LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. Chap. El 78 Shelf c\b ■ PRESEr/rED BV/ ^ UNITED STATES OF A^ilRIC^^ A CONCISE SCHOOL HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES BASED ON SEAVEY'S GOODRICH'S HISTORY / A^ . V L. J. CAMPBELL Wiii^i iHaps anti otljer Ellugttatwtw BOSTON^ '-' BREWER AND TILESTON. JIEW YORK- J. W, SCHERMERHORN & CO PHILADELPHIA: ELDRI:DGE AND BROTHER 187 4. Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1870, By BUEWKR and TILESTON, In the Oflice of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. /S74 ILECTROTTPED AT THB BOBTOM BTEREOTTPE FODRDET, 19 Spring Lane. PREFACE. In preparing this little book, the writer has endeavored to relate briefly, but clearly and accurately, the leading events in the history of our country. Much care and labor have been expended, with the view not only to make a judicious selection of facts, but to present them in such a form as to render the work acceptable as a lesson- book. The effort has been made not only to avoid statements erroneous in themselves, but also those which might lead to wrong inferences, or in any way give false impressions ; and although events are concisely narrated, yet their relative importance has iiot been overlooked. The writer believes that the history of our country deserves a prom- inent place in the school-room ; but he is aware of the fact that the time which can be devoted to this department of study in common and grammar schools, and even in academies, is, in most cases, very much limited. Therefore, without intending to dwarf his book to a size which would admit but little more than a full chronology, he has kept the narrative within such bounds that the recitation of only two pages a day would take the learner to the end of it in less than half a year. The work differs from many other school histories especially in a more sparing use of dates, and in the omission of less important de- tails, such as the losses in indecisive or minor battles. The History is divided into five Periods, and at the close of each, except the last, is found a chapter describing the condition of the country. In these chapters much important information is given, which should not be passed over by even the smallest histories. (3) 4 PREFACE. The questions at the foot of the pages have been carefully prepared. Those teachers — and there are many such — who prefer to frame their own questions, will, it is believed, find an advantage in the plan •which has been adopted, of printing tiie leading or key words of the paragraphs in a more conspicuous type. This feature, by bringing out prominently the leading topics, seems also well fitted to assist the learner in preparing his lessons. , The teacher, it is suggested, should not require the scholar to com- mit to memory and recite the language of the text, word for word, but rather to gain clear and accurate ideas of the subject, and to express them in his own language. The maps, with wiiich the work is fully supplied, should be put to constant use in the preparation of the lessons. It will be a most profitable exercise for the scholars to draw maps upon the blackboard, siiowing the positions of the places named in each lesson. Chronological Ke views have been scattered throughout the book, one at the end of each Period. Tlicse are designed to be studied and faithfully committed to memory. Some useful tables have been in- serted after the narrative of the events; also the Declaration of Inde- pendence and the Constitution of the United States. To the latter, questions have been added, and such explanation of terms and other information as might be needed. Attention is particularly called to the Review Questions at the close of the book. These are of the utmost importance for enaoling schol- ars to group events and gain a more comprehensive view of them. They may be put to use after an entire Period has been studied, or sooner, at the teacher's discretion. This History is based, in part, on the excellent larger history pre- pared, a short tims before his death, by that experienced teacher, Mr. William II. Seavey, late principal of the Girls' High and Normal School of this city. Mrs. Wm. H. Seavey has aided in tlie prepara- tion of tills volume, especially by valuable suggestions and criticisms. L. J. C. Boston, September 1, 1870. LIST OF CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES. Page Chronological Review from 1492 to 1606 22 Chronological Review from 1607 to 1763 72 Chronological Review from 1764 to 1788 112 Chronological Review from 1789 to 1861 165 Chronological Review from 1861 to 1870 214 LIST OF MAPS. Known "World in the 15th century 7 Known World in the 19th century 7 Discoveries H European Claims in America 19 Indian Families and principal Tribes facing 20 Jamestown and Vicinity 23 Eastern Colonies 28 Middle Colonies 43 Carolinas. • 52 Intercolonial Wars 5Q Intercolonial Wars 57 Lake Champlain and Vicinity. 64 War of the Revolution in the South 80 War of the Revolution in the North." 81 Boston and Vicinity 84 New York and Vicinity 88 Philadelphia and Vicinity 92 Burgoyne's Expedition. Saratoga and Vicinity 94 Yorktown 107 Country east of the Mississippi at the beginning of Washing- ton's administration facing 110 War of 1812 124 War of 1812 125 Baltimore and Vicinity 125 Niagara Frontier 125 Vicinity of Detroit 125 New Orleans and Vicinity 136 Florida War 142 Mexican War 149 General Taylor's March 149 General Scott's March 149 Seat of War in Virginia 172 V7ar of the Rebellion 184 Vicksburg and Vicinity 184 Georgia and South Carolina Coast 184 War of the Rebellion 185 Charleston and Vicinity 185 United States in 1870 follmoing 212 Review Questions, Appendix, p. 31. (5) THE NORTUMEN IN AMERICA. More than six hundred years before Columbus sailed to America, the Northmen, bold sea-rovers, discovered Iceland, an island remote from their home in the north of Europe, and peopled it. These colonists went from Norway. Only a few years after they began to colonize this island, one of tlieir vessels was driven, by storms, farther to the west, and came in sig'ht of Greenland. A little more than a hundred years later, in 986, Eric {er'ik) the Red sailed from Iceland, and established a colony in Greenland. A very few years afterwards an Icelander, named Biorn (he-urn'), seeking- Greenland, was driven far out of his course by northern gales, and saw A much more soutliern land, covered with forests. This was some part of the north-eastern coast of the American continent. Afterwards exploring and trading voyages wore made from Greenland and Iceland to the unknown country in the south-west. The first explorers, who went out in the year 1000, named the most southern tract which they visited, Vinland, from finding there vines and grapes. Their Vinland was, it seems, the southern coast of New England. The Northmen found savage tribes in the new coun- tries, probably the same race called by other discoverers, at a much later date, Indians. They trafficked with ilie savages for furs and skins, and from the " endless forests " collected wood; but no permanent settlements were made. Those formed in Greenland disappeared, after some cen- turies, swept away, it is believed, by epidemics and con- fiicts with the savages. For a long time the country was lost sight of, and remained to be discovered anew. We should remember that the Northmen did not know that they had discovered a New World. They supposed the strange lands they had found, to be part of Europe. MAPS OF THE KNOWN WORLD. THE KNOWN WOBUJ IN THE 19tH CENTURY. THE KNOWN WORLD IN THE 15tH CENTURY. The old geographers used to place upon their maps figures of strange animals and headless men, as above, to denote that the regions thus marked were unknown, and supposed to abound in horrible monsters. C7) PERIOD I. -DISCOVERIES. FROM THE DISCOVERY OF SAN SALVADOR, IN 1492, TO THE SETTLEMENT OF JAMESTOWN, IN 1607. I. SPANISH EXPEDITIONS. 1, Christojyhe/r Columbus. Amerigo Vespucci, 1. The discovery of America was made in the year 1492, by Christopher Columbus, a native of Gen'o-a, in Italy. Believing the earth to be a globe, Columbus con- ceived the project of sailing west, and thus reaching, by a new route, the wealthy regions of the east, called India. 2. After seeking aid elsewhere without success, he applied to Ferdinand and Isabella, sover- eigns of Spain, to furnish him with ships to test his theory. For years he fruitlessly urged his project upon the attention of the Spanish sovereigns. He was an eldeily man when, at last, the queen, Isabella, was persuaded ' to aid him. 3. On the morning of Friday, August 12,* Columbus sailed from the harbor of Palos (pah'- cariJl^i.iier cuCvms. Us) with three small vessels and ninety seamen, and on the morning of Friday, October 21, f just ten weeks after leaving Spain, he discovered one of the Baha'ma Islands. Landing with his men, he set up the royal banner, and took * August 3, O. S. t October 12, O. S. QUEsnoxs. — 1. When and by whom was America discovered? Wliat project did Columbus conceive ? 2. What is said about his spokinpf aid ? Who, at length, aided him? 3. What can you tell of tlie sailinfj of Columbus ? What did he discover ? What more can you tell of this expedition ? (9) 10 DISCOVKUIES. [1492 solemn possession of the island for the king' and queen of Spain, naming' it San Salvador. lie came to other islands soon afterwards, among the rest to Cuba and Ilayti {hn'li). 4. Columbus supposed the islands which he had discov- ered to be a part of India ; and as they lay west Irom Eu- rope, they were called the West Indies, and their inhabit- ints Indians — a name which was aiterwards also given to Vhe natives of the adjacent continent. 5. The news which Columbus carried back to Spain cro- uted great excitement ; and soon ships, commanded by other courageous mariners, sailed for the strange lands in th« west. The great navigator himself made three other voy- ages. On his third voyage, he reached, in 1498, the main land f)f South America. He died in 1506, a few months after his return from a fourth voyage. Long afterwards his remains were carried to Cuba, where they now repose. 6. Tlie New World was named America, from Amerigo Vespucci (ah-mori'e'go ves-pool' die) , a Florentine merchant, who accompanied a Spanish expedition which touched the coast of South America some mt)nths alter Columbus had discovered it. A narrative written by Amerigo was the cause of liis name's being given to the western continent — an honor whicli did not belong to him. 2, The Spaniards in the South. 7. It was not long before the Spaniards had taken pos- session of the principal islands of the West Indies, and from their colonies there they despatched expeditions to the main land. Balboa (/;a/i/-^c»'a/i), in 1513, crossing the isthmus which connects North and South America, dis- covered the Pacific Ocean, at first called the South Sea. 8. Not very long afterwards Ma-gel'lan, a Portuguese in the service of Spain, sailing far south, ))assed through the straits which bear his name, and entered this ocean. lie 4. Wbnt nnmos were {jivon to the iKiands and tlic inliahitaiits, and w!iy ? 5. KfTcrt of tlip ni'ws of ('oliinihiix's discovery? Whnt is paid of liis other voy- iiu'i'M i'lul of lii« ry of file main laud .' Of his dciitli .' ft. Wliiit can VDii till about AiU(>iii,'(> Vcspuroi and the name Amrrical 7. Wliat is said oftlic Spanianls in tlu> Wost Inilios? Of Italhoa? 8. What can you tell of Magellan, and of the lirst voyage rouud the world .' 1521.] SPANISH EXPEDITIONS. 11 called it the Pacific, because he found it so calm and free from storms. Magellan was killed by the Indians ; but his vessel doubled the Cape of Good Hope, and reached Spain in 1622, thus making the first voyage round the world. 9. Hernando Cortes {kor'tez), with a few hundred sol- diers, conquered the rich and populous empire of Mexico in 1521, and it became a province of Spain. With a smaller force Francisco Pizarro [pe-zdr'ro) subjugated Peru — a land abounding in the precious metals. S. The Spaniards in the United States. 10. Ponce de Leon (pone'thd dd-la-one'), an aged soldier, was the first Spaniard who explored any part of what is now the United States, He fitted out an exp edition to 9. What can you tell of Hernando Cortes and Francisco Pizarro .' 10. Give an account of Ponce de Leon's expedition. 12 DISCOVERIES. [1512. seek for gold, and also for a fountain whose waters were fabled to restore youth. In 1512, on Easter Sunday, called by the Spaniards Pascua Florida (palis-koo'ah flu-re' dah), he came in sight of land, which, from its flowery appear- ance and from the day, he named Florida. 11. Some years later Ponce came again to colonize tlie land he had discovered; but the Indians furiously attacked the Spaniards, and forced them to take to their ships. Ponce was mortally wounded. A Spanish leader, named Narvaez (nar-vah'eth), afterwards sailing from Cuba with tlirce hun- dred men, attempted tlie conquest of Florida. Nearly all perished. Only four of his company, after long wander- ings, reached a Spanish settlement in Mexico. 12. A rich man named Ayllon (ilc-i/oiie'), with the help of a lew associates in liayti, fitted out an expedition in 1520, which reached the coast of Carolina. Their object was to capture the natives as slaves. A few years afterwards Ayllon endeavored to conquer the country, but was unsuc- cessful. Most of his men sickened and died, or were slain by the Indians. 13. The conquest of Florida was next attempted by Fernando do Soto (da so'Lu), a famous commander, and a companion of Pizarro, the conqueror of Peru. At the head of more than six hundred brave soldiers, De Soto landed on the western shore of Florida, and pushed inland. He be- lieved that he should find opulent cities to plunder, and a land abounding in gold. lie found neither cities nor gold. 14. In the spring of 1511, after wandering two years, and marking his course with the blood of tlie natives, De Soto came to the Mississippi River, near the southern limit of the present State of Tennessee. Broken in spirit by dis- appointments and hardships, he died the next year by tlio side of the great river he had discovered, and was buried in its waters. A miserable remnant of the brilliant cxpedi- 11. Wlint is said of Ponce's Recond cxpodition .' What of Nnrvnrz ? 12. (jive itn aecoiint of Ayllon's cxpeditionH to the roust of Ciiroliiui. i:{. Wli;\t is said of Dc Soto and tlic conquest of Florida ? Wliat did lie expect to find ? H. What is siud of his discovery of the Mississippi .' His fate ? His followers.' 1524.] FRENCH EXPEDITIONS, 13 tion that had set out with De Soto at last reached a settlement which the Spaniards had already established on the western coast of the Gulf of Mexico. 15. Nearly a quarter of a century later Menendez (ma- nen'de/h), a fierce warrior, received a commission from the king of Spain to conquer and colonize Florida. lie was also ordered to destroy a colony of French Protestants who had lately come into that country.* Immediately after land- ing, in 1565, he founded St. Augustine (-teen'), the oldest European town in the United States. He next surprised the French fort, and put to the sword nearly all the colonists : even those who surrendered were massacred. 16. From Mexico Spanish discovery was extended north- ward. Coronado [ko-ru-nali'do), departing from tliis prov- ince in 1540, with a body of soldiers, explored the country about the upper Rio Grande [ri'o grand).f At the same time another Spaniard sailed along the coast of California. The region which Coronado traversed was afterwards called Neiv Mexico, and possession of it was taken for Spain. Santa Fe, its chief town, is, next to St. Augustine, the oldest Eu- ropean settlement in the United States. 11. FRENCH EXPEDITIONS. 1. Early Expeditions in the North. 1. The fishing-grounds off' the north-eastern coast of America were early visited by French ships ; but the first explorer sent out by France to the New World was John Verrazzano [ver-rat-sali! no) , a Florentine, who made a vo}^- age of discovery, in the service of the French king, in 1524. Reaching land, near Wilmington, North Carolina, Verrazzano first sailed south some distance, and then north, along the coast, to Newfoundland (nu'fund-land). He named the country New France. * See p. 14, HIT .3, 4. . -f Spanish pron. re'o-grahn'da.. 15. Whnt commission rlirl Menondoz roeeivp, nnd what was he orrlered to flo ? What was done by liim in Florida? Whore is St. Aiin^ustino .'(See Map, p. lO. 16. What is said of Coronado .' The coast of California? Of New Mexico and Santa Fe ? Where is Santa Fe ? (See Map, p. 10.) 1. What is said of the first expedition sent to the New World by France ? 14 DISCOVERIES. [1534. 2. Ten years later, that is, in 1534, James Cartier {kar- te-a') was sent to explore the northern coast of the New AVorld. lie entered the Gulf of St. Lawrence, and claimed the adjacent country for his king-. The next year he came ai^aiii, and ascended the River St. Lawrence till he reached the spot where now is Montreal, Several years afterwards, Cartier and a French nobleman were unsuccessful in an attempt to plant a colony in this region. The discoveries of Verra?.zano and Cartier gave France its claim to the northern part of the American continent. 2. The Huguenots, 3. Coligny (ko-leen'ye), admiral of France, and a distin- guished leader of the Huguenots, — as the French Protes- tants were called, — desiring to plant a Protestant colony in America, sent out an expedition to our shores in 1562. A small iort was built near Port Royal entrance, in South Carolina, and thirty men were left as colonists. They fell into extreme want, and the next year sailed for France. 4. A second colony of Huguenots, in 1564, readied the mouth of the St. John's, in Florida, and a few miles up tlie river built a fort, which, in honor of their king, Charles (in Latin Garolas), they named Fort Caroline. Several hun- dred other colonists soon came over with Ribault [re-ho'), who had led the first expedition. But Spain claimed the country, and the Spaniard, Menendez, as we have told, captured the fort in 1565, and slaughtered the greater part of the colonists in the most cruel manner. A French nobleman, named Goxirgues [goorg), who was a deadly enemy to the Spaniards, fitted out an expedition to avenge this horrible deed. He saihsd to Florida, as- sailed the Spanish forts on the St. John's, and put to death the garrisons. Gourgues then sailed home again, and Florida remained a Spanish province. 2. Wli;it is sail) of two voyages by Jnmes Cartier .' What was attcmiitrd ucvcral yi'iirs arturwarils? Upon wliat did the French base tlioir claim to the iiortlitTii part of America.' .3. Wlic) Kciit out a colony of French Protestants, and when .' What can you tell ol'tliis colony .' 4. When' and when was a second colony of i'usuonots established .' Fate of this colony .' What revenge was taken for the cruel deed of Menendez i 1497.] ENGLISH EXPEDITIONS. 15 3. Acadia, 5. A considerable period elapsed before the French at- tempted to plant another colony in America. Early in the seventeenth century, the king of France granted to De Monts (duhmawnlg])'^ a territory, called Acadia, extending from the southern part of Pennsjdvania to the northern part of Nova Scotia. Under this grant the first permanent French settlement in America was made in 1605, on the western coast of Nova Scotia, and named Fort Royal. Witli the expedition of De Monts came Samuel de Champlain [sham-plane'), afterwards the able leader of the French colonists of Canada. III. ENGLISH EXPEDITIONS. 1. The Cabot s. Francis Drahe* 1. England was the first to compete with Spain for the honors and advantages of western discovery. John Cab'ot and his son Sebastian, sailing in behalf of the English king, in the summer of 1497 fell in with land, wliich is believed to have been the coast of Labrador'. Thus the continent of America was discovered by Cabot more tlian a year before Columbus saw it. The next year Sebastian Cabot made another voyage, and explored the coast from Labrador to Albemarle Sound, North Carolina. 2. The great sea-captain Francis Drake was the first Englishman who visited the western coast of America. Passing through the stormj' Straits of Magellan, Drake sailed along the coast of California. Claiming the country for Eng- land, he named it New Albion. lie then steered boldly out into the Pacific, and reached home in 1579, by the way of the Cape of Good Hope ; and thus has the honor of being the first Englishman who sailed round the world. After his return home Queen Elizabeth knighted him. * This nasal sound stops before the sound vg is formed. 5. What is said of Aciidia f Of Port Hoyal .' Of Samuel de Clinmplain ? 1. What is said of Eng'land in connection with western discovery? Give an account of Cabot's discovery of tlie contiueut of America. What is said of anotlier voyaire ? 2, What can you tell of Francis (afterwards Sir Francis) Drake's voyage.' 10 DISCOVERIES. [1385. 2. Attempt a to form Sfttlcweuta, 3. About tliis time Sir Humphrey Gilbert, b}' permis- sion of Queen Elizabeth, endeavored to plant a c(jlony in America. The enterprise was unsuccessful. On his home- ward voyage, while a violent storm was raging, Sir Ilum- plirey sat on deck calmly reading. To those in the other and stronger vessel he cried out, " Be of good heart, my friends ; we are as near to heaven by sea as by land." In that storm his frail bark went down, and all on board perished. 4. llis half brother, Sir Walter Raleigh {raw'l'i), another adventurous sailor and accomplished gentleman, now ob- tained a commission from Elizabeth, and despatched Am'idas and Barlow, with two small vessels, to make explorations. Tlicy reached the coast of North Carolina, and spent a short tinu! trallickiiig with the natives. On their return home they gave a brilliant description of the country, and the name of Vircjinia was bestowed upon it, in honor of Elizabeth, the Virgin Queen. 5. The next year, namely, in 1585, Ealeigh sent out a colony, witli Balph Lane as governor. Tiiey landed on lloanoUc Lsland, in Albemarle Sound, where they remained nearly a year, when they were glad to be taken to England by Sir Francis Drake, who stopped there on his way home from the West Indies. Another colony sent out by Baleigh, with John White as governor, arrived at Roanoke in 1587. White soon went to England for supplies, leaving more than a hundred colonists, among lliem his infaiit grand- daughter, Virginia Dare, the Hrst child born of English ]);irents within the limits of the present United States. When he returned, after three years, the colonists had dis- appeared. The^'- were never heard of more. G. In 1G02 Bartholomew Gosnold (f/oz'nuld) visited the coast of New England. lie discovered Cape Cod, and .1. Wlnt can you toll of Sir Ilimipliri'V (7il!)ort ? i. What is said of Sir Walter Ilak-i^j'li, anil the exploring expedition sent out by liim ? Whv was Vlrf,'-iiiia wo iianu'il ? 6. When (lid KalVi'^'h send out his lirst colony, ami what was the result ? When di.l his scconii colony reach Roanoke? Wliat (iirtlier is said of these colonists ? 0. What can you tell of Gosnold's voyage ? What of other explorers .' 1602.] CONDITION OF THE COUNTRY. IT named it from his catcliing a great number of codfish there. On one of the Elizabeth Islands he built a ibrt and a store- house, with the design of leaving a small colony; but before he sailed, those who were to remain became faint-hearted and discontented ; so all embarked for England. Gosnold carried home a very flattering- account of the country, and other explorers, after a year or two, followed in his track, 3. North and SoutJi Virginia. T. England was now ready to take possession of her claims in America. Accordingly James I. granted, under the name of Virginia, a territory between the 34th and 45th degrees of north latitude — that is, from Cape Fear to the northern limit of the coast of Maine — to two companies. The southern portion, called South Virginia, was granted to the London Company, whose prominent members lived in London. The northern portion, called North Virginia, was granted to the Plymouth Company, whose prominent members lived in Plymouth. 8. Each company sent out colonists in 160*7. Those who came to the present Virginia effected a permanent settlement, those who landed in Maine abandoned the country the next year. These events will be related in the next Period. CONDITION, AT THE CLOSE OF THIS PERIOD, OF WHAT IS NOW THE UNITED STATES. 1. Progress of DiscotTery. 1. At the beginning' of this Period the existence of the American Continent was unknown in Europe. When first discovered, it was supposed to be a part of Asia ; but those who sailed upon the Pacific Ocean proved it to be widely separated from that country. A hundred years had elapsed 7. What is said of an Eng-lish grant to territory in America? Name the com- lianies recoivins: the <^rant and give resilience ot prominent members. 8. Wliat can you tell ol'eoloiiists Se'nt out by these companies ? 1. When first discovered, what was America supi>osed to be? What was artei^ wards proved ? What was the object of many of the early navigators ? 2 18 DISCOVERIES. since tho last voj'age of Columbus, and the g'oneral outline of the continent, except at the extreme nortli, had now been determined. Various voyages, which we have not men- tioned in this little History, had been made to the Western World. The object of many of the early navigators was to find a passage through to the Pacific Ocean. This was called tho North-west Passage, and was long sought for. 2. Claims of Spain, France, and England. 2. Spain, England, and France claimed, at tlie close of tliis Period, in right of the discoveries and explorations of their famous navigators, tlie iininense region known as Nortli America. The Spanish claim above the southern boundary of the present United States extended indelinitely northward, under the name of Florida on the east, and New Mexico in the interior and on the west. In these provinces Spanish settlements had been made at St. Augustine and Santa Fc. 3. The French claim extended southward, under the name of Acadia, to the latitude of Philadelphia, and under the name of New France, indefinitely. The French had estab- lished a colony at Port Royal. The English claim, as made by the charter of Virginia, was based on the discov- eries of the Cabots, and included regions claimed by both France and Spain, but not those actually occupied by them. 3. The Aborigines or Indians. 4. AVhen the Europeans first landed upon the shores of the New World they found it an almost unbroken wilder- ness. There were herds of deer living in the depths of tlie forests, together with bears, wolves, panthers, beavers, foxes, and many other wild animals. A countless number of buffaloes fed in the grassy plains. 5. This country was also the native homo of numerous tribes of men, called by the Europeans, Indians, each tribe 2. What imtions cliiimod North Anioripa? Whtit is siiiil (if tlie Spaninh ciiiim J 3. What is said of tlu' French claim? Of the Knyrlish claim? 4. \\'\\>\t \Vii« tlip condition of the New World at tlic time of its discovery ? 5. Wlio iuhabitcd America? What is said of the number of the ludiuus ? (19J 20 DISCOVERIES. under its own sachem or chief. The number of the Indians, when the Erig-lisli came to settle this country, is not known ', but it probably did not exceed two hundred thousand in that part of the United States east of the Mississippi. 6. The natives were generally tall, straight, and well- formed. Their skin was of a cinnamon or copper-brown color; and from this reddish hue they are sometimes called Red Men. They had long, black, coarse hair, a scant beard, and high cheek-bones. Their eyes were small, deep- set, and snaky. By way of ornament they sometimes painted their faces and bodies with streaks and with hideous devices. 7. They lived in wigwams or huts, made of poles or branches of trees, erected so as to converge at the top, and covered with mats or pieces of bark. For their food they depended, for tlie most part, upon the wild beasts they killed and the fish they caught. Sometimes the women, or squaws, would raise a little patch of corn or beans, cultivated with a hoe, made, perhaps, from a clam-shell, or a moose's shoulder-blade, fastened into a handle. The squaws had to do all the work; they were the slaves and drutlges of their lazy lords. In summer the Indians wore only a little piece of deer-skin around the loins ; but in winter they clothed themselves with the undressed skins of deer and other wild animals. 8. These men of the woods were very revengeful if any injury was done them ; and, on the other hand, it is said, they seldom forgot a benefit. War, they thought, was the most honorable employment. Armed with war-clubs, toma- hawks or stone hatchets, and bows and arrows, they would go stealthily through the forest, to rush upon their enemy when least expected. The one who could show the greatest number of scalps, torn from the heads of his foes, was considered the bravest warrior. 9. Sometimes, when they took a prisoner, they would /i. Wlint is said of llie horiilv npponranoe of the liulians ? 7. <;ivo sotni- iiiToinit of tlii'fr fhvoniii<:s. Tlicir fond. ,'^niiawR. Dross. K. What is siiid of fhoir pewas, the Sacs and toxes, the Ottawas, and many other well-known tribes. The Da-ko'tas, or Sioux («oo), dwelt, for the most part, west of the Mississippi; but one tribe, the Winneba'goes, established itself east of the river aud west of Lake Michigan. — Chiefly from Dr. Palfrey's History of New England. 22 CHEONOLOGY. CHRONOLOGICAL REVIEW. NoTf:. — The figures at the end of the paragraphs refer to the pages apon which tlic events are mentionc \. 1492. Columbus discovered America, 9. 1497. Jolm and Sebastian Cabot discovered the continent of America, probably Labrador, 15. 1498. Columbus discovered the continent of America, 10. 1499. Amerigo Vespucci, from whom America was named, visited the Western Continent, lO.J 1512. Ponce de Leon discovered Florida, 11. 1513. Balboa discovered the Pacific, at first called the South Sea, 10. 1520. Magellan discovered the Straits of Magellan, and entered and named the Pacific Ocean. One of his ships completed the first circumnavigation of the globe in 1522, 10. 1521. Cortes completed the subjugation of Mexico, 11. 1524. Verrazzano explored the coast of America from North Carolina to Nova Scotia. 13. 1534. Cartier explored the shores of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 14. 1541. Coronado explored the country about the upper Kio Grande, 13. De Soto discovered the Mississippi, 12. 15G2. Tlie Huguenots attempted to form a settlement in South Car- olina, 14. 15ri4. The Huguenots attempted to form a settlement in Florida, 14. 15G5. St. Augustine, the oldest European town in the United States, was founded by Menendez, 13. 1579. Drake visited the western coast of North America, named it New Albion, and claimed it for England, 15. 1584. Raleigh sent out, under Amidas and Barlow, an expedition, which reached the coast of North Carolina. The country was named Virginia, 16. 1585. Raleigh attempted to plant a colony at Roanoke, 16. 1587. Raleigh again attempted to plant a colony at Roanoke, 16. 1()02. Gosnold discovered and named Cape Cod, 16. 1G05. Port Royal (now Annapolis), Nova Scotia, was settled hy th» French, 15. 1606. James I. granted the Charter of Virginia, 17. 1607-] VIRGINIA. 23 PERIOD II. SETTLEMENTS AND INTERCOLONIAL WARS. FROM THE SETTLEMENTOF JAMESTOWN, IN 1607, TO THE BEGIN. NING OF THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD, IN 1764. I. VIRGINIA. 1. In May, 1607, a colony of one hundred and five per- sons, under the auspices of the London Company, began the settlement of Jamestown, on the James River, in Virginia. This was the first permanent English settlement in America. 2. It was not long be- fore the colonists began to experience severe trou- bles. They were, for the most part, poor gentlemen and broken-down trades- men, unused to labor, many of them despising it. Their provisions were un- wholesome, and the spot where they landed was un- health3^ Soon the air was filled with the complaints and groans of the sick. Before autumn near half of their number had per- ished, among them Bar- tholomew Gosnold, a leading spirit of the enterprise. 3. Under the first charter the colony was governed by two councils, the superior one resident in England, the other, which managed local affairs, resident in the colony. The local council had power to choose a president, who was to be the chief officer in the colony. Questions. — l. Name the first permanent English settlement in America. When, where, and by whom was it made ? 2. What can yo>i tell about the cluiracter of the colonists and the hardships they had to underg-o ? How many perished before autumn ? 3. Under the first charter, how was the colony governed .' 54 sKTri.intKNTs. [I607. 4. "Wirigfield, the first iiresideiit, was soon afcuscd of inisc():int ? What of new einij,n-aiits? 11. When WIS a third ch;irter granted, and what clianjre was tlien made in the control of iiffuirs ? When and under what {governor, did the first letfislative assembly in America convene ? 26 SETTLEMENTS. [1620- 12. In the year 1G19 a Dutcli ship, from Africa, landed twenty neg-roes at Jamestown, wlio were sold as shives for life. The arrival of this lirst shipdoad of negroes marks the begi.iiiing ui negro slavery in the Englisii eohmies of America. The same year nearly a hundred young women, of good character, were sent over Irom Enghmd, and sold to tlu! planters for wives. The price of a wile was a hundred and twenty pounds of tobacco, — this being the cost of her passage across the ocean. Afterwards, when more came over, the price was somewhat higher. Tobacco had already become a staple product for export to England. 13. The colony was in a nourishing- condition, when, in \G22, it experienced a stroke which nearly proved fatal. Opechanoanoiigh [op-e-kan'lca-no), a bold and wily Indian chief, laid a plot to destroy all the whites at a single blow. The Indians professed the warmest Iriendship. " Sooner," said they, " shall the sky fall tiiaii i)eace be violated on our part;" but at miillay they fell upon the unsuspecting settlers, and massacred nearly three hundred and fifty per- sons. Jamestown and a few of the neighboring settlements were saved by the warning of a Christian Indian. 14. The English immediately rose against the savag-cs, destroyed many of them, and drove the rest far into the wilderness. Somewhat more than twenty years alter this massacre the Indians made another attack, b}' which several hundred colonists lost their lives. Again the savages were pursued and killed without mercy. 15. Dissatislied with the proceedings of the London Company, the king wrongfully took away its charter, and made Virginia a royal province in 1(521. The governor and council were to be appointed by the crown, but the cohmy was permitted to retain its legislative assembly. So long Iv.'. When unci how wis npirro sliivorv iiitro-Incoil ? How were tlic colonists sup- plicil witli \vivi>s? I'l-ii-i' of a wire ? Wli.'it of f olincco ? 13. Wliiit ••••m yon t<-ll of a plot to ilcsfrov tlio E'lirlisli ? How mnny wliitos wore m.-isxiirri'il, iiiifl liow wcro somip of tln' KottI('m'")ts snvcd ? 14. How fli'l till' KiiL'lisli iivon^'c this ninssncre .•' When was iiiiothor nttnck made, iiMfl with what rosiilt ? 15. Wlii'ti, niid for whit rimsp, wns Vlr'^'inin mri'lo n roval provinoo ? Whnt i'J pntd of till' ^oviTiirm'nt oftho colony ? Whiit oftho riirht of the coloiiiiit8 to elect rupreseutatives ? Conduct of some of the royal governorB .' 1676.] VIRGINIA. 27' as the colonists had the right to elect their representatives to help make kiws, the principle of popular liberty was pre- served. Tliis right was the more precious as the conduct of some of the royal governors was odious and oppi'essive. 16. During the time of the Commonwealth in England, after the execution of King Charles I., Virginia enjoyed the highest measure of freedom and prosperity ; but after mon- archy was restored, in 1660, a different state of things began to prevail. Certain laws of England, called the Naviga- tion Acts,* secured to the mother country a rigorous monopoly of colonial commerce. Besides this grievance the Virginia planters had others. While Sir William Berkeleyf was governor, exorbitant taxes were levied, and the people were much restricted in their liberties. To make this state of affairs worse, a war began with the Indians. n. The tyrannical course of Berkeley, and his neglect to provide for defence against the savages, caused many of the planters, in 1676, | to rise against his government, under the lead of Nathaniel Bacon. During this outbreak, known as Bacon's Rebellion, the governor was driven from Jamestown, which was burned by the insurgents, to prevent its again being a harbor for the enemy. In the midst of his successes Bacon suddenly died, and as there was no one to fill his place, the popular forces dispersed. Berkeley re- gained his power, and cruelly wreaked his vengeance on those who had opposed him. 18. Notwithstanding tliese troubles, and the greedy and arbitrary dispositions of many of the governors after Berke- ley's time, the colony continued to grow and prosper; but its history henceforth, till the beginning of the French and Indian War, is marked by no events of sufficient impor- tance to be noticed in these pages. * See Navij^ation Aots, p. 71, IT 8. t berk'll. t One hundred years before the Declaration of Independence. 10. What was the state of thinos in Virprinia dnrin^'»'v ^f^;:;^t?iv^*^^'^- early tj«tlier. 15. The Puritans living' on Massachusetts Ra^y were soon disturbed by dissensions. The iirst serious contest was with liog'or Williams, a young' minister of Salem. His opinions in reg-ard to civil and religious alVairs being con- sidered dangerous, the magistrates banished him IVoin the colony. But tiiey were soon much more alarmed and troubled by the conduct of Mrs. Ann Hutchinson. She Indd meetings, and taught doctrines wdiich most of the Puritans 15. What is said of dissensioiiB .' Of Uo-'ci Williums .' Of Mrs. Auu IIutchiuBOO^ 1643.J MASSACHUSETTS, • 33 believed to be false and pernicious. At last, determined to have peace in the community, tliey banished her and the most obnoxious of her followers. 16. Severer punislimentswere inflicted upon the Quakers, who were filled with fanatical zeal, and very unlike the Quakers of our day. They began to come to Massa- chusetts in 1656. The first who came were sent away; but soon others appeared. Some of the Quakers were whipped, some put into prison, some had the right ear cut ofl", and four, who came again and again into the coh)ny, were hanged. But these cruel measures of the Puritans did not keep away their disagreeable visitors, and after a few years such penalties were not inflicted. "^ 17. Very early in the history of Massachusetts cai'e was taken to provide for education. When Boston was only six years old, the General Court appropriated four hundi'ed pounds to found a college. This, the oldest college in America, was established at Cambridge, and named after the Rev. John Harvard, who, dying in 1638, gave it several hundred pounds and his library. Not many j^ears after this, it was ordered that each town of fifty families should maintain a school to teach reading and writing, and each town of a hundred families should set up a grammar school. It would be difficult to estimate too highly the good which has I'esulted from these wise orders. 18. Impelled by a sense of common danger from the Indians, and by the encroachments of the Dutch and the French,* the colonies of Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, Connecticut, and New Haven, in 1643, formed themselves into a confederacy, styled the United. Colonies of New England. This league for mutual protection is famous in our colonial history. It continued more than forty years. * The 'niitch in what is now New York, and the French upon the eastern front iLT of tlie English eolouitfts. 16. Describe the first Quakers in .AI;issachusetts. When did they bejjia to come ? AVhat cruelties were inflicted upon them .' Effect .■" 17. Wh:it is said of education in the early history of Massachusetts .' What of Harvard College ? What of schools in towns .' 18. What confederacy was formed ia 1043, and for what causes .'' How lon^- did this league coutluue .' 3 34: ■ SETTLEMKXTS. [1675. 19. In 1G75, a liuiulrod years before the beginning of the Ivcvijlutioii, a terrible contest, calh'd King Philip's War, begun with tlie Indians. King Pliilip, as the Knglish iiamud him, was the son and successor ol the fiiendly Mas- sas(jit, cliief ol' the Wainpanoags. His home was at Mount Hope, in Bristol, Rhode Island. For several years the culunists had suspected liim of being unfriendly, and of plotting for their destruction. The immediate cause of the Avar was the execution of three Indians, by the English, for the murder of an Indian who luul come to them and ac- cused Philip of hostile intentions. Furious with rage, Philip's men began hostilities, in which they were joined by most of the New England tribes. 20. For more than a year this savage warfare spread devastation and ruin among the scattered settlements of the English. Connecticut alone, of all the New England colonies, escaped its ravages ; yet she liberally contrib- uted to the common defence. The principal battle, known as the swamp light, took place in a swamp, in South Kings- ton, Rhode Island, where the powerful Narragansetts w(re defeated with great shiuglitcr. The death of Philip, who was shot by an Indian iigiiting on the side of the whites, brought the war to a close, except in Maine, where it lasted some time longer. This contest broke the spirit of the New England Indians. 21. Many complaints having been made to the king, Charles II., that Massachusetts had violated the Naviga- tion Acts, and in other respects had disregarded the royal authority and the laws of England, he determined to take away her form of government. To carry out this design the In'ghest English court, in 1G81, declared the charter of Massachusetts nvill and void. The colony now lay at the king's mercy. 19. Wlicn (lid Kiii^' rhiliji's Wnr basxn ? WIio \vn« Pliilip, and where did lie live? Give nil nrcoiint of tin- origin and bcjfiimiii^'' of tlic wnr ? 20. Wlint wiiK tile n:itiiro of tins wiirfiirc, mid Iiow loii^' did it Inst? Wlint of ( "iniii'cticiit ? WliiTi'. nnd willi wlint Irilic, wns tlic iiriiii-ipni bntflc fouglit? WliMt cl til.' (k-nth oC riiilip > Jli't-uU oCtlii' roiitt-nt to tlir Indian- r i\. Wh:it i-iiiii|ilniiits wire lundc nirniixt MnKsni-liusettN to tlu' kiny^ f With wlmt ri'sult ? Wlmt can ycm ti'll of flic Niivi;ratioii Acts ? (Sec |). Tl.llh) llow uud wliL'u waa tlic charter of Mussiiuliusotts decltired uuU and void ? 1692.] MASSACHUSETTS, 35 22. The king- dying before he had time to adjust colonial affliirs, his successor, James II., sent over Sir Edtnund Andros as governor of all New England. For more than two years the people endured Sir Edmund's tyrannical sway ; but in 1689, when news reached the colonies that the king had been driven from the throne, the inhabitants of Boston seized Andros and put him into prison. The colonies of New England then resumed their former modes of government. 23. William and Mary, successors to James II., granted a new charter to Massachusetts, in 1691, by which the limits of the province were so extended as to embrace the Plymouth colony. Maine and Nova Scotia were also placed under her jurisdiction. But this charter was far less liberal than the old; the governor and other high officers were hereafter to be appointed by the king. In May, 1692, Sir William Phipps arrived from England, as the first gov- ernor under the new charter, which he brought with him. 24. At this time there prevailed in Massachusetts that strange delusion, known as the Saleta Witchcraft. Some girls in Dan vers, then a part of Salem, were, or pretended to be, sti'angely affected, and they accused certain persons of bewitching them. Those whom they "cried out" against were arrested, and soon, new accusers arising, the mania spread throughout the community. 25. Within a few months twenty persons were tried and executed; more than fift}'' were frightened into confessing themselves guilty, and the jails were full of prisoners. Accusations fell upon some high in social position before the people began to come to their senses. At length the frenzy spent itself; those in prison were liberated, and the awful tragedy closed. In that age the belief in witchcraft was common in all civilized countries, 22. Who was sont. ovor as governor of New England .' How long did the people enduro Sir Edmund's rule ? How and when was it terminated ? 23. What happened to ^Tassacluisetts in l(i91 .' How did the new charter differ from the old ? Who was the first governor under the new charter ? 24. What prevailed in JIassachusetts in 1C92.' Give an account of the origin and progress of the delusion. 25. How many persons were executed, and how many confessed themselves guilty .' What is said of accusations and of the close of the tragedy .' What is said of the belief in witchcraft in that age ? 36 SETTLEMENTS. [1623. 4. Maine, 26. The first settlers in what is now the State of Maine were fishermen, who built a lew huts here and there ah)ng the coast, but a little while after the landing- of the Pilg^riins at Plymouth. 27. In 1639 Sir Ferdinando Gor'ges obtained a royal charter, constituting him lord proprietor of a tract of land reaching from the Tiscataqua to the Kennebec. This ter- ritory he called the Province of Maine.* The charter made good a grant which Gorges had already obtained from the Council for New Eng-land. 28. But Massachusetts also claimed to the Kennebec, and after some years assorted her jurisdiction over the district. At length the claims of the heir of Gorges were bougiit by Massachusetts, and in the course of time the region farther east was joined to that province. Maine continued a part of Massachusetts till 1820. III. NEW HAMPSHIRE. 1. Two years after the landing- of the Pilgrims at Plym- outh, Sir Ferdinando Gorges and Captain John Mason obtained from the Council for New Eughuid a grant of lands lying between the Merrimack atid the Kennebec. In the following year, 1623, the proprietors sent out a few col- onists, and two settlements were made — one near Ports- mouth, and the other at Dover. 2. The partnership between Gorges and Mason being dissolved, the latter, in 1629, obtained a ne.v grant for a territory between the Merrimack and the I'iscataqua, and * TliiB e.istprn country hnd bpon callod the Mapne [ninin i liind in distinction from tJin islands along' tho cotiRt, nnd tliiistlip province probjil ly obtnincil its name. 2r>. Wlio were tho first Rottlors of Maine .' i". Wli't royiil clwirfer did Sir Fcriliiuindo rjorpres oVrain in lfi.1ft .' Where i* the I'ixc.itiiriii.i ? the Kennebec? tb<' Merrimack? (See Map, p. OS.) What did (J'lrL'es call his province? What jrrant had Oorires previously obtained? Wlu'iiee does Maine ilerive its name ? See note above. 28. What is said of Massachusetts ,ind this distri<'t ? What of the rPL'ion farther eiist ? Till u-hit veiir \va« Maine connected with Ma^snehnsfffs ? 1. What <;rant i>f Ini-I.s was obtained bv (inrc's and Alason ? When nnd where were the lirst settli'mi'Pts made in New llamiishire ? 2. Whit niMV i:r.iiit did Mason obtnin in livj')? AVIienee does New Hampshire derive its name = See note, p. .',,-. I'luler whose jurisdiction did the Bcttle- meuts in New llum])8hire place themselves ? 1632.] COKNECTICUT. 31 named it New Hampshire.^ The ieeble settlements of New HampsMre voluntarily placed themselves under the juris- diction of Massachusetts in 1641, and under her charge they continued for nearly forty years. 3. In 1679 New Hampshire was made a royal province — the first so constituted in New England. Afterwards it was united with Massachusetts for a long time, so far as to have the same governor, but with its own legislative body and laws. A final separation took plijce in 1741, just a hundred years from the first union. 4. The settlers of New Hampshire were harassed for many 3'ears by lawsuits, brought against them by those into whose hands Mason's claim to the soil had come. At length the long controversy was ended, the claimants under Mason's grant consenting to take only the unoccupie(\ portion of the province. IV. CONNECTICUT. 1. The soil of Connecticut f was assigned to Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brooke, and others, in 1632, by the Earl of Warwick, who was president of the Council for New Eng- land. The earl had already received, or was expecting to receive, a grant of this territory from the Council. Belore the proprietors could take possession of the lands which they had thus obtained, others had begun to occupy them. 2. Some years after the Dutch had formed settlements in what is now New York, they built a fort where Hartlbrd stands, and bcgaii to buy furs of the Lidians. In the autumn of the same year, namely, 1633, Captain Holmes (Ju'mz), with a party of men from the Plymouth colony, sailed up the Connecticut. AVhen he reached the Dutch ibrt, the * Aftor tho eoinitv of TTampsliirp, Eno-lniKl, in -vvliicli 'M.TSon lived. t So named from the Indian name of its principal river — a word signifying Inug river. j 3. Wlnt is said of New HamT)shir" as a royal province .' Wli:it of a later connec- tion witli Massnrhnsett* ? Wlien di^l a final separation take place .' 4. How were tlie settlers of New Hampshire long harassed .' How was the eon. troversv settled .' 1. When an! hv whom was the soil of Connecticut assi'jned.' What is said of tlip Karl of Warwick's right to this territory.' Whence does Connecticui derive its name .' See note above. 2. Give an account of the Dutch in Connecticut and of Capt. Holmes's e.xpedifiou. 38 SETTLEMENTS. [1635. oHicer in command tliore ordonMl him to stop; but Holmes kept o;i, and erected a trading-house at Windsor. 3. The colonists on Massachusetts Bay had also heard of the rich meadow-lands in tiiis rep^ion, and emigrants from the neigMiborhood of Boston, makinj';' tlieir way across the wil lerness, bej^-un the settlement ol" Connecticut in ear- nest i:i 1635, at Wethersfield, Windsor, and Hartford. 4. But the larg'est emig'ration took place the next sum- mer, when about a hundred persons, of both sexes and all a^os, led by their pastor, Thomas Hooker, " the light of tl»e western churches," came throujifh the pathless forests, driving their herds of cattle before them. Most of this company settled at Hartford. The settlements in these p.irts formed the Connecticut Colony. 5. Meanwhile John Winthrop, son of the Massachusetts governor, had come over from England, as the agent of Lord Say and Seal, Lord Brooke, and the other proprietors. He built a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut in 1G35, and here a settlement, called Saybrook, was made. Alter a few years tlie Saybrook Colony was united with the Connecti- cut colony, farther up tlie river. 6. The year 1037 is marked in the history of Connecticut by the Pequofc War. the first contest in New England be- tween the whites and the Indians. The Pequots were the most formidal)l(^ Indian nation in New England. They had murdered, with horrible cruelty, many of the colonists, when Captain Jolin Mason, with a small force of Englishmen and friendly Indians, marched against their principal stronghold in the south-eastern part of Connecticut. The savages were attacked by surprise, but they fought desperately till their fort and wigwams were set on fire. Few indeed escaped, wiiih; hundreds perished in the flames ami by the weapons of the colonists. Tlie war was soon ended, but not till the Pequots had ceased to exist as a people. \ rjivc iin iiri'ounf oftho Hcttloinont of WrthorpfioM, Windsor, iiti'l Ilnrfjird. 4. Givi' iiM n'-fomit of the iMiii'_T!ition luifJiT tlio I{«'v. 'riioiiias IIookiT. What did fiv s •ttli'iiicnts 1)11 tliis piirt oftlic roiinoi'ticiit form ? 5. AViiat iMU villi tell of.Iolin Wintlirop and the Savliiodk cdIoiiv.' 6. Wlii-n did llic I'i'qiiot war lirfuk out .' Who wo'ro the l'cf|M.its, and what lnliiiit-iit .' 2. Wh.it run VDii tell of the setlliTiient of Providence .' 3. Give an iici-oiint of tin- settleiiiciit of I'ortsiiiioiitli ;md N'i'xvi)ort. Whiit Is Hind of reliirions freedom in tlie colouii-H of rrovidcner unci Kliodi' Ishmd.' \\'\\»i of Itojji'f WIMiiims ? Whence does K'ho'le Island derive its imnie .' See note. 4. Wlmt is s:iid of « elmrter from tlie Kntrliili I'arliauieut .' What wa.s the di» tiujjuishintj feature of the government .' 1609.J NEW YORK. 41 ment, then controlling public affairs, a charter, by which the two colonies were united. Religious toleration was the distinguishing feature of the government which the colonists alterwards organized. 5. The settlements prospered, and Charles II., in 1663, granted to them, under the name of the Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, a royal charter, as liberal as that of Coiniecticut. This was set aside by Andros, but after his overthrow it was resumed, and henceforth, till a very recent date, was the only constitution of Rhode Island, as the colony came to be called. VI. NEW YORK. 1, New YorJc under the Dutch, 1. Henry Hudson, an Englishman, sailing in the service of a company of Dutch merchants in 1609, to find a north- ern passage to India, explored part of the eastern coast of America, entered New York harbor, and ascended to a considerable distance the noble river which now bears his name. The Dutch claim to teiritory in America was based upon the discoveries of Hudson. 2. Dutch ships were soon sent out to the newly dis- covered river, and a traffic for furs was begun with the Indians. A few huts to shelter traders were built on Man- hattan Island,* and a fortified trading-house was erected in 1614, within the limits of the present city of Albany. 3. Actual colonizatioa began in 1623, under the patron- age of a great trading association, called the Dutch West India Conlpan3^ Permanent settlements were then made at NewAmslerdam, now Wew York, and Fort Orange, where now stands Albany. The region claimed by the Dutch reached, under the name of New Netherland,f from the south- ern shore of Delaware Bay to the peninsula of Cape Cod. *• The site of New York city. f The ih of Kefherland pron. as ih in this. 5. When was a royal cliartor ohtai-ied, ani wint is said of it .' 1. Wlio was Henry Hiiflson, and wliat explorinfr voyap:e did lie make ia 1G09? Upon wliat was ifie Dutch claim to torritory in Anioriea based ? 2. What is said of Dutch ships ? Of traders and a fortified tradinp:-house .' 3. When and how was actual colonization befrun ? What permanent settlements were then made ? What region was claimed as New Netherlaad ? 42 SETTLKMIiNTS. (1626. 4. Peter Minuit (niia'a-if) arrived in 1G2G as governor of New Netlierlaud. During his administration tlie com- pany adopted a scheme to promote colonization. Any one who would plant a colony of lilty persons was alli)wed to select lands many miles in extent, wiiich should descend to his posterity forever. Such as availed themselves of this privilege were, called patroons, or lords of the manor. 5. The next governor was Wouter Van Twiller. During his time the English made their first settk-ments in Con- necticut, and thus entered upon territory claimed by the Dutch. The controversy whicli now began with the English settlers in Connecticut was continued by Sir William Kicft [Leefl), who succeeded Van Twiller. 6. But an Indian war was Kielt's most serious trouble. His treatment of the natives was marked by extreme ^cruelty, and they, with the fury of revenge, wasted the settlements, nearly all of which were destroyed before the long and bloody contest ended. 7. The last and ablest Dutch governor was Peter Stuy- vesant [.•id'ves-ant). lie arranged a bouiidary with the English in Connecticut, and conquered a colony of Swedes, on the Delaware, who were, the Dutch claimed, within the bounds of New Netherland. ' 8. The English, had never ceased to regard New Nether- land as belonging to them, on the ground of the dis- coveries of the Cabots, and therefore King Charles II. made a grant of it to his brother, the Duke of York and Albany (afterwards King James 11.), and Colonel Kic'olls and despatched, with a fleet, to take possession of the province. 9. When the English ships entered the harbor of Notv 4. Wlion flit Potor Minuit arrive, and what Bclicme to promote colonization was :i.l()ptf(l.= 6. Wtio w;iM tlio next L'overnor .' What was done by tlic En^'lish diirinjj Ids time ': Wlin siKvccdiMl V.in Twiller.' fi. Wli:it is said of iiii Indian war in New Netherland .' 7. Who wasthi' Inst and id>k.-t ^'overnor of" New Netherland.' AVhat proceedings of his are nn'nti'incMl .' 8. IIdw dill the Kntrlish rejfard New Nftherlinul .' What "rrant was made, and wliiit iiieasiires tnken, to train New NethiTl.ind Tor the Kn^'liblt .' 9. What can you tell of the capture of New Amsterdam? i6e4.j NEW YORK. 43 Amsterdam, Stuyvesant, who was a stout old soldier, re- solved to defend the city to tlie last. But the people thought that resistance would be useless, and refused to fight the invaders. Ilence Stuyvesant was obliged to yield. 2. New Yorh under the English. < 10. The whole prov- ince was re- duced with- out a battle, and thus, in 1G64, New Netherland came under ^ the domin- ion of Eng- land. Tlie country and its chief city were named ^ew York. The settle- ment at Fort Orange was called Al- bany'. It is reckoned that New Netherland, at the time of its sur- render, con- tained ten thousand hihabitants. 10. In what yenr did tlio Eiifjlish confinor New Notliorlnnd ? Wlint names did the Enpflish srivp to the province and the two prinei]):il settlements ? Whence does Now York derive its name ? Ana. It was so named in honor of the Duke of York and Albany. Number of iahabitants iu all New Netherltincl .' 44 SETTLE M i:\TS. [1683. 11. Colonel Nic'olls was the first Eiig'lisli g-overnor of New York. Tlic colonists were sadly disaiipdiiited in tlie hope winch they had had ot" obtaining greater I'reedoni under the new rule. Hence they did not regret it when, alter a few years, a Dutch squadron appeared in the harbor of New York, and compelled the surrender of the city. But after little more than a year, in 1G74, tlie province waa restored to the Englisii, and Edmund Andros was appointed governor. Several years later Andros was recalled; but he was again seat to America, as has been told, to play the tyrant in New England. 12. In the j'ear 16831 the colonists of New York were granted a right which they had long ardently desired. The governor, by permission from the Duke of York, called an assembly of representatives of the peojile. The duke not U)ng alterwards becoming king of England, under the title of James 11., refused to allow the people to hold their assembly ; but this state of things lasted only a few years, and then the colonists again helped make their own laws. 13. About the close ai' this century pirates were infest- ing almost all seas. William Kidd, a New York ship- master, was sent with an English ship to cruise against them. But soon Kidd himself turned pirate, and became the most notorious of them all. After a long cruise he returned to the colonies, and was seen in the streets of Boston. The Earl of Bellamont, who was then governor of both New York and Massachusetts, caused Kidd to bo seized and sent to England, where he was hangetl. 14. In the year 1711 the city of New York was thrown into dreadful alarm. Many fires having taken plaice, a report was circulated that the negroes had d(.'vised a plot to burn the town, murder tin; citizens, and take the govern- ment into their own hands. Without snflicient proof that any plot of this kind existed, more than thirty negroes 11. Wli.it of Coloiu-l NicoUs iiiul tlic oolonistn? After a few yiars wlmt took jil;ire? Wlii'ii \va-» New York restored to the Eiig'liHh ? What is said ot IvIiiiuikI (iirterwiinls Sir Kdinnnil) Amlron .- 12. WIi.it Clin you li'U oliiii Msscinlily orreprescntjitives .' IH. KelMte the story of Willi.iiii Kidil. 14. Give mi account of the BuppotieU negro plot in New York city. 1664.1 NEW JERSEY. 45 were condemned and burned at the stake oi- langed. Tlie existence of any real ])lot is doubtful ; but it is certain tiiat many innocent persons were put to a cruel death. Wlien tht-y were tried no one was willing to say a word in their defence. VII. NEW JERSEY. 1. The territory included in New Jersey was a part of the grant made by King Charles II. to the Duke of York, and came into the possession of the English with the rest of New Netherland. But even before the surrender of the Dutch the duke liad conveyed New Jersey* to Lord John Berkeley {berk'U) and Sir George Car'teret. 2. While the Dutch, held sway over this territory, they formed a few feeble settlements within its limits. As early as 1623 they erected a fort on the east side of the Delaware River ; and still earlier, it is asserted, they had a trading- post at Bergen.f But the settlement made at Elizabeth in 1664, by persons from Long Island, is generally regarded as the beginning of colonization in New Jersey. 3. The following year the proprietors sent over Philip Carteret, as the first governor. The liberal constitution which they granted the colonists, together with the mild- ness of the climate and the fertility of the soil, soon induced many people from New England and New York to settle in the province. 4. Lord Berkeley sold his share of New Jersey to certain English Quakers ; after the purchase, a party of this sect made a settlement at Salem. The province was now divided into East and West Jersey — the eastern portion becoming Sir George Carteret's property, the western that of the Quaker proprietors. 5. In 1682, after Carteret's death, East Jersey was sold * It was so named in honor of Sir Geor^-o Carteret, who had been g-overnor of the Island of Jersey. t ff in llergen sounderl as g in c/et. 1. In what grant was the territory of New Jersey Included.' Whence does New Jersey t:ilvi'rnni('iit ponnoctcfl with flint of Now York ? 1. Wlii'n anil l>y whom wiis Pcliiwnrp poloiiizpri ? WIipiicp (Iops Ppl.nviirp dprive its nniiip .' Spp iiotp ahovp. Wlint pl;m IiikI Giistavns Adolphus formed ? 2. Wlvrp wns thp first spttlpmpnt mndr, and what willpd .' Other Bcttlcinpnts? Extent and nnnie of the Swedish provincp ? 3. What can you tell of the conquest of New .Sweden by the Dutch ? 1634.] MARYLAND. 4t This fort the Swedish governor seized; but his success cost him dear, for Peter Stnyvesant, the governor of New Netherland, soon came with a force and conquered the whole province. Such of the inhabitants as swore al- legiance to Holland were allowed to stay; the rest were sent out of the country. Thus, in 1G55, New Sweden came/ to an end. 4. When the Duke of York took possession of New Netherland, the territory west of the Delaware became part of the province of New York. In tlie year 1682, the duke having sold it to William Penn, it became part of Pennsylvania, and was known as "the territories, or three lower counties, on the Delaware." Twenty years later tliis district was so far separated from Pennsjdvania as to have a distinct legislative assembl}^ but the same governor pre- sided over both colonies till the Revolution. IX. MAEYLAXD. 1. Sir George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, ob- tained from King Charles I. of England a grant of a tract of land east of the Potomac, and along the shores of Chesapeake Bay. It was the wish of Lord Baltimore to provide a place of refuge for Roman Catholics, then per- secuted in England. His territory was called Maryland* 2. This noblonan dying before the charter had been issued, it was made out in favor of his son, Cecil Calvert, who inherited his father's title. He sent out his brother, Leonard Calvert, as governor, with about two hundred colonists, who arrived in 1634, and began the settlement of St. Mary's, near the mouth of the Potomac. 3. The charter created Lord Baltimore and his heirs * Named in the charter Terra Maria? (.'/r«7/'s Land), in honor of tlie queen, .Henrietta Maria. Teria is a Latin word, meaning- '• a hind." 4. Wh:it is said of the territory west of th? Delaware wlien the Enfrlish seized N('>v Nerlierland ? To wliom was it sold, and when, and what was it ealled ? AVIiat fnrtiier is said of tliis district ? 1. Whi't trrant difl tlie lirst Lord Baltniiore ohtain ? His wish? Wlience does M:iryland derive its name ? See note above. 2. To .vl.oni was tlie charter issued .' What settlement was made, and when i" 3. WUdt is said of the charter .' 48 SKTTLEMEXTS. [1649 " lords and proprietors " of the province ; but it also granteil to the colonists the right of choosing' representa- tives for a legislative assembly. The proprietor of Mary- land was a Roman Catholic; but the colonists were allowed to worship (j!od as they pleased, and alter some years, in 1649, the ass(Miil)ly saiRtioned this wise policy by a law, called the Toleration Act, wliicli declared that no one jn-o- fessing to believe in Jesus Christ should be molested on account of his religion. 4. A man by the name of "William Clayborne, who had lived in Virgi;iia, caused a great deal of trouble in the colony. lie made the first settlement in Maryland on Kent Island, in Chesapeake Bay, as early as lOol. The English king had given him a license to trade with the Indians. Alter the colonists came, he attempted, by force of arms, to withstand the authority of Lord Baltimore; but he was overcome, and forced to Hoc. Some years aiter- wards he reappeared in Maryland, and, inciting a rebellion, obliged the governor to take rel'uge in Virginia, where he obtained troops who helped him suppress the revolt. 5. But the contests of the Protestants and the Roman Catholics caused much more serious trouble in the colony. Alter the Puritans in England had overthrown monarchy there, those in Maryland disrcgardeenn a great deal of trouble. Tiie laws which the assembly made were often not to his mind, and the settlers were unwilling to pay the small rent by which the proprietor hoped to remr.nerate himself for the large sums of money he had spent in found- ing his I'olcjiiy. 8. He was also harassed by a controvrrsy with Lord Baltimore, in respect to the boundary between Pennsylva- nia and Maryland. This (piesticm was not settled till two eminent surveyors, named Mason and Dixon, came over 4. What c:iii yoii fcM of the sovpnimpiil I'st.ihlislifrl hy Penn.' 6. Givj- Mil !ic<'()imt 1)1' I'lim's Ciiiiions trc;ifv with tlir niiliiins. fi. Wliiit is sititl ot till' rouiidin- ol' l'liiliiclil]ilii.i, miil its jrrowtli .' 7. How dill till' iilVairs of his proviiKu' ;rivi' r.nii ironhlc? " 8. What coutrovcrty liunissed Pcun ? IVll all you can of Mason aad Dixon's line. 1663 ] NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 51 from England, long aftei- Penn's death, and determined the line separating Pennsj^lvania from Maryland and Virginia. This is famous in American history as "Mason and Dixon's line," and was, till a recent day, a bound for the free and the slave states. 9. Penn died in 1718, leaving a name conspicuous among those which designate the benefactors of tiie human race. His sons became proprietors of the flourishing colony he had founded, and appointed deputies to administer the government. At the beginning of the American Kevolu- tiou the people of Pennsylvania purchased the proprietary claims for more than half a milliou of dollars. XI. NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 1. In 1663 Lord Clarendon, and seven other persons of high rank, obtained from their king, Charles 11. of England, a patent lor a vast territory south of Virginia. The king afterwards enlarged the boundaries of this province, which was named Carolina.'^ 2. The proprietors of Carolina found that planters from Virginia had already settled on the northern shore of Albemarle Sound. The very year in which the grant was made, a liberal government was instituted for this little plantation, which received the name of the Albemarle Colony-. In 1665 a company from Barbadoes {har-ha'doze), formed a settlement near the mouth of Cape Fear River. This was called the Clarendon Colony. Both of these set- tlements were within the present limits of North Carolina. 3. In 1670 a third colony, called the Carteret Colony, ■was founded by emigrants from England. The colonists sailed into Ashlej'- River, and began their first town ; but ten * In honor of the Enfjlish king', Charles (Latin Carolun) II. 9. How was the colony irovernert after Penn's death ? What did the people of rennsyl.ania do at the bep^-inninpf of the Revolution ? 1. What can you tell of the grant of Carolina ? Whence do the Carolinas derive their names ? See note above. 2. What settlement had already been made ? What name was g-'ven to this plan- tation .' What can you tell of the Clarendon colony ? What is I'.arbadoes ? Ans. It is a small island in the south-eastern part of the archipelaf^o formed by the West Indies. Where is Cape Fear Rivor ? (See Map, p. 5'^.) 3. Give an account of the Carteret colony and the founding of Charleston. 52 si:ttlemknts. 11680. years lator tlioy romnvod to a point of land between the Aslil(>y a;iil C()(>i)ei- Kivcis, and there laid the foundation of the prcbcut city of Charleston. \ ,4, Most of the inhabitants of the middle, or Clarendon colony, removing after a few years to Charleston, the af- fairs of the province were administered by two govern- ments — OTie for the northern, or Albemarle, and ancjther for the sonthorn, or Carteret colony. Thus were created the two colonies oi' North and South Carohna. They were increased by people from New England, and Dutch laniilies from New York. The persecuted Huguenots of France and Puritans of England also came to find homes in the Carolinas. 6. BolIi colonies suffered much from wars with the Indians. In the year 1711, the Tuscaro'ras in North 4, How worp tilt- throe colonion redtiwd to two, aud what waB tlius created? What colonists cnnic to Carolinii .' 5. Give uu account of the war with the Tuscaroras in North Carolina. 1733.1 GEOilGIA. 53 Carolina, suddenly fell upon the whites and massacred many persons. By the aid of a force from South Carolina the savages were conquered, and soon afterwards they migrated north, and joined the Iroquois of New York, form- ing the sixth nation of that powerful confederacy. A few years later the Yam'as-sees and other Indians attacked the settlers in South Carolina, but they were subdued after some severe fighting. 6. In 1729 the two Carolinas, which had hitherto been considered as one province, were separated, and the pro- prietors having ceded to the crown their rights of govern- ment and seven eighths of the soil. North and South Carolina became distinct royal provinces. So they remained till the Revolution. ;X1L GEORGIA. 1. To James O'glethorpe, an officer in the English army, belongs the honor of founding in America a refuge for the poor of his own country, and the persecuted of all nations. In 1732 George II. granted to him and twenty associates, "in trust for the poor," the territory between the Savan- nah and the Altamaha (al-fa-ma-haw').'^ This territory was named Georgia, in honor of the king. 2. Oglethorpe himself led the first colony, numbering about one hundred and twenty-five persons. They landed early in 1733, and began to build the town of Savannah, on the southern bank of the river of the same name. 8. The project of founding a colony for poor debtors, and other indigent persons, excited great interest, and many benevolent Englishmen gave money in aid of the enterprise. More emigrants soon followed the first com- pany. A band of German Lutherans and a part}' of * After the treaty of Aix-la-Cliapelle, enrlinff King George's war, the St. Mary's was made tlie southern boundary of Gi-or^i'ia. 5. Wliere did tlie Tuscaroras go after ihis war ? What is said about ihe Yamassees in South Carolina ? Ci. When and how did the two Carohnas become distinct royal provinees. 1. What is said of James Oglethorpe ? What grant of land was made to him and associates ? 2. What can you tell of the first colonists and the founding of Savannah ? 3. How was Oglethorpe's tiroject aided ? What is said of (ierman, Scotch, and English colonists .' When and how did Georgia become a royal province -■' 54 SETTLKMENTS. [1608 Scotcli ITig-hlandors formed tliiixinp: sottlpmonts in Conrg-ia; but tli(.' colonists sent over IVoin Eiigliiml wore, lor the most part, idle, thriftless, and discontented. The trustees surrendered their ciiarter to the crown in 1752, and Georgia became a royal province. XIII. THE FRENCH .\X1) THE SPAXI.\RDS. 1. While tlie English were taking' possessinn of a nar- row strip along the coast from ]\Iaine to Georg-ia, the French were exploring the St. Lawrence, the Great Lakes, the Mississippi, and their tributaries. 2. Champlain, " the father of New France," founded Quebec in 1608, and tlius beg'an the settlement of Canada, which became the principal French province in America. The next j'ear he discovered the lake that still bears his name. In the northern and central parts of N(>w York dwelt the Iroquois, or Five Nations, of all Indians the most powerful and warlike. Cliamplain made alliances with tribes hostile to them, and invaded their country. Hence the Five Nations became bitter enemies to the French, and fought them with the greatest fury ; but they held the English as friends. 3. In the summer of 1673, James Marquette {mar-lcC), a French Jesuit, and Louis Jolict,* with live of their coun- trymen, entered the Mississippi liom the Wisconsin, and in two birch-bark canoes, floated down its current below the mouth of the Arkan'sas. Nine years afterwards, in 1682, the adventurous and daring La Salle (lah-nat ) completed tlie discovery of the great I'iver of the west by descending to its mouth. Naming the whole region drained by it and its branches Louisiana, in honor of his king, Louis XIV., he claimed it for France. • En;rlisli pronunciation ./o'/i-ci, FrcnHi zho-le-n'. 1. Wliili- the Eii'j-lirili were tiilOHsoKsiun of n strip alon<^ the Atliintic liow xvcri' till' Kniicli I'liiiilnycd ': 2. Wli.it Ih sMiil iif till' (oiinilhi'.' of Qiiplioc, nnd wlint of (^inada .' Wliiit ran von till iil'tlir V'wi- NatioiiH, Mini of tlii'ir ri'hilioiis to tin- rri'iirh ami tin' i:ii;.'lisn ? 3. WliMt Kri'iirliiMcii (li-»t cxplnrcil flic Missisi;i])|ii, and wlicu ? Who roMiplctcd till' disfovLTV of tliis river, auU wIil'u .' \Vliat rt'-'iou was cIuIiul'U by La Salle .» 1718.] THE FRENCH AND THE SPANIARDS. 55 4. Tlie vast domain of France in America now lay north and west of the English colonies, and stretched southward to the Gulf of Mexico. The French followed up their dis- coveries l\y establishing' forts, missions, and trading-posts, and by making settlements both in the south and the west. In the southern part of their dominion they formed settle- ments at Biloxi, at Mobile, at Natchez, and at New Orleans. This last town was founded by colonists under Bienville (be-an[g]*-veel') in 1718. 5. Before the "French and Indian War," — the last struggle between the American colonies of France and England, — the French had constructed a chain of military posts from Montreal to New Orleans. This they did with the design of confining the English to the territory between the Alleghany Mountains and the sea. The most famous of these forts were Detroit, Niag'ara, and Crown Point. 6. Spain made but few settlements in her Florida and New Mexico. She regarded both the French and the English in the south as intruders upon her soil. Alarmed at the efforts of the former to colonize the country at the mouth of the Mississippi, the Spaniards built a fort at Pensaco'la, and formed a settlement there as early as 1699. They also built forts in Texas. In this region, and farther nortli on the Rio Grande, Spanish priests founded missions to convert the Indians. To complete the early history of the English colonies in America we shall now give an account of several wars, sometimes called the Intercolonial Wars, in which the colonies of England fought those of France or of Spain. * This nasal sound stops bi'l'ore the sound 7ig is formed. 4. Describe the Frencli doniniii in Anioriea. What did the French do after making discoveries in the south and tlio west ? Wliat settlements of theirs in the south are mentioned ? Where is Hiloxi {be-lo/.s'l) ? (See Map facing p. 110.) Mobile {mO'beti') i Where is Natchez .' New Orleans (or'/e aiiz) i 5. What military posts were constructed by the French, and with what design.' Name the most famous of these posts, and tell where tliey were situated. 6. What is said of Spanish settlements ? How did Si)ain regard the French and Kniilish in the south ? What forts did the Spaniards build ? What of Spanish priests ? What were the Intercolonial Wars ? 56 INTEKCOLONIAL WARS. INTERCOLONIAL WAUS. 57 MAP TO nXTTSTlRATlK miERCOLONlAL WARS. 58 KING WILLIAM'S WAU. [1680. THE INTERCOLONIAL WARS. I. KLXG WILLL\^['S WAR. 1. After James IL fled from England, he sought pro- tection of Louis XIV., king- of France, who tried to reseat him on his throne. This kindled between the two counti ies, ill 1G80, the flames of a war, which extended to tlicir colonies. Tile colli « St in Anu'iica is known a>; Khuj ^VUUaurs 117/r. The Lidians of Canada and JMaine aided the French ; tlie I'ive Nations aided tiie English. 2. Most of the frontier settlements in Maine and New Hampshire were broken up or destro^'cd by the Frencli and the savages. In the winter of 1690 a war party of French and Indians came through the wilderness iVom Canada, and in the dead of night fell upon the little village of Schenectady, in New York, and burned it. ISi.vty of the inhabitants were killed. 01' the rest, those not taken cap- tive tied half naked through the deep snow to Albany. 3. A lew months later Sir William Fhipps, in command of a small fleet from Massachusetts, captured the did French settlement of Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, and obtained considerable booty. After this success a plan was formed lor the conquest of Canada. Troops from Connecticut and New York were sent against Montreal, by the way of the valley of the Hudson and Lake Champlain, while Phipps, with a naval force Irom Massachusetts, sailed against Quebec. Both expeditions met with disaster, and eflected nothing. 4. The war lasted almost eight j'ears. In 169t a treaty, which pnt an end to it, was signed at Ryswick {riz'icil-), a town in Holland. Each party was to have the same territory as before the war. 1. (jivo tlio p.iuso of Kintr WiUiMin's \v;ir, iiiid flio yonr in whiuli it bo<^uii. Wliat liiiliaiis iiiili'd till' KiTiicli, :niil wluit tlic Knirli'*!! ■' 2. What (iite bflell tin- IViniticr .srltli'imiits in Miiiiiciinil \i>\v Hiiiiii>.*liin' ? (Jive HI) account ol' tlic iittarlv mioii Scliciii'ctaiiy (xLeiiek'tu-di). Wlicro ih ScIio- lU'ctacly ? (Sec M:i)i, |>. ;"i(i.) 3. Wliat can yon tcM <>r tlic ciiiitnrc of I'ort Itoyal ? Of oxpcflitions Bcnt for the conquest of Caiiaila ? Where is I'ort Uoy.il .' TSee Map, ]). flr.) 4. How Ion;,' (iiil Kni;,' William's war last, "ami what treaty put un cud to it.' How did thi.s treaty iill'cct territorial chums ? 1702.J QUEEX ANNE'S WAK. 59 II. QUEEX ANNE'S WAR. 1. The peace of Ryswick did not last long. In 1702 England declared war against France and Spain, and the American colonies took part in the contest, which is com- nicjnly called in America Queen Anne^s War. 2. As the Spajiiards in Florida wore now enemies of the English colonists, South Carolina hastened to send a force against the old settlement of St. Augustine. The town was easily captured, but the fort held out till two Spanish ships entered the harbor, when the invaders retreated in great haste. A few years later a French and Spaniish naval force made an attack upon Charleston, but tlie as- sailants were soon driven away with loss. *' 3. The contest in the north took the same form as the preceding war. The French, from Canada, and their Indian allies laid waste the frontier settleihents of New England, and committed terrible acts of cruelty. The Five Nations, always friendly to the English, had lately made a treaty with the governor of Canada, and agreed to be neutral ; but by their situation they shielded New York from hostile incursions. 4. In niO Port Royal was "again wrested from the French by a combined force from New England and the mother country. In honor of Queen Anne, the name of the place was changed to AymapoUs. The next year an Eng- lish fleet, with regular and colonial soldiers, proceeded against Quebec. But many of the transports were dashed upon the rocks in the St. Lawrence, and nearly a thousand men perished. After this disaster the commander sent home the colonial troops, and sailed with his fleet for England. 5. After continuing eleven years. Queen Anne's war was closed by a treaty made in 1113, at Utrecht {yoo'trekt), 1. When did Quoen Anne's {anz) war begin, and what nations were eng-aged in it ? 2. What expedition was sent from South Carolina, and with what result ? What happened a few years later ? 3. "What is said of the contest in the north ? What befell New England settle- ments : What is said of the Five Nations ? 4. When and how was Port Koyal captured, and what was it named .' State what you can of the unsuccessful expedition against Quebec .' 5. How long did Queen Anne's war continue, and what treaty put an end to it' What did England gain in America by this treaty ? 60 KING GEORGE'S WAR. [1744 a town ill Holland. By this treaty England gained in America possession of a vast rcg-ioii about Hudson's Bay, of Newfoundland, and of Acadia, afterwards called Nova Scotia. III. THE SPANISH W.Ul. 1. After the lapse of little more than a quarter of a century there was another intercolonial war. In 1739 England and Spain again made war upon each other. 2. The next year General Oglethorpe, the iounder of Georgia, marched against St. Augustine, with an army col- lected from the southern colonies, and a large body of Indians. lie was unsuccessful, as were the Spaniards, who in turn inVaded Georgia. General Oglethorpe had too small a force openly to withstand the invaders, but by an artifice he frightenetl them away. 3. During the contest the American colonies wore called upon to furnish troops to aid an English lleet and army in capturing Spanish settlements in the West Indies. Tlie enterprise ended disastrously, and of the four thousand men from the colonies but a lew hundred ever returned to their homes. The Spanish war was marked by no very important events in America, and alter about five years it became merged in King George's war. IV. KING GEORGE'S WAR. 1. News of another war between England and France readied America in 1744. By the English colonists it was called King Georr/e^s War, from George II. 2. Tiie most important event of tlie war in America was the capture of Louisburg from the French. This fortress 1. When did another intorcoloniHl war boijin, nnd what nations were cntjajjod in it.' 2. Givo an account of O^lctliorpo's expedition afrainst St. Aufjusliue. What 'tiir)'. AiiK. It is a fortress in tlie southern jiart of Sjiaiu, so bituated upon a rocic a» to he almost iinpr<'u'n;ilili'. 1753.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. Gl was of si.cL strength as to be called the Gibraltar of America: but it was taken early, in the summer of 1V45, by an army from New England, under command of William Pep'perrell, of Maine, aided by an English fleet. 3. King George's War was brought to a close in 1748, by the treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle [dka-lah-sha-jjel' ) , as it was called, from a place in Prussia. It was agreed that both countries should restore their respective conquests. V. THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAll. 1. It was not long before another war — the last and severest of the intercolonial struggles — broke out be- tween the English and the French. The Indians fought for each party, but much the greater number joined the side of the latter. This contest is known in America as the French and Indian War. It was caused by conflicting claims of England and France to territory in America. When war was actually declared, both countries had formed alliances which were followed by the mighty struggle in Europe called the Seven Years^ War. 2. The French had determined to confine the English to a belt of land along the coast, and to keep in their own hands the lucrative fur trade with the Indians west of the Al'- leghany Mountains. But the English also claimed this interior region, and refused to be thus hemmed in. 3. An association, called the Ohio Company, having obtained from the English king the grant of a large tract of land on the Ohio River, prepax'ed to form settlements and open trade with the Indians ; but the designs of the company were frustrated by the governor of Canada, who sent troops across the lakes to build lorts in the disputed territory. 4. Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, determined to send 3. When and Iiow was King- George's war brought to a close .' What was agreed by the treaty ? 1. What part did tlie Indians take in the last war between the French and English colonies .- Name and cruise of the war ? What of the war in Europe ? 2. What had the French determined to do ? 3. What can you tell of the Ohio Company ? How were its designs frustrated' 4. What did Goveruor Dinwiddle determine to do i 62 Tino ri.'KNcii and Indian wah. [1754. a letter to the commander of the French, to demanc] hU' reasons Ibr invading' the countr3% and to require liim tc depart. George Washington, not yet twenty-two years old, was selected by the governor to execute this com- mission. Late in the autumn of 1T53, he set out from Williamsburg', the capital of Virginia, for the north-west corner of Pennsylvania, where the French commander had established his post. 5. His joTirney, for several hundred miles, was through the heart of a wilderness, containing- rugged mountains and swollen streams, and infested by savages. Tiie peril of the way was increased by cold and stormy weather ; but at the end of eleven weeks, Washington delivered to Gov- ernor Dinwiddle, in Williamsburg, the reply of the French comjuander, St. Pierre [pe-are'). B}' this reply it was seen that the French intended to hold the country. G. It was resolved by the governor of Virginia to build a fort where Pittsburg now stands, and to send an armed force to drive away the intruders. The men were building the fort, when the French came upon them, and compelled them to retire. Tlie French then completed tlie works, which they called Fort Duqucsne [(lu-kunc'). T. Washington became the leader of tlie f )rce which was collected to go against the eneniy in the Ohio Valley. While on the march through the wilderness in the spring of 1754, he was warned by an Indian chief to be on his guard, ior a party of French soldiers was near, with hostile designs. \Vashington surprised tliis party, lurking near his camp. Tlio French commander and ten of his men were killed. Tliis was the first conflict of arnnf in the loar. 8. Not much more than a month after this event, a large force of French and Indians marched against Washington, who had hastily thrown up a fortification, which he named Fort Necesnitij. After a brave defence he was obliged to 4. Who w.is sent to thf French comm.'inrler, and when ' Whore had the French coiniiiiindcr cstiihlMlicI IiU post ? 5. fJivc nn iiecount of W:isliiu_'toirM j inni.'y. W'nt of tlio roply of the Fronoh ? (i. What is Kii-I of Koit Dik) m'sii' .' Wliero wax this fort biilt ? (S.'e Map, p. 6C>.) 7. What can ynn fell of tin- lirit coMflict of the war? B. Whiit ia H:ii I of th • cicctio i of Fort Necessity, iind of its capture ? 1755.] THE FUKXCH AND INDIAN WAR. 63 Burrcnder this Ibrt, July 4, 1T54. The English were allowed to retire with the honors of war — drums beating and colors Hying. 9. Events of 1755. — Early in tlie spring of 1155, Gen- eral Braddock landed in Virginia, with two British regi- ments, lie had been appointed commander-in-chief of all the forces in tlie provinces. Four expeditions were planned. These were to be sent against Fort Duquesne, Nova Scotia, Crown Point, and Niagara. 10. The force which went against the French on the Ohio was led by Braddock himself, Colonel Washington acting as an aide-de-camp. The British general Avas ig- norant of Indian warfare, yet too sell-confident to heed the prudent counsels which Washington gave him. When within a few miles of Fort Duquesne, his army was sur- prised, July 9, by a small party of French, with their Indian allies, and routed with terrible slanghter. Braddock was mortally wounded. The ability and bravery which Wash- ington showed at the battle of Mcnongahe'la, as it was called, won for him great regard throughout the colonies. 11. The expedition against Acadia, or Nova Scotia, captured the French forts in that province, and the whole region east of the Penobscot fell under British authority. But this success was disgraced by a terrible act of violence and cruelty. Several thousands of the Aeadians, or French colonists, were assembled, unsuspicious of the designs formed against them, and driven on board ships by British soldiers. These unfortunate people were carried off, and scattered among the English colonies. Thus torn from their homes, wives were separated from their husbands, and children from their parents, never to see each other again. 12. General William Johnson, of New York, commanded the troops collected to go against Crown Point. At the 9. Who landeri in Virg-inia as commandprin-cliief .' What expeditions were planned for 1755 .' Where is Crown Point? Nia< siiid of Moiitcalin and his siicci'ssi's ? 10. (jive an aoroiint of tlic ca]jtnre of Fort William Henry. 1758.] THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 65 General Webb, with four thousand soldiers ; but this officer, to his lasting disgrace, made no attempt to aid the brave Colonel Mon-ro' and his troops in Fort William Henry. The English were promised a safe escort to the fort held by Webb. But the infuriated savages fell upon them as they began their march, and, in spite of the efforts of the French officers, the defenceless prisoners were plundered, and some of them massacred. 17. Nor was the loss of these important forts the only disaster which the English suffered. The savages, fight- ing for the French, devastated the whole north-western frontier, and war parties carried the brand and the toma- hawk into the heart of the English settlements. Thus far in the struggle the French had had much the best of it. The English forces in America, during two disastrous years, had been under tlic command of an inefiB.cient general. Lord Loudoun (lov'dun), who was always ready to quarrel with the colonies, but never ready to meet the enemy. 18. Events of 1758. — In the year 1758, the war as- sumed a different aspect. The celebrated William Pitt, afterwards Earl of Chatham (chat'am), was now the leading spirit of the British ministry, and the supreme direction of the war was in his hands. Three expeditions were pro- posed — one against Louisburg, another against Ticon- dero'ga and Crown Point, and a third against Fort Du- quesne. 19. A large fleet aided the powerful army of General Amherst [am'erst), who was sent to capture Louisburg. Both the English and tlie French fought bravely, and for many days the siege went on ; but at last, in Jul}^ the fortress was won by the English. The French fleet in the harbor was destroyed or captured, and the whole island of Cape Breton (hrit'un) reduced. The English also became ici. What is said of Webb ? What rlid the snvasres do to the prisoners ? 17. What otiier disasters did the English suft'er ? What is said of the British (jeneral, Loudoun (lou-dun, ou as in house) ? 18. When did affairs talce a different aspect ? Wliat famous British statesman was then direetinpf tlie war ? Wliat expeditious were proposed for 175.S ? 19. Give an account of the capture of Louisburg. What besides Louisburg fell into the hands of the English ? 5 \ 66 THE FRKNCn AND INDIAN WAR. [1758 masters of Prince Edward Island, and of the coast as far north as tlie St. Lawrence. 20. While the siege of Louisburg was going on, the largest army as yet seen in America moved against Fort Tieonderoga. It was more than filtceii tlit)ns.ind stiong, British and provincial troops, under the command of the incompetent Abercrombie [ab'er-krum-bi), now the general- in-chief of all the English forces in America. 21. On the 5th of July, more than a thousand boats, lull of soldiers, with waving Hags and strains of martial music, swept down Lake George. All anticipated an easy victory. On the i'ourth day afterwards the boats bore back the shattered columns of this grand army iji disorderly retreat. They had assaulted the defences of the French at Tieon- deroga, and Montcalm had beaten them back with heavy loss. Lord Howe, a gallant young English officer, whom all loved, lell dead in the first skirmisli. "22. The disgrace of this repulse was in some degree retrieved by Colonel Bradstrcet, who, with three thousand men from Abercrombie's army, crossed Lake Ontario and captured Fort Fron'tenac, where Kingston now is. This was a severe blow to the French, as they lost a great quantity of stores and several ships on the lake. The fort was blown up by the English. 23. The expedition lor the capture of FortDuquesne was commanded by General Forbes. His army pushed Ibrward, Colonel Washington with the Virginians leading the ad- vance. After a long and laborious march through the wilderness, late in November, General Forbes took posses- sion of wliat was left of Fort Duquesne. The French had abandoned it the day before, and set fire to it. In honor of the illustrious British minister, the name of the strongliohl was changed to Fort Pill. 20. Wbiit is puif) of the iirniy wliicli movod njjnir.st Fort Ticonderog'a, iind of the Hritinli ^-I'lii'i-al ? WhiTc was Fort Tioondoroira ■ (See Map, p. .5ii.) 21. D<'siTilii' the iiKncniciit iif t)ic army ii^aiiist this fort, and tell t lie result? What is said of Lord Howe ? 22. Give an account of the capture of Fort Frontenac. Where was this fort.' (See Ma", p .V..1 'S\. Give an account of the expedition ayaiust Fort Duquesne, How was the nnnie of the liut chan''ed .' 1759] THE FP.EXCH AND INDIAN WAR. 6*3 24. Events of 1759. — The campaign of 1759 had for its object the conquest of Canada. The following- plan was formed. One expedition was to reduce Niagara, while an- other was to capture Ticonderoga and Crown Point. Both armies were then to go down the St. Lawrence, to co- operate with a third expedition, which should go up the river to attack Quebec. 25. Niagara was invested b}'^ troops under the English General Prideaux (prid'o). This officer having been killed. Sir William Johnson took the command, and in July put to rout a strong force of French and Indians, who attempted to relieve the besieged garrison. The next day the fort was surrendered to the English. In the same month. General Amherst, now the commander-in-chief, approached Tieonderoga and Crown Point with the main army. As the French could not hope to make a successful resistance, they deserted these strongholds. But after these successes, Amherst and Johnson did not advance to cooperate with the English fleet and army before Quebec. 26. The command of the most important expedition was given to General James Wolfe, llis forces in June as- cended the St. Lawrence to Quebec. This town was so strongly situated, and had been so well fortified on all sides, that it seemed impregnable. Below Quebec, Wolfe failed in an assault upon the defences which the skilful Montcalm had constructed ; but, above the town, one dark night he silently landed his troops — near five thousand veterans — and they clambered up the precipice to the Plains of Abraham. When the day dawned, the French saw with astonishment a British army ranged in order of battle before their intrenchments. 27. The battle which took place that day, September 13, decided the fate of France in America, and won for 24. Wliiit was the object of the pampnign of 1759, and what plan was formed ? 25. Give an acoonnt of the ciiptnro of Fort Niajrara. Who was now tlic British commanfler-in-pliii'f in tlie colonies, and what resulted from his inovenieut ayainst Tieonderoga and rrown Point ? 2C). Who commanded the expedition asraiiist Qiiehec ? Wlint is said of this town .' Give an accoinit of Wolfe's oiierations hel'ore the battle. 27. "When was the battle foiij^ht, and what did it decide.' 68 THE FRKNdl AND INDIAN WAR. [1760. Great Britain a noble territory. Wolfe, pressing forward in tiie thickest of" the light, received a mortal wound, lie was carried to the rear, where he lay faint and bleeding. While his lil'e was fast ebbing away, he heard the cry, " They run ! they run ! " " Whu run?"' he asked. " Tlie French," was the answer. "God be praised," said he; "1 die happy." Montcalm was also mortally wounded. When the surgeon informed him that he could survive but a few hours, "So much the better," said he ; "I shall not live to see the surrender of Quebec." Five days after the battle the city was given np to the Fnglish. 28. ^Events of 1760, and the Peace of Paris. — Early ip the spring the French made an attempt to recapture Quebec, but they were unsuccessful. In September, Gen- eral Amherst collected a large army around Montreal. The French governor, seeing that resistance would be useless, now surrendered all Canada to the Englisli. 29. England made peace with France and her ally, Spain, by a treaty signed at Paris in 1763. All the territory wliich France had claimed east of the Mississippi, she ceded to England, except two small islands south of Newfoundland, retained as fishing stations, and the island* and town of New Orleans. This island and town, Avith all the French possessions west of the great river, France ceded to Sjaain. By the same treaty Spain ceded Florida to England. 30. The Cherokee War. — During the war with the French and Indians in the north, the Cherokees ravaged the frontier settlements of the Carolinas, in revenge for some gross wrongs which they liad suH'crcd. Alter a long and bloody strife, the Indian villages were destroyed, and the Cherokees compelled to sue for peace. 31. Pontiac's War. — In the year 1763, many tribes of * ThP Tslaiul of New Orleiins is a strip of land south of tlio Ilivor Thorvillo, ami bctwc'fu tliL" .Mississippi and tlie lakes uortli ami cast oINi'w Orleans. 2r. What is said of Wolfe.' Of Montcalm .' When was the city surrendered > L's. State furtluT operations of the French and l",n'j:lish in Canada. •M. AVheii was the treaty of I'arls sifjned ? What was ceded liy Frnncc to En« lanw Hampshire, were settled, 3G. Ti\e permanent colonization of New York was begun by the Dutcli, 41. IGIJO. Boston was founded by Governor AVinthrop, ;H. IG34. The colonization of Maryland was liegun at St. Mary's, 47. 1G35. Wethersfield, Windsor, and Hartford, in Connecticut, were set- tled by emigrants from Massachusetts, 38. 1G36. Roger Williams founded Providence, 40. 1G37. Tiie Pequot War occurred in Connecticut, 38. 1638. Delaware was settled by the Swedes and Finns, 46. New Haven was founded by Eaton and Davenport, 3'J. 1639. The first printing-press in America was set up at Cambridge, Massachusetts, 70. _^ IGiS. The confederacy styled the United Colonies of New England was formed, 33. 1G5G. Quakers began to come to Massachusetts, 33. 1GG3. The Rhode Island and Providence Plantations received a royal charter, 41. The Albemarle colony was establislied in North Carolina, 51. 1664. New Netherland was taken by the English, and named New York, 43. Elizabethtown (now Elizabeth), in New Jersey, was settled, 45. 1665. Connecticut and New Haven were united, under tlic name of Connecticut, 39. CHKUJS'OUXiY. 73 1070. The Carteret colony was established in South Carolina, 51. ]67'6. Marquette explored tlie Mississippi, 54. 1G75. King Philip's War began, 34. 1(570. Bacon's rebellion broke out in Virginia, 27. 1080. Charleston, South Carolina, was founded, 52y 1082. La Salle explored the Mississippi to its mouth, 64. Philadelphia was founded by VVilliani Penn, 50. J 080. Sir Edmund Andros was appointed governor of New England, 35. 1089. Andros was seized and imprisoned, 35. King William's War began. The Treaty of Ryswick, in 1697, closed King William's War, 58. 1692. Governor Phipps arrived in Massachusetts with a new charter, extending her territory, but abridging her privileges, 35. The delusion known as the Salem Witchcraft prevailed in Massa- chusetts, 35. 1702. Queen Anne's War began. The Treaty of Utrecht closed Queen Anne's War in 1713, 59. 1704. First permanent newspaper in America was printed at Boston, 70. 1710. Port Royal was taken from the Frencli and named Annapolis, 59. 1718. New Orleans was founded by the French, 55. 1729. Carolina was divided into two distinct royal provinces — North Carolina and Soutli Carolina, 52. 1733. The colonization of Georgia was begun at Savannah, by the Eng- lisli under Ogletliorpe, 53. 1739. The Spanish intercolonial war began, GO. 1744. King George's War began. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, in ^^^ 1748, closed King George's War, 60, 61. 1(52. Georgia became a royal province, 54. 1755. Defeat and death of Braddock, 03. The country cast of the Penobscot fell under British authority, 63. 1750. The French and Indian War, wiiich had been raging two years, was formally proclaimed, 64. 1758. Louisburg and Fort Duquesne were taken by the English, 65. 1759. Quebec was taken by Wolfe, 08. 1700. Montreal and all Canada fell into the power of the English, 68. 1703. The Treaty of Paris was signed — England making peace with France and Spain, (j8. Pontiac's War broke out, 68. CAUSKS OF THE REVOLUTION. T5 PERIOD III. -THE REVOLUTION. FROM IHE DECLARATION BY PARLIAMENT THAT A KEVENUE .SHOULD BE RAISED FROM AMERICA, 1764, TO THE INAUGURA- TION OF WASHINGTON, 1789. I. CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION. 1. At the close of the French and Indian War, the British people found themselves burdened with a heavy national debt, much of it incurred in the contest just ended. Al- though the colonists had borne their share in this war, yet very soon after the declaration of peace the British ministry determined to lighten the burden of taxation at home by raising a revenue from America. 2. For a long period of years, Parliament had regulated the trade and commerce of the colonies, by the Navigation Acts and other laws, so as to benefit the merchants and manufacturers of England, at the expense of the colonists. In truth, the interest which the English rulers had shown towards their colonial subjects was almost wholly one of selfish gain. While the last war was going on, they at- tempted to carry out the oppressive laws of trade with greater rigor than had yet been exercised, and the colonists were thus made to feel, more deeply than ever before, the injury done them by such a commercial policy. 3. Englishmen were, for the most part, ignorant of the character of their kindred in America. They looked upon the colonists as an inferior class, and had but little true sympatriy with them. Yet these causes of alienation were not sufficient, at this time, to make the Americans desire a separation from the mother country. They regarded the land of their forefathers with filial affection, and in American families it was common to speak of England as "home."y Questions. — L What is said of the Enj^lish national debt at the close of the Frmich and Indian war .' What did the British ministry determine to do.' 2. In w1i;it niMiiner had Parliament re:isscfl, an