on the plain. General Grant moved forward with his division on the left, and a sharp skirmish common :ed on the heights. Lord Ster- ling was detached to support the American right ; but the whole column was obliged to retire before the enemy. At daYli'2;ht, general De Heister put in motion, the centre of the British army, to cross over the hills, directly to Brook- lyn, and commenced his attack with a heavy cannonade. Ge- neral Clinton had now gained the rear of a part ot the Ameri- can left, and detached colonel Donop, to charge the Ameri- cans, on the hills, and supported the attack with the whole centre column, under the command of general De Heister. General Sullivan now discovered the enemy in his rear^ and beat a retreat, if possible, to regain the camp at Brook- lyn. The advance gu trd of the British, intercepted his re- treat, and an action commenced ; but the Americans were overpowered by numbers, and fled into their camp at Brook- lyn, with v«^.ry consKJerable loss. At this time, the American left was broken and routed, near Bedford, and fled into the vvoods, where they were inclosed between the right and the centre of the British a'^my, and suffered great loss ; yet apart of these fugitives gained the camp at Brooklyn. At this time, lord Sterling, discovering that the enemy had turned and put to flight the left, and wore' pressing on in his rear, upon the camp at Brooklyn, instantly beat a retreat, and to cover this retreat, charged the corps of lord Cornwallis, with a detachment of 400 men only. Such was the spirit of this charge, that he held his lordship at bay, until the re- 20 HISTORY OF THE seating division had regained the camp. Then general G rant dvanced into his rear, and con^pelled this little hand of he- oes, to resign themselves up prisoners of war. Flushed with their successes, the enemy threatened to c?r- y the camp at Brooklyn, hy storm ; but the prudence of the ommander restrained the ardor of the troops, and he invest- d the camp in form, on the night of the 28th of August. The American loss in this action, in killed, wounded, and iken, amounted to about three thousand, including general ullivan and lord Sterling, taken, and brigadier-general Wood- ull, killed. General Washington passed the day in his camp at Brook- ►'n, on the 29th, and at night, by a most masterly movement, le army with their whole encampment (except some heavy annon) crossed over into New-York ; and when the fog leared off, at 9 in the morning, the rear guard was discover- d by the enemy ; but they were out of the reach of his fire, ^his fog arose from a small marsh in the vicinity of Brook- ^^n, in one column, to a great hi'ight (supposed about 200 feet) nd then diffused itself over the adjacent country, so as to en- elope the armies, and thus covered the retreat of the Amcr- ;ans. The sun rose clear at New-York, and remained r.n- bscured through the whole day. Lord Howe made a movement with his fleet, to enter the iver, and cut off their retreat ; but was prevented entirely. y a contrary wind On the 2d of September, Governor'^s Island was evacuated^ y two regiments oi the Americans, with all their arm:-, stores, X. except a few heavy cannon, within a quarter of a mile of le enemy's shipping, with the loss of only one man's arm. This was an eventful crisis in the revolution, and the com- lander-in-ciiief saw; that the fate of America was haziirded pon the issue of a battle, under the most perilous circum- tances, and with a superior foe. Impressed with the mag- itude of the object, he passed two days and nights without leep or rest, being the most of the time on horseback, and ?ith his watchful eye, superintending every movement; watch- ig every event. Flushed with the successes of Long Island, lord Flo.ve re- evved his pacific proposals to congress ; but they were again ejected. Congress at the same time, delegated a special ommittee to confer with lord Howe, and learn his po>vers. UNITED STATES. ^21 They executed their commission and reported, " That the powers of the commissioners amounted to nothing more than a court of inquiry," and consequently were of no force. The defeat upon Long Island, wrought a complete change in the American army ; the fire of Lexington and Bunker's hill, was then extinguished, and the militia deserted their col- ors, abandoned their general, ane total dcf^truction from the enemy, who were reinforced by the arrival of a strong armament from England. The British army in Canada, were now about 1 3,^^00 strong ; with this force, general Carieton, supported by gen- erals Burgoyne, Frazer, Phillips and Reidesel, advanced in divisions, in puisuit of general Sullivan. Genera! Frazer, at the head of the advance guard, had taken post at Troies Ri- viers, and general SuUiv.m detached general Thompson to surprise him in his camp, but failed ; and the troops retired with loss, leaving their general a prisoner in the hands of the enemy. General Carieton pursued with his whole force ; but the Americans secured their retreat, under the most per- ilous circumstances, and gained the river Sorel, where they were joined by general Arnold from Montreal. Generals UNITED STATEIS. 225 Sullivan and Arnold embarked their troops, .with their can- non and baggage, and retired to the isle Au-Noix, and from thence to Crown Point, where they made a stand, June 15th, 1776. On the 12th of July, general Sullivan retired from the com- mand, and carried with him the affections and gratitude of the army. General Gales succeeded to the conunand of this ar- my, now diminished more than 6000, exclusive of about 300 sick, who were removed to fort George. The distresses ol this army, arising fn^m the ravages of the small pox, surpass- ed all description. Sir Guy Carleton exerted himself through the summer, in preparing his fleet to nieet the Americans on the lake. Ear- ly in October, he embarked his troops, and comn)enced oper- ations. The two fleets met near Valicour island ; a sharp ac- tion commenced ; both fleets distm^uishcd thcniselves by their ardent zeal, and intrepid valor ; but the Americans were overpowered, dispersed, taken or destroyed ; and thus an opening was made for the enemy to a[»proach fort Ticondc- roga, October 11, 1776. At this critical moment, sir Guy Carleton abandoned all further o[)erations for the season, anrl reliriMJ into Canada- General Gates discharged the militia, and the campaign closed. Th^ humanity of sir Guy Carleton, in clothing the naked American prisoners in Canada, and dismissing them with kind- ness, as well as with such su[)pliesas were necessary to car ry them comfortably to their friends, is deserving of per()et ual remembrance, and ought to be recorded to his eternal honor. In the spring of 1777, general Burgoyne succeeded sir Guy Carleton, in the command. lie commenced his operations early in the season, at the head of about 10,000 men, consist- ing of British and German troops, commanded by generals Phillips, Frazer, Povvel and 11 imilt«ui, with the Germ.^n gen- erals, baron Reidesel and Spicht This might be truly styled a well appointed British army, fully supplied with every requisite for a successful cami)aign, j)articularly a powerful train of br;jss field artillery ; and the (roops were healthy, and in high spirits. To this army were attached several tribes of Indians, who were to take the field, npon conditions of humanity ; not to scalp the wounded, nor 226 HISTORY OF THE their prisoners ; but to receive a bounty for every captive brought in by them, and delivered ahve. On the 21st of June, general Burgoyne arrived at Crown Point, and on the 29lh, he commenced operations against fort Ticonderoga. General Schuyler had succeeded general Gates, in the com- mand of the northern army, and put this fortress in good or- der, to receive the enemy, and given the command to general St. Clair. On the 2d of July, general Burgoyne approached fort Ti- conderoga, with the right wing of the British army, and com- menced operations, by taking possession of mount Defiance.} Gerieral St. Clair ahanrloned the fort lo save the garrison, and retired to Hubbanlston, and from thence to Castleton, about thirty miles distance from Ticonderoga, where he made a stand, to collect the army from mount lnde|jendence, &c. General Frazer. supported by general Reid'^i^el commen- ced a pursuit in the morning, with the light troops of the British and Germims. and overtook the American rear guard, under colonel Warner, at Castleton, and commenced an attack on the 7th, which became sharp and bloody The British were routed at first, with loss ; but finding that colonel War- ner was not supported bj^gen. St.Chiir, they rallied to the com- bat, and with the bayonet, charged and dispersed the Ameri- can rear, with the loss of about .^00 men ; and colonel War- ner retired with the remainder of his troops to fort Ann. General Burgoyne, with the main body of the British army, sniledfrom Ticonderoga, in pursuitofthe American flret ; de- stroyed and dispersed the whole, and landed at Skeensbo- rough.j: He there detached lieutenant-colonel Hill, with a strong party, to dislodge the Americisns from fort Ann. The garrison marched out on the morning of the tUb. and com- menced an attack upon the detachment, which was sharply supported by both parties, for about two hours, with apparent success on the part of ihe Americans ; but a party of Indians appeared and joined colonel Hill, and the Americans withdrew t This mount lies contiguous to fort Ticonderoga, and ovovlookfe the fortress ; but it ha'i never, until this time, been occupied, because it liad ever been deemed inaccessible. General Burgoyne took pos- .sossion of this eminence by lioisting up hi^' cannon with tackles, upon the limbs of trees, until he considered his force sufficient to dislodge tlie garrison of fort Ticonderoga. :t Now Whilohall. UNITED STATES. 22 Irom the field ; abandoned the fortress, and retired to fort F.dvvard, July 12tli. The whole force at this time, at fort Edward, (hrl not exceed 5,000 men.t t We have often had occasion to record the caprice, as well as sav- age acts of the Indians ; but perhapa in no one instance have we wit- nessed so strikinoc a display ot' savage treachery and barbarity, as iu the following narrative. Murder of Miss Jane McCrea. — " 'ho story of this unfortunate young lady is well known, nor should I mention it now, but for the fact, that the place of her murder was pointed out to us, near fort Edward. We saw, and conversed with a person, who was acquainted with her, and with her family ; they resided in the villaije of fort Edward. It seems she was betrothed to a Mr. Jones, an American refiiffco., who was with Burgoyne's army, and being anxious to obtain [>osses- sion of his expected bride, he despatched a party of Indians to escort her to the Iltiitisli army. Where were his affccli' n and his gallantry, that he did not go himself, or at least, that he did not accompany his savage emissaries I Sorely a<;ainst the wishes and remonstrances of her friends, she com- mitted herself to the caie <»f these fiends ; — strange infatuation in her lover, to solicit such a confidence — stranger presumption in her, to yield to his wishes ; what treatment had she not a right to expect from such guardians I The party t-et forward, and she on horse back ^ they had proceeded not more than a half a mile from fort Edvvard, when they arrived at a spring, and halted to drink. The impatient lover had, in the mean time, despatehed a second party of Indians, on the same errand; they came, at the unfortunate moment, to ihe same spring, and a collision immediately ensued, as to the pioposed reward. Both parties were now attacked by the whiles, and at the end of the conilict, tlie unhappy young woman was found tomahawked, scalped, and (as is said) tied fast to a pine tree just by the spring. Tradition reports, that the Indians divided the scalp, and that each party earned iialf of it to the agonized lover. This beautiful spring, which still tlovvs limpid and cool, from a bank near the road side, and this fatal tree we saw. The tree, which is a large and ancient pine, '• fit for the mast of some tall admiral," is wounded, in many places, by the balls of the wiiiles, fired at the In- dians ; they have been dug out as far as they could bo reached, but others still remain in this ancient tree, which seems a striking emblem of wounded innocence, and the trunk, twisted oti' at a considerable elevation, by some violent wind, that has left only a few mutilated branches, is a happy, although painful memorial of the fate of Jane McCrea. Her name is inscribed on the tree, with the date 1777, and no trav- eller passes the spot, without spending a plaintive moment in contem- plating the untimely fate of youth and loveliness. The murder of Miss McCrea. (a deed of such atrocity and cruelty as scarcely to admit of aggravation) occuring as it did, at the mo- ment when general Burgoyne, whose army was then at fort Ann, was Iringtng with him to the invasion of the American states, hordes of 228 HISTORY OF THE Both armies now commenced serious operations. General Schuyler obstructed the roads, and destroyed the bridges, to prevent the approach of general Burgoyne ; and the general cleared out roads, and repaired the bridges, that he might ad- vance to fort Edward. General Burgoyne surmounted all these embarrassments, and arrived at fort Edward on the 30th ; but general Shuyler had abandoned the fort on the 27th. and retired, with his whole force, to Saratoga ; and on the first of August, he re- tired to Stillwater, twenty-tive miles above Albany. The country saw with regret, this shadow of an army, fly- ing before a victorious foe, and laying open the whole north- ern frontier, by abandoning those fortresses, which had cost the colonies so much blood and treasure, in former wars, '['he spirits of the country were as greatly depressed, as when general Washington crossed the Delaware the last year, and the spirits of the enemy were high. At this eventful moment, sir William Howe sailed from New York, with his armament, to commence operations in Pennsylvania. Colonel Barton, on the 1 0th of July, with forty volunteers, savages, "those licll-hounds of war," vvliose known and established modes of warfare, were tlioso of promiscuous massacre, electrified tlie whole contment, and indeed, the civilized world, producing an univer- sal burst of liorror and indignation. General Gage did not fail to profit by the cucunistancc, and in a severe, but too personal remon- strance, which he addressed to general Burgoyne, charged him with the guilt of the murder, and with that of many other, sinular atroci- ties. His rual guilt, or that of his government, was, in employing the savages at all in the war : in other respects he appears to have had no concern with the transaction ; in his reply to general Gates, he thus vindicates himself: ' [n regard to Miss McCrea, her fall wanted not the tragic display you have labored to give it, to make it as sincerely lamented and abhorred by me, as it can bo by the tenderest of her friends. The fact was no premeditated barbarity. On the contrary, two chiefs, who had hrought her oft', for the purpose of security, not of violence to her person, disputed wliich should be her guard, and in a iit of savage passion, in one of wJiose hands she was snatched, the un- happy woman became the victim. Upon the first intelligence of this event, I obliged the Indians to deliver the murderer into my hands, and though, to have punished him by our laws, or principles of justice, would have been perhaps unprecedented, he certainly should liave suf- fered an ignomniious death,' had 1 not been convinced, by my circulii- stances and observation, beyond the possibility of a doubt, that a par- don, under the terms wliich I presented, and they accepted, would be more etUcacious, than an execution, to prevent eiuiilar mischief."-— Silliman's Tour. UNITED STATES. '^229 passed over to Rhode-Island ; surprised general Prescott in his quarters, and brought him off, with one of his aids, which gave some spring to the public feelings. On the 4th of August, congress appointed general Gates, to succeed general Schuyler, in the command of the army of the north. On the 22d, general Sullivan, with colonel Ogden, crossed over to Stat.^n Island, in order to dislodge the British, station- ed there ; but by some mismanagement, the attempt failed, with the loss of two or three hundred men, killed, wounded, and missing. On the 3d of August, colonel St. Ledger, (who had been detached from Canada by general Burgoyne, into the countr}"^ of the Mohawks, to make a diversion in that quarter) com- menced his operations against fort Stanwix. General Herki- mor marched down, at the head of about 800 militia, to re- lieve the fort ; but he fell into an Indian ambush, on the Gth, and was killed, in one of the sharpest, and most desperate In- dian battles we have noticed. The garrison of the fort, salli- ed out at this critical moment ; decided the bloody contest, drove off the Indians, and relieved the fort. Colonel St. Ledger summoned the fort on the 8th ; but colonel Ganse- vort returned a spirited answer ; St. Ledger withdrew with precipitation, and returned to the lake. During these movements, general Washington detached general Lincoln to the northward, to take command of such eastern militia, as might join the northern army. General Lincoln arrived at Manchester on the 2d of August, where he took the command of GOO militia, on the 6th. General Stark arrived with 800 more. General Stark was a soldier of merit, and had deserved well of his country, by his distinguished services in the fa- mous battle of Bunker's hill ; but he had felt himself wound- ed by the neglect of congress, after the battle, and retire^ from service. He engaged at this time, in tho service of his country, upon the express condition, that he should not be con- stramed to serve under a continental officer ; he accordingly resisted the pressmg solicitations of general Schuyler, to join him in checking the progress of general Burgoyne. Congress interposed in this controversy ; and at this event- ful moment, general Burgoyne detached colonel Baum, with 500 Germans, and 100 Indians, to seize on the American stores at Bennington, to enable him to pursue his march to 20 230 HISTORY OF THE Albany. General Stark was apprised of this movement, and sent expresses to collect the neighboring militia, and marched to meet the enemy on the 14th, supported by colonels Warner, Williams, and Brush. The advance parties of the two armiesf met, and commenced a skirmishing, that continued through the day. On the 15th, all operations were suspended, by the excessive rains that fell ; but on the 16th, general Stark was joined by the Berkshire militia, under colonel Symonds, and lie detached colonpl Nichols, to take post in the rear of the enemy, on the left ; colonel Hendrick to take post in the rear of his right ; to be supported by colonels Hubbard, and Stick- ley, still further on the right. About 3 o'clock in the after- noon, general Stark commenced an attack upon the enemy, strongly intrenched, and supported by two tield pieces. The attack became general, and was valiantly supported on both sides ; the Indians fled ; the Germans were overpowered ; forced from their entrenchments, and put to flight. The mi- litia, flushed with the successes oi the day, abandoned the pur- suit, and gave themselves up to plunder. At this eventful moment, lieutenant-colonel Breymcn joined colonel Baum with a reinforcement ; they rallied to the charge, and renew ed the combat. Colonel Warner led on his regiment of con- tinentals, at this critical moment, and su[)i)orted the action, until the militia could recover their order, and advance to the charge. The action soon became general, and continued through the day. The Germans again gave way, and secured their retreat, under cover of the night, leaving their artillery, baggage, &c. with 200 slain, and 700 prisoners, among whom was colonel Baum. This was an miportant action, and prov- ed ruinous to general Burgoyne. The merits of general Stark were applauded by a special resolve of congress, and they honored him with the command {. of a brigadier-general in the continental army, October 4th, General Gates arrived, at this eventful moment, and took the command of the northern army. This was the tirst suc- cess that had been obtained in the no^rth ; and it gave fresh hopes, and fresh courage to the alTiiy, and inspired the coun- try with new zeal, which was displayed in that alacrity, with which the militia turned out and joined the army. General Lincoln, at this time, supported by colonels Brown, Woodbridge, and Johnson, threw himself into the rear of general Burgoyne ; and on the 18th, colonel Brown de- stroyed the British stores, at the landing at lake George, and UNITED STATES. 231 released the American prisoners. They commenced opera- tions i\i the same time with success, against fort Ticonderoga and Skeensborough. During these movements, general Burgoyne crossed the Hudson, and encamped with his whole army, upon the plaine of Saratoga. He next moved forward upon the banks of the Hudson, and took post upon the heights of Stillwater, within three miles of general Gates. On the 18th ot September, general Gates detached about 3000 men to ofler the enemy battle ; but he declined the combat. Ontlie I9th, the scouting parties of the two armies commenced a skirmishing, that led to a general action, which continued through the day, and was supported with great zeal and intrepid bravery. Night closed the scene, and the two generals drew ot!' their armies to protect their camps,, and waited with impatience the returning day. The loss ol the British in this action, was estimated at 500, killed, wounded and taken ; the loss of the Americans, at about 300 ; being about one eighth of the whole number en- gaged. The army of general Gates was at this time, about 7000 strong, exchisive of the troops under general Lincoln, who were then at Bennington, on their return from the lake. The Indians mostly deserted the standard of general Bur- goyne, after the action ; and four of the Six Nations, favored general Gates, and furnished him with 150 warriors, who join- ed him on the 20ih. On the 29tb, general Lincoln joined gen- eral Gates, with 2000 men. From this time to the 7th of October, the two armies were within cannon shot of each other, and witnessed frequent skirmishings, both night and day, which harassed the armies with serious alarms. General Burgovne communicated to sir Henrv Clinton, at New-York, his true situation, and requested his mutual co- operation. General Gates at the same time, disclosed to gen- eral Washington, the privations of the American army, in pro- visions, ammunition, &c. General Clinton at this time, received a reinforcement of 2000 men from Europe, and began his operations upon the Hudson, to make a diversion in tavor of general Burgoyne ; commenced an attack uptn the Highlands,! and carried the fortress at the point of the bayonet, October 6th, This en t West-Point, sixty miles north of New-York. ■A 232 HISTORY OF THE ablecl him to clear the obstructions in the river, and open a free passage for his shipping ; all which was communicgited to general Burgoyne, immediately ; but it was too late. On the 7th of October, general Burgoyne detached a strong party to open a way for his retreat, and at the same time to cover a foraging party, sent out for the relief of the army. General Burgoyne made a movement in person, at the head of 1500 men, supported by general Frazer, which led to an- other action that commenced immediatel}', and was supported with great zeal by both parties, through the day. The Amer- icans were successful at all points. General Arnold fought with desperation, and was wounded in the conllict. The British suffered severely, until night closed the scene. Gen- eral Frazer and sir James Clark, aid to general Burgoyne. were mortally wounded, and the latter taken prisoner.! General Burgoyne changed his position in the niglit, and oc- cupied the high grounds, to secure his army from immediate destruction ; and the Americans were supplied with ammuni- tion, in the spoils of the British camp. On the 8th, the lirilish army were under arms through the day, expecting a momentary attack ; and at sunset, the day was closed with the solemnity of a funeral procession, that paid the last honors to the remains of the brave general Fra zer. The Americans, from their camp, witnessed the scene, and sympathy, in obedience to nature, ilropt a tear. ♦ On the 9th, general Burgoyne saw himself ^o closely invest- ed in his camp, that he resolved to retreat to Saratoga, to save his army ; this he etTecterl without loss, excepting his llo^pi- tal of sick and wounded, which he was constrained to aban- don to the mercy of the Americans. General Gutes did honor to his character, by the display of benevolence and humanity, which he exhibited upon the occasion. The movements of general Gates, shewed to general Bur goyne, the next day, thiit all the passes in his rear wen^ strongly euarded, and' that all further retreat was impractica- ble. ' ^ t In the heat of the action, colonel Morgan, (the future hero of the battle of the Cowpens) selected several of his sharp shooters, and pointing them t« a British officer, who appeared most conspicuously active in his d\ity, at the head of his division, mounted upon an iron grey charter, thus addressed them : "that gallant officer is general Frazer ; 1 admire and respect him, but it is nccessarj/ that he should die ; take your station in that wood, and do your duty." It is unne cessary to add, that the general soen fell, mortally wounded. UNITED STATES. 233 Stung: with chiiarrin nnd mortificatian, at the forlorn situa- tion into which he had precipitated himself, general Bur- goyne called a council of war, on the 13lh. Such was thft local situation of the two aruiies, that an eighteen pound shot crossed the table where the council were deliberating, and their result became unanunnus, to make terms with general Gates. General Burgoync sent otjt a ilag, to open the treaty, and general Gates sent in his j)r()posals, which were rejected, and general Burgoyne sL'ut out iiis terms, in his turn, which were accepted, on the tbth. Duringthis negotiation, tiie news of the ca[>ture of the High- lands, as before noticed, I'eached general Burgoyne, which caused him to hesitate, and defer sigjiing the treaty, in hopes' of the expected succor from sii Henry Clinton. GeBiQ^al Gates, alive to the sense oftlelay, at this ci'itical moment, drew up his army in onler of hatile, on the morning of the 17th, and sent in a tlag to general Burgi\yne, demanding his de- cision in ten minutes. Buriioyne felt th!> awful responsibili- ty, signed the treaty in time, ,ind returned it to general Gates. The whole British ai my marched out of th(ur line.-;, depos- ited their arms, and became prisoners of war. General Gate^ marched in, under the tune of Vankee i3oo(lle, and took quiet possession. Gener;d Gates ordered supplies to be issued to the British army, who were destitute, and the solemn scene was closed. Sucfi and so various are the scenes of life, an'l the fates of men; such and so (icUle is the fortune of war ; but tlrm and unshak(Mi is the providence ol God ; wisdom, and might, and strength are His. Sir Henry Clinton detiiched sir James W.dlace, and general Vaughn, with a dyujg squ.idron, carrying oGOO troops, to pen- etrate, if possible, to the camp of Burgoyne, or make a diver- sion in his favor ; but learning tl»e situation of general Bur- goyne, at Es0[)us, on the 13li), they set fireto the village, and consumed it. H id they pi-ocv'eded to Albany, they might have destroyed the place, with the American stores, juid Bur- goyne might have been relieved. The enquiry has often been made, why this urmecessary dely ? But no other answer can possibly be' given, than this ; it was the Special providence of Qod. The army of general Burgoyne was marched directly to Boston, where they were detained as prisoners «f war. 234 HISTORY OF THE General Gates marched, with all possible expedition, to support general Putnam, at Kingston, and guard the country against the ravages of the enemy, who took the alarm, and hastened back to New-York. Tranquility was restored in the north. At the eventfid moment, when general Burgoyne had tri- umphed over the Americans upon lake Champlain, and com- menced his operations in the state of New- York, general Howe embarked about IC 000 troops on board his fleet at New- York, (consisting of 260 sail) ;tnd on the 23d of July, put to sea, upon a secret expedition, to make a diversion in the south, in favor of the hero of the north. General Washington made a movement towards the Dela- ware, to be in readiness to cover Philadel[)hia ; and at the same time, expressed his surpiise, that general Howe should thus abandon general Burgoyne. General Howe manceuvred upon the coast, for several days ; but when he entered the Chesapeake, general VVashinglon penetrated his designs, and advanced to meet him. General Howe landed his troops, at the ferry of Elk, and the two armies met at Chad's Ford, on the Brandy wine ; an action was fought, September 11. The British were successful, and the Americans retired to the high grounds, to watch the enemy. General Howe made a movement, and entered Philadelphia, September 26. Upon the landing of general Howe, congress retired to Lan- '•ister. Pending the tirst movements of general Howe, from New- York, the marquis La Fayette arrived in America, fjom France, and tendered his services to congress, as a volunteer in the American cause. Congress accepted the overture, and conferred upon him the commission of a major-general, in the army of the United States. The marquis joined the army, and served at his own expense ; and became not only a mem- ber of the fiimily, but the intiniate companion of the comman- der-in-chief. On the nth of September, he made the first display of his talents as a soldier, at the battle of Chad's Ford, acquitted him- self with honor, and was wounded in the leg. The count Pulaski, a Polish noblemen, also distinguished himself in this action, and was honored with the commission of a major-general. When general Howe had entered Philadelphia, he ordered UxNlTED STATES. 236 his fleet to move rouml into the Delaware, and thus secured his communication with the sea. 'During the movements of the fleet, general Washington at- tempted to cut off the main body of the British army, which was encamped at Gcrmantown.t This attack was well con- certed, and promptly executed. The Bi itish were complete- ly surprised, at break of day, October 4th ; at sunrise the ac- tion became warm, and the Americans were successful at all points, until they attempted to dislodge a battalion of the Brit- ish, who in their flight, had thrown themselves into a stone house ; this occasioned a delay, broke the pursuit, and gave the enemy time to recover from their surprise, and rally to the charge ; the action soon became warm and bloody. A thick fog arose, which covered the combatants, and caused some confusion ; the enemy took advantage of this, and the Ameri- cans retired, and abandoned the victory they had so fairly gain- ed. The losses of the parties were about equal ; but it proved a lesson of caution to general Howe. PJe collected his army at Philadelphi;j, where he was closely invested by general Washington, through the winter ; which occasioned the re- mark of doctor Franklin ; ♦' Philadelphia has taken //oziye." The privations of the American army were truly distress- ing ; without clothes, shoes, stockings, and even breeches and blankets ; more than 2000 were marched through the snow, imprinting the roads with their blood stained steps ; yet all this was endured with a flrmnf^ss, worthy of those val- iant sons of liberty. CHAPTER VHI. ItEVOLKTION CONTINUED PROCEEDINGS OF C6»N«RESS MILI- TARY OPERATIONS, &C. President Hancock, by permission, retired from the chaii, to visit his friends, r\nd enjo> that repose the state of his health required — May, 1777. President Hancock took leave of congress, by a dignified address, to which congress replied, by the following resolve ; " Resolved, That the thanks of congress be presented to 1 Seven miles n«rth of Philadelphiji. 236 HISTORY OF THE lohn Hancock esq. for the unremitted attention, and steady impartiality, which he has manifested, in the discharge of the jrarious duties as president, since his election to the chair, on the 24th ofMay, 1775." Coni^ress elected the honorable Henry Laurens, of South Carolina, as his successor. They also appointed general Gates, president of the board of war. Congress next appointed a special committee, to prepare articles of confederation, in due form ; and on the 12lh of July following, this committee made their report, which was or- dered to be printed, for the information of the members. These articles of confeder;ition, as reported by this com- mittee, were unanimously adopted by congress ; approved by the states, and became the sh< et anchor of the nation, by which she rode out the storm of an eight year's war. (See appendix, letter B.) This compact formed also, the basis of the federal cons' iiution, and thus continues, the palladium of the nation, to perpetuate the blessings of liberty and indepen- dence, to the latest generation. Congress resolved, " that the commissioners at the courts of France and Spain, be directed to exert their utmost endeav- ors, to obtain a loan of two millions sterling, on the faith of the United States." Congress next resolved, " that it be recom.- mended to the legislatures of the several states, to appoint persons to seize such clothing, as may be necessary for the army, wherever it may be found, wilhin their respective states ; and when the value of the same has been duly estima- ted, that it be applied accordingly." I.,!eutc'nant-co!onel Barton, who took general Prescott pris- oner, at Rhode-lslr.nd, as before noticed, was now recommend- ed to congress, upon which they resolved, *' that he be pro- moted to the rank of a colonel, in the service of the United States, in consideration of his merits, and that he be recom- mended to general Washington, to be employed in such servi- ces, as he miy deem best adapted to his genius." Congress next resolved, "that one month's extra pay, be o-iven to each oflicer and soldier, under the immetliate com- mand of his excellency general Washin2;ton, in testimony of their approbation, of their patience, fidelity and zeal, in the servif^e of their country." Congress next proceeded to resolve, " that the embarkation of general Burgoyne and his army, agreeable to the conven- tion of Saratoga, be delayed, until the same should be properly UNITED STATES. 1237 ratilied,by the court of Great Britain ;" in consequence of an tinguarded expression of the general, in one of his letters, in vvliich he declared *' the convention to have been broken on the part of the Americans." General Burgoyne met this resolve by explanations, togeth- er with a proposed renewal of the convention of Saratoga, and in such a manner, as should be approved by congress ; but without effect. ^. On the first of December, the ship Alamand arrived from France, with 48 pieces of brass artillery, (four pounders) with carriages complete ; 19 nine inch mortars — 2500 nine inch bombs — 2000 four pound balls — a quantity of intrenching tools — :3000 fusees — 1 1 10 for dragoons — 1800 pounds o( pow- der, and 6 1 ,000 pounds of brimstone, from the house of Beau- marchais, in Paris. On the Itithof December, Mr. Gerard, J(French minister) delivered the preliminaries of a treaty, to the American com- missioners, for the two nations. On the 16th of February, 1778, the treaty was jygncd, and in 48 hours, it was known in London, and produced ];great excitement in tiie councils of Britain. On the 21st of March, the American commissioners, Messrs- Franklin, Dean and Lee, were admitted to a public audionce, at the court of Versailles, and were presented to the king, by M. De Vergennes, (French jninisler) in character of tb.c min- isters plenipotentiary, of the United States of America. The French minister at London, announced the signing of this treaty to the British minister, and returned to France. On the 13th of April, the Toulon fleet, consisting of twelve ships of the line, and four frigates, sailed for America, under the command of the count De Estaing; bearing Mr. Gerard, as minister of France to the United States, accompanied b^^ the American minister, Mr. Dean. On the same day, general Burgoyn^ arrived in London , not as a conqueror, but in such disgrace, as to be refused ad- mission into the presence of his majesty. On the 5th of .Tune, admiral Byron was despatched to A- merica, with a formidable squadron, to take the command on that station. At this time, the illustrious carl of Chatham was borne a- way in the arms of death, no longer to witness the tarnished honor of that countrv, which, under God, he had raised to the J38 HISTORY OF THE iummit of renown. On the 9th, his remains were honorably nterred, at the pubhc expense, in Westminster Abbey. Well mi^ht old England say, in the bitterness of her soul, ' that sun is set : O rise some other such, or all is talk of old ichievements, and despair of new." As soon as the court of Versailles had learnt the destination )f admiral Byron, the count De Orvilliers put to sea, with a leet of 32 ship^ of the line,4pd a cloud of iVigates, to enforce he ordinance of the kmi:;, of the iGth of March, for making; •eprisals on the ships )f Britain. Great Britain pursued the same measures, and admiral Ceppel put to sea, in qur-st of the French fle- t. On the 23d )f -July, both fleets appeared to approach each other for ac- ion ; but a scene of manoevreing commenced, which display- ed the skill of the comman iers, in naval tactics for three days. )n the 27lh, a sharp action commenced, ind continued about hree hours ; both fleets suffered severely, and hoth claimed he victory. The fleets withdrew and returned into port, to 'epair their damages. This opened the war between En:iland and France. On the 14th of May, lieutenant-colonel Ethan Allen was re- tored to his countij. by an exchange, and congress honored lim with a colonel's commission, in the service of the United states, as a testimony of their respect, for his zeal and firm- less in the service of his country.! At this time an expedition was planned against Rhode-Isl- md, and general Sullivan was detached, by general Wnshing- on, to take the command ; but the vigilance of general Pigot lefeated the enterprise, by detaching lieutenant-colonel Campbell, with about 5o0 men, to destroy the American gal- ies, destined for the service. Lieut, colonel Campbell, exe- cuted his commission promjitly, on Ihe nitrhts of the 24th and ?5th, and destroyed all the flat-bouoraed boats near the town )f Warren ; together with the meeting-house, and seven dwel- ing-houses, and retired te Bristol, where they burnt 22 hous- 3s and the church : committed the most licentious depreda- ions ; carried off a state galley, and returned to Newport. — Shortly after, general Pigot detached another party, to burn \nd destroy the town of Tiverton ; but the Americans were n force, and the enterprise failed. ^ +Colonel Allen had been taken at Montreal in 1775, and carried to Rngland, as has been noticed. UNITED STATES. 239 At this time a French frigate of 50 guns, with a schooner from Rochfort, laden with arms and dry goods, arrrived in .Tames river, yirginia,and were joyfully received by the nation. General Howe had wintered snugly in Philadelphia, by keeping the neighboring country in a slate of perjietual alarm, with his fortiging parties, which often conducted with great cruelty ; and many innocent, unrosisting inh.jbitants, were butchered by ihem in cold blood, while begging for mercy. General VVashington tixed his head quarters at Valley Forge, 14 miles from Philadelphia, where his army experienced great privations and suiferings through the winter ; but they held the British army in a state of siege, as at Boston, in 1775. On the 7th of M.iy, general Howe detached a battalion of infantry, to destroy the American stores and shipping, at Bor- dentown. This expedition was promptly executed ; on the 8th, four stores were burnt, containing provisions, tobacco, military stores, and camp equipage. On the 9th, they destroy- ed une frigate of 32 guns, one of 28, nine large ships, three privateers of IG guns each, three of 10 guns, twenty-three brigs, with several sloops, schooners, &,c. and returned to Philadelphia. At this eventful moment, sir Henry Clinton arrived-at Phil- adelphia, to succeed general Howe, in the command of the British army in America. On the 18th, the British officers took leave of sir William Howe, by hoaoring him with a most magnilicent entertainment, which continued 12 hours, accom- panied with a most splendid t^xhibition of fire works, in the evening ; and his excellency retired soon after, to England. General VVashington letached the marquis La Fayette, from his camp at Valley Forge, with a party of 2500 men, to ap- proach the city of Philadelphia, and add to this scene of fes- tivity and amusement. The marquis promptly obeyed ; cros- sed, the Schuylkill, and took post on Barren hill, twelve miles in advance of the American army. The British soon learnt the situation of the marquis, and on the night of the J 9th, sir lienry Clinton, detached general Grant, with about 7000 men, with field pieces, to surprise and cut off the marquis. Gen- eral Grant marched out upon the Frankfort road, and from thence crossed over, through old York and White-marsh roads, and entered the road to Barren hill, about two miles in the rear of the marquis. Sir Henry at the same time, sent put another party, to engage the marquis in front. But the "240 HISTORY OF THE marquis, having learnt the movements of the enemy, tiled oft' his detachment so adroitly, that he gained the Matron ford, (distant one mile) and crossed over the Schuylkill, before the enemy were prepared to push their attack, and thus saved his detachment from total ruin. On the 4th of June, the earl of Carlisle, Mr. Eden, and governor Johnston, arrived in the Trident from England, as commissioners, to restore peace between Britain and America. On the 9th, sir Henry Clinton requested of general Wash- ington a passport for their secretary, doctor Ferguson, to bear their despatches to Congress ; which being refused, they were forwarded in the usual form. On the 13th, they were re- ceived ; on the 16th they were examined, and on the 17th, the president was directed to return the following reply ; " 1 have received the letter trom your excellencies, of the Gth instant, with the inclosures, and laid them before Con- gress. Nothing but the earnest desire, to spare the further effusion of human blood, could have induced Congress to read a paper, containing expressions so disrespectful to his most christain majesty, the good and great ally of these states, or to consider propositions, so derogatory to the honor of an inde- pendent nation. '' The acts of the British parliament, the commission from your sovereign, and your letter, suppose the people of these states, to be subjects of the crown of Great Britain, and are founded upon the ideaof dependence, which is utterly inadmis- sible. 1 am further directed to inform your excellencies, that Congress are inclined to peace, notwithstanding the urgent claims irom which this war originated, and the savage man- ner in which it has been conducted. They will therefore be ready, to enter upon the consideration of a treaty of peace and commerce, not inconsistent with the treaties already sub- sisting, when the king of Great Britain shall demonstmte, a sincere disposition for that purpose. The only solid proof of this disposition, will be, an explicit acknowledgement of the independence of these states, or the withdrawing his fleets and armies. •' I have the honor to be, your excellencies' most obedient, humble servant." The movements of France, as before noticed, gave alarm in England, and caused the minister to send out orders by Mr. Eden, for sir Henry Clinton to retire from Philadelphia to New York, with the British army, as soon as possible. UNITED STATES. 241 On the 18th of June, 1778, the whole British army evacu- ated Philadelphia, agreeable to previous arrangements, cross- ed the Delaware, and moved to Haddonfield. General Washington, apprised of this movement, detached general Maxjvell, with his brigade, to harass the rear of the enemy, and impede his march. At the same time, he consult- ed his officers, in written questions, upon the plan of opera- tions to be adopted, in pursuing the enemy. General Lee, who had been exchanged, and joined the ar- my, was now present to give his advice in council. General Mifflin was not consulted, because he had been long absent, by permission, and thereby avoided the duties of the winter's campaign. The answers to the questions proposed, were almost unan- imous, " To harass the enemy at all points ; but avoid the hazard of a general action." General Washington crossed the Delaware, the next day, * with his arm}' ; moved on in pursuit of the enemy, and at the f^ame time, he detached colonel Morgan with 600 riflemen, to support general Maxwell. The weather was extremely warm, and the armies moved slowly. On the 24th, general Washington reached Princeton., where he made the following statement, to the officers of his armv : ** The army of the enemy, is between nine and ten thou- sand, rank and file. The American army is 10,684, rank and file, besides the advance brigade under general Maxwell, (about 1200) and about 1200 militia." The general then proposed the following question : " Will it be advisable to hazard a general action ?'* The answer was, ** Not advisable." But a detachment of 1500, to be im- mediately sent, to act as occasion may require, on the enemy's left flank and rear, in conjunction with tlie other continental troops and militia, already hanging about them, and the mai« t)ody to preserve a situation to act, as circumstances may re- i|uire. Signed, Lee, Sterling, Greene, Fayette, Steuben, Poor, Patterson, Woodward, Scott, Portail and Knox. Gen- eral Scott was detached accordingly. General Gates had arrived at Fishkill, with the northern army, about the middle of May, and was now ready to co-ope- rate with general Washington, if required. General Wash- ington considered the pass through tke Highlands, as an object of the first imDortance^ and directed drafts from the ueigli- 21 ^42 HISTORY OF THE boring militia, to be marched to the swpiport of general Gates, and guard that point. General Gates at the same time, mov- ed forward his army to White Plains, to give an alarm in New York, and thus made a diversion on that side ; which was highly approved. On the 21st, general Washington marched to Kingston, and there learning that sir Henry Clinton had marched towards Monmouth, he resolved to attack his rear, and force him to an action. Accordingly, his excellency detached brigadier-gen- eral Wiiyne, with 1000 chosen troops, to reinforce general Maxwell, and selected the marquis de La Fayette, to advance and take the command of the whole ; general Lee having de- clined tlie command. On the night of the 25th, general Washington moved for- ward his army from Kiingslon, and arrived at Cranbury, early the next morning, where they were detained by storms, through the 26th ; oi course the marquis was ordered to check, his pursuit, and file off to the left, towards Englishtown, which he accomplished on the 27th. This movement of the Ameri- can commander, led the British general to anticipate his views, and change his order of march, by posting the grenadiers, light infantry, and chasseurs, as his rear guard. At the same time, he disposed of his baggage, so as to be covered by the advance column, under the command of general Kniphausen ; this, when collected, formed a procession of about twelve miles in extent. This movement led general Washington to augment his advance guard. General Lee began to feel the mortification, which he had brought upon himself, by refusing the command of the advance guard, and now solicited the appointment ; to which general Washington objected, but detached him with two brigades, to join the marquis, which gave him the command of course ; general Washington moved forward at the same time, to sup- port the whole. The right of the enemy was harassed by general Morgan's corps, and the left by general Dickinson's Jersey militia ; but the main army, under sir Henry Clinton, Tras strongly posted near Monmouth meeting-house, on the !S7th. General Washington saw the favorable moment that now •ffered, to bring sir Henry to immediate action, before he should have gained the heights of Middletown, (twelve mile» in advance) and ordered general Lee to be in readiness to Q^m- SRfeftce the attaek, upon the shortest notice. UNITED STATES. 24o On the morning of the 28th, general Knipbausen, at break of day, moved forward the advance column ofthe British ar- my, 'vith the bagg tge, &:c. and at eight o'clock. ?ir Henry fol- lowed with the mam body ; the flower of the army, being posted in the rear. General V>'"ashington wrote to generul Lee, at one in the morning, with general directions, for commencing the attack. General Washington put his whole army in motion, at the Siime time ; having learnt from general Dickinson thut the front of the enemy had commenced their march. He sent orders to gener d Lee, at the same tiase, to advance and com- g rnence the attack, '■'■ wiless there should be powerful reasons to the cont/ary ;" and assured hmi that the army were advancing without their packs, to suppoi t him, June 28th, 1778. The limits of this work, will not permit me to give the par- ticulars of this memorable action, in detail ; suffice it to say, ^the doubtful movements of general Lee, deranged the plans of the commander-m-chjef ; caused the failure of the general actidll', and (Hfeated the operations of the day. They caused a(st), acourt-m/artial upon general Lee, which deprived him of his command. The American troops lay on their arms through the night, impatient for the attack the next morning ; but sir Henry took the alarm, withdrew his troops in the night, and thus made his escape, to the inexpressible disappointment of general Washington. Sir Henry Clinton lost in the affair at Monmouth, about 500 men, kdled, wounded and missing, together with lieuten- ant-colonel Moncton, a brave officer, whose death was greatly lamented. General Washington lost about half that number, together with lieutenant-colonel Bonner, and major D-.r.kinson, two brave officers, whose loss was severely felt by the American army. The extreme heat of the wevither was inexpressibly dis- tressing to both armies, through the day, and rendered a pur- suit, by forced marches, through a deep sandy country, im- practicable ; general Washington, therefore detached a strong party of light troops, to watch the motions of the enemy ; and drew oif his main army to the North river. Sir Henry retired by forced marches, to Sandy-Hook, where he was met by lord Howe with his fleet, on the 5th of July, and embarked his army for New York. ^44 HISTORY OF THE On the 8th of Ju]y , count De Estaing entered the capes oi the Delaware, with the Toulon fleet, after a passage of eigh- ty-seven days ; lord Howe had been gone only eleven days, and sir Henry Clinton had evacuated Philadelphia only one month before, and was now embarking his army at Sandy- Hook, for New-York. The French fleet was about double the force of the English, both in the number of ships and weight of metal. Count De Estaing landed Mr. Gerard, French minister to the United States, who was most cordially received by con- egress, and on the 9th, set sail for Sandy Hook, where he ar- rived on the 1 1th, and blockaded the English squadron in the harbor. The count made all possible efforts to attack the English fleet in the harbor ; but found it impracticable to cross the bar with his heavy ships, and on the 22d, ngreeable to advice from general Washington, he set sail for Newport, to co-ope- rate in the destruction of the British fleet and army, at Rhode- Island. Admiral Byron's squadron arrived at Sandy Hook, a few days after the departure of the French fleet, in a very brok- en, sickly, dismasted, distressed situation. The provision ship from Cork, arrived also, and entered the harbor of New- York, in safety, to the inexpressible joy of the British army, who were in great want of supplies. Count De Estaing arrived off" Point Judith, on the 29th of July, and such was the joy upon the occasion, that it diffused the fire and zeal of 1776 and 6, throughout New England. Volunteers by thousands, flocked to the standard of their country, to join general Sullivan, and co-operate with their illustrious allies, in the reduction of Rhode-Island. General Washington had detached the marquis La Fayette and general Greene, with 2000 men, to join the general enter- prise. The American force was now about 10,b00strong. Sir Robert Pigot, who commanded at Newport, had been reinforced with five battalions, which rendered his force about 6000 strong. Thus balanced the parties commenced their operations. The count De Estaing entered the harbor at Newport, on the 18th of August, without opposition ; general Pigot having destroyed the English shipping,! on the 6th, to prevent theiv falling into the hands of the French. + Four frigates, with several smaller vessels.. UNITED STATES. 245 On the 9th, at eight in the morning, general SulUvan began to cross over with histirmy, from Tiverton ; the enemy hav- ins: iibandoned their works at the north end of the islartd. At two in the morning, lord Howe appeared off Point Judith, with a fleet of twenty-tive sail of the line, where he anchored for tiie nighi. On the 10th, count De Estaing, eager to meet the British fleet, took advantage of the wind and put to sea. The two fleets manceuvrsd through the day, without coming to action. On the lltn, a violent gaie sprang up, and continued through the 12th and 13th, which parted tiic fleets, dismasted the French admiral's ship, destroyed her rudder, and greatly dam- aged several others. On the 14th, the gale abated, and close and severe actions commenced, between several single ships, of the two fleets, but nothing decisive. The count, having collected six of his ships, covered his disabled fleet, and stood in for Newport, and came to anchor. General Greene and the marquis La Fayette, went on board the admiral's ship, and pressed him to enter the harbor of Newport, and complete the enterprise ; but the fleet was so shattered by the storm, and the oflicers were**generally so averse, that the count concluiJed to sail for Boston. The troops under general Sullivan had gained the north end of the island, and marched down upon the enemy's lines, ready to co-operate with the French fleet, and commence the attack ; but their sufl'e rings in the stor.m were so severe, that the troops were in a deplorable state. On the 1 4th, they lay exposed to au attack from the ene- my, v^'hich must have proved ruinous, had he known their true situation. On the 15th, the American army had recovered from their misfortunes, and were again prepared for action Ip this«it- uation, they continued anxiously waiting the movements of the French fleet, tojoininthe general attack ; but to their grief and astonishment, they saw them weigh and staml off for Boston, on the 24th. The mortification of general Sullivan, was greater than the pride of an American soldier could sus- tain, and he expressed himself unguardedly, in his general or- ders upon the occasion. On. the 28th, count De Estaing wrote to congress from Bos- ton, and explained his niovements, to the satisfaction ©f that honorable body. 21* 246 HISTORY OF THE General Sullivan soon saw himself abandoned by most o! the volunteers, which reduced his army to a standard belo>\ that of the enemy, and he hastened to secure his retreat. On the 25th, general Sullivan sent off his heavy cannon, and on the 29th, he retired to the north end of the island. General Pigot pursued with his whole force, to intercept his retreat. The advance guard of the enemy was soon eui^aged with the rear guard of the Americans, and a severe action en- sued, that continued through the day. The next day, gener- al Sullivan learnt that lord Howe was again at sea, and that the French fleet was not expected to return to Newport, and he hastened to evacuate the island. General Sullivan, with the advice and assistance of general Greene, and the marquis La Fayette, conducted his retreat in the presence of a superior foe, whose sentries were not more than 400 yards distant from the American sentries ; and on the morning of the 1st of September, 1778, the retreat was accomplished, without the loss of a man, or any part of the ar- tillery or baggage. The same day, sir Henry Clinton arrived off Newport, on board of the fleet under lord Howe, with 40 iO troops, to cut off the American retreat ; but learning the departure of the French for Boston, and the retreat of the Americans, he set sail for Boston, in pursuit of the French. On the morning of the 3d, he discovered the French fleet in the harbor of Bos- ton, strongly posted, and returned to New-York. On the 5th, lord liowe commenced an attack u^on the American ship- ping in Bedford harbor, and destroyed about seventy sail, be- sides small craft, stores, dwelling houses, and vessels on the stocks, together with the magazine, to the amount of£20,00t> sterling. His lordship next commenced an attack upon Martha's Vineyard ; destroyed all the vessels, and carried of the arms of the militia, the public money, 300 oxen, and 10,000 sheep, and returned to New- York. The tbllowing extract of a letter from general Washington, shall close the chapter : " It is not a little pleasing, nor less wonderful, to contem- plate, that after two years manoeuvreing, and undergoing the strangest vicissitudes, that perhaps ever attended any one con- test since the creation, both armies are brought back *p the very point they set out from, and the offending party, in the beginning, is reduced to the spade and pick-axe ftr defence . UNITED STATES. 24T The hand of providence has been so conspicuous in all this, that he must be worse than an inftdel, that lacks faith, and more than wicked, that has not gratitude enough to acknowl- edge his obligations." CHAPTER IX. GENERAL OPERATIONS OF THE REVOLUTION, CONTINUED. During these proceedings, George Johnston esq. one of the British commissioners, attempted to bribe a Mr. Reed and others, members of congress, to ciTect a negotiation and re- conciliation, between Britain muI America ; to which Mr. Reed replied, *' / am not worth buying, but such as I am, the king of England is not rich enough to do it.^^ Mr. Reed disclosed the tacUs to congress, and they by their resolve, ordered all letters addressed to members of congress, from British commissioners or agents, or any subjects of the king of Great Britain, ot a public nature, to be laid before con- gress. They next proceeded to interdict all further inter- course with the said George Johnston esq. as incompatible with the honor of congress. This resolve brought out of New York, a warm and spirited rej»ly, from the proscribed John- ston, with a total disavowal of the facts, on the part of sii Henry Clinton, lord Carlisle, and Mr. Eden. They, at the same time, tendered to congress, a ratification of the conven- tion of Saratoga, that the troops of general Burgoyne might be embarked ibr England ; but congress declined all ratihca- tion, unless by the British government, and the troops were withheld. The commissioners next directed their appeal to the Ame- rican people, and issued their publications accordingly. Con- gress favored this appeal, and it h.ul full scope ; the country had good sense enough, rightly to appreciate the procedure, and virtue enough to frown upon it with contempt, and it end- ed in disgrace and mortification to the commissioners. Stung with chagrin and indignation, at the failure of their base and insidious measure, the commissioners next proceed- ed, to denounce the American government, in a valedictory ■lanifejeto^ and threatened the American people with rett- 48 HISTORY OF THE eance and destruction, it^they [)ersevered in their rebellion, [id adhered to their ailiance with France. Congress met this manifesto, with a declaration, that de- ounced that savage mode ot^ vvartare, which the British had r«rried on in America ; and particularly their barbarity to- •ards the American prisoners, as well as the meanness of the ommissioners, in atteinpting to seduce the members of con- ress and others, by bribery and corruption. They thus con- luded : " If our enemies presume to execute their threats, or per- ist in their present career of barb, a'ity, we will take such ex- mplary vengeance, as shall detet others from a like comhict. V'e appeal to thnt God, who is tlie searcher of hearts, for the ectitude of our intentions, and in his holy presence declare, [vat as we are not moved by any light or h;\sty suggestions of nger or revenge, so through every possible change of for- jne, we vvdl adhere to this our determination." (See appen- ix, letter D.) The marqU'S La Fayette felt the indignity offered to his lation, by some expressions in tlie manifesto of the commis- ioners, and challenged the earl of Carlisle to answer t'or these etlections, at single combat ; but his challenge was not accept- id. . " On the 6th of August, the honorable Sieur Gerard, deliver- id his credentials in -flue form, and had his tirst audience of ;ongress. Doctor Franklin, (then at Paris, in character of American ;ommissioner) was appointed at the same time, minister plen- potentiary to th ^ court of Versailles, with instrurtions to ne- jociate for an expedition against C:inada, in vv'hich France and \merica were to co operate, in conformity with the views of he marquis La F syette. The doctor was also instructed to ay before the French court, a general view of ihe finances oi' ;he United States, for the jjurpose of opening the way for such oans, as the exigencies of their aflfidrs might require. The marquis La Fayette, at this tiine, requested leave to I'eturn to France ; to which congress readily consented, and lirected the president to express to him by letter, ihe thanks 3f congress, for that disinterested zeal, thatled him to Ameri-^ 2a, as well as those services he had rendered the U. States, by the exertions of his courage and abilities, on many signal occasions. They also dire<:ted doctor Franklin, to cause an elegant sword to be made, with proper devices, and presefitei^ UNITED STATES. 249 to the marquis, in the name of the United States. Congress at the same time, addressed a letter to the king of France, ex- pressive of the high sense they entertained of the talents and services of the marquis. He took his leave of congress, by letter ; repaired to Boston, and embarked for France. Pending these movements, the Indians, in concert with the tories, began their ravages upon the Susquehannah ; entered the settlements, in a body of about 1600 ; defeated colonel Butler, at the head of about 400 men, and cut off his party, with a terrible slaughter. They took one small fort at Kings- ton, and then carried fort Wilkcsbarre ; butchered the garri- son, and burnt the women and children in the barracks.- — They next proceeded to lay waste the settlements, with fire and sword, and destroyed the cattle, in the most wanton and barbarous manner ; but spared the persons and property of the tories. The followins; extract from Mr. Gordon's-- revolutionary war, may serve as a specimen of the distresses of Wyoming : "The following are a lew ot the more singular ciuelties, practised in the attack upon Wyoming, (\iptain Braddoc, who had been taken prisoner, had his body stuck full of splin- ters and pine knots, and then aheap of pine knots piled round him ; the whole was then set on tire, and his two companions, captains Kamsom and Durgee, thrown into the flames, and held down with pitchforks, 'i'he tories were the most distinguish- ed for their cruelties ; in this, they resembled the British for- ces. One of those Wyoming tories, whose mother had mar- ried a second husband, butchered with his own hands, both his father in-law, his own sisters, and their infant children. An- other, who during; his absence, had sent home several threats against the life of his father, now, not only executed them in person, but was, with his own hands, the exterminator of his family, mother, brothers and sisters, and mingled their blood indiscriminately, with that of the husband and father." 1 forbear to pursue that part of the narrative, which re- counts the distresses of those, who fled from the blaze of their dwellings, and took shelter in the woods, where they roamed at hazard, as chance or tear directed, until they either perish- ed with famine or the murderous hatchet, or reached some friendly settlements, where they found christian hospitality. These are too black to be pursued, and are to be ranked among the many that occurred, to evince the total depravit} of the human heart. •oO HISTORY OF THE Such was the general alarm, which these savages occasioned, md such the spirit of Virginia, tliattm expedition was sent in- o the Indian country, under colonel Clark, against the French ettlements upon the u[)per Mississippi, in the country of the llinois. It had now become weli understood, that the gov* irnor of these settlements, had been the instigator of these •avages. -Colonel Clark traversed the desert Avith his party, about 125)0 miles, and reached Kiskitskias, at the hour of midnight, n a desperate situation, and destitute of provisions ; but be- ng undiscovered, he resojved to strike the fatal blow. He entered the town isnmediatei^', and secured the whole, con- sisting of about 250 hou^^es, with the fort, the governor, and iH the inhabitants, without even an alarm,, and sent the govt^r- lor to Virginia, with all his written in^trtictionslTomQ^uebec, Montreal, Detroit and Michi'lmakinar, for exciting tiie Indi- ans to war, and offering a bounty on scalps. Colonel Clark Hiministered the oath of allegiance to ihis village, and sent letachments to surprise the oilier viHaij;cs ; which was done, n rei^ular succession, and the oath of allegiance administered, jutil the whole were subdued, to rise colonel Baylor's troop of horse, asleep and naked in tlieir quarters (September 27) ; no quarter was the crder of the day, and the whole were giv- en up to indiscriminate butchery, :uid bayoneted in cold blood, while begging for mercy. j Sir Henry Clinton detached captain Ferguson, with-^ibont 300 men, upon an expedition to Little Egg-harbor, under a strong c«mvoy, to destroy the American shipping and priva- teers ; but these being removed, captain Ferguson proceeded /*• t Gordon's revolution, page 106, UNITED STATES. 251 up to Chesnut neck, where he destroyed such vessels as were there, together with the whole village, and laid waste the ad- jacent country, and rejoined the squadron — October oth. On the 15th, the convoy with the troops, moved round to another landing place, not far distant, and landed 250 men, un- der the command of captain Ferguson, who advanced into the country, m the silence of night, and surprised count Pulaski's light infantry ; killed the baron De Base, and lieutenant De la Broderic, with 50 privates. Those were mostly butchered in cold blood, begging for mercy, under the orders of no qur,r- ters^ as before : but count Pulaski closed this horrid scene, by a sudden charge of his cavaliy, that put to flight the mur- derous foe, and thui saved the remnant <^f his infantry. Cap- tain Ferguson made a hasty retreat, embarked his party, and returned to New York. Admiral Graves ai lived at New York, on the 16th of Octo- ber, in a most shattered condition, by a violent storm, which detain.^d him the remainder of the month, to repair the fleet. About the tirst of November, he put to sea, and appeared ofi' the harbor of Boston, on a visit to the count De Estaing ; but a violent storm here overtotik him, scattered his fleet, de- stroyed the Somerset of G4 guns, on the shores of Cape Cod, and forced the re>t into Rhode bland, for shelter. Count £e Estaing having now repaired and victualled his fleet, and returned the numerous civiities he had received, from the citizens of Boston, took leave of his friends, on the ;3d, and set sail tor the West Indies. Lord Howe on the some day, detached commodore Ho- tham, with a part of the British fleet at New York, with trans- ports, carrying 5u00 men, to act against the count in the West- Indies. On the 1st of October, colonel William Butler, at the head •f a Pennsylvania regiment, covered by riflemen, commenced an ex!»fdition from Schoharie, and carried the war afresh into the Susquehannah country ; destroyed the Indian villages and castles, with the other settlements, and after enduring incred- ible fatigues and perils, returned on the 16th, in safety. Colonel John Butler put himself at the head of a strong par- ty, and revenged this excursion, by entering the state of New 7ork, and surprising colonel Alden, at Cherry Valley ; an ac- tion commenced, which lasted three hours. Colonel Alden was killed ; the greatest cruelties were committed ; fifty or. sixty men, women and children, besides soldiers, were killed 252 HISTORY OF THE -^ or carried into captivity ; and even the dead were made the monuments oJ the most savage barbarities. The party with- drew, and returned to their homes. Sir Henry CHnton abandoned all further designs, of carry- ing on his operations in the north ; and turned his attention to the south. He concerted, with genera! Prescott, who com- manded in East Florida, a plan of operations against Georgia. Pending the preparations for this enterprise, two parties, con- sisting of regulars and refugees, entered Georgia from Flori- da ; the one by water, and the other by land. The first ad- Tanced to Sunbury, and summoned the place ; but lindmg a spirited officer, colonel Mackintosh, who was strongly posted, they abandoned the attempt The other moved on towards Savannah ; but being strongly opposed by general Screven, and colonel Elbert, they were constrained to abandon the enterprise and returned ; after laying waste the country with fire and sword, destroying and carrying off the negroes, cattle, &c. and committing the most shocking barbarities. General Screven fell, in the defence of his country. Colonel Campbell embarked at Sandy Hook, (November 27th, 1778) with the 7Ist regiment of foot, two battalions, four of tories, and a detachment of royal artillery ; total, about 2500, under convoy of sir Hyde Park<^r's squadron, and ar- rived off the mouth of the Savannah, December 29th, and in six days, he land ?d his troops. General Robert Howe was posted here, with about 800 reg- ulars and militia ; but they were io worn down with the fa- tigues of a fruitless expedition into Florida, that they made but a feeble res'stance. Although general Howe had chosen a judicious position, to cover the town of Savannah, yet he found himself out-generaled ; was surprised in his camp, and routed, with the loss of more than half of his army ; 48 pieces of can- non, 23 mortars, the fort, with all its contents ; the shipping in the river ; a large quantity of provisions, together with the capital of Georgia ; even the defenceless inhabitants of Savan- nah, were bayoneted in the streets, by the murderous foe : and the remnant of the American army fled into South Caro- lina. General Prescott entered the south of Georgia, about the time general Campbell sailed from New York ; and after en- •iuring incredible hardships and privations, arrived before Sun- bury, and took it, about the time of the fall of Savannah. Gen- UNITED STATES. 253 era! Prescott next marched to Savannah, and took command of the royal army in Georgia ; issued his proclamation, invit- ing the inhabitants " to lay down their arms, and submit to the royal authority, or with their arms support the royal cause. '^ Congress, at the request of the southern delegation, had appointed general Lincoln, to the command of the army of the south, on the 25th of September ; but he did not arrive at Charleston, before the 4th of December. Generals Ashe and Rutherford joined general Lincoln, at Charleston, with about ♦20U0 North Carolina militia, to act with the troops of South Carolina, and their regulars, in repelling the expected attack from the enemy. On tinding that Georgia was the object of destination, gen- eral Lincoln assembled about 950 men, and marched for Geor- gia, where he joined the remnant of the army of colonel El- bert, and on the 3d of January, 1779, established his head quarters, at Purysburg. General Lincoln here found himself at the head of only 1 400 men, instead of a force of 7000 regulars, besides the mditiaof South Carolina and Georgia, which he had been promised ; and even this small force, was destitute of cannon, arms, tents, camp utensils, powder and lead, except in very small quanti- ties. The militia of South Carolina were in the habit of going and coming as they pleased, with impunity ; being subject by the laws of the state, to no other punishment, than simply a fine. On the 24th of January, 1779, they had mostly returned to their homes, and their places were supplied by about lIOO North Carolina militia, under colonel Ashe, which augmented the army of general Lincoln, to the number of 2400 men. At this time, general Prescott moved his whole army into South Carolina, and took possession of Port Royal island. — General Moultrie put himself at the head of the Charleston militia ; commenced an attack upon the island ; dislodged the enemy, and drove them back into Georgia, with great loss — February 3d. Colonel Campbell took post at Augusta, with about 2000 regulars and tories, where he fomented divisions and insurrec- tions, in South Carolina, antong the tories, which greatly dis- tressed that state. Col. Pickins assembled a party from the district of Nine- tj-Six ; pursued these banditti ; overtook, engaged, killed, routed, and destroyed or dispersed their whole party ; their leadtr, colonel Boyd, was slain, and the remnant threw tieai- 22 \.l JllSTOKY OF TIU: selves upon the inert v of the stjile. Seventy of the robelV weie tried, eouvielod, ;n»(l stMitenced to death ; hut lucrey iu- terpo^eu. Feh- vuarv 13. Cv>louel C'uuphell, upon iutolligence of this junetion, niatie a hasty UM>venuMvt Iho same night, and retiied «lown theri\ei ahout 1-4 nules. This m(»vement led general Lineoln to order'' general Ashe, to pursue with his detaehnnni. and u hen he had gained a certiun position, to leave his troops, and meet him at a eerlain t'.me and plaee, to eoiu'ort ; res lc>r thrir future operations. General Ashe oheyed, aiiu lae eommanders met acei>rdinglv. At this time, geticrals Rrian and Klhert, took a strong posi tion uj>on iM'iun croeU. ami the tie\t day, gmeral Ashe retur- ned to his pt>st. On the same day, (he British general nvMMv uoitered his eamp Vfry elosely, and the noxt liav, ]\ ii colonel Trevosl gaVuiil the rear of the AnuM-iean eamp, by a cTteuilous march of ahout ^0 nules, and eominenced a furious attaek. (»enoral Klhert. with his hmdful of regulars, advanc- ed to the charge, to cheek the enemy, until the militia could recover their >urprise, and come into action; hut their sur- prise was rous.'d into tear, and fear into tlight ; the regulai> xn\- der general l.lhert, werfc cut to pieces, and general .Ashe. witU his militia, tied to their honu^s, »j<*r«T l« /»d f*fcorf>Y(/. The Americans lost loi^ killed. 1- Capturod ; the >vounded were not numbered, and the remainder, ahout loO, joined general T/mcoln. This di'Cisive vuMor\ , i>poiK\i i.ie whole si itc ol <.»«u>rgia to the victors. te':,f^ther with a liv^' cvMumunication with the torii^s of South Crolina". Alarmed iov their safety, the state of Carolina chose Johu Kutlodge e>4. their governor, and tlc^legaled to him and his council, tvdl powers, *' todwevt^i'v thing that appeaivil to him and them, necessary lor the piW>lic good." They at enco as- semhled a large body of militia, at Orangeburg, near the cen- tre of the state, to act as oceavion might m)uire. Th«' gover nor no\t or lercd general Williamson to send parties into («eor-^ ;;ii> and distic<>i the enemy, by l.iymg waste th<^ e»i:"trv, anH UNlTKn ST.VTKS. Sir.:. tlrivmir oiV or iloslrov«"sx ;«ll tl»*' liorsos, rattle, provisions, car- riniios, at lUack- swanip. (U'terniined, hy the atlvi("e o^' a c.onncil ot'war, to ml- vunce into (loorj^ia.with aM his torco, exceptifjj»; a stronp; jvnard, to be left at Ptuvshnrii-. ntider jiiieniM'al MonltHfe ; and take nera1 IMoultri*', in his camp nl Klack swamp. The i^tMUMal tduded this attack, by havinj.;; chanucd his position three honrs before ; and bein«j; joined by colomd IM ickintosh, witii his party from INiryHburir, he ti»ok post at rnlhlintjy bridi!;i\ to intercept the march ot the British t«> CharU'sto i. On the first of May, ii;eneral Lincoln, inivini;- learnt the. movements of ij;eneral Prcsc»Ut, (h^tached .'UK) continentals, with ordervS to makt^ a rapid marcli, and snpjiort ii;eneral Monl- tric ; at the same time, ho moveil his army into the heart of (ireor{i;ia. Amidst these movements, nnd the execution of the orders of ^ j2;overnor Kiitledii;e, the inhabitants were so distressed, as to tlirow tluMnselvi's intotiio arms of the British,' for succour and support. This led «i;ener;d Linroln to chan«!;e his ojieralions, and move by forced marcbt^s, to support i»;eneral IMonltrie, and cover Cfiarleston. Governor Kutledii;e took the alarm, at the movements oi' general Prescolt, and burnt all the houses in the suburbs, to c;uard against the approach of the enemy, lie next calknl in the neighborinii' militia, and general IMonltrie joiaedhis troops in the d(>fence of Charleston. (Jeneral Prescott pushe Charleston. ^)n the .same day, count Tulaski arrived w'th his legioi\ary corps, and entered with spirit, into the defence of the city. General I'rescolt pushed his operations, with such vigor, to carry the town before general Lincoln couUl arrive for its 156 HISTORY OF THE lefeiicc, that the civil authority sent out the following propo iition : ^ " South Carolina will remain in a state of neutrality, till the ;lose of the war, and then follow the fate of her neighbors, on :onditionthe royal army will withdraw.'' To which general Prescott replied : " The garrison are in arms, and they shall iurrendcF prisoners of war." General Lincoln appeared with his army, before general Prescott could nwUe any serious impression. The enemy vithdrew to Beaufort, and from thence back to Georgia, ann Charleston was felievgd. General Prescott induTged his army, in the most abandoned system of plunder and devastation, and the sufleriogs of Caro- lina were such, as would have marked thti ravages of gin In Han invasion. More than 3000 slaves vWIre carried oil % the enemy, and sold generally, in the West-India markets. Sir Henry Clinton made a diversion in favor of general Pres- cott, by sending 2000 men from New- York, into Virginia, at this time, under sir George Collier and general Matthews, who took possession of Portsmouth and the remains of Nor folk, about the 10th tff May, 1779. General Matthews sent forward a detachment the same day, to Suftblk, where they destroyed a magazine of provisions, with such vessels and naval stores as were found there, and laid the town in ashes, together with all the gentlemen's seats on the plantations, wherever they went. The ileet committed the same ravages upon the coast ; and within the space of one fortnight, about 130 vessels were captured or destroyed, to- gether with 300 hogsheads of tobacco ; anti the brave gener- al embarked his troops, with his booty, and returned safe to New -York. General Matthews joined sir Henry Clinton, in a successful expedition against Stony-Point, and Verp!ank,| and then sir Henry moved on towards the Highlands. | Previous to these movements, lieutenant-governor Hamil- ton, of Detroit, had concerted a plan for layii g waste the back settlements of Virginia, by bringing into action the Cherokees, Chickasaws, and the Indian tribes about Detroit, Michilimak- inac, &:c. This plan was deeply laid, and the whole interior of Ken- tucky, Tennessee, &c. doomed to destruction. To expc- t Forty miles north of New York. I Sixty niiles north of No\v-Yoik. UNITED STxVTES. 25T ilite the plan, governor Hamilton took up his quarters at Vin- cennes, that he might act the more promptly and ciTectually, December 15t*, 1778. When the knowledge of this expedition reached Virginia, colonel Clark assembled ISOmen, and took the desperate res- olution ofsurprising governor Hamilton, at Vincennes, and by ■ one bold stroke, putting an end to the plan. Colonel Clark, after induring incredible hardships, traversed the desert six- teen days, and readied Vincennes on the 23d of February, 1779 ; carried the town by assault, and the next day general Hamilton surrendered the fort, with a garrison of seventy- * nine men, as prisoners of war. Colonel Clark next detached sixty men, to intercept a convoy of provisions from Detroit, to carry on the war, which was ail taken to the amount of i;;)10,(ipO, in goods, |)rovisions, &lc. together with a guard of ibrty men. 'fhus, by this bold stroke, the expedition was defeated ; Hamilton with his coadjutors, were safely conveyed into Virginia, and comniitted to clo^e prison, and in irons, there to remain for further orders. Previous to these operations, sir Henry Clinton had concer- ted rai^asures with the tories andBritistjjiiinder his command, to assume a general system of predatory war in America, and submitted his plans to ihe British ministry, who expressed their approbation. This plan soon reaclied the American commission at Paris, and was communicated to governor Trumbuil, of Connecticut, on the 6th of April,. 1779. Sir Henry Clinton detached general Tryon, (late governor #of New York) with 2600 land forces, protected by a squadron under sir George Collier, and supported by general Garth, to begin their depredations in Connecticut. On th.e 4th of .July, the armament moved into the sound, and the commanders is- sued their proclamation to the citizens of Connecticut, offer- ing pardon and protection, to all such as would return to theii- allegiance ; but threatening ruin and destruction, to all vrho should reject this overture. On the morning of the 6th, gen- eral Tryon landed his division at East-Haven ; general Gath landed at the same time, at West-Haven, and proceeded di- rectly to New-Haven, and gave up the town to promiscuous pillage. The militia collected so fast on (he next day, that the enemy abandoned the town in haste ; burnt several stores on long wharf, and embarked their troops. General Tryon proceeded to plunrler, and lay waste the town of East-Haven ; destroyed the cattle, &c. and then es- oo* oS HISTORY OF THE apctl on board his fleet, and sailed for Friirficld. General fryon sent a Hag to colonel Whiting, and summoned the town surrender, within one hour ; to which the colonel sent the bllovving- reply : " The fliunes have now preceded oi.r rep]\ your tlag, and we shall opjjji^se to the utmost, that powei , h;;t is exerted against injiircd innocence.'" On the sv.tac. light, the town was given up to pillage and conll igration. vhich extended to Green's farms ; and on the next day, the ;nemy made a hasty retreat on board their fleet, and left th(? own of Fail tield, smokmg in rtfms. This hero of pillage and,, ■onflagration, j)roceeded to Norwalk, and laid the village in ishes ; then returned to Is c\\ -Y ork^ covered wifh disgrace an(^ * nfamy. General Washington at this time, concerted a plan of oper;:- ions ;. gainst Stony-Foint, which checkecj^jdi furtTicr do pred;i- ions ol" general Ti-yon, and occasioned his hasty recall to Sew- York. General Wayne commenced his movements against Stony Point, on the 15th, at noon ; and ai'ter having crossed the nountains, through dangerous and iliflicult detiles, he aji- [iroached the fort, al^it eight of the same evening. Having ■econnoitered the position of the enemy, the general, after orming bis detachment into two divisions, put himself at the lead of his brave troops, and at twenty minutes past twelve, irecisely, on the night of the IGth. entered the fort with icrewe(f bayoaets, amidst a most tremendous tire of musket ind grape, and carried the fortress without firing a gun. Lieutenant-colonel Fleurv entered the fort with his division, jpon the opposite side at the same time, and both parties met la the centre ; but the garrison was spared, and made prison- ers of war, to the number of 543. General Wayne dismant- led the fort, and brought ofl'the cannon, stores, &c. agreeable to orders. CoDgress p;;3sed a veto of thanks to gvounded several others, on board the Bon Ilomme Richard. At this critical moment, the Serapis struck, and 'closed the sanguinary scene. The Bon Homme Richard, at the close of the act;on, v.-as so much of a wreck, as to have seven feet of water in her hold, which rendered it necessary to remove the crew on board the Serapis, and the wounded on. board the Paliar. On ihe 24th, her pumps wereclosely pli- ed ; but on the 25th she went down : fortunatelv no lives were lost. The Pallas engaged and took the Countesis of Scarborough, at the same time, and commodore Jones sailed with his prizes, ibr the coast of Holland, and anchored oif the Texel. This memorable action gave areiil e-.lat to Ihe naval prow- ess of America. 260 HISIORY OF THE CHAPTER X. GENERAL OPERATIONS OF THE REVOLUTIOX, CONTINUED. I pass over the expedition of major Lee, against the for- tress at Paalus' Hook ; also the appointment oi'the hon. John Jay, president of congress, as minister plenipotentiary to the court of Madrid, and that of the honorable Samuel Huntington, of Connecticut, as his successor in the presidency ; also the appointment of the hon. John Adams, as minister plenipoten- tiary to the court of St. James, to negotiate a peace, that I may continue the southern war. General Lincoln did not attempt to pursue general Prcs- cott, in his flight into Georgia ; but devoted his whole strength, to render Charleston secure against alj[^future invasioji Irom the enemy. : Durins; these operations, he le;trnt the successes of the French fleet in the West-Indies, under the count De Estainsr, and that after the conquest of Grenada, he had retired to cape Francois. Governor Rutledge, general Lincoln, and the French consul at Charleston, wrote the count, pressingly, to come to the coast of Georgia, and co-operate with the Ameri- can army, in the reduction of Sav;mnah. ' The count accepted the invitation, as being agreeable to his instructions ; and on the flr-^t of Se{)tembcr, he arrived ofl Charleston, with a fleet of twenty sail of the line, two of fift}' guns, and eleven frigates. A British nmn-of-war, of eighty guns., and three frigates, were surprised and taken. General Lincoln, upon the arrival of the count, marched with his whole force, for Savannah ; the fleet sailed to join him ; the French troops svere landed in ten or twelve days, and count De Estaing summoned the town to surrender, to the arms of tiie king of France. General Lincoln remonstrated against this, as the Americans were acting in concert. The count persisted, arid general P.rescdtt demanded a cessation of hostilities for twenty-four hours, to deliberate, which was granted. During this time, seven or eight hundred troops ar* rived from Beaufort, and general Prescott determined to de- iend the town to the last extremity. The count saw his error, jmd consulted general Lincoln, and they united their efforts to carry the town by a regular siege. On the 23d of September, the allies broke ground, and commenced their operations. 0)n the 4th of October, they opened their batteries, and began UNITED STATES 261 to play upon the town with nine mortars, and tift}' four pieces of cannon, which continued four or five days, without intermis- sion, but without any apparent efi'ect. On the morning of the 0th, the enemy sallied out and attempted to set fire to the abat- tis ; but the materials were gre<^n, the weather moist, and the attempt failed. General F^rescott next requested, that the wo- men and children might be removed ; but this was refused, and the allies resolved to carry the town by storm. The morning of the 9th was the time agreed upon, and the assault commenced. The attack was wpU concerted and bravely ex- ecuted by the allies ; yet the fire of the enemy was so de- structive, that the troops gave way, after having planted the French and American standards upon the British redoubts. At this eventful moment, the brave count Fulaski fell, mortal- ly wounded, at the head of iiis legion, when charging: the cne- m\' in their rear, in the full career of victory. The allies supported ^this desperate conflict fifty-five minutes, under a deadly fire from the enemy's batteries, and then made good their retreat, with the loss of 637 French, and 234 continen- tals, killed and wounded. General Prescott conducted this defence like an able gen- eral, and deserved well of his country. Count De Estaing embarked his troops, cannon, baggage, k,\:, in ten days, and was immeeveral days, laying waste every thing ill his course, until ho arrived at Morgan's position, ami com- menced an action with the same imp;-tuosity ; the Americans were disloJtred witii some disorder, but llu'v rallieil to the charge, and were victorious in their tun irlton was de- leated, his army routed, his artillery ami b.iggage taken, and he, with the mounted fugitives, fled to lord C ornwallis, Janu- ary 7, 1781. This defeat roused his lordship ; he coauiu i.o.mI a pursui(, and the Americans relirrd. General Greene had the vuldresS to harass his lordship, and yet avoid a general action, until he arrived at GuilJbrd, near the contines of Virginia, where he made a stand , and gave him battle. General Greene, with his little army, had hopes of success against his lordship's pursu- ing forces, though greatly superior. The movements were well concerted, and well executed, and the coidlict was sharp and bloody ; but the militia gave way, I he reguhirs were over- pow* red, and general Greene drew oif his troops in good or- der, and took a strong position. The severity of the action occasioned his lords^Iiip to make a retrograde movement, to recover his losses. At this time, sir Henry Clinton detached a fleet from New- Y^ork, with 1500 troops on board, to make a diveri-ion in Vir- ginia, and prepare to co-operate with lord Cornvvallis. This fleet entered the Chesapeake bj.'y, landed the troops, and commenced the most serious and alarming depredations. Several eflbrts were made to dislodge them, but to no eifect. At this critical moment, general Greene made a movement to return to South Carolina, and carry the war into what had now become the enemy's country, ife boldly advanced to- wards Camden, and gave battle to lord Ravvdon, then stytion- ed in that vicinity, Aipril, 1781. A desperate conflict ensu- ed ; victory for a long time held a doubtful balance ; both parties withdrew from the combat, and left the field covered with their dead. Lord Rawdon retired to Camden, and took post as a permanent position. General Greene advanced, and by a desperate assault, was •n the point of carrying tiie strong f©rtres>s of Ninety-Six, the «3» 270 HISTORY OF THL* reduction of which wouhl liave recovered all South Carolina, except Charleston. At this critical moment, lord Ravvdon retired in person to Charleston ; put himself at the head of 1700 fresh troops, then arrived from Ireland, and h}' forced marches, advanced to the relief of Ninety-Six. The approach of his lordship, compelled general Greene to ahandon the assault, when en- gaged hand to hand with the enemy, and when victory was ready to decide in his favor. The general drew off his army towards Camden, in good order, and his lordship pursued ; but general Greene eluded his lordship, by filing oft* towards Charleston, and taking a strong position upon the high hills of Santee. Lord Ravvdon retired to Charleston. The war, during these operations in, the south, raged in Virginia, under the comm;mil of general Philips, through the month oi' April, and the ravages of the enemy exceeded all description. At Petersburg they destroyed all the shi})ping. ■,md about 400 hossheads of tobacco. At Osboin's Mills, thev took two ships and ten smaller vessels, laden with cordage, Hour, &:c. Four ships and a number of smaller vessels were hurnt or sunk, besides many others destroyed by the Ameri- cans, to prevent their falling into the hands of the enen)y ; to- gether with about 3000 hogsheads of tobacco, April "il. On ilie 30th, they penetrated to Manchester, ami destroyed 1200 hogsheads more ; from thence they procectled to Warwick, aiul laid waste the shipping, both in the river and on the stocks, also extensive rope-walk^, tanneries, warehouses, and magazines of tlour, mills, &c. in one general conflagration, and then embarked on board their shipping. The baron Steuben was opposed to this party of marauders ; hut he could not collect a force sufiicient lo check their ca- • '>er. General Washington d^t.^ched the marquis La Fayette, with i body of troops to join the baron ; but ^vhc\\ he arrived at 'Jaltimore, such was the state of his troops, his military che?t, ind the public credit, that he was constrained to borrow 2000 guineas, upon the strength of his own credit, April ITtk^to en- l)le him to proceed. Upon the strength of this, he advanced ) Richmond, (200 miles) where he was joined by the baj-on hceuben, on the 29th, with the Virginia militia ; and they cov- rod the city of Richmond. The marquis La Fayette watched the movements of the en- ^my, with great zeal and activity : but his torce was not sufli- UNITED STATES. 271 ctent to check all their operations; and general Philips en- tered Petersburg on the 9th of May, where he died on the 1 3th. General Greene, in his letter to the marquis La Fayette, dated May 1st, thus expressed himself; '* You may tlepend upon it, that nothing can equal the suf- ferings of our little army, but their merits. Let not the love of fame get the better of your prudence, and plunge you into a misfortune, in too eager a pursuit after glory. This is the voice of a friend, not of a general." Pendmg these movements, lord Cornwallis had advanced from Guilford to Wilmington, and left general Greene to pur- sue his southern expedition. From Wilmington he advanced on the 25th, by ibrced marches, to join general Philips, and arrived at Petersburg, on the 30th. PInlips was dead ; but his lordship found a force of 1800 regulars, which was attach- ed to his command. Thus reinforced, his lordship advanced towards Richmond, to dislodge the marquis La Fayette, who was now destined, with about 3000 men only, to enter the lists with the renown- ed hero of the south. Flushed with his triumphs, his lordship in his letter to sir Henry Clinton, thus expressed himself: " T/je hoy cannot escape me^V The marquis eluded the movemcntof his lord- ship, and evacuated Richmond, on the 27ll».. Lord Cornwallis made a movement to prevent the junction of general U ayne with the marquis ; but the general joined the marquis with 800 Pennsylvania militia, on the 7th of June. Lord Corn wa! lis commenced a system of predatory war, destroyed more than 2000 hogsheaois of tobacco, &c. in his march from Richmond to Williamsburg. On the 4th of July, he retired tovvards Portsmouth. General Wayne, supposing the main British army to have crossed James river, commenced a sudden attack with his 800 militia, upon what he supposed to be their rf ar guard ; but to his surprise, he discovered hts lordship at the head of the main army, ready to receive him. General Wayne saw but one alternative ; he advanced to the charge at the head of his col- umn, consisting of about 800 men, and the conllict was sharp ; he then availed himself of this first impression, and hastily withdrew, leaving his lordship in as much surprise as he found him. No pursuit followed, from a cautious fear, lest this feint (as was sujjposed) might draw him into an ambuscade. ITU HISTORY OF THE His lordshif) retired in the night, and eff.^cted his march to 'ortsmouth, and left the iiiaiqui:j to indulge in a few days re- pose. — *- GH AFTER XI. REVOLUTION, CONTINUED * immediately after the departure of sir Henry Ciinton from N^ew-York, the hard winter of 177;^ — GO, increased in its severities. The North and East rivers were frozen so hard IS to have permitted an army, with its heavy cannon, to pass md re-pass ; but the privations and distresses of the Ameri- :an army, under the immediate cosnmand of gener.d Washing- :on, were so severe as to prevent him from avaihiig himself of Lhi« unexpected event.f Immediately after the lali of Charleston, in May, sir Henry Clinton returned to New York, io commence the operations of the season. About the middle of September, 1700, general Washington retired from head quarters, (near New-York) with his suit, L;;eneral Knox and the marquis La FayeUe, to meet admiral Ternev and coi*>f RochamOe;m, at Hartford, (Connecticut) a2:reeable to appointment ; and about the 2 1st, the parties met accordingly. The avowed object of this conference was to concert measures for the reduction of New- York. In the midst of this conference, an express arrived from West Point, on the Hud.-^a, announcing the traitorous design-- of creneral ArnoL!. The council was immes over this distressing scene. This righteous sacrifice greatly interested the feelings, and touched the sympathy of every American breast. t tThe whole transaction between Arnold and Andre, was found in Andre'*s boot, in tbe hand writing- of Arnold. This contained a plan of the works at West Point, and the manner of delivery, Sic. Andre was executed on the 2d of October. 1780. Letter from major Andre to general Washington, previous to his trial, dated Salem, 24th September, 1770. " Sir — What I have as yet said, concerning myself, was in the jus- tifiable attempt to be extricated ; I am too little accustomed to dupli- city to have succeeded. " I beg your excellency will be persuaded, that no alteration in the temper of my^mind, or apprehension for my safety, induces me to take the step of addressing you, but that it is to secure myself from an im- putation of having assumed a mean character, for treacherous purpo- ses, or self interest — a conduct incompatible with the principles that actuated me, as well as with my condition in life. " It is to vindicate my fame, that I speak, and not to solicit security. " The person in your possession, is major John Andre, adjutant-gen- eral to the British army. " The influence of one commander in the army of his adversary, is an advantage taken in war. I agreed to meet on ground, not within the posts of either army, a person who was to give me intelligence ; I came up in the Vulture, man-of-war, for this effect, an i v/as fetched by a boat from the shore, to the beach ; being tkere, I was told that the approach of day would prevent my return, and that I must be conceal- ed to the next night. I was in my regimentals, and had fairly risked my person. " Against my stipulation, my intention, and without my knowledge beforehand, I was conducted within one of your posts. Your excel' lency may conceive ray sensation on thisioecasion, and will imagine how much moie I must have been affected by a refusal to re-conduct me back the next night, as I had been brought. Thus become a pris- oner, I had to concert my escape. I quitted my uniform, and was pas- sed another way in the night, without the American posts, to neutral ground, and informed, I was beyond all armed parties, and left to press for New York. I was taken at Tarrytown, by some volunteers. " Thus, as I have had the honor to relate, was I betrayed into the vile condition of an enemy in disguise, within your posts. 211 HISTOUY OF THE The feelings of genernl Washinglon upon this eventful oc- casion, may be seen in the following extract from his private correspondence, of October 1 3th : *' In no instance since the commencement of the war, has the interposition of Divine Providence, appeared more re- markably conspicuous, than in the rescue of the fort and gar- rison at West Point. Andre has met his fate, and with that fortitude that was to have been expected from an accomplished man, and a gali;int officer ; but I am mistaken ij Arnold is not undergoing at this time, the torments of a mental hell.'''] "■Having- avovvcd myself a British officer, I have nothing to reveal, but wljat relates to myself, which is true, on the Jionor of an officer and u gentleman. '• The reijuest I have to make of your excellency, and I am conscious J address myself well, is, that in any rigor which policy may dictate,;! decenc}' of conduct towards me, may evince, that though unfortunate, I am branded with nothing di.^-honorable, as no motive could be mine, but the service of my king, and as I was involuntarily an impostor. '' Another request is, that 1 may be permitted to write an open let- ter to sir Henry Clinton, and another to a friend for clothes and linen. "■ T take the liberty to mention the condition of some gentlemen at Charleston, who, being either on parole or under protection, were en- gaged in a conspiracy against us. Though their situation is not sim- ilar, they are objects wJio may be set in exchange for me, or are per- sons whom the treatment I receive might aifect. "■It is no less, sir, m a confidence in the generosity of your mind, than on account of your superior station, tliat I have chosen t« im- portune you with tills letter. I have the honor to be, sir, with great respect, your excellency's most obedient and humble servant. John Andre, x\djutant- General. ''His Excellency Gen. Washington, &c. &c." t Having matured the plan of atteinjtting to take Arnold in New- York and bringing him to justice, that he might spare Andre, general Washington sent to major l.ee, to repair to head quarters, (at Tappan, on the Hudson) where, upon his arrival, he thus addressed him : " I have sent for you in tiie expectation, that you have some one in your corps, who is willing to undertake a delicate and hazardous pro- ject. Wlioever comes forward, will confer great obligations upon me, personally ; and in behalf of the United States, I will reward him am- ply. No time is to be lost; he must proceed, if possible, this night. — I intend to seize Arnold, and save Andie." Major Lee named a sergeant major of his corps, by the name of Champe, a native of Virgijiia ; a man full of bone and muscle, with a countenance grave, thoughtful and taciturn — of tried courage, and in- flexible perseverance. Champe was sent for by major Lee, and the plan proposed, which was to desert and escape to New York ; appear friendly to the enemy ; watch Arnold, and by the assistance of such trusty friends as he could procure, seize Arnold and convey him to seme private place upon the UNITED STATE?. 275 On the third of November, congress, highly impressed with a sense of the merits of the three distinguished patriots river, to be agreed upon, where boats should be in waiting to convoy him away. Champe listened to the plan attentively.; but with the spirit of a soldier of honor and integrity, replied, '' It is not danger nor difficulty that deters me from immediately accepting the proposal, but the igno- miny ofdoscrtion, and the hypocrisy ot' enlisting witii the enemy." To which majcfr Lee replied, "• that although he would appear to de- sert, yet as he obeyed the call of his comm;inder-in-cljief, his departure could not be considered as criminal, an! if he suffered in his reputa- tion for a time, the matter snouli! one day be explained to his credit."" It was further urged, '^ that to bring such a villain as Arnold to jus- tice, loaded with guilt as he was, and to save Andre, so young, so brave, so accomplished, and so beloved : and to achieve so much good, in the cause of his country, was more than sufficient to coun'.erbalance all his objections." Champo felt the force of this reasoning, and accepted the service. It was eleven o'clock at night ; but he hastily returned to camp, with his instructions in his pocket, and taking his cloak and valice, &:c. drew his horse from the picket, mounted and pushed forward with full speed for New -York. Within the space of half an hour, captain Games, the officer of the night, waited upon major Lee, and informed him, that one of the pa- troles had discovered a dragoon, who, being challenged, put spurs t« his horse, and made his escape. Major Lee, who was in vain attempting to rest, complained of fa- tigue, and coolly replied, ••' that the patrole, most probably, had mista- ken a countryman for a dragoon," and thus attempted to elude the complaint, and save a pursuit. But captain Carnes was aljve to hie duty, and retired in haste, to assemble his corps. On calling the roll, it was found that CJiampe was missing. Carnes returned hastily and informed Lee of the fact, adding, " I have detached a part}' to pursue the deserter, as soon as you will furnish the written orders." Major Lee roused from his broken slumbers, proceeded to draw his orders with as much deliberation as possible, without exciting suspi- cion, and thus concluded ; " Bring him alive, that he may suffer in the presence of the army ; but kill him if he resists, or escapes after he is taken." A shower of rain fell soon after Champe's departure, which enabletl the pursuers to take the trail of his horse, his shoes being made in a peculiar form, (as was common to those of the army) with a private mark upon each, which was seen in the path. Middleton, the leader of the pursuing party, left camp a few minutes past 12 o'clock, which gave Ch;unpe the start about half an hour ; a period much shorter than had been contemplated. During the night, the dragoons were often delayed in examining the road, to keep a track of the fugitive ; but upon the approach of morn- ing, the impression of the horse's shoe were bo apparent, that the}' pressed on with more rapidity. Several miles above Bergen, (a vil- Itkgc throe miles above New-York, on the opposite side of the tludson"') 276 HISTORy OF THE y who arrested major Andre, on his return to New-York, and delivered him a captive at West-Point, passed the following resolve : on ascending- a hill, they descried Champe, not more than half a mile ahead, and Champe at the same time descried his pursuers, and know- ing their object, put spurs to his horse to secure his escape. By taking a different road, Champe eluded his pursuers for a few moments, but on approaching the river, he was again descried. Aware ©f his danger, he lashed his valice, which contained his clothes and •rderly book, to his shoulders, and prepared to plunge into the river. Swift was liis flight, and swift the pursuit. Middleton and his party gained upon the fugitive, and would soon have overtaken him ; but he threw himself from his horse; plunged into the river, and called loudly for help, to some British galliesthat lay off in the stream. They despatched a boat instantly, to rescue Champe, and commenced a brisk fire upon his pursuers. When they had taken him on board the Soat, they carried hini to New-York, with a letter from the captain of the galley, stating minutel}', the whole affair, as it had passed under his viev/. Middleton took Champe's horse and cloak, and returned to camp, where he arrived about three o'clock the next morning. When the soldiers saw Champe's horse, they made the air resound with their ac- clamations, that the scoundrel was killed. The agony of major Lee was indescribable, at sight of the horse ; l»ut his fears were soon relieved when he learnt, that his faithful Champe had effected his escape, and he repaired instantly to head- quarters, to bear the joyful tidings to VV'ashington. Soon after Champe arrived in New -York, he was carried before ge- neral Clinton, who received iiim kindly ; but examined him closely for more than an hour ; many •f his questions were so close, that it re- quired all the art Champe was master of, to answer them, without ex- oiting some suspicion. He succeeded, however, and sir Henry gave him a couple of guineas, and recommended him to general Arnold, wh© was aesirous of gaining American recruits. Arnold received him kindly, and proposed to him to join his legion : ^ut Champe declined and expressed a desire to retire from the scenes of war ; assuring the general, at the same time, that should he chang<» feis mind he would enlist. Champe soon found means to acquaint major Lee with his adven- tures; but unfortunately, he could not succeed in taking Arnold, be- fore the execution of Andre. Ten days before Champe brought his measures to a conclusion, Lee received from him his final communication, appointing the third sub- sequent night, for a party of dragoons to meet him at Hoboken, (op- |iosite to New York) where he hoped to deliver Arnold to the officers. Champe had enlisted into Arnold's legion, from which time, he had every opportunity he could wish, to attend to the habits of the gener- al. He soon discovered that it was his custom to return home about twelve every night, and that previous to going to bed he always Tiff- jted the garden. During this visit, the conspirators were to seize and jag him. Champe had taken cff several «f the paleings tf the fence. UNITED STATES. '^77 *' Resolved, That congress have a high sense of the virtu- ous and patriotic conduct ot" John Paulding, David Williams, near the house, and replaced them in such a manner that they could be again removed without noise, which would open a passage into an adjoining alley. In this alley he intended to convey Arnold, with the aid of his companion, who was an associate that had been introduced to liim, by the friend to whom Champe had been originally made known, by letter, from the commander-in-chief, and with whose aid and counsel, he had so far conducted the enterprise. His other asso- ciate was with the boat, ready at one of the wharves on the Hudson river, to receive the party. '.nl Champe and his friend, mtended each to have placed themselves under the shoulders of Arnold, and thus have borne him along, througli the most unfrequented alleys and streets, to the boat ; and incase they should be questioned, they were prepared to say, that they were con- veying a drunken soldier to the guard-house. When arrived at the boat, all difficulties would have been surmoun- ted, and they could have easily ciossed over to the Jersey shore.— When the plan was made known to major Lee, he communicated the same to the commander in-chief, who was Idghly gratified with the in- telligence. He desired major Lee to meet Champe, and to take care that Arnold should not be hurt. The day arrived, and Lee with a party of accoutred h©rse, repaired to the place of rendezvous, in high expectation of meeting Champe. with his prisoner. 1 he party reached Hoboken about midnight, where I hey lay concealed in an adjoining wood ; but major Lee, with three dragoons, took their station near the river. Hour after hour passed away, but no boat appeared, until day dawned, and major L«e found it necessary to withdraw his party and return to camp. He repaired directly to head-quarters, to acquaint the general with their mysteri- ous disappointment. General Washington felt the disappointment, the more sensibly, because he was fully convinced that the plan would succeed, and Arnold the traitor, bo brought to justice, in presence of the whole army. He felt sensibly, at the same time, for his faithful Champe, lest he should have been detected in the execution of his plan, and had fallen a victim to his fidelity. In a few days, maj. Lee received an anonymous letter from ChampeV patron and friend, informing him, that on the day precedin|^ the nigiii fixed for the execution of the plot, Arnold had removed his quarters to another part of the city, to superintend the embarkation of troops for a secret expedition, and that the Amorican legion, consisting chi^tlv of deserters, had been removed from their barracks to one of their transports, to guard against their desertion, before the troops could sail. Thus it happened, that John Champe, instead of crossing the Hud- son, was safely lodged on board of one of their transports, from whicli he never departed, until he landed with Arnold, in Virginia. iS'^r wa.s he able to escape from the British army, until after the junction witji lord Cornwallis, at Petersburg, when he deserted. Proceeding!;.:' up into Virginia, he passed into North Carolina, near the Saura To v. 24 278 HISTORY OF THE and Isaac Van Vert ; in testimony whereof, ordered, thateacli of them receive annually, two hundred dollars in specie, or an equivalent in the current money of these states, during life ; and that the board of war, be directed to procure for each of them, a silver medal, on one side of which shall be a shield, w^ith this inscription, *' Fidelity ;" and on the other, the following motto ; " Viucit amor patriae,'' and tbrward them to the commander-in-chief, w ho is requested to present the same, with a copy of this resolution, and the thanks of con- e;ress, for their fidelity, and the eminent service they have rendered their country." In the month of October, 1780, sir Henry Clinton detached general Arnold on a marauding expedition, into Virginia, with about 1600 men, and a number of armed vessels ; he laid waste the country upon James river, in several predatory ex- cursions, until his progress was arrested by the appearance of the French squadron from Newport. This fleet put an end to the ravages ot Arnold by capturing and destroying a very considerable part of his t^eet ; am! would have caused the destruction of the traitor, had not a British tieet appeared from New York, for the relief ol Arnold, and by a naval en- gagement ofi'lhe capes of Virginia, with the French fleet, af- Aud keeping in the friendly districts of that state, safely joined the ar- my, after it had passed the Congaree, in ])ursuit of lord Rawdon. His approach excited extreme surprise amon^ ]»is former compan- ions, which was not a litt'e increased, when they saw the -cordial re- ception he met with from tiie iolc major. now lieulonant colonel Leo. ^ His whole story was soou known to the corps, which reproduced th» love and respect of otticer and soldier, hcretoibre invariably entertain- ed for the sergeant, heiglitent'd by universal admirution of Jiis lute dar- ing and liazardous attempt. Clianipo was introduced to general Gieene, who very cheerfully complied with the promise made by the commundei-in-cluef, so far a?: was in his power ; and having provided the sergeant with a good lioi-se, ,tnd money for his journey, sent him to general "Washington, who mu- nificently rewarded him, agieeable to his wishes, and presented liini Tf ith a discharge from further service ; lest he might, in the vicissi- tudes ol'war, fall into the hands of the; enemy, where he was sure io die upon a gibbet. We shall only add, respociing the alter life ef thiki adventurer, tlia' when general Washington was called by president Adams, in 1789, to the conunand of the army prepared to defend the country against the French, he sent to lieutenant-colonel Lee. to inquire for Champe ; in Lending to bring him into the field, at th« head of a cempany of infan- try. Lee sent to Loudon county, Virginia where Champe had settled after lie was discharged ; but learnt that he had iemoved to Keutuck} . •where h© soon after died." — Lee's MomQirs. UNITED STATES. 278 foivleil him an opportunity to escape to New-York. The French returned to Nevvoort. All further military operations were suspended for the sea- son, and the war ra,2;ed in the VV^est-Indies, between the Brit- ish and the combined French and Spanish fleets ; but the lim- its of this work will not permit me to enter into the details of foreign war. On the 18th of D.^cember, died at Newport, (Rhode-Isl- and) his excellency Ch nde-: Louis de Terne^', knight of St. •Tohn of Jerusalem, late governor of the isles of France and Bourbon, and chief comm >nder of the Fronch squadron in.ihe American seas. He was interred in Trinity church-yard, the next day, with military honors. The frequent changt^s in the army of gen. Washington, ow- ing to short enlisttnent^', the w mt of pay, cloihing, provisions, k.c. h id repeatedly distressed the army, and were at last ac- companied with the revolt of the vvho'e Pennsylvania line, excepting three regiments. In dehince of all the efforts of gen. Wayne, and all the other otftcers, they seized on s'x tield- pieces, and took up th'>ir march for Pnnceton, January, 1781. Sir Henry Clinton, upon the first intelligence, made some important move n.^nts from Staten-Island, and sent spies at the same time, to 'ouati^nance and encouri;j;e the revolters. A committee from coiv;;ress, visited the mutineers at Princeton, with liberal assur m 'es, to persuade them to return to their duty ; but general VVishington sent a strong force and com- pelled them to return. A general arrmgement was soon made to supply the armies, both with foreign and domestic aid and resources. About the tirst of May, 1781, Mr. Rivington, (printer in N. York) published an intercepted correspondence betvveen gen- eral Washington and governor Han.'ock, in which the gener- al represents the unparalled suff;;rmgs and distresses of the American army an 1 its dependencies, and thus concludes : ''* Distressed beyond expression, at the present situation and future prospects of the army, with re<:;ard to provisions, &c. From the posts at Saratoga to that of Dobb's ferry, inclusive, I believe there is not, (by the returns I have received) at this moment on hand, one day's supply of meat for the army." On the 14th of May, general Washington received the pain- ful tidings, that colonel Greene, with his whole detachment, had been cut jff near Croton river, by a party of Delancy 's corps, consisting of about three hundred infantry and dra- .'^80 HISTORY OF THE goons. Colonel Greene was wounded and taken prisoner, and afterwards nniurdered in cold blood. Major Flagg was kil- led in his quarters. On the 6th of May, monsieur de Barras arrived at Boston^ In the Concord frigate, to succeed the chevalier de Terney, in the command of the French squadron at Newport. When the count de Rochambeau had announced to general Washington the despatches he had received from France, the general with bis suit, generals Knox and Du Portail, repaired immediately to Wethersfield, (Connecticut) where they were met by the French officers, the count de Rochambeau and thenchevalierChastellux, on the 21st. The ostensible object of this interview, was to concert measures for the reduction of New-York. * This conference continued about one week, with the great- est harmony and cordiality, when these illustrious characters returned to their posts. General Washington next communi- cated by letter, the following regulations to the governors of the several northern states : *' On the calculations I have been able to form, in concert with the most experienced French and American officers, the operations in view wi'l require, in addition to the French ar- my, all the continental battalions, from New Hampshire to N. Jersey, to be completed." He afterwards added, " As we cannot count upon their being full, and as a body of militia will also be necessary, I have called upon the several states to hold certain numbers in readiness, to move within one week of the time I may require them." These despatches of g-'neral Washington, among others. were intercepted by one James Moody, who was employed by the British adjutant-general, and conveyed to New York. These gave the alarm to sir Henry Clinton, and he renewed his exertions to prepare for his defence. At this eventful moment, a reinforcement of 1500 French troops arrived in Boston. These, together with the French troops at Newport, moved on to join general Washington, be- fore New-York. On the 14th of June, the junction was for- med complete. On the 21st, general Washington wrote to the French ad- miral at Newport, as follows : " 1 hope there will be no oc- casion for a movement to the southward, for the want of force to act against New York, as I flattered myself that the glor\ of destroying the British squadron at New-York, is reserved UNITED STATES. 281 for the kind's fleet under your command, and that of the land forces at the sa ne place, for the aiiied armies." On the evening of the 18th, precisely at eight o'clock, the allied armies cominenced a grand mov ,'mont, and marched from their encamp'iients, down to New- York, and at four the next morning, they were drawn up in order of battle, while gener- al Washington and count Rochambeiu, with all the general of- ficers and engineers, reconnoitered the enemy's works throughout their whole line. The next day they renewed their reconnoitering, and in the afternoon, drew off their troops and returned lo their encampments. il^ These movements, together with tho removal of the^ heavy- cannon and mortar*, left at Boston in 1776, across the country to North river, and down to the army before New York ; as well as the intercepted correspondence, confirmed sir Henry Clinton in his fears, and led him to withdraw a very consider- able force from lord Cornwallis, for the defence of N. York. At this eventful moment, count deGrasse announced his ar- rival in the Cheuapaake bay, with a fi^^et of twenty-four ships of the line, frigates, &c. The aiiied commanders forwarded assurances that they would put their troops in immediate mo- tion, to co-operate with him. Count de Grasse landed 3300 troops, under the command of the marquis de St. Simon, to reinforce the marquis La Fay- ette. Monsieur de Barras, at the s-me time, sailed from Newport with the French squadron, to join count de Grasse. General Washington committed the command of the forces before New York, to general Heath, and put himself at the head of the allied armies, and by a rapid movement, marched to Philadelphia ; and from thence to the head of the rivet Elk. Sir Henry Clinton, in the mean time, despatched admiral Graves in quest of count de Grasse. On the 5th of Septem- ber, he discovered the French fleet in Lynnhaven bay. At sight of the English fleet, count de Grasse slipped his cables and put to sea, and at 4 o'clock an action commenced. The French were victorious, and regained the bay ; but the Eng- lish retired to New-York, to repair. At this eventful moment, de Barras entered the bay and joined de Grasse, who sent up their transports to convey the allied armies down the bay. The alHed commanders, at the 24* 282 HISTORY OF THE same time, held an interview with the count de Grasse, ou board the Ville de Paris, to settle the plan of operations. On the 25th, the whole of the allied armies joined the mar- quis La Fayette, at Williamsburg ; amounting to 12,000 men. Pending these movements, lord Cornwallis had removed to York-l'own, and proceeded to fortify his position. Governor Nelson called into service the militia of Virginia.- and took the field in person. On the 27th of September, general Washington issued the following orders. " If the enemy should be tempted to meet the^army on its march, the general particularly enjoins it upon the troops to place their principal reliance upon the bayonet, that they may prove the vanity of that boast, which the Brit- ish make of their peculiar prowess, in deciding battles wiili that weapon." The next morning, the whole army moved forward to the distance of two miles from York-Town ; encamped about sun- set, and lav on their arms throuorh the nio:ht. Count de Grasse, at the earnest and pressing solicitations oi genera! Washington, by letter, and (he personal address of the marquis La Fayette, who was the bearer, moved his whole fleet up to the mouth of York river, and his lordship wa^ closely invested in York-Town. On the 6th of October, the trenches of the allies were open- ed upon his lordship, at the distance of GOO yards. On the 9th, the American line began to play upon York-Town, with twenty-four, eighteen, and ten inch mortars, which continued through the night. The next morning the French opened a destructive fire from their batteries, without intermission, foi about eight hours ; and on the succeeding night a terrible fire was kept up from the whole line, without intermission, until morning. The horrors of this scene were greatly heightened by the conflagration of two British ships, set on five by the shells of the allies, and consumed in the night. The next, morning, October 1 1th, the allies opened their second paral- lel, at the distance of 200 yards, and another British ship wsm consumed by their shells. On the 14th, general Washington ordered two battalions to advance to the second parallel, and begin a large battery in the centre, and in advance. The enemy met this movemeet witli an incessant fire from two redoubts, in advance of their works, as well as from their whole line, that continued through th<' might. UNITED STATES. 283 General Washington detached the marquis de La Fav- ette, at the head of the American hght infantry, supported by the baron Viomenil, from the line of the French> to ad- vance and storm these redoubts, which had so annoyed them through the night. Lieutenant-colonel Hamilton commanded the van of the corps of the marquis La Fayette. The redoubt was promptly carried by La Fayette, at the point of the bay- onet ; but the captives were spared. The marquis sent his aid, major Barbour, through the whole line of the enemy's fire, to notify the baron Viomenil of his success, and enquire where he was ; to which the baron replied, "• I am not in my redoubt, but shall be in five minutes ;" in five minutes his re- doubt was carried. General Washington was highly gratified with the success of this exploit, and commended the officers and soldiers enga- ged in it, in the highest terms, in the following general orders : " The marquis La Fayette's division will mount the trench- es to-morrow. The commander-in-chief congratulates the allied army on the success of the enterprise, last evenin'^ against the two important redoubts on the left of the enemy's works. He requests the baron Viomenil, who commanded the French grenadiers, and the marquis La Fayette, who com- manded the American light infantry, to accept his warmest acknowledgements for the excellence of their dispositions and for their own gallant conduct on thp occasion. And he begs them to present his thanks to every individual officer, and lo the men of their respective commands, for the spirit and ra- pidity with which they advanced to the points of attack assign- ed them, and for the admirable firmness with which they sup- ported them, under the fire of the enemy, without returninf- a shot. The general reflects, with the highest pleasure, on the confidence, which the troops of the two nations must hereafter have in each other : assured of mutual support, he is convin- ced there is no danger, which they will not cheerfully encoun- ter ; no difficulty which they will not bravely overcome.' On the morning of the IGtli, his lordship detached lieuten- ant-colonel Ahercrombie at the head of 400 men, upon a sor- tie, to destroy two batteries, the allies had erected in the night ; the enterprise succeeded, and he spiked the cannon. The French suffered severely in the defence of these works ; but the British gained no permanent advantage. On the af- ternoon of the same day, the allies opened their batteries, cov- ered with about 100 pieces of heavy cannon, and such was 284 HISTORY OF THE their destructive fire, that the British iines were soon demol- ished, and sileaced. Alirmcr^d for hiSs liyty, his loniship now begun to prop ire to retire ; his boats were collected, and a part of his army was embarked across to Gloucester Point ;1 but a violent slorm su tdenl}' .trose, whi<'h deleate('. the plan, and It was with the greatest diffir.ulty that his lordship coukl recover his boats, and restore the division. His lordship, now seeing that all hope of succour or escape was vain, and ih-it there was no alternative, to avoid the tre- mendous tire of the allies, but subaiissiou, requestiid a parley on, the 18th. for twenty-four hours ; and thr«t commissioners miajht be aj>poiute(l to arr.mj^* artirles of cjipitul.ttion. Gen- eral Washington canseateil, and commissioners were a|)pomt- cd accordingly.]; On the I9th, the articles were signed, and his lordship, with the whole Bntisli army, marched out pris- oners o'war. The siiips were the coequest of France. I'he same terms were prescribed by the commissioners to lord Cornvvallis, th it h id been prescrib-d to gi'uera! Lincoln at Charleston, just eighteen months before ; he was refused the honors of war, and general Lincoln was deputed to receive tUe sword of his lor.iship. Thus the mission of the marquis La Favette to Fr mce, in the winter of 1779 — 80, was consum- mated by the full of the hero of the south, at York Town. The noble generosity of the Frencli oflTr!e>s to th»se of the British, after the c-ipitulation, c died forth the ibliowing ac- knov/ledgement of his lordship : *' The deliber-ite sensibility of the officers of his most christian mujesty towirtls our situ-ition ; their generous and pressing otters of money » both public and private, to any amount, has really gone"beyond what 1 can possibly describe." Lord Cornw illis pressed hard (t permission to embark the British and German troops to Europe, under suitable engage- ments, not to serve during the war : also ;hat the tories tnight be pi'otected ; but both were refused. His lordship was, however, induli^ed with the permission, that the Bonetta sloop of war, might pass unsearched ; and many of the most obnox- t Gloucester Point is opposite to York Town, projecting far into the river, and then under the command of 'ieuteniint-colonel Tarlton. :|: The commis:sioners on the part of the allies were the Vicount do Noailes. and lieutenant-colonel Laurens, whose father had been sent out by congress, as minister to the court of Versailles, and who was captured on his passage, by the British, and confined in the tewer of London, where lie then remained in close confinement. UNITED STATES. 2Bo ious tories escaped from the rage of their injured and insulted countrymen. Seven thou«an 1289 landed his troops ; carried forts Griswold and Trumbull, af- ter a brave resistance^ put many of the garrison to the sword, after their surrendry, and reduced the town to ashes, j The officer who entered fort Griswold, peremptorily de- manded,' '* Who commands this fort?" To which colonel Ledyard replied, " 1 did, but yon do now ;" an i presented him his sword ; which he took and plunged it into the colonel's breast. A scene of butchery ensued, too cruel to be related. Arnold with his myrmidons fled on board their ships, and returned to New-York. The southern war now claims our attention. We noticed in a former chapter, the strong position gener- al Greene had taken among the high hills of Santee, in June, 1781. We will now notice a few extracts of letters from gen- eral Greene to his friends, which will disclose clearly, the character of the southern war. While before Ninety-Six, gen. Greene wrote thus to col, Davies, May 23d : — " The animosity between the whigs and tories of this state, renders their situation truly deplorable. There is not a day that passes, but there are more or less that fall asacritice to this savage disposition. The whigs seem de- termined to extirpate the tories, and the tories the whigs. Some thousands have fallen in this way, in this quarter ; and the evil rages with more violence than ever. If a stop can- not be put to these massacres, the country will be depopula- ted, as neither whig nor tory can live." dt General Greene wrote to colonel Pickins, on the 5th of June : — " The inhabitants near Parker's Ford, on the Saluda, are in great distress, from the savage conduct of a p'arty of men, belonging to colonel Hammond's regiment ; this party plunders without mercy, and murders ihe defenceless people, just as pique, private prejudice, or personal resentment dic- tate. Principles of humanity, as well as policy, require, that proper measures be taken to restrain these abuses, heal dif- ferences, and unite the people as much as possible." In June, a general exchange of prisoners took place in the south, and the American prisoners were sent into Virginia and Pennsylvania. Soon after, the families of all surh pris- oners as resided at Charleston, were ordered to remove out of the province, by colonel Balfour, the British commander at Charleston. Near the close of the month, governor Rutledge resumed ?■ Sixty dwelling-houses, and forty-eight stores wero burnt. 25 ^90 HISTORY OF THE the government of South Carolina, and retaliated the conduct of colonel Balfour, upon the royalists, by driving them and their families also, within the British lines at Charleston. On the 7th of September, general Greene made a sudden movement, and attacked colonel Stewart, at the Eutaw springs, sixty miles north of Charleston. Both armies were about 2000 strong ; the conflict was sharp and bloody, until general Greene ordered colonel VVillinms, to advance to the charge with trailed arms. The order was promptly obeyed, amidj^t a most terrible cannonade, and shower of musketry, and they carried all before them ; the enemy wei e routed and put to flight, and the victory was complete. More than 500 prison- ers, with 70 wounded, together with about 1000 stand of arms, fell mto the hands of the victors. Genera! Greene lost more than one third of his whole force, in this desperate conflict ; yet the enemy abandoned their strong hold, betook their.selves to the defence of Charleston, find carried on a system of predatory war. Congress voted their thanks- to geneial Greene, and the diff'erent corps under his command, with their commanders, on the 24th ; and directed, that he be presented with a Brit- ish standard, and a gold medal. A mutiny, serious and alarming, broke out at this time, in the army ofgeneral Greene, which he quelled , by bringing his troops into immedi;ite action, by a sudden movement upon a British post at Dorchester. So sharp r.as this rencounter, rand such the disposition of general Greene, after the action, that the enemy abandoned their post, and retired to the quar- ter house, on Charleston Neck, and the state was cleared of the enemy, except Charleston. On the l'4th of December, general Greene disclosed to the • ecretary of war, that he w:is destitute of ammunition, camj) utensils, &c. and that he could not command one single quirth of December, 1783, resigned his commission of commander-in-chief. Agreeable to appointment, and by notice from the president, his excellency rose from his seat, in the midst of a numerous and brilliant assembly, and with the dignity of himself address- ed both houses of congress in an appropriate speech. The following were his closing remarks : '• I consider it an indispensable duty, to close the last so- lemn act of my official life, by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of them, to his holy keeping. < '•208 HISTORY OF THE " Having now finished the work assigned me, I retire froni the great theatre of action : an I bid iing an affectionate fare- well to this august body, under whose orders I have long ac- ted, I here offer my commission, and take my leave of all the cmph)yments of public life." The president rose from his seat, and addressed his excel- lency in an affectionate and dignified reply. President ,M^if- ilin concluded as follows : /* ' " We join you in commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almiy;hly God, beseeching Him to dispose the hearts and mmds of its citizens to improve the op- portunity afforded them of becoming a happy and respectable n;Uion.| And for you, wr address to him our earnest prayers, that a life so beloved, m;iy be fo-ter^d with, all his cnre : that 3^our d.:iys m:iy be as happy as they h ive t)een illustrioiis, and that he will finally givej^ou that reward which this world can- not give." His excellency withdrew. Language can no more express the emotion* of his soul, than it can paint the true worth and greatness of his character. The affections of congress and of the audience, did hom jge to his virtues, by their tears of gratitude, which flow>^d spontaneously, upon this solemn, this most interestin": occasion. The liberties of America were now sealed by the resigna- tion of that- ilhjfsiriou-i chief, who had been the instrument, under God, of obtaining and securing all her blessings, and on whose sword, hnuiij the destinies of Auienca. The father of his country, retire 1 to his seat in Virginia, there to enjoy in the bosom of repose, the prayers and ben- edictions of a free and grateful people. The definitive treatv between Great-Britain and the United States, (accompanied with thejomt letter of the American commissioners, beariu'^; date P.issy*September lOth) was laid before congress, on the KSth of December, and referred to a special com nittee, who marie their report on the 14tb of Jan- uary, 1784, to the acceptance of the nine states then present. 1 bus the tre^jty was ratified, and thus closed the greatest rev- olution ever known, and with a rlri^ree of success uncontem- plated by the most san^j^uine frifends of liberty, accompanied with privations and sufferings almost unparalleled — all which were ondured with heroic fortitude and patience. Such a '^inmph, with such feeble means, and over so great and pow- UNITED STATES. 2!dii erful an* enemy, could not have been accomplished, short ol" the special aid of an Omnipotent power. GENERAL REMARKS ON PART III. Manners and Customs.— At the commencement of the revo- lution, a general simplicity ami purity of manners and customs prevailed throughout the colonies, such as was to have been expected from a people, who managed their own affairs in their own way, unrler the purest system of liberty and equal- ity then ever known, and under the mildest system of laws, that were, or could be posssible for the protection of life and property, and the just rights of the citizen. But these man- ners anil custom- Wf^re not the same at the close ot the revolu- tion. The licentiousness and corruptions of the armies both British and American, sowed the seerls of dissipation ; the French army sowed the seeds of intidelity, and the fluctuating state of the paper money sowed the seeds of speculation and fraud ; all which coml)ined, greatly lessened the force of mor- al virtue, and weakened the moral character ot the nation. Religion. — In the two former periods we have seen, at full Tiew, the religious characters of the colonies, and have noti- ced particularly the puritanism of New -En2,land. The revo- lution greatly weakened the strength and character of the re- ligion of New-England, by the demoralising (effects common to all wars, but more p jrtic«il irly by the subtle arts of intidelity, which were industriously diffused among the people ; but their effects in New-England, great as they were, bore no compar- ison to those of the middle and southern colonies, were reli- gion had never been founded, or enjoyed, u,'on so extensive and permanent a basis. In«these colonies inlidelity generally prevailed, and reiigipn became merely nominal. The pres- byterian, and congregational clergy were so zealously engaged in the support of the revolution, as to reader themselves pe- culiarly obnoxious to the British army. In all their ravages they vented their malice and revenge against these christians by bitter persecutions, and by burning, and destroying their meeting houses ; but the episcopalians and quakers, says Di\ Ramsy, were among the opposers of the revolution, and were •f course, exempt from such persecutions from the enemy. 300 HISTORY OF THE Trade and Commerce, — We have noticed in the tvTo I'ormei parts the rise nnd progress of American commerce, the mon- opoly of the m()lher country by her restrictive acts and her oppressive system of taxation, which commenced the third part, as among; the causes that led to the revolution. To re- taliate upon Great Britain for her oppressive acts, the colo- nies entered into a generiil system ot noii-intercouise, that al- most destroyed their trade with the mother country ; and the privateering system of Britain, almost swept the Ameican commerce from the ocean. The Americans pursued the same measure and made many valuable captures ; but these .bore so small a proportion to regular trade, and the necessa- ry supplies of the country, that domestic manufactures were soon introduced, as a substitute for foreign goods ; and the in- dustry and enterprizr of the people, furnished a comfortable supply. These articles had not that sightly tinish, common to foreign goods ; but what they lacked in the ornamental was supplied by their firmness of texture and durability, and the fashion of comnron consent, which necessity enforced. Jgriculture. — In the two former parts we have noticed, that agriculture fbrnu'd the basis of the American republics, ami that the people, as a body, were husbandmen. In the revo- lution, we have seen how severely this body of people suffer- ed. Commerce, the handmaid of agriculture, was destroyed, the labors of the field were often interrupted, by the ravages of the enemy, by the absence of the young men in the armies, the military services of the militia, the depreciation of paper money, and the general depression of public feeling. But under all these embarrassments, the productions of the field were in all instances, suflicient for the support of the armies, and the people, and there was no pinchmg scarcity through the whole periofl of the revolution. Arts and Manufactures. — These were common to the colo- nies, from their earliest settlements, particularl}' in New-Eng- land; but the restrictive acts of the British government, kept them down, in order to encourage her own. As soon as the non-intercourse of the revolution shut out British manufac- tures from the United States, their restrictive system was re- moved, the arts and manufactures of the colonies began to flourish, and soon furnished a supply of the necessaries and conveniences, and in some instances, of the luxuries of life. Arms, of all description, naval and military stores, clothing of all kinds, hard ware and cutlery, of most kinds, necessary for UNITED STATES. 301 common use, in short," the whole tield of arts and manufar.- tures, then common to Europe, was soon opened, and im- proved in America, and the texture of the several fabrics was sutlicient for all the purposes of common use. Population. — At this period, no census of the United States liad ever been taken, and the exact amount of population could not be known ; hence the reason why it has been so variously stated. The population was generally estimated at about three millions, which was doubtless very nearly correct. Education. — Those colonies that had early attended to a regular system of education, sutfered in this department, in common with agriculture, commerce, &c. The laws sub- jected the young men to military duty, at sixteen years of age. and they were often called into actual service, which diverted their attention from a regular course of instruction ; the bus- tle and confusion of nulitary operations, the invasion and rav- ages of the enemy, and the general state of the public nnnd, oiten interrupted the progress of the schools, and many times broke up the colleges, and dispersed the youth. But when the prospects of the nation began to brighten, towards the close of the war, education began to arrest the pul)lic atten- tion, literature began to revive, and several new colleges were founded. Wars. — The wars of America commenced in their earlv settlements, with the natives, and next with the French and Indians from Canada and Nova Scotia, or the Spaniards and In- dians from Florida. When Canada was wrested from the French, the northern colonies flattered themselves with the belief, that all Indian wars, with them, were at an end ; but when Great Britain commenced the war of the revolution with her colonies, she reuinved the old system of French and In- dian war, and actually employed in her service, more than 12,000 of those hell-hounds of war, against the children of her own bosom, and again laid open their defenceless iVontiers to the torch, the tomahawk, and the scalping kmt'e of the blood thirsty savage. The people of the colonies felt the wound ; frowned indignantly upon the measure, and manfully repelled it. From the remarks on the two first parts of this work, it may be seen, hotv the first colonies laid the foundations of the American republics, and with what industry, patience, mag- nanimity and valor, they carried torward their labors, and jiiaintained their just rights. The same magnauimily of char- 26 302 HISTORY OF THE acter led them to resist the overbeyring encroachments ot Great Britain, and draw the !?word in defence of their viohi- ted hberties. At the commencement o( the war of the revolu- tion, we have seen the heroes ol" the old French war, stand forth in the front ranks of their country's rights and lienor, and nerve their arms against the foe. We have seen the hardy yeomanry of the country, electrified by such bright exam- ples, as well as by a due sense of their country's wrongs, join the standard of liberty and brave the war. We have seen a full display of these feehngs at Bunker hill, and upon ahnost every other contested tield, through the ever memorable rev- olution. The revolution in Holland, in the 1 6th century, had for lU object, the promotion of civil and religious liberly, and al- though it succeeded in an entire emancipation from the shive- ry of the Spanish yoke, and in 'establishing a permanent mde- pendence,yet for the ;vant ofa regular system of education, .md a tixed system of morals, they soon lost their liberties, and lell under the dominion of the house of Oiange. The revolution in England, in the 17th century, that sub- verted the monarchy and hieraichy, and established the com- monwealth, arose out of thos*^ pure principles of civil and re- ligious liberty, that commenced in the 14th century, under .lohn Wickliffe ; but. from the same causes that operated in Holland, the revolution failed, and the nation tirst fell under the dominion of Oliver Cromwell, and next under the domin- ion of Charles U. with the restoration of the monarchy and hierarcliy. Although this was to them better than a military despotism under Cromwell, which arose trom the licentiousness of lib- erty, yet this was not the choice of the nation, but the etfecta of necessity, because they did not possess intelligence and virtue sulTicient to maintain a moje rational system of liberty. The same remarks will apply also, to the revolution in France, in the 18th century. But with regard to the revolution in America, it will not apply, because our forefathers founded their American re- publics, upon the permanent basis of ifltelligence and virtue, and when they had gained their independence, their strength of character enabled them to unite in their grand federal re- publican compact, which has been thus far the palladium of the nation, and will continue to be, so long as they maintain their national intelligence and virtue. UNITED STATES. PART IV. CHAPTER I. ' aijSes that led to a change in the government of the united states. At the close of the American revolution, the floocl-gntes of commerce were thrown open to the world. Great Britain, France, and Holland, throui^h their own agents, crowded their manufactures into thn of delegates, chosen in each state, by the people thereof, upon the recommendation of its legislature, for their assent and rati- fication. That as soon as nine states shall have so ratified the constitution, it shall be carried into operation by the United States, in congress assembled." The president was then directed, by the unanimous resolve of the convention, to transmit the same to congress ; which was accui^dingly done under his signature, September 17th, with the following remarks : " The convention have resolved, that this constitution be transmitted to congress, as the result of a spirit of amity, and of that mutual deference and concession, which the peculiari- ty of their political situation rendered indispensable. " That it will meet the full and entire approbation of eve- ry state, (adds the president) is not to be expected ; but each will doubtless consider, that had her interest been alone con- sulted, the consequence might have been particularly disa- greeable or injurious to others. That it is liable to as few exceptions as could reasonably have been expected, w$ hope and believe. That it may promote the lasting welfare of our country, so dear to us all, and secure her freedom ani hap- 30G HISTORY OF THE pines«!, is our ardent wish." — (For the constitution, see appen- dix, letter C.) Previous to the meeting of this convention, an alarming in- surrection had broken out in the state ot Massachusetts, under captain Daniel Shays, which threatened the subversion of that ' government, and filled the country with ahtrm. This doubt- less, had its influence in uniting the convention, and the nation, in a general system of government.! Previous to the state deliberations upon the merits of the new constitution, in their several state conventions, a series of numbers appeared m the New- York papers, under the sig- nature of the/ec?erfi7?'s?;, which displayed a strength of charac- ter and talents, that bore down all opposition, and evinced to the people of the United States, that under God, the federal constitution was destined to become the palladium of United America. Eleven states assented to, and adopted the constitution, in tlTeir several conventions, promptly; and the necessary pre- parations as prompt!}' made, to carry it into effect. Electors were chosen by the several states, agreeable to the rules prescribed by the constitution, who met in December. 1788, and gave an unanimous suffrage for George Washington, as president, and a majority for John Adams, as vice-presi- dents t In August, 1786, the insurrection commenced at Northampton ; a mob of about IdOO men, assembled, and in a riotous manner took pos- session of the court-house, and broke up the session of the court, for that teim. In the month of September followinor, a mob assembled at Exeter. (New Hampshire) surrounded the court-house, and held the general is3embly,t}ien in session, in a state of duress, for several hours. Mobs assembled also at Worcester, Concord, Taunton, and Spring- field, and prevented the session of the courts. Massachusetts rose in her arms, raised 4000 men, and comrhitted them to the command of generals Lincoln and Shepard, who suppres- sed the insurrection, without much serious opposition. At this time the population of the United States amounted to about A .000,000, V UNITED STATP:S. 307 CHAPTER II. ORGANIZATION OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT ORIGIN OF PARTY. A new congress was chosen, which convened in the city of New-York, in March, 1789. On the 6th of April, a quorum of both houses was ibrmed. On the 14th, president Wash- ington was officially notified ol his appointment. On the 30th, he was inducted into office, in ttie presence of the most nu- merous, brilliant, and dignified assembly, and upon the most interesting and eventful occasion, that United Americahad ev- er witnessed. A scene wherein it was difficult to say, whicii of the two was most admired, the greatness of the hero, or the goodness of the man. When the president i<;.d been regularly inducted into office, he retired to the hall oi" the senate, where he convened the house of representatives, and addressed both houses in a most dignihed and appropriate speech, in which were conspicuous- ly displayed, the modesty of the man, the wisdom of the statesman, and the affectionate solicitude of the chief magis- trate. The senate and house of representatives returned, each, a most respectful and affectionate reply, highly expressive of that mutual harmony that glowed in their breasts. A permanent revenue for the support of the government, and the public faith, became one of the first objects of legisla- tion. To effect this, Mr. Madison, ot Virginia, introduced a bill, for the purpose of raising a revenue by the way of im- post and tonnage duties, which was regularly adopted. Mr. Madison next brought forward a proposition, that sev- eral new articles be added to the constitution, by way of amendment, and submitted to the several states for their ap- probation. Twelve new articles were accordingly agreed up- on and submitted to the several states, and by a majority of three-fourths of them, approved and added to the constitution. The object of these amendments was, to promote a more gen- eral harmony in the public mind. (See the constitution in appendix.) The officers of the cabinet, next claimed the attention of €ongress, or rather of the president, whose duiy it was to make the nominations. Thomas Jefferson was accordingly Komiuated to the office of secretary of state, colonel Hamilton 508 HISTORY OF THE vas nominated secretary of the treasury, general Knox, sec- ■etary at war, and Edmund Randolph esq. attorney-general. The president next proceeded to nominate the judiciary de- )artment, at the head of which he placed the honorable John 'ay esq. With Mr. Jay were associated the honorable John lutledge, James Wilson, William Gushing, Robert Harrison, md John Blair esqrs. All which were approved, and regu- arly inducted into their several offices. The same anxious solicitude attended the president, in se- ecting the officers of the district courts ; and thus, through he wisdom and integrity of the chief magistrate, the depart- nents o^ government were filled with the tirst weight of ;alents and respectability, as well as responsibility, in the na- tion. Who that surveys the weight of character, that filled the offices of president, vice-president, and all the above depart- ments, can fail to acknowledge, that such an assemblage of vir- tue, and dignified worth, has rarely, if ever, been attached to any government on earth. Congress next passed the following resolutions : 1 . " That the house consider an adequate provision for the 'support of the public credit, as a matter of high importance to the national honor." 2. " That the secretary of the treasury, be directed to pre- pare a plan for that purpose, and report the same to the house, at their next meeting." Congress then adjourned on the ^9th of September, 1789, to meet on the 1st of January, 1790. What wisdom, what firmness, what integrity, what zeal for the public good, and yet what concord and unanimity, between the several departments of government ! All, all conspired to shew, that the power of God, the wisdom of God, and the o-oodness of God, had all been conspicuously displayed, inlay- ing the foundation of the government of Federal America. On the 15th of October, the president commenced his tour through the northern states, accompanied by major Jackson, and Mr. Lear, his private secretary. He extended his route as far as Portsmouth ; visited the theatre of the first campaign, and returned lo New-York on the 13th of November. To shew the numerous expressions ot affection and respect, which flowed from the constituted authorities, coiporate bod- ies, and literary institutions, particular trades and occupations, the militia, together with every class of citizens, who tied UNITED STATES. 300 with each other, in their respectful and affectionate addresses to the father, of his country, accompanied with illuminations, military parades, triumphal arches, &c. would exceed the powers of my pen. The affectionate warmth and sincerit}'^, with which presi- dent Washington reciprocated the addresses of his fellow-citi- zens, may be seen in the following reply, to the address of the citizens of the town of Boston : " 1 rejoice with you, my fellow-citizens, in every circum- stance that declares your prosperity ; I do so the most cordi- ally, because you have well deserved to be happy. " Your love of liberty ; your respect for the laws ; your habits of industry, and your practice of the moral and religious oldigations, are the strongest claims to national and individual happiness. And they will, 1 trust, be firmly and lastingly es- tabUshed." The president passed by Rhode-Island, because she had not yet joined the Federal Union. In the month of November, North Carolina, by her state convention, adopted the constitution, making the twelfth pil- lar in the national government. On the 8th of January, 1790, the president opened the sec- ond session of the first congress, by a dignified address to both houses. In this speech, the president called up the attention of congress to the necessity of providing for the public de- fence, by a well regulated militia, together with a serious at- tention to such manufactures as might be essential to their mi!- itar}' defence. The sentimenis of the president upon the sub- ject of literature, were thus expressed : '*Nor am I less persuaded, that you will agree with me in opinion, that there is nothing, that better deserves your pat- ronage, than the promotion of science and literature. Knowl- edge is in every country, the surest basis of public happiness, &c." This speech was received in both houses, with the most affectionate zeal and concord. The report of the secretary of the treasury, in obedience to the resolution of congress, of the 21st of September, claim- ed the next attention of congress. " Good faith," says the secretary, in his report, " is recom- mended, not only by the strongest inducements of political ex- pediency, but is enforced by considerations of still greater au thority,"&c. 310 HISTORY OF THE *'The debt of the United States, is the price *f liberty. The faith of the nation has been frequently pledged for it, with solemnities that gave popular force to the obligation," &c. The three prominent articles contained in the report, are as follows, viz. 1. " That provision be made for the full discharge of the foreign debt, accordingto the precise terms of the contract. 2. That provision be made lor the payment of the domestic debt, in a similar manner. 3. That the debts of the several states, created for the pur- pose of carrying on the war, be assumed by the general gov- ernment." On the 28th, this report came regularly before the house, for discussion ; but it was postponed until the 8th of Februa- ry, to give time for consideration and reflection. On the 8th, congress resumed this interesting and important subject, which opened a field of debate that shook the govern- ment to its foundation. Provision was m ule for the foreign debt, cordially, and unanimously ; but the provision for the domestic debt, excited great warmth of feeling, and may fairly be said to be the ori- gin of all that division of sentiment, which for a long lime, ag- itated the nation-d councils. The evidences of the domestic debt, were then current in market, at 2s. 6d. on the pound, and this it was contended, was all that the holders of the debt had a right to claim. To this it was objected, that the original holders ought not to be defrauded of their just rights, because knaves and fools had parted with theirs, for a less sum than its nominal value. Mr. Madison then attempted to introduce a resolution, that would do justice to both parties, by granting to the original holder, the full value of the face of his debt, and to the specu- lator, the f\dl value of what he honestly paid in fair market. This opened a torrent of debate, with such warmth and zeal, as shook the government to its centre. The resolution was lost, and the report of the secretary, that the full amount of all the evidences of the national debt, should be relimouslv paid, was finally carried. I'he next question that claimed the attention of congress, was the assumption of the state debts, in connection with the national debt, styled the funding system, which was also recom- mended by the secretary of the treasury. This opened an- UNITED STATES. 311 other warm and animated field of debate, and at this time was rejected ; but a bill having passed soon after, for removing the government Irom New- York to Philadelphia, for ten years, and from thence to the banks of the Potomac, as a per- manent establishment, the subject Vfas resumed, and the bill to establish the funding s}stem,.was finally .idopted. It was next propose»l, that certain deductions should bjc made voluntarily, by ihe public creciilors,} and that the debt become irredeemable, otherwise than by the consent of the creditors, except in certain specific proportions. This resolution o])ened again a torrent of debate ; but was linally carried in the affirmative. The proceeds ot the sales of the public lands, lying in the western territory, toy,ether with a surplus revenue, and a loan of two millions of dollars, which the president was authorized to borrow, at 5 per cent, were to be applied as a sinking fund for the redemption of the public debt. This measure laid tlie foundation of public credit, upon a basis, that raised the depreciated debt from 2s. 6d. immedi- ately up to 20s. on the pound ; and in a short time after, to a handsome per centace above par. The strength thus given to public credit, realized immediate fortunes to the extensive holders of public securities, and gave a general spring to the aff.urs of the nation. New efforts and new energies sprang up throughout the nation. Public confidenct>, public and private Gr<|dit, a spirit of agriculture, commerce, and enterprise, uni- versally prevailed. A foundation was laid for all that unri- valled prosperity America enjoyed, and all that greatness she is destined to enjoy. On the 12th of August, 1790, congress adjourned, to meet at Philadelphia, on tlie first Monday of December following. During these proceeding of congress, a general hostile disposition appeared among the western and southern Indians, which threatened the peace of the western frontiers. To obviate this calamity, colonel Willet was despatched on an embassy to the Creek nation, with overtures of peace, which so far succeeded, as to cause M'Gillivry to repair to New York, with several of his chiefs, and there settle a peace, on the 7th of August, 1790. • Spain not only attempted to defeat this treaty, at New York, by her agents, but continued to embarrass the western sec- tion of the United States, by her restrictions upon the nari- gation of the Mississippi river. 312 HISTORY OF THE Great Britain also continued to hold the western posts, and through their influence, to excite the savages in their vicini- ty, to acts of hostility with the United States. Upon the return of Mr. Adams from the court of London, the president had empowered Mr. Governeur Morris, (then in Europe ) to effect a general negotiation with the British cab- inet, upon the points in controversy ; but it again failed, and the savages upon the western frontiers continued their mur- ders and depredations. The president improved this recess of congress, to visit his beloved seat at Mount Vernon, and give permanence to his health, by relaxing his mind from the cares of public life. Rhode Island stdl stood aloof from the federal union. To conciliate the passions and feelings of this state, the president made an excursion into Rhode-Island, previous to his depart- ure for his seat in Virginia ; where he was received with all those expressions of grateful affection and respect, which had been shewn him in his tour through the other New-England states. On the first Monda}' of December, the president met con- gress, at Philadelphia, agreeable to their adjournment, by a customary speech. He noticed particularly, the pleasure he derived from the flattering prospects of public credit, and a productive revenue, &c. as being not only a " pledge of the fertility of the national resources, but an honorable testimony of the patriotic integrity of the mercantile part of the com- munity." This address was echoed from both houses of congress, with all that glow of mutual confidence and affection, which had marked the replies of former sessions. The secretary of the treasury then followed with 'sundry reports, recommending such further measures as were judged necessary to complete the establishment of public credit. The first object recommended in the report, was a duty oh wines, spirits, teas, coffee, &c. and domestic distilled spirits. The bill introduced upon this report, opened the flood gates of the passions, and produced a torrent of debate ; in which reason, good sense, and even common sense, and common de- cency, were carried away in the storm. A general increase of the duties on imported articles was proposed, as a substi- lute for the duty on domestic spirits ; also an amendment to ihe bill was proposed, by striking out the duty on domestic UNITED STATES, ^ $l^ spirits, and lost, thirty-six to sixteen. The original bill was carried, thirty -five to twenty-one. The senate originated a bill, agreeable to the report of the secretary of the treasury, for the establishment of a national bank. This opened again the field of wordy war, and the whole artillery of the south, was played offagain&t the bill, as being unconstitutional, as well as inexpedient. These argu- ments were met by the firmness of the north ; and these two great sections of the union, now appeared for the first time, arrayed against each other. To lay the storm, the president called upon the heads of departments, to examine the subject, and give their opinions in writing. The secretary, in this council, supported his report, again^ the opinions of the secretary of state, and the attorney -gener- al ; and when the bill was passed, it received the signature of the president ; but the parties were still at issue in feeling, and never became reconciled. Th^se great questions involved also, the question of a due balance of povv- r, between the federal and state^governments. One party claimed and maintained, that the whole strength of the nation depended upon a preponderance of power in the federal government. The other considered, that the safety of tJjfe nation depended on maintaining such a balance, between t||pPlderal and state governments, that an equilibrium should be preserved, and each remain independent, agreeable to the ' rue sense of the constitution. This division of sentiment became involved in every great national question, for many years ; but is now most happily, wholly done away. ' Thfis balanced, the parties continued to act, until the 3d of March, 1791, when, after passing an act to augment the mili- tary establishment of the United States, congress adjourned to October. The feelings of the parties in congress, were now generally diffused through the nation, ;md the people began to beengajj- ed in the controversy, with zeal and bitterness. 27 314 ^ HISTORY OF THE CHAPTER HI. INDIAN WAR AFFAIRS OF GOVERNMENT, Lc Pending this strife of party, and the collisions of thia yvoni} war in congress, an Indian war broke out upon the north -i^yest- ern frontier, which became serious and alarming in its opera- tions and effects. The president had exhausted the whole lield of pacitic arrana;emenlfr, to avert this storm, but willwut effect; and he saw no other alternative but the sword. A military torce was accordingly sent against the Indian settle- ments upon the Scioto and Wibash rivers, under the command of that old revolutionary veteran, general Harmer. ..About the 16th of October, he commenced his operations, at the head of 1600 men, and laid wa^te the villages of the enemy, upon the Scioto, without much opposition, and commenced a-/etro- grade movement, to rfgam his position at fort WashiijAon. — Near the village of Ciiiliicothe, a detachment of 300 aiep, un- der colonel Harden, supported by majors VVyllys, McWi'lan, and Fontain, fell into an Indian ambush. Majors WyT^lys and Fontain fell, early in the conflict, and colonel Harden eflccted his retreat, with the l0v-«s of more than two-thirds of his pirt^'. General HarmeC;jpiade good his retreat, and returne«lj|fi fort Washington, v* The president availed himself of an act of congre! caused a body of levies to be raised, for six months, >i pointed m ijor-general Arthur St. Clair to the comn;^^ successor to general Harmer, with full powers to ti^ the savages and settle a peace. Things being thus arranged for the north-western| tion, the president commenced his southern tour, to| to that section of the union, as he had done to the noi eastern, before. Here he was highly gratified to find ii, y state, the same cordial expressions, of the most affection;i^f , regard, and respjct, that had so much delighted hiip iii hn? northern tour. In his le governeur Morris, on the SiSth ©f July, he thus expressed' iiiaiself: " In my late tour through the southern states, I experienc- ed great satisfaetioti, in seeing the good effet:ts of the general government, in that part of the union &c. Industry has there taken place of idleness, and economy of dissipation. The estabiish'isent of publnn credit, is an immense point «;aineo, in our natiorial concerns. A late instance has been given, of th( UNITED STATES. * 315 % 'Mi^lence reposed in our measures, by the rapidity with 'ivhich the subscriptions to the national bank were tilled. In ^vvo Ja'ours after the books were opened, the whole number of shares wero taken up, and lour thousand more applied for, thnnifvere allowerl bv the in>titutibn," &c. 'i^e lecruiting service progressed so slowly, that the pres- idc^'.vailed hiin^j^elfof that part of the act of congress, that authorised him to call a force of mounted militia, to any ex- t>^t, in defence of the western frontier. He accordingly sent forward two expeditions, against the Indian settlements on the '^Vabash river, in the spring of 1791, which laid waste their A'illj^^es and cornfields ; destroyed many of their warriors, and -brought off their olil men, women and children. Tha object of this predatory warfare, was to compel the en- emy to settle a just and equitable peace. It wholly failed ; the enemy were exasparated, but not humbled. Their re- newed murders an I rav lije*, called up the attention of the na- tion, to the causes that excited and promoted these savage dep- redations. This w »s tr ice«] to th*^ influence of the British, at ihe western military posts. The president remonstrated against this procedure to lord Dorchester, governor-general of Canada. t At this eventful moment, the second congress convened at Philadelphia, October 24ih, 1791, agreeable to adjournment. The president, in his speech at the opening of the session, congratulated congress upon the prosperous state of the na- tion, &c. and thus concluded : '' It is desirafeie upon all occasions, to unite with a firm and steady adherance to constitutional and necessary acts of gov- ernment, the fullest evidence of a disposition, as far as may be practicable, to consult the wishes ot every part of the com- munity, ami to lay the foundation^ of the public administration, i« the effections of the p(^ople."| •• This speech w a* corciial'y received, and as cordiallp echo- ed by both houses ofcongress. Congress n ^xt proceeded to take mto consideration, a bill '' for apportioning the representatives of the several states, t It fjiirly appeared, that more than 1500 of the citizens ofKentucky, and probably a much greater number, had been massacred by the In- dians, between the years 17"83 and 1790; and notwithstanding the pacific arrangements of that state, their ravages still continued. :{: Tills was a conciliatovy remark, alluding directly to the unpopu- larity of the excise law. "116 « HISTORY OF THE * _ according to the first enumepation." This bill embrac^lpfiG number of one for every thirty thousand. A motion \v;i- made to amend the bill, by striking out the word thirty, which ex- cited some warmth of feeling and expression, but waS|,finally lost. Several other amendments were mtr«>duced. viz. Ihirty- five, thirty-four, and thirty-three thou5;(nd ; but thejjserc ill lost, and the house passed the original bill. V The senate amended the bill, by fixing the ratio at thifty- three thousand, and returned it to the house ; but they adh|r- ed to their former vote, and the bill was lost. The house originated another bill, very similar to the first; which passed with hut few remarks. This bill the senate amended, by enlarging the number of representatives, by an indiscriminate apportionment upon the states collectively, not individually, which at first was rejected by the house, and , afterwards agreed to, upon a conference. This bill was re- jected by the executive, as unconstitutional, and returned to the house, with his reasons. The house then introduced a third bill, apportioning the r^j^jresentatives to every thirty -three thousand, which passed both houses, and was approved bv the president. Congress next proceeded to pass a bill for the establish- ment of a uniform militia system, throughout the union, agree- able to the recommendation of the president, in 1789. On the 3d of November, 1791. general St. Clair assenibled an army of about 2C00 men, in the vicinity of the Miami vil- lages, and fortified his p sition. Thus posted, the general contemplated to commence the work of destruction, the next morning. But the enemy, alive to their safety, surprised a party of militia, that formed the advance guard, at break of day ; put them to flight, antwlrove them back in great disorder, upon the mnin body. General St. Clair beat to arms, and rallied b.is whole force to the charge, to support the militia ; but all in vain ; the enenty surrounded his camp, and poured in a deadly fire from the thicket, which strewed the field with death. The contest now became desperate. The savages rushed to the combat, regardless of danger, and fearless of death, and penetrated even to the mouths of the cannon ; the artillerists were slain ; the guns were taken, and the enemy entered the camp. General Butler fell, mortally wounded. General St^ Clair ordered the charge of the bavonet : the order was I UNITED STATES. 317 promptly obeyed ; the enemy were repulsed ; the camp was cleared, and tht^ cannon recovered. General St. Clair ordered major Chjrke to charge the ene- my in Iront, and clear the ro.id, thut the .»rmy misht he recov- ered from ruin, by a retreat. The order was promptly obey- ed ; the rorid was cleared, and the army commenced a flight, which was closely pursued by the enemy, about four miles. Thesavages then returned to share the spoils ofthe camp, and general St. Clair contmued his flight to fort Jefferson, (about thirty miles.) From thence he retired to fort Washington, on the Scioto. The severity of this bloody af^tion, may he seen by the fol- lowing statement ofthe losses ofthe American army : Thirty-eight cointnissioniHi officers killed in the action. — Five hundred and nmety three, non-commissioned officers and privates, killed and missmg. 'I'wenty-lwo commissioned offic.eis wounded, (several died of their wounds.) Two hundred ;'.no Um ty-two non commis- sioned officers and privates, also wouofied. The whole American camp and artillerj', fell into uie hands ot the enemy. Seldom Jias it fallen to the lot oi' the historian to record a more signal overthrow than this, sustaineti by the army under the command of ffeneral St. Clair. Such was thefineasiness ofthe public mind, that the gener- al requested a court-martial, to investigate his conduct ; but there were not let\ in the army, offi'^ers of rank sufficient to constitute a court. Congress gratified the wishes ofthe general, by appointing a special comtnittee, to hold a court of inquiry, who exculpa- ted him in expiici*^ terms, and the public niind became quiet. Congress took the >ilarm, and attempted ■to arrest the depre- dations that were expected to result from this signal defeat, bj augmenting the army. A bill was accordingly introduced, which met with an "pposition more warm and pointed, than any that had hith.-rto agitated that house ;t but the hill was carried, and the secretary ofthe treasury was directed to de- vise ways and means for the support of this army, and report + The opposition to this 5ill rested upon the three following point*, viz. 1. The injustice ofthe war. 2. The impossibility of providing sufficient funds to earrj •& the war. 3. The danger of augmenting the army in the hands vf men, alr«aily uuspocted of fjivering monarchichal designs. 27* 318 HISTORY OF THE to the house. The secretary reported according]}-. The report, after a warm debate, was accepted. General Anthony Wayne, the veteran hero of Stony-Point, was appointed to the coramand of. this army, as successor to general St. Slair. ' ' - Congress adjourned on the 8th of May, 1792, to the hth of November. Thus terminated the conflicting passions of congress ; but they carried the seeds of them into their retirement, where they were sown among their constituents, and became genera! throughout the nation. Thus we have traced the origin of party ; the causes that produced it, and some slight effects that have resulted frons those causes. 1 shall avoid all remarks, and proceed to dis- close their effects, with all the impartiality, the nature, impor- tance and delicacy of the subject demand ; as far as my pen can be controled by the principles o{ candor and oi' truth. The bold measures devised and pursued by the secretary of the treasury, gave an early alarm to the secretary of state, which grew and acquired strength, as the administration pro- gressed, until it issued in open, and irreconcilable variance, and opposition. The funilamental principles of this variance, were a jeal- ousy, that the one was the advocate Ibr too great an accession ,r power to the administration, or rather to the constitution, through the executive ; and that the other was disposed to place more dependence on the state governments, than was consistent with the safety of the 4;eneral government, and the nation. Here they were at issue. The wisdom, virtue, integrity, as well as high poptilarity ol the executive, held a balance betweeu the parties, that pre- served the government, and kept the nation steady. To ef- fect this, he addressed a letter- to the secretary of state, bear- ing date, August 23d, 1792. After remarking upon the foreign relations of the govern- ment, the president thus proceeds : '^How unfortunate, and how much is it to be regretted then, that while we are encompassed u])on all sides with avowerl en- emies, and insidious friends mternal dissentions should be harrowing, and tearing our vitals. The last, to me is the most serious, the most alarming, and the most affecting of the two," &c. " In this way, the government mu*t inevitably be torn asunder, and in my opinion, the fairest prQspeqt of happiness m UNITED STATES. 3i9 and prosperity that ever presented itself to man, will be lost, forev^er," &c. " I do not menn to apply this advice, or these observations, to any particular person, or character. I have given theni, in the -same genera! terms, to other officers of the government,;]: because the disaiireements which have arisen from the diifer- once of opinions, and the attacks which have been made upon almost all the measures of government, and most of its execu- tive officers, I have tor a- long time tilled me with painful sen- sations, and cannot fail, I think, of producing unhappy conse- quences, at home and abroad." This friendly, yet g(Mitle anmonition, not producing. the de- sired effect, trie president addressed the following to the sec- retaj'y of the treasury, in answer to his reply to a former ad- dress, upon the same subject : • " I regret, deeply regret, the difference of opinion, that has divided you, and another principal officer of the government ; and wish devoutly, there could be an accommodation of them, by mutuid yieldings. For I will trankly and solemnly declare, that I believe the views of both, to be pure, and well meant, and that exp'MMence only will decide, with respect to the sa- lubrity of the measures, which are the objects of dispute. " VVhy then, when some of the best citizens of the United States, men of discernment, uniform and tried patriots, who have no sinister views to p' omote, but are chaste in their ways of thinking and acting, .are to be found, some on one side, and some on the other, of the questions which have caused' these agitations ; wh}' should you be so tenacious of your opinions, as to make no allowanoe for the other,'" &c. ^ "I have a great and sincere regard for you both, and ar- dently wish, that some line could be marked out, by which both of you could walk." Thus far for the origin of party, in the United States, which at this time began to become seriously involved in the politics of Europe; but more immediately, in that wonderful phe- nomenon, the French revolution. The opposition to the excise law, commenced soon after the act was passed, and became seriously alarming, in the back, counties of Pennsylvania, west of the mouatains ; county t The secretary of the treasury, and the attorney arenera], t In the Gazette of the United States, on the part of the treasury, and th© National Gazitte, ©n the part tf the department tf state. nipetings were held, and riotous measures against the goverR- ment were adopted and pursued. In September, 1791, the malcontent counties held a meet- ing at Fittsbuis, find passed a set of re^ohitions, in confirma- tion of those which had been passed in their county meetings ; proscribing all such persons as should attempt to execute the excise l.iws, as enemies to the country, .ind unworthy of pub- lic contiilence. These measure* tooii such effect, that the president recemrnended a revis.on of the excise law, in Octo- ber, which was fmally pass^Hl in May tbllowing, with the spe- cial intent to remove all such pirts ot said law. as could be reasoriably objected to. This |>roduced no effect ; the op- position continued, and the counties held another meeting at Pittsburg, and appointed a comtnitteer of correspondence, to GoJl forth the opposition of the nation. The president issued his pro ■limnlion, exhorting and ad- monishing all persons, to desist from all ci»mbiiiations or pro- ceedings, tending to obstruct the execution of the l.ms, and calling on the civil magistrates to do their duty, and keep the peace. Prosecutions were directed to be instituted against all offenders, accortiin:; to due course oi law. This proclamation produced no effect. Both magistrate and people were alike involved in the opposition, and the laws became silent, in the midst of a whiskey mob. . During the recess of congress, the j)re.sisident was ])revailed upon, by the solicitations of his friend-. on.::ft more to tak^ the chair. Great efforts had been, and still continued to be made, to settle a peace with the hostih- Indi ms, on the north-western fs ontier, and appearances had now become more favorable; a treaty had been negotiated with the WabHsh Indians, and the Miamies had consented to hold a conference the ensumg spring ; offensive operations had be^n suspended ; but a gen- eral peace had not yet been concluded. The president pur- sued his preparations to pro'secute the vvar. The alarming state of things in Europe, arising out of the French revolution, now enenvoy extraordinary, to the court of Great Britain, to negotiate a commercial treaty, April l6th. The recommendation was tinally approved, and Mr. Jay pro- ceeded on his mission accordingly. At the same time, a bill passed the house, to suspend all further commercial inter- course with Great Britain ; but it was negatived in the senate, by the casting vote of the vice-president. To meet the pressing exigencies of government, the secre- tary of the treasury recommended, that taxes be levied upon licences to retailers of wines, and spirituous liquors, also on" pleasure carriages, snuff, and refined sugar. Previous to the negotiation of Mr. Jay, another attempt was made to adjust the difterences with the hostile tribes of In- dians, by a treaty, which was spun out through the summer, and so far into autumn, as to prevent general Wayne from at- tempting any important operations. The general advanced to Greenville ; erected a fort upon the ground where the Americans were defeated in November, 1791 ; called it fort Recovery, and took up his winter quarters. At the same time, a detachment from the garrison of De- troit, erected a fort upon the Miami of the lake, fifty miles within the limits of the United States, which caused great ex- citement in the nation, and occasioned sharp remonstrances from the American government. General Wayne pushed his preparations to commence the campaign early in the season ; but such were the unavoidable delays in furnishing the necessary supplies, that he could not take the field before mid-summer. About the first of August, 1794, general Wayne advanced upon the banks of the Miami of the lake, to the distance of thirty miles from the British fort, where he was joined by gen- eral Scott, at the head of 11 00 Kentucky militia. The gen- eral made one more effort to settle a peace with the Indians, by inviting them to meet him in council, by a deputation for that purpose, but without effect. On the 15th, he advanced down the Miami, until he reached 32d HISTORY OF THE the Rapids, where his advance guard, under major Price, fell into an Indian ambuscade. Major Price advanced upon the enemy with trailed arms, and at the point of the bayonet, roused him from his covert. General Wayne supported his advance guard, and the enemy were driven from the lield, and pursued under the guns of the British fort. General Wayne lost in this action, 107 killed, wounded and missing. The loss of the enemy was supposed to be much greater. The general returned to his fortitied station, by easy marches, and laid waste the Indian villages, corn fields, he. to the extent of fifty miles, on each side of the river, and erected forts to secure the conquests, and keep the Indians quiet. I'his action was followed by the treaty of Greenville, the next year, which closed this Indian war, 1795. At this time, the whiskey boys, in the back part of Penn- sylvania, had so far matured their plans, tliatthey resisted the •excise law by force of arms, and a general insurrection took place. When these proceedings reached the executive, he called on the judge of the district to certify, " that the laws of the United States had been opposed by combinations too power- ful to be suppressed, by the ordinary course of judicial pro- ceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshals ;'" which ertificate authorised the president to call out the militia, to quell the insurrection. This regular preliminary being set- tled, the president consulted his cabinet council, together with the governor of Pennsylvania, and then issued his proclama- tion, commanding the insurgents to retire penceably to their several abodes, on or before the first day of September next. At the same time, the president called on the states of New- Jersey, Pennsylvanin, Maryland, and Virginia, for their sev- eral quotas of militia, to raise an army of 12,000 men, to be ready at a moment's warning, to march into the back counties of Pennsylvania, and qnell the insurrection. In the mean time, the president despatched the attorney- general, Judge Yates, and a Mr. Ross, senator l>om Pennsyl- vania, on an embassy, to receive the submission of the insur- gents, and grant amnesty to all such as should lay down their arms and submit to the laws. Governor Mifflin also issued a proclamation, and sent com- missioners to co-operate with those of the government ; but all to no effect ; the insurgents went forward, determined to oppose the excise law to the last extremity. UNITED STATES. 329 tJpon the failure of this embassy, the president issued an- other prochimation, caUing upon ihe several quotas of troops held in requisition, to assemble and rendezvous at Bedford and Cumberland. And he gave the command to governor Lee, of Virginia. The president reviewed this army by divisions, and being pleased with its appearance, he left the secretary of the treas- ury, to accompany the commander-in-chief, and returned to Philadelphia, to attend the approaching session of congress. The insurrection was quelled without opposition ; the peo- ple returned to their duty ; but several of their principal lead- ers fled, and made their escape. The general stationed general Morgan, with a small force, in (he heart of the disaflected country, and disbanded the re- mainder of the army. The alacrity and zeal, with which all classes of citizens turned out to support the laws, was highly honorable to our country, and gr^jtifying to the government ; but more partic- ularly so, when general officers were seen at the head of com- panies, and others in the ranks, with knapsacks upon their backs, as common soldiers. Even young Quakers of the first families, enrolled themselves in the service of their country, and marched to quell the insurgents. On the 3d of November, 1794, agreeable to adjournment, congress assembled ; on the 18th, a quorum was formed to re- ceive the speech of the president. He applauded the zeal and alacrity of the officeri-' and troops, in quelling the insur- rection, and justly animadverted upon those "self-created so- cieties, which had been instrumental in exciting and promot- ing it," &c. On the 1st of December following, the secretary of the treasury, colonel Hamilton, resigned his office, and was suc- ceeded by Oliver Wolcoft esq. of Connecticut. The talents, integrity and experience of Mr. VVolcott, all combined to ren- tier him highly qualKied loi this elevated station. On the 28th, the secretary of war announced to the presi- dent, by letter, his resolution to retire from office, on the first of January. The president accepted his resignation, and ap- pointed Timothy Pickering esq. his successor. Mr. Jay, agreeable to his appointment, arrived in London, June 15th, 1794, where he negotiated a treaty of amity, cemmerce and navigation, with Great Britain ; which »ras 28* 330 HISTORY OF THE signed by Mr. Jay, and lord GrenviUe, on the 19th of No vember, and transmitted to America, where it arrived on the 7th of March, 1795. On the 8th of June, the senate were convened by the pres- ident, for the express purpose of discussing the merits of the treaty. On the 24th, after a minute and close investigation, that honorable body, barely by a constitutional majority, ap- proved of the treaty, and advised to its ratiiication. The president took the advice of the senate into consiilera- lion, although he strongly balanced in favor of signing tlir treaty. At this lime, the English prints announced, that the order of the 8th of June, 1793, for the seizure of provisions bound to France, was renewed. This led the president to pause and reilect, to learn its bf arings upon the American com- merce, as well as upon the public tnind. During this state of suspense and deliberation, the president set out for Mount Vernon ; but his attention was arrested at Baltimore, with a" warm and spirited address from the citizen- of Boston, against the ratiiication of the treaty. This wa< soon ibllowing by others of the same stamp, iVom the large towns, which occasioned him to hasten back to Philadelphia, and consult his cabinet council. On the 12th of August, the president gave his linal decision upon the treaty, by atVixing his signature, with an accompany- ing remonstrance against the order of the 8th of June, 1793. The ratifications were exchanjied, and the orfler revoked. Although this treaty had given as high excitement to tlu- public mind, as any one event since the adoption of the consti- tution, yet the ralitication proved very popular, and the com- merce of the nation became remarkably prosperous. Thr western posts were given up, ai.reeable to the treaty of 1783 ; and a general peace was estal)lished with the hostile tribes ol" Indians, by the treaty of Greenville, 1795. At this time, tiie secretary of state, (Mr. Randolph) resign od, and was succeeded by Mr. M'Henry. On the oth of September, a treaty of amity was concluded with the Dey of Algiers ; the American captives were set free, and the commerce of the Mediterranean restored. On the 20th of October, a treaty was concluded with Spain, which settled all the contesteil points that regarded a free nav- i<;ation of the river Mississippi. Congress convened on the 1st of December, agreeable t-^ UNITED STATES. 331 adjournment, and the ((resident met them with the following- remarks, in his speech : " I trust I do not deceive myself, while I indulge: the per- smsion, that 1 never have met you at a period, when, more than at the present, the situation of our public alVairs, has af- forded just cause Ibr mutual congratulation, ant! tor invitin«i' you to join with me, in protbund gratitude to the author of all good, ibr the numerous and extraorilinary blessings we en- joy." Mr. Adet, (French minister) had succeeded Mr. Fauchet, in the summer, and in December, he announced his diplomatic mission to the executive. On the IstofJanuary, 179G, he pre- sented to the executive, the colors of France, accompanied with a letter, highly exjiressive of national fraternity, which was laid before congress, and the colors deposited in the hall of the house of representatives, accompanied with an elegant address to congress. 1 pass over those violent conflicts of party in the house, up on the resolutions to proride means tbr carryi[)g the British treaty into eflect. The opposition was silenced ; means were finally provided ; the treaty. was carried into etfect, and the nation flourished under it, beyond all former example. The president, having thus surmounted all opposition, an;i laid the foundation of the American republic, upon the broad basis oi' peace on earth, and good zcill to men, next turned his attention to the benevolent act of negotiating with the kin"- oi' England, arttl the emperor of Germany, for the liberation of his beloved friend, the marquis La Fayett^, from the prison ofOlmutz, which failed; but was accomplished by general B.onaparte, at the peace of Campo Formio, the next year. The president, having learnt that France meditated hostili- ties against the United States, by way of depredations ujion their West-India commerce, recalled Mi-. Monroe from the court of Versailles, anil sent Mr. Pinkney in his place. Me next announced his resolution to retire from public lite, at the close of his term, and published to the American people, his valedictory address. (See appendix, letter E.) 1 most highlv rejoice that the limits of this work will perniit me to insert this address, not only on account of its own intrinsic worth, but on account of the extensive good it is calculated to do, to every true American, who reads it with candid attention. I pass over the gross intrigues that accompanied the elec- tion of a successor to president Washington, by observing, that 332 HISTORY OF THE the electors met, agreeable to the constitution, in the montlf of December, and gave a majority of votes for John Adams, as President, and for Thomas Jefferson, as vice-President : and the father of his country, at the close of his term, retired to Mount Vernon, under the benedictions of the nation ; there to enjoy, once more, the sweets of private as well as domes- tic life. High raised on the summit of in\mortal fame, Washington looked down with calmness and composure, upon the strife of conflicting party, and as the guardian angel of America, offered to Heaven, his fervent supplications for his distracted coun- try.t CHAPTER VI. PRKSIDENT ADAMS' ADMINISTRATION, &C. In the month of February, the votes of the electors were counted, in the presence nf bothhouses of congress, anil the election of Mr. Adams announced as president, and of Mr. Jefferson as vice-president. On the 4th of March, Mr. Ad- ams was regularly inducted into office, in the presence of con- gress, and a numerous and brilliant concourse of spectators. The tbllovving just and correct remarks of Mr. Marshall upon the state of the nation, are deserving of -very pai*ticular cv)nsideration. • " At home, a ?ounff credit had been erected ; an immense floating debt had been funded in a manner perfectly satisfac- tory to the creditors, and an ample revenue had been provided. Those difficullies, which a system of internal taxation, on its first introduction, is doomed to encounter, were completely removed ; and the authority of the government was firmly established. •' Funds for the gradual payment of the debt had been pro- vided ; a considerable part of it had actually been discharged : and that system which is now operating its entire extinction, had been matured and adopted. The agricultural and com- mercial wealth of the nation had encreased, beyond all former example. The numerous tribes of Indians on the west, had tThc population of the United States at this time anatunted {• about 5,000,000. UNITED STATES, 333 t)een taught by arms and by justice, to respect the United states, and to continue in peace. " Abroad, the differences with Spain had been accommoda- ted. The free navigation of the Mississip{)i had been acquir- ed, with the use of New-Orleans, as a |)lace of deposit, for three years, and afterwards, until some equivalent place should be designed. " Those causes of mutual exasperation, which had threatened to involve the United States in a war with the greatest mari- time and commercial power in the world, had been removed ; and the military posts, which had been occupied within their territory, from their existence as a nation, iiad i)e.en evactuat- ed. Treaties had been Ibrmed with Algiers ;uh1 Tripoli, and no captures appear to have been made by Tunis ; so that the Mediterranean was opened to American vessels. '■'• This bright prospect, vvas indeed, in part, shaded by the discontents of F' ranee. But the causes of these discontents, it had been impossible to avoid, without surrendering the right of self-government. Such vvas tlie situation of the Uni- ted States, at the close of Washington's and the commence- ment of Adams' administration."! The administration of Mr. Adams, was met at the thresh- old, by open indignity on the part of Franc(!, in her refusing to accept Mr. Pinckney in exchange for Mr. Monroe. This refusal roused the sensibilities of Mr. Adams, and he immedi- ately nominated two others, Mr. Marshall ancl Mr. Gerry, who were sent out to France, toco-operate with Mr. Pinckney, if possible, to settle an accommodation with the directory. When those envoys arrived in Paris, instead of being accrofl- ited, by the government, they were kept aloof by certain indi- rect propositions from the informal agents of the directory, under tlie signatures of X, Y and Z, for large sums of money, by way of loan Irom the United States to France, as condition- al to their acceptance. These propositions were promptly refused. They were then urjjed and demanded as a sine qua non. This was considered by the envoys as a demand for tribute, and indignantly repelled. The informal agents of the directory, then assumed an imperious style, and threaten- ed the envoys, by assuring them " that Austria was humbled, that Great Britain would soon follow ; that all Europe would soon be prostrate before the all-conquering arms of France, and that America would then stand alone ; that the directory + Marshall's Life of Washington. 334 HISTORY OF THE had the means of rendering the envoys, as well as their gov ernment, contemptible in America." True to their trust, the envoys repelled these threats with iirmness, and communicated the whole correspondence to their government. This was soon diffused throughout the nation, by tiie public prints, which roused the pubhc ^eelir^g. Two of the envoys returned to America, and left Mr. Ger- ry in France, with some flattering assurances on the part ot the directory, that he might possibly effect something ; these assurances failed, and he returned. President Adams publicly declared, "■ that he would make no further overtures to France, until assured, that his envoys- would be received in character suited to the dignity of a great and inde[>endent nation." The insult olFered to the American government, was follow- ed by outrage and dopr.cdatious upon her commerce, by the citizens of France ; all which roused the indignation of the Americae people, and they expressed their feelings by this memorable sentiment : " Millions for defence ; hut not a cent for tribute.'''' Under the impression of this sentiment, the American gov- ernment proceeded to raise and equip a provisional army of 12,000 men, and the ex-president Washington, agreeable to appointment, accepted the office of commander-in-chief of all (he armies raised, or to be raised in the United States — 1798. A revolution in France, at this time, placed general Bona- parte at the head of the consular government. This, together \vith the (irmness of the American government, and their suc- cessful war upon the French commerce, induced the French government to express to the American government, through Mr. Viins Muri-av, minister at the Hague, "that the differen- ces between the two nations, might be accommodated" — 1799. President Adams met this overture promptly, and sent Mv. Daviet and Mr. KI!:-worth,|: to join Mr. Murray at Paris, and negotiate a treaty. On the night of the 13th of December, general Washington was seized suddenly and violently, with an inflammatory affec- tion of the lungs, occasioned by an exposure to a slight rain, the preceding day, which put a period to his valuable life, on the 14th. His remains were deposited in the family ^vault. on Wednesday, the 18th, with military honors. t Governor of North Carolina. X Chief justice of the United States, UNITED STATES. 336 The death of the father of his country, spread a gloom over the nation. Congress felt the shock, and immediately upon the intelligence, adjourned. The next day they convened, and resolved, "that it be recommended to the members of this body, and the nation at large, to wear crape on the left arm, for thirty days, and that the president express by letter to Mrs, Washington, the condolence of congress, and request that the remains of her departed husband might be removed to the city of Washington, for interment." A committee specially appointed by congress, recommend- ed, that a marble monument be erected to his memory at the city of Washington, at the expense of the government ; and that a funeral oration be delivered on the occasion, before both houses of congress, at the German Luthernn church. All these resolutions passed unanimously, and general Hen- ry Lee delivered a solemn, eloquent and dignified oration, ac- cordingly. The nation followed the government, and gave vent to their feelings, by their numerous funeral processions and eulogies.! The monument, however, has never been erected, *' That the great events of the political as well as military life of gen- eral Washington, should be commemorated, could not be plea- tThe following letter addressed to the president of the United States, by the senate, will shew the sensibilities of that body upon this solemn occasion. *' Permit us, sir, to mingle our tears with yours. On this occasion, it is manly to weep. To lo-se such a man, at such a crisis, is no com- mon calamity to the world. Our country mourns a father. The Al- mighty Disposer of events has taken from us our jrreatest benefactor and ornament. It becomes us to submit with reverence to him wh» wiaketh darkness his pavillion. " With patriotic pride we review the life of Washington, and com- pare him with those of other countries who luivo been pre-eminent in favour. Ancient and modern names are diminished before him. — Greatness and guilt have too often been allied ; but his fame is whitev than it is brilliant. The destroyers of nations stood abashed at the majesty of his virtues. It reproved the intemperance of their ambi- tion, and darkened the splendor of victory. " The scene is closed ; and we are no longer anxious lest misfortune should sully his glory. He iias travelled on to the end of his journoy, and carried with him an increasing weight of honor. He has depos- ited it safely where misfortune cannot tarnish it; where malice can- not blast it. Favored of he^iven, he departed without exhibiting th« weakness of humanity ; magnanimous in death, the darkness of thr grave could not ©bscure his biiglitness.^- 336 HISTORY OF THE sino-to those, who had condemned, and continued to condemn^ the whole course of his administration."* On Wednesday, May 24th, 1800, congress adjourned, to meet at the city of Washington, agreeable to a law providing for the same. On the 30th of September, 1800, the envoys at Paris con- cluded a treaty of peace with the French government, and as ?oon as the same had been ratified by the president, and sen- ate, the provisional army was disbanded, by order of congress. This year the electioneering field, to fill the officers of the two chief magistrates in the government, was opened with un- common zeal and warmth, by the parties. Mr. Jefferson, Mr. Burr and Mr. Clinton, were the republican or democrat- ic candidates, and Mr. Adams and Mr. Pinckney, the federal. The constitution at this time, provided, that the candidate, who received the greatest number of votes, should be president, and that the next highest number, should be vice-president. Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Burr, not only received the highest number, but their votes were equal, (seventy-three each) and the choice of president, from the two, devolved upon the house of representatives, agreeable to the constitution, to vote fey states. This opened a new scene ; the house became di- vided ; the federal party for Mr. Burr, and the democratic party for Mr. Jefferson. The balloting continued for sever- al days and nights in succession, with great warmth and bitter- ness of feeling.! The whole nation took part in the event, and were anxiously alive to the subject. Mr. Jefferson pre- Tailed,and was elected president, and Mr. Burr became vice- president, of course. The new judicary system, and the alien and sedition laws, which had been recently passed, together with the direct tax, and internal duties, were supposed to have defeated the re- election of Mr. Adams. t ' " * Marshall's Life of Washington. t The members carried their night-caps into the hall, and slept ob their seats, whilst the ballots were counting, XBy the new judiciary system, is to be understood, the additions that had been recently made to the federal courts. By the alien law, is to be understood, that law so entitled, ;' whick authorised the president to order any ahen, that he should judge dan- , 1804. Soon after this, William Eaton, who had been consul at Tripoli, and when on his return to America, hearing that Ham- et Caramelli, brother of the Bashaw of Tripoli^ was then an exile in Egypt, changed his course, and repaired to Egypt in quest of Hamet.t General Eaton found the object of his pursuit; engaged him in his interest ; assembled in Egyyt a small military force of the country ; put himself at their head, andtriversed the de- sert of Barca, in the autumn and winter of 1804 — o. In the spring of 1805, he arrived on the confines of the dominions of Tripoli, with his little irmy. The reignm^ Bashaw sent an ar- my to oppose hitn ; they met near the city of Derne ; a sharp action ensued ; E iton was victorious ; Derne was taken, and the troops of the Bashaw fled, and returned to Tripoli. Eaton prepared to follow up his victory, and attack the Bashaw in his capital, and close, the war by a general conquest. The American fleet prepared to co-operate in the enterprise. In the mean time, the Bashaw sued for peace, and Mr. Lear, the American conjul then at Tripoli, agreeable to pow- ers vested in him, concluded a peace, which made suitable in- demnification to the American government, for all spoliations, and set the captives free. General Eaton disbanded his army and returned to Ameri- ca. J On the 1 1th of June, 1804, vice-president Burr called colo- nel Hamilton into the field, and killed him in a duel. In December, 1804, Mr. Jefferson was re-elected presi- dent, and George Clinton vice-president ; and in March, 1 803, their terms of office commenced. In February, 1805, an impeachment was instituted in the house of representatives, against Samuel Chase, a judge of the supreme court of the United States. A long and interesting i Hamet Caramelli was second brother to Jussuf, the then reigning Bashaw, who being the youngest son, had murdered his father, and his eldest brother, and usurped the throne, when Hamet fled for his life, and took refuge in Egypt. :|: Hamet followed general Eaton to America, soon after, for the pur- pose of obtaining some compensation for his services, from the govern- ment of the United States. The subject was laid before congress, and although it was fully discussed, and warmly supported, was finally re- jected,. MO HISTORY OF THE trial ensued before the senate, agreeable to the constitution ; but the judge was honorably acquitted. During the first period of Mr. Jefferson's presidential term, the French consul, Bonaparte, was triumphing over the pow- ers in thesouih of Europe, and now continued his triumphs, as emperor of France and king of Italy, and threatened Eng- land with an alarming invasion. The distressed, the wretched state of Europe, distracted the commerce of America, and involved the government ii^ labyrinth of difficulties ; all which inflamed the feelings and passions of party, in America, and distracted the government and the nation. To crown this mad career of politics, colonel Burr commen- ced a system of intrigue in the western states, with high am- bitious views ; and actually assembled a small military force, upon the waters of the river Ohio,t for the purpose of cariy- ing on an expedition against New-Orleans, and thus severing the Union, as was then supposed. In 1806, colonel Burr descended the Ohio and the Missis- sippi, with his party ; but by the vigilance of the government, he was arrested in his career, in theMississippi territory, and conveyed to Richmond, in Virginia, and committed to prison. In 1807, he was indicted for high treason, before the circuit court at Richmond, where he was tried in due form; and ac- quitted. — (See Burr's trial, in 2 vols. 8 vo.) In the midst ot this strife of the parties, the British govern- ment issued their orders in council, declaring the whole sea- coast, from the Elhe to Brest, in a state of blockade, May IG, 1806. By this order, all vessels trading to this coast, were liable to be seized and condemned. On the 22d of June, the c;iptain of the British ship Leopard, fell in with the American frigate Chesapeake, off the capes of Virginia, and demanded of commodore Barron, sundry Brit- '"sh seamen, (deserters) suppose! to be on board ; but upon the demand being refused, ihe Leopard fired iwo broadsides into the Chesapeake, v.hich killed five men, and wounded twenty. The Chesapeake struck hercolors. Fourdcserters were taken from the Chesapeake, and the ship was released. This outrage gave high "excitement to the public mind, auvd called aloud for war ; but the president issued his proclama- tion, ordering all British armed vessels to quit the waters of t At Blannarhasset's island. UNITED STATES. 341 the United States ; interdicting at the same time, all inter- course between them and the American citizens. The British government at once, disavowed the act of the Leopard, as unauthorised, and sent an envoy extraordinary to the United States, to adjust the affair. But the depredations committed by the British upon the American commerce, pre- cluded all possibility ot accommodation, and congress proceed- ed to interdict the importation of sundry articles of British goods, into the United States. On the 6th of November following, the emperor Napoleon issued his Berlin decree, which declared all the British isles in a state of blockade. This decree vvas in direct violation of the treaty between France and the United States, as well as ©f the law of nations. On the 7th of January, 1807, the British government met this decree by an order m council, declaring " all vessels coasting from one port to another on the coast of France, or that of her allies, liable to seizure and condemnation." On the 1 1th of November, Great Britain repeated her or- ders in council, by way of retaliation upon the French decrees, " declaring all nations at war with Great Britain, and all ports from which the British flag is excluded, to be under the same restrictions in point of trade and navigation, as if the same were in a state of blockade." To retaliate upon Great Britain for her orders in council, the French emperor issued his Mil^an decree, declaring " all vessels denationalized, which shall have submitted to a search from a British ship and every vessel a good prize, which shall sail to or from Great Britain, or any of her colonies, or countries occupied by British troops," December 17th, 1807. On the 22d, congress laid an indefinite embargo. Thus balanced, America began to feel more immediately, the convulsions of Europe, and to find herself involved in the contest. One grand system of intrigue now pervaded all Christendom, and paved the way for the calamities that follow- ed. Mr. Jefferson declined a re-election, this year, and the elec- tors gave their suffrages in December, for James Madison, president, and George Clinton, again, vice-president. On the 4th of March, 1809, Mr. Madison was regularly in- ducted into oifice. At this eventlul era, the emperor of France had subverted silmost every throne in Christendom, and then shook to its ^9» 342 HISTORY OF THE centre, the republic of America. The itisults and injuries the Aoierican flag was then suffering, from the decrees of France, and orders in council of England, had kindled a spirit of indignation in congress, that breathed a spirit of war against those powers, which distracted the administration. On the 1st of March, 1809, congiess repealed the embargo law, and passed a law in its place, interdicting all commercial intercourse with Great Britain and France, untd they or either of them, should revoke their et icts ; then the president wn^ authorised to renew the intercourse with the revoking povvQi"/ On the 18th of April, Mr. Erskine, the British mmister, met this overture, by such an arrangement with the American government, as was satisfactory, and the president declared by proclamation, that commercial intercourse would be re- newed with Great Britain, accordingly, on the lOlh of June. But the British government disavowed this act of their minis- ter, as unauthorised, and things remained as they were. Mr. Erskine was recalled, and his successor, Mr. Jackson, arrived in America, in Sejjtember ; but his haughty imperious style, soon rendered him so obnoxious to the executive, as to preclude all further diplomatic intercourse, and he was re- called, June 19. 'On the 19th of August, the president renewed by prochi-" mation, the non-intercourse with Great Britain. The same system of intrigue continued into the year 1810. The emperor of France issued his decree of Hambouillet, de- claring all American vessels, with their cargoes, good prizes, if found in any of the ports of France, or of countries occupi- ed by French troops, March 18th, 1810. This decree excited great warmth of feeling in America, and the nation was ripe for war. On the 1st of May, congress passed an act, excluding all British and French armed vessels from the \Yaters of the Uni- ted States ; providing that commercial intercourse might be renewed with that power, which should cease to violate neu- tral commerce, by its edicts, on or before the 3d of Blarch, 181 1, but not with the other. The emperor Napoleon palliated this blow, by causing hi- minister to declare to the American minister, at Paris, '' that the Berlin and Milan decrees were revoked, and would ceasr; to operate on the 1st of November next," upon cert-^i" rnnri; tions therein expressed. UNITED STATES. 343 Mr. Madison issued his proclamation, announcing the fact, and declaring, tliat the intercourse with France might be re- newed, after the 2d of November following. Thus the par ties were balanced through the year. In May 1811, the aifair of the Chesapeake was renewed, by an attack of the British sloop of war, Little Belt, upon the American frigate, President ; several broadsides were ex- changed, and much damage done, but nothing decisive. ^, The president convened congress, by his proclamation, ori the 5th of November, and in his speech, considered the insult as a just cause of war, unless due reparation should be made by Great Britain. This speech gave serious alarm to congress, and they pas- sed sundry resolutions, preparalor}'^ to the national defence. Twenty five thousand troops were ordered to be raised, and great preparation was made, to enlarge and improve the naval establishment. The whole nation felt the shock, and prepar- ed for the contest. This spirit continued through the year ; and early in 1812, a resolution was brought forward in congress, to raise £0,000 volunteers, in addition to the former force, for the purpose of wresting the Canadas and Nova Scotia from Great Britain ; but_the resolution was lost, 49 to 57. I'his plan had for its object, to defeat a conspiracy, then suspected to be carried on between certain leading characters, in the northern or eastern states, and the British government, through the agency of a captain John Henry, to dismember the Union, by a coalition with Canada, and to form what was then termed, the northern kingdom. The president communicated to congress^ by message, an intercepted correspondence, between this captain Henry and the governor of Canada, purporting the same ; but upon a close investigation of the subject, no satisfactory evidence ap- peared, and the alarm subsided. Congress pursued their hostile j)reparations, and laid an embargo for ninety days, April 4th, 1812. In June, the president announced to congress by message, that the aggressions on the part of Great Britain, were suffi- cient to justify a declaration of war. Among other things, he charged Great Britain with exciting the Indians to acts of hos- tility on the western frontiers.! t The British had employed Tecumseh, a noted Indian chief, and Lis brother, a kind of conjurer, styled the prophet, to excite the Indian 44 HISTORY OF THE Congress met this recommendation of the president prompt- /, and passed a bill, announcing a declaration of war against rreat Britain, June 17th, 1812 ;t and the president signed the ame on the 18th. ^rhe northern states were opposed to the war, and their epresentatives in congress, formed a minority, that entered heir protest against the measure, and their constituents could ever be induced to enter cordially into the war.l 4PH^ *- CHAPTER V. WAR "WITH GREAT-BRITAIX. The war opened by an attack upon Upper Canada. Gen- ral Hull advanced from Detroit, at the head of about 2000 ribes, throughout the western frontier, to commence hostilities; and he Wabash Indians began their ravages, November 7th, 1811; but hey were defeated in a severe and bloody action with general Harri- on, governor of Indiana Territory, at Tippecanoe, and sued for peace. tThe emperor Napoleon had at this time, assembled an army in *o]and, of 4 to 600,000 men, in readiness to commence the Russian xpedition. \ The following summary will shew the hostile orders, acts, and lecrecs of the contending parties. British orders in council for the blockade of Europe, from the Elbe Brest, May 16, 1806.- -page 340. Emperor Napoleon's Berlin decree, to counteract this order, Novem • )er 6, 1807.— page 341. British orders in council to intercept the coasting trade of France, ianuary 7, 1807.--.p;ige341. Orders in council, declaiing the ports of all nations, from which the British flag is excluded, to be in a state of blockade, November 11. 1807 .—page 341. Milan decree, December 17, 1807.— page 341, American embargo, December "22, 1807.- -page 341. Nonintercourse with Great Britain and France, March 1, 1809,— page 342. American nonintercourse with Great Britain, June 19, 1809.— uage 342. French Rambouillet decree, March 18, 1810.— page 342. American conditional commercial act. May 1, 1810.— page 342. President's proclamation, November 2. 1810. — page 343. American embargo, April 4, 1812.— page 343. Beelaration of war against Great Britain, June 18, 1812.— page 3l4; UNITED STATES. 345 men, into the British dominions, and issued his proclamation, with full expectations, that the people would make a com- mon cause with the United States ; rally round his standard, and engage in the conquest of Lower Canada ; but to his great disappointment and mortitication, he was met by gen- eral Brock, at the head of a superior British army, and constrained to make a hasty retreat back to Detroit, August 8th, 1812. General Brock pursued general Hull to the walls of De- troit, after having g lined a signal victory at the river Kaisin ; and others at Brown's Town, and at Maguaga, August 0. On the I5th. general Brock summoned the fortress of De- troit, in due form, and on the ICth, it was surrendered, to- gether with the adjacent country, without further resistance, and the garrison marched out prisoners of war. The surrendrv of this fortress, in this dastardly manner, caused great excitement throughout the nation, w hich called for satisfaction. General Hull was accused of treachery and cowardice, and tried by a court martial, and condemned to be shot. The sentence was approved by the president ; but the punishment was remitted, in consideration of his advanced age, and former services. General Hull was at the same time, sentenced by the president, with a total disability for all fur- ther public service. During these movements on the land, the naval force of the United States, prepared to retrieve the honor of their coun- try, by their gallant exploits on the water. On the 1 7th of July, oflf Egi-H u4)or,the Constitution, capt. Hull, was chased by a British squadron, consistingof the shipof the line Africa, and frigates Shannon, Guerriere, Belvidera, and ^olus. The chase continued under light breezes, for three days ; but the Constitution made her escape, by her superior nautical skill, and by the^novel expedient of kedging, in times of calm, and returned to port. Commodore Rodgers put to sea from New-York, in the President, with a small squadron, consisting of the President, United States, Congress, Hornet, anrl Argus, early in June, to intercept the homeward bound West-India lieet. Commo- dore Rodgers fell in with, and attempted to engage, the Brit- ish frigate Belvidera ; but had the misfortune to receive a se- vere wound, and lose at the same time, nineteen men iit the chase, killed and wounded, by the bursting of one of his. guns. Commodore Rodgers next crossed over to the European 46 HISTORY OF THE oast, where he cruised with success, three months, and then eturned to Boston. Cjiptain Porter, in the Essex, and captain Hull, in the Con- titution, put to sea in July. On the 19th of August, the Constitution fell in with his Brittanic majesty's frigate, the jurriere, captain D;icrcs ; an action commenced with des- terate valor, and in fifteen minutes, the Gurriere struck her olors, a complete wreck ; with the loss of fifteen killed and ixty wounded ; ca|)tain Dacres was among the latter. The Constitution had seven killed and seven wounded. Captain lull burnt the prize at sea. Captain Porter pursued his course, and cutout a brig from convoy, on the coas^ of Brazil, and took out of her 14,000 loilars in cash, and 160 soldiers. He next fell in with, and aptured the sloop of war Al-rt, in eight minutes, and then cntinued his cruise, August 17th. Commodore Rodgers put to sea again, in October, with his ittle squadron ; fell in with, and captured, the British packet iwallow, with 200, OCO dollars in specie, on board. The quadron returned to Boston, after a successful cruise. On the 18th of October, captain Jones, in the United States loop of war Wasp, of 16 guns, fell in with, and captured, his >rittaiiic majesty's sloop of war Frolic, of 18 guns, captain Vinyates, after a sharp and desperate action of forty-three linutes. The Frolic lost thirty killed and fifty wounded ; the Vasp five killed and five wounded. His Brittanic majesty's ship of war Poicters, of 74 guns, L^ll in with, and captured the Wasp and her prize, soon after he action. Commodore Decatur, in the frigate United States, of 44 uns, on the 25th of October, off tbe Western Isles, fell in flth and captured, the British frigate Macedonian, of 49 guns, nd 300 men, J. S. Cardan commander, at\er an action of one our and thirty minutes. The Macedonian lost thirty-six ilied and sixty-eight wounded. The United States, five kill- d and seven wounded. In October, commodore Baiobrige, in the frigate Constitu- on, and captain Lawrence, in the sloop of war Hornet, sailed :-om New-York, to join captain Porter, in the Essex, which ailed at the same time from Delaware bay, in order to form cruising squadron, against the British whale fisheries in the outh seas, or western ocean ; but the junction failed, and p.ptain Porter proceeded alone on his cruise. On the 29th of December, the United States fritrnfo n UNITED STATES. 347 stitution, 44 guns, commodore Bainbridge, fell in with, and captured, his Brittanic majesty's frigate Java, of 44 guns, cap- tain Lambert, off the coast of Biazil, after an action of fifty minutes. The Java lost 69 killed and 101 wounded. The Constitution 9 killed and twenty-five wounded. Such was ihe crippled state of the Java, that it was impos- sible to take her into port, and she was accordingly disman- tled and blown up at sea. the next day. The constitution then stood in for St. Salvador, anc off that port fell in with the Hornet, then blockading the Britsh frigate Bonne Citoyenne. After discharging his prisoners in that port, commodore Bain- bridge received the public thanks of the governor, with an elegant sword, in testimony of the high sense he entertained of his valor, humanity anti benevolence ; he then set sail for the United States, leaving the Bonne Citoyenne closely blockad- ed by the Hornet. The Hornet challenged the Bonne Citoyenne to naval com- bat, but she declined, and lay secure, until released by the British ship of war Montague, January 4th, 1813. These signal victories, in such rapid succession, were achiev- ed with a chivalrous valor, that bordered on desperation, and displayed such nautical skill, and naval tactics, as never had been excelled in the annals of naval war. The nation felt the honor of their flag, and exulted in these naval triumphs. Manyof the large cities greeted these naval heroes, when they returned to port, with distinguished attention and applause, by their public entertainments, and theatrical exhibitions; and by presenting them with honorary swords, rich services of plate, &;c. ; congress bestowed on them honorable pecuniary re- wards, in consideration for such prizes as were lost, or de- stroyed at sea, and the executive rewarded their valor by ap- propriate promotions. These feats of valor were not confined to the armed ships cf the nation, but extended to the private armed vessels, and privateers. On the 3d of August, the privateer Atlass, captain Moffat. fell in with two British armed vessels, and captured both, af- ter a severe action ; destroyed one at sea, and brought the other into port. The Dolphin, from Salem, captain Endicot, was also very successful in her cruises, and captured fifteen sail of British merchantmen, early in the war. The Dolphin was not only noted for daring intrepidity and valor, but for the particular 348 HISTORY OF THE ■» humanity, and noble generosity displayed towards the captar- ed. These lo^jses appeared to be particularly distressing to individuals on board their prizes ; both olJicers and seamen, with an unprecedented un mimity, and cheerfulness, held their property sacred, and when they arrived in port, restored it to its former owners. Commodore Barney, who had been a distinguished naval officer in the war of the revolution, put to sea, from Baltimore, in the armed vessel Rossie, and made several caj)ture!r from the enemy, of rich and valuable merchantmen. When con- f^ress mat in November, the public prints had announced the capture of three of the finest frigates in the British navy, and about 250 other vessels, of all descriptions, with more than 3000 prisoners. More than fifty of these vessels, were armed, and their whole number of guns was about 275. Before the first of January 1813, the frigate Java, 44 guns, was added to the list. The loises on the part of the Americans at this time, was comparatively small. These triumphs upon the ocean gave a spirit of high exul- tation to congress and the nation ; but the ■ nemy telt them- selves wounded in the tenderest point, their honor, when they saw and felt the naval superiority of the flag of the United States, over the banner of the once mistress of the ocean. Great Britain could boast, that she had not lost a frigate, in equal combat, for more than thirty vears before. Formidable preparations were now in forwardness, against Canada. One army was as>e>mbled under the command of general Harrison, governor of Indiana, called the north-west- ern arraj. Another under the command of general Stephen Van Rensselaer, at Lewistown. called the army of the centre ; and another under the command of general Dearborn, at Platts- burg, called the army oC the north. In the course of the general operations against Canada, this autumn, the Americans surprised and took two valuable fur ships, upon lake Erie, and brought off one, valued at 100,000 dollars. This successful enterprise, kindled tVesh ardor in the American troops, and they pressed general Van Rens- selear to lead them against the enemy. The general grati- fied their wishes, and on the 12th of October, detached about 1000 men, under the command of colonel Solomon Van Rensselaer, who crossed over the river Niagara, and ef- fected a limding upon the Canada shore, at Q,ueensto:vn. Co- lonel Van Rensselaer was severely wounded upon his first UNITED STATES. ' 349 landing, but kept the field at the head of his brave troops, where he was soon joined by colonel Scott, with his artillery, and the British retired before the victors. The troops at Buffalo and Levvistown, were put in motion at the same time, to be in readiness to cro-s over and support the action. Colonel Van Ilenssahie'r was now reinforced, with regulars and militia, and general Brock advanced to the combat, with a strong reinforcement of regulars and Indians, and the battle became fierce and bloody ; but the British recoiled. Stung with chagrin and mortification, general Brock rallied his troops to the charge ; but he fell, mortally wounded, in the heat of the action, and his troops again recoiled. General Van Rensselaer, at this critical moment, crossed over to secure the victory ; but the enemy were again rein- forced, and returned to the charge, and were again repulsed. At this eventful moment, when the American troops were exhausted with the fatigues of the day, and anxiously expect- ing the volunteers to croas over, and secure the victory they had gained, general Van RenS'^elaer, impatient of their delay, crossed over in person, to lead on the reserve ; but to his in- expressible disappointment and mortification, they refused to follow, upon constitutional grounds. During this parley, the British w«re again reinforced, and again rallied to the combat, to revenge the death of their brave general Brock, and to wipe oflf the disgrace of the day. The conflict was renewed, and raged, with such violence, that the Americans were overpowered ; about sixty were killed, 100 wounded, and loOO taken prisoners. Had the volunteers fol- lowed their general, the victory of the day would, most prob- ably, have been complete, and the whole aspect of the cam- paign changed. General Van Rensselaer soon after, retired from the com- mand, and was succeeded by general Smyth. General Smyth reconnoitered the position of the enemy;, and made great preparations to cross over, and renew the combat, on the shores of Canada. He accordingly issued a proclamation, calling for volunteers to join in the enterprise, and actually assembled his troops upon a given day, (Novem- ber 28th) to embark upon the expedition against the enemy. The van of the army crossed over, and findmg the enemy ready to receive them, they retired from the fire of their batteries, and returned ; leaving a detachment of about thir- ty men, who had effected a landing, to fall into their hands. 30 350 ^ HISTORY OF THE Such was the resentment of the officers and troops gener ally, at this dastardly failure, that general Smyth was constrain- ed to renew the attempt ; and general Porter, of the Netv- York volunteers, took the command of the van — December 4th. The troops were generally embarked and read}' for the onset; but general Smyth, at this interesting moment, when all hearts were alive to the object before them, abandoned the enterprise for the season, and the troops retired into winter quarters. Such was the mortification and resentment of the army, that general Smyth thought it necessary to challenge general Por- ter, to vindicate his courage, and then to withdraw from the command. Previous to these operations on the northern frontier, the Indians committed such depredations and murders, on the north-western frontiers, as deeply wounded the pride, and excited the resentment of the stiites of Kentucky and Ohio. They roused to the contest, as volunteers, and rallied round the standard of general Harrison, in such numbers, that he was constrained to dismiss several whole regiments, as super- numeraries. General Harrison, in September, sent several detachments of those volunteers, into the Indian country, to relieve such posts as were in immediate danger, from savage war, and des- perate attacks ; particularly fort Harrison, upon the Wabash., which captain Taylor was then defending with desperate val- or. In those expeditions, generals Hopkins and Tupper, with colonels Campbell and Russell, distinguished themselves, in giving relief and security to the forts and frontier, generally. Soon after these movements, general Winchester detached a strong party, from fort Winchester, under the command of colonel Lewis, to give assistance to the village of Frenchtown., upon the river Raisin. Col. Lewis, with his 500 Kentucky volunteers and regulars, reached the Raisin, on the 18th of January, 1813 ; and by a bold and decisive movement, attack- ed, routed and dispersed the enemy. General Harrison, having arrived at fort Winchester, at this time, sent forward general Winchester, at the head of 200 men, to support his detachment, and take the command. He arrived safe, and encamped for the night, contiguous to the for- tified camp of colonel Lewis ; but the enemy collected his forces, and supported by a strong reinforcement, on the night UxNITED STATES. 351 of the 22d, commenced a desperate attack upon the camp of general Winchester, killed and took the whole party, together with the general and colonel Lewis. This opened the way for an attack upon the fortified camp ; but a tirm resistance, and desperate conflict ensued, until about 11 o'clock, then a parley commenced. The enemy proifered an honorable ca- pitulation, if the party would surrender prisoners of war ; but threatened savage vengeance if they refused. His arts pre- vailed ; the whole detachment laid down their arms, and sub- mitted as prisoners of war. General Pi^octor violated his engagements, and gave up the prisoners to indiscriminate massacre, as well as cruel savage torture ; and the wounded, the . next day, to the number of sixty, were all consumed in the general conflagration of the village. To attempt to paint the horrors of this scene, would ex- ceed the powers of my pen ; language would fail ; humanity stand appalled, and even Brittania herself would blush at the deed. General Harrison, upon the first intelligence of this defeat, constructed hastily, a stockade, upon the Miami of the lake, for the protection of his troops, which he called fort Meigs. t General Praetor fri'ilowp.d up lii^ victory ; advanced to meet general Harrison, and invested him in fort Meigs. He commeficed his attacks upon this fort, with great tury, which continued for several days, until general Clay and colonel Dud- ley advanced for the relief of the fort, and put the enemy to flight. Colonel Dudley, in his unguarded pursuit of the ene- my, fell into an ambush, and suffered severely, in the loss of his whole party. General Clay, in co-operation with the garrison, succeeded in raising the siege, and dispersing the enemy ; and thus fort Meigs was relieved^ after a siege of thirteen days. These gloomy and distressing scenes of the forest, served as so many shades to the brilliant scenes on the ocean, where the American fl.ig continued to wave victorious. On the 24th of February, 1813, captain Lawrence, in the Hornet, of sixteen guns, fell in with, andcaptured his Brittan- ic majesty's brig Peacock, of eighteen guns, after an action of fifteen minutes. The Peacock went down, at the close of the action, with her brave captain Peake, and the rest of her kil- t In honor of the then governor of the state of Ohio. 332 HISTORY OF THE led ; but the thirty-three wounded, were all saved. The Hornet had one killed, four wounded, and lost three sunk in the prize. In April, captain Lawrence returned to port, and was pro- moted to the command of the Chesapeake, then lying at Bos- ton, and ready for sea. The British frigate Shannon, (captain Broke) with the Te- nedos in company, appeared off the harbor of Boston, and in- vited the Chesapeake to the contest. Ciiptain Lawrence ac- cepted the invitation, promptly, and put to sea — June 1st. The Shannon manoeuvred for the combat, and the ships were soon in action, and along side. A short, but desperate con- flict ensued ; captain Lawrence was wounded early in the ac- tion ; but kept his station, until the fatal b.dl pierced his body, and he was carried below. He then exclaimed, " Don't give up the ship.^^ Captain Broke seized the favorable moment ; boarded the Chesapeake and carried her, after all her officers were either kiiied or wcuKded ; and seventy of her crew were killed and eighty wounded. The Shannon had twenty-three killed, and fifty-six wounded. The Shannon sailed for Halifax, with her prize, where cap- tain Lawrence and lieutenant Ludlow, were honorablv intp*-- rea, wiiu luts itvuxjiv HI war. » About the same time, the United Slates brig Argus^captain Allen, sailed for France, with the American minister, Mr. Crawford, and from thence on a, cruise in the British channel, where her successes led the British government to despatch several frigates to check her career. The Argus fell in with one of those frigates, the Pelican, and after a sharp action of forty-seven minutes, was ciiptured and caiTied into port. — Captain Allen fell, mortally wounded, at the first broadside ; his lieutenant, soon after, and his wheel being shot away, the brig became a wreck ; yet she maintained a brave aud obstin- ate conflict, until all resistance became ineffectual, then sur- rendered — August 14th, 1813. The loss upon both sides, was nearly equal. In the month of August, the skirmishing commenced upon lake Ontario, with various success. The Creek and Choctaw Indians, began their successful ravages. The British fleet, t The remains of captain Lawrence were afterwards removed to New- York, and interred with great solemnity. UNITED STATES. 353 under the command of sir J. B. Warren, blockaded the ports south of the Chesapeake bay. On the 5th of September, the United States brig Enter- prise, of sixteen ^ims, captain Burrows, fell in with, and cap- tured his Briltanic majesty's brig Boxer, ol eighteen guns, cap- tain Blythe,. after an action of forty-five minutes. The En- terprise lost nine, the Boxer forty-five ; both captains fell in the action. On the 26th, commodore Rodgers arrived in port, after a long cruise. He explored the Atlantic, circumnavigated the British isles, made eleven captures in his cruise, and on his return, captured the Highflyer, one of the tenders of sir J. B. Warren's fleet, off" the American coast. , On the morning of April 29ih. 1814, the United States sloop of war Peacock, fell in with his Brittanic majesty's brigFlper- vier, of eighteen guns, and 128 men, captain Wales, and cap- tured her, after an action of forty-five minutes, and took from her 120,000 dollars, 'i'he Ep( rvicr lost in the action, eight killed, and fifteen wounded. Tiie Peacock had none killed, and only two wounded. When the Epervier strdck, she had five feet water in her hold, forty-five shot in her hulj, and her spars and rigging ve- ry much wounded, and shot away ; but the damages of the Peacock were rep;iired, and s'le was ready for action again, in fifteen minutes. On the 28th of June, 1814, the United States sloop of war Wasp, of sixteen guns, captain Jones, tell in with, and captur- ed his Brittanic majesty's sloop of war Reindeer, of eighteen guns, and a shifting twelve pound cannonade, and 118 men, commanded by William Manners esq. after an action of nine- teen minutes. The Wasp lost five killed, and twenty-one wounded. The Reindeer lost her captain, and twenty four other officers and seamen ; and was so crippled in her hull, spars and rigging, as i.o be unmanagable, and was burnt at sea. On the 30th and 31st of August, 1814, the Wasp fell in with his Brittanic majesty's brigs Lettice, Henry Cockburn, mas- ter, and Bon Accord, Adam Duro, master, and after short ac- tions captured both. The Wasp on the next day, succeeded in cutting out of the convoy, the British Brig mary, John D. Allen, master, laden with brass and iron ordnance, and mili- tary stores ; and after removing the prisoners, burnt her at .sea. On or about the 1st of September, 1814, the Wasp fell in 30* ^^^ HISTORY OF THjE with his Brittanic majesty's sloop of war Avon, supposed eigh- teen guns, captain Arbuthnot, and after a desperate action of nearly two hours, the Avon struck her colors, a complete wreck, and soon alter went down. Her crew were saved by the British brig Castilian, which was also in company with the Avon. These captures were the result of desperate conflicts. Ma- ny of these prizes were stripped of every spar ; and several so cut to pieces as to become unmanageable, and were burnt at sea. Others sunJi in the action, or immediately after. In December, Mr. Madison was re-elected president, and Mr. Gerry was elected vice-president, in the place of George Cimton, deceased. CHAPTER VI. BRITISH WAR CGNTIiXUED — GENERAL OPERATIOXS UPON THI SEA-BOARD ACAIXST CANADA, LOUISIANA, &C. PEACE. E;ir]y in the spring of 1813, a British squadron entered the r^.M iware bay, under the command of admiral Beresfard, and •A^onmenced their operations on the American sea-boartl, and L'uislown goffered severely. Admir.d Cockburn, at the same tr^e, with his squadron, entered the Chesapeake, where h;.- committi «1 the mo?t cruel ravages ; Frenchtown, Havre-de- Grace, Frederickslown, Georgetown and Norfolk, all felt the ruthless hand of the marauders, and several of those places were wholly destroyed. Admiral Warren made an unsuccessful attack upon Craney Island — June 24, (near Norfolk.) The next day the enemy made a descent upon Hampton, and gave it up to indiscrimin- ate plunder, licsnliousncss, and brutality ; such brutality as was never alleged against a savage, and such as would make a savage blush. , ^ During these operations, three American frigates, which had been blockaded in the port of N. York, made their escape through the sound, and were chased into the port of New- London, where they were blockaded. through the remaindoi' of the war. The enemy attempted to bombard Stonington. about thi- I UNITED STATES. Si oo time ; but the borough was so valiantly defended, that it suf- fered very little damage. General Dearborn, who had succeeded general Smyth, in the command ot the noithern army, commenced his operations early in the spring of 1813, to cai'ry ih(» war into Canada. He detached general Pike with '2000 men, to make a descent up- on York, and seize on the naval and military stores, as well as the vessels on the stocks. General Pike embarked his troops on the 25th of April, croi-sed over the lake, and executed his commission promptly. The enemy were driven from their redoubts, and gen. Pikr; had halted his troops to give them a moment's repose, when he was astonished bv the explosion of a terrible magazine. which overvvhelmed his troops- with a shower of stones, tim- ber, &c. that killed and wounded more than 200 men. The indignation of the soldiers soon recovered them from their surprise, and rallied them jigain to the charge. Their brave general animated theircourage, as he lay expiring under a se- vere contusion from tbe awful explosion, with this solemn charge : *.' Revenge the death oj- your general " Colonel Pease led on the troops to the conquest of York, without further oppositi<^n, and tbe town surrendered by ca- pitulation. The enemy lost about 750 -men in killed, wounded, ^gd. prisoners, ;\m\ the American loss in killed andwounded;^^®^ not exceed 300. It is recorded of York, " that a Jiu/nan skull was found iyi the hall of the assembly, placed over the mace oj the sptaker.^^ Gener.d Dearborn secured the stores, prisoners,, &:c. and abandoned the place. On the 22d of May. the general embarked his army and proceeded against the British forts on tbe Niagara, under cov cr ofeom.modore Chauncey's fleet. General Lewis led on the troops to victory and conquest, during the illness of gen- eral Dearborn. The British forts, and more than 500 Cana- da militia, sui rendered prisoners of war. The Americans lost 39 killed and 111 wounded. The next day the British blew up fort Erie, and all remaining fortifications, and return- ed to the head of Burlington bay. On the 1st of June, generals Chandler and ^Vinder were detached with a force of 2o00 men, to destroy the Britisn force. They advanced to Stony Creek, to prepare for the attack ; but the enemy anticipated their views ; commenced 35a HISI^ORY OF THE a furious attack upon their camp, in dead of night, and after a severe conflict, carried their two generals into captivity. The Americans lost in this action, 16 killed, 38 wounded, and lOu missing, including their two generals. The British loss in killed and wounded could never be cor- rectly ascertained, but was supposed to be much greater, as the Americans took 100 prisoners. in this action, the Americans were comj)letely surprised ; the British rushed to close combat, at the point of the bayo- net, and the parties were commixed, in desperate conflict, undercover of thick darkness. The two generals, with un- daunted bravery, in attempting to rally and form their troops, were surprised and taken bv the enemy. Both parties withdrew from the field, and both claimed the victory. Pending these operations, and during the absence of com- modore Chauncey, commodore Yeo appeared with his fleet, before Sacket's Harbor, and landed about 1200 men, under the command of sir George Prevost. The place was in a de- fenceless situttion, and would have fallen an easy conquest ; but general Brown rallied the neighboring militia, and fell up- on the enemy with such fury as j)'at him to flight, and com- pelled him to abandon the enterprise, aiid retire to Ganadu. Such was the panic excited by this invasion, that the Ameri- cans destroyed by fire, a great quantity of public stores, that were not exposed to the depredations of the enemy. The Six Nations now joined the Americans in the war. General Lewis, who had succeeded to the commmd, upon the resignation of general Dearborn, detached colonel Boerst- ler with 500 men, to dislodge the British at La Louvre House ; (so called) but unfortunately, he fell into an Indian ambus- cade, and was taken with all his p;irty. General Boyd and colonel INIiiler, about this time, surprised and took fort George, at^ter a sharp and severe conflict. General Proctor, at the head of a strong party of regulars, Canadians and Indians, attempted to surprise fort Meigs, on the Miami, and Stephenson, on the Sandusky ; both of which failed ; but at the latter, the enemy met with signal defeat and disgrace. The general movements for the reduction of Canada, were now completed ; the fleets on lakes Erie and Ontario, were about equal, and ready for action. The American forces un- UNITED STATES. 0^57 (ler general Harrison, moved towards Detroit. An action commenced at the same time, on lake Erie, between the _ American fleet, under the command of commodore Perry, and the British fleet, under the command of commodore Bar- clay, September 10, 1813. The tieets were nearly equal. f Commodore Barclay, an old, experienced officer, in the school of Nelson, had seen much service. Commodore Perry was a young officer, aad without experience. The conflict commenced on the part of the enemy, about noon ; the action soon became gener.d and desperate. Com- modore Perry's ship, (Lawrence) beinj; dis diicd, he chang- ' ed his flagon board the Niagara, in an open boat, in liie heat of the action, and at once bore down upon tlie enemy ; brake through their hne, and the fleets were closely engaged. The action was short and terrible. The whole British squadron surrendered to commodore Perry. The commodore announced this victory to general Harri- son, in the following stvle : "■ Dear general — We have met the enemy, and tliey iuZ ours. Two ships, two brigs, and one si lop. Yours with resnect and esteem., O. H. Perry. September, 10th, 1813." The British immediately evacuated Detroit ; general Har- rison advanced, took possession, and pursued into Canada, September 28th. The illustrious Ferry joined him, and be- came his companion in arms. ' On the 5th of October, gener.d Harrison gained a complete victory over general Proctor, and captured and destroyed his whole arm}'. Commodore Chauncey, at the same time, took and destroy- ed seven sail of the British squadron on lake Ontario. | On the 4th of November, overtures for peace arrived from England, and at the same time, general Wilkinson took the + The British force consisted of five vessels and 63 guns. The A- merican force of nine vessels and 54 guns. ij: Such had been the naval competirion on lake Ontario, that sever- al ships were constructed by both parties, of from -20 to GO guns, at Sacket's Harbor and Kingston ; and at the close of the war, the Brit- ish had one ship on the stocks, of about 100 guns, at Kingston, and the Americans had two ships of the largest elass, on the stocks, at Sacket's Harbor. All which were nearly ready for sea. 358 HISTORY OF THE ^.omnl;ln(l of the northern armj ; moved his whole force (a Sacket's Harbor, and from thence down the St. Lawrence, to Ogdensburg, where he appointed an interview with general Hampton, at St. Regis, which failed. Daring these movements, general McClure evacuated fort George ; set (ire to the village of Newark, and retired out of Canada. General Harrison bad followed up his victory, and pro- ceeded down to join general Wilkinson ; but his movements were so hasty, that he left the whole Niagara frontier uncov- ered. The enemy availed himself of this ; crossed over, and burnt the village of Buff do, with several others, to revenge the destruction of Newark ; took fort Niagara, and put the garrison to the sword. These movements closed the campaign of the north, and brth armies went into winter quarters. At this time, general Jackson took revenge on the Creek Indians, for their predatory ravages ; and in the ensuing spring, they ;vere completely humbled. The United States frigate Essex, captain Porter, which had sailed early in the war, cruised with great success, in the Pacific ocean, oif the coast of Peru and Chili, and captured and destroyed the British whale ships in those sea?. Captahl Porter, at the close of his cruise, repaired to the ba}"" of Val- paraizo, to obtain supplies, where he was overtaken and block- aded by a superior British force, the Phoebe and Cherub, and was captured, after an action of two hours and thirty minutes,. Blarch 28th, 1814. Messrs. Gallatin and Bayard had been appointed commis- sioners, and sent out to Petersburg, (Russia) in April, to meet such commissioners as the British court might send, and in un- ion with Mr. Adams, then minister resident of the U. States, at Petersburg, enter upon negociations for peace, under the mediation of the emperor Alexander, as has been noticed. Great Brttain declined this overture ; but appointed lord Gambier, Henry Golbourn and William Adams, to meet the American commissioners at Gottenburg. The president of the United States appointed J. Russell and H. Clay, to unite with the American commissioners nam- ed in April, and the city of Ghent was agreed upon as the place of negociation, January, 1814. In August, the whole of the above named commissioners assembled at Ghent, and entered upon the business of their appointment. UNITED STATES. - 369 On the 3d of June, operations re-commenced upon the northern frontier. General Izard had now succeeded generals Wilkinson and Hampton, and general Brown took the com- mand upon the Niagara station. On the 3d of July, general Brown commenced operations, by crossing over and surprising fort Erie, which fell an easy conquest, and the next day he advanced to the plains of Chip- pewa, where he engaged the enemy, and gained a signal vic- tory. f This victory gave great eclat to the American arms, and diffused a general joy throughout the nation. General Brown returned to Queenstown, and from thence to the plams of Chippewa, to await the enemy, who was ad- vancing with a strong re-iniorcement, under general Drum- mond. General Brown, supported by general| Scott, met the ene- my at Bridegwater, commanded by generals Drummond and Kiall ; a desperate action commenced, and continued, with various successes, until midnight. The Americans carried the field, and the British retired. Generals Brown and Scott were both wounded in this action, and general Ripley led back the army, the next day, to fort Erie The loss of the British in this action, was estimated at 860 killed and wounded ; and the loss of the Americans at about the same number. The whole force engaged, was 4000 on the part of the British, and 3000 on the part of the Ameri- cans. Few actions have been recorded more bloody than this, for its numbers engaged. General Drummond advanced and invested the American army in fort Erie ; but finding an obstinate resistance, he at- tempted to carry it by storm, Aug. 16th. Here the scenes of Chippewa and Bridgewater were renewed. The enemy were repulsed with great loss. General Brown had now recovered of his wounds and suc- ceeded to the command, Sept. 2d. General Drummond continued his operations before fort Erie ; strengthened his works, and pushed the siege. On the 17th, general Brown executed a gallant sortie, by performing a circuitous march, and surprised the enemy upon the flank of his trenches ; charged him in column, and carri- ed his works with a dreadful carnage. More than 800 men tThe Americans lost 60 killed and 248 wounded. The British l«st 133 killed and 320 wounded. 360 HISTORY OF THE fell, on the side of the enemy, and the Americans lost 300. General Drummond raised the siege and retired to Chippewa. ^ During these operations, general Izard arrived with a re- inforcement from Plattsburg, of 400 men, to support the gar- rison at Erie ; but finding the garrison relieved by the re- treat of the enemy, he ordered the fort to be destroyed, and retired into winter quarters at Buffalo. On the 11th of iSeptember, (soon after the departure- of general Izard) tha town of Plittsburg was assaulted by a land force, under the command of general Prevost, and a naval force, under the command ot commodore Downie. The town was defended by general McComb, in the absence of general Izard, and the harbor, by a squarlron, under the command of commodore Macdonough. The merits of this action, so glo- rious to the American navy, may be seen by the following of- ficial report of commodore Macdonough.t " United States ship Saratoga, off ) Plattsburg, Sept. 11, 1814. ^ Sir — The Almighty has been pleased to grant us a signal victory on lake Champlain, in the capture of one frigate, one brig, an were among the slain. About 600 were taken prisoners ; total loss of the enemy, about 3000, The loss of the Americans in the action, did not exceed 20 killed and wounded, January 8lh, 1815. The British who survived, retired on board their fleet ; descended the river, and proceeded to attack fort Bowyer, which they carried, after a brave resistance ; but the return of peace, soon restored it again to the Americans. On the 15th, the United states frigate President, captain Decatur fell m with his Brittanic majesty's squadron, Majes- tic, Tenedos, Eodymion, and Pomone, off Long Island. The President -engaged and silenced the Endymion ; but before captain Decatur could take possession of his prize, the three other frigates came up, and the President was constrained to strike her colors, to such a superior force. The President lost in the action with the Endymion, 25 killed and b'O wounded ; and was much crippled in her hull, spars, and rigging. On the 1 1 th of February, 1815, news arrived in New York, that \i(ii\ce had been concluded by the commissioners at Ghent, on the 24tli of December. On the 17th of February, the treaty was ratified by the senate, and received the signature of the president. All parties rejoiced at the event. The grievances complained of by the American govern- ment, as causes of the war,- were not noticed in the treaty, but an express article provided, that the commercial differen- ^ ces of the two nations should be settled by commissioners, to be specially appointed tor that purpose. In the summer of 18J6, commissioners met accordingly, at London, and on the 3d day of July, signed a commercial treaty, between the two 'nations, founded upon the principles of mutual and reciprocal interest, and to continue for the term of four years. ;^ Thus ended this war with Britain, and the American navy bore away the palm. In the year of 1 8 1 2, the Dey of Algiers took offence at a re- mittance of naval and military stores, from the goTernment of 31* 366 HISTORY OF THE the United States, in fulfilment of certain stipulations of a for- mer treaty ; and ordered Mr. Lear, the American consul, to depart, and at the same time sent out his cruisers to com- mence depredations upon the commerce of the United States^; several vessels were taken, atid their crews subjected to the most rigid slavery. As soon as the war had closed with England, congress deem- ed it expedient to humble that nest of pirates, and ot! the 2d of March, 1815, they declared war against the regency of Al- giers. A squadron of eleven frigates and armed vessels, was despatched to the Mediterranean, in two divisions, under commodores Bainbridge and Decatur, who sailed upon thai service. In four months, not only the regency of Algiers, but all the Barbary powers were united in treaties with the* Amer- ican government ; our own prisoners, and those of several European states, released ; expressions of submission, from several of those powers obtained, not hitherto contemplated, and such as had n^ver been extorted by any other nation. » / just tribute to the American flag. • The nation settled down and became tranquil under the peace, and nothingof importance occurred during the remain- der of president Madison's administration. In the winter of 1815 — 16, congress resumed the subject of a n«tional bank, whfnh was warmly contested for several weeks ; but a bill to inrorporate the bank of the United States. with a capital of 35, 000, 000 of dollars was passed, and receiv- ed the signature of the president on the 10th of April Ibllow- ing. ^ The charter of this bank is to expire on the 3d of March. 1 836.1 In 1816, Mr. Madison declined a re-election, and Mr. Mon- roe was cbcsen president, and Mr. Tompkins was chosen^v ice- president.! tTho conditions of the charter are as follows, viz : Of the stock ot the bank, seven millions were to be subscribed by the United Staler. the remaining twenty-eight by individual^. The affairs of the corpo- vation to be managed by twenty five directors, five of whom were to be chosen by the president, with the advico and consent of the senate ; the remainder to be eloctod by the stockholders at the banking house in Philadelphia. tin the concluding remarks of Mr. Madison's message to congress. he thus expressed himself. "I can indulge the proud reflection," said he, '^ that the American people have reached in safety and succes.s Hioir fortieth year, as i\n hidopendent nation ; that for nearly an entire UNITED STATES. 367 The chastisement of the Seminole Indians, and the conquest of Pensacola, by generalJackson, in 1813, opened the way for a cession of the Floridas to the United States, by Spain, in February, 1821 . Thus a long and interesting Spanish negoti- ation terminated ; war with Spain, so long contemplated, was averted, and a suitable indemnification was made to those A- merican citizens, that had suffered from Spanish spoliations. The Floridas, the same year, were erected into a Territo- rial government, and general Andrew Jackson was appointed governor. Under the first term of president Monroe's administration, the asperity of party greatly softened down, and the nation be- came more united. • In 1821, Mr. Monroe was re-elected president, and Mr. Tompkine was also re-elected vice-president. The same in- crease of union and harmony continued to prevail in the nation, In December, 1824, the electorial colleges again gave in their suifrages for president and vice-president. Their votes were dividetl between Andrew Jackson. J. Q,. Adams, VVm, H. Crawibrd and Henry Clay, for president ; neither of them having a majority of votes, it devolved on the house of rep- resentatives to make a choice from the three highest candi- dates, when a majority of the states voted for lur. Adam?, who, with Mr. J. C. Caihonn, the vice-president, was regular- ly inducted into oflice, on the 4th of March, 1825. Nothing of great importance has yet occurred under Mr. Adams' administration, excepting the visit of general La Fay- ette to the United States, and the grant by congress, of-200,000 dollars, and an entire township of land, to that (listinguisheStates, in congress assembled. Article 9. The United States, in congress assembled, shall have the sole, and exclusive right and power, of determining on peace and war, except in such cases mentioned in the sixth article, of sending and receiving embassadors ; entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of com- merce shall be made, whereby the legislature of any state, shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from pro- hibiting the exportation or importation of any species ot goods or commodities, whatsoever ; of establishing rules for decid- ing in all cases, what captures on land and water shall be le- gal, &c. in what manner prizes taken by land, or naval for- ces, in the service of the United Sti.tes, shall be divided, or ap|)ropriated ; of granting letters of marque or reprisal, in time of peace ; appointing courts for the trial of pir.icies, for felonies committed upon the high seas, and establisiung courts lor receiving and determining finally, appeals in all cases of captures, provided that no member of congress shall be ap- pointed judge of any of said courts. The United States, in congress assembled, shall also be the Jast resort on appeal, in all disputes and differences now sub- sisting, or that may hereafter arise between two or more states, concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any other cause what- soever ; which authority shall always be exercised in the man- ner following, viz. Whenever the legislature or executive authority, or law- ful agent of any state, in controversy with another, shall pre- sent a petition to congress, stating the matter in question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of congress, to the legislative or executive authority of the other state in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties, by their lawful agents, who shall then be direct- sd to appoint by joint consent, commissieners ©r judges to APPENDIX. 393 cdnstitute a court, who shall hear and determine the matter in question ; but if they cannot agree, congress shall name, ihree persons iVem each of the United States, and from the hst of such persons, each party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be re- duced down to thirteen, and from that number, not less than seven nor morcMhan nine names, as congress shall direct, shall in the presence of congress, be drawn out by lot, and the per- sons so drawn out, or any five of them, shall be commission- ers or juflges, to hear and finally determine the controver?y, 30 ahvays as a mnjor part o( the judges, who shall agree in the determination ; and if either party shall neglect to attend at the enses of such offices ; appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever, in the service of the United States ; making rules for the governing and reg- ulating of thf said land and naval forces, and directing their operations. The United States, in congress assembled, shall have au- thority to appoint a committee to sit in the recess of congress^ to be denominated the Committee of the States, to consist of one delegate from each state, and to appoint such other commit- tees fmd civil officers, as shall be necessary for managing the general affairs of the United States, under their direction ^ to appoint one of their number to preside, provided no peFSon be allowed to serve in the office of president, for more than one year, in any term of three years ; to ascertain th€ neces- sary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expences ; to borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the United States, transmitting every half year to the several states, an account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted • to build and equip a navy, to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each state for its quota, in proportion to the number of white in- habitants in such slate ; which requisition shall be binding, ami thereupon the legislature of each state shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm and equip them, in a soldier-like manner, at the expence of the United States ; and the officers and men so clothed, armed and equip- ped, shall march 'to the place appointed, within the time agreed upon by the United States, in congress assembled ; but if the United States, in congress assembled, shall upon consideration of circumstances, judge proper that any state should not raise men, or should raise a less number than iU APPENDIX. 396 quota, and that any other state should raise a greater number than it^ quota, such «xtra number shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed and equipped, in the same manner as the quo- ta of such state, unless the legislature of such state shall judge that such extra number cannot be safely spared out of the same. In such case, they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm, and equip, as many of such extra number, as they judge can be safely spared. And the officers and men, so clothed and equipped, shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States, in congress assem- bled. The United States, in congress assembled, shall never en- gage in war, Ror grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defence and welfare of the United States, or any of them ; nor emit bills of credit, nor borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appro- priate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander-in-chief of the army or navy, unless nine states shall assent to the same ; nor shall a question on any point, except for adjournment from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United States, in congress assembled. The congress of the United States, shall have power to ad- journ to any time within the year, and to any place within the United States, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer space than six months, and shall- publish the journals of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating tt treaties, alliances, or military operations, as in their judg- ment require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the delega- tion of each state, on any question, shall be entered upon the journals when it is desired by any delegate ; and the delegates ©fa state, or either of them, at his or their request, shall be furnished with a copy of said journal, except such parts as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the sev- eral states. Article 10. The committee of the states, or any nine tf them, shall be authorised to execute, in the recess of con- gress, such of the powers of congress as the United States, in congress assembled, by the consent of the nine states, shall se^ it, from time to time, to vest them with ; provided that b?» 39il APPENDIX. ^ power be delegated to the said committee, for the exercise ol ,^vvhich,by the articles of confederation,the voice of nine states, in the congress of the United States assembled, is requisite. Article 11. Canada acceding to this confederation,' andjoin^ ingin the measures of the United States, shall be admitted in- to, and be entitled to all the advantages of this union ; but no other colony shall be admitted into the same, unless such ad- mission be agreed to by nine states. Article 12. All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed, and debts contracted, by, or under the authority of congress, before the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the present confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States, for payment and satisfaction whereof, the said United States, and the public faith are here- by solemnly pledged. Art. 13. Every state shall abide by the determinations of the United States, in congress assembled^ on all questions, which by this confederation are submitted to them. And the articles of this confederation, shall be inviolably observed by every state, and the union shall be perpetual ; nor shall any alteration, at any time hereafter, be made in any of them ; un- less such alteration be agreed to in a congress of the United States, and be afterward confirmed by the legislature of every state." This confederation was submitted to the several states for their approbation and acceptance. t and when duly approved by all the states, went into operation, and became the pallad- ium of the United States, through the revolutionary war, and down to the year 1789, when the present federal constitution was organized, and went into operation. Such was the virtue of the American character, that even this rope of sand possessed powers and energies sufficient to manage the affairs of a rising state, and regulate and control all their essential concerns, for the best interests of the whole ; but when peace had removed the pressure lof the common danger, and private interest began to claim precedence of the public good, and corrupt intrigue began to trample upon pub- lic virtue and public rights, then it became necessary to re- yise this compact, and raise in its place that stupendous mon- ument of wisdom and virtue, the federal constitution. ■ Trrelve states jatified this confederation, in December folIowin«-. APPENDIX. 397 [Note C] CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, As proposed by the convention held at Philadelphia, Septem- ber 17th, 1787, and ratified by the several States ; with the subsequent amendments. PREAMBLE. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tran- quillity, provide for the common defence, promote the gener- al welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution, for the United State? of America. ARTICLE I. Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted, shall be vested in a congress of the United States, which shall consist of a senate, and a house of representatives. Section 2. The house of representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year, by the people of the several states ; and the electors in each state, shall have the qualifications requisite for the most numerous branch of the state legislature. No person shall be a repr-esentattve who has not attained to the age of twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitantof that slate in which he shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes, shall be apportioned among the several states, which may be included within tliis im'on, according to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free person?, in- cluding those bound to service for a term oi years, and exclu- ding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other persons. / The actual enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of the congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of representativ^ss shall not exceed one fdr every thirty thousand ; but each state shall 3^8 APPENDIX. hare, at least, one representative. And until such enumem- tion shall be made, the state of New-Hampshire shall be enti- tled to choose three — Massachusetts eight — Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one — Connecticut five — New-York six- — New-Jersey four — Pennsylvania eight — Delaware one — Maryland six — Virginia ten — North Carolina five — South - Carolina five — and Georgia three. When vacancies happen in the representation from any atate, the executive authority thereof, shall issue writs of election, to fill such vacancies. The house of representatives shall choose their speaker, and other ofiicers, and shall have the sole power of impeach- ment. Section 3. The senate of the United States, shall be com- posed of two senators from each state, chosen by the legisla- ture thereof, for six years ; and each senator shall have one vote. Immediately after they shall be assembled, in consequence of the first election, they shall be divided as equally as may be, into three classes. The seats of the senators of the first class, shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year j of the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year ; and of the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year ; so that one- third may be chosen every second year. And if vacancies happen by resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the legislature of any state, the executive thereof may make tem- porary appointments, until the next meeting of the legislature, which shall then fill the vacancies. No person shall be senator, who has not attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that state for which he shall be chosen. The vice-president of the United States, shall be president ©f the senate ; but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. The senate shall choose their other officers, and also a pres- ifient pro tempore, in the absence of the vice-president, or when he shall exercise the office of president of the Uniied States. The senate shall have the sole power ^o try all impeach- ments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the president of the United States is tcieel.. the chief justice shall preside ; and no person shall be APPENDIX. 399 convicted, without the concurrence of two-thirds of the mem- bers present. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust or prutii, under the United States ; but the party convicted, shall nevertheless, be liable and sub- ject to indictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law. Section 4. The times, places and manner of holding elec- tions for senators and representatives, shall be prescribed in each state, by the legislature thereof ; but the congress may at any time by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the place of choosing senat;rrs. The congress shall ass<^ml)i.-, at le^yt once in every year^ and such meeting shall be on l!ie fust Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. Section 5. Each hou&e shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each, shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, an«l may be authorised to compel the attendance of absent membors, in such manner and under such penalties, as each house may provide. Each house may determine the rules of its proceedings ; punish its members for disorderly behavior, and with the con- currence of two-thirds ma> expel a member. Each house shall keep n journal of its proceedings, and from time to time, publish the same, excepting such parts as may in thir judgment, require secrecy ; and the yeas and nays of the members of either house, on any question, shall at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the journal. Neither house, during the session of congress, shall, with- out the consent ofthe other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that, in which the two houses shall be sitting. Section 6. The senators and representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the treasury of the United States. They shall in all cases, except treason, felony and breach ofthe peace, be privileged from arrest, during their attendance at the ses- sion of their respective bouses, and in going to and from the 400 APFENDIX, same. And for any speech or debate in either house, ther shall not be questioned in any other place. No senator or representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office, under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been increas- ed during such time : and no person holding any office under the United States, shall be a member x>f either house, during his continuance in office. Section 7. All bills for raising revenue, shall originate in the house of representatives ; but the senate ma}' propose or concur with amendments, as in othei bills. Ever}' bill which shall have passed the house of represen- tatives and the senate, shall, before it becomes a law, be pre- sented to the president of t!ie United States. If he approve^ he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return it with his objec- tions, to that house in which it shiUl have originated, who shall enter the objections at large, on their journal, and proceed to re-consider it. If, aft^er such re-consideration, two-thiids of that house shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, to- gether with the objections, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be re-considered, and if approved by two-thirds of that house, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the votes of both houses, shall be determined by yeas and nays ; and the names of the persons voting for or against the bill, shall be entered on the journal of each house, respect- iveW. if any bill shall not be returned by the president in ten days, (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been present- ed to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it ; unless the congress by their adjournment, pre- vent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the senate and house of representatives may be necessary, (except on a question of adjournment) shall be presented to the president of the United States, and before the same shall take effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be re-passed by two-thirds of the senate and house of representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in the case of a bill. Section 8. The congress shall have power to lay and col- lect taxes, duties, imposts and excises ; to pay the debt of the United States, and provide for the common defence and general welf\ire of the United States ; but all duties, imposts and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States^ APPENDIX. 401 To borrow money on the credit of the United States ; to regulate commerce with foreign n-itions, and among the sever- al states, and with the Indian tribes ; to establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bank ruptcy, throughout the United States. To coin money ; reg- ulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin ; and fix the stand- ard of wtights and measures ; to provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States. To establish post-offices and post-roads ; to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limit- ed times, to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries. To constitute tri- bunals inferior to the supreme coort ; to define and punish j)iracies and felonies, committed on the high seas, and offences against the law ofnatiotjis. To declare war; grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; to raise and support armies ; but no appro- priation of monies for that use, shall be for a longer term than two years ; to provide and maintain a navy ; to make rules and regulations for the land and naval for-'es. To provide for calling forth the militia, to execute the laws of the Union, sup- press insurrections, and repel invasions. To provide for or- ganizmg, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as miy be employed in the service of the United States ; reserving to the Siates respectively, the ap- pointment of the officers, and the authority of training the mi- litia, accordins^ to the discipline prescribed by congress. To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases, whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by the cession of particular states, and the acceptance of congress, become the seat of the <2:overnm?nt of the United States, and to exercise like authority over all such places, purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of torts, dock-yards, and other need- ful buildings. And to make all laws, which may be neces- sary for carrying into execution the foregoinsji'ovvers, vested by this constitution, in the r>,overnmentof the United States, or in any department or office thereof. Section 9. The migration or importation of such persons, as any of the states now existing, shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by congress, prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight : but a duty may b<; impos- 34* 402 APPExNDlX, ed on such importation, not exceeding ten dollars per each person. The pririleges of the writs of habeas corpus, shall not be suspended unless in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. No bill of attainder or expost facto law shall be passed. No capitation, or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in pro- portion to the census or enumeration herein before directed to be taken.' -.No tax or duty shall be laid upon any article? -exported from any state. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce -or revenue, to the ports of one state ovt:r those of another : nor shall vessels bound to or from one state, be obliged to en- ter, clear, or pay duties in another. No monies shall be drawn frem the treasury, but in conse- quence of appropriations made by law ; and a regular state- ment and Jiccount of the receipts and expenditures of all pub- lic monies, shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility, shall be granted by the United States;. And no person holding any office of profit or trust, under them, shall, without the con.-reme court, and in such inferior courts as the congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. The judges, both of the supreme and inferior court?, shall hold their offices during good behaviour, and shall, ai stated times, receive for their services, a compensation, which shall not be diminished during theii- conlinup.nce.in oilice. Section 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity, arising under this constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made under their authority ; to all cases atfectino; ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls : to all cases of admiralty and maritimo jurisdiction ; to contro- versies, to which the United St .tes shall be a party ; to contro- versies, between two or more states ; between a state, and cit- izens of another state ; between citizens of diifercnt states ; between citizens of the same state, claiming lands under grants of difterent states, and between a state, or the citizens thereof, and foreign states, citizens or subjects. In all cases afliecting ambassadors, or other public ministers, and consuls, and those in which a state shall be a par]y, the supreme court shall have original jurisdiction. The other cases before mentioned, the supreme court shall have appef- late jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, with such exception ^, and under such regulatious, as the congress shall make. 406 APPENDIX. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachraenl, shall be by jury, and such trial shall be held in the state where the said crimes shall have been committed ; but when not committed within any state, the trial shall be at such place or places, as the congress shall by law, have directed. W Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall con- sist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of tvvo witness- es to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. The congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason ; but no attainder of treason, shall work corrup- tion of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the per- son attainted. ARTICLE IV. Section 1. Full fiiith and credit shall be given in eacli state, to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other state. And the congress may, by general laws, piescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and pro- ceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. Section 2. The citizens of each state, shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities, of the citizens ol the several states. A person charged with treason, felony or other crime, 'in any state, who shall flee from justice, and be found in another state, shall, on demand from the executive authority of the state, from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the state having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall in consequence of any law or regulations therein, be discharged from such ser- vice or labor, but shall be delivered up, on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Section 3. New states may be admitted by the congress, into this Union ; but no new state shall be formed or erected, within the jurisdiction of any other state, nor any state be formed by the junction of two or more states, or parts of states, without the consent of the legislatures of the states concerned, as well as of the congress. " ^The congress shall have power to dispose of, and make all needful rules and regulations, respecting the territory, ami APPENDIX. 407 other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this constitution shall be so construed, as to prejudice any claims of the United states, or any particular state. Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every state in this Union, a republican form of government ; and shall protect each of them against invasion ; and on application of the legislature, or of the executive, (when the legislature can- not be convened) against domestic violence. ARTICLE V. The congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this constitu- tion ; or on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the states, shall call; a convention for proposing amendments, which in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purpos- es, as part of this constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions m three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode may be proposed by the congress ; provided, that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hun- dred and eight, shall in any manner aifect the tirst and fourth clauses in^ the ninth section of the first article ; and that no state without its |consent, shall be deprived of its equal suf- frage in the senate. ARTICLE VI. All debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of this constitution, shall be as valid against the United States, under this constitution, as under the confeder- ation. This constitution, and the laws of the United States, whicL shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United States , shall be the supreme law of the land ; and the judge in every state shall be bound thereby, any thing in the constitution, or laws of any state to the contrary, notwithstanding. The senators and representatives before mentioned, and the members of the several state legislature, and :all| executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the sev- eral states, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this constitution ; but no religious test shcdl ever be required, as a qualification to any office or public trust, under the Unitei States. 4C8 APPENDIX. ARTICLE Vir. The ratiiication of the conventions of nine states, shall be sufficient lor the establishment of this constitution, between the states so ratifying the same. t AxMENDMENTS. Article 1. Congress shall make no law respecting the es- tablishment oi religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there- of, or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press ; or the right of the people peaceblj to assembly, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances. Article 2. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security of a i'ree state, the right of the people to keep and b^ar arms, shall not be infringed. Article 3. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner ; nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article 4. The right of the people to be secure in their per- sons, houses, papers and effects, against unreasonable search- es and seizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants shall issue, but upon prooable cause, supported by oath or affirma- tion, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons and things to be seized. Article 5. No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or in- dictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval service, or m the militia, when in actual service, in time ofrWar or public danger \ nor shall any person be subject for the same oftence, to be twice put in jeopardy of life and limb .; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case, to be witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for the public use, without just compensation. Article 6. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right of a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been t The fundamental difference between the old confederation, and new constitution rests principally on this ; the former looked to the states for support ; but the latter supports the states. APPENDIX. ' 409 previously committed ; which district shall have been previ- ously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confrdnted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnes- ses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel, for his defence. Article 7. In suits at common law, where the value in con- troversy, shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by ju- ry, shall be preserved ; and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. Article 8. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor exces- sive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. Article 9. The enumeration in the constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others re- tained by the people. • Article 10. The powers not delegated by the constitution to the United States, nor prohibited by it to the states, are re- served to the states respectively, or to the people. Article 11. The judicial power of the United States, shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, com- menced, or prosecuted against one of the United States, by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of a for- eign state. Article 12. (In lieu of the third paragraph of the first sec- tion of the second article.) The electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for president and vice- president, one of whom at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves. They shall name in their ballots, the person voted for as president, and in distinct bal- lots, the person voted for as vice-president ; and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president, and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for each *. which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate. The presi- dent of the senate shall, in tlie presence of the senate anA house of representatives, open all the certificates, and tke votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for president, shall be the president, if suck number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap~ pointed ; but if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest number, not exceeding three^ o» 35 410 . APPENDIX. the list of those voted for as president, the house of repre- sentatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the president, the votes shall be taken by states ; the representatives from each state having one vote. A quorum for this purpose, shall consist of a member or mem- bers from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the house of representatives shall not choose a president, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the 4th da\^ of March, next following, then the vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the death, or other constitution- al disability of the president. The person having the greatest number of votes as vice- president, shall be vice-president, if such number be a major- ity of the whole number of electors appointed ; but if no per- son have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the senate shall choose the vice-president. A quo- rum for this purpose, shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number, shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally in- eligible to the office of president, shall be eligible to the of- ftce ot vice-president. This 12th article was ratified in 1804. [Note D.] By the Congress of the United States of America. MANIFESTO. ytf " These United States having been driven to hostihties by the oppressive and tyrannous measures of Great Britain ; hav- ing been compelled to commit the essential rights of man to the decision of arras ; and having been at length forced to shake off a yoke, which had grown too burdensome to bear, they de- clared themselves free and independent. Confiding in the justice of their cause ; confiding in him, who disposes of human events, although weak and unprovided, they set the power of their enemies at defiance. In this confidence they have continued, through the various fortune of ^three bloody campaigns, unawed by the powers, - ^ APPENDIX. 411 unsubdued by the barbarity of their foes. Their virtuous cit- izens have borne, without repining, the loss of many things, which nnade life desirable. Their brave troops have patient- ly endured the hardships and dangers of a situation, fruitful in both beyond example. The congress, considering themselves bound to love their enemies, as children of that being, who is equally the father of all, and desirous, since they could not prevent, at least to alleviate the calamities of war, have studied to spare those who were inarms against them, and to lighten the chains of captiv- ity. The conduct of those serving under the king of Great Brit- ain, hath, with some few exceptions, been diametrically op- posite. They have laid waste the open country, burned the defenceless villages, and butchered the citizens of America. — Their prisons have been the slaughterhouses of her soldiers ; their ships of her seamen ; and the severest injuries have been aggravated, by the grossest insults. Foiled in their vain attempt to subjugate the unconquerable spirit of freedom, the}^ have meanly assailed the representa- tives of America, with bribes, with deceit, and the servility of adulation. They have made a mock of humanity, by the wanton destruction of men ; they have made a mock of reli- gion, by impious appeals to God, whilst in the violation of his sacred commands ; they have made a mock even of reason it- self, by endeavoring to prove, that the liberty and happiness of America, could safely be entrusted to those, who have said their orvn, unawed by the sense of virtue or of shame. Treated with the contempt, which such conduct deserved, they have applied to individuals ; they have solicited them to break the bonds of allegiance, and imbrue their souls with the blackest of crimes ; but fearing that none could be found, through these United States, equal to the wickedness of their purpose, to influence weak minds, they have threatened more wide devastation. While the shadow of hope lemained, that our enemies could be taught by our example, to respect those laws, which are held sacred among civilized nations, and to comply with the dictates of a religion, which they pretend, in common with us to believe and revere, they have been left to the influence of that religion, and that example. But since their incorrigible dispositions cannot be touched by kindness and compassion, it ?> W 412 APPENDIX. becomes our duty by other means, to vindicate the rights of humanity. We, therefore, the congress of the United States of Ameri- ca, do solemnly declare and proclaim, that if our enemies presume to execute their threats, or persist in their present career of barbarity, we will take such exemplary vengeance as shall deter others from a like conduct. We appeal to that God who searcheth the hearts of men, for the rectitude of our intentions. And in his holy presence declare, that as we are not moved by any light and hasty suggestions of anger or re- venge, so through every possible change of fortune, we will adhere to this our determination. Done in congress, by unanimous consent, the 30th day of October, 1778. Attest, Charles Thompson, Sec'y/' [Note E.] WASfllNGTON'S FAREWELL ADDRESS Friends and Fellow-Citizens : — The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the executive government of the United States, being not far dis- tant, and the time actually arrived, when your thoughts must be employed in designating the person, who is to be clothed with that importr.nt trust, it appears to rne proper, especially as it may conduce to a more distinct expression of the public voice, that I should now apprise you of the resolution 1 have formed, to decline being considered among the number of those, out of whom a choice is to be made. I beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured, that this resolu- tion has not been taken, without a strict regard to all the con- siderations appertaining to the relation, which binds a dutiful citizen to his country ; and that, in withdrawing the tender of service, which silence in my situation might imply, I am influ- enced by no dimunition of zeal for your future interest ; no deficiency of grateful respect for your past kindness ; but am supported by a full conviction, that the step is compatible with both. The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in the office, to which your suffrages have twice called me, have been a uni' form sacrifice of inclination, to the opinion of duty, and to a deference for what appeared to be your desire. I constantly APPExNDIX. 413 hoped, that it would have been much earher in my power, consistent with motives, which I was not at hberty to disre- gard, to return to that retirement from which I had been re- luctantly drawn. i he strength of my inclination to do this, previous to the last election; had even led to the preparation of an address to declare it to you ; but mature reflection on the then perplt-xing and critical posture of our affairs with foreign nations, and the unanimous advice of persons, entitled to my confidence, impelled me to abandon the idea. I rejoice that the state of your concerns, external as well as internal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incom- patible with the sentiment of duty, or propriety ; and rfm persuaded, whatever partiality may be retained for my servi- ces, that in the present circu nstances of our country, you will not disapprove my determination to retire. The impressions with which I first undertook the arduous trust, were explained on the proper occasion. In the dis- charge of this trust 1 will only say, that I have, with good in- tentions, contributed towards the organization and administra- tion of the government, the best exertions of which a very fallible judgment was capable. Not unconscious, in the out- set, of the inferiority of ray qualifications, experience in my own eyes, perh.ips still more in the eyes of others, has strengthened the motives to diffidence of myself; and every day the increasing weight of years admonishes me more and more, that the shade of retirement is as necessary to me, as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if any circumstances have given peculiar value to my services, they were temporary, I have the consolation to believe, that while choice and pru- dence invite me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not forbid it. In looking forward to the moment, which is intended to terminate the career of my public life, myfeelingsdo notper- mit me to suspend the deep acknowledgment of that debt of gratitude, which I owe to my beloved country, for the many honors it has conferred upon me ; still more, for the steadfast confidence with which it has supported me ; and for the op- portunities I have thence enjoyed, of manifesting my inviolable attachment, by services faithful and persevering, though in usefulness unequal to my zeal. If benefits have resulted to our country from these services, let it always be remember- ed to your praise, and as an instructive example in our annals^ that under circumstances, in which the passions, agitated in er- 35* 414 APPENDIX. ery direction, were liable to mislead, amidst appearances sometimes dubious — vicissitudes of fortune often discouraging — in situations in which not unfrequently want of success has countenanced the spirit of criticism- — the constancy of your support, was the essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of the plans by which they were effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea, I shall carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement to unceasing vows, that Heaven may continue to you the choicest tokens of its bene- ficence — that your union and brotherly affection may be per- petual — that the free constitution, which is the work of your hands, may be sacredly maintained — that its administration in every department, may be stamped with wisdom and virtue — that, in fine, the happiness of the people of these states, under the auspices of liberty, maybe made complete, by so careful a preservation, and so prudent a use of this blessing, as will acquire to them the glory of recommending it to the applause, the affection, and the adoption of every nation, which is yet a. stranger to it. Here, perhaps, I ought to stop. But a solicitude for your welfare, which cannot end but with my life, and the appre- hension of danger^ natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the present, to offier to your solemn contempla- tion, and to recommend to your frequent review, some senti- ments, which are the result of much reflection, of no incon- siderable observation," and which appear to me all important to the permanency of your felicity as a people. These will be offered to you with the more freedom, as you can only see iQ them the disinterested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly have no personal motives to bias his council. Nor can 1 forget as an encouragement to it, your indulger?t re- ception of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar occa- sion. Intervvoven as is the love of liberty with every liga- ment of your hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or confirm tlie attachment. The unity of government, ivhich constitutes j^ou one peo- ple, is also now dear to you. it is justly so ; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence, the support of your tranquihty at home, your peace abroad ; of your safe- ty J of your prosperity ; of that very liberty, which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee, that from different causes, and from different quarters, much pains will be taken, and many artifices employed to weaken in your minds the con- APPENDIX. 4t& viction of this truth ; as this is the point in your political fortress, against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed, it is of infinite moment, that yon should properly estimate the immense value of your national union, to your collective and individual happiness ; that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immoveable attachment to it ; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it, as the palladium of your political safety and prosperity I watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety ; discountenancing what- ever may suggest, even a suspicion, that it can in any event be abandoned ; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawriing of every attempt, to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties, which now link togeth- er the various parts. For this, you have every inducement of sympathy and in- terest. Citizens by birth or choice, of a common country, that country has a right to concentrate your affections. The name of America, which belongs to you in your national capa- city, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of diiference you have the same religion, man- ners, habits, and political principles. You have in a commori cause fought and triumphed together ; the independence and liberty you possess are the work of joint councils, and joint efforts, of common dangers, suffering and successes. But these considerations, however powerfully they address them- selves to your sensibility, are greatly outweighed by those, which apply more immediately to your interest. . Here every portion of our country finds the most commanding motives, for carefully guarding and preserving the union of the whole. The north, in an unrestrained intercourse with the south, protected by the equal laws of common gpvernment, finds in the productions of the latter great additional resources ol'mar- itime and commercial enterprise, and precious materials of manufacturing industry. The south, in the same intercourse, benefited b}^ the agency of the north, sees its agriculture grow, and its commerce expand. Turning partly into its own channels the seamen of the north, it finds its particular navi- gation invigorated ; and while it contributes, in diiTerent ways, to nourish and increase the general mass of the national naviga- tion, it looks forward to the protection of a maritime strength, to which itself is unequally a^aj^rted. The east, in alike inter- 416 APPENDIX. course with the west, already fintis, and in the progressive ini provement of interior communication, by land and water, will more and more find, a vent for the commodities, which it brings from abroad, or manufactures at home. The west de- rives from the east, supplies requisite to its growth and comr fort — and what is perhaps of still greater consequence, it must of necessity owe the secure enjoyment of mdispensable out- lets for its own productions, to the weight, influence, and fu- ture maritime strength of the Atlantic side of the Union, di- rected by an indissoluble community of interest, as one nation. Any other tenure, by whirh the west can hold this essential advantage, whether derived from its own seperate strength, or from an apostate and unnatural connection with any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious. While then every part of our country, thus feels an imme- diate and peculiar interest in union, all the parts combined cannot fail to find in the united mass of means and eflorts, greater strength, greater resources, proportionably greater security from external danger, a less iVequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations ; and what is of inestimable value I they must derive from union, an exemption from those broils, and wars between themselves, which so frequently af- flicts neighboring countries, not tied together by the same government ; which their own rivalships alone would be sufii- cient to produce, but which opposite foreign alliances, attach- ments and intrigues, would stimulate and embitter. Hence likewise, they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establishments, which, under any form of government, are inauspscious to libertjr, and which are to be regarded as particularly hostile to republican liberty ; in this sense it is, that your union ought *o be considered as a main prop of your liberty, and that the love of the one, ought to endear to you the preservation of the other. These considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting and virtuous mind, and exhibit the continuance of the union, as a primary object of patriotic desire. Is there a doubt, whether a common government can embrace so large a sphere ? Let experience solve it. To listen to mere spec- ulation, in such a case, were criminal. We are authorised to hope, that a proper organization of the whole, with auxiliary agency of governmeuLs, for the respective subdivisions, will aft'ord a happy issue to the experiment. 'Tis well worth a fair and lull experiment. With such powerful and obvious APPENDIX. 417 motives to union, affecting all parts of our country, while ex- perience shall not have demonstrated its impracticability, there will always be reason to distrust the patriotism of those, who in any quarter, may endeavor to weaken its bands. In contemplating the causes, which may disturb our Union, it occurs as a matter of serious concern, that any ground should have been furnished for characterising parties, by geographical discriminations — northern and southern — Atlantic and west- ern — whence designing men may endeavor to excite a belief, that there is a real difference of local interests and views. One of the expedients of party to acquire influence, within particular districts, is to misrepresent the opinions and aims of other districts. You cannot shield yourselves too much against the jealousies and heart burning*;, which spring from these misrepresentations ; they tend to render alien to each other, those, who ought to be bound together by fraternal affec- tion.— The inhabitants of our western country have lately had a useful lesson on this head ; they have seen, in the negotia- tion by the executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the. senate, of the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satis- faction at that event throughout the United States, a decisive proof, how unfounded were the suspicions propagated among them, of a policy in the general government, and in the Atlan- tic states, unfriendly to their interests in regard to the Mis- sissippi : they have been witnesses to the formation of Iwo treaties, that with Great Britain, and that with Spain, which secure to them every thing they could desire, in respect to our foreign relations, towards confirming their prosperity. Will it not be their wisdom to rely, for the preservation of these advantages, on the union by which they were procured? Will they not henceforth 6e deaf to those advisers, if such there are, who would sever them from their brethren, and connect them with aliens ? To the efficacy and permanency of your union, a govern- ment for the whole is indispensable. No alliances, however strict, between the parts, can be an adequate substitute ; they must inevitably experience the infractions and interruptions, which all alliances, in all times, have experienced. Sensible of this momentous truth, you have improved upon your first essay, by the adoption of a constitution of government, better calculated than your former, for an intimate union, and for the efficacious management of your common concerns. This gov- ernment, the offspring of our own choice, uninfluenced an4 418 APPENDIX. vinawed, adopted upon full investigation and mature deliber tion, completely free in its principles, in the distribution of its powers, uniting security with energy, and containing with- in itself a provision for its own amendments, has a just claim to your confidence, and your support. — Respect jfor its au- thority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in its measures, are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liber- ty. The basis of our political system is, the right of the people to make and alter their constitutions of government. — But, the constitution which at any time exists, till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole people, is sacredly obligatory upon all. The very idea of the power and the right of the people to estibli^h government, presupposes the duty of every indivrilual, to obey the established government. All obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combina- tions and associations, under whatever plausible character, with the real design to direct, control, counteract, or awe the regular deliberation and action of the constituted authorities, are destructive of this fundamental principle, and of fatal ten- dency. — They serve to organize faction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force — to put in the place of the delegated will of the nation, the will of a party, often a small but enter- prising minority of the community ; and according to the al- ternate triumphs of different parties, to make the public ad- ministration the mirror, of the ill-concerted and incongruous projects of factions, rather than the organ of consistent and \vholesome plans, digested by common councils, and modified by mutual interests. However combinations, or associations of the above description, may now and then answer popular ends, they are likely, in the course of time and things, to be- come potent engines, by which cunning, ambitious and un- principled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people, and to usurp to themselves the reins of government ; destroying afterwards the vtjry engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion. Towards the preservation of your government', and the per- manency of your present happy state, it is requisite, not only that you speedily discountenance irregular oppositions to its acknowledged authority, but also that you resist with care, the spirit of innovation upon its principles, however specious the pretexts. One method of assault may be, to effect in the forms of the constitution, alterations which will impair the energy of the system, and thus to undermine, what cannot be directly APPENDIX. 419 overthrown. In all the changes to which you may be invited, remember, that time and habit are at least, as necessary to fijt the true character of governments, as of other human institu- tions — that experience is the surest standard, by which to test the real tendency of the existing constitution of a country — that facility in changes upon the credit of mere hypothesis and opinion, exposes to perpetual change from the endless varie- ty of hypothesis and opinion ; and remember, especially, that for the efficient management of your common interests, in a country so extensive as ours, a government of as much vigor as is consistent with the perfect security of liberty, is indis- pensable. Liberty itself, will find in such a government, with powers properly distributed and adjusted, its surest guardian. It is, indeed, little else than a name, where the government is too feeble to withstand the enterprises of fiiction, to confine each member of the society within the limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain all in the secure and trauquil enjoy- ment of the rights of person and property. I have already intimated to you, the danger of parties in the state, with particular reference to the founding of them on ge- ographical discriminations. — Let me now take a more compre- hensive view, and warn you, in the most solemn manner, against the baneful effects of the spirit of party, generally. This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, hav- ing its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. It exists under different shapes in all governments, more or less stifled, controlled or repressed ; but in those of the pop- ular form, it is seen in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy. The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dissention, which, in different ages and countries, has perpe- trated the most horrid enormities, is itself frightful despotism. But this leads at length to a more formal and permanent des- potism. The disorders and miseries, which result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek security and repose in the absolute power of an individual ; and sooner or later, the chief ©f some prevailing faction, more able or more fortunate than his competitors, turns his despotism to the purposes of his «wn elevation, on the ruins of public liberty. Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind, (which nevertheless ought not to be entirely out of sight) the com- mon and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party, are suffi- cient to make it the interest and duty of a wise people to dis~ 420 APPENDIX. courage and restrain it. It serves always to distract the publie councils, and enfeeble the public administrations. It agitates ^ the community, with ill-founded jealousies, and false alarms ; kindles the animosity of one party against another, and foments occasionly, riot and insurrection. It opens the door to for- eign influence and corruption, which find a Aicilitated access to the government itself, through the channels of party pas- sions. Thus the policy and the will of one country, are sub- jected to the policy and will of another. There is an opinion, that parties in free countries are useful checks upon the administration of the government, and serve to keep alive the spirit of liberty. This within certain limits is probably true ; and in governments of a monarchical cast, patriotism may look with indulgence, if not with favor, upon the spirit of party. But in those of -a popular character, in governments purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encoura- ged. From their natural tendency, it is certain there will al- ways be enough of that spirit, for every salutary purpose. And there being constant danger of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion to mitigate and assuage it. A fire not to be quenched ; it demands a uniform viligance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead of warming, it should con- sume. It is important likewise, that the habits of thinking in a free country, should inspire caution, in those intrusted with its ad- ministration, to confine themselves within their respective constitutional spheres, avoiding, in the exercise of the powers of one department, to encroach upon another. The spirit of en- croachment tends, to consolidate the powers of all the depart- ments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of govern- ment, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to abuse it, which predominates in the human heart, is sutBcient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. — The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of politicial power, b}' dividing and distributing it into different deposito- ries, arvd constituting each the guardian of public weal, against invasions by the others, has been evinced by experiments, an- cient and modern ; some of them in our country, and under our own eyes. To preser-^e them, must be as necessar)', as to institute them. It\ in the opinion of the people, the distribu- tion or modificaiion of the constitutional powers be, in any par- ticular wrong, let it be corrected by an amendment, in the wa> which the constitution designates. But let there be no change APPENDIX, 421 fey usurpation ; for though this, in one instance may be the instrument of good, it is the customary weapon by which free governments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance in permanent evil, any partial or transient benefit, which the use can at any time yield. Of all the dispositions and habits, which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. In vam would that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor to subvert these great pillars of human happiness, these firmest props of the duties of men and citizens. Thr mere politician, equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them. A volume could not trace all their con- nections with private and public felicity. Let it simply be asked, where is the security for property, for reputation, for life, if the sense of religious obligation desert the oaths, which are the instruments of investigation in courts of justice ; and Jet us with caution indulge the supposition, that morality can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be conceded to the influence of refined education, on mmds of peculiar structure ; reason and experience both forbid us to expect, that national morality can prevail, in exclusion of religious principle. 'Tis substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary spring of popular government. The rule indeed extends, with more or less force, to every species of free gov- ernment. Who that is a sincere friend to it, can look with in difference upon th^ attempts, to shake the foundation of the fabric ? Promote then, as an object of primary importance, institu- tions for the general diffusion of knowledge. — In proportion as the structure of a government gives lorce to public opinion, it is essential, that public opinion should be enlightened. As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit ; one niethod of preserving it is, to use it as spanngly as possible ; avoiding occasions of expense, by cultivating peace ; but remembering also, that timely disbursements to prepare for danger, frequently prevent much greater disburse- ments to repel it ; avoiding likewise the accumulations of debt, not only by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigo- rous exertions in time of peace, to discharge the debts which unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burden which we ourselves Ought to bear. The execution of these maxims belongs to your re- presentatives, but it is necessary that public opinion should 36 422 APPENDIX. co-operate. To facilitate to them the performance of their duty, it is essential that you should practically bear in mind, that towards the payment of debts there must be a revenue : to have revenue, there must be taxes ; that no taxes can be devis- ed, which are not more or less inconvenient and unpleasant j that the intrinsic embarrassment, mseparable from the selection of the propel object, (which is always a choice of dithculties) ought to be a decisive motive, lor a candid construction of the conduct of the government in making it, and for a spirit of acquiescence in the measures for obtaining revenue, which the public exigencies may at any time dictate. Observe good faith and justice towards all nations ; culti- vate peace and harmony with all ; religion and morality en- join this conduct ; and can it be, that good policy does not equally enjoin it ? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example, of a people always guided by an exalted justice aiul benevolence. Who can doubt, that in the course of time and things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advantages, which might be lost by a steady adherence to it ? Can it be, that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a na- tion, with its virtues ? 1 he experiment, at least, is recom- mended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. Alas I is it rendered impossible by its vices ? In the execution of such a plan, nothing is more essential, than that permanent inveterate antipathies against particular nations, and passionate attachments lor others should be ex- cluded, and that in place of thein, just and amicable feelings towards all, should be cultivated. The nation, which indulg- es towards another an habitual hatred, or an habilual fond- ness, is in some degree a slave. It is a slave to its animosity, or to its affection, either of which, is suificient to lead it astray, from its duty and its interest. Antipathy in one nation against another, disposes each more readily to otfer insult and injury, to lay hold ot' flight causes of umbrage, and to be haughty and untractable, when accidental and tri- lling occasions of dispute occur. Hence frequent collisions, obstinate, envenomed, and bloody contests. The nation prompted by ill will and resentment, sometimes impels to war the government, contrary to the best calculations of policy. The government sometimes participates in the national pro- pensity, and adopts through passion, what reason weuld reject : APPENDIX. 423 at other times, it may be the animosity of the nation subservi- ent to projects of hostility instigated by pride, ambition, and other sinister and pernicious motives. — The peace often, sometimes perhaps the liberty of nations, has been the vic- tim. So Ukewise a passionate attachment of one nation for anoth- er, produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite na- tion, facilitating the allusion of an imaginary common interest, in cases where no real common interest exists, and infusing into one the enmities of tlie other, betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels, and wars of the latter, without adequate inducement or justification. It leads also to conces- sions to the favorite nation, of privileges denied to others, which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the conces- sions, by unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retained ; and by exciting jealousy, ill-will, and a disposition to retaliate, in the parties from whom equal privileges are. withheld ; and it gives to ambitious, corrupted, or deluded citizens, (who devote themselves to the favorite nation) facili- ty to betray or sacrifice the interests of their country, with- out odium, sometimes even with popularity ; gliding with the appearance of a virtuous sense of obligation, a commenda- ble deference tor public opinion, or a laudable zeal for public good, the base or foolish compliances of ambition, corruption, or infatuation. As avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways, such attachments are particularly alarming, to the truly enlightened and independent patriot. How many opportunities do they afford, to tamper with domestic factions, to practice the arts of seduction, to mislead public opinion, to influence or awe thf public councils ! Such an attachment of small or weak, to- wards a great and powerful nation, dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter. Against the insidious wiles of for- eign influence, (1 conjure you to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake ; since history and experience prove, that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. But that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial ; else it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defence against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign na- tion, and excessive dislike of another, cause those whom they actuate, to see danger only on one side, and serve to veil and even second the art of influence on the other. Keal patriots, 4^4 APPENDIX, s?ho may resist the intrigues of the favorite, are liable to be come suspected and odious ; while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confidence of the pe©ple, to surrender their interests. The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to for- eign nations, is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connexion as possiule. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith.^ — Here let us stop. Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies, the causes ol which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be un- wise in us, to implicate ourselves by artificial ties, in the ordi- nary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships, or enmities. Our detached and distant situation invite and enable us to pursue a difl'er- ent course. If we remain one people, under an efficient gov- ernment, the period is not far off, when we may d^fy material injury from external annoyance ; when we may take such an attitude as will cause the neutrality, we may at any time re- solve upon, to be scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation ; when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by jus- tice, shall counsel. Why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation ? Whj'^ quit our own. to stand upon foreign ground ? Why, by inter- >veaving our destiny with that of any part of Europe, entangle our peace and prosperity, in the toils of European ambition, rivalship, interest, humor or caprice ? 'Tis our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliances, with nny portion of the foreign world ; so far, I mean, as we are now at liberty to do it ; for let us not be understood, as capable of patronizing infi- delity to existing engagements. I hold the maxim no less ap- plicable to public, than to private affairs, that honesty is al- TTaysthe best policy. 1 repeat it, therefore, let those engage- ments be observed in their genuine sense. But, in my opin- ion, it is unnecessary, and would be unwise to extend them. Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establish- ^ments, on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to temporary alliances, for extraordinary emergencies. Harmony, and liberal intercourse with all nations, are re- rommended by policy, humanity, and interest. But even oui APPENDIX. 425 commercial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand ; neither seeking, nor granting exclusive favors or preferences ; consulting the natural course of things, diifusing and diversify- ing by gentle means, the streams of commerce, by forcing nothing ; establishing, with powers so disposed, (in order to give trade a stal)le course, to define the rights of our mer- chants, and to enable the government to support them) conven- tional rules of intercourse, the best that present circumstan- ces, and mutual opinion will permit, but temporary, and liable to be, from time to time, abandoned or varied, as experience. and circumstances shall dictate ; constantly keeping in view, that 'tis folly in one nation, to look for disinterested favor* from another ; that it must pay with a portion of its indepen- dence, for whatever it may expect, under that character ; that by such acceptance, it may place itselfin the condition of hav- ing given equivalent, for nominal favors, and yetof being re- proached with ingratitude, for not giving more. There can be no greater error, than to expect, or calculate upon real favors from nation to nation. ^I'is an allusion, which experience, must cure, which a just pride ought to discard. in offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old ;iffectionate friend, 1 dire not hope they will make the strong and lasting impression I could wish ; that they will control the usual current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the course which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations. But if I m;iy ever flatter myself, that they may be ])roductivc of some partial benefit, some occasional good ; tha< they may now and then recur, to moderate the fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigues, and guard against the impostures of pretended patriotism ; this hope will be a full recompense, for the solicitude for your \veirare, by which they have been dictated. How far in the discharge of my official duties, 1 have been guided by the prin- ciples, which have been delineated, the public records, and other evidences of ray conduct, must witness to you and to the world. To myself, the assurance of my own conscience is, that I have at least believed myself to be guided by them. In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my procla- mation of the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by that of your rep- resentatives in both houses of congress, the spirit of that meas- ure has continually governed me ; uninfluenced by any at- tempt to deter or divert me from it. After deliberate exam 3b* 42G APPENDIXv Hiation, with the aid of the best hghts I coukl obtiiin, 1 \va? well satistiecl,that our country, under all the circumstances o! the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty and inter- est, to take a neutral position. Having taken it, 1 determin- ed, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it wiih mod- eration, perseverance and firmness. The consideration which respects the right to hold thi? conduct, it is not necessary on this occasion to detail. I will only observe, that according to my understanding of the mat- ter, that right, so far from being denied by any of the bellig- erent powers, has been virtually admitted by all. The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without any thing more, iVom the obligations, which justice and humanity impose upon every nation, in cases in which it is free to act. to maintain inviolate, the relations of peace and amity towards other nations. The inducements of interest, for observing that conduct, will best be referred to your own rellectionsand experience. With me, apredomin;«nt motive has been, to en- deavor to gain time to our country, to settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress without interruption, to that degree of strength and consistency, which is necessary 10 give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes. Though in reviewing the incidents of my administration, 1 am unconscious of intentional error ; 1 am nevertheless too sensible of my defects, not to think it probable, that 1 may have committed many errors. Whatever they may be, 1 fervent- ly beseech the Almighty to averts or mitigate the evils tr vsrhich they may tend. 1 shall also carry with me the hope, that my country will never cease to view them with indul- gence ; and that after forty-five years of my life, dedicated to its service, with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent •abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be. 10 the mansions of rest. Relying on its kindness in this, as in the other things, and actuated by that fervent love towards it, which is so natural to a man, who views in it the native soil of himself, and his progenitors, tor several generations ; I anti- cipate with pleasing expectation, that retreat, in which I prom- ise myself to realise, without alloy, the sweet enjoyment of partaking, in the midst of my lellow-citizens, the benign in- tluence of good laws, under a iVee government — the ever fa- 'vorite object of my heart, and the liappy reward, as I trust, .''f owr mutual cares, labor? and dangers. GEORGE WASHINGTON A BRIEl'' GEOGRAPHICAL VIEW OF THE » l^oundaries. — The United States nre bounded on the north ynd northeast, by ihe dominions of Russia, unlocated regions ofGreat Britain, Upper and Lower Canada, and Nevv-fiiuns- wick ; southeast by the Athintic ocean ; south by the gnlf of Mexico ; and west by the Spanish dominions and the Pacitic ocean. Face of ike country, 4'c. — Tlie face of the countr}' is inter- sected, and variegated, with the most extensive ranges ol mountains, the longest and noblest rivers, the largest and most numerous lakes, the richest and most fertile basins, and the grandest, or most subhme natural scenes in the world. Mountains. — The l^ocky and Chip[)ewan ranges on the west, and the Allegany and Blue ixiilge ranges on the cast, are the great chains, that form tlie principal sources of all the great rivers, that fall into the Pacific ocean, on the west, the gulf of Mexico on the south, and the Atlantic ocean on the cast. The range of the Rocky mountains extend* from the isthmu.'^ of Darien, in a northerly direction to tiie northern ocean, with an average elevation of about 9000 feet above the level of the sea. Highest Peak and James^ Peak are lofty elevations* upon this range, that shoot up to the height of about I -,000 feet, and are covered with {)erennial snows. Highest Peak is considered as the most elevated land in North America, be- cause it gives rise to the Colerado of the west, which falls in to the gulf of California, and the Yellow Stone, La Platte, Ar- kansas, and Rio del Norte, which run into the gulf of Mexico- West of the Rocky mountains, another range rises in Cali- fornia, and extending along the coast of the Pacific, at the dis- tance of about 100 miles, terminates in mount St. Elias, near the 60th degree of north latitude, which is an elevation ot about 18,000 feet above thjC sea. 428 APPENDIX. The Chippewan range lies a few degrees east of the Rocky mountains, which extends irom the Artie ocean, down into Mexico, and forms the high table-lands ol'that region.! From the northern parts of this range, an extensive chain shoots off, and extends to the coast of Labrador. This range divides the waters that fall into the Artie ocean, iVom those of the St. Lawrence. The Masserne range shoots off from the Chip}>ewan range, and extends in a souther!)' direction, between Arkansas and Red rivers, down to latitude 39 deg. 34 min. where it divides into two branches ; the one extends down to the mouth of the Arkansas, where it terminates ; and the other extends north- .erl}', to the source of the Osage, and gives rise to that river. These mountains, collectively, give rise to the majestic rivers that tlow into the Pacific ocean, the Nortliern ocean, Hudson's bay, gulf of St. Lawrence, and the gulf of Mexico. The Apalachian or Allegany chain rises at the Chickasaw blulTs, on the southern borders of Tennessee, and taking hu easterly direction, through the northern sections of Mississip- pi, Alabama, and Georgia, enters South Carolina, and thence taking a north-eastern direction, runs nearly parallel with the coast, until it terminates at the Catskiil blutls, on the Hudson. The average height of this range is from lOOU to 4000 feet. :ind averaije breadth about fit'tv miles. The great Laurel ridge, and Cumberland mountains, that rise in \ irginia, and extend into Kentucky and Tennessee, are the most considerable branches of the Allegany range. The Blue Ilidge is connected with this range, as the Chip- ])ewan is with the Rocky range ; it rises near the same source and running parallel with it, terminates at West-Point, on the Hudson. East of the Hudson, the Blue Ridge rises again, in one con- tinuous range, called the Taghonnuc, which unites with the Green mountain range, near Bennington, and extends to Onion liver, where it terminates in a bluif. It rises ag;. in north of the Onion river, and extends in broken ridges into Canada. Another range rises in Connecticut, at the New-Haven l)luff, and rumiing north through Connecticut and Massachu- setts, into Vermont, forms the Green mountain range, as above. A third range commences at East Rock, near New t All extensive level tracts of land, upon high elevations arc dcn«in ihated (able-lands. APPENDIX. 429 Haven, and extending north, crosses the Conneclicut at North- ampton, and unites with a fourth range, that rises at Lyme, near Long-Ishmd sound, and this united range, embraces the White Hills of New-Hampshire, and extending along the northern boundary of the United States, dfvides the waters of Lower Canada from those of Maine. The White Hills of this range, are the highest land in New England ; being ele- vated about 7000 feet above the sea, caped ten or eleven months in the year with snow, and covered with white fleecy clouds, from which they derive their name. The other mountains of the United States are numerous ; but as they are insulated generally, and form no continuous ranges, their notice will not come under this head. The grand declivities of the aforementioned mountains, form the following basins, that drain off the waters of the fol- lowing rivers. Rivers. — The western declivity of the Rocky mountains, forms the basin through which the Columbia or Origon, with its grand tributaries, flows off into the Pacific ocean. This riv- er rises in the Rocky mountains, about lat. 64 or 55, accord- ing to Carver, and near the head waters of Mackenzie's riv- er, that flows 2000 miles into the Arctic ocean. The Origon, receives in its course, from the southeast, the following grand tributaries. 1. Clark's river, that interlocks with the head streams of the Missouri, which approach within the distance of 300 rods, and after winding in a broad circuitous course, unites with the Origin, about lat. 48 degrees. 2. Lewis' riv- er, which rises near the sources of the Yellow Stone, and winding a more angular course, meets the Origon about 180 miles below the former,iin about lat. 46 deg. 3 min. 3d. The Multnomah, that rises under the Rocky mountains, in about lat. 42 degrees, and joins the Origon in about 45 degrees. It is about 500 yards wide at its junction ; but its course and length are very imperfectly known, having never been fully explored. From the last mentioned junction, the Origon flows about 100 miles, and then falls into the Pacific ocean. Under the eastern declivity ot the same cham, rises the majestic Missouri, or king of rivers, lat. 43 deg. 31 min. and west Ion. 34 deg. 54 min. The three principal head branch- es, are called Jefferson, Madison, and Gallatin. From the mouth of the Jefferson, to its junction with the Mississippi, is 3096 miles, and from thence to the gulf of Mexico, 134^ miles ; total 4491 miles, which exceeds in extent^ the naviga ISO APPENDIX. ble waters of any other river upon tlie globe. The cateracif ofthe Missouri, will compare well with those of Niagara. The descent ofthe former, is 362 feet in 18 miles, viz. 98 feet per- pendicular, at the tirst pitch, 19 at the second, 47 at the third, and 26 at the fourth, and the width of the river at this eater- act is about 350 yards ; but the cateract ofthe latter, is esti- mated at 157 feet perpendicular descent, and the width ofthe river at 1320 yards. Under, the southern declivity of the northern chain, rise? the great Mississippi, lat 47 deg. 47 min. that flows 3000 miles, into the gulf of Mexico, through a divided confluence, like the Nile or Egypt, the principal of which is called the Balize. This river receives the majestic Missouri, 1345 miles from its mouth, in lat. 38 deg. 50 min. It is navigable for boats of forty tons, to the falls of St. Anthony, 2400 miles from its mouth ; but large ships seldom ascend above Natch- ez, 447 miles above its mouth, and 322 above the city of New Orleans. The rapid current of this river has formerly greatly impeded its navigation ; but this obstruction is now overcome by the power of steam, and more than one hundred .^team boats, of from 40 to 5 or 600 tons, perform a regular course of navigation upon the Mississippi, and its tributary streams. Upon the western declivity ofthe Allegany range, rises the placid and beautiful Ohio, and after receiving numerous tribu- tary streams, falls into the Mississippi, after meandering a course of 1 1 80 miles from Pittsburg, at the head of navigation. The breadth of the river is from 4 to 1400 yards ; but the average breadth, about 534 yards, as at Cincinnati. All these rivers overflow their banks annually ; but none so extensively as the Mississippi. For a particular description of the numerous rivers, that rise under the declivities of the Allegany, Green, and White mountain ranges, see description of inland navigation. Lakes. — The lakes of the United States are more numer- ous, and larger in size, than those of any other country on the globe. Lake Superior, as its iiame imports, is 15 or 1600 miles in circumference, which far surpases that of any other body of fresh water. It is surrounded with a rocky shore, is subject to storms more violent than the ocean ; contains nu- merous islands, and abounds with a great variety of valuable fish. The next in size are Michigan, Erie, Ontario, and Cham- APPENDIX. 43! plain, these are all navigable for vessels of the largest class, antl have become famous for their naval combats. The other nu- merous lakes are too small to admit of particular notice here. hiland navigation, — The navigation of the Hudson river is free for ships of the largest class to Hudson, and from thence to Albany and Troy, for sloops and steam-boats ; from thence in boats through the Erie, or western canal, more than 300 miles to Buffalo, on lake Erie, from thence to Detroit in Michigan 230 miles, for large vessels ; from thence by the straits 28 miles, lake St. Clair 20 miles, and the river St. Clair 60 miles, into lakes Huron and .Michigan. From lake Huron through the ca- nal at the rapids of St. Mary, the navigation extends through lake Superior, to the 9 mile portage, which opens the naviga- tion ot the lake of the Woods, 1 100 miles from Montreal. — Here commences the navigation ,of the great north western chain of lakes, that extends to Hudson's bay. Another branch of this route extends from Waterford, through the northern canal to Whitehall, on lake Champlain, across the lake through the river Sorell, to the St. Lawrence, and Montreal, from thence in ships of 500 tons to the ocean on the eiew-Orleaus. CanaU east of the -^n^ij.uiiea are aUo numerou? and valua- ble, and others are yei in coniemplation only. The inland nav- igation of Maine will be improved, when the contemplated ca nal is accomplished between the river Penobscot or Kennebec, and' Chaudier, to open a trade with Quebec. The canal thai connect* the Mernmac with Boston, has long been usetul and valuable. The Ciinal to connect Boston harbor with Xarnt^ui- set bay. through Taunton river, .^ ' ,^lher to unite Barnsta- ble and Buzz.irds bavs. wi' r~ va\ iacilitate the c :rcial interests of Boston, panics, v. with Connecticu: li.crand Xew-Vork. The canal now in ibrwanine?^ from the Lekigh to New-York is much thought of, as a channel for the convey- ance of the Lehigh coal. The canals from Philadelphia *:ross to the Susquehannah. and from the Delaware bay, across to the Chesapeake bay, wdl promote the commercial interests of Philaiielphia and Baltimore. The Chesapeake bay, with its numerous inlets and streams, opens an inland communication with the states of Virsrinia, Mar\land, Delaware, and Pennsvl- V ' ^'v that extends to the sout' ► '-i Une of the state of New- \ , - .^ :a the north, and the Ai .. v range on the west. The great Cumberland road also, across the Allegany, from Cum- berland to' Wheeling, forms a strong commercial chain be- tween the eastern and western states ; but the contemplates i-anal from the Potomac through the Moooi^ahela to Pitts- burg, will greatly promote this commercial intercourse. The canal thr: :reat Dismal swamp, that connects the Chesa- peake wuii .^.^-emarle sound, is useful in time of peace : but will always become more so. in times of war. Great fie^;*- ^re coniemplvited tor useful ami valuable canal inland na^ ^. . a. at the south, which will doubtless be executed as the popula- tion ;ind resources of the country increase : but the contempla- ted ranal across Florida, to connect the Atlantic with the Gulf of Mexico, will undoubtedly become the mos: useful. The state of Alab-ima is wateretl extensively by the river Ala- bama, and i::s tributary ?- ">, which connect the internal Bavigation of that state wi... .^e Gulf of Mexico. No country upon the whole earth, is capable of such vast and extensive lul and improvements, for commerce and navigation, and no oouniry on earth has made such rapid adyances, in the space ot two centuries, as the United States hare done, aad are con- linu.ng t© do. !► , APPENDIX. 433 Roads. — The improvements in roads in the Tnited States, nre the greatest, for the time, ot' any other nation. Turn- pike roads hare become general throughout the country, and bridges hare multipHed and improved, in connection with the roads . The first is the great post road that travei*ses the Athmtic states, from Maine to Florida, which is 1800 mile? in extent. The next in importance, are the great western turnpike from Albany to Bulfalo, from Philadelphia to Pittsburg, and the great national or Cumberland road from Washington to Wheel- vag, on the Ohio ; also Jackson*s road from Nashville, in Ten- nessee, to lake Pontchartrain or New-Orleans. In 1790, the extent of post-roads was estimated at 1875 miles ; in 1818, it ivas estimated at nearly oCOO miles, and in IS'24, the mail was transported '2000 miles per day, which will raise the amount of post-roads to 130 or 140,000 miles. Post-Offices. — The number of post-otfices in the United States, exceeds 5000. Climates^ Soil, Agricultural productions^ ^"C. — The cli- mates of the United States embrace all the variety, between the cold regions of the north, and the tropical regions of the south ; the sod is various, but remarkably good ; and the productions include all the variety that are common to all the climates in the world, and may be divided into the four follow- iug regions, viz : The northern, middle, sotithern, and trop- ical. 1. The northern region ot the United States includes the states of Maine, New-Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Connecticut. Rhode-Island, and the state of New York. — Wheat was formerly an important article among the products of New-England, when the country was new, but it is little attended to since the soil has been reduced by tillage ; rye has become a substitute for wheat, most generally ; this, and Indi* an corn, oats, barley, and potatoes, have become the staple vegetable products in N. England ; orchards flourish through- out, and cider is their common drink.; cider brandy is a very considerable article of export ; peaches flourish in the south- ern part. Wheat continues to be one of the staples of New- York ; the others are similar to those of New-England. '2. New-Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland anil Virginia, east of the Allegany ; Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Mis- souri, and Kentucky, west of the mountains, include the mid^ width, remarkably level and straight, the excavation on the upper side of which, in some parts of the hill, is twelve or fifteen feet deep ; this highway extends in length, on the side of the hill, 160 rods, each end terminating at points where the declivity was gentle, and the ascent easy to the fortification ; within which are two consid- erable artificial concavitiesf The numerous human bones washed bare by the rains, on the sloping places, indicate that the ancient population here was great. " On the opposite side of the Miami, on the top of a hill, is another extensive fortification, described in doctor Drake's Picture of Cincinnati. Another is discovered on a hill two miles below Hamilton, containing more than fifty acres, near which is a mound. Various other monuments of ancient labors appear in the Miami country. 436 APPENDIX. ^'Mounds vary both in magnitude and form. Some are coni' cal from the base to the top ; others present only the lower segment of a cone ; others are semi-globular; others in the form of a parallelogram. At Marietta is one of a conical fig- ure, of seven rods diameter at the base, fifty feet high, and twenty feet diameter at top. " The largest mound which has been found in the Ohio val- ley, stands at Big Grave creek, near the Ohio, fourteen miles below Wheeling. It is between fifteen and twenty rods diam- eter at the base, its perpendicular height seventy feet. On the summit nearly sixty feet diameter, in the middle of which is a regular cavity, consisting of about 3000 cubical feet, on which is a handsome green white oak tree, three feet diame- ter and more than seventy feet high. Within a few rods stand five other smaller mounds. ^' The most remarkable appearances of mounds or pyramids, in the western country, are on the Mississippi, consisting of two groupes. The one about ten miles above the Kahokiar, which empties near St. Louis ; and the other nearly the same distance below it- — whioh in all exceed one hundred and fift}^ Near St. Louis, within less than a mile of the Mississippi, on the east side, is the upper groupe, which at a little distance resembles a cluster of enormous hay stacks. They are gen- erally circular ; and some of tl^em, at a great height, have space enough on the top to contain several hundred men. — Xhe largest of these mounds is a stupendous pile of earth, tt> form which, must have required the labors of thousands, for years. It stands immediately on the bank of the Kahokia. Were it not for the regularity and design displayed, the plain alluvial ground on which it stands, and the great number of others scattered around it, we could scarce believe it the work of human hands. The shape is a parallelogram from north to south ; on the south is a broad apron, about halfway down, and from this another projection, nearly fifteen feet wide ; the whole circumference 800 yards, ^md the height of the mound about 90 feet. The monks of La Trappe have settled near it, who have made the apron into a kitchen garden, and sow- ed the top with wheat. The extraordinary appearance of this cluster of mounds, forces conviction on the- reflecting mind, that they are the only relics which time has secured from ob- livion, of a great and populous city. The large mounds were probably sites of temples, and many of the smaller ones mon- uments of distinguished chiefs. There is perhaps no spot in, APPENDIX. 437 the w^st capable of producing more abundantly, and support- ing a more numerous population than this valley, called the American Bottom, which is a tract of rich alluvian, extending on the Mississippi from the Kaskaskia to the Kahokia rivers, about eighty miles in length, and from three to twelve miles in breadth. The great number of mounds, and the surprising quantity of human bones every where dug up, or found on the surface of the ground, with divers other appearances, prove this valley to have been anciently filled with the habitations of men. *' Near St. Louis is a curious work, much admired, called the Fallen Garden. It suggests to the spectator the idea of a situation for assembUng the people for public councils." Natural Curiosities. — *'The gates of the Rocky mountains, so called, on the Missouri, present a great curiosity. For the distance of more than five miles, the rocks rise in perpendic- ular height, from the surface ®f the water, nearly 1200 ^^e{. There the waters of that great river are compressed within the compass of 150 yards wide ; and for three miles, there is but one small space, on which a man can stand, between the water and the perpendicular ascent of the mountain. " There are numerous caverns, of great extent and magni- tude, in the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Indiana, in which large quantities of salt petre are made. In Rock Cas- tle county, Kentucky, there is a cave so large, that a yoke of oxen and cart can be driven in at one side of a hill, half a mile through, and out at the other. In the county of Warren is another, which has been explored for seven miles, without finding the extremity. There are three natural fountains of bitumen, which, it is said, have proved a useful substitute for lamp oil. '' " In the state of Indiana, not far from Big Blue river, is a spacious cave, more than two miles in extent. The entrance is in the side of an elevated hill. Large quantities of Epsom salt, and salt petre, are found in this cave. Here numerous calcareous exudations are displayed in a variety of shapes, re- sembling artificial carvings. Bats inhabiting this cave are nu- merous ; and it is necessary for an adventurer who would ex- plore it, to preserve his torch or candle from extinguishment by those creatures, with a lantern. Within the tract called the barren., expanding in divers directions several miles, there are various other large caves ; ^n the bottoms of some of nhich flow streams of vrater, large enough to drive mills.— 37» 43e APPENDIX. There is in the county of Orange, a large stream, called Lo?b' rirer : — alter flowing several miles on the surface, the whole current suddenly sinks into the earth, and is never seen or heard of more. Ne.ir a creek that joins the Ohio, about a mile west of New- Albany, is aspriag, so strongly impregnated with sulphurated hydrogen gas, as to produce combustion, by placing a torch or lighted candle a little above the water. A- bout six miles norlhwe-;t of Corydon, near the Big Blue river, just above the base of an elevated hill, bursts from amidet the rocks, a cold sp'^ing which in the dryest seasons is copious enough to drive two pair of stones and a saw, in an elegant stone mill, built just by its mouth. There are many other spriniis of this description, cold as any well water, on which profitiible mills are built, within this^tate." The cateract of Niagara is esteemed the grandest object of the kind in the world. The distance of the falls above lake Ontario, is fourteen miles, and below lake Erie, twenty-three miles on the American side, twenty-one on the Canada side- At the distance of one ;uid three-quarter miles above the falls, the river begins to descend with a rapid and powerful current. At the falls, it turns with a right angle to the NE. and is sud- denly contracted in w^dth, iVom three to three-fourths of a mile. Below the falls, the river is only about one half mile wide, but Its depth is said to exceed 300 leet. The precipice over which the cateract descends, is formed by the brow of a vast bed of lime stone ; and the perpendicular descent, according to major Prescott's survey, is 151 feet. The descent is per- pendicular, except that the rocks are hallowed underneath the surface, particularly on the western side. The cateract is divided into two parts, by Goat or Iris island, which occu- pies one fifth or sixth of the whole breadth. The principal channel is on the western side, and is called the Horse-shoe fall, from its shape. The eastern channel is divided by an- other little island. The descent on the eastern side is greater by a ie,Yr feet than on the other, but the water is more shallow. The noise of these falls is frequently heard at York,^tifty miles distant ; and the cloud of vapour thrown, is seen seventy miles. The descent within ten miles is about 300 feet, and from lake Erie to lake Ontario, 329 feet. The quantity of water* discharged in an hour, is computed by Dr. Dwight, at 102,093, 750j tons. The spray which rises from the water, serves as a medium for forming by the sun's rays the mest bril- iiant rainbows CHRONOLOGICAL T^^Bli; or CO^TSNT^. PART L CHAPTER L COMMENCEMEMT OF THE SETTLEMENT OF NFW-EXGLAND. 14th C. Rise of John Wickliffe and the Puritan church P^^S ^3 1608 Retreat of the church to Holland 1619 Commenced their preparations to remove to America 1620 Embarked for England, and from thence to America . 14 Landed at Cape Cod, Nov. 20th Adventures and distresses of the Pilgrims 15 1621 Adventures and distresses continued 16 CHAPTER n, MASSACHUSETTS. 1625 Sketch of the persecutions HI England IT 162"? First patent, &c. Settlement at Salem 18 1629 Patent confirmed by charter of Charles J. 1630 Gov. Winthrop arrives in the colony 1631 First general court, &;c. 1632 Settlements rapidly progress, &c. 19 1634 Fundamental principles of liberty guaranteed by ^ bill of rights 1635 American slavery introduced First attempts to settle New Hampshire failed, 1629 20 1638 Great earthquake 1639 Originof a permaneet system of education. Harvard College 1640 First general code of laws, styled "■ Body ©f Liberties'- -21 1643 Confederacy of New-England CHAPTER in. CONNECTICUT. 1630 First charter, Szc. 22 1632 Connecticut river first explored by the English Sketchof the first settlements of the Dutch 1636 First English settlements commence 33 1639 First civil compact Causes that led t© the Pequot war 26 War commenced 28- War ended 3J. i-638 Settlement of the g^ltny of Now Haven # 440 CONTENTS. CHAPTER IV. RHODE-ISLAND. Introduction 32 1636 Roger Williams commences a settlement at Providence 33 1638 Rhode-Island settled and a civil compact formed 1640 Providence and Rhode Island associate 1644 First patent obtained 1647 First civil cede 34 1652 Patent revoked by order of parliament 1663 Charter granted by Ciiarles II. 1686 Religious persecutions, civil revolutions, &c. CHAPTER V. GENERAL VIEW OF THE NATIVES OF NEW-ENGLAND, 1675 Philip's war 39 1678 Peace restored 43 CHAPTER VI. NEW-HAMPSHIRK. 1679 First charter of Charles n. 45 1680 First legislative assembly. Proprietary claims, &;c. 46 1686 Charter revoked by writs of quo warranto. Szc. 47 1688 Revolution in England causes New-Hampshire to return to the jurisdiction of Massachusetts 48 1692 Proprietary claims continued CH \PTER VII. NEW-HAMPSHIRE CONTINUED. KING WILLIAM's WAR. 1690 Indian ravages commence. Schenectady burnt, vtc. 51 1697 Failure of the French armada against N. England Proprietary elaims continued Peace icstored 52 CHAPTER VIII. HISTORY OF THE PILGRIMS CONTINUED. MASSACHUSETTS. 1692 Introduction; new charter, &;c. Salem witchcraft 1696 Lord Belomont succeeds sir Wm. Phipps ' 55 1701 Gov. Dudley succeeds lord Bolomout. Queen Ann's war 1704 Capture and destruction of Deerfield 56 1710 Port Royal taken 1711 Expedition against Quebec failed. Peace 57 1714 Death of queen Ann and accession ef George I, &c, CHAPTER IX. HISTORY OF THE PILGRIMS CONTINUED. 1644 General affurs of Connecticut 58 1662 Charter ef Charles II. embraces Connecticut and N. Havtn CONTENTS. 441 1665 Colonies of Connecticut and New-Haven unite 5t 1672 MS. laws of the colony first printed at Cambridge 59 1674 Claims of N. Yorlc repelled at Saybrook by a military force 1675 Philip's war 1677 Controversy with Rhode-Island 1685 Controversy with the crown, to vindicate chartered rights 1689 Closed, and Connecticut retained her charter 1694 Gov. Fletcher renews the claims of N. York upon Connec- ticut, and failed 1798 Upper and lower house of assembly formed 61 1708 Synod ©f Saybrook published their platform Yale College . CHAPTER X. MASSACHUSETTS AND NEW-HAMPSHIRE CONTINUED — f-OURTH INDIAN WAR. 1717 Introduction — war commenced 6'2 1726 Peace restored 1729 Political divisions ©f Massachusetts recommence 1740 Spanish war commenced ^^ 1744 France joins with Spain in the war. Indian war 1745 New England confederates for the capture of Louisburg 66 Louisburg taken 1 'th of June ^H 1746 Bold measures of France. Loss of her armanda, &;c. 68 1748 Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle upon the basis of uti possidetis 1749 Indian peace ^'^ CHAPTER XI. GENERAL AFFAIRS OF THE COLONIES. Introduction 1754 French and Indian war commences '^W General congress at Albany — plans of union proposed, k*-. 71 iToS Campaign of Braddock's defeat, &c. 7.i 1656 Campaign of "75 Fall of Oswego 76 1757 Campaign of ■ Fort Wm. Henry taken by the French — general massacre 77 CPIAPTER XII. CAMPAIGN OF 1758, IN AMERICA. Introduction 2^ 1 758 Louisburg taken *^ Defeat of gen. Abercrombie before Ticonderoga ^'^ Capture of Frontenac — Duquesne, &c. ^ CHAPTER XIII. CAMPAIGN OF 1759. Introduction ^^ '759 Capture of Ticonderoga, Crown Point, Niagara, (fee- siege of Quebec 82 — 8.^5 Battle and fall of Quebec 88—8^ 44e CONTEXTS. CHAPTER XIV. CAMPAICN OK 1760. 1*60 General operations to recover Quebec 89 Quebec relieved — Montreal taken, and the French war closed in America 90 CHAPTER XV. GENERAL ARRANGEMENTS IN EUROPE TO PROSLECXTTE THE WAR, WITH A VIEW TO OBTAIN AN EQJTABLE PEACE. 1761 Introduction--faniiIy compact, between France and Spain — chanjfe of Bniish mmistry * 91 1762 War in the West Indies 92 Capture of Havanna — Peace of Paris, 1763 93 CHAPTER XVI. * INDIAN WAR. Introduclion ir63 General operations 94 Peace 95 CHAPTER XVn. -L*SQrEHA>\VAH CLAIMS CONTESTED BETWEEN COXNECTICUT AND PENNSYLVANIA. Introduction 1763 Wyoming: settler- "* 'cnuuenccd 95 I7r3 Westmoreland St , oiit commenced — Conn, claims lost 97 • CHAPTER XVni. VERMONT. l741 liuroductson— Bennington settled fS Controversy between 2s. York and X. Hampshire, about jurisdiction irr4 Controversy continued 100 1775 Battle of Lexington suspends tiie controversy for a time 101 1776 \'erniont declares her independence of New York and New- Hampshire ■ IOC Gov. Chittenden's correspondence with gen. Washington 1790 Vermont settles her controversy with New York, and the next vrar i.-vins the federal union 103 PART II. CHAPTER I. VIRGINIA. Introduction 1607 Commencement of the settlement of Jamestown 107 Adventures of captain Smith, Pocahontas, &c. 108 General view of the colonv, ilicc. CONTENTS. 443 1610 Lord Delaware commences his administration under tiie new charter 109 CHAPTER IT. HERE COMMENCES THE HISTORY OF VIRGINIA. General view of the colony continued 1619 Maidstown settled 112 1621 First elective assembly in America ' 1624 King James I. dissolved their charter 1625 Charles I. succeeds his father, James I. and grants a new charter 114 1653 Oliver Cromwell compels Virginia to submit to his govern- ment 11^ 1660 Charles II. upon his accession, continued to oppress the colony J675 Indian war — rebellion, &c. — peace 1579 Lord Culpepper commences his administration, and troubles continue 1688 Upon the accession of Wm. and Mary to the crown of Eng- land, affairs became more prosperous 117 CHAPTER in. NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. Introduction 1584 Anecdote of Dr. Williamson. 119 1585 AdventHrps of captain Lane 120 1625 First charter granted by Charles I. 121 1660 Charles II. declares this charter null and void, and grants a new charter CHAPTER IV. CAROLINA CONTINUED. Two settlements only, attempted in 60 years 122 i667 The first general assembly held in Carolina 123 1669 Port Royal settled under gov. Sayle Constitution of John Locke 1671 Two governments formed 124 1680 Attempts made to form a general staple, failed Mai administration and rebellion I*'* 1695 Gov. Archdale restores order in the southern colony 126 CHAPTER V. CAROLINA CONTINUED. Gov. Archdale softens the barbarous customs •£ the Indians Reformed the governments of both colonies 128 1690 A sweeping sickness destroys the Indians 1700 North and South Carolina distinctly named Laws of Carolina not yet printed 129 .1704 Rice and tar become the first staples \1705 Religion began to be encouraged Carey's rebellion 13® 444 CONTENTS. * CHAPTER VI. CAROLINA CONTINUED. 1690 French Huguenot colony 13 1 1709 German colony, speculation, ice. 13* 1711 Indian massacre, and Indian war KM 17 12 Peace restored, and the Tuscaroras removed to join the Five Nations 135 1717 General state of Carolina 136 CHAPTER VII. CAROLINA CONTINUED. 1722 General state of the northern colony 137 1725 General state of the southern colony 13S 1774 General state of both colonies 139 CHAPTER VIII. CAROLINA CONTINUED. l754 General view of the several emigrations into Carolina 140 — 1 CHAPTER IX. NEW YORK — ITS DISCOVERY — RISE AND PROGRESS OF THE COLONY. 1608 Henry Hudson discovers the country 142- 1614 Settlements commence. &c. 1664 General view of the colony, to the grant of Charles II. to the duke of York 144 Taken by the English, and named in honor of the duke tf Yoik and Albany 14$ 1667 Confirmed to the English by the peace of Breda 1673 Retaken by the Dutch 1764 Restored to the English by the peace of Westminster General view of the colony 14^ CHAPTER X. NEW YORK CONTINUED. ITOI General view of the colony continued, to the peace of Paris, 1763 CHATER XI. RISE AND PROGRESS OF NEW JERSEY. 1664 Recapitulation of the view taken under N. York. 154 1673 Conquered by the Dutch — civil divisions, &;c. 155 1674 Restored to the English by the peace of Westminster 1676 Divided into East and West Jersey, and the latter conveyeil to New York General view of the colony continued CHAPTER XII. RISE AND PROGRESS OF DELAWARE. i«27 General Tiew of the colony to the peace of Paris, 1763 158 CONTENTS. 44^ CHAPTER XIII. RISE ^ND PROGRESS OF PENNSYLVANIA, TO THE PEACE OF PARIS, 1763. 1,781 Granted to Wra. Penn.by king Charles II. JS8 General view of the colony to the commencement of the revolution, 1775 166 CHAPTER XIV. RISE AND PROGRESS OF MARYLAND, &C. 1631 First patent of Charles I. to lord Baltimore, He. General view of the colony, to the revolution, 1776 17 1 CHAPTER XV. RISE AND PROGRESS OF GEORGIA, TO THE AMERICAN REVOLU- TION. 1732 Charter of king George II. 1733 First settlement commenced 172 General view of the colony, to the year 1798 !7" PART III. CHAPTER I. CAUSES THAT LED TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIO^- •1764 *A general view of the oppressive acts of Britain, (o th« recall of governor Bernard .^8,7 CHAPTER II. CAUSES THAT LED TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, CONTINUEJL). 1.770 General viev/ of affairs, from tlie Boston massacre, to. the Boston port bill 192 CHAPTER HI. CAUSES THAT LED TO THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION, CONTIKUEl>. 1774 First general congress at Philadelphia, general doings, &c. Session of parliament, &;c. — speech of earl Chatham i9'4 1775 Battle of Lexington 19!; CHAPTER IV. AMERICAN REVOLUTION CONTINUED, FROM THE BATTLE ©F LEJC ' INGTON TO THE FALL OF MONTGOMERY BEFORE Q.UEBEO. f 775 Circular address of the provincial congress of Mass. 290 Capture of Ticonderoga and Crown Point 20,1 Battle of Bunker hill 20^. Meeting of the second congress at Philadelphia^-^Tijpporiit- ment of gen. Washington • <2fJ!* 38 4i& CONTENTS. 1775 General view of afFairs 206 Expedition of colonel Arnold, &c. — gen. Montgomery, &c, 209 Capture of St. Johns, Montreal, &c. Attempt made to storm Quebec — d«ath of gen. Montgora- erj, &c. . . 210 CHAPTER V. REVOLUTrON CONTINUED, FROM THE FALL OF BIONTGOMERY TO THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. ■1775 General operations in America, continued 211 3776 General movements in Europe to prosecute the war in America 214 Siege and defence of Charleston, (S. C.) 215 Declaration of Independence CHAPTER VI. REVOLUTION CONTINUED — CAPTURE OF NEW-YORK — EXPEDITION INTO NEW-JERSEY, &;C. 1776 General movements 216 Battle of Long Island 219 Capture of New -York by the British 221 Battle of White Plains — capture of fort Washington, Sec. 222 Retreat into New-Jersey Battle of Trenton— Battle of Princeton, &c. 22.'i British expedition to Danbury 224 CHAPTER VII. REVOLUTION CONTINUED EVACUATION OF CANADA FAIL OF BURGOYNE CAPTURE OF PHILADELPHIA. 1776 Retreat of the Americans out of Canada 2.24 Naval victory on lake Champlain 225 Humanity of sir Guy Carlton towards American prisoners l(rt'7 Gen. Burgoyne succeeds sir Guy Carlton, and invades the slate of New-York Capture of Crown Point and Ticonderoga Bailie of Castleton 226 Capture of fort Ann 227 Story of Jano McCrea Capture of fort i^dv/ard 228 X^xpcdition of St. Ledger, &c. 229 Bati le of Bennington 23© Battle of Stillwater 231 ij^aptv-rc of West Point Battle of Stillwater — death of gon. Frazer " 232 Burgoyjie retreats to Saratoga Capture of Burgoyne and. ail his army 233 Esopus burnt F.xpedition of general Howe 234 Battle of Brandywine Capt»re of FhiJadelphia — battle of Gerrartntown, &c. ^?> CONTENTS. 44^ CHAPTER VIII. REVOLUTION CONTINUED— PROCEEDINGS OF CONGRESS MILI- TARY OPERATIONS, &C. iTfT President Hancock retires from the chair 235 Hon. Henry Laurens succeeds him — general doings of con- gress 236 1778 Treaty of alliance with France 237 Toulon fleet sails for America Earl of Chatham dies Naval war between France and England 238 Adventure of marquis La Fayette 239 British commissioneis, &c. Gen. Clinton evacuates Philadelphia 241 Gen. Washington with his army pursues Gen, Gates with his army arrives at Fishkill Gen. Washington prepares to attack the enemy 242 Battle of Monmouth 243 Toulon fleet arrives off" the capes of the Delaware, lands T'rench minister 244 Blockades the British fleet at Sandy Hook Sails to co-operate with gen. Sullivan against Rhode Island Naval action, &c. 245 Retires to Boston to refit Gen. Sullivan evacuates Rhode Island > 24G Expedition of sir Henry Clinton and lord Howe Extract from gen. Washington's letter CHAPTER IX. GENERAL OPERATIONS OF THE REVOLUTION, CONTINUED, 1778 Aff'air of British commissioners and Mr. Reed 247 Declaration of congress 248 French minister accredited in due form Gen. La Fayette obtains leave to return to France Indian and tory cruelties at Wyoming 249 Expedition of colonel Clark 250 Expeditions of gen. Gray and capt. Ferguson Arrival of admiral Graves — sails for Boston 251 Count de Estaing sails for the West Indies Expedition of col. Wm. Butler — also of col. John Butler General operations in Georgia 252 Gen. Lincoln takes the command of the American army at the south 253 General operations continued Gen. Prescott invades Charleston 255 Overtures of the civil authority of Charleston 256 Gen. Lincoln, by forced marches, raises the siege of Charles- ton 25i» Successful movements of the enemy in Virginia and else- where 1779 Second expedition of col. €lark against the Indian's 257 448 CONTENTS. f ITYP Marauding expedition from New-York into Connecticut Capture of Stony Point by gen. Wayne Expedition of gen. Sullivan against the Indians Naval exploit of John Paul Jones 258 .■*.{ 250 CHAPTER X. GENERAL OPERATIONS OF THE REVOLUTION, CONTINUED. Southern war continued British evacuate Rhode-Island 1780 Sir Henry Clinton sails from New York — arrives and lays siege to Charleston Fall of Charleston — gen. Gates takes the command Southern war continued Operations from New York Gen. La Fayette returns from France — sir Henry Clinton returns to New Yoik French fleet arrives at Newport, R. I. Movements of sir Henry Clinton and gen. Washington Operations in the south continued — buttle of Camden Gen, Greene takes command in the south 1781 Battle of Cowpens— Battle of Guilford Operations in Virgmia Southern war continued Operations in Virgmia continued Marquis La Fayette takes the command General movements 26^ 260 264 n 268 i 269 270 271 CHATER XL REVOLUTION CONTINUED. 1780 Adventures in the north— detection of Arnold Fate of Andre Remarks of gen. Washington— adventures of sergeant Champe Congress reward the captors of Andre Expedition of Arnold into Virginia Death of admiral De Terney, at Rhode Island 1781 General movements in the north Admiral De Barras arrives at Newport Conference of American and French officers at Wethers- field French army joins gen. Washington at White Plains Movement against New York Count de Grasse arrives in the Chesapeake bay French fleet sails from Newport to join him Naval battle off the Chesapeake Allied armies move to the south Gen. Washington's general orders before Yorktown General operations of the siege Fall of Yorktown, and capture of lord Cornwallis General expressions of joy, gratitude and praise t© Go^ 273 274 277 27« 27? 280 2S0 282 283 284 285 CONTENTS. 44?' Doings of congress, &c, Address of Mons. de Bandole ^^^ CHAPTER XII. REVOLUTION CONTINUED. 1781 Marauding expedition of mold into Connecticut 28^ Adventures of the southern war continued 289 Battle of Eutaw Springs, &c. 29® 1782 Letters of genera) Greene Letters of baron Steuben 291 Negotiation for a general peace at Paris 292 General meeting in the army of general Washington 1783 Peace of Paris announced by marquis La Fayette 294 Order of Cmcinnati 298 Circular of gen. Washington General Washington's farewell orders 279 Evacuation of New York " • Parting scene between gen. Washington and his principal officers Gen. Washington resigns liis commission to congress Definitive treaty arrives in America 29o Remarks on Part III. 29f PART IV. CHAPTER I. CAUSES THAT LED TO A CHANGE IN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE U. STATKS, 1783 Commercial competitions 303 1784 Doings of congress 1785 Further proceedings of congress — Mission of John Adams to Great Britain Proceedings at the British court 304 1786 Doings of Virginia — Convention at Annapolis, &c. 1787 Doings of Congress, &c. General convention at Philadelphia, to frame a new consti- tution 39i> New constitution transmitted to congress, &c. 1788 Constitution adopted by eleven states — George Washing- ton chosen president, and John Adams vice president. 30(5 CHAPTER n. ORGANIZATION OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT — ORIGIN OF PARTY. 1789 Congress convened at New-York President Washington inducted into office Proceedings of Congress Particular resolutions, &c. — Congress adjourn — Remarks 308 President Washington's northern tour '175§ Congress convener-President's speech, kc 3G9 Report of the secretary of the treasury Articles of the report, v%c. 31* ' 450 CONTENTS. ir90 Debates of congress — Report accepted, and funding system introduced 311 Happy effects of these measures upon public credit Congress adjourn to meet at Philadelphia Negotiations and treaty with the Creek Indians Causes that led to a war with the north western Indians Congress convene agreeable to adjournment 312 Secretary of the treasury reports — warm debate — report carried National bank — warm debates- northern and southern in- Jfcterests displayed 313 Bill passed- -party strife— important question of party 1/91 Congress adjourn— -party spirit in congress becomes na- , tional * CHAPTER m. • ISBlm WAR— AFFAIRS OF GOVERNMENT, &C. 1^91 Military operations eommerice — gen. Harmer's defeat- gen. St. r lair succeeds him 34L| President's tour to the south, &c. Military operations recemmence under gen. St. Clair 315 Congress convene— president's speech Doings of congre^ Mew military system 316" Gen. St. Clair's defeat-— court of enquiry iTP2 Doinars of conore.-s—s'en. Wavne succeeds tren. St. Clair 318 Conzress adjourn-— remarks— -president's letters to heads of departments Disaffection in the western counties of Pennsylvania 326 Congref^s convene— president's speech— Doings of congress Final proceedings 1703 Doings of congress — Mr. Giles resolutions — congress ad- journ Party name?, federalist democrat— remarks 322 President Washington and vice-president Adams re-elected Indian affiirs - afiairs of the French revolution The president convenes his cabinet council---Issues a proc- lamation of neutrality 323 Mr. Genet arrives in America ; authorises a system of pri- vateering Arrives at Philadelphia, and is accredited by the president —new cabinet council 324 Further proceedings of Mr. Genet « Mr. Genet succeeded by Mr. Fauchet 325 Congress convene 32ti ir94 Secretary Jefferson resigns, and is succeeded by ^L•. Ran- dolph Depredations of Algiers upon the American commerce Congress proceed to authorise the building of six frigates Depredations of France and England- -general embargo 32/ Mr, Jay appointed minister to Great Britain, to negotiate a commercial treaty CONTENTS. 451 Indian war progresses— -battle at the rapids of the Miami of the lake, or iVIaumee Congress convene —president's speech 329 Secretary Hamilton resigns, and is succeeded by Oliver Wolcott The secretary at war, gen. Knox, resigns, and is succeed- ed by colonel Pickering Mr. Jay succeeds in negotiating a treaty with G. Britain 1.795 President, with advice of the senate, ratifies the treaty 320 Effects that result- treaty with Algiers —treaty with Spain 1796 Mr. Adet, successor to Mr. Fauchet The president declines another election Mr. Adams chosen president and Mr. Jefferson vice pres't 332 President Washington retires to private life CHAPTER IV. PRESIDENT ADAMs' ADMINISTRATION. -1.797 President Adams inducted into ofiice— judge Marshairs remarks Difficulties with France 333 1798 Provisional army 334 Death of president Washington, in Dec— doings of con- gress, and the nation 1800 Congress adjourned Peace with Franc;6 Electioneering campaign- Mr. Jefferson appointed presi- dent by congfess —Mr. Burr becomes vice president Causes supposed to have defeated Mr. Adaras' re-election 1801 Mr. Jefferson's inaugural speech 33t Doings of congress 33|p X803 Collisions with Spain— purchase of Louisiana Tripolitan war 3804 General Eaton's expedition — peace with Tripoli 33f) Mr. Jefferson re-elected president and Mr. ( linton V. P. Impeachment of judge Chase 1806 Burr's expedition, &c.— Trial 340 British and French restrictions on neutral commerce 341 American embargo 1809 Mr. Jefferson declined a re-election- Mr. Madison chosen 1810 Controversy with the belligerents of Europe continued 34^2 1812 Declaration of war . 344 CHAPTER V. WAR WITH GREAT BRITAIN". '4812 Invasion of Canada Detroit taken by the British 34^ Trial of gen. Hull Naval affairs, &c. War on Canada frontier renewed — battle ©f Qu^e.RStown 340 Frontier v^^ar continued 349 1^13 Naval war renewed 35O* 4^2 CONTENTS. CHAPJER VI. BRITISH WAR CONTINUES, &C. British ravages in the Chesapeake ^254 Frontier war continued 355 Perry's victory ' 357 -l«il4 Loss of the frigate Essex 358 Negotiations for peace Canada war continued 359 Macdonough's victory 366^ Invasion of the Chesapeake continued The British take the city of Washington under gen. Ross 361 They commence an attack upon Baltimore, but were de- feated with the loss of gen. Ross, killed British depredations upon the sea coast of New England 362 -11^13 Doings of Mass. general court —Hartford Convention British prepare to attack New Orleans 363 Jackson''s victory 364 Capture of the frigate President 365 o SOUTHERN AND WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. Introduction 3fiS Sketches of their several histories , 368 to 37-T Remarks on Part IV. ERRATA. page line 75 18 from bottom, for preparations read operation?; (87 18 bottom, for Poarquoi read Pourquoi. 132 4 bottom, add, their arrival in Carolind, 143 1 ■ bottom, for 1727 read 1627. 154 10 bottom, for has read have. 175 9 top, for settlers read settlements, 255 16 top, for make read made 261 12 bottom, for who read whose. 299 12 bottom, for were read where. 310 3 top, for popular read peculiar. 333 7 top, for designed read designated. 353 15 bottom, for cannonade read carron^^de. 423 1 top, for may be read makes. 425 19 top, for allusion read illusioni 431 23 bottom, for upon read tijiS^''^i»^ Peace with Grsat Britain ' i War with the Barbary Powers — peace 366 National Bank 11310 Mr. Madison declines a re-election — Mr. Monroe elected Florida ceded to the United States 367 )821 Mr. Monroe and Mr. Tompkins re-elected 3 825 Mr. J. Q. Adams elected president and Mr. Calhoun V. P. CHAPTER VII. 4ff2 CONTENTS. CHAPJER VI. \ BRITISH WAR CONTINUES, &C. ) British ravages in the Chesapeake ^4 } Frontier war continued 355 Perry's victory ' 35*< i ^Uil4 Loss of the frigate Essex 358 | Negotiations for peace '.i Canada war continued 359 s Macdonough's victory 360^ s Invasion of the Chesapeake continued 'i The British take the city of Washington under gen. Ross 361 i They commence an attack upon Baltimore, but were de- . I feated with the loss of gen. Ross, killed ] British depredations upon the sea coast of New England 362 jj -1^13 Domgs of Mass. general court —Hartford Convention ; British prepare to attack New Orleans 363 ' j Jackson's victory 364 'i Capture of the frigate President 365 ^ Peace with Great Britain i War with the Baroary Powers — peace 366 j National Bank '• ;1310 Mr. Madison declines a re-election — Mr. Monroe elected "t Florida ceded to the United States 367 }{ }821 Mr. Monroe and Mr. Tompkins re-elected ' < "3823 Mr. J. Q. Adams elected president and Mr. Calhoun V. P. CHAPTER VII. SOUTHKU.V AND WESTERN STATES AND TERRITORIES. Introduction 36.; Sketches of their several histories . 368 to 37 Remarks on Part IV, ERRATA. from bottom, for preparations read operationf. bottom, for Poarquoi read Pourquoi. bottom, add, their arrival in Carolina^ bottom, for 1727 read 1627. bottom, for has read have, top, for settlers read settlements, top, for make read made bottom, for v.'ho read whose, bottom, for were read where, top, for popular read peculiar, top, for designed read designated, bottom, for cannonade read carroni^de, top, for may be read makes, top, for allusion read illusion.' bottom, for upon read t>|*5B»^|^ <-■ page line 75 18 i87 18 132 4 143 1 154 10 175 9 255 16 261 12 299 12 310 3 333 7 353 15 423 1 425 19 431 23 1? \^ « ^ 3- -tx I I R j \ ^ a I \^^ ■' O (r ^ -^^ ^ 0^ .^ < ^ %^^' / ^ . «# o. 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