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SALLUST'S 
 
 JUGUKTHA AND CATILINE: 
 
 NOTES AND A VOCABULARY. 
 
 NOBLE BUTLER 
 
 AND 
 
 MINARD STURGUS. 
 
 NEW YORK: 
 
 D. APPLETON AND COMPANY, 
 
 346 & 34S BROADWAY. 
 LONDON: ^6 LITTLE BRITAIN. /^^ 
 
 — ^ LONDO 
 
 
„•» 
 
 .t>'> 
 
 ^po. 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1S55, 
 
 By D. APPLETON & COMPANY, 
 
 In the Clerk*s Office of the District Court of the United States for the Southern 
 District of New York. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Most editors of Sallust have placed the Catiline be- 
 fore the Jugurtha ; but we have preferred arranging 
 the two works in chronological order, as some others 
 have done. The history of the war with Jugurtha 
 shows the operation of some of the causes which pro- 
 duced the conspiracy of Catiline. The two works 
 present two acts of the great tragedy to the catas- 
 trophe of which Kome was hastening. 
 
 The vocabulary was prepared by the late William 
 H. G. Butler. In its preparation he was as faithful 
 as he was in the performance of every duty. Those 
 who examine the vocabulary will, we think, agree 
 with us in opinion that few school vocabularies so 
 thorough and accurate have ever been published. We 
 find it difficult to refrain from paying a tribute to 
 the memory of this noble young man, who so well 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 deserved the character given to him by the citizens 
 of Louisville, in the inscription upon his monument, 
 — '^ A man without fear and without reproach/' 
 
 " Gone before us, O our brother, 
 To the Spirit-land ! 
 Vainly look we for another • 
 
 In thy place to stand 1 " 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF SALLUST. 
 
 Caius Sallustius Crispus, of a plebeian family, was born 
 at Amiternum, in the country of the Sabines, b. c. 86. 
 About the age of twenty-seven, he obtained the quaestor- 
 ship, and in a few years afterwards, b. c. 52, was elected tri- 
 bune of the people. In b. c. 50, he was ejected from the 
 Senate, on the ground, as some say, of disgraceful inter- 
 course with Fausta, daughter of Sylla, and wife of T. 
 Annius Milo. After his ejection from the Senate, we hear 
 no more of him for some time. 
 
 In B. c. 47, Sallust was elected praetor, and consequent- 
 ly regained his rank as Senator. He attached himself to 
 the faction of Caesar, and devoted himself to his service. 
 He was near losing his life during a mutiny of some of 
 Caesar's troops in Campania, whither they had been led 
 in order to pass over to Africa. He accompanied Caesar 
 in his African war, and was appointed by him governor of 
 Numidia. He is accused of having made use of his power to 
 oppress and rob the Numidians. It is certain that he be- 
 came immensely rich. He formed magnificent gardens on 
 the Quirinal Hill, which were called the Gardens of Sallust. 
 These afterwards became the property of the Emperors, and 
 
VI BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF SALLUST. 
 
 were a favorite resort of Augustus and his successors. The 
 story that he married Terentia, the divorced wife of Cicero, 
 is improbable. 
 
 Severe charges have been brought against the moral char- 
 acter of Sallust, the worst of which are supposed to have 
 been derived from the Declamatio in Sallustium, a work 
 said to have been written by Lenaeus, a freedman of Pom- 
 pey. Sallust had used severe language against Pompey, 
 and Lenaeus, in revenge, charged Sallust with the most dis- 
 graceful conduct. Sallust is said to have been defended by 
 Asconius Pedianus, who wrote a life^ of him in the time of 
 Augustus. The unfavorable view of Sallust's character, 
 however, still prevails ; though many have wondered how he 
 could be so utter a stranger to virtue, and yet so loud in her 
 praises. But Sallust is not the first whose language and 
 conduct have been opposed to each other. Carlyle says, 
 that man's nature is a kind of beast godhood ; if this is 
 true, there are some who show the godhood in their words 
 only, while the beasthood is apparent in every action. The 
 principal defenders of Sallust's character, are Milller, Wie- 
 land, and Roos, who have been opposed by Gerlach and Loe- 
 bell. His devoting himself to literary pursuits, is some 
 evidence in favor of the latter part of his life, at least. 
 Another thing may be stated, that Dion Cassius, who is the 
 chief authority in support of the charge of oppressing the 
 Numidians, inclines to take the worst view of men's characters. 
 
 Sallust died b. c. 34, in the fifty-second year of his age, 
 leaving, as his heir, his grand-nephew, Caius Sallustius Cris- 
 pus, whom he had adopted. 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF 8ALLUST. VU 
 
 Sallust's extant vrritinrgs consist of his narratives of the 
 Conspiracy of Catiline and the War with Jugurtha, and 
 some fragments of a History of Rome, from the death of 
 Sylla to the beginning of the Mithridatic War. He is said 
 to have taken Thucydides as his model ; but there is little 
 resemblance in the style. His vrritings have received the 
 highest praise from some of the most distinguished authors, 
 ancient and modern. Milton says, ^^ I congratulate myself 
 on having been so fortunate in characterizing the merits of 
 Sallust, as to have excited you to the assiduous perusal of 
 that author, who is so full, of wisdom, and who may be read 
 with so much advantage. Of him I will venture to assert 
 what Quintilian said of Cicero, that he who loves Sallust is 
 no mean proficient in historical composition." 
 
C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 JUGURTHA, 
 
 SEU 
 
 BELLUM JUGURTHINUM. 
 
 I. Falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum, 
 quod, imbecilla atque sevi brevis, forte potiiis quam 
 virtute regatur. 2. Nam contra reputando neque ma- 
 jus aliud neque prsestabilius invenies, magisque na- 
 turae industriam hominum quam vim aut tempus 
 deesse. 3. Sed dux atque imperator vitse mortalium 
 animus est ; qui ubi ad gloriam virtutis via grassatur, 
 abund^ pollens potensque et clarus est, neque fortuna 
 eget : quippe quae probitatem, industriam aliasque 
 artes bonas neque dare neque eripere cuiquam potest. 
 4. Sin, captus pravis eupidinibus, ad inertiam et vo- 
 luptates corporis pessum datus est, perniciosa libidine 
 paulisper usus, ubi per socordiam vires, tempus, inge- 
 nium defluxere, naturae infirmitas accusatur : suam 
 quisque culpam auctores ad negotia transferunt. 
 6. Quod si hominibus bonarum rerum tanta cura 
 I esset, quanto studio aliena ac nihil profutura mul- 
 tiimque etiam periculosa petunt, neque regerentur 
 I 
 
CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 I 
 
 magis, quam regerent casus, et eo magnitudinis pro- 
 cederent, nti pro mortalibus gloria seterni fierent. 
 
 II. Nam uti genus hominum compositum est ex 
 corpore et anima, ita res cunctae studiaque omnia 
 nostra, corporis alia, alia animi naturam sequuntm-. 
 2. Igitur pr©clara facies, magnse divitise, ad hoc vis 
 corporis et alia omnia hujuscemodi brevi dilabuntur ; 
 at ingenii egregia facinora, sicuti anima, immortalia 
 sunt. 3. Postremo corporis et fortunse bonorum ut 
 initium, sic finis est, omniaque orta occidunt, et aucta 
 senescunt : animus incorruptus, seternus, rector hu- 
 mani generis, agit atque habet cuncta, neque ipse 
 habetur. 4. Quo magis pravitas eorum admiranda 
 est, qui, dediti corporis gaudiis, per luximi atque igna- 
 viam setatem agunt, ceterum ingenium, quo neque 
 melius neque amplius aliud in natura mortalium est, 
 incultu atque socordia torpescere sinunt, quum prse- 
 sertim tam multse variaeque sint artes animi, quibus 
 gumma claritudo paratur. 
 
 in. Yerum ex his magistratus et imperia, postremo 
 omnis cura rerum publicarum minime mihi hac tem- 
 pestate cupienda videntur; quoniam neque virtuti 
 honos datur, neque illi, quibus per fraudem is fuit, 
 utique tuti, aut eo magis honesti sunt. 2. Nam vi 
 quidem regere patriam aut parentes quamquam et 
 possis, et deli eta corrigas, tamen importunum est ; 
 quum prsesertim omnes rerum mutationes caedem, 
 fdgam aliaque hostilia portendant. 3. Frustra autem, 
 niti, neque aliud se fatigando nisi odium qucerere, 
 extremes dementias est : 4. nisi forte quem inhonesta 
 et perniciosa libido tenet potentiae paucorum decus . 
 atque libertatem suam gratificari. 
 
JUaURTIIA. 3 
 
 ly. Ceterum ex aliis negotiis, quae ingenio exer- 
 centur, in primis magno usui est memoria rerum 
 gestarum : 2. cujus de virtute quia multi dixere, 
 praetereundum puto, simul, ne per insolentiam qiiis 
 existimet memet studium meum laudando extoUere. 
 8. Atque ego credo fore, qni, quia decrevi procul a 
 republica setatem agere, tanto tamque utili labori meo 
 nomen inertise imponant ; cert^, quibiis maxima in- 
 dustria videtur salutare plebem et conviviis gratiam 
 qnaerere. 4. Qui si reputaverint, et quibus ego tem- 
 poribus magistratiis adeptus sim, et quales viri idem 
 assequi nequiverint, et postea quae genera liominum 
 in senatum pervenerint, profecto existimabunt me 
 magis merito quam ignavia judicium animi mei muta- 
 visse, majusque commodum ex otio meo, quam ex 
 aliorum negotiis, reipublicae venturum. 5. Nam saepe 
 ego audivi, Q. Maximum, P. Scipionem, praeterea 
 civitatis nostras praeclaros viros solitos ita dicere, 
 ^quum majorum imagines intuerentur, vehementis- 
 simfe sibi animum ad virtutem accendi.' 6. Scilicet 
 non ceram illam neque figuram tantam vim in sese 
 habere, sed menioria rerum gestarum eam flammam 
 egregiis viris in pectore crescere, neque prius sedari, 
 qu^m virtus eorum famam atque gloriam adaequaverit. 
 7. At contra quis est omnium his moribus, quin divi- 
 tiis et sumptibus, non probitate neque industria cum 
 majoribus suis contendat? Etiam homines novi, qui 
 antea per virtutem soliti erant nobilitatem antevenire, 
 furtim et per latrocinia potius quam bonis artibus ad 
 imperia et honores nituntur; 8. proinde quasi prae- 
 tura et consulatus atque alia omnia hujuscemodi per 
 se ipsa clara et magnifica sint, ac non perinde habe- • 
 
4 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 antiir, ut eorum, qui ea sustinent, virtus est. 9. Yerum 
 ego liberius altiusque processi, dum me civitatis mo- 
 rum piget taedetque : nunc ad inceptum redeo. 
 
 Y. Bellum scrip turns sum, quod populus Eomanus 
 ciim Jugurtha, rege Numidarum, gessit : primum, 
 quia magnum et atrox variaque victoria fuit; dein, 
 quia tunc primum superbia6 nobilitatis obviam itum 
 est. 2. Quae contentio divina et liumana cuncta per- 
 miscuit, eoque vecordiae processit, uti studiis civilibus 
 bellum atque vastitas Italise finem faceret. 3. Sed 
 priusquam liujuscemodi rei initium expedio, pauca 
 supr^ repetam, quo ad cognoscendum omnia illustria 
 magis magisque in aperto sint. 4. Bello Punico se- 
 cundo, quo dux Carthaginiensium Hannibal post 
 magnitudinem nominis Eomani Italian opes maxim6 
 attriverat, Masinissa rex Numidarum, in amicitiam 
 repeptus a P. Scipione, cui postea Africano cognomen 
 ex virtute fuit, multa et pra3clara rei militaris facinora 
 fecerat, ob quae, victis Carthaginiensibus et capto 
 Sypliace, cujus in Africa magnum atque lat^ imperium 
 valuit, populus Romanus, quascumque urbes et agros 
 manu ceperat, regi dono dedit. 5. Igitur amicitia 
 Masinissae bona atque lionesta nobis permansit : im- 
 perii vitaeque ejus finis idem fuit. 6. Deinde Micipsa 
 filius regnum solus obtinuit, Manastabale et Gulussa 
 fratribus morbo absumptis. 7. Is Adherbalem et 
 Hiempsalem ex sese genuit ; Jugurthamque, Manas- 
 tabalis fratris filium, quern Masinissa, quod ortus ex 
 concubina erat, privatum reliquerat, eodem cultu, quo 
 liberos suos, domi liabuit. 
 
 YI. Qui ubi primum adolevit, pollens viribus, 
 decorS- facie, sed multo maxim^ ingenio validus, non 
 
JUGUKTHA. 5 
 
 « 
 
 se luxu neque inertias corrumpendum dedit ; sed, utl 
 mos gentis illius est, equitare, jaciilari, cursu cum 
 sequalibus certare ; et, qmim omnes gloria anteiret, 
 omnibus tamen Qarus esse ; ad hoc pleraque tempora 
 in venando agere, leonem atque alias feras primus aut 
 in primis ferire ; plurimum facere, et minimum ipse 
 de se loqui. 2. Quibus rebus Micipsa tametsi initio 
 laetus fuerat, existimans virtutem Jugurthae regno suo 
 glorias fore, tamen, postquam hominem adolescentem, 
 exacta sua aetate, et parvis liberis, magis magisque 
 crescere intelligit, vehementer eo negotio permotus, 
 multa cum animo suo Yolvebat. 3. Terrebat eum 
 natara mortalium avida imperii et praeceps ad ex- 
 plendam animi cupidinem, prseterea opportunitas suae 
 liberorumque aetatis, quae etiam mediocres viros spe 
 praedae transversos agit, ad hoc studia Numidarum in 
 Jugurtham accensa, ex quibus, si talem virum inter- 
 fecisset, ne qua seditio aut bellum oriretur, anxius 
 erat. 
 
 VII. His diflBcultatibus circumventus, ubi videt 
 neque per vim neque insidiis opprimi posse hominem 
 tam acceptum popularibus, quod erat Jugurtha manu 
 promptus et appetens gloriae militaris, statuit eum 
 objectare periculis, et eo modo fortunam tentare. 
 2. Igitur bello Numantino Micipsa qimm populo Ro- 
 mano equitum atque peditum auxilia mitteret, sperans 
 vel ostentando virtutem vel hostium saevitia facile eum 
 occasurum, praefecit Numidis, quos in Hispaniam 
 mittebat. 3. Sed *ea res longe aliter, ac ratus erat, 
 evenit. 4. Nam Jugurtha, ut erat impigro atque acri 
 ingenio, ubi naturam P. Scipionis, qui tunc Romanis 
 imperator erat, et morem hostium cognovit, multo 
 
6 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 » 
 
 labore multaque cura, praeterea modestissime parendo 
 et saepe obviam eundo periciilis in tantam claritudi- 
 nem brevi pervenerat, nt nostris Yebementer cams, 
 Numantinis maximo terror! esset. 5. Ac sanfe, quod 
 difficillimum in primis est, et proelio strenuus erat, et 
 bonus consilio ; quorum alterum ex providentia timo- 
 rem, alteram ex audacia temeritatem aflerre plerum- 
 que solet. 6. Igitur imperator omnes fere res asperas 
 per Jugurtbam agere, in amicis habere, magis magis- 
 que eum in dies amplecti ; quippe cujus neque con- 
 silium neque inceptum ullum frustra erat. 7. Hue 
 accedebat munificentia animi et ingenii solertia, 
 quis rebus sibi multos ex Eomanis familiari amicitia 
 conjunxerat. 
 
 VIII. Ea tempestate in exercitu nostro fuere com- 
 plures novi atque nobiles, quibus divitiae bono hones- 
 toque potiores erant, factiosi domi, potentes apud 
 socios, clari magis quam honesti, qui Jugurtha3 non 
 mediocrem animum poUicitando accendebant, ' si 
 Micipsa rex occidisset, fore, uti solus imperii Numidise 
 potiretur : in ipso maximam virtutem ; Eomse omnia 
 venalia esse.' 2. Sed postquam, Numantia deleta, 
 P. Scipio dimittere auxilia et ipse reverti domum 
 decrevit, donatum atque laudatum magnifice pro 
 concione Jugurtham in progtorium abduxit, ibique 
 secreto monuit, ' uti potius publice quam privatim 
 amicitiam populi Romani coleret, neu quibus largiri 
 insuesceret ; periculose a paucis emi, quod multorum 
 esset. Si permanere vellet in suis artibus, ultro illi 
 et gloriam et regnum venturum; sin properantius 
 pergeret, suamet ipsum pecunia praecipitem casurum.' 
 
 IX. Sic locutus, cum litteris eum, quas Micips© 
 
I| JUGURTHA. 7 
 
 ' redderet, dimisit. 2. Earum sententia haec erat : 
 '' Jugurtlise till bello Numantino longe maxima virtus 
 fuit; quam rem tibi certo scio gaudio esse. Nobis 
 ob merita sua carus est : uti idem senatui et populo 
 Romano sit, summa ope nitemur. Tibi quidem pro 
 nostra amicitia gratulor. En liabes virum dignum te 
 j atque avo suo Masinissa." 3. Igitur rex, ubi ea, quae 
 1 fama acceperat,.ex litteris imperatoris ita esse cogno- 
 vit, quum virtute turn gratia viri permotus, flexit ani- 
 mum suum, et Jugurtliam beneficiis vincere aggressus 
 ' est ; statimque eum adoptavit, et testamento pariter 
 cum filiis lieredem instituit. 4. Sed ipse paucos post 
 I annos, morbo atque setate confectus, quum sibi finem 
 j vit^ adesse intelligeret, coram aniicis et cognatis, 
 ' itemque Adherbale et Hiempsale filiis, dicitur hujus- 
 cemodi verba cum Jugurtha habuisse. 
 
 X. " Parvum ego te, Jugurtlia, amisso patre, sine 
 i spe, sine opibus in meum regnum accepi, existimans 
 j non minus me tibi quam [liberis,] si genuissem, ob 
 I beneficia carum fore : neque ea res falsum me habuit. 
 I 2. Nam, ut alia magna et egregia tua omittam, novis- 
 j sime, rediens Numantia, meque regnumque meum 
 j gloria honoravisti, tuaque virtute nobis Romanes ex 
 ! amicis amicissimosfecisti ; in Hispania nomen familiae 
 : renovatum est ; postremo, quod diflBcillimum inter 
 i mortales est, gloria invidiam vicisti. 3. Nunc, quo- 
 I niam mihi natura finem vitas facit, per banc dextram- 
 i per regni fidem moneo obtestorque te, uti lios, qui 
 I tibi genere propinqui, beneficio meo fratres sunt, caros 
 ! habeas ; neu malis alienos adjungere, quam sanguine 
 ! conjunctos retinere. 4. Non exercitus neque thesauri 
 pra^sidia regni sunt, verum amici, quos neque armis 
 
8 C. CRISPI SALLTJSTII 
 
 cogere, neque auro parare queas ; officio et fide pari- 
 untur. 5. Quis autem amicior, quam frater fratri ? 
 aut quem alienum fidum invenies, si tuis hostis fueris ? 
 6. Equidem ego vobis regnum trado firmum, si boni 
 eritis ; sin mali, imbecillum. Nam concordia parvae 
 res crescunt, discordia maximoe dilabiintur. 7. Cete- 
 rum ante hos te, Jugurtha, qui sotate et sapientia prior 
 es, ne aliter quid eveniat, providere decet ; nam in 
 omni certamine, qui opulentior est, etiam si aceipit 
 injuriam, tamen quia plus potest, facere videtur. 
 8. Vos autem, Adherbal et lliempsal, oolite, obser- 
 vate talem hunc virnm ; imitamini virtutem, et eniti- 
 mini, ne ego meliores liberos sumpsisse videar, qudm 
 genuisse." 
 
 XI. Ad ea Jugurtha, tametsi regem ficta locutum 
 intelligebat, et ipse longo aliter animo agitabat, tamen 
 pro tempore benigne respondit. 2. Micipsa paucis 
 post diebus moritur. Postquam illi more regio justa 
 magnificc fccerant, reguli in unum convenere, uti 
 inter se de cunctis negotiis disceptarent. 3. Sed 
 lliempsal, qui minimus ex illis erat, natura lerox, et 
 jam ante ignobilitatem Jugurtha?, quia matenio ge- 
 nere impar erat, despiciens, dexteri Adherbalem asse- 
 dit, ne medius ex tribus, quod apud Kumidas honori 
 ducitur, Jugurtha foret. 4. Dein tamen uti letati 
 concederet fatigatus a fratre, vix in partem alteram 
 transductus est. 5. Ibi quum multa de administrando 
 imperio dissererent, Jugurtha inter alias res jacit, 
 ^ oportere quinquennii consulta et decreta omnia re- 
 scindi ; nam per ea tempora eonfectum annis Micip- 
 sam pariim animo valuisse.' 6. Turn ' idem ' Hiemp- 
 sal ^ placere sibi ' respondit ; ' nam ipsum ilium tribus 
 
JUGURTHA. 9 
 
 proxiinis annis adoptatione in regnum pervenisse.' 
 7. Quod verbum in pectus Jugurtha? altius, quiim 
 quisquam ratus erat, descendit. 8. Itaque ex eo tem- 
 pore ira et metu anxius moliri, parare, atque ea modo 
 animo liabere, quibus Iliempsal per dolum caperetur. 
 :♦. Quae ubi tardius procedunt, neque lenitur animus 
 ferox, statuit quovis modo inccptum perfieere. 
 
 XII. Primo conventu, qucm ab regulis factum su- 
 pra memoravi, propter dissensionem placuerat dividi 
 1 liesauros, finesque imperii singulis constitui. 2. Ita- 
 que tempus ad utramque rem decernitur, sed maturius 
 ad pecuniam distribuendam. Reguli interea in loca 
 propinqua thesauris, alius alio, concessere. 3. Sed 
 Hiempsal in oppido Thirmida forte ejus domo uteba- 
 tur, qui proximus lictor Jugurthae carus acceptusque 
 ei semper fuerat. Quem ille casu rainistrum oblatum 
 promissis onerat, impellitque, uti tamquam suam 
 visens domum eat, portarum claves adulterinas paret, 
 nam verae ad Iliempsalem referebantur ; ceteriim, 
 ' ubi res postularet, se ipsum cum magna manu ven- 
 turum.' 4. Numida mandata brevi confecit, atque, 
 ut doctus erat, nuctu Jugurtliao milites introducit. 
 5. Qui postquam in a?des irrupere, diversi regem 
 quaerere, dormientes alios, alios occursantes interfi- 
 cere, scrutari loca abdita, clausa eftringere, strepitu 
 et tumultu omnia miscere ; quum interim Hiempsal 
 reperitur, occultans se in tugurio mulieris ancillae, quo 
 initio pavidus et ignarus loci perfugerat. 6. Numidaa 
 caput ejus, uti jussi erant, ad Jugurtham referunt. 
 
 XIII. Ceterum fama tanti facinoris per omnem 
 Africam brevi divulgatur : Adherbalem omnesque, 
 qui sub imperio Micipsae fuerant, metus invadit. In 
 
10 C. CRISPI 8ALLUSTII 
 
 duas partes discedunt Kumida^ : plures Adherbalem 
 seqiiimtur, sed ilium alterum bello meliores. 2. Igi- 
 tur Jngurtlia quam maximas potest copias armat, 
 urbes partim vi, alias voluntate imperio suo adjungit, 
 omni Numidiae imperare parat. 3. Adherbal, tametsi 
 Romain legates miserat, qui senatum docerent do 
 csede fratris et fortunis suis, tamen fretus multitudino 
 militum parabat armis contendere. 4. Sed ubi res 
 ad certamen venit, victiis ex proelio profugit in pro- 
 vinciam, ac deinde Romam contendit. 5. Turn Ju- 
 gurtlia, patratis consiliis, postquam omnis Numidiao 
 potiebatur, in otio facinus suum cum animo reputans 
 timere populum Romanum, neque adversiis irara ejus 
 iisquam, niai in avaritia nobilitatis et pecunia sua, 
 speni habere. 6. Itaque paucis diebus cum auro et 
 argento multo legatos Romam mittit, quis praecepit, 
 priniilm ' uti veteres amicos muneribus expleant, 
 deinde novos acquirant, postremo quaecumque possint 
 largiendo, parare ne cunctentur.' 7. Sed ubi Komam 
 legati venere, et ex praecepto regis hospitibus aliisqne, 
 quorum ei tempestate in senatu auctoritas poUebat, 
 magna munera misere, tauta commutatio incessit, uti 
 ex maxima invidia in gratiam et lavorem nobilitatis 
 Jugurtlia veniret, 8. quorum pars spe, alii praemio 
 inducti singulos ex senatu ambiendo nitebantur, ne 
 gravius in eum consuleretur. 9. Igitur ubi legati 
 satis conlidunt, die constitute senatus utrisque datur. 
 Tum Adherbalem hoc modo locutum accepimus : 
 
 XIV. " Patres conscripti, Micipsa pater meus 
 moriens mihi pra^cepit, ' uti regni Numidia3 tantum- 
 modo procurationem existimarem meam, ceteriim jus 
 et imperium ejus penes vos esse : simul eniterer domi 
 
JUGURTHA. 11 
 
 militiaeque quam maximo usui esse populo Romano ; 
 vos mihi cognatorum, vos affinium loco ducerem : si 
 ea fecissem, in vestra ainicitia exercitum, divitias, 
 munimenta regni me habiturum.' 2. Quae quum 
 praecepta parentis mei agitarem, Jugurtha, homo 
 omnium, quos terra sustinet, sceleratissimus, con- 
 tempto imperio vestro, Masinissae me nepotem, et jam 
 ab stirpe socium atque amicum populi Romani, regno 
 fortunisque omnibus expulit. 3. Atque ego, patres 
 conscripti, quoniam eo miserianim venturus eram, 
 vellem potius ob mea quam ob majorum meorum 
 beneficia posse a vobis auxilium petere, ac maxim^ 
 deberi mihi beneficia a populo Romano, quibus non 
 egerem ; secundum, ea si desideranda erant, uti debi- 
 tis uterer. 4. Sed quoniam parum tuta per se ipsa 
 probitas est, neque mihi in manu fuit, Jugurtha qua- 
 lis foret, ad vos confugi, patres conscripti, quibus, 
 quod mihi miserrknum est, cogor prius oneri quam 
 usui esse. 5. Ceteri reges aut bello victi in amici- 
 
 am a vobis recepti sunt, aut in suis dubiis rebus 
 -ocietatem vestram appetiverunt : familia nostra cum 
 ]»opulo Romano bello Carthaginiensi amicitiam insti- 
 niit, quo tempore magis fides ejus quam fortuna 
 l>etenda erat. 6. Quorum progeniem vos, patres con- 
 
 ripti, nolite pati me, nepotem Masinissad frustril a 
 obis auxilium petere. 
 
 7. Si ad impetrandum nihil causae haberem praeter 
 
 ilserandam fortunam, quod paulo ant^ rex genere, 
 
 I ma atque copiis potens, nunc deformatus aerumnis, 
 mops, alienas opes exspecto, tamen erat majestatis 
 populi Romani prohibere iujuriam, neque pati cujus- 
 quam regnum per scelus crescere. 8. Veriim ego his 
 
12 C. CKISPI 8ALLUSTII 
 
 finibus ejectus sum, quos majoribns meis populus 
 Romanus dedit ; unde pater et avus mens una vobis- 
 cum expulere Syphacem et Carthaginienses. Vestra 
 beneficia milii erepta sunt, patres conscripti, vo3 in 
 mea injuria despecti estis. 9. Eheu me miserum ! 
 Huccine, Micipsa pater, beneficia tua evasere, uti, 
 quern tu parem cum liberis tuis, regnique participem 
 fecisti, is potissimilm stirpis tuoe extinctor sit ? Num- 
 quam ergo familia nostra quieta erit ? sempeme in 
 sanguine, ferro, fuga versabimur? 10. Dum Cartha- 
 ginienses incolumes fucre, jure omnia sseva patieba- 
 mur : hostes ab latere, vos amici procul, spes oranis 
 in armis erat. Postquam ilia pestis ex Africa ejecta 
 est, la)ti pacem agitabamus : quippe quts hostis nullus 
 erat, nisi forte quern vos jussissetis. 11. Eccc autem 
 ex improviso Jugurtha intoleranda audacia, scelerc 
 atque superbia sese efferens, fratre meo atque eodem 
 propinquo suo interfecto, primdm rcgnum ejus sceleris 
 sui pra?dam fecit : post, ubi me iisdem dolis nequit 
 caperc, nihil miniis quam vim ant bellnm exspectan- 
 tem in imperio vestro, sicuti videtis, extorrcm patria, 
 domo, inopem et coopertum miseriis effecit, ut ubivis 
 tutiils quam in meo regno essem. 12. "Ego sic exis- 
 timabam, patres conscripti, ut pnedicantem audi veram 
 patrem meum, ' qui vestram amicitiam diligenter cole- 
 rent, eos multum laborem suscipere, ceteriim ex omni- 
 bus maximi tutos esse.' 13. Quod in familia nostra 
 fuit, pra3Stitit, uti in omnibus bellis adesset vobis : nos 
 uti per otium tuti simus, in manu vestra est, patres 
 conscripti. 14. Pater nos duos fratres reliquit ; ter- 
 tium Jugurtham, beneficiis suis ratus est conjnnctum 
 nobis fore. Alter eorum necatus est, alterius ipse ego 
 
JUGURTHA. 13 
 
 manus impias vix etfiigi. 15. Quid agam ? aiit quo 
 potissiinani infelix accedam ? Generis proesidia omnia 
 exstincta sunt : pater, uti necesse erat, naturae con- 
 cessit ; fratri, quern minime decuit, propinquus per 
 scelus vitam eripuit ; affines, amicos, propinquos cete- 
 ro5, alium alia clades oppressit: capti ab Jugurtliu 
 , ars in crucem acti, pars bestiis objecti sunt ; pauci, 
 (juibus relicta est anima, clausi in tenebria cum moerore 
 L't luctu morte graviorem vitam exigunt. 16. Si om- 
 nia, qua) aut amisi, aut ex necessariis adversa facta 
 
 mt, incolumia manerent, tamen, si quid ex impro- 
 viso mali accidisset, vos implorarem, patres conscript!, 
 quibus pro magnitudiiie imperii jus et injurias omnes 
 cune esse decet. 17. Nunc vero exsul patria, domo, 
 solus atquc omnium honestarum rerum egens, quo 
 accedam, aut quos appellem ? nationesne an reges, 
 qui omnes familiie nostnc ob vestram amicitiaui in- 
 festi sunt i an quoquaux mihi adire licet, ubi non 
 majorum meorum hostilia monumenta plurima sint ? 
 aut quisquam nostri misereri potest, qui aliquando 
 Yobis liostis fuit ? 
 
 18. Postremo Masinissa nos ita instituit, patres 
 conscript!, ' ne quem coleremus nisi populum lioma- 
 num, ne societates, ne foedera nova acciperemus ; abun- 
 de magna pncsidia nobis in vestri amicitia fore ; si 
 huic imperio furtuna mutaretur, una nobis occidendum 
 esse.' 19. Virtute ac dis volcntibus, magni estis et 
 
 l>ulenti, omnia secunda et obedientia sunt ; quo faci- 
 iius sociorum injurias curare licet. 20. Tantum illud 
 vereor, ne quos privata amicitia Jugurtha^ jiarum 
 cognita transversos agat, quos ego audio maxima opo 
 uiti, ambire, fatigare vos singulos, *ne quid de absento, 
 
14 C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 incognita causa, statuatis : fingere me verba, et fugam 
 simulare, cui licuerit in regno manere.' 21. Quod 
 utinam ilium, cujus impio facinore in has miserias 
 projectus sum, eadem hsec simulantem videam, et ali- 
 quando aut apud vos, aut apud deos immortales rerum 
 humanarum curia oriatur ! Nae ille, qui nunc scele- 
 ribus suis ferox atque pra^clarus est, omnibus malis 
 excruciatus, impietatis in parentem nostrum, fratris 
 mei necis mearumque miseriarum graves poenas red- 
 det. 22. Jam jam frater animo meo carissime, quam- 
 quam tibi immaturo, et uude minime decuit, vita 
 erepta est, tamen la^tandum magis quam dolendum 
 puto casum tuum: non enim regnum, sed fugam, 
 exsilium, egestatem et omnes has, quae me premunt, 
 serumnas cum anima simul amisisti. 23. At ceto in- 
 felix, in tanta mala prascipitatus ex patrio , regno, 
 rerum humanarum spectaculum prsebeo, incertus 
 quid agam, tuasne injurias persequar, ipse auxilii 
 egens, an regno consulam, cujus vitoe necisque po- 
 testas ex opibus alienis pendet. 24. Utinam emori 
 fortunis meis honestus exitus esset, neu jure contemp- 
 tus viderer, si defessus malis injuria? concessissem. 
 Nunc neque vivere libet, neque mori licet sine dede- 
 core. 25. Patres conscripti, per vos, per liberos atque 
 parentes vestros, per majestatem populi Romani, sub- 
 venite misero mihi, ite obviam injuriae, nolite pati 
 regnum Numidiae, quod vestrum est, per scelus et 
 sanguinein familije nostrae tabescere." 
 
 XV. Postquam rex finem loquendi fecit, legati 
 Jugurtha?, largitione magis quam causa freti, paucis 
 respondent : ' Hiempsalem ob sa3vitiaui suam ab Nu- 
 midis interfectum: Adherbalem ultro bellum infe- 
 
JUGURTHA. 15 
 
 rentem, postquam superatus sit, queri, quod iujuriam 
 facere neqiiivisset : Jugiirtham ab senatu petere, ne 
 se alium putarent, ac Xumantii^ cognitus esset, neu 
 verba inimici ante facta sua ponerent.' 2. Deinde 
 utrique curia egrediuntur. Senatus statim consulitur. 
 Fautores legatorum, pr^terea magna pars gratia de- 
 pravata, Adherbalis dicta contemnere, Jugurtlia3 vir- 
 tutera extoUere laudibus ; gratia, voce, denique omni- 
 bus modis pro alieno scelere et flagitio, sua quasi pro 
 gloria, nitebantur. 3. At contra pauci, quibus bonum 
 et iequum divitiis carius erat, ' subveniendum Adher- 
 bali, et Hiempsalis mortem severe vindicandam' 
 censebant : 4. sed ex omnibus maxime ^milius 
 Scaurus, homo nobilis, impiger, factiosus, avidus po- 
 tential, honoris, divitiarum, ceterum vitia sua callide 
 occultans. 5. Is postquam videt regis largitionem 
 famosam impudentemque, veritus, quod in tali re 
 solet, ne polluta licentia invidiam accenderet, animum 
 a consueta libidine continuit. 
 
 XVI. Vicit tamen in senatu pars ilia, qua© vero 
 pretium aut gratiam anteferebat. 2. Decretum fit, 
 ' uti decern legati regnum, quod Micipsa obtinuerat, 
 inter Jugurtham et Adberbalem dividerent.' Cujus 
 legationis princeps fnit L. Opimius, homo clarus et 
 tunc in senatu potens, quia consul, C. Graccho et 
 M. Fulvio Flacco interfectis, acerrime victoriam nobi- 
 litatis in plebem exercuerat. 3. Eum Jugurtha ta- 
 metsi Romae in amicis habuerat, tamen accuratissime 
 recepit : dando et pollicitando multa perfecit, uti 
 lama?, tidei, postremo omnibus suis rebus commodum 
 regis antelerret. 4. Reliquos legatos eadem via 
 aggressus, plerosque capit : paucis carior fides quam 
 
16 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 pecimia fuit. 5. In divisione, quae pars Numidiae 
 Maiiretaniam attingit, agro virisque opulentior, Ju- 
 gurtlise traditur ; illam alteram specie quam usu po- 
 tiorem, quae portuosior et aediflciis magis exornata 
 erat, Adlierbal possedit. 
 
 XVII. Kes postulare videtiir Africae situm pancis 
 exponere, et eas gentes, quibuscum nobis bellum aut 
 amicitia fuit, attingere. 2. Sed quae loca et nationes 
 ob calorem aut asperitatem item solitudines minus 
 frequentata sunt, de iis baud facile compertum narra- 
 verim ; cetera quam paucissimis absolvam. 
 
 3. In divisione orbis terrae plerique in partem ter- 
 tiam Africam posuere : pauci tantummodo Asiam et 
 Europam esse, sed Africam in Europa. 4. Ea fines 
 habet ab occidente fretum nostri maris et Oceani ; ab 
 ortu solis declivem latitudinem, quem locum Cata- 
 batbmon incolae appellant. 5. Mare saevum, impor- 
 tuosum ; ager frugum fertilis, bonus pecori, arbore 
 infecundus ; coelo terraque penuria aquarum. 6. Ge- 
 nus hominum salubri corpore, velox, patiens laborum : 
 plerosque senectus dissolvit, nisi qui ferro aut bestiis 
 interiere, nam morbus baud saepe quemquam superat. 
 Ad lioc malefici generis plurima animalia. 7. Sed 
 qui mortales initio Africam liabuerint, quique postea 
 accesserint, aut quomodo inter se permixti sint, quam- 
 quam ab ea fama, quae plerosque obtinet, diversum 
 est, tamen, uti ex libris Punicis, qui regis Hiempsa- 
 lis dicebantur, interpretatum nobis est, utique rem 
 sese habere cultores ejus terrae putant, quam paucissi- 
 mis dicam : ceterum fides ejus rei penes auctores erit. 
 ^ XYIII. Africam initio habuere Gaetuli et Libyes, 
 aspcri incultique, quis cibus erat caro ferina atque 
 
JIJGIJRTHA. 17 
 
 humi pabulum, uti pecoribus. 2. Hi neque moribus 
 neque lege, aut imperio cujusquam regebantur : vagi, 
 palantes, qua nox coegerat, sedes habebant. 3. Sed 
 postquam in Hispania Hercules, sicuti Afri putant, 
 interiit, exercitus ejus, compositus ex variis gentibus, 
 amisso duce, ac passim multis, sibi quisque, imperium 
 petentibus, brevi dilabitur. 4. Ex eo numero Medi, 
 Pei-sse et Armenii, navibus in Africam transvecti, 
 proximos nostro mari locos occupavere, sed Persse 
 intra Oceanum magis : 5. liique alveos navium in- 
 versos pro tuguriis habuere, quia neque materia in 
 agris, neque ab Hispanis emendi aut mutandi copia 
 erat : 6. mare magnum et ignara lingua commercia 
 prohibebant. 7. Hi paulatim per connubia Gsetulos 
 secum miscuere ; et quia ssepe tentantes agros, alia 
 deinde alia loca petiverant, semet ipsi K'omadas appel- 
 lavere. 8. Ceterum adhuc sedificia Numidarum agres- 
 tium, quse mapalia illi vocant, oblonga, incurvis late- 
 ribus tecta, quasi navium carinse sunt. 9. Medi autem 
 et Armenii, accessere Libyes ; (nam hi pj*opius mare 
 Africum agitabant, Gsetuli sub sole magis, hand pro- 
 cul ab ardoribus :) liique matur^ oppida habuere ; 
 nam freto divisi ab Hispania mutare res inter se insti- 
 tuerant. 10. Nomen eorum paulatim Libyes corru- 
 pere, barbara lingua Mauros pro Medis appellantes. 
 11. Sed res Persarum brevi adolevit; ac postea, 
 nomine Numidae, propter multitudinem a parentibus 
 digressi, possedere ea loca, quse proxime Carthaginem 
 Numidia appellatur. 12. Deinde utrique alteris freti, 
 finitimos armis aut metu sub imperium suum coegere, 
 nomen gloriamque sibi addidere; magis hi, qui ad 
 nostrum mare processerant, quia Libyes quam Gaetuli 
 
18 C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 miiii\s bellicosi. Denique Africse pars inferior plera- 
 que ab Numidis possessa est ; victi omnes in gentem 
 nomenque imperantium concessere. 
 
 XIX. Postea Plioenices, alii mnltitudinis domi 
 minuendse gratia, pars imperii cupidine, soUicitata 
 plebe et aliis novarum rerum avidis, Hipponem, Ha- 
 drumetum, Leptim aliasque urbes in ora maritima 
 condidere ; liseqne brevi multnm auctae, pars origini- 
 bus siiis prsesidio, alise decori fuere. 2. Nam de 
 Carthagine tacere melius puto, qnam parum dicere, 
 quoniam alio properare tempns monet. 3. Igitur ad 
 Catabathmon, qui locus ^gyptum ab Africa dividit, 
 secundo mari prima Cyrene est, colonia Theraeon, ac 
 deinceps duse Syrtes, interque eas Leptis, deinde 
 Pliilsenon arse, quem locum ^gyptum versus finem 
 imperii habuere Carthaginienses ; post alise Punicse 
 urbes. 4. Cetera loca usque ad Mauretaniam Numi- 
 dse tenent : proxime Hispaniam Mauri sunt. 5. Super 
 ISTumidiam Gsetulos accepimus, partim in turguriis, 
 alios incultiiis vagos agitare, 6. post eos ^thiopas 
 esse, dein loca exusta solis ardoribus. 7. Igitur bello 
 Jugurthino pleraque ex Punicis oppida et fines Car- 
 thaginiensium, quos novissime habuerant, populus 
 Eomanus per magistratus administrabat : Gaetulorum 
 magna pars, et Numidae usque ad flumen Mulucham 
 sub Jugurtha erant : Mauris omnibus rex Bocchus 
 imperitabat, prseter nomen cetera ignarus populi Eo- 
 mani, itemque nobis neque bello neque pace antea 
 cognitus. 8. De Africa et ejus incolis ad necessitudi- 
 nem rei satis dictum. 
 
 XX. Postquam, diviso regno, legati Africa deces- 
 sere, et Jugurtha contra timorem animi prsemia scele- 
 
JUaUKTHA. 19 
 
 ' ris adeptum sese videt, certum ratus, quod ex amicis 
 
 ' apud Numantiam acceperat, omnia Eomae venalia 
 
 esse, simul et illorum poUicitationibus accensus, quos 
 
 i paulo ante muneribus expleverat, in regnum Adher- 
 
 i balis animum intendit. 2. Ipse acer, bellicosus ; at 
 
 j is, quern petebat, quietus, imbellis, placido ingenio, 
 
 j opportunus injurise, metuens magis quam metuendus. 
 
 j 3. Igitur ex improviso fines ejus cum magna manu 
 
 i invadit ; multos mortales cum pecore atque alia praeda 
 
 j capit, sedificia incendit, pleraque loca hostiliter cum 
 
 ' equitatu accedit : 4. deinde cum omni multitudine in 
 
 regnum suum conyertit ; existimans dolore permo- 
 
 tum Adlierbalem injurias suas manu vindicaturum, 
 
 I eamque rem belli causam fore. 5. At ille, quod 
 
 ! neque se parem armis existimabat, et amicitia populi 
 
 ' Eomani magis quam Numidis fretus erat, legatos ad 
 
 Jugurtliam de injuriis questum misit: qui tametsi 
 
 contumeliosa dicta retulerant, prius tamen omnia pati 
 
 ! decrevit, quam bellum sumere, quia tentatum antea 
 
 secus cesserat. 6. Neque eo magis cupido Jugurthse 
 
 minuebatur ; quippe qui totum ejus regnum animo 
 
 jam invaserat. Y. Itaque non, ut antea, cum prseda- 
 
 toria manu, sed magno exercitu comparato bellum ge- 
 
 rere coepit, et aperte totius ISTumidise imperium petere. 
 
 8. Ceterum, qua pergebat, urbes, agros vastare, prse- 
 
 das agere ; suis animum, hostibus terrorem augere. 
 
 XXI. Adherbal ubi intellegit eo processum, uti 
 regnum aut relinquendum esset, aut armis retinen- 
 dum, necessario copias parat, et Jugurtlise obvius 
 procedit. 2. Interim baud longe a mari, prope Cir- 
 tam oppidum, utriusque consedit exercitus, et quia 
 diei extremum erat, praelium non inceptum. Sed ubi 
 
20 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 plerumque noctis processit, obscure etiamtum liimine, 
 milites Jugurthini, signo dato, castra hostium inva- 
 dunt ; semisomnos partim, alios arma sumentes fugant 
 fundimtque. Adherbal cum paucis equitibus Cirtam 
 profugit; et, ni multitude togatorum fuisset, quae 
 Numidas insequentes mcEuibus proliibuit, uno die in- 
 ter duos reges coeptum atque patratum bellum foret. 
 3. Igitur Jugurtha oppidum circumsedit, vineis turri- 
 busque et machinis omnium generum expugnare 
 aggreditur ; maxime festinans tempus legatorum ante- 
 capere, quos, ante proelium factum, al) Adherbalc 
 Eomam missos audiverat. 4. Sed postquam senatus 
 de bello eorum accepit, tres adolescentes in Africaui 
 legantur, qui ambos reges adeant, senatus populiqut* 
 Romani verbis nuntient, ' velle et censere eos ab arm is 
 discedere ; de controversiis suis jure potiiis quam bello 
 disceptare : ita seque illisque dignum esse.' 
 
 XXII. Legati in Africam maturantes veniunt, eo 
 magis, quod Kom?e, dum proficisci parant, de proelio 
 facto et oppugnatione Cirtie audiebatur : sed is rumor 
 clemens erat. 2. Quorum, Jugurtha, accepta oratione, 
 respondit: 'sibi neque majus quicquam neque carius 
 auctoritate senati esse ; ab adolescentia ita se enisuni, 
 uti ab Optimo quoque probaretur : virtute, non malitiS 
 P. Scipioni, summo viro, placuisse ; ob easdem artes 
 ab Micipsa, non penuria liberorum, in regnum adop- 
 tatuni esse. 3. Ceterum quo plura bene atque strenur 
 fecisset, eo auimum suum injuriam minus tolerare. 
 Adherbalem dolis vitae suae insidiatum; quod ub: 
 comperisset, sceleri ejus obviam isse. 4. Populuin 
 Romanum neque recte neque pro bono facturum, ei 
 ab jure gentium sese proliibuerit. Postremo de omni- 
 
JUGUKTHA. 21 
 
 bus rebus legates Romam brevi missurum.' It a utri- 
 que digrediuntur. 5. Adlierbalis appellandi copia 
 non fuit. 
 
 XXin. Juguiiha ubi eos Africa decessisse ratus 
 
 est, neque propter loci naturam Cirtam arinis expug- 
 
 nare potest, vallo atque fossa moenia circumdat, turres 
 
 j exstruit, easque priesidiis iirmat : pra?terea dies noc- 
 
 \ tesque aut per vim, aut dulis tentare ; defensoribus 
 
 { mcenium prjemia modo, modo formidinem ostentare ; 
 
 ; suos liortando ad virtutein arrigere ; prorsus intentus 
 
 cuncta parare. 2. Adlierbal ubi intelligit omnes suas 
 
 fortunas in extreme sitas, hostem infestum, auxilii 
 
 ■ spem nullam, penuria rerum necessariarum bellum 
 
 tralii non posse, ex his, qui ima Cirtam profugerant, 
 
 j duos, maxime impigros delegit ; eos mult;i. poUicendo 
 
 i ac miseratido casum suum confirmat, uti per hostium 
 
 munitiones noctu ad proximum mare, dein Eomam 
 
 pergerent. 
 
 XXIY. Xumida3paucis diebus jussa efticiunt; lit- 
 terae Adlierbalis in senatu recitata^, quarum sententia 
 hsec fuit. 
 
 " Non mea culpa saepe ad vos oratum mitto, patres 
 conscripti, sed vis Jugurtba^ subigit, quem tanta libido 
 exstinguendi me invasit, uti neque vos neque deos 
 immortales in animo habeat, sanguinem meum quam 
 omnia malit. 2. Itaque quintum jam mensem socius 
 et amicus populi Romani armis obsessus teneor, neque 
 miLi Micipsre patris mei beneficia, neque vestra de- 
 creta auxiliantur : ferro an fame acrius urgear, incer- 
 tus sum. 3. Plura de Jugurtlia scribere deliortatur 
 me fortuna mea, et jam antea expertus sum parum 
 fidei miseris esse : i. nisi tamen intelligo ilium supra, 
 
22 C. CKISPl SALLUSTII 
 
 quam ego sum, petere, neqiie simul amicitiam vestram 
 et regniim meum sperare : ntrum gravius existimet, 
 nemini occultum est. 5. Nam initio occidit Hiemp- 
 salem^ fratrem meum, deinde j)atrio regno me expulit. 
 Quse sane fuerint nostrse injurise, nihil ad vos. 6. Ve- 
 rum nunc vestrum regnum armis tenet, me, quem vos 
 imperatorem Numidis posuistis, clausum obsidet ; 
 legatorum verba quanti fecerit, pericula mea decla- 
 rant. 7. Quid reliquum, nisi vis vestra, quo moveri ) 
 possit? 8. Nam ego quidem vellem, et lioec, quoe 
 scribo, et ilia, quse antea in senatu questus sum, vana 
 forent potius, quam miseria mea fidem verbis faceret. 
 9. Sed quoniam eo natus sum, ut Jugurthse scelerum 
 ostentui essem, non jam mortem neque serumnas, tan- 
 tummodo ijiimici imperium et cruciatus corporis de- 
 precor. 10. Kegno Numidiae, quod vestrum est, uti 
 libet, consulite : me manibus impiis eripite, per ma- ( 
 jestatem imperii, per amicitise fidem, si uUa apud vos 
 memoria remanet avi mei Masinissae." 
 
 XXY. His litteris recitatis, fuere, qui ' exercitum 
 in African! mittendum' censerent, ' et quam primiim 
 Adherbali subveniendum : de Juo:urtlia interim uti 
 consuleretur, quoniam legatis non paruisset.' 2. Sed t 
 ab iisdem illis regis fautoribus summa ope enisum, ne 
 tale decretum fieret. 3. Ita bonum publicum, ut in 
 plerisque negotiis solet, privata gratia devictum. 
 4. Legantur tamen in Africam majores natu, nobiles, 
 amplis lionoribus usi ; in quis fuit M. Scaurus, de quo 
 supra memoravimus, consularis, et tunc in senatu 
 princeps. 5. Hi, quod res in invidia erat, simul et ab 
 Numidis obsecrati, triduo navim ascendere : deinde 
 brevi Uticam appulsi litteras ad Jugurtliam mittunt, 
 
J U G U K T H A . 23 
 
 ^quam, ocissime ad provinciam accedat, seque ad eum 
 ab senatu missos.' 6. Ille nbi accepit homines claros, 
 quorum auctoritatem Eomse poUere audiverat, contra 
 inceptum suum venisse, primo commotus, metu atque 
 libidine diversus agitabatur. 7. Timebat iram senati, 
 ni paruisset legatis : porro animus cupidine coecus ad 
 inceptum scelus rapiebat. 8. Yicit tamen in avido 
 ingenio pravum consilium. 9. Igitur, exercitu cir- 
 cumdato, summa vi Cirtam irrumpere nititur ; maxime 
 sperans, diducta manu hostium, aut vi aut dolis sese 
 casum victori^e inventurum. 10. Quod ubi secus 
 procedit, neque, quod intenderat, efficere potest, uti 
 prius, quam legatos conveniret, Adherbalis potiretur, 
 ne amplius morando Scaurum, quem plurimum me- 
 tuebat, incenderet, cum paucis equitibus in provin- 
 ciam venit. 11. Ac tametsi senati verbis graves 
 minse nuntiabantur, quod ab oppugnatione non de- 
 sisteret, multa tamen oratione consumpta, legati frustrd 
 discessere. 
 
 XXYI. Ea postquam Cirtae audita sunt, Italici, 
 quorum virtute moenia defensabantur, conflsi, dedi- 
 tione facta, propter magnitudinem populi Romani in- 
 violatos sese fore, Adherbali suadent, ' uti seque et 
 oppidum Jugurtlise tradat ; tantum ab eo vitam pa- 
 ciscatur, de ceteris senatui curae fore.' 2. At ille, 
 tametsi omnia potiora fide Jugurthce rebatur, tamen, 
 quia penes eosdem, si advei-saretur, cogendi potestas 
 erat, ita, uti censuerant Italici, deditionem facit. 
 3. Jugurtlia inprimis Adherbalem excruciatum necat ; 
 deinde omnes puberes Numidas et negotiatores pro- 
 miscue, uti quisque armatis obvius fuerat, interfecit. 
 
 XXVn. Quod postquam Romse cognitum est, et 
 
24: C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 res in senatu agitari coepta ; iidem illi iMinistri regis 
 interpellando,. ac ssepe gratia interdum jurgiis tra- 
 hendo tempus, atrocitatem facti leniebant. 2. Ac ni 
 C. Memmius, tribunus plebis designatus, vir acer et 
 infestus potentise nobilitatis, populum E-omanum edo- 
 cuisset ' id agi, uti per paiicos factiosos Jugurthse 
 scelus condonaretur,' profecto omnis invidia prolatan- 
 dis consultationibiis dilapsa foret : 3. tanta vis gratise 
 atque pecunise regis erat. Sed ubi senatus delicti 
 conscientia populum timet, lege Sempronia provinciae 
 futuris consulibus Numidia atque Italia decretse, 
 
 4. consules declarati P. Scipio Nasica, L. Bestia Cal- 
 purnius. Calpurnio Numidia, Scipioni Italia obvenit. 
 
 5. Deinde exercitus, qui in Africam portaretur, scribi- 
 tur : stipendium aliaque, quae- bello usui forent, 
 decernuntur. 
 
 XXVIII. At Jugurtha, contra spem nuntio ac- 
 cepto, quippe cui Eomse omnia venum ire in animo 
 hseserat, filium et cum eo duos familiares ad senatum 
 legatos mittit ; bisque, ut illis, quos Hiempsale inter- 
 fecto miserat, prsecepit, ^omnes mortales pecunia 
 aggrediantur.' 2. Qui postquam Eomam adventa- 
 bant, senatus a Bestia consultus est, ' placeretne lega- 
 tos Jugurtlise recipi moenibus : ' iique decrevere, ' nisi 
 regnum ipsumque deditum venissent, uti in diebus 
 proximis decem Italia decederent. 3. Consul Numi- 
 dis ex senati decreto nuiitiari jubet : ita infectis rebus 
 illi domum discedunt. 4. Interim Calpurnius, parato 
 exercitu, legat sibi bomines nobiles, factiosos, quorum 
 auctoritate, quae deliquisset, munita fore sperabat : in 
 quis fait Scaurus, cujus de natura et babitu supra 
 memoravimus. 5. Nam in consule nostro multse 
 
JtraiTRTHA. 25 
 
 bonaeque artes animi et corporis erant, quas omnes 
 avaritia prsepediebat. Patiens laborum, acri ingenio, 
 satis providens, belli baud ignarus, firmissimus contra 
 pericula et insidias. 6. Sed legiones per Italiam 
 Khegium atque inde Siciliam, porro ex SiciliS in Afri- 
 cam transvectse. T. Igitnr Calpumius initio, paratis 
 commeatibus, acriter Nnmidiam ingressus est, mul- 
 tosque mortales et urbes aliquot pugnando cepit. 
 
 XXIX. Sed ubi Jugurtha per legates pecuniS ten- 
 tare, bellique, quod administrabat, asperitatem osten- 
 dere coepit, animus seger avaritia facile conversus est. 
 2. Ceterum socius et administer omnium consiliorum 
 assumitur Scaurus ; qui tametsi a principio, plerisque 
 ex factione ejus corruptis, acerrime regem impugnave- 
 rat, tamen magnitudine pecuniag a bono bonestoque 
 in pravum abstractus est. 3. Sed Jugurtha primo 
 tantummodo belli moram redimebat, existimans sese 
 aliquid interim Eomse pretio aut gratis effecturum ; 
 postea vero qudm participem negotii Scaurum accepit, 
 in maximam spem adductus recuperand* pads, sta- 
 tuit cum eis de omnibus pactionibus prsesens agere. 
 4. Ceteriim interea fidei causS mittitur a consule 
 Sextius quaestor in oppidum Jugurthas Vaccam ; cujus 
 rei species erat acceptio frumenti, quod Calpumius 
 palam legatis imperaverat, quoniam deditionis r^tsi 
 induciae agitabantur. 5. Igitur rex, uti constituerat, 
 in castra venit ; ac pauca, praesenti consilio, locutus 
 de invidia facti sui, atque in deditionem uti accipere- 
 tur reliqua cum Bestia et Scauro secreta transigit : 
 dein postero die, quasi per saturam exquisitis sen- 
 tentiis, in deditionem accipitur. 6. Sed, uti pro con- 
 BUio imperatum erat, elephanti triginta, pecus atque 
 
26 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 equi multi cum parvo argenti pondere qusestori tra- 
 duntur. Calpiirnius Romam ad magistratus rogandos 
 proficiscitur. In Numidia et exercitu nostro pax 
 agitabatur. 
 
 XXX. Postquam res in Africa gestas, quoque 
 modo actse forent, fama divulgavit, Romse per omnes | 
 locos et conventus de facto consulis agitari. Apud 
 plebem gravis invidia ; patres soUiciti erant ; proba- 
 rentne tantum flagitium, an decretum consulis sub- I 
 verterent, parum constabat : 2. ac maxime eos poten- 1 
 tia Scauri, quod is auctor et socius Bestise ferebatur, 
 a vero bonoque impediebat. 3. At C. Memmius, cu- 
 jus de libertate ingenii et odio potentise nobilitatis 
 supra diximus, inter dubitationem et moras senati : 
 concionibus populum ad vindicandum hortari, mo- j 
 nere, ne rempublicam, ne libertatem suam desererent ; 
 multa superba et crudelia facinora nobilitatis osten- ^ 
 dere : prorsus intentus omni modo plebis animum t 
 accendebat. 4. Sed, quoniam ea tempestate Romae ! 
 Memmii facundia clara poUensque fuit, decere existi-^ i 
 mavi unam ex tam multis orationem ejus perscribere, ; 
 ac potissimum ea dicam, quae in concione post redi- i 
 tum Bestise hujuscemodi verbis disseruit. I 
 
 XXXI. " Multa me dehortantur a vobis, Quirites, ' 
 ni studium reipublicse omnia superet, opes factionis, 
 vestra patientia, jus nullum, ac maxime, quod inno- 
 centiae plus periculi quam honoris est. 2. Nam ilia i 
 quidem piget dicere, his annis quindecim quam ludi- ' 
 brio fueritis superbise paucorum ; qu^m foede quam- 
 que inulti perierint vestri defensores ; 3. ut vobis 
 animus ab ignavia atque socordia co^uptus sit, qui 
 ne nunc quidem, obnoxiis inimicis, exsm-gitis, atque 
 
JUGURTHA. 27 
 
 etiam nunc timetis eos, quibus vos decet terrori esse. 
 4. Sed quamquam hsec talia sunt, tamen obviain ire 
 factionis potentise animus subigit. 5. Certe ego liber- 
 tatem, quae mibi a parente tradita est, experiar : verum 
 id frustra an ob rem faciam, in vestra manu situm est, 
 Quirites. 6. Neque ego vos hortor, quod ssepe ma- 
 jores vestri fecere, uti contra injurias armati eatis. 
 Nihil vi, nihil secessione opus est : necesse est, suomet 
 ipsi more prsecipites eant. 7. Occiso Tiberio Graccho, 
 quem regnum parare aiebant, in plebem Romanam 
 quaestiones habitae sunt. Post C. Gracchi et M. Fulvii 
 caedem, item vestri ordinis multi mortales in carcere 
 necati sunt : utriusque cladis non lex, verum libido 
 eorum finem fecit. 8. Sed sane faerit regni paratio 
 plebi sua restituere : quidquid sine sanguine civium 
 ulcisci nequitur, jure factum sit. 9. Superioribus 
 annis taciti indignabamini aerarium expilari, reges et 
 populos liberos paucis nobilibus vectigal pendere, 
 penes eosdem et summam gloriam, et maximas divi- 
 tias esse : tamen haec talia facinora impune suscepisse 
 parum habuere, itaque postremo leges, majestas ves- 
 tra, divina et humana omnia hostibus tradita sunt. 
 10. Neque eos, qui ea fecere, pudet aut poenitet, sed 
 incedunt per ora vestra magnifici, sacerdotia et con- 
 sulatus, pars triumphos suos ostentantes, perinde quasi 
 ea honori, non praedae habeant. 11. Servi aere parati 
 imperia injusta dominorum non perferunt : vos, Qui- 
 rites, imperio nati, aequo animo servitutem toleratis ? 
 12. At qui sunt hi, qui rempublicam occupavere? 
 Homines sceleratissimi, cruentis manibus, immani 
 avaritia, noc^ntissimi iidemque superbissimi ; quis 
 fides decus, pietas, postremo honesta atque inhonesta, 
 
28 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 omnia qugestui sunt. 13. Pars eorum occidisse tribu- 
 nos plebis, alii qusestiones injnstas, plerique csedem 
 in vos fecisse pro mnnimento habent. 14. Ita qu^ 
 quisque pessime fecit, tarn maxime tutus est ; metum 
 a scelere suo ad ignaviam vestram transtulere : quos 
 omnes eadem cupere, eadem odisse, eadem metuere 
 in unum coegit : 15. sed hsec inter bonos amicitia, 
 inter malos factio est. 16. Quod si tarn vos libertatis 
 curam haberetis, quam illi ad dominationem accensi 
 sunt, profecto neque respublica, sicuti nunc, vastare- 
 tur, et beneficia vestra penes optimos, non audacissi- 
 mos forent. 17. Majores vestri parandi juris et majes- 
 tatis constituendse gratia bis per secessionem armati 
 Aventinum occupavere : vos pro libertate, quam ab 
 illis accepistis, non summa ope nitemini ? atque eo 
 vehementius, quod majus dedecus est parta amittere, 
 quam omnino non paravisse. 18. Dicet aliquis : 
 " Quid igitur censes ? " Vindicandum in eos, qui 
 hosti prodidere rempublicara ; non manu neque vi, 
 quod magis vos fecisse quam illis accidisse indignum 
 est, verum qusestionibus et indicio ipsius Jugurthae, 
 19. qui si dedititius est, profecto jussis vestris obe- 
 diens erit ; sin ea contemnit, scilicet existimabitis 
 qualis ilia pax aut deditio sit, ex qua ad Jugurtham 
 scelerum impunitas, ad paucos potentes maximse 
 divitise, in rempublicam damna atque dedecora per- 
 venerint. 20. Nisi forte nondum etiam vos domina- 
 tionis eorum satietas tenet, et ilia qu4m ligec tempora 
 magis placent, quum regna, provincise, leges, jura, 
 judicia, bella, atque, paces, postremo divina et liu- 
 mana omnia penes paucos erant ; vos autem, hoc est 
 populus Eomanus, invicti ab liostibus, imperatores 
 
JUGUKTHA. 39 
 
 omnium gentium, satis habebatis animam retinere ; 
 nam servitutem quidem quis vesti-iim recusare aude- 
 bat? 21. Atque ego, tametsi flagitiosissimum exis- 
 timo impune injuriam accepisse, tamen yos hominibus 
 sceleratissimis ignoscere, quoniam cives sunt, aequo 
 animo paterer, nisi misericordia in perniciem casura 
 esset. 22. Xam et illis, quantum importunitatis ha- 
 bent, parum est impune male fecisse, nisi deinde 
 faciendi licentia eripitur, et vobis aeterna soUicitudo 
 remanebit, quum intelligetis aut serviendum esse, aut 
 l)ev manus libertatem retinendam. 23. Nam fidei 
 quidem aut concordiae quae spes est ? Dominari illi 
 volunt, vos liberi esse ; facere illi injurias, vos pro- 
 hibere ; postremo sociis vestris veluti hostibus, hosti- 
 bus pro sociis utuntur. 24. Potestne in tam diversis 
 mentibus pax aut amicitia esse? 25. Quare moneo 
 hortorque -vos, ne tantum scelus impunitum omittatis. 
 Non peculatus aTarii factus est, neque per vim sociis 
 erepta^ pecuniae ; qua? quamquam gravia sunt, tamen 
 consuetudine jam pro niliilo habentur : hosti acerrimo 
 prodita senati auctoritas, proditum imperium vestrum ; 
 domi militiaeque respublica venalis fuit. 26. Quae nisi 
 quaesita erunt, ni vindicatum in noxios, quid erit re- 
 liquum, nisi ut illis, qui ea fecere, obedientes viva- 
 mus ? nam impune quaelibet facere, id est regem esse. 
 27. Keque ego vos, Quirites, hortor, ut malitis cives 
 vestros perperam quam recte fecisse, sed ne igno- 
 scendo malis bonos perditum eatis. 28. Ad hoc in 
 republica multo praestat beneficii quam maleficii im- 
 memorem esse ; bonus tantummodo segnior fit, ubi 
 negligas, at mains improbior. 29. Ad hoc si injuriae 
 non sint, baud saepe auxilii egeas." 
 
30 C. CRISPI SALLirSTII 
 
 XXXII. Hsec atque alia hiijuscemodi ssepe di- 
 cendo, Memmius popnlo persuadet, uti L. Cassius, qui 
 tunc prsetor erat, ad Jugurtham mitteretur, eumque, 
 interposita fide publica, Romam duceret, quo facilius 
 indicio regis, Scauri et reliquorum, quos pecuniae 
 captse arcessebant, delicta patetierent. 2. Dum hsec 
 Romse geruntur, qui in Numidia relicti a Bestia exer- 
 citui prseerant, secuti morem imperatoris sui, plurima 
 et flagitiosissima facinora fecere. 3. Fuere, qui auro 
 corrupti elephantos Jugurthse traderent : alii perfugas 
 vendere, pars ex pacatis prsedas agebant : 4. tanta vis 
 avaritise animos eorum veluti tabes invaserat. 5. At 
 Cassius, peiiata rogatione a C. Memmio, ac perculsa 
 omni nobilitate, ad Jugurtham proficiscitur ; eique 
 timido et ex conscientia diflSidenti rebus suis persua- 
 det, ' quoniam se populo Romano dedidisset, ne vim 
 quam misericordiam ejus experiri mallet.' ' Privatim 
 prseterea fidem suam interponit, quam ille non mino- 
 ris qu^m publicam ducebat. Talis ea tempestate fama 
 de Cassio erat. 
 
 XXXni. Igitur Jugurtha, contra decus regium, 
 cultu quam maxime miserabili cum Cassio Romam 
 venit. 2. Ac tametsi in ipso magna vis animi erat, 
 confirmatus ab omnibus, quorum potentia aut scelere 
 cuncta ea gesserat, quae supra diximus C. Bsebium 
 tribunum plebis magna mercede parat, cujus impu- 
 dentia contra jus et injurias omnes munitus foret. 
 3. At C. Memmius, advocata concione, quamquam 
 regi infesta plebes erat, et pars 4n vincula duci' jube- 
 bat, pars, ' ni socios sceleris sui aperiret, more ma- 
 jorum de boste supplicium sumi,' dignitati quam irae 
 magis consulens, sedare motus, et animos eorum mol- 
 
JUGUKTHA. 31 
 
 bre ; postremo confirmare ^ fidem publicam per sese 
 inviolatam fore.' 4. Post, iibi silentium coepit, pro- 
 ducto Jugiirtha, verba facit ; Romse Numidiseque 
 fecinora ejus memorat, scelera in patrem fratresque 
 ostendit. ' Quibus juvantibus quibusqiie ministris ea 
 egerit, quamquam intelligat populus Eomanus, tamen 
 velle manifesta magis ex illo habere. Si verum ape- 
 riat, in fide et dementia populi Eomani magnam spem 
 illi sitam : sin reticeat, non sociis saluti fore, sed se 
 Buasque spes corrupturum.' 
 
 XXXIV. Deinde, ubi Memmius dicendi finem 
 fecit, et Jugurtha respondere jussus est, C. Baebius 
 tribunus plebis, quern pecunia corruptum supra dixi- 
 mus, regem tacere jubet : ac tametsi multitude, quae 
 in concione aderat, vehementer accensa terrebat eum 
 clamore, vultu, saepe impetu atque aliis omnibus, quae 
 ira fieri amat, vicit tamen irapudentia. 2. Ita popu- 
 lus ludibrio habitus ex concione discedit : Jugurthae 
 Bestiaeque et ceteris, quos ilia quaestio exagitabat, 
 animi augescunt. 
 
 XXXV. Erat ea tempestate Eomae Numida qui- 
 dam, nomine Massiva, Gulussae filius, Masinissae 
 nepos ; qui, quia, in dissensione regum Jugurthae ad- 
 versus fuerat, dedita Cirta, et Adherbale interfecto, 
 profugus ex Africa abierat. 2. HuicSp. Albinus,.qui 
 proximo anno post Bestiam cum Q. Minucio Rufo 
 consulatum gerebat, persuadet, ^quoniam ex stirpe 
 Masinissae sit, Jiigurthamque ob scelera invidia cum 
 metu urgeat, regnum Numidiae ab senatu petat.' 
 3. Avidus consul belli gerendi moveri, quam senes- 
 cere omnia malebat ; ipsi provincia Numidia, Minucio 
 Macedonia even erat. 4. Quae postquam Massiva 
 
32 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 agitare coepit, neque Jugurthse in amicis satis prsesidii 
 est, quod eorum alium conscientia, alium mala fama 
 et timor impediebat, Bomilcari, proximo ac maxime 
 fido sibi, imperat, 'pretio,' sicuti multa confecerat, 
 ' insidiatores Massivse paret ; ac maxime occulte, sin 
 id parum procedat, quovis modo Numidam interfi- 
 ciat.' 5. Bomilcar mature regis mandata exsequitur ; 
 et per homines talis negotii artifices itinera egressus- 
 que ejus, postremo loca atque tempora cuncta explo- 
 rat ; deinde, ubi res postulabat, insidias tendit. 6. Igi- 
 tur unus ex eo numero, qui ad csedem parati erant, 
 paulo inconsultius Massivam aggreditur, ilium obtrun- 
 cat ; sed ipse depreliensus, multis bortantibus et in 
 primis Albino consule, indicium profitetur. 7. Fit 
 reus magis ex aequo bonoque quam ex jure gentium 
 Bomilcar, comes ejus, qui Eomam fide publica vene- 
 rat. 8. At Jugurtha manifestus tanti sceleris non 
 prius omisit contra verum niti, quam animum adver- 
 tit supra gratiam atque pecuniam suam invidiam facti 
 esse. 9. Igitur, quamquam in priore actione ex ami- 
 cis quinquaginta vades dederat, regno magis quam 
 vadibus consulens clam in Numidiam Bomilcarem 
 dimittit, veritus ne reliquos populares metus invade- 
 ret parendi sibi, si de illo supplicium sumptum foret, 
 et ipse paucis diebus profectus .est, jissus ab senatu 
 Italia decedere. 10. Sed postquam iloma egressus 
 est, fertur ssepe eo tacitus respiciens postremo dixisse : 
 ^urbem venalem et mature perituram, si emptorem 
 invenerit.' 
 
 XXXVI. Interim Albinus, renovato bello, com- 
 meatum, stipendium aliaque, quae militibus usui fo- 
 rent, maturat in Africam portare ; ac statim ipse pro- 
 
JUGFRTHA. 33 
 
 fectus, uti ante comitia, quod tempus hand longe 
 aberat, armis aut deditione ant qnovis modo bellnm 
 conficeret. 2. At contra Jugnrtha trahere omnia, et 
 alias, deinde alias morae cansas facere ; polliceri dedi- 
 tionem, ac deinde metum simulare ; instanti cedere, 
 et paulo post, ne sui diffiderent, instare : ita belli 
 modo, modo pacis mora consulem ludificare. 3. Ac 
 fiiere, qni tum Albinum hand ignarum consilii regis 
 existimarent ; neqne ex tanta properantia tarn facile 
 tractum bellnm socordia magis qnam dolo crederent. 
 4. Sed postquam, dilapso tempore, comitiorum dies 
 adventabat, Albinus, Anlo fratre in castris pro prse- 
 tore relicto, Eomam. decessit. 
 
 XXXVIL Ea tempestate Romae seditionibns tri- 
 buniciis atrociter respublica agitabatur. 2. P. Lucul- 
 lus et L. Annins, tribuni plebis, resistentibus collegis, 
 continnare magistratum nitebantur : quae dissensio 
 totius anni comitia impediebat. 3. Ea mora in spem 
 adductus Aulus, quem pro praetore in castris relictum 
 supra diximus, aut coniiciendi belli aut terrore exer- 
 citiis ab rege pecuniae capiendae, milites mense Janua- 
 rio ex hibernis in expeditionem evocat, magnisque 
 itineribus, hieme aspera, pervenit ad oppidum Suthul, 
 ubi regis thesauri erant. 4. Quod quamquam et 
 saevitia temporis et opportunitate loci neque capi 
 neque obsideri poterat ; nam circum murum, situm 
 in praerupti montis extremo, planities limosa hiema- 
 libus aquis paludem fecerat ; tamen, aut simulandi 
 gratia, quo regi formidinem adderet, aut cupidine 
 caecus ob thesauros oppidi potiundi,^vineas agere, 
 
 ! aggerem jacere, aliaque, quae incepto usui forent, 
 
 1 properare. 
 
34: C. ORIS PI SALLUSTII 
 
 XXXVin. At Jugurtha, cognita vanitate atque 
 imperitia legati, subdolus ejus augere amentiam, mis- 
 sitare supplicantes legates, ipse quasi vitabundus per 
 saltuosa loca et tramites exercitum ductare. 2. De- 
 niqne Aulum spe pactionis perpulit, uti, relicto Su- 
 thule, in abditas regiones sese Yeluti cedentem inse- 
 queretur : 4ta delicta occultiora fore.' 3. Interea per 
 homines eallidos die noctuque exercitum tentabat ; 
 centuriones ducesque turmarum, partim uti transfu- 
 gerent, corrumpere ; alii, signo dato, locum uti dese- 
 rerent. 4. Quae postquam ex sententia instruit, in- 
 tempesta nocte de improviso multitudine N^umidarum 
 Auli castra circumvenit. 5. Milites Eomani, perculsi 
 tumultii insolito, arma capere alii, alii se abdere, pars 
 territos confirmare ; trepidare omnibus locis ; vis 
 magna hostium, coelum nocte atque nubibus obscura- 
 tum, periculum anceps : postremo fugere an manere 
 tutius foret, in incerto erat. 6. Sed ex eo numero, 
 quos paulo ante corruptos diximus, cohors una Ligu- 
 rum cum duabus turmis Thracum et paucis gregariis 
 militibus transiere ad regem, et centurio primi pili 
 tertise legionis per munitionem, quam, uti defenderet, 
 acceperat, locum hostibus introeundi dedit, eaque 
 Numidse cuncti irrupere. 7. Xostri foeda fuga, ple- 
 rique abjectis armis proximum collem occupavere. 
 8. Nox atque prsgda castrorum hostes, quo minus vic- 
 toria uterentur, remorata sunt. 9. Deinde Jugurtha 
 postero die cum Aulo in colloquio verba facit : ' ta- 
 metsi ipsum cum exercitu fame ferroque clausum 
 tenet, tamen s^humanarum rerum memorem, si secum 
 foedus faceret, incolumes omnes sub jugum missu- 
 rum : prseterea, uti diebus decem Xumidia decederet.' 
 
 i 
 
JUGURTHA. 35 
 
 10. Quae quamqnam gravia et flagitii plena erant, ta- 
 men, quia mortis metu mutabantur, sieuti regi libue- 
 rat, pax convenit. 
 
 XXXIX. Sed ubi ea Romge comperta sunt, metus 
 atque moeror civitatem invasere. Pars dolere pro 
 gloria imperii, pars insolita rerum bellicarum timere 
 libertati: Aulo omnes infesti, ac maxime, qui bello 
 ssepe praeclari fuerant, quod armatus dedecore potius 
 quam manu salutem quaesiverat. 2. Ob ea consul 
 Albinus ex delicto fratris invidiam ac deinde pericu- 
 lum timens, senatum de foedere consulebat ; et tamen 
 interim exercitui supplementum scribere, ab sociis et 
 nomine Latino auxilia arcessere, denique modis omni- 
 bus festinare. 3. Senatus ita, uti par fiierat, decernit, 
 * suo atque populi injussu nullum potuisse fcedus lieri.' 
 4. Consul impeditus a tribunis plebis, ne, quas para- 
 verat copias, secum portaret, paucis diebus in Africam 
 proHciscitur : nam omnis exercitus, uti convenerat, 
 Numidia deductus, in provincia hiemabat. 5. Post- 
 quam eo venit, quamquam persequi Jugurtham et 
 mederi fraternae invidiae animus ardebat, cognitis mili- 
 tibiis, quos praiter fugam, soluto imperio, licentia 
 atque lascivia corruperat, ex copia rerum statuit sibi 
 nihil agitandum. 
 
 XL. Interea Romse C. Mamilius Limetanus tribu- 
 nus plebis rogationem ad populum promulgat, 'Uti 
 quaereretur in eos, quorum consilio Jugurtha senati 
 decreta neglexisset ; quique ab eo in legationibus aut 
 imperiis pecunias accepissent ; qui elepliantos, quique 
 perfugas tradidissent ; item, qui de pace aut bello 
 cam hostibus pactiones fecissent.' 2. Huic rogationi 
 partim conscii sibi, alii ex partium invidia pericula 
 
36 C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 metuentes, quoniam aperte resistere non poterant, 
 qnin ilia et alia talia placere sibi faterentur, occulte 
 per amicos, ac maxime per homines nominis Latini et 
 socios Italieos impedimenta parabant. 3. Sed plebes 
 incredibile memoratu est, quam intenta fuerit, quan- 
 taque vi rogationem jusserit, decreverit, voluerit, ma- 
 gis odio nobilitatis. cui mala ilia parabantur, quam 
 cura reipublicae : tanta libido in partibus erat. 4. Igi- 
 tur ceteris metu perculsis, M. Scaurus, quem legatiim 
 Bestise fuisse supra docuimus, inter Igetitiam plebis et 
 suorum fugam, trepida etiamtum civitate, quum ex 
 Mamilii rogatione tres quaesitores rogarentur, effece- 
 rat, uti ipse in eo numero crearetur. 5. Sed quaestio 
 exercita asper^ violenterque, ex rumore et libidine 
 plebis. Ut saepe nobilitatem, sic ea tempestate ple- 
 bem ex secundis rebus insolentia ceperat. 
 
 XLI. Ceteriim mos partium popularium et senati 
 factionum, ac deinde omnium malarum artium, paucis 
 ante annis Romse ortus est, otio et abundantia earum 
 rerum, quae prima mortales ducunt. 2. Nam ante 
 Carthaginem deletam populus et senatus Romanus 
 placide modesiteque inter se rempublicam tractabant : 
 neque gloriae neque dominationis certamen inter cives 
 erat : metus hostilis in bonis artibus civitatem retinc- 
 bat. 3. Sed ubi ilia formido mentibus decessit, scili- 
 cet ea, quas secundae res amant, lascivia atque super- 
 bia incessere. 4. Ita, quod in adversis rebus optave- 
 rant otium, postquam adepti sunt, asperius acerbiusque 
 fuit. 5. Namque coepere nobilitas dignitatem in 
 dominationem, populus libertatem in libidinem ver- 
 tere : sibi quisque ducere, trahere, rapere. Ita omnia 
 in duas partes abstracta sunt ; respublica, quae media 
 
JUGURTHA. 37 
 
 faerat, dilacerata. 6. Cetertlm nobilitas factione ma- 
 gis poUebat ; plebis vis, soluta atque dispersa in miil- 
 titudine, minus poterat. 7. Paucdrum arbitrio belli 
 domique agitabatur ; penes eosdem serarium, provin- 
 ciae, magistratus, gloriae triumphique erant ; populus 
 militia atque inopia urgebatur. Praedas bellicas im- 
 peratores cum paucis diripiebant : 8. interea pareutes 
 aut parvi liberi militum, ut quisque potentiori confinis 
 erat, sedibus pellebantur. 9. Ita cum potentia ava- 
 ritia sine modo modestiaque invadere, poUuere et vas- 
 tare omnia, nihil pensi neque sancti habere, quoad 
 semet ipsa praecipitavit. 10. Nam ubi primiim ex 
 nobilitate reperti sunt, qui veram gloriam injustae 
 potentiie anteponerent, moveri civitas, et dissensio 
 civilis, quasi permixtio terrse, oriri coepit. 
 
 XLII. Nam postquam Tiberius et C. Gracchus, 
 quorum majores Punico atque aliis bellis multum 
 reipublicae addiderant, vindicare plebem in liberta- 
 tem, et paucorum scelera patefacere coepere, nobilitas 
 noxia, atque eo perculsa, modo per socios ac nomen 
 Latinum, interdmn per equites Romanos, quos spes 
 societatis a plebe dimoverat, Gracchorum actionibus 
 obviam ierat ; et primo Tiberium, dein paucos post 
 annos eadem ingredientem Caium, tribunum alterum, 
 alterum triumvirum coloniis deducendis cum M. Ful- 
 vio Flacco ferro necaverat. 2. Et sane Gracchis 
 cupidine victoriae baud satis moderatus animus fuit : 
 3. sed bono vinci satius est, quam malo more injuriam 
 vincere. 4. Igitur ea victoria nobilitas ex libidine 
 sua usa, multos mortales ferro aut fuga exstinxit; 
 plusque in reliquum sibi timoris quam potentiae addi- 
 dit. Quae res pleriimque magnas civitates pessum 
 
38 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 dedit, dum alteri alteros vincere quovis modo, et vic- 
 tos acerbiiis ulcisci volunt. 5. Sed de studiis partium 
 et omnis civitatis moribus si singulatim aut pro mag- 
 nitudine parem diserere, tempus quam res maturius 
 me deseret : quamobrem ad inceptum redeo. 
 
 XLIII. Post Auli foedus exercitusque nostri foedam 
 fugam, Q. Metellus et M. Silanus, consules designati, 
 provincias inter se partiverant, Metelloque Numidia 
 evenerat, acri viro, et, qnamquam adverso populi 
 partium, fama tamen sequabili et inviolata. 2. Is ubi 
 primum magistratum ingressus est, alia omnia sibi 
 cum collega ratus, ad bellum, quod gesturus erat, ani- 
 mum intendit. 3. Igitur diffidens veteri exercitui, 
 milites scribere, prsesidia undique arcessere, arma, 
 tela, equos et cetera instrumenta militi^e parare, ad 
 hoc commeatum affatim, denique omnia, quse in bello 
 vario et multarum rerum egenti usui esse solent. 
 
 4. Ceterum ad ea patranda, senatus auctoritate socii 
 nomenque Latinum et reges ultro auxilia mittere ; 
 postremo omnis civitas summo studio adnitebatur. 
 
 5. Itaque, ex sententia omnibus rebus paratis compo- 
 sitisque, in Numidiam proficiscitur magna spe civium, 
 quum propter bonas artes, tum maxime, quod adver- 
 siim divitias invictum animum gerebat; et avaritia 
 magistratuum ante id tempus in Numidia nostras opes 
 contusse, liostiumque auctse erant. 
 
 XLIV. Sed ubi in Africam venit, exercitus ei 
 traditur Sp. Albini proconsulis iners, imbellis, neque 
 periculi neque laboris patiens, lingua quam manu 
 promptior, prsedator ex sociis et ipse preeda hostium, 
 sine imperio et modestia habitus. 2. Ita imperatori 
 novo plus ex malis moribus sollicitudinis, quam ex 
 
JUGURTSA. 39 
 
 copia militum aiixilii aut bonse spei accedebat. 3. Sta- 
 tuit tamen Metellus, quamquain et sestivorum tempus 
 comitiorum mora imminuerat, et exspectatione eventus 
 civiiim animos intentos putabat, non prius bellum at- 
 tingere, quam majorum disciplina milites laborare 
 coegisset. 4. Kam Albinus, Auli fratris exercitusque 
 clade perculsus, postquam decreverat non egredi pro- 
 vincia, quantum temporis aestivorum in imperio fuit, 
 plerumque milites stativis castris habebat ; nisi quum 
 odos aut pabuli egestas locum mutare subegerat. 
 5. Sed neque . muniebantur ea, neque more militari 
 vigil iae deducebantur : uti cuique libebat, ab signis 
 aberat. Lixae pcrmixti cum militibus die noctuque 
 vagabantur, et palantes agros vastare, villas expug- 
 nare, pecoris et mancipiorum praedas certantes agere, 
 eaque mutare cum mercatoribus vino advectitio et 
 aliis talibus ; pra?terea frumentum publico datum ven- 
 dere, panem in dies mercari : postremo, qusecumque 
 dici aut fingi queunt ignavise luxui-iseque probra, in 
 illo exercitu cuncta fuere, et alia amplius. 
 
 XLV. Sed in ea difficultate MetcUum non miniis 
 quam in rebus hostilibus magnum et sapientem virum 
 fuisse comperior, tanta temperantia inter ambitionem 
 saevitiamque moderatum. 2. Kamque edicto primim 
 adjumenta ignavije sustulisse ; ' ne quisquam in cas- 
 tris panem aut quem alium coctum cibum venderet ; 
 ne lixae exercitum sequerentur ; ne miles gregarius in 
 castris neve in agmine servum aut jumentum habe- 
 ret : ' ceteris arte modum statuisse. Praeterea trans- 
 versis itineribus quotidie castra movere, juxta ac si 
 liostes adessentj vallo atque fossa munire, vigilias cre- 
 bras ponere, et eas ipse cum legatis circumire : item 
 
40 C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 in agmine in primis modo, modo in postremis, ssepe 
 in medio adesse, ne quisquam ordine egrederetur, uti 
 cum signis frequentes incederent, miles cibum et arma 
 portaret. 3. Ita prohibendo a delictis magis quam 
 vindicando exercitum brevi confirmavit. 
 
 XLYI. Interea Jugurtha, ubi, quae Metellus age- 
 bat, ex nuntiis accepit, simul de innocentia ejus certior 
 Eoma factus, diffidere suis rebus ; ac tum demum ve- 
 ram deditionem facere conatus est. 2. Igitur legates 
 ad consulem cum suppliciis mittit, qui tantummodo 
 ipsi liberisque vitam peterent, alia omnia dederent 
 populo Romano. 3. Sed Metello jam antea experi- 
 mentis cognitum erat genus Numidarum infidum, in- 
 genio mobili, novarum rerum avidum esse. 4. Itaque 
 legatos alium ab alio diversos aggreditur ; ac paula- 
 tim tentando, postquam opportunos sibi cognovit, 
 multa pollicendo persuadet, ' uti Jugurtham maxime 
 vivum, sin id parum procedat, necatum sibi trade- 
 rent : ' cetemm palam, quse ex voluntate forent, regi 
 nuntiari jubet. 5. Deinde ipse paucis diebus, intento 
 atque infesto exercitu, in Numidiam procedit; ubi, 
 contra belli faciem, tuguria plena hominum, pecora 
 cultoresque in agris erant ; ex oppidis et mapalibus 
 prsefecti regis obvii procedebant, parati frulnentum 
 dare, commeatum portare, postremo omnia, quae im- 
 perarentur, facere. 6. Neque Metellus idcirco miniis, 
 sed pariter ac si liostes adessent, munito agmine in- 
 cedere, late explorare omnia, ilia deditionis signa 
 ostentui credere, et insidiis locum tentari. 7. Itaque 
 ipse cum expeditis cohortibus, item funditorum et 
 sagittariorum delecta manu apud primos erat ; in 
 postremo C. Marius legatus cum equitibus curabat : 
 
JIJGURTHA. 41 
 
 in utrumque latus auxiliarios equites tribunis legionum 
 et prsefectis cohortium dispertiverat, nti cum his per- 
 mixti velites, quacunque accederent eqiiitatus hostium, 
 propulsarent. 8. Nam in Jngurtha tantus dolus tan- 
 taque peritia locorum et militiae erat, ut, absens an 
 praesens, pacem an bellum gerens perniciosior esset, 
 in incerto liaberetur. 
 
 XL VII. Erat baud longe ab eo itinere, quo Metel- 
 liis pergebat, oppidum Numidarum, nomine Yacca, 
 forum rerum venalium totius regni maxime celebra- 
 tum ; ubi et incolere et mercari consueverant Italici 
 generis multi mortales. 2. Hue consul, simul ten- 
 tandi gratia, et, si paterentur, opportunitate loci prae- 
 sidium imposuit ; praeterea imperavit frumentum et 
 alia, quae bello usui forent, comportare ; ratus, id quod 
 res monebat, frequentiam negotiatorum et commea- 
 tum juvaturum exercitum, et jam paratis rebus muni- 
 mento fore. 3. Inter baec negotia Jugurtha impensius 
 modo legatos supplices mittere, pacem orare, praeter 
 Buam liberorumque vitam omnia Metello dedere. 
 4. Quos item, uti priores, consul illectos ad proditio- 
 nem domum dimittebat : regi pacem, quam postula- 
 bat, neque abnuere neque polliceri, et inter eas moras 
 promissa legatorum exspectare. 
 
 XL VIII. Jugurtha ubi Metelli dicta cum factis 
 composuit, ac se suis artibus tentari animadvertit ; 
 quippe cui verbis pax nuntiabatur, ceteriim re bellum 
 asperrimum erat, urbs maxima alienata, ager hostibus 
 cognitus, animi popularium tentati ; coactus rerum 
 necessitudine, statuit armis certare. 2. Igitur explo- 
 rato hostium itinere, in spem victorias adductus ex op- 
 portunitate loci, quam maximas potest copias omnium 
 
42 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 generum parat, ac per tramites occnltos exercitiim 
 Metelli antevenit. 3. Erat in ea parte NumidiaB, 
 quam Adlierbalin division e possederat, flumen oriens 
 a meridie, nomine Muthul ; a quo aberat mons ferme 
 millia viginti, tractu pari, vastus ab natura et humano 
 cultu : sed ex eo medio quasi collis oriebatur, in im- 
 mensum pertingens, vestitus oleastro ac myrtetis aliis- 
 que generibus arborum, quae humi arido atque arenoso 
 gignuntur. 4. Media autem planities deserta penuria 
 aquse, praeter flumini propinqua loca ; ea consita 
 arbustis pecore atque cultoribus frequentabantur. 
 
 XLIX. Igitur in eo colle, quern tra,nsverso itinere 
 porrectum docuimus, Jugurtlia, extenuata suormn 
 acie, consedit: elepliantis et parti copiarum pedes- 
 trium Bomilcarem praefecit, eumque edocet, quae 
 ageret ; ipse propior montem cum omni equitatu 
 pedites delectos collocat: 2. dein singulas turmas 
 atque manipulos circumiens monet atque obtestatur, 
 'uti memores pristinae virtutis et victoriae sese reg- 
 numque suum ab Romanorum avaritia defendant : 
 cum his certamen fore, quos antea victos sub jugum 
 miserint : ducem illis, non animum mutatum. Quae 
 ab imperatore decuerint, omnia suis provisa ; locum 
 superiorem, uti prudentes cum imperitis, ne pauciores 
 cum pluribus, aut rudes cum bello melioribus manimi 
 consererent. 3. Proinde parati intentique essent, 
 signo dato, Romanos invadere : ilium diem aut omnes 
 labores et victorias confirmaturum, aut maximarum 
 aerumnarum initium fore.' 4. Ad hoc viritim, uti 
 quemque ob militare facinus pecunia aut honore ex- 
 tulerat, commonefacere beneficii sui, et eum ipsum 
 aliis ostentare : postremo, pro cuj usque ingenio, polli- 
 
JUOURTHA. 43 
 
 cendoj rainitando, obtestando, alium alio modo exci- 
 tare ; quum interim Metelhis, ignarus hostium, monte 
 degrediens cum exercitu, conspicatur, 5. primo du- 
 bius, quidnam insolita facies ostenderet, (nam inter 
 virgulta equi Xumid^eque consederant, neqne plane 
 occultati humilitate arborum, et tamen incerti, quid- 
 nam esset, quum natura loci, tum dolo ipsi atque 
 signa militaria obscurati); dein, brevi cognitis insi- 
 diis, paulisper agmen constituit. 6. Ibi commutatis 
 ordinibus, in dextero latere, quod proximum hostes 
 erat, triplicibus subsidiis aciem instruxit ; inter mani- 
 pulos funditores et sagittarios dispertit, equitatum 
 omnem in cornibus locat, ac pauca pro tempore mili- 
 tes hortatus, aciem, sicuti instruxerat, transvei-sis prin- 
 cipiis, in planum deducit. 
 
 L. Sed ubi Numidas quietos, neque coUe degredi 
 animadvertit, veritus ex anni tempore et inopia aquae, 
 ne siti conliceretur exercitus, Rutilium legatum cum 
 expeditis cohortibus et parte equitum praemisit ad flu- 
 men, uti locum castris antecaperet ; existimans liostes 
 crebro impetu et transversis proeliis iter suum remora- 
 turos, et, quoniam armis difliderent, lassitudinem et 
 sitim militura tentaturos. 2. Deinde ipse pro re atque 
 loco, sicuti monte descenderat, paulatim procedere : 
 Marium post principia habere : ipse cum sinistrse ala3 
 equitibus esse, qui in agmine principes facti erant. 
 3. At Jugurtha, ubi extremum agmen Metelli primos 
 suos prretergressum videt, praesidio quasi duum mil- 
 Hum peditum montem occupat, quaMetellus descende- 
 rat, ne forte cedentibus adversariis receptui ac post 
 munimento foret ; dein repente, signo dato, liostes 
 invadit. 4. Numidae, alii postremos caedere, pars a 
 
44 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 sinistra ac dextera tentare, infensi adesse atque instare, 
 omnibus locis Eomanorum ordines conturbare ; quo- 
 rum etiam qui firmioribus animis obvii hostibus fue- 
 rant, ludificati incerto proelio, ipsi modo eminus saucia- 
 bantur, neque* contra feriendi aut manum conserendi 
 copia erat. 5. Antea jam docti ab Jugurtha equites, 
 ubicumque Romanorum turma insequi coeperat, non 
 confertim, neque in unum sese recipiebant, sed alius 
 alio quam maxime diversi. 6. Ita numero priores, si 
 a persequendo liostes deterrere nequiverant, disjectos 
 ab tergo aut lateribus circumveniebant : sin opportu- 
 nior fugse coUis, quam campi fuerant, ea vero con- 
 sueti Numidarum equi facile inter virgulta evadere ; 
 nostros asperitas et insolentia loci retinebat. 
 
 LI. Ceterum facies totius negotii varia, incerta, 
 foeda atque miserabilis : dispersi a suis, pars cedere, 
 alii insequi ; neque signa neque ordines observare ; 
 ubi quemque periculum ceperat, ibi resistere ac pro- 
 pulsare : arma tela, equi viri, hostes atque cives per- 
 mixti ; nihil consilio neque imperio agi ; foi-s omnia 
 regere. 2. Itaque multum diei processerat, quum 
 etiamtum eventus in incerto erat. 3. Denique omni- 
 bus labore et sestn languidis, Metellus, ubi videt 
 Numidas miniis instare, paulatim milites in unum 
 conducit, ordines restituit, et coliortes legionarias 
 quatuor adversiim pedites hostium coll6cat. Eorum 
 magna pars superioribus locis fessa consederat. 4. Si- 
 mul orare, liortari milites, 'ne deiicerent, neu pa- 
 terentur liostes fugientes vincere: neque illis castra 
 esse, neque munimentum ullum, quo cedentes tende- 
 rent : in armis omnia sita.' 5. Sed nee Jugurtha 
 quidem interea quietus erat ; circumire, hortari, reno- 
 
JUGURTHA. 45 
 
 vare proelinm, et ipse cum delectis tentare omnia, 
 Bubvenire siiis, hostibus dubiis instare, quos firmos 
 cognoverat, eminiis pugnando retinere. 
 
 LII. Eo raodo inter se duo imperatores, summi 
 viri, certabant, ipsi pares, ceterum opibus disparibus : 
 2. nam Metello virtus militum erat, locus adversus ; 
 Jugurtbce alia omnia praeter milites opportuna. 3. De- 
 nique Romani, ubi intelligunt neque sibi perfugium 
 esse, neque ab lioste copiam pugnandi fieri, et jam die 
 vesper erat, adverso colle, sicuti praeceptum fuerat, 
 evadunt. 4. Amisso loco, Numidoe fusi fugatique: 
 pauci interiere, plerosque velocitas et regio hostibus 
 ignara tutata sunt. 5. Interea Bomilcar, quem ele- 
 phantis et parti copiarum pedestrium pra?lectum ab 
 Jugurtha supra diximus, ubi eum Hutilius pratergres- 
 sus est, paulatim suos in sequum locum deduct : ac, 
 dum legatus ad flumen, quo priemissus erat, festinans 
 pergit, quietus, uti res postulabat, aciem exornat; 
 neque remittit, quid ubique hostis ageret, explorare. 
 6. Postquam Kutilium consedisse jam, et animo va- 
 cuum accepit, simulque ex Jugurtha^ proelio clamorem 
 augeri, veritus, ne legatus, cognita re, laborantibus 
 suis auxilio foret, aciem, quam, ditfidens virtuti mili- 
 tum, arte statuerat, quo hostium itineri officeret, latiiis 
 porrigit, eoque modo ad Rutilii castra procedit. 
 
 LIII. Romani ex improviso pulveris vim magnam 
 animadvertunt, nam prospectum ager arbustis consitus 
 probibebat ; et primo rati liumum aridam vento agi- 
 tari ; post, ubi lequabilem manere, et, sicuti acies 
 movebatur, magis magisque appropinquare vident, 
 cognita re, properantes arma capiunt, ac pro castris, 
 sicuti imperabatur, consistunt. 2. Deinde, ubi pro- 
 
46 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 plus ventum est, utrimque magno clamore concurri- 
 tur. 3. Numidse tantum modo remorati, diim in ele- 
 phantis auxilium putant, postquam eos impeditos ra- 
 mis arbor urn, atque ita disjectos circumveniri vident, 
 fugam faciimt, ac plerique, abjectis armis, colHs aut 
 noctis quae jam aderat, auxilio integri abeunt. 4. Ele- 
 phanti quatuor capti, reliqui omnes, numero quadra- 
 gin ta, interfecti. -6. At E-omani, quamquam itinere 
 atque opere castrorum et proelio fessi lassique erant, 
 tamen, quod Metellus amplius opinione morabatur, 
 instruct! intentique obviam procedunt: 6. nam dolus 
 Numidarum nihil languidi neque remissi patiebatur. 
 7. Ac primo, obscura nocte, postquam baud procul 
 inter se erant, strepitu, velut liostes, adventare, alteri 
 apud alteros formidinem simul et tumultum facere : 
 et pene imprudentia admissum facinus miserabile, ni 
 utrimque prcemissi equites rem exploravissent. S. Igi- 
 tur pro metu repente gaudium exortum ; milites alius 
 alium Ireti appellant, acta edocent atque audiunt ; sua 
 quisque fortia facta ad co^lum ferre. Quippe res hu- 
 manae ita sese habent : in victoria vel ignavis gloriari 
 licet ; adversie res etiam bonos detrectant. 
 
 LIY. Metellus, in iisdem castris quatriduo raora- 
 tus, saucios cum cura reficit, meritos in proeliis more 
 militise donat, universes in concione laudat, atque 
 agit gratias : hortatur, ' ad cetera, quse levia sunt, 
 parem animum gerant: pro victoria satis jam pugna- 
 tum, reliquos labores pro prse^a for^.' 2. Tamen in- 
 terim transfugas et alios opportunos, Jugurtlia ubi 
 gentium, aut quid agitaret, cum paucisne esset, an 
 exercitum liaberet, uti sese victus gereret, exploratum 
 misit. 3. At ille sese in loca saltuosa et natiira muiiita 
 
JUGURTHA. 47 
 
 receperat, ibique cogebat exercitum nnmero homi- 
 num ampliorem, sed hebetem lufirmumqiie, agri ac 
 pecoris magis qiiam belli ciiltorem. 4. Id ea gratia 
 eveniebat, quod praeter regios equites nemo ouinium 
 Numidarum ex fuga regein sequitur; quo cujusque 
 animus fert, eo discedunt, neque id flagitium militia3 
 ducitur ; ita se mores habent. 5. Igitur Metellus ubi 
 yidet etiamtum regis animum feuocem esse, bellum 
 renovari, quod nisi ex illius libidine geri non posset, 
 praiterea iniquum certamen sibi cum liostibus, minore 
 detrimento illos vinci, quam suos vincere, statuit non 
 proeliis neque acie, sed alio more bellum gerendum. 
 6. Itaque in Numidia? loca opulentissima pergit, agros 
 vastat, multa castella et oppida, temere munita aut 
 sine praesidio, capit incenditque ; puberes interfici 
 jubet, alia omnia militum pra^dam esse. Ea formidine 
 multi mortales Romanis dediti obsides ; frumentum 
 et alia, qure usui forent, aliatim pra^bita ; ubieumque 
 res postulabat, pra^sidium impositum. 7. Quae nego- 
 tia multo magis, quam prcelium male pugnatum ab 
 suis, regem terrebant : 8. quippe cui spes omnis in 
 fuga sita erat, sequi cogebatur ; et, qui sua loca de- 
 fendere nequiverat, in alienis bellum gerere. 9. Ta- 
 men ex copia, quod optimum videbatur, consilium 
 capit: exercitum plerumque in iisdem locis opperiri 
 jubet ; ipse cum delectis equitibus Metellum sequitur, 
 nocturnis et aviis itineribus ignoratus E-omanos palan- 
 tes repente aggreditur. 10. Eorum plerique inermes 
 cadunt, multi capiuntur, nemo omnium intactus pro- 
 fugit ; et Numidiae, priusquam ex castris subvenire- 
 tur, sicuti jussi erant, in proximos coUes discedunt. 
 LY. Interim Eomae gaudium ingens ortum, cog- 
 
48 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 nitis Metelli rebus ; lit seque et exercitiim more ma- 
 jorum gereret, in ad verso loco victor tamen virtute 
 fuisset, hostium agro potiretur, Jugurtliam, magnifi- 
 cum ex Auli socordia, spem salutis in solitudine aut 
 fuga coegisset habere. 2. Itaque senatus ob ea feli- 
 citer acta dis immortalibus supplicia decernere ; civi- 
 tas, trepida antea et soUicita de belli eventu, laeta 
 agere ; de Metello €ama prseclara esse. 3. Igitur eo 
 intentior ad victoriam niti, omnibus modis festinare ; 
 cavere tamen, necubi hosti opportunus lieret ; me- 
 minisse, post gloriam invidiam sequi. 4. Ita quo cla- 
 rior eo magis anxius erat, neque post insidias Jugur- 
 thse effuso exercitu prsedari : ubi frumento aut pabulo 
 opus erat, cohortes cum omni equitatu praesidium 
 agitabant : exercitus partem ipse, reliquos Marius 
 ducebat. 5. Sed igni magis quam praeda ager vasta- 
 batur. 6. Duobus locis baud longe inter se castra 
 faciebant : 7. ubi vi opus erat, cuncti aderant ; cete- 
 rum, quo fuga atque formido latius cresceret, diversi 
 agebant. 8. Eo tempore Jugurtha per coUes sequi, 
 tempus aut locum pugnae quaerere, qua venturum lios- 
 tem audierat, pabulum et aquarum fontes, quorum 
 penuria erat, corrumpere, modo se Metello, interdum 
 Mario ostendere, postremos in agmine tentare, ac sta- 
 tim in coUes regredi, rursus aliis, post aliis minitari, 
 neque proelium facere, neque otium pati, tantummodo 
 liostem ab incepto retinere. 
 
 LVI. Eomanus imperator ubi se dolis fatigari 
 videt, neque ab hoste copiam pugnandi fieri, urbem 
 magnam et in ea parte, qua sita erat, arcem regni, 
 nomine Zamam, statuit oppugnare ; ratus, id quod 
 negotium poscebat, Jugurtliam laborantibus suis 
 
JUGURTHA. 49 
 
 auxilio ventxirum, ibique proelium fore. 2. At ille, 
 quae parabantur, !l perfugis edoctus, magnis itineribus 
 Metellum antevenit ; oppidanos hortatur, ' moenia de- 
 fendant ; ' additis auxilio perfugis, quod genus ex 
 copiis regis, quia fallere nequibat, lirmissimum erat : 
 pnieterea pollicetur, ' in tempore semet cum exercitu 
 aftbre.' 3. Ita compositis rebus, in loca quam maxime 
 occulta discedit, ac post paulo cognoscit Marium ex 
 itinere frumentatum cum paucis cohortibus Siccam 
 missum ; quod oppidum primum omnium post raalam 
 pugnam ab rege defecerat. 4. E6 cum delectis equi- 
 tibus noctu pergit, et jam egredientibus Romania, in 
 porta pugnam facit : simul magna voce Siccenses hor- 
 tatur, ' uti coliortes ab tergo circumveniant : fortunara 
 illis pncclari facinoris casuni dare. Si id fecerint, 
 postea sese in regno, illos in libertate sine metu setatem 
 acturos.' 5. Ac ni Marius signa inferre atque eva- 
 dere oppido properavisset, profecto cuncti aut magna 
 pars Siccensium fidem mutavissent : tanta mobilitate 
 se Numidae agunt. Sed milites Jugurthini, paulis- 
 per ab rege sustentati, postquam majore vi hostes 
 urgent, paucis amissis, profugi discedunt. 
 
 LVn. Marius ad Zamam pervenit. Id oppidum, 
 
 in campo situm, magis opere quam natura munitum 
 
 erat, nuUius idonea3 rei egens, armis virisque opu- 
 
 lentum. 2. Igitur Metellus, pro tempore atque loco 
 
 :iratis rebus, cuncta moenia exercitu circumvenit ; 
 
 legatis imperat, ubi quisque curaret ; 3. deinde, signo 
 
 date, undique sinml clamor ingens oritur. Neque ea 
 
 ; res Xumidas terret ; infensi intentique sine tumultu 
 
 ; manent. Proelium incipitur. 4. Romani, pro ingenio 
 
 quisque, pars eminus glande aut lapidibus pugnare, 
 
 3 
 
50 0. CRISPISALLtrSTII 
 
 alii succedere, ac munim modo suffodere, modo scalis 
 aggredi, cupere prcBlium manibus facere. 5. Contra 
 ea oppidani in proximos saxa volvere ; sudes, pila, 
 prseterea pice et sulphure tsedam mixtam, ardenti 
 mittere. 6. Sed ne illos quidem, qui procul manse- 
 rant, timor animi satis muniverat: nam plerosqne 
 jacula tormentis ant manu emissa vulnerabant ; pa- 
 rique periculo, sed fama impari boni atqne ignavi 
 erant. 
 
 LYm. Dum apud Zamam sic certatnr, Jugurtha 
 ex improvise castra hostium cum magna manu inva- 
 dit : remissis, qui in prcesidio erant, et omnia magis 
 qn^m proelium exspectantibus, portam irrumpit. 2. At 
 nostri, repentino metu perculsi, sibi quisque pro mori- 
 bus consulunt : alii fugere, alii arma capere ; magna 
 pars vulnerati aut occisi. 3. Ceterum ex omni multi- 
 tudine non amplius quadraginta, memores nominis 
 Eomani, grege facto, locum cepere paulo quam alii 
 editiorem, neque inde maxima yi depelli quiverunt, 
 sed tela eminus missa remittere, pauci in pluribus 
 min^s frustriati : sin Numidse propius accessissent, ibi 
 vero virtutem ostendere, et eos maxima vi csedere, 
 fundere atque fugare. 4. Interim Metellus, quuni 
 acerrime rem gereret, clamorem hostilem ab tergo 
 accepit: deinde, converso equo, animadvertit fugam 
 ad se versiim fieri ; quae res indicabat populares esse. 
 6. Igitur equitatum omnem ad castra propere mit- 
 tit, ac statim C. Marium cum cohortibus sociorum ; 
 eumque lacrymans per amicitiam perque rempubli- 
 cam obsecrat, 'ne quam contumeliam remanerein ex- 
 ercitu victore, neve hostes inultos abire sinat.' 6. Ille 
 brevi mandata efficit. At Jugurtha munimento 
 
JUGUKTHA. 51 
 
 castrorum impeditus, quum alii super yallum prsecipi- 
 tarentur, alii in angustiis ipsi sibi properantes office- 
 rent, miiltis amissis, in loca munita sese recepit. 
 7. Metellus, infecto negotio, postquam nox aderat, in 
 castra cum exercitu revertitur. 
 
 LIX. Igitur postero die, prius quam ad oppug- 
 nandum egrederetur, equitatum omnem in ea parte, 
 qua regis adventus erat, pro castris agitare jubet; 
 portas et proxima loca tribunis dispertit ; deinde ipse 
 pergit ad oppidum, atque, ut superiore die, murum 
 aggreditur. 2. Interim Jugurtha ex occulto repente 
 nostros invadit. Qui in proximo locati fuerant, pau- 
 lisper territi perturbantur ; 3. reliqui cito subveniuftt, 
 neque diutius Numidse resistere quivissent, ni pedites 
 cum equitibus permixti magnam cladem in congressu 
 facerent. Quibus illi freti, non, ut equestri proelio 
 solet, sequi, dein cedere, sed adversis equis concurrere, 
 implicare ac perturbare aciem : ita expeditis pediti- 
 bus suis liostes pene victos dare. 
 
 LX. Eodem tempore apud Zamam magna vi cer- 
 tabatur. Ubi quisque legatus aut tribunus curabat, 
 eo acerrime niti ; neque alius in alio magis quam in 
 sese spem habere : pariterque oppidani agere. Op- 
 pugnare, aut parare omnibus locis : avidiils alteri 
 alteros sauciare, quam semet tegere : 2. clamor per- 
 mixtus liortatione, laetitia, gemitu, item strepitus armo- 
 rum ad coelum ferri, tela utrimque volare. 3. Sod 
 illi, qui moenia defensabant, ubi Jiostes paulum modo 
 pugnam remiserant, intenti proelium equestre pro- 
 spectabant.- 4. Eos, uti quseque Jugurthae res erant, 
 Isetos modo, modo pavidos animadverteres ; ac sicuti 
 audiri a suis aut cerni possent, monere alii, alii hor- 
 
52 C. CRISPI SALLTISTII 
 
 tari, aut manu significare, aut niti corporibus, et ea 
 hue illiic, quasi vitabundi aut jacientes tela, agitare. 
 5. Quod ubi Mario cognitum est, (nam is in ea parte 
 curabat), consulto lenius agere, ae diffidentiam rei 
 simulare ; pati Numidas sine tumultu regis proelium 
 visere. 6. Ita, illis studio suorum adstrictis, repente 
 magna vi murum aggreditur; et jam scalis egressi 
 milites prope sunima ceperant, quum oppidani con- 
 currunt, lapides, ignera, alia praeterea tela ingerunt. 
 7. Nostri primo resistere; deinde, ubi unae atque 
 alteroe scalce comminute, qui supersteterant, aflBicti 
 sunt ; ceteri quoquo modo potuere, pauci integri, 
 magna pars confecti vulneribus abeunt. 8. Denique 
 utrimque proelium nox diremit. 
 
 LXI. Metellus postquam videt frustra inceptum, 
 neque oppidum capi, neque Jugurtham nisi ex insidiis 
 aut suo loco pugnam facere, et jam jestatem exaetam 
 esse, ab Zama discedit, et in his urbibus, quae ad se 
 defecerant, satisque munitae loco aut moenibus erant, 
 praesidia imponit: 2. ceterum exercitum in provin- 
 ciam, quae proxima est Numidiae, hiemandi gratia 
 colocat. 3. Neque id tempus ex aliorum more quieti 
 aut luxuriae concedit ; sed, quoniam armis bellum pa- 
 rum procedebat, insidias regi per amicos tendere, et 
 eorum perfidia pro armis uti parat. 4. Igitur Bomil- 
 carem, qui Eomae cum Jugurtha fuerat, et inde, vadi- 
 bus datis, clam de Massivae nece judicium fugerat, 
 quod ei per maximam amicitiam maxima copia fal- 
 lendi erat, multis pollicitationibus aggreditm*. Ac 
 primo efficit, uti ad se colloquendi gratia occultus 
 veniat : deinde fide data, ' si Jugurtham vivum aut 
 necatum tradidisset, fore, ut illi senatus impimitatem 
 
JUGUKTHA. .53 
 
 et sua omnia concederet,' 5. facile Numidae persuadet, 
 quum ingenio infido, turn metuenti, ne, si pax cum 
 Eomanis iieret, ipse per conditiones ad supplicium 
 tiaderetur. 
 
 LXU. Is, ubi prirnum opportuuum fuit, Jugur 
 tham anxium ac miserantem fortunas suas accedit; 
 monet atque lacrymans obtcstatur, ' uti aliquando sibi 
 liberisque et genti Xumidarum optime merenti provi- 
 deat : omnibus proeliis sese victos, agrum vastatum, 
 multos mortales captos aut occisos, regni opes commi- 
 nutas esse : satis saepe jam et virtutem militum et for- 
 tunam tentatam : caveat, ne, illo cunctante, Numida3 
 sibi consulant.' 2. His atque talibus aliis ad deditio- 
 nem regis animum impellit. 3. Mittuntur ad impera- 
 torem legati, qui 'Jugurtham imperata facturum' 
 dicerent, ' ac sine ulla pactione sese regnumque suum 
 in illius fidem tradere.' 4. Metellus proper^ cunctos 
 senatorii ordinis ex hibeniis arcessiri jubet: eorum 
 atque aliorum, quos idoneos ducebat, consilium ha- 
 bet. 5. Ita more majorum ex consilii decreto per 
 legates Jugurtbffi imperat argenti pondo ducenta mil- 
 lia, elephantos omnes, equorum et armorum aliquan- 
 tum. 6. Qua3 postquam sine mora facta sunt, jubet 
 * omnes perfugas vinctos adduci.' 7. Eorum magna 
 pars, ut jussum erat, adducti : pauci, quum primiim 
 dcditio coDpit, ad regem Bocchum in Mauretaniaiii 
 abierant. 8. Igitur Jugurtha, ubi armis virisque et 
 pecunia spoliatus est, quum ipse ad imperandum Tisi- 
 dium vocaretur, rursus coepit flectere animum suum, 
 et ex mala conscientia digna timere. 9. Denique mul- 
 tis diebus per dubitationem consumptis, quum modo 
 t«dio rerum adversarum omnia bello potiora duceret, 
 
54 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 interdum secum ipse reputaret, quam gravis casus in 
 servitium ex regno foret, multis magnisque praesidiis 
 neqnidquam perditis, de integro bellum sumit. 10. Et 
 Romse senatus de provinciis consultns Numidiam Me- 
 tello decreverat. 
 
 LXm. Per idem tempus Uticse forte C. Mario 
 per hostias dis supplicanti, ' magna atque mirabilia 
 portendi ' haruspex dixerat : ' proinde, quae animo agi- 
 tabat, fretus dis ageret ; fortunam quam saepissime ex- 
 periretur, cuncta prospera eventura.' 2. At ilium 
 jam antea consulatus ingens cupido exagitabat, ad 
 quem capiendum praeter vetustatem familiae alia om- 
 nia abunde erant, industria, probitas, militiae magna 
 scientia, animus belli ingens, domi modicus, libidi- 
 nis et divitiarum victor, tantummodo gloriae avidus. 
 3. Sed is natus et omnem pueritiam Arpini altus, ubi 
 primum aetas militiae patiens fuit, stipendiis faciendis, 
 non Graeca facundia neque urbanis munditiis sese 
 exercuit: ita inter artes bonas integrum ingenium 
 brevi adolevit. 4. Ergo ubi primum tribunatum mili- 
 tarem a populo petit, plerisque faciem ejus igno- 
 rantibus, facile notus per omnes tribus declaratur. 
 6. Deinde ab eo magistratu alium post alium sibi 
 peperit, semper que in potestatibus eo modo agitabat, 
 uti ampliore, quam gerebat, dignus haberetur. 6. Ta- 
 men is ad id locorum talis vir (nam postea ambitione 
 praeceps datus est) consulatum petere non audebat: 
 etiamtum alios magistratus plebes, consulatum nobili- 
 tas inter se per manus tradebat : 7. novus nemo tarn 
 clarus, neque tam egregius factis erat, quin is indig- 
 nus illo honore et quasi pollutas baberetur. 
 
 LXIV. Igitur ubi Marius haruspicis dicta eodem 
 
JUGTJRTHA. ' 6S 
 
 intendere videt, quo cupido animi liortabatur, ab Me- 
 tello petendi gratia missionem rogat. Cui quamquam 
 virtus, gloria atque alia optanda bonis superabant, ta- 
 men inerat contemptor animus et superbia, commune 
 nobilitatis malum. 2. Itaque primum, commotus in- 
 solita re, mirari ejus consilium, et quasi per amicitiam 
 monere, ' ne tam prava inciperet, neu super fortunam 
 animum gereret : non omnia omnibus cupienda esse ; 
 debere illi res suas satis placere : postremo caveret id 
 petere a populo Eomano, quod illi jure negaretur.' 
 3. Postquam hsec atque alia talia dixit, neque animus 
 Marii flectitur, respondit, ' ubi primum potuisset per 
 negotia publica, facturum sese, quae peteret ; ' 4. ac 
 postea saepius eadem postulanti fertur dixisse, ' ne fes- 
 tinaret abire ; satis mature ilium cum filio suo consu- 
 latum petiturum.' Is eo tempore contubernio patris 
 ibidem militabat, annos natus circiter viginti. Quae 
 res Marium quum pro honore, quem aftectabat, turn 
 contra Metellum vehementer accenderat. 5. Ita cu- 
 pidine atque ira, pessimis consultoribus, grassari, ne- 
 que facto ullo neque dicto abstinere, quod modo am- 
 bitiosum foret : milites, quibus in hibernis proeerat, 
 laxior^ imperio quum antea habere : apud negotia- 
 tores quorum magna multitudo Uticae erat, criminose 
 simul et magni'ice de bello loqui : ' dimidia pars exer- 
 citus sibi pennitteretur, paucis diebus Juguitham in 
 catenis habiturum : ab imperatore consulto trahi, 
 quod homo inanis et regiae superbiae imperio nimis 
 gauderet.' 6. Qua3 omnia illis eo firmiora videban- 
 tur, quod diuturnitate belli res familiares corruperant, 
 et animo cupienti nihil satis festinatur. 
 
 LXY. Erat praeterea in exercitu nostro Numida 
 
56 C. CRISPI SALLTJSTII 
 
 quidam, nomine Gauda, Manastabalis filius, Masimssse 
 nepos, quem Micipsa testamento secundum heredem 
 scripserat, morbis confectus, et ob earn causam mente 
 paulum imminuta. 2. Cui Metellus petenti, 'more 
 regum uti sellam juxta poneret,' item postea ' custodise 
 causa turmam equitum Romanorum,' utrumque nega- 
 verat ; honorem, quod eorum modo foret, quos popu- 
 lus Komanus reges appellavisset ; prgesidium, quod 
 contumeliosum foret, si equites Romani satellites Nu- 
 midae traderentur. 3. Hunc Marius anxium aggredi- 
 tur, atque hortatur, uti contumeliarum imperatoris 
 cum suo auxilio poenas petat : hominem ob morbos 
 animo parum valido secunda oratione extollit : ' ilium 
 regem, ingentem virum, Masinissae nepotem esse ; si 
 Jugurtha captus aut occisus foret, imperium Numidise 
 sine mora habiturum ; id adeo mature posse evenire, 
 si ipse consul ad id bellum missus foret.' 4. Itaque 
 et ilium, et equites Romanos^ milites et negotiatores, 
 alios ipse, plerosque spes pacis impellit, uti Romam 
 ad suos necessarios aspere in Metellum de bello 
 scribant, Marium imperatorem poscant. 5. Sic illi a 
 multis mortalibus honestissima suffi-agatione consula- 
 tus petebatur : simul ea tempestate plebes, nomlitate 
 fusa per legem Mamiliam, novos extoUebat. Ita Ma- 
 rio cuncta procedere. 
 
 LXVI. Interim Jugurtha, postquam, omissa dedi- 
 tione, bellum incipit, cum magna cui*a parare omnia, 
 festinare, cogere exercitum ; civitates, quse ab se defe- 
 cerant, formidine aut ostentando praemia affectare ; 
 communire suos locos ; arma, tela, alia, qure spe pacis 
 amiserat, reficere aut commercari ; servitia Romano- 
 rum allicere, et eos ipsos, qui in praesidiis erant, pecu- 
 
JUGURTHA. 67 
 
 nia tentare ; prorsus nihil intactum neque quietum 
 pati, cuncta agitare. 2. Igitur Yaccenses, quo Me- 
 tcllus initio, Jugurtha pacilicante, praesidium impo- 
 suerat, fatigati regis suppliciis, neque antea voluntate 
 alienati, principes civitatis inter se conjurant: nam 
 vulgus, uti plerumque solet, et niaxime Numidarum, 
 ingenio naobili, seditiosum atque diseordiosum erat, 
 cupidum novarum rerum, quieti et otio adversum. 
 Dein, compositis inter se rebus, in diem tertium 
 constituunt, quod is festus celebratusque per omnem 
 Africam ludum et laseiviam magis quam Ibrmidinem 
 ostentabat. 3. Sed ubi tempus fuit, centuriones tri- 
 bunosque militares, et ipsum praefectum oppidi T. Tur- 
 piliura Silanum, alius alium domos suas invitant : eos 
 omnes propter Turpilium inter epulas obtruncant : 
 postea milites palantes, inermcs, quippe in tali die ac 
 sine imperio, aggrediuntur. 4. Idem plebes facit, 
 pars edocti ab nobilitate, alii studio talium rerum in- 
 citati, quis acta consiliumque ignorantibus tumnltus 
 ipse et res novce satis placebant. 
 
 LXVn. Romani milites, improviso metu incerti 
 ignarique, quid potissimum facerent, trepidare : ad 
 areem oppidi, ubi signa et scuta erant, praesidium 
 hostium : portae ante clausae fugam prohibebant : ad 
 hoc mulieres puerique pro tectis aediiiciorum saxa et 
 alia, quae locus praebebat, certatim mittere. 2. Ita 
 neque caveri anceps malum, neque a fortissimis in- 
 firmissimo generi resisti posse: juxta boni malique, 
 strenui et imbelles inulti obtruncari. 3. In ea tanta 
 asperitate, saevissimis Xumidis et oppido undique 
 clauso, Turpilius praefectus unus ex omnibus Italicis 
 profugit intactus. Id misericordiane hospitis, an 
 
58 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 pactione ant casu ita evenerit, parum comperimus ; 
 nisi, qnia illi in tanto malo tnrpis vita integra fama 
 potior fuit, improbus intestabilisqne videtur. 
 
 LXYIII. Metellus postqnam de rebus Vaccse actis 
 comperit, panlisper moestus e conspectu abit ; deinde, 
 nbi ira et segritudo permixta sunt, cum maxima cura 
 nltum ire injurias festinat. 2. Legionem, cum qua 
 hiemabat, et qu^m plurimos potest Numidas equites 
 pariter cum occasu solis expeditos educit ; et postera 
 die circiter boram tertiam pervenit in quamdam plani- 
 tiem, locis paulo superioribus circumventam. 3. Ibi 
 milites, fessos itineris magnitudine, et jam abnuentes 
 omnia, docet ' oppidum Yaccam non amplius mille 
 passuum abesse : decere illos reliquum laborem sequo 
 animo pati, dum pro civibus suis, viris fortissimis 
 atque miserrimis, poenas caperent : ' praeterea prsedam 
 benigne ostentat. 4. Ita animis eorum arrectis, equi- 
 tes in primo late, pedites quam artissime ire, et signa 
 occultare jubet. 
 
 LXIX. Yaccenses ubi animum advertere ad se 
 versum exercitum pergere, primo, uti erat res, Metel- 
 lum. esse rati, portas clausere : deinde, ubi neque agros 
 vastari, et eos, qui primi aderant, IN'umidas equites 
 vident, rursum Jugurtham arbitrati, cum magno gau- 
 dio obvii procedunt. 2. Equites peditesque, repente 
 signo dato, alii vulgum effusum oppido csedere, alii ad 
 portas festinare, pars turres capere ; ira atque praedse 
 spes amplius quam lassitudo posse. 3. Ita Yaccenses 
 biduum modo ex perfidia Isetati : civitas magna et 
 opulens cuncta poense aut prsedge fuit. 4. Turpilius, 
 quem prsefectum oppidi unum ex omnibus profugisse 
 supra ostendimus, jussus a Metello causam dicere, post- 
 
JUGURTHA. 59 
 
 quam sese parum expurgat, condemnatus verberatus- 
 que capite poenas solvit : nam is civis ex Latio erat. 
 
 LXX. Per idem, tempus Bomilcar, cujus impulsu 
 Jugurtha deditionem, quam metu deseruit, inceperat, 
 suspectus regi, et ipse eum suspiciens, novas res cu- 
 pere, ad perniciem ejus dolum quaerere, die noctuque 
 fatigare animum. 2. Denique omnia tentando, socium 
 sibi adjungit Nabdalsam, hominem nobilem, magnis 
 opibus, carum acceptumque popularibus suis, qui 
 plerumque seorsum ab rege exercitum ductare et om- 
 nes res exsequi solitus erat, quae Jugurthse fesso aut 
 majoribus adstricto superaverant ; ex quo illi gloria 
 opesque inventse. 3. Igitur utriusque consilio dies 
 insidiis statuitur : ' cetera, uti res posceret, ex tempore 
 parari ' placuit. 4. Nabdalsa ad exercitum profectus, 
 quem inter liiberna Komanorum jussus habebat, ne 
 ager, inultis hostibus, vastaretur. 5. Is postquam 
 magnitudine facinoris perculsus ad tempus non venit, 
 metusque rem impediebat, Bomilcar, simul cupidus 
 incepta patrandi, et timore socii anxius, ne, omisso 
 vetere consilio, novum quaereret, litteras ad eum per 
 homines fideles mittit, in quis mollitiem socordiamque 
 viri accusare, testari deos, per quos jura visset, monere, 
 ' ne praemia Metelli in pestem converteret ; Jugurthae 
 exitium adesse ; ceterum suane an Metelli virtute peri- 
 ret, id modo agitari : proinde reputaret cum animo 
 6U0, praemia an cruciatum mallet.' 
 
 LXXI. Sed quum hae litterae allatae, forte Nab- 
 dalsa exercito corpore fessus in lecto quiescebat, 
 2. ubi, cognitis Bomilcaris verbis, primo cura, deinde, 
 uti aegrum animum solet, somnus cepit. 3. Erat ei 
 Numida quidam, negotiorum curator, fidus acceptus- 
 
60 C. CRISPI ^ALLUSTII 
 
 que et omnium consiliorum, nisi novissimi, particeps. 
 4. Qui postquam allatas litteras audivit, ex consuetu- 
 dine ratus opera ant ingenio suo opus esse, in taber- 
 naculum introiit : dormiente illo epistolam, super ca- 
 put in pulvino temere positam, sumit ac perlegit, dein 
 propere, cognitis insidiis, ad regem pergit. 5. Nab- 
 dalsa post paulo experrectus, ubi neque epistolam 
 reperit, et rem omnem, uti acta erat, cognovit, primo 
 indicem persequi conatus, postquam id frustra fuit, 
 Jugurtham placandi gratia accedit ; dicit ' quae ipse 
 paravisset facere, perfidia clientis sui praeventa : ' lacry- 
 mans obtestatur ' per amicitiam j^erque sua antea 
 fideliter acta, ne super tali scelere suspectum sese 
 haberet.' 
 
 LXXII. Ad ea rex, aliter atque animo gerebat, 
 placide respondit. Bomilcare aliisque multis, quos so- 
 cios insidiarum cognoverat, interfectis, iram oppresse- 
 rat, ne qua ex eo negotio seditio oriretur. 2. Xeque 
 post id locorum Jugurtbae dies aut nox uUa quieta 
 fuit : neque loco neque mortali cuiquam aut terapori 
 Batis credere, cives, liostes juxta metuere, circum- 
 spectare omnia, et omni strepitu pavescere, alio atque 
 alio loco, saepe contra dccus regium, noctu requiescere, 
 interdum somno excitus, arrcptis armis, tumultum 
 facere ; ita foi-midine quasi vecordia exagitari. 
 
 LXXin. Igitur Metellus, ubi de casu Bomilcaris 
 et indicio patefacto ex perfiigis cognovit, rursus, tarn- 
 quam ad integrum bellum, cuncta parat festinatque. 
 2. Marium, fatigantem de profectione, simul et invi- 
 sum et offensum, sibi parum idoneum ratus, doraum 
 dimittit. 3. Et Eom^e plebes, litteris, quae de Metello 
 ac Mario missaa erant, cognitis, volenti animo de 
 
JUOUBTHA. §1 
 
 ambobns acceperant. 4. Imperatori nobilitas, quae 
 antea decori, invidiae esse : at illi alteri generis Im- 
 militas favorem addiderat : ceteruin in iitroqiic magis 
 studia partium, qnam bona aut mala sua moderata. 
 5. Praeterea seditiosi magistratus vulgiim exagitare, 
 Metellum omnibus concionibus capitis arcessere, Marii 
 virtutem in majus celebrare, 6. Denique plebes sic 
 accensa, uti opifices agrestesqiie omnes, quorum res 
 fidesque in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus, fre- 
 quentarent Marium, et sua necessaria post illius bono- 
 rem duccrent. 7. Ita, perculsa nobilitate, post multaB 
 tempestates novo homini consulatus mandatur ; et 
 postea populus, a tribuno plebis Manilio Mancino 
 rogatus, * quem vellet cum Jugurthii bellum gerere/ 
 frequens Marium jussit. Sed senatus paulo ante Me- 
 tello Numidiam decreverat : ea res frustri fuit. 
 
 LXXIV. Eodem tempore Jugurtha, amissis ami- 
 'is, quorum plerosque ipse necaverat, ceteri formidine, 
 pars ad Romanos, alii ad regem Bocchum profuge- 
 1 ant, quum neque bellum geri sine administris posset, 
 • t novorum fidem in tantfi perfidia veterum experiri 
 periculosum duceret, varius incertusque agitabat; ne- 
 que illi res, neque consilium aut quisquam liominum 
 
 litis placebat : itinera praefectosque indies mutare; 
 
 iiodo adversiim hostes, interdum in solitudines per- 
 gere ; saepe in luga, ac post paulo in armis spem ha- 
 bere ; dubitare, virtuti an fide popularium minus cre- 
 deret : ita, quocumque intenderat, res adversae erant. 
 2. Sed inter eas moras repente sese Metellus cum ex- 
 ercitu ostendit. Numidae ab Jugurtha pro tempore 
 parati instructique ; dein prcelium incipitur. 3. Qua 
 in parte rex pugnae adfuit, ibi aliquamdiu certatum ; 
 
62 C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 ceteri omnes ejus milites primo concursu pulsi fagati- 
 que. Romani signorum et armorum aliquanto nu- 
 mero, liostium paucorum potiti : nam ferme Numidas 
 in omnibus proeliis magis pedes quam arma tuta sunt. 
 LXXY. Ea fuga Jugurtha, impensius modo rebus 
 suis diffidens, cum perfugis et parte equitatus in soli- 
 tudines, dein Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum 
 et opulentum, ubi plerique thesauri filiorumque ejus 
 multus pueritise cultus erat. 2. Quae postquam Me- 
 tello comperta sunt, quamquam inter Thalam flumen- 
 que proximum, in spatio millium quinquaginta, loca 
 arida atque vasta esse cognoverat, tamen spe patrandi 
 belli, si ejus oppidi potitus foret, omnes asperitates 
 supervadere, ac naturam etiam vincere aggreditur. 
 3. Igitur omnia jumenta sarcinis levari jubet, nisi 
 frumento dierum decem ; ceterum utres modo et alia 
 aquse idonea portari. 4. Prseterea conquirit ex agris, 
 quam plurimum potest domiti pecoris, eoque imponit 
 vasa cujusque modi, sed pleraque lignea, colleeta ex 
 tuguriis Numidarum. 5. Ad hoc finitimis imperat, 
 qui se post regis fugam Metello dederant, quam pluri- 
 mum quisque aquae portaret : diem locumque, ubi 
 prsesto forent, praedicit. 6. Ipse ex flumine, quam 
 proximam oppido aquam supra diximus, jumenta 
 onerat : eo modo instructus ad Thalam proficiscitur. 
 7. Deinde ubi ad id loci ventum, quo Numidis prsece- 
 perat, et castra posita mimitaque sunt, tanta repente 
 coelo missa vis aquae dicitur, ut ea modo exercitui 
 satis superque foret. 8. Praeterea commeatus spe 
 amplior, quia Numidae, sicuti plerique in nova dedi- 
 tione, officia intenderant. 9. Ceterum milites religione 
 pluvia magis usi, eaque res multum animis eorum 
 
JUOURTHA. 63 
 
 addidit ; nam rati sese dis immortalibus curae esse. 
 Deinde postero die, contra opinionem Jugurthae, ad 
 Thalam perveniunt. 10. Oppidani, qui se locorum 
 asperitate munitos crediderant, magna atque insolita 
 re perculsi, nihilo segnius bellum parare : idem nostri 
 facere. 
 
 LXXYI. Sed rex, nihil jam infectum Metello cre- 
 dens, quippe qui omnia, arma, tela, locos, tempora, 
 denique naturam ipsam, ceteris imperitantem, indus- 
 tria vicerat, cum liberis et magna parte pecuniae ex 
 oppido noctu profugit. Neque postea in ullo loco 
 amplius uno die aut una nocte moratus, simulabat sese 
 negotii gratia properare ; ceterum proditionem time- 
 bat, quam vitare posse celeritate putabat : nam talia 
 consilia per otium et ex opportunitate capi. 2. At 
 Metellus, ubi oppidanos prcelio intentos, simul oppi- 
 dum et operibus et loco munitum videt, vallo fossaque 
 moenia circumvenit. 3. Deinde locis ex copia maxime 
 idoneis vineas agere, aggerem jacere, et super agge- 
 rem impositis turribus, opus et administros tutari. 
 4. Contra liaec oppidani festinare," parare : prorsus ab 
 utrisque nihil reliquum fieri. 5. Denique Romani, 
 multo ante labore proeliisque fatigati, post dies quadra- 
 ginta, quam eo ventum erat, oppido modo potiti : praeda 
 omnis a perfugis corrupta. 6. li postquam murum 
 arietibus feriri resque suas afflictas vident, aurum 
 atque argentum et alia, quce prima ducuntur, domum 
 regiam comportant : ibi vino et epulis onerati, illaque 
 et domum et semet igni corrumpunt ; et quas victi ab 
 hostibus poenas metuerant, eas ipsi volentes pependere. 
 
 LXXVn. Sed pariter cum capta Thala legati ex 
 oppido Lepti ad Metellum venerant, orantes, ^uti 
 
64 C. CBISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 prsesidium prsefectumque eo mitteret : Hamilcarem 
 quemdam, hominem nobilem, factiosum, novis rebus 
 studere, adversum quern neque imperia magistratuum 
 neque leges valerent : ni id festinaret, in summo peri- 
 culo suam salutem, illorum socios fore.' 2. Nam Lep- 
 titani jam inde a principio belli Jugurthini ad Bestiam 
 consulem et postea Eomam miserant, amicitiam socie- 
 tatemque rogatum : 3. deinde, ubi ea impetrata, sem- 
 per boni fidelesque mansere, et cuncta a Bestia, Albino 
 Metelloque imperata nave fecerant. 4. Itaque ab 
 imperatore facile, quae petebant, adepti, et missae eo 
 cohortes Ligurum quatuor, et C. Annius prsefectus. 
 
 LXXVIII. Id oppidum ab Sidoniis conditum est, 
 quos accepimus profiigos ob discordias civiles navibus 
 in eos locos venisse : ceterum situm inter duas Syrtes, 
 quibus nomen ex re inditum. 2. Nam duo sunt sinus 
 prope in extrema Africa, impares magnitudine, pari 
 natura : quorum proxima terras praealta sunt ; cetera, 
 uti fors tulit, alta, alia in tempestate, vadosa. 3. Nam 
 ubi mare magnum esse, et saevire ventis coepit, limum 
 arenamque et saxa ingentia fluctus trahunt : ita facies 
 locorum cum ventis simul mutatur. Sjrtes ab tractu 
 nominatae. 4. Ejus civitatis lingua modo conversa 
 connubio Numidarum : leges cultusque pleraque Si- 
 donica, quae eo facilius retinebant, quod procul ab 
 imperio regis aetatem agebant. 5. Inter illos et fre- 
 quentem Numidiam multi vastique loci erant. 
 
 LXXIX. Sed quoniam in has regiones per Lepti- 
 tanorum negotia venimus, non indignum videtur egre- 
 gium atque mirabile facinus duorum Carthaginiensium 
 memorare : eam rem nos locus admonuit. 2. Qua 
 tempestate Carthaginienses pleraeque Africae imperi- 
 
JUGURTHA. 65 
 
 tabant, Cj^enenses quoque magni atqiie opulenti ftiere. 
 
 3. Ager in medio arenosus, una specie : neque flumen, 
 neque mons erat, qni fines eorum discerneret; quae 
 res eos in magno diiiturnoque bello inter se habuit. 
 
 4. Postquam utrimque legiones, item classes ssepe 
 fusse fugatseque, et alteri alteros aliquantum attrive- 
 rant, veriti, ne mox victos victoresque defessos alius 
 aggrederetur, per inducias sponsionem faciunt, ' uti 
 certo die legati domo proficiscerentur : quo in loco 
 inter se obvii fuissent, is communis utriusque populi 
 finis haberetur.' 5. Igitur Carthagine duo fratres 
 missi, quibus nomen Philsenis erat, maturavere iter 
 pergere : Cyrenenses tardiiis iere. Id socordiane an 
 casu accident, parum cognovi : 6. ceteriim solet in 
 illis locis tempestas baud secus atque in mari retinere. 
 Nam ubi per loca sequalia et nuda gignentium ventus 
 coortus arenam humo excitavit, ea magna vi agitata 
 ora oculosque implere solet : ita, prospectu impedito, 
 morari iter. 7. Postquam Cyrenenses aliquanto pos- 
 teriores se vident, et ob rem corniptam domi poenas 
 metuunt, criminari Carthaginienses ante tempus domo 
 digressos, conturbare rem, denique omnia malle, quam 
 victi abire. 8. Sed quum Poeni aliam conditionem, 
 tantummodo eequam, peterent, Graeci optionem Car- 
 thaginiensium faciunt, 'ut vel illi, quos fines populo 
 suo peterent, ibi vivi obruerentur, vel eadem conditione 
 sese, quem in locum vellent, processuros.' 9. Phi- 
 Ireni, conditione probata, seque vitamque suam reipub- 
 liciB condonavere : ita vivi obruti. 10. Carthaginien- 
 ses in eo loco Philaenis fratribus aras consecravere : 
 aliique illis domi honores instituti. Nunc ad rem 
 redeo. 
 
66 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 LXXX. Jugurtha postquam, amissa Thala, nihil 
 satis firmum contra Metellum putat, per magnas soli- 
 tudines cum paucis profectus, pervenit ad Grsetulos, 
 genus hominum ferum incultumque, et eo tempore 
 ignarum nominis Komani. 2. Eorum multitudinem 
 in unum cogit, ac paulatim consuefacit ordines ha- 
 bere, signa sequi, imperium observare, item alia mili- 
 taria facere. 3. Prseterea regis Bocchi proximos mag- 
 nis muneribus et majoribus promissis ad studium sui 
 perducit ; quis adjutoribus regem aggressus impellit, 
 uti adversum Romanos belhim suscipiat. 4. Id ea 
 gratia facilius proniusque fuit, quod Bocchus initio 
 hujusce belli legatos Romam miserat, foedus et ami- 
 citiam petitum: 5. quam rem opportunissimam in- 
 cepto bello pauci impediverant, caeci avaritia, quis 
 omnia, honesta atque inhonesta, vendere mos erat. 
 6. Etiam antea Jugurthge filia Bocclii nupserat. Ve- 
 rum ea necessitudo apud Numidas Maurosque levis 
 ducitur, quia singuli, pro opibus quisque, quam pluri- 
 mas uxoreSj denas alii, alii plures habent, sed reges 
 eo amplius. 7. Ita animus multitudine distrahitur; 
 nulla pro socia obtinet ; pariter omnes viles sunt. 
 
 LXXXI. Igitur in locum ambobus placitum exer- 
 citus conveniunt. Ibi, fide data et accept^, Jugurtha 
 Bocchi animum oratione accendit : ' Eomanos injustos, 
 profunda avaritia, communes omnium hostes esse : 
 eandem illos causam belli cum Boccho habere, quam 
 secum et cum aliis gentibus, libidinem imperitandi, 
 quis omnia regna adversa sint : tum sese, paulo ante 
 Carthaginienses, item Persen regem, post, uti quisque 
 opulentissimus videatur, ita Eomanis hostem fore.' 
 2. His atque aliis talibus dictis, ad Cirtam oppiduni 
 
JUGURTHA. 67 
 
 iter constituunt, quod ibi Metellus prsedam captivos- 
 que et impedimenta locaverat : 3. ita Jiigurtha ratus, 
 aut, capta m-be, operse pretium fore ; aut, si Romanus 
 aiixilio suis venisset, pro^lio sese certatiiros. 4. Nam 
 callidus id modo festinabat, Bocchi pacem imrainuere, 
 ne moras agitando aliud qiiam bellum mallet. 
 
 LXXXIL Imperator postquam de regum societate 
 cognovit, non temere, neque, uti, saepe jam victo Ju- 
 gurtha, consueverat, omnibus locis pugnandi copiam 
 facit : ceterum baud procul ab Cirta, castris munitis, 
 reges opperitur ; melius esse ratus, cognitis Mauris, 
 quoniam is novus hostis accesserat, ex commodo pug- 
 nam facere. 2. Interim Roma per litteras certior lit 
 provinciam Numidiam Mario datam ; nam consulem 
 factum ante acceperat. Quis rebus supra bonum 
 atque honestum perculsus, neque lacrymas tenere, 
 neque moderari linguam : vir egregius in aliis artibus 
 nimis moUiter a^gritudinem pati. 3. Quam rem alii 
 in superbiam vertebant, alii bonum ingenium contu- 
 melia accensum esse, multi, quod jam parta victoria 
 ex manibus eriperetur : nobis satis cognitum est, ilium 
 magis honore Marii quam injuria sua excruciatum, 
 neque tam anxie laturum fuisse, si adempta provincia 
 alii quam Mario traderetur. 
 
 LXXXin. Igitur eo dolore impeditus, et quia stul- 
 titise videbatur alienam rem periculo suo curare, lega- 
 tos ad Bocchum mittit, postulatum, 'ne sine causa 
 hostis populo Romano fieret : habere tum magnam 
 copiam societatis amicitia^que conjungendae, qua? po- 
 tior bello esset : quamquam opibus suis confideret, 
 tamen non debere incerta pro certis mutare : omne 
 bellum sumi facile, ceteriim segerrime desinere : non 
 
68 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 in ejusdem potestate initium ejus et finem esse ; in- 
 cipere cuivis, etiam ignavo, licere ; deponi, quuin vic- 
 tores velint. Proinde sibi regnoque suo consiileret, neu 
 florentes res suas cum Jugurtlise perditis misceret.' 
 2. Ad ea rex satis placide verba facit : ' sese pacem 
 cupere, sed Jugurtlise fortunarum misereri ; si eadem 
 illi copia fieret, omnia conventura.' 3. Rursus im- 
 perator contra postulata Bocclii nuntios mittit: ille 
 probare partim, alia abnuere. Eo modo ssepe ab 
 utroque missis remissisque nuntiis tempus procedere, 
 et ex Metelli voluntate bellum intactum trabi. 
 
 LXXXIY. At Marius, ut suprsi diximus, cupien- 
 tissima plebe consul factus, postquam ei provinciam 
 JSTumidiam populus jussit, antea jam infestus nobili- 
 tati, tum vero multus atque ferox instare : singulos 
 modo, modo universos laedere ; dictitare ' sese con- 
 sulatum ex victis illis spolia cepisse ; ' alia prgeterea 
 magnifica pro se, et illis dolentia. 2. Interim, quae 
 bello opus erant, prima habere : postulare legionibus 
 supplementum, auxilia a populis et regibus sociisque 
 arcessere: prgeterea ex Latio fortissimum quemque, 
 plerosque militiae, paucos faina cognitos, accire, et 
 ambiendo cogere homines emeritis stipendiis secum 
 proficisci. 3. Neque illi senatus, quamquam adver- 
 sus erat, de ullo negotio abnuere audebat : ceteriim 
 supplementum etiam Isetus decreverat ; quia neque 
 plebi militia volenti putabatur, et Marius aut belli 
 usum aut studia vulgi amissurus. Sed ea res frustra 
 sperata : tanta libido cum Mario eundi plerosque in- 
 vaserat. 4. Sese quisque praeda locupletem fore, vic- 
 torem domum rediturum, alia hujuscemodi animis 
 trahebant, et eos non pauliim oratione sua Marius 
 
JUQUETHA. 66 
 
 arrexerat. 5. Nam postquam, omnibus, quae postu- 
 laverat, decretis, milites scribere vult, hortandi causa, 
 simul et nobilitatem, uti consueverat, exagitandi, con- 
 cionem populi advocavit ; deinde hoc modo disseruit. 
 LXXXV. "Scio ego, Quirites, plerosque non 
 iisdem artibus imperium a vobis petere, et, postquam 
 adepti sunt, gerere : primo industrios, supplices, modi- 
 cos esse ; deinde per ignaviam et superbiam setatem 
 agere. 2. Sed mihi contra ea videtur : nam quo plu- 
 ris est, universa respublica quam consulatus aut prae- 
 tura, eo majore cura illam administrari, quam lisec 
 peti, debere. 3. Neque me fallit, quantum cum maxi- 
 mo beneficio vestro negotii sustineam. Bellum parare 
 simul, et aerario parcere ; cogere ad militiam eos, quos 
 nolis offendere ; domi forisque omnia curare ; et ea 
 agere inter invidos, occuraantes, factiosos, opinione, 
 Quirites, asperius est. 4. Ad hoc alii si deliquere, 
 vetus nobilitas, majorum fortia facta, cognatorum et 
 affinium opes, multae clientela?, omnia haec praesidio 
 adsunt : mihi spes omnes in memet sitae, quas necesse 
 est et virtute et innocentia tutari ; nam alia infirma 
 sunt. 5. Et illud intelligo, Quirites, omnium ora in 
 me conversa esse : aequos bonosque favere, quippe 
 benefacta mea reipublicae procedunt ; nobilitatem lo- 
 cum invadendi quaerere. 6. Quo mihi acriiis adni- 
 tendum est, ut neque vos capiamini, et illi frustra sint. 
 7. Ita ad hoc aetatis a pueritia fui, ut omnes labores, 
 pericula consueta habeam. 8. Quae ante vestra bene- 
 ficia gratuito faciebam, ea uti, accepta mercede, dese- 
 ram, non est consilium, Quirites. 9. Illis diflScile est 
 in potestatibus temperare, qui per ambitionem sese 
 probos simulajere : mihi, qui omnem aetatem in opti- 
 
70 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 mis artibus egi, bene facere jam ex eonsuetudine in 
 naturam vertit. 10. Bellum me gerere cnm Jugurtha 
 jussistis ; quam rem nobilitas segerrime tulit. Quseso, 
 repntate cum animis vestris, num id mutari melius sit, 
 si quem ex illo globo nobilitatis ad hoc aut aliud tale 
 negotium mittatis, hominem veteris prosapise ac mul- 
 tarum imaginum et nullius stipendii, scilicet ut in 
 tanta re ignarus omnium trepidet, festinet, sumat ali- 
 quem ex populo monitorem officii sui. 11. Ita plerim- 
 que evenit, ut, quem vos imperatorem jussistis, is sibi 
 imperatorem alium quserat. 12. Atque ego scio, 
 Quirites, qui, postquam consules facti sunt, acta ma- 
 jorum et Grsecorum militaria prsecepta legere coepe- 
 rint ; prseposteri homines ; nam gerere quam fieri 
 tempore posterius, re atque usu prius est. 13. Com- 
 parate nunc, Quirites, cum illorum superbia me homi- 
 nem novum. Quae illi audire et legere solent, eorum 
 partem vidi, alia egomet gessi : quae illi litteris, ea 
 ego militando didici. 14. Nunc vos existimate, facta 
 an dicta pluris sint. Contemnunt novitatem meam ; 
 ego illorum ignaviam : mihi fortuna, illis probra ob- 
 jectantur. 15. Quamquam ego naturam unam et 
 communem omnium existimo, sed fortissimum quem- 
 que generosissimum. 16. Ac si jam ex patribus 
 Albini aut Bestise quseri posset, ' mene an illos ex se 
 . gigni maluerint,' quid responsuros creditis, nisi, ' sese 
 liberos quam optimos voluisse?' 17. Quod si jure 
 me despiciunt, faciant idem majoribus suis, quibus, 
 uti mihi, ex virtute nobilitas coepit. 18. Invident 
 honori meo ; ergo invideant labori, innocentise, peri- 
 culis etiam meis, quoniam per haec ilium cepi. 19. Ye- 
 rilm homines corrupti superbia ita aetatem agunt, quasi 
 
JTJGURTH A. 71 
 
 vestros honores contemn ant ; it a hos petunt, quasi 
 honeste vixerint. 20. Nse illi falsi sunt, qui diversis- 
 simas res pariter exspectant, ignaviae voluptatem et 
 prsemia virtutis. 21. Atque etiam quum apud vos 
 aut in senatu, verba faciunt, pleraque oratione majores 
 6U0S extoUunt ; eorum fartia facta memorando clariores 
 sese putant : quod contra est. 22. Xam quanto vita 
 illorum prseclarior, tanto horum socordia flagitiosior. 
 23. Et profecto ita se res habet : majorum gloria pos- 
 teris quasi lumen est ; neque bona eorum neque mala 
 in occulto patitur. 24. Hujusce rei ego inopiam pa- 
 tior, Quirites ; verum, id quod multo praeclarius est, 
 meamet facta mihi dicere licet. 25. Nunc videte, 
 quam iniqui sint. Quod ex aliena virtute sibi arro- 
 gant, id mihi ex mea non concedunt ; scilicet, quia 
 imagines non habeo, et quia mihi nova nobilitas est, 
 quam certe peperisse melius est, quam acceptam cor- 
 rupisse. 26. Equidem ego non ignoro, si jam mihi 
 respondei-e velint, abunde illis facundam et composi- 
 tam orationem fore. Sed in maximo vestro beneficio, 
 quum omnibus locis me vosque maledictis lacerent, 
 non placuit reticere, ne quis modestiam in conscien- 
 tiam duceret. 27. Nam me quidem, ex animi mei 
 sententia, nulla oratio Isedere potest : quippe vera 
 necesse est bene praedicet, falsam vita moresque mei 
 superant. 28. Sed quoniam vestra consilia accusantur, 
 qui mihi summum honorem et maximum negotium 
 imposuistis, etiam atque etiam reputate, num eorum 
 poenitendum sit. 29. Non possum, fidei causa ima- 
 gines, neque triumphos aut consulatus majorum meo- 
 rum ostentare ; at, si res postulet, hastas, vexillum, 
 phaleras, alia militaria dona ; prseterea cicatrices ad- 
 
7§^ C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 verso corpore. 30. Hse sunt mese imagines, haec • 
 nobilitas, non hsereditate relicta, ut ilia illis, sed 
 quae egomet plurimis laboribus et periculis qusesivi. 
 31. Non sunt composita mea verba ; parum id facio ; 
 ipsa se virtus satis ostendit : illis artificio opus est, 
 ut turpia facta oratione tegai^t. 32. Neque litteras 
 Grsecas didici: parum placebat eas discere, quippe 
 quae ad virtutem doctoribus nihil profuerunt. 33. At 
 ilia multo optima reipublicae doctus sum, hostem 
 ferire, prsesidia agitare, nihil metuere nisi turpem fa- 
 mam, hiemem et sestatem juxta pati, humi requies- 
 cere, eodem tempore inopiam et laborem tolerare. 
 34. His ego prseceptis milites hortabor, neque illos 
 arte colam, me opulenter ; neque gloriam meam la- 
 borem illorum faciam. Hoc est utile, hoc civile im- 
 perium. 35. Namque, quum tute per moUitiem agas, 
 exercitum supplicio cogere, id est dominum, non im- 
 peratorem esse. 36. Ha^c atque talia majores vestri 
 faciendo seque remque publicam celebravere. 37. Quis 
 nobilitas freta, ipsa dissimilis moribus, nos, illorum 
 semulos, contemnit ; et omnes honores, non ex merito, 
 sed quasi debitos, a vobis repetit. 38. Ceterum homi- 
 nes superbissimi procul errant. Majores eorum om- 
 nia, quae licebat, illis reliquere, divitias, imagines, 
 memoriam sui prseclaram : virtutem non reliquere ; 
 neque poterant : ea sola neque datur dono, neque ac- 
 cipitur. 39. ' Sordidum me et incultis moribus ' aiunt, 
 quia parum scite convivium exorno, neque histrionera 
 ullum, neque pluris pretii coqiium quam villicum 
 habeo. 40. Quae mihi libet confiteri, Quirites, nam 
 ex parente meo, et ex aliis Sanctis viris ita accepi, 
 munditias mulieribus, viris laborem convenire ; omni- 
 
JUGURTHA. 73 
 
 biisque bonis oportere plus gloriae quam divitiarum 
 esse ; arma, non supellectilem decori esse. 41. Quin 
 ergo, quod juvat, quod carum sestimant, id semper 
 faciant ; anient, potent : ubi adolescentiam liab'uere, 
 ibi senectutem agant, in conviviis, dediti ventri et 
 turpissimae parti corporis : sudorem, pulverem, et alia 
 talia relinquant nobis, quibus ilia epulis jucundiora 
 sunt. 42. Verum non est ita: nam ubi se flagitiis 
 dedeeoravere turpissimi viri, bonorum prsemia erep- 
 tum eunt. 43. Ita injustissime luxuria et ignavia, 
 pessimae artes, illis, qui coluere eas, nihil officiunt, 
 reipublicse innoxiae cladi sunt. 44. Nunc, quoniam 
 illis, quantum mores mei, non illorum flagitia posce- 
 bant, respondi, pauca de republica loquar. 45. Pri- 
 miim omnium de Xumidia bonum habete animum, 
 Quirites. Nam quae ad hoc tempus Jugurtham tutata 
 sunt, omnia removistis, avaritiam, imperitiam, super- 
 biam. 46. Deinde exercitus ibi est locoruni sciens ; 
 sed mehercule magis strenuus quam felix ; nam magna 
 pars ejus avaritia aut temeritate ducum attrita est. 
 47. Quamobrem vos, quibus militaris est aetas, adniti- 
 mini mecum, et capessite rempublicam : neque quem- 
 quam ex calamitate aliorum aut imperatorum super- 
 bia metus ceperit. Egomet in agmine, in proelio, 
 consultor idem et socius periculi, vobiscum adero; 
 meque vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram. 48. Et 
 profecto, diis juvantibus, omnia matura sunt, victoria, 
 proeda, laus : quae si dubia aut procul essent, tamen 
 omnes bonos reipublicae subvenire decebat. 49. Ete- 
 nim ignavia nemo immortalis factus, neque quisquam 
 parens liberis, uti aeterni forent, optavit ; magis, uti 
 boni honestique vitam exigerent. 60. Plura dicerem, 
 4 
 
74 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 Quirites, si timidis virtutem verba adderent; nam 
 strenuis abunde dictum puto." 
 
 LXXXYL Hujuscemodi oratione habita, Marius 
 postqnam plebis animos arrectos videt, propere com- 
 meatu, stipendio, armis, aliis utilibus naves onerat : 
 cum his A. Manlium legatum proficisci jubet. 2. Ipse 
 interea milites scribere, non more majorum, neque ex 
 classibus, sed uti cuj usque libido erat, capite censos 
 plerosque. 3. Id factum alii inopia bonorum, alii per 
 ambitionem consulis memorabant, quod ab eo genere 
 celebratus auctusque erat, et homini potentiam quae- 
 renti egentissimus quisque opportunissimus, cui neque 
 sua curae, quippe quae nulla sunt, et omnia cum pretio 
 honesta videntur. 4. Igitur Marius cum aliquanto 
 majore numero, quam decretum erat, in Africam pro- 
 fectus, paucis diebus Uticam advebitur. 5. Exercitus 
 ei traditur a P. Rutilio legato : nam Metellus con- 
 spectum Marii fugerat, ne videret ea, quae audita ani- 
 mus tolerare nequiverat. 
 
 LXXXVn. Sed consul, expletis legionibus cohorti- 
 busque auxiliariis, in agrum fertilem et praeda onustum 
 proficiscitur, omnia ibi capta militibus donat, dein cas- 
 tella et oppida natura et viris parum munita aggredi- 
 tur ; proelia multa, ceteriim levia, alia aliis locis facere. 
 2. Interim novi milites sine metu pugnae adesse, videre 
 fugientes capi aut occidi, fortissimum quemque tutis- 
 simum, armis libertatem, patriam parentesque et alia 
 omnia tegi, gloriam atque divitias quaeri. 3. Sic brevi 
 spatio novi veteresque coaluere, et virtus omnium 
 aequalis facta. 4. At reges, ubi de adventu Marii 
 cognoverunt, diversi in locos difficiles abeunt. Ita 
 Jugurthae placuerat, speranti mox eflfusos liostes invadi 
 
JUGURTHA. 75 
 
 posse, Eomanos, sicuti plerosque, remoto metu, laxiiis 
 licentiusqne futuros. 
 
 LXXXYIIL Metelliis interea Eomam profectus, 
 contra spem suam laetissimis animis excipitur, plebi 
 patribusque, postquam invidia decesserat, juxta carus. 
 2. Sed Marius impigre prudenterque suorum et hos- 
 tiuin res pariter attendere, cognoscere quid boni utris- 
 que aut contra esset, explorare itinera regiim, consilia 
 et insidias antevenire, nihil apud se remissum neque 
 apud illos tutum pati. 3. Itaque et Gsetulos et Ju- 
 gurtham, ex sociis nostris praedas agentes, saepe ag- 
 gressus in itinere fuderat, ipsumque regem baud procul 
 ab oppido Cirta armis exuerat. 4. Quae postquam 
 gloriosa modo, neque belli patrandi cognovit, statuit 
 urbes, quae viris aut loco pro hostibus et adversum se 
 opportunissimae erant, singulas circumvenire : ita Ju- 
 gurtliam aut praesidiis nudatum, si ea pateretur, aut 
 proelio certaturum. 5. Nam Bocchus nuntios ad eum 
 saepe miserat, ' velle populi Eomani amicitiam ; ne 
 quid ab se hostile timeret.' 6. Id simulaveritne, quo 
 improvisus gravior accideret, an mobilitate ingenii 
 pacem atque bellum mutare solitus, parum explora- 
 tum est. 
 
 LXXXIX. Sed consul, uti statuerat, oppida cas- 
 tellaque munita adire ; partim vi, alia metu aut praemia 
 ostentando, avertere ab hostibus. 2. Ac primo medio- 
 cria gerebat, existimans Jugurtham ob suos tutandos 
 in manus ventm'um. 3. Sed ubi ilium procul abesse, 
 et aliis negotiis intentum accepit, majora et magis 
 aspera aggredi tempus visum est. 4. Erat inter in- 
 gentes solitudines oppidum magnum atque valens, 
 nomine Capsa, cujus conditor Hercules Libys memora- 
 
76 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 batur. Ejus cives apud Jugurtham immunes, levi 
 imperio, et ob ea fidelissimi habebantur ; muniti ad- 
 versum hostes non moenibus modo et armis atque 
 viris, verum etiam multo magis locorum asperitatc. 
 5. Nam, prseter oppido propinqua, alia omnia vasta, 
 inculta, egentia aquse, infesta serpentibus, quorum vis, 
 sicuti omnium ferarum, inopia cibi acrior ; ad hoc 
 natura serpentium, ipsa perniciosa, siti magis quam 
 ab'a re accenditur. 6. Ejus potiundi Marium maxima 
 cupido invaserat, quum propter usum belli, tum quia 
 res aspera videbatur, et Metellus oppidum Thalam 
 magna gloria ceperat, baud dissimiliter situm muni- 
 tumque, nisi quod apud Thalam non longe a moenibus 
 aliquot fontes erant, Capsenses una modo, atque ea 
 intra oppidum, jugi aqua, cetera pluvia utebantur. 
 7. Id ibique et in omni Africa, quse procul a mari in- 
 cultiis agebat, eo facilius tolerabatur, quia Numidae 
 plerumque lacte et ferina carne vescebantur, et neque 
 salem neque alia irritanienta gulae quaerebant : 8. cibus 
 illis adversum famem atque sitim, non libidini neque 
 luxurise erat. 
 
 XC. Igitur consul, omnibus exploratis, credo, dis 
 fretus ; (nam contra tantas difficultates consilio satis 
 providere non poterat ; quippe etiam frumenti inopiS 
 tentabatur, quod Numidae pabulo pecoris magis quam 
 arvo student, et quodcumque natum fuerat, jussu regis 
 in loca munita contulerant ; ager' autem aridus et fru- 
 gum vacuus ea tempestate, nam jestatis extremum 
 erat) ; tamen pro rei copia satis providenter exornat : 
 2. pecus omne, quod superioribus diebus praedae fuerat, 
 equitibus auxiliariis agendum attribuit : A. Manlium 
 legatum cum cohortibus expeditis ad oppidum Lares, 
 
JUOURTHA. 77 
 
 ubi stipendinm et commeatiim locaverat, ire jubet, 
 dicitque ' se praedabiindum post paucos dies eodem 
 venturum.' Sic incepto suo occiiltato, pergit ad flu- 
 men Tanam. 
 
 XCI. Ceterum in itinere quotidie pecus exercitui 
 per centurias, item turmas oequaliter distribiierat, et, 
 ex coriis utres iiti fierent, curabat : simul et inopiam 
 frumenti lenire, et, ignaris omnibus, parare, quae mox 
 Usui forent. Denique sexto die, quum ad flumen ven- 
 tum est, maxima vis utrium eftecta. 2. Ibi castris 
 levi munimento positis, railites cibum capere, atque, 
 uti simul cum occasu solis egrederentur, paratos esse 
 jubet, omnibus sarcinis abjectis, aqua raodo seque et 
 jumenta onerare. 3. Dein, postquam tempus visum, 
 castris egreditur, noctemque totam itinere facto, con- 
 sedit: idem proxima facit. Dein tertia multo ante 
 lucis adventum pervenit in locum tumulosum, ab 
 Capsa non ampliiis duum millium intervallo, ibique, 
 qiiam occultissime potest, cum omnibus copiis opperi- 
 tur. 4. Sed ubi dies ccepit, et Numidae, nihil hostile 
 metuentes, multi oppido egressi, repente omnem equi- 
 tatum, et cum his velocissimos pedites cursu tendere 
 a>d Capsam, et portas obsidere jubet: deinde ipse in- 
 tentus propere sequi, neque milites pra^dari sinere. 
 5. Quai postquam opi^idani cognovere, res trepida?, 
 metus ingens, malum improvisum, ad hoc pars civium 
 extra moenia in hostium potestate, coegere, uti dedi- 
 tionem facerent. 6. Ceterim oppidum incensum, 
 Xumidc"e puberes interfecti, alii omnes venum dati, 
 prieda militibus divisa. 7. Id facinus contra jus belli 
 non avaritia neque scelere consulis admissum : sed 
 quia locus Jugurthae opportunus, nobis aditu difficilis ; 
 
78 C. CRISPI SALLrSTII 
 
 genus hominum mobile, infidum ante, neque beneficio 
 neque metu coercitum. 
 
 XCII. Postquam tantam rem Marins sine nllo 
 snoriim incommodo patravit, magnus et clarus antea, 
 major et clarior haberi coepit. 2. Omnia, non bene 
 consulta modo, verum etiam casu data in virtutem 
 traliebantm' ; milites, modesto imperio habiti, simul 
 et locupletes, ad coelum ferre ; Numidse magis quam 
 mortalem timere ; postremo omnes, socii atque hostes, 
 credere illi aut mentem divinam esse, aut deorum 
 nutu cuncta portendi. 3. Sed consul, ubi ea res bene 
 evenit,'ad alia oppida pergit: pauca, repugnantibus 
 Numidis, capit, plura, deserta propter Capsensium 
 miserias, igni corrumpit: luctu atque csede omnia 
 complentur. 4. Denique multis locis potitus, ac pleris- 
 que exercitu incruento, aliam rem aggreditur, non 
 eadem asperitate, qua Capsensium, ceterum baud 
 secus difficilem. 5. Namque baud longe a flumine 
 Mulucba, quod Jugurtbse Boccbique regnum disjun- 
 gebat, erat inter ceteram planitiem mons saxeus, 
 mediocri castello satis patens, in immensum editus, 
 uno perangusto aditu relicto ; nam omnis natm^a, 
 velut opere atque consulto, prseceps. 6. Quem locum 
 Marius, quod ibi regis tbesauri erant, summa vi capere 
 intendit. Sed ea res forte, quam consilio, melius gesta. 
 
 7. Nam castello virorum atque armorum satis, magna 
 vis frumenti et fons aquse ; aggeribus turribusque et 
 aliis macbinationibus locus importunus ; iter castel- 
 lanorum angustum admodum, utrimque prsecisum. 
 
 8. Vineas cum ingenti periculo frustr^ agebantur ; 
 nam quum ese paulum processerant, igni aut lapidi- 
 bus corrumpebantur : 9. milites neque pro opere con- 
 
JUGUKTHA. 79 
 
 sistere, propter iniquitatera loci, neque inter vineas 
 sine periculo administrare : optimus qnisque cadere 
 aut sauciari, ceteris metus angeri. 
 
 XCin. At Marius, multis diebus et laboribus con- 
 sumjDtis, anxius trahere cum animo suo, omitteretne 
 inceiDtum, quoniam frustra erat, an fortunam opperire- 
 tur, qua ssepe prospere usus fuerat. 2. Quae qnum 
 multos dies noctesque sestuans agitaret, forte qnidam 
 Ligus, ex cohortibus auxiliariis miles gregarius, cas- 
 tris aquatum egressus, hand procul ab latere castelli, 
 quod aversum proeliantibus erat, animum advertit in- 
 ter saxa repentes coclileas : quarnm quum nnam atque 
 alteram, dein plures peteret, studio legend! paulatim 
 prope ad summum montis egressus est. 3. Ubi post- 
 quam solitudinem intellexit, more ingenii humani 
 cupido difficilia faciendi animum vertit. 4. Et forte 
 in eo loco grandis ilex coaluerat inter saxa, paululiim 
 modo prona, deinde flexa atque aucta in altitudinem, 
 quo cuncta gignentium natura fert : cujus ramis modo, 
 modo eminentibus saxis nisus Ligus, in castelli plani- 
 tiem pervenit, quod cuncti Numidse intenti proelianti- 
 bus aderant. 5. Exploratis omnibus, qu£e mox usui fore 
 ducebat, eadem regreditur, non temere, uti escende- 
 rat, sed tentans omnia et circumspiciens. 6. Itaque 
 Marium propere adit, acta edocet; hortatur, ab ea 
 parte, qua ipse escenderat, castellum tentet ; poUice- 
 tur sese itineris periculique ducem. 7. Marius cum 
 Ligure, promissa ejus cognitum, ex prsesentibus misit; 
 quorum uti cuiusque ingenium erat, ita rem difScilem 
 aut facilem nuntiavere. Consulis animus tamen pau- 
 lum arrectus. 8. Itaque ex copia tubicinum et corni- 
 cinum numero quinque quam velocissimos delegit, et 
 
80 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 cum his, prsesidio qui forent, quatuor ceuturiones, 
 omnesque Liguri parere jubet, et ei negotio proxiinum 
 diem constituit. 
 
 XCIY. Sed ubi ex prsecepto tempiis visum, para- 
 tis compositisque omnibus ad locum pergit. Ceterum 
 illi, qui ascensuri erant, prsedocti ab duce, arma orna- 
 tumque mutaverant, capite atque pedibus nudis, uti 
 prospectus nisusque per saxa facilius foret : super 
 terga gladii et scuta, verum ea Numidica ex coriis, 
 ponderis gratia simul, et offensa quo levius streperent. 
 2. Igitur prsegrediens Ligus saxa, et si quae vetustato 
 radices eminebant, laqueis vinciebat, quibus allevati 
 milites facilius escenderent : interdum timidos inso- 
 lentia itineris levare manu : ubi paulo asperior ascen- 
 sus erat, singulos prae se inermes mittere, deinde ipse 
 cum illorum armis sequi : quae dubia nisu videbantur, 
 potissimus tentare, ac saepius eadem ascendens de- 
 scendensque, dein statim digrediens, ceteris audaciam 
 addere. 3. Igitur, diu multumque fatigati, tandem in 
 castellum perveniunt, desertum ab ea parte, quod 
 omnes, sicuti aliis diebus, adversum hostes aderant. 
 Marius, ubi ex nuntiis, quae Ligus egerat, cognovit, 
 quamquam toto die intentos proelio Numidas habue- 
 rat, tum vero cohortatus milites, et ipse extra vineas 
 egressus, testudine acta succedere, et simul hostem 
 tormentis sagittariisque et funditoribus eminus terrere. 
 4. At Numidae, saepe antea vineis Eomanorum sub- 
 versis, item incensis, non castelli moenibus sese tuta- 
 bantur ; sed pro muro dies noctesque agitare, maledi- 
 cere Eomanis, ac Mario vecordiam objectare, militi- 
 bus nostris Jugurthae servitium minari, secundis rebus 
 feroces esse. 6. Interim omnibus Romanis hostibus- 
 
JUaUBTHA. 81-^ 
 
 que, prselio intentis, magna utriinque vi pro gloria 
 atque imperio his, illis pro salute certantibus, repente 
 a tergo signa canere : ac primo mulieres et pueri, qui 
 yisum processerant, fugere ; deinde, uti quisque muro 
 proximus erat, postreino cuncti, armati inermesque. 
 
 6. Quod ubi accidit, eo acrius Eomani iustare, fun- 
 dere, ac plerosque tantummodo sauciare ; dein super 
 occisorum corpora vadere, avidi glorise certantes inu- 
 rum petere, neque quemquam omnium prseda morari. 
 
 7. Sic forte correcta Marii temeritas gloriam ex culpa 
 invenit. 
 
 XCy. Ceterura dum ea res geritur, L. Sulla quaestor 
 cum magno equitatu in castra venit : quos uti ex Latio 
 et a sociis cogeret, Romse relictus erat. 2. Sed quo- 
 niam nos tanti viri res admonuit, idoneum visum est, 
 de natura cul tuque ejus paucis dicere : neque enim 
 alio loco de SuUae rebus dicturi sumus, et L. Sisenna 
 optime et diligentissime omnium, qui eas res dixere, 
 persecutus parum mihi libero ore locutus videtur. 
 3. Igitur Sulla gentis patricise nobilis fuit, familia 
 prope jam exstincta majorum ignavia : litteris Grsecis 
 ac Latinis juxta, atque doctissime, eruditus ; animo 
 ingenti, cupidus voluptatum, sed glorise cupidior, otio 
 luxurioso esse ; tamen ab negotiis nunquam voluptas 
 remorata, nisi quod de uxore potuit honestius consuli : 
 facundus, callidus, et amicitia facilis : ad simulanda 
 negotia altitudo ingenii incredibilis : multarum rerum 
 ac maxime pecuniae largitor. 4. Atque illi felicissimo 
 omnium ante civilem victoriam, nunquam super in- 
 dustriam fortuna fuit ; multique dubitavere, fortior 
 an felicior esset: nam, postea quae fecerit, incertum 
 liabeo, pudeat magis, an pigeat disserere. 
 4* 
 
82 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 XC VI. Igitiir Sulla, ut supra dictum est, postquani 
 in Africam atque in castra Marii cum equitatu venit, 
 rudis antea et ignarus belli, solertissimus omnium in 
 paucis tempestatibus factus est. 2. Ad hoc milites 
 benigne appellare ; multis rogantibus, aliis per se ipse 
 dare beneficia, invitus accipere, sed ea properantius 
 quam ses mutuum, reddere, ipse ab nuUo repetere, 
 magis id laborare, ut illi quam plurimi deberent; joca 
 atque seria cum humillimis agere ; 3. in operibus, in 
 agmine atque ad vigilias multus adesse, neque in- 
 terim, quod prava ambitio solet, consulis aut cujus- 
 quam boni famam Isedere, tantummodo neque consilio 
 neque manu priorem alium pati, plerosque antevenire. 
 4. Quis rebus et artibus brevi Mario militibusque 
 carissimus factus. 
 
 XCYII. At Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam 
 aliosque locos munitos et sibi utiles, simul et magnam 
 pecuniam amiserat, ad Bocclium nuntios mittit, ' quam 
 primum in Numidiam copias adduceret ; proelii fa- 
 ciendi tempus adesse.' 2. Quem ubi cunctari accepit, 
 et dubium belli atque pacis rationes trahere, rursus, 
 uti antea, proximos ejus donis corrumpit, ipsique 
 Mauro poUicetur ISTumidise partem tertiam, si aut Eo- 
 mani Africa expulsi, aut, integris suis finibus, bellum 
 compositum foret. 3. Eo prsemio illectus Boccbus 
 cum magna multitudine Jugurtbam accedit. Ita am- 
 borum exercitu conjuncto, Marium jam in hiberna 
 proficiscentem, vix decima parte die reliqua, invadunt, 
 rati noctem, quoe jam aderat, et victis sibi munimento 
 fore, et, si vicissent, nullo impedimento, quia locorum 
 scientes erant; contr^ Eomanis utrumque casum in 
 tenebris difficiliorem fore. 4. Igitur simul consul ex 
 
JUGURTHA. 83 
 
 multis de hostium adventu cognovit, et ipsi hostes 
 aderant ; et priusquam exercitus aut instrui, aut sar- 
 cinas coUigere, denique antequam signiim aut im- 
 perium iillum accii)ere quivit, equites Mauri atque 
 Gaetuli, non acie neque ullo more proelii, sed caterva- 
 tim, uti quosque fors conglobaverat, in nostros incur- 
 runt. 5. Qui omnes trepidi improviso metu, ac tamen 
 virtutes memores, aut arma capiebant, aut capientea 
 alios ab hostibus defensabant : pars equos ascendere, 
 obviam h'e hostibus : pugna latrocinio magis quam 
 proelio similis fieri : sine signis, sine ordinibus equites 
 pedites permixti csedere alios, alios obtruncare ; mul- 
 tos, contra adversos acerrime pugnantes, ab tergo cir- 
 cumvenire : neque virtus neque arma satis tegere, 
 quod hostes numero plures et undique circumfusi 
 erant. Denique Eomani veteres et ob ea scientes 
 belli, si quos locus aut casus conjunxerat, orbes facere, 
 atque ita ab omnibus partibus simul tecti et instruct! 
 hostium vim sustentabant. 
 
 XCYIII. IS'eque in eo tam aspero negotio Marius 
 territus, aut magis quam antea demisso animo fuit; 
 sed cum turma sua, quam ex fortissimis magis quam 
 familiarissimis paraverat, vagari passim, ac modo 
 laborantibus suis succurrere, modo hostes, ubi confer- 
 tissimi obstiterant, invadere ; manu consulere militi- 
 bus, quoniam imperare, conturbatis omnibus, non 
 poterat. 2. Jamque dies consumptus erat, quum ta- 
 men barbari nihil remittere, atque, uti reges prsecepe- 
 rant, noctem pro se rati, acrius instare. 3. Tum Ma- 
 rius ex copia rerum consilium trahit, atque, uti suis 
 receptui locus esset, coUes duos propinquos inter se 
 occupat, quorum in uno, castris parum amplo, fons 
 
84 C. CRISPI SALLTTSTII 
 
 aquse magnus erat, alter usui opportunus quia magna 
 parte editus et prseceps pauca munimenta quserebat. 
 4. Ceterum apud aquam SuUam cum equitibus noc- 
 tem agitare jubet : ipse paulatim disperses milites, 
 neque miniis hostibus conturbatis, in unum contrahit, 
 dein cunctos pleno gradu in coUem subducit. 5. Ita 
 reges, loci difficultate coacti, proelio deterrentur ; ne- 
 que tamen suos longius abire sinunt, sed, utroque colle 
 multitudine circumdato, effusi consedere. 6. Dein 
 crebris ignibus factis, plerumque noctis barbari suo 
 more laetari, exsultare, strepere vocibus, et ipsi duces 
 feroces, quia non fugerent, pro victoribus agere. 7. Sed 
 ea cuncta Romanis, ex tenebris et editioribus locis 
 facilia visu, magnoque hortamento erant. 
 
 XCIX. Plurimum vero Marius imperitia hostium 
 confirmatus, quam maximum silentium haberi jubet; 
 ne signa quidem, uti per vigilias solebant, canere. 
 Deinde, ubi lux adventabat, defessis jam hostibus et 
 paulo ante somno captis, de improviso vigiles, item 
 cohortium, turmarum, legionum tubicines simul om- 
 nes signa canere, milites clamorem tollere atque portis 
 erumpere. 2. Mauri atque Gsetuli, ignoto et borribili 
 sonitu repente exciti, neque fugere, neque arma ca- 
 pere, neque omnino facere aut providere quidquam 
 poterant : 3. ita cunctos strepitu, clamore, nuUo sub- 
 yeniente, nostris instantibus, tumultu, terrore, formido, 
 quasi vecordia, ceperat. 4. Denique omnes fusi fuga- 
 tique : arma et signa militaria pleraque capta ; plures- 
 que eo proelio quam omnibus superioribus interempti : 
 nam somno et metu insolito impedita fuga. 
 
 C. Dein Marius, uti coeperat, in hiberna proficis- 
 citur, quse propter commeatum in oppidis maritimis 
 
JUGURTHA. 85 
 
 agere decreverat. Neque tamen victoria socors aut 
 insolens factus, sed, pariter ac in conspectu hostium, 
 quadrato agmine iucedere. 2. Sulla cum equitatu 
 apud dextimos, in sinistra A. Manlius cum funditori- 
 bus et sagittariis, prseterea cohortes Ligurum curabat ; 
 primos et extremes cum expeditis manipulis tribunes 
 locaverat. 3. Perfugae, minime cari et regionum 
 scientissimi, hostium iter explorabant. Simul consul, 
 quasi nuUo imposito, omnia providere, apud omnes 
 adesse, laudare, increpare merentes. 4. Ipse armatus 
 intentusque, item milites cogebat ; neque secus, atque 
 iter facere, castra munire, excubitum in porta cohortes 
 ex legionibus, pro castris equites auxiliarios mittere, 
 prseterea alios super vallum in munimentis locare: 
 vigilias ipse circumire, non tam diffidentia futurum, 
 quae imperavisset, quam uti militibus exaequatus cum 
 imperatore labos volentibus esset. 5. Et sane Ma- 
 rius illoque aliisque temporibus Jugurthini belli pu- 
 dore magis quam malo exercitum coercebat : quod 
 multi per ambitionem fieri aiebant, pars, quod a 
 pueritia consuetam duritiam et alia, quae ceteri mise- 
 rias vocant, voluptati habuisset: nisi tamen respub- 
 lica pariter ac saevissimo imperio, bene atque decore 
 gesta. 
 
 CI. Igitur quarto denique die, hand longe ab 
 oppido CirtS undique simul speculatores citi sese 
 ostendunt, qua re liostes adesse intelligitur. 2. Sed 
 quia diversi redeuntes, alius ab alia parte, atque om- 
 nes idem significabant, consul incertus, quonam modo 
 aciem instrueret, nullo ordine commutato, adversum 
 omnia paratus ibidem opperitur. 3. Ita Jugurtham 
 spes frustrata, qui copias in quatuor partes distribuerat, 
 
86 C. CRISPISALLTISTII 
 
 ratus ex omnibus seque aliquos ab tergo hostibus ven- 
 turos. 4. Interim Sulla, quern primum hostes atti- 
 gerant, cohortatus suos, turmatim et quam maxime 
 confertis equis, ipse aliique Mauros invadunt ; ceteri 
 in loco manentes ab jaculis eminus emissis corpora 
 tegere, et, si qui in manus venerant, obtruncare. 
 5. Dum eo modo equites prosliantur, Boccbus cum 
 peditibus, quos Volux filius ejus adduxerat, neque in 
 priore pugna, in itinere morati, adfuerant, postremam 
 Komanorum aciem invadunt. 6. Tum Marius apud 
 primos agebat, quod ibi Jugurtba cum plurimis erat. 
 Dein Nuraida, cognito Bocchi adventu, clam cum 
 paucis ad pedites convertit : ibi Latine (nam apud 
 Numantiam loqui didicerat) exclamat, ' nostros frustra 
 pugnare ; paulo ante Marium sua manu interfectum : ' 
 simul gladium sanguine oblitum ostendere, quern in 
 pugna, satis impigre occiso pedite nostro, cruentave- 
 rat. 7. Quod ubi milites accej)ere, magis atrocitate 
 rei quam fide nuntii terrentur, simulque barbari ani- 
 mos toUere, et in perculsos Romanos acriiis incedere. 
 8. Jamque paulum ab fuga aberant, quum Sulla, pro- 
 fligatis iis, quos adversum ierat, rediens ab latere 
 Mauris incurrit. Bocchus statim avertitur. 9. At 
 Jugurtha, dum sustentare suos et prope jam adeptam 
 victoriam retinere cupit, circumventus ab equitibus, 
 dextra, sinistra omnibus occisis, solus inter tela lios- 
 tium vitabundus erumpit. 10. Atque interim Marius, 
 fugatis equitibus, accurrit auxilio suis, quos pelli jam 
 acceperat. 11. Denique hostes jam undique fusi. 
 Tum spectaculum liorribile in campis patentibus : 
 sequi, fugere, occidi, capi ; equi atque viri afflicti, ac 
 multi, vulneribus acceptis, neque fugere posse, neque 
 
JUGURTHA. 87 
 
 quietem pati ; niti modo, ac statim concidere : pos- 
 tremo omnia, qua visus erat, constrata telis, armis^ 
 cadaveribus, et inter ea humus infecta sanguine. 
 
 CII. Postea loci consul, hand dubie jam victor, 
 pervenit in oppidum Cirtam, quo initio profectus in- 
 tenderat. 2. Eo post diem quintum, quam iterum 
 barbari male pugnaverant, legati a Boccho veniunt, 
 qui regis verbis ab Mario petivere, ' duos quam fidis- 
 simos ad eum mitteret : velle de suo et de populi 
 Romani commodo cum iis disserere.' 3. Ille statim 
 L. SuUam et A. Manlium ire jubet. Qui quamquam 
 acciti ibant, tamen placuit verba aj^ud regem facere, 
 uti ingenium aut aversum flecterent, aut cupidum 
 pacis vehementius accenderent. 4. Itaque Sulla, cu- 
 jus facundiae, non setati a Manlio concessum, pauca 
 verba hujuscemodi locutus : 
 
 5. " Eex Bocclie, magna nobis laetitia est, quum 
 te talem virum di monuere, uti aliquando pacem quam 
 bellum malles ; neu te optimum cum pessimo omnium 
 Jugurtha miscendo commaculares ; simul nobis de- 
 meres acerbam necessitudinem, pariter te errantem et 
 ilium sceleratissimum persequi. 6. Ad hoc populo 
 Romano jam a principio melius visum, amicos quam 
 servos quserere : tutiusquerati, volentibus quam coactis 
 imperitare. 7. Tibi vero nulla opportunior nostra 
 amicitia : primum quod procul absumus, in quo of- 
 fensse minimum, gratia par, ac si prope adessemus : 
 dein, quod parentes abunde habemus, amicorum ne- 
 que nobis neque cuiquam omnium satis fuit. 8. Atque 
 hoc utinam a principio tibi placuisset ! Profecto ex 
 populo Romano ad hoc tempus multo plura bona ac- 
 cepisses, quam mala perpessus es. 9. Sed quoniam 
 
85' 
 
 CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 humanainim rerum Fortuna pleraque regit, cui scilicet 
 placuisse te et vim et gratiara nostram experiri, nunc, 
 quando per illam licet, festina, atque, nti coepisti, 
 perge. 10. Multa atque opportuna habes, quo fa- 
 ciliiis errata officiis superes. 11. Postremo hoc in 
 pectus tuum demitte, nunquam populum Romanum 
 beneficiis victum esse ; nam, bello quid valeat, tute 
 scis." 
 
 12. Ad ea Bocchus placide et benigne ; simul pauca 
 pro delicto suo verba facit : ' Se non hostili animo, 
 sed ob regnum tutandum arma cepisse : 13. nam Xu- 
 midisa partem, unde vi Jugurtham expulerit, jure belli 
 suam lactam ; earn vastari a Mario pati nequiWsse : 
 prseterea, missis antea Romam legatis, repulsum ab 
 amicitia. 14. Ceterum vetera omittere, ac tum, si 
 per Mariiim liceret, legatos ad senatum missurum.' 
 15. Dein, copia facta, animus barbari ab amicis flexus, 
 quos Jiigurtba, cognita legatione Sullse et Manlii, 
 metuens id, quod parabatur, donis corruperat. 
 
 cm. Marius interea, exercitu in hibemis compo- 
 sito, cum expeditis coliortibus et parte equitatus 
 proficiscitur in loca sola, obsessum turrim regiam, 
 quo Jugurtha perfugas omnes praesidium imposuerat. 
 2. Tum rursus Bocchus, seu reputando, quae sibi 
 duobus proeliis venerant, seu admonitus ab aliis ami- 
 cis, quos incorruptos Jugurtha reliquerat, ex omni 
 copia necessariorum quinque delegit, quorum et fides 
 cognita, et ingenia validissima erant. 3. Eos ad Ma- 
 rium, ac deinde, si placeat, Eomam legatos ire jubet; 
 agendarum rerum, et quocumque modo belli compo- 
 nendi licentiam ipsis permittit. 4. Dli mature ad 
 hiberna Romanonma proficiscuntur : deinde in itinere 
 
JUGURTHA. 89 
 
 a Grsetulis latronibus circumventi spoHatique, pavidi, 
 sine decore ad SuUam profiigiuntj quem consul in ex- 
 peditionem proficiscens pro praetore reliqiierat. 5. Eos 
 ille non pro vanis hostibus, ut meriti erant, sed accu- 
 rate ac liberaliter habuit ; qua re barbari et famam 
 Romanorum avaritiae falsam, et Sullam, ob munifi- 
 centiam in sese, amicum rati. 6. Nam etiamtum 
 largitio multis ignotaerat; munificus nemo putaba- 
 tur, nisi pariter volens; dona omnia in benignitate 
 habebantur. 7. Igitur qua?stori mandata Bocchi pate- 
 faciunt ; simul ab eo petunt, uti fautor consultorque 
 sibiadsit: copias, lidem, magnitudinem regis sui, et 
 alia, quae aut utilia, aut benevolentiae credebant, ora- 
 tione extollunt : dein, Sulla omnia pollicito, docti, quo 
 modo apud Marium, item apud senatum, verba iace- 
 rent, circiter dies quadraginta ibidem opperiuntur. 
 
 CIV. Marius postquam, confecto negotio, quo in- 
 tenderat, Cirtam redit, de adventu legatorum certior 
 factus, illosque et Sullam venire jubet, item L. Bellie- 
 num praetorem Utica, prteterea omnes undique sena- 
 torii ordinis ; 2. quibuscum mandata Bocchi cognoscit, 
 quis legatis potestas eundi Romam ab consule, interea 
 inducia3 postulabantur. Ea Sullae et plerisque pla- 
 cuere : pauci lerocius decernunt, scilicet ignari hu- 
 manarum rerum, quae fluxae et mobiles semper in 
 adversa mutantur. 3. Ceterum Mauri impetratis om- 
 nibus, tres Romam protecti sunt, cum Cn. Octavio 
 Rufo, qui quaestor stipendium in Africam portaverat : 
 duo ad regem redeunt. Ex his Bocchus quum cetera, 
 tum maxime benignitatem et studium Suite libens 
 accepit. 4. Romae legatis ejus, postquam 'errasse 
 regem, et Jugurthae scelere lapsum,' deprecati sunt, 
 
90 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 amicitiam et foedus petentibus hoc modo respondetur. 
 5. '^Senatus et populus Eomanus beneficii et injuriae 
 memor esse solet : ceterum Boccho, quoniam poenitet, 
 delicti gratiam facit: foedus et amicitia dabuntur, 
 quum meruerit." 
 
 CV. Quis rebus cognitis, Bocclius per litteras a 
 Mario petivit, 'uti Sullaiii ad se mitt^ret, cujus arbi- 
 tratu de communibus negotiis consuleretur.' 2. Is 
 missus cum praesidio equitum atque peditum, item 
 funditorum Balearium : prseterea iere sagittarii et co- 
 hors Peligna cum velitaribus armis, itineris properandi 
 causa ; neque his seciis atque aliis armis adversiim tela 
 hostium, quod ea levia sunt, muniti. 3. Sed in itinere, 
 quinto denique die, Volux, filius Bocchi, repente in 
 campis patentibus cum mille non amplius equitibus 
 sese ostendit ; qui temere et effuse euntes Sullae aliis- 
 que omnibus et numerum ampliorem vero, et hostilem 
 metum efficiebant. 4. Igitur se quisque expedire, arma 
 atque tela tentare, intendere: timor aliquantus, sed 
 spes amplior, quippe victoribus, et adversum eos, 
 quos saepe vicerant. 5. Interim equites exploratum 
 praemissi, rem, uti erat, quietam nuntiant. 
 
 CYI. Yolux adveniens quaestorem appellat dicit- 
 que ' se a patre Boccho obviam illis simul, et praesidio 
 missum.' Deinde eum et proximimi diem sine metu 
 conjuncti eunt. 2. Post, ubi castra locata, et diei 
 vesper erat, repente Maurus incerto vultu, pavens ad 
 SuUam accurrit, dicitque ' sibi ex speculatoribus cog- 
 nitum, Jugurtliam baud procul abesse:' simul, 'uti 
 noctu clam secum profugeret,' rogat atque hortatur. 
 3. Ille animo feroci negat ' se totiens fusum Js^umidam 
 pertimescere : virtuti suorum satis credere : etiam si 
 
JUGUKTHA. 91 
 
 certa pestis adesset, mansui'um potius, qiiam proditis, 
 qiios ducebat, turpi fuga incertse ac forsitan post paulo 
 morbo interiturae vitse parceret.' 4. Ceteruin ab eodem 
 nionitus, ' uti uoctu proficiscerentur,' consilium appro- 
 bat : ac statim ' milites coenatos esse, in castris ignes 
 quam creberrimos fieri, dein prima vigilia silentio 
 egredi' jubet. 5. Jamque nocturno itinere fessis om- 
 nibus, Sulla pariter cum ortu solis castra metabatur, 
 quum equites Mauri nuntiant Jugurtham circiter duum 
 millium intervallo ante consedisse. 6. Quod postquam 
 auditum est, tum vero ingens metus nostros invadit: 
 credere se proditos a Voluce et insidiis circumventos : 
 ac fuere, qui dicerent manu vindicandum, neque apud 
 ilium tantum scelus inultum relinquendum. 
 
 CVII. At Sulla, quamquam eadem existimabat, 
 tamen ab injuria Maurum proliibet. Suos hortatur, 
 ' uti fortem animum gererent : saepe ante paucis 
 strenuis adversum multitudinem bene pugnatum : 
 quanto sibi in prcelio minus pepercissent, tanto tu- 
 tiores fore : nee quemquam decere, qui manus arma- 
 verit, ab inermis pedibus auxilium petere, in maximo 
 metu nudum et caecum corpus ad hostes vertere.' 
 2. Deinde Yolucem, quoniam liostilia faceret, Jovem 
 maximum obtestatus, ut sceleris atque perfidise Boc- 
 chi testis adesset, ex castris abire jubet. 3. lUe lacry- 
 mans orare, 'ne ea crederet: nihil dolo factum, ac 
 magis calliditate Jugurthae, cui, videlicet speculanti, 
 iter suum cognitum esset. 4. Ceterum, quoniam ne- 
 que ingentem multitudinem Iiaberet, et spes opesque 
 ejus ex patre suo penderent, credere ilium nihil palam 
 ausurum, quum ipse filius testis adesset : 5. quare 
 optimum factum videri, per media ejus castra palam 
 
92 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 transire : sese, vel prsemissis, vel ibidem relictis Mau- 
 ris, solum cum Sulla iturum.' 6. Ea res, ut in tali 
 negotio, probata : ac statim profecti, quia de impro- 
 vifio acciderant, dubio atque hsesitante Jugurtha, in- 
 columes transeunt. 7. Deinde paucis diebus, quo ire 
 intenderant, perventum est. 
 
 CVIII. Ibi cum Boccho Numida quidam, Aspar 
 nomine, multum et familiariter agebat ; prsemissus ab 
 Jugurtha, postquam Sullam accitum audierat, orator, 
 et subdole speculatum Bocclii consilia : praeterea Da- 
 bar, Massugradse filius, ex gente Masinissae, ceterum 
 materno genere impar (nam pater ejus ex concubina 
 ortus erat) Mauro ob ingenii multa bona carus ac- 
 ceptusque. 2. Quem Bocchus fidum esse Eomanis 
 multis ante tempestatibus expertus, illico ad Sullam 
 nuntiatum mittit, ' paratum sese facere, quae populus 
 Eomanus vellet : coUoquio diem, locum, tempus ipse 
 deligeret ; consuita sese omnia cum illo Integra habere : 
 neu Jugurtliae legatum pertimesceret ; "^ * quo res 
 communis licentius gereretur; nam ab insidiis ejus 
 aliter caveri nequivisse.' 3. Sed ego comperior Boc- 
 clium magis Punica iide, quam ob ea, quae praedica- 
 bat, simul Romanos et Numidam spe pacis attinuisse, 
 multumque cum animo suo volvere solitum, Jugur- 
 tliam Eomanis, an illi Sullam traderet : libidinem 
 adversum nos, metum pro nobis suasisse. 
 
 CIX. Igitur Sulla respondit, ' pauca coram Aspare 
 locuturum ; cetera occulte, aut nullo aut quam paucis- 
 simis praesentibus ; ' simul edocet, quae sibi responde- 
 rentur. 2. Postquam, sicuti voluerat, congressi, dicit 
 ' se missum a consule venisse quaesitum ab eo, pacem 
 an bellum agitaturus foret.' 3. Tum rex, uti praecep- 
 
JUGURTHA. 98 
 
 turn fuerat, 'post diem decimum redire' jubet ; 'ac 
 nihil etiam nunc decrevisse, sed illo die responsui'um : ' 
 deinde ambo in sua castra digressi. 4. Sed ubi plerum- 
 que noctis processit, Sulla a Boccho occulte arcessi- 
 tur : ab utroque tantummodo fidi interpretes adhiben- 
 tur ; praeterea Dabar internuntius, sanctus vir et ex 
 sententia ambobus : ac statim sic rex incipit : 
 
 ex. " Xunquam ego ratus sum fore, uti rex maxi- 
 mus in hac terra et omnium, quos novi, privato Lomini 
 gratiam deberem. 2. Et, meliercule, Sulla, ante te 
 cognitum, multis orantibus, aliis ultro egomet opem 
 tuli, nuUius indigui. 3. Id imminutum, quod ceteri 
 dolere solent, ego Iffitor : fuerit mihi feguisse aliquando 
 amicitioe tuae, qua.apud animum meum nihil carina 
 habeo. 4. Id adeo experiri licet : arma, viros, pecu- 
 niam, postremo quidquid animo libet, sume, utere: 
 et, quoad vives, nunquam tibi reditam gratiam puta- 
 veris ; semper apud me integra erit : denique nihil, 
 me sciente, frustra voles. 5. Xara, ut ego existimo, 
 regem armis quam munificentia vinci miniis flagitio- 
 sum. 6. Ceteriim de republica vestra, cujus curator 
 hue missus es, paucis accipe. Bellum ego populo 
 Romano neque feci, neque factum unquam volui : 
 fines meos adversiim armatos armis tutatus sum. 
 7. Id omitto, quando vobis ita placet : gerite, uti vul- 
 tis cum Jugurtha bellum. 8. Ego flumen Mulu- 
 cham, quod inter me et Micipsam fuit, non egrediar, 
 neque Jugurtham id intrare sinam. Praeterea, si 
 quid meque vobisque dignum petiveris, hand repulsus 
 abibis." 
 
 CXI. Ad ea Sulla pro se breviter et modice ; de 
 pace et dc communibus rebus multis disseruit. De- 
 
94 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 nique regi patefecit, Vquod poUiceatur, senatum et 
 populum Eomanum, quoniam amplius armis valuis- 
 sent, non in gratiam habituros; faciendum aliquid, 
 quod illorum magis quam sua retulisse videretur. Id 
 adeo in promptu esse, quoniam Jugurthse copiam 
 haberet: quem si Romanis tradidisset, fore, uti illi 
 plurimum deberetur ; amicitiam, foedus, Numidise 
 partem, quam nunc peteret, tunc ultro adventuram.' 
 2. Rex primo negitare : ' afflnitatem, cognationem, 
 praeterea foedus intervenisse : ad hoc metuere, ne, 
 fluxa fide usus, popularium animos averteret, quis et 
 Jugurtba cams, et Romani invisi erant : ' 3. denique 
 ssepius fatigatus, lenitur, et ex voluntate Suite ' omnia 
 se facturum ' promittit. 4. Oeterum ad simulandam 
 pacem, cujus Numida, defessus bello, avidissimus, 
 quae utilia visa, constituunt. Ita, composito dolo, 
 digrediuntur. 
 
 CXII. At rex postero die Asparem, Jugurtliae 
 legatum, appellat, dicitque ' sibi per Dabarem ex 
 Sulla cognitum, posse conditionibus bellum poni : 
 quamobrem regis sui sententiam exquireret.' 2. lUe 
 leetus in castra Jugurtbae venit. Deinde, ab illo 
 cuncta edoctus, properato itinere, post diem octavum 
 redit ad Boccbum, et ei nuntiat ' Jugurtbam cupere 
 omnia, quae imperarentur, facere, sed Mario parimi 
 fidere : saepe antea cum imperatoribus Romanis pa- 
 cem conventam frustra fuisse. 3. Ceterum Bocchus, 
 si ambobus consultum, et ratam pacem vellet, daret 
 operam, ut una ab omnibus, quasi de pace, in collo- 
 quium veniretur, ibique sibi SuUam traderet. Quum 
 talem virum in potestatem habuisset, turn fore, uti 
 jussu senatus atque populi Romani foedus fieret: ne- 
 
JUGURTHA. 95 
 
 que hominem nobilem, non sua ignavia sed ob rem- 
 publicam in hostium potestate, relictum iri.' 
 
 CXIII. Hsec Maurus secum ipse diu volvens tan- 
 dem promisit. Ceterum dolo an vere cunctatus, pa- 
 rum comperimus: sed plerumque regise voluntates, 
 ut vehementes, sic mobiles, saepe ipsse sibi adversse. 
 2. Postea, tempore et loco constituto, in colloquium 
 uti de pace veniretur, Bocchus SuUam modo, modo 
 Jugurthse legatum appellare, benigne habere, idem 
 ambobus poUiceri: illi pariter laeti, ac spei bonse 
 pleni esse. 3. Sed nocte ea, quae proxima fuit ante 
 diem coUoquio decretum, Maurus, adliibitis amicis, 
 ac statim, immutata voluntate, remotis, dicitur secum 
 ipse multa agitavisse, vultu corporis pariter atque 
 animo varius : quae scilicet, tacente ipso, occulta pec- 
 toris patefecisse. 4. Tamen postremo Sullam arces- 
 siri jubet, et ex ejus sententia Numidse insidias tendit. 
 5. Deinde, ubi dies advenit, et ei nuntiatum est Ju- 
 gurtliam baud procul abesse ; cum paucis amicis et 
 quaestore nostro, quasi obvius honoris causa, procedit 
 in tumulum facillimum visu insidiantibus. 6. Eodem 
 Numida cum plerisque necessariis suis inermis, uti 
 dictum erat, accedit ; ac statim, signo dato, undique 
 simul ex insidiis invaditur. Ceteri obtruncati : Ju- 
 gurtha Sullae vinctus traditur, et ab eo ad Marium 
 deductus est. 
 
 CXIY. Per idem tempus adversum Gallos, ab 
 ducibus nostris Q. Caepione et On. Manlio male pug- 
 natum : quo metu Italia omnis contremuerat. 2. Illi- 
 que et inde usque ad nostram memoriam Romani sic 
 habugre : ' alia omnia virtuti suae prona esse ; cum 
 Gallis pro salute, non pro gloria certare.' 3. Sed 
 
96 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII JUGURTHA. 
 
 postquam bellum in Numidia confectum, et Jugur- 
 thain vinctum addiici Eomam nuntiatum est, Marius 
 consul absens factus, et ei decreta provincia Gallia : 
 isque calendis Jannariis magna gloria consul triumpha- 
 vit. 4. ES tempestate spes atque opes civitatis in 
 illo sitae. 
 
C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 BELLUM CATILINARIUM, 
 
 SIVE 
 
 DE CONJURATIONE CATILINE'. 
 
 I. Omnes homines, qui sese student prsestare cete- 
 ris animalibus, summa ope niti decet, ne vitam silentio 
 transeant, veluti pecora, quae natura prona atque 
 ventri obedientia iinxit. 2. Sed nostra omnis vis in 
 animo et eorpore sita est : animi imperio, corporis 
 servitio magis utimur : alterum nobis cum dis, alteram 
 cum belluis commune est. 3. Quo mihi rectius vide- 
 tur ingenii quam virium opibus gloriam quserere, et, 
 quoniam vita ipsa, qua fruimur, brevis est, memo- 
 riam nostri quam maxime longam efficere. 4. Nam 
 divitiarum et formse gloria fluxa atque fragilis est ; 
 virtus clara seternaque habetur. 5. Sed diu magnum 
 inter mortales certamen fuit, vine corporis an virtute 
 animi res militaris magis procederet ; 6. nam et, prius 
 quam incipias, consulto, et, ubi consulueris, mature 
 facto opus est. 7. Ita utrumque per se indigene, 
 alterum alterius auxilio eget. 
 
 5 
 
98 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 n. Igitur initio reges (nam in terris nomen im- 
 perii id primum fuit) diversi, pars ingenium, alii 
 corpus exercebant : etiamtum vita liominnm sine 
 cnpiditate agitabatur, sua cuiq^ue satis placebant. 
 2. Postea vero quam in Asia Cyrus, in Graecia Lace- 
 dsemonii et Athenienses coepere urbes atque nationes 
 subigere, libidinem dominandi causam belli habere, 
 maximam gloriam in maximo imperio putare ; turn 
 demum periculo atque negotiis compertum est in bello 
 plurimum ingenium posse. 3. Quod si regum atque 
 imperatorum animi virtus in pace ita uti in bello vale- 
 ret, sequabilius atque constantius sese res humanae 
 haberent ; neque aliud alio ferri, neque mutari ac 
 misceri omnia cerneres. 4. Nam imperium facile bis 
 artibus retinetur, quibus initio partum est. 5. Yerum 
 ubi pro labore desidia, pro continentia et sequitate 
 libido atque superbia invasere, fortuna simul cum 
 moribus immutatur. 6. Ita imperium semper ad 
 optimum quemque a minus bono transfertur. 7. Quae 
 homines arant, navigant, sedificant, virtuti omnia pa- 
 rent. 8. Sed multi mortales, dediti ventri atque 
 somno, indocti incultique vitam, sicuti peregrinantes, 
 transiere ; quibus profecto contra naturam corpus vo- 
 luptati, anima oneri fuit. Eorum ego vitam mortem- 
 que juxta sestimo, quoniam de utraque siletur. 9. Ve- 
 rum enimvero is demum mihi vivere atque frui anima 
 videtur, qui, aliquo negotio intentus, prseclari facino- 
 ris aut artis bonae famam quaerit. 10. Sed in magna 
 copia rerum aliud alii natura iter ostendit. 
 
 m. Pulchrum est bene facere reipublicae ; etiam 
 bene dicere hand absurdum est ; vel pace vel bello 
 clarum fieri licet ; et qui fecere, et qui facta aliorum 
 
CATILINA. 99 
 
 scripsere, multi laudantur. 2. Ac mihi quidem, ta- 
 metsi haudquaquam par gloria sequitur scriptorem 
 et auctorem rerum, tamen in primis arduum videtur 
 res gestas scribere: primum, quod facta dictis sunt 
 exsequanda ; dehinc, quia plerique, quae delicta repre- 
 henderis, malevolentia et invidia dicta putant ; ubi de 
 magna virtute et gloria bonorum memores, quce sibi 
 quisque facilia factu putat, sequo animo accipit ; supra 
 ea, veluti ficta pro falsis ducit. 3. Sed ego adolescen- 
 tulus initio, sicuti plerique, studio ad rempublicam 
 latus sum, ibique mihi adversa multa fuere. Nam 
 pro pudore, pro abstinentia, pro virtute, audacia, lar- 
 gitio, avaritia vigebant. 4. Quae tametsi animus as- 
 pernabatur, insolens malarum artium, tamen inter 
 tanta vitia imbecilla setas ambitione corrupta teneba- 
 tur; 5. ac me, quum ab reliquis malis moribus dis- 
 sentirem, nihilo minus honoris cupido eadem, qua 
 ceteros, fama atque invidia vexabat. 
 
 IV. Igitur ubi animus ex multis miseriis atque 
 periculis requievit, et mihi reliquam setatem a repub- 
 lica procul habendam decrevi, non fuit consilium so- 
 cordia atque desidia bonum otium conterere ; neque 
 vero agrum colendo aut venando, servilibus officiis, in- 
 tentum setatem agere ; 2. sed a quo incepto studioque 
 me ambitio mala detinuerat, eodem regressus, statui 
 res gestas populi Romani carptim, ut quseque memo- 
 ria digna videbantur, perscribere ; eo magis, quod 
 mihi a spe, metu, partibus reipublicse animus liber 
 erat. 3. Igitur de Oatilinse conjuratione, quam veris- 
 sime potero, paucis absolvam. 4. Nam id facinus 
 in primis ego memorabile existimo sceleris atque 
 periculi novitate. 5. De cujus hominis moribus 
 
100 
 
 CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 paiica prius explananfia sunt, quam initiiim narrandi 
 faciam. 
 
 Y. Lucius Catilina, nobili genere natus, fuit magna 
 vi et animi et corporis, sed ingenio malo pravoque. 
 2. Huic ab adolescentia bella intestina, caedes, rapinse, 
 discordia civilis grata faere, ibique juventuteiu suam 
 exercuit. 3. Corpus patiens inedise, vigilise, algoris, 
 supra quam cuiquam credibile est. 4. Animus audax, 
 subdolus, varius, cujus rei libet simulator ac dissimu- 
 lator, alieni appetens, sui profusus, ardens in cupidita- 
 tibus ; satis eloquentise, sapientise parum. 5. Vastus 
 animus immoderata, incredibilia, nimis alta semper 
 cupiebat. 6. Hunc post dominationem Lucii Bullae 
 libido maxima invaserat reipublicae cajDiendae ; neque 
 id quibus modis assequeretur, dum sibi regnum pa- 
 raret, quidquam pensi habebat. 7. Agitabatur magis 
 magisque in dies animus ferox inopia rei familiaris et 
 conscientia scelerum ; quae utraque his artibus auxe- 
 rat, quas supra memoravi. 8. Incitabant praeterea 
 corrupti civitatis mores, quos pessima ac diversa inter 
 se mala, luxuria atque avaritia, vexabant. 9. Ees 
 ipsa hortari videtur, quoniam de moribus civitatis 
 tempus admonuit, supr^ repetere, ac paucis instituta 
 majorum domi militiaeque, quomodo rempublicam 
 habuerint, quantamque reliquerint, ut paulatim im- 
 mutata, ex pulcberrima pessima ac flagitiosissima 
 facta sit, disserere. 
 
 YI. Urbem Eomam, sicuti ego accepi, condidere 
 atque liabuere initio Trojani, qui, Aenea duce, profugi 
 sedibus incertis vagabantur ; cumque his Aborigines, 
 genus hominum agreste, sine legibus, sine imperio, 
 liberum atque solutum. 2. Hi postquam in una moenia 
 
CATILINA. 101 
 
 convenere, dispari genere, dissimili lingtia, alius alio 
 more viventes, incredibile memoratu est, qiiam facile 
 coaluerint. 3. Sed postquam res eorum civibiis, mo- 
 ribus, agris aiicta, satis prospera satisqiie pollens vide- 
 batur, sicuti pleraque mortalium habentnr, invidia ex 
 opulentia orta est. 4. Igitur reges popiiliqiie finitimi 
 bello tentare, pauci ex amicis auxilio esse ; nam ceteri 
 metu perculsi a periculis aberant. 5. At Eomani 
 domi militiseque intenti festiuare, parare, alius alium 
 hortari, hostibus obviam ire, libertatem, patriam pa- 
 rentesque armis tegere. Post, ubi pericula virtute 
 propulerant, sociis atque amicis auxilia portabant; 
 magisque dandis quam accipiendis beneficiis amicitias 
 parabant. 6. Imperium legitimum, nomen imperii 
 regium habebant : delecti, quibus corpus annis in- 
 firmum, ingenium sapientia validum erat, reipublicse 
 consultabant. Hi vel setate vel curae similitudine 
 Patres appellabantur. 7. Post, ubi i^gium imperium, 
 quod initio conservandae libertatis atque augendse 
 reipublicse fuerat, in superbiam dominationemque 
 convertit, immutato more, annua imperia binosque 
 imperatores sibi fecere. Eo modo minime posse puta- 
 bant per licentiam insolescere animum humanum. 
 
 Vn. Sed ea tempestate coepere se quisque magis 
 extollere, magisque ingenium in promptu habere. 
 2. Nam regibus boni quam mali suspectiores sunt, 
 semperque his aliena virtus formidolosa est. 3. Sed 
 civitas, incredibile memoratu est, adepta libertate, 
 quantum brevi creverit : tanta cupido gloriae incesse- 
 rat. i. Jam primum juventus, simulac belli patiens 
 erat, in castris per laboris usum militiam discebat ; 
 magisque in decoris armis et militaribus equis, quam 
 
102 
 
 CKISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 in scortis atque conviviis, libidinem habebant. 5. Igi- 
 tur talibus viris non labos insolitus, non locus uUus 
 asper aut ardiius erat, non armatus hostis formidolo- 
 sus : virtus omnia domuerat. 6. Sed glorise maximum 
 certamen inter ipsos erat : sic se quisque hostem ferire, 
 murum ascendere, conspici, dnm tale faciniis faceret, 
 properabat ; eas divitias, eam bonam famam mag- 
 namque nobilitatem putabant ; laudis avidi, pecuniae 
 liberales erant; gloriam ingentem, divitias honestas 
 volebant. 7. Memorare possem, quibus in locis max- 
 imas hostium copias populus Romanus parva manu 
 fuderit, quas urbes natura munitas pugnando ceperit, 
 ni ea res longius nos ab incepto traheret. 
 
 Yin. Sed profecto fortuna in omni re dominatur ; 
 ea res cunctas ex libidine magis quam ex vero cele- 
 brat obscuratque. 2. Atheniensium res gestae, sicuti 
 ego existimo, satis amplae magnificaeque fuere ; verum 
 aliquanto minores tamen, quam fama feruntur. 3. Sed 
 quia provenere ibi scriptorum magna ingenia, per ter- 
 rarum orbem Atheniensium facta pro maximis cele- 
 brantur. 4. Ita eorum, qui ea fecere, virtus tanta 
 habetur, quantiim verbis eam potuere extoUere prae- 
 clara ingenia. 5. At populo Komano nunquam ea 
 copia fuit, quia prudentissimus quisque negotiosus 
 maxime erat ; ingenium nemo sine corpore exercebat ; 
 optimus quisque facere quam dicere, sua ab aliis bene 
 facta laudari, quam ipse aliorum narrare malebat. 
 
 IX. Igitur domi militiaeque boni mores coleban- 
 tur : Concordia maxima, minima avaritia erat ; jus 
 bonumque apud eos non legibus magis quSm natura 
 valebat. 2. Jurgia, discordias, simultates cum hosti- 
 bus exercebant ; cives cum civibus de virtute certa- 
 
CATILINA. 103 
 
 bant : in snppliciis deorum magnifici, domi parci, in 
 amicis fideles erant. 3. Duabus his artibus, audacia 
 in bello, nbi pax evenerat, sequitate seqne remque 
 publicam curabant. 4. Quarum rerum ego maxima 
 documenta lisec habeo, quod in bello ssepius vindica- 
 tum est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem pugna- 
 verant, quique tardius, revocati, proelio excesserant, 
 quam qui signa relinquere, aut, pulsi, loco cedere ausi 
 erant ; 5. in pace vero, quod beneficiis magis quam 
 metu imperium agitabant, et, accepta injuria, ignoscere 
 quam persequi malebant. 
 
 X. Sed ubi labore atque justitia respublica crevit, 
 reges magni bello domiti, nationes ferae et populi in- 
 gentes vi subacti, Carthago, semula imperii Romani, 
 ab stirpe interiit, cuncta maria terrgeque patebant, 
 ssevire fortuna ac miscere omnia coepit. 2. Qui la- 
 bores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res facile tolera- 
 verant, liis otium, divitise, optandse aliis, oneri mise- 
 riseque fuere. 3. Igitur primo pecuniae, deinde imperii 
 cupido crevit: ea quasi materies omnium malorum 
 fuere. 4. Namque avaritia fidem, probitatem, cete- 
 rasque artes bonas subvertit ; pro his superbiam, 
 crudelitatem, deos negligere, omnia venalia habere 
 edocuit. 5. Ambitio multos mortales falsos fieri sube- 
 git ; aliud clansum in pectore, aliud in lingua promp- 
 tum habere ; amicitias inimicitiasque non ex re sed 
 ex commodo sestimare, magisque vultum quam inge- 
 nium bonum habere. 6. Hsec primo paulatim crescere, 
 interdum vindicari : post, ubi contagio, quasi pesti- 
 lentia, invasit, civitas immutata ; imperium ex justis- 
 simo atque optimo crudele intolerandumque factum. 
 
 XI. Sed primo magis ambitio quam avaritia ani- 
 
104 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 mos hominum exercebat, quod tamen vithun propius 
 virtutem erat. 2. Nam gloriam, lionorem, imperium 
 bonus et ignavus seque sibi exoptant; sed ille vera 
 via nititur, huic quia bonse artes desunt, dolis atque 
 fallaciis contendit. 3. Avaritia pecuniae studium ha- 
 bet, quam nemo sapiens concupivit : ea, quasi venenis 
 malis imbuta, corpus animumque virilem effeminat ; 
 semper infinita, insatiabilis est, neque copia neque 
 inopia minuitur. 4. Sed postquam L. Sulla, armis 
 recepta republica, bonis initiis malos eventus habuit, 
 rapere omnes, trahere ; domum alius, alius agros cu- 
 pere, neque modum neque modestiam victores habere, 
 foeda crudeliaque in cives facinora facere. 5. Hue 
 accedebat, quod L. Sulla exercitum, quem in Asia 
 ductaverat, quo sibi fidum faceret, contra morem ma- 
 jorum luxuriose nimisque liberaliter habuerat. Loca 
 amoena, voluptaria, facile in otio feroces militum ani- 
 mos moUiverant. 6. Ibi primum insuevit exercitus 
 populi Romani amare, potare, signa, tabulas pictas, 
 vasa caelata mirari, ea privatim ac publice rapere, 
 delubra spoliare, sacra profanaque omnia poUuere. 
 7. Igitur hi milites, postquam victoriam adepti sunt, 
 nihil reliqui victis fecere. 8. Quippe secundse res 
 sapientium animos fatigant ; nedum illi corruptis mori- 
 bus victories temperarent. 
 
 XII. Postquam divitise honori esse coepere, et eas 
 gloria, imperium, potentia sequebatur, hebescere vir- 
 tus, paupertas probro haberi, innocentia pro malevo- 
 lentia duci coepit. 2. Igitur ex divitiis juventutem 
 luxuria atque avaritia cum superbia invasere : rapere, 
 consumere ; sua parvi pendere, aliena cupere ; pudo- 
 rem, pudicitiafh, divina atque humana promiscua, nihil 
 
CATILINA. 105 
 
 pensi neque moderati habere. 3. Operse pretium est, 
 quiim domos atque villas cognoveris in urbium mo- 
 dum exsedificatas, visere templa deoriira, quae nostri 
 majores, religiosissimi mortales, fecere. 4. Verum illi 
 delubra •deorum pietate, domos suas gloria decora- 
 bant ; neque victis quidquam prseter injuries licentiam 
 eripiebant. 5. At hi contra ignavissimi homines, per 
 summum scelus omnia ea sociis adimere, quae fortis- 
 simi viri victores hostibus reliquerant ; proinde quasi 
 injuriam facere id demum esset imperio uti. 
 
 Xni. Nam quid ea memorem, quae, nisi his, qui 
 videre, nemini credibilia sunt, a privatis compluribus 
 sub versos montes, maria constructa esse ? 2. Quibus 
 mihi videntur ludibrio fuisse divitise; quippe, quas 
 honeste habere licebat, abuti per turpitudinem prope- 
 rabant. 3. Sed libido stupri, ganeae ceterique cultus 
 non minor incesserat ; * ^ vescendi causa terra mari- 
 que omnia exquirere ; dormire priAs quam somni cu- 
 pido esset ; non famem aut sitim, neque frigus neque 
 lassitudinem opperiri, sed ea omnia luxu antecapere. 
 4. Haec juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, 
 ad facinora incendebant. 5. Animus imbutus nialis 
 artibus baud facile libidinibus carebat : eo profusius 
 omnibus modis quaestui atque sumptui deditus erat. 
 
 XIV. In tanta tamque corrupta civitate Catilina, 
 id quod factu facillimum erat, omnium flagitiorum at- 
 que facinorum circum se, tamquam stipatorum, cater- 
 vas habebat. 2. Nam quicumque impudicus, adulter, 
 gan^ * * bona patria laceraverat, quique alienum 
 aes grande conflaverat, quo flagitium aut facinus redi- 
 meret ; 3. praeterea omnes undique parricidae, sacri- 
 legi, convicti judiciis, aut pro factis judicium timen- 
 5* 
 
106 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 tes; ad hoc, quos manus atque lingua perjurio ant 
 sanguine civili alebat ; postremo omnes, quos fiagi- 
 tiunij egestas, conscius animus exagitabat; hi Cati- 
 linse proximi familiaresque erant. 4. Quod si quis 
 etiam a culpa vacuus in amicitiam ejus inciderat, 
 quotidiano usu atque illecebris facile par similisque 
 ceteris eflSciebatur. 5. Sed maxime adolescentium 
 familiaritates appetebat ; eorum animi molles et estate 
 fluxi dolis hand difSculter capiebantur. 6. Nam uti 
 cuj usque studium ex setate flagrabat, aliis scorta prse- 
 bere, aliis canes atque equos mercari ; postremo ne- 
 que sumptui neque modesti£e suae parcere, dum illos 
 obnoxios fidosque sibi faceret. 7. Scio fuisse nonnul- 
 los, qui ita existimarent, juventutem, quae domum 
 Catilinse frequentabat, parum honeste pudicitiam ha- 
 buisse ; sed ex aliis rebus magis, qu^m quod cuiquam 
 id compertum foret, haec fama valebat. 
 
 XV. Jam primum adolescens Catilina multa ne- 
 fanda stupra fecerat, cum virgine nobili, cum sacer- 
 dote Yestae, alia hujuscemodi contra jus fasque. 
 2. Postremo captus amore Aureliae Orestillae, cujus 
 prseter formam nihil unquam bonus laudavit, quod ea 
 nubere illi dubitabat, timens privignum adulta aetate, 
 pro certo creditur, necato filio, vacuam domum sceles- 
 tis nuptiis fecisse. 3. Quae quidem res mihi in primis 
 yidetur causa fuisse facinoris maturandi. 4. Namque 
 animus impurus, dis hominibusque infestus, neque 
 vigiliis neque quietibus sedari poterat : ita conscientia 
 mentem excitam vastabat. 5. Igitur colos exsaMjuis, 
 foedi oculi, citus modo, modo tardus incessus ; prorsus 
 in facie vultuque vecordia inerat. 
 
 XVI. Sed juventutem, quam, ut supra diximus, 
 
CATILINA. 107 
 
 illexerat miiltis modis, mala facinora edocebat. 2. Ex 
 illis testes signatoresque falsos commodare ; fidem, 
 fortunas, pericula vilia habere, post, ubi eorum famam 
 atque pudorem attriverat, majora alia imperabat. 
 
 3. Si causa peccandi in prsesens minus suppetebat, 
 nihilo minus insontes sicuti sontes circumvenire, jugu- 
 lare ; scilicet, ne per otium torpescerent manus aut 
 animus, gratuito pptius malus atque crudelis erat. 
 
 4. His amicis sociisque confisus Catilina, simul quod 
 ses alienum per omnes terras ingens erat, et quod ple- 
 rique Sullani milites, largius suo usi, rapinarum et 
 victorise veteris memores civile bellum exoptabant, 
 opprimendse reipublicse consilium cepit. 5. In Italia 
 nullus exercitus ; Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris 
 bellum gerebat ; ipsi consulatum petenti magna spes ; 
 senatus nihil sane intentus ; tutse tranquillseque res 
 omnes ; sed ea prorsus opportuna Catilinse. 
 
 XVn. Igitur circiter calendas Junias, L. Caesare 
 et C. Figulo consulibus, primo singulos appellare ; 
 hortari alios, alios tentare ; opes suas, imparatam 
 rempublicam, magna prsemia conjurationis docere. 
 2. Ubi satis explorata sunt, quae voluit, in unum om- 
 nes convocat, quibus maxima necessitudo et plurimum 
 audacise inerat. 3. E6 convenere senatorii ordinis 
 P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, L. Cassius Longinus, 
 C. Cethegus, P. et Servius Suite, Servii filii, L. Yar- 
 gunteius, Q. Annius, M. Porcius Laeca, L. Bestia, 
 Q. Curius ; 4. praeterea ex equestri ordine M. Fulvius 
 NoMior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito, C. Corne- 
 lius™ad hoc multi ex coloniis et municipiis, domi no- 
 biles. 5. Erant praeterea complures paulo occultius 
 consilii hujusce participes nobiles, quos magis domi- 
 
108 C. CBISPI SALLTTSTII 
 
 nationis spes hortabatur quam inopia aut alia necessi- 
 tudo. 6. Ceterum juventus pleraque, sed maxiine 
 nobilium, Gatilinse inceptis favebat. Quibus in otio 
 vel magnifice vel moUiter vivere copia erat, incerta 
 pro certis, bellum quam pacem malebant. T. Fuere 
 item ea tempestate, qui crederent M. Licinium Oras- 
 sum non ignarum ejus consilii fuisse ; quia On. Pom- 
 peius, invisus ipsi, magnum exercitum ductabat, cu- 
 jusvis opes voluisse contra ilKus potentiam crescere, 
 simul confisum, si conjuratio valuisset, facile apud 
 illos principem se fore. 
 
 XYIII. Sed antea item conjuravere pauci contra 
 rempublicam, in quibus Catilina fuit. De quo, quam 
 verissime potero, dicam. 2. L. Tullo, M. Lepido con- 
 sulibuSj P. Autronius et P. Sulla, designati consules, 
 legibus ambitus interrogati poenas dederant. 3. Post 
 paulo Catilina, pecuniarum repetundai*um reus, pro- 
 hibitus erat consulatum petere, [quod intra legitimos 
 dies profiteri nequiverat.] 4. Erat eodem tempore 
 Cn. Piso, adolescens nobilis, summse audacise, egens, 
 factiosus, quem ad perturbandam rempublicam inopia 
 atque mali mores stimulabant. 6. Cum hoc Catilina 
 et Autronius circiter nonas Decembres, consilio com- 
 municato, parabant in Capitolio calendis Januariis 
 L. Cottam et L. Torquatum consules interficere ; ipsi, 
 fascibus correptis, Pisonem cum exercitu ad obtinen- 
 das duas Hispanias mittere. 6. Ea re cognita, rursus 
 in nonas Februarias consilium csedis transtulerant. 
 7. Jam tum non consulibus modo, sed plerisque ^na- 
 toribus perniciem macliinabantur. 8. Quodni TOti- 
 lina maturasset pro curia signum sociis dare, eo die 
 post conditam urbem Eomanam pessimum facinus 
 
CATILINA. 109 
 
 patratum foret. Quia nondum frequentes armati con- 
 venerant, ea res consilium diremit. 
 
 XIX. Postea Piso in citeriorem Hispaniam qusestor 
 prb prsetore missus est, adnitente Crasso, quod eum 
 infestum inimicum Cn. Pompeio cognoverat. 2. ITe- 
 que tamen senatus provinciam invitus dederat ; quippe 
 foedum hominem a republica procul esse volebat ; 
 simul quia boni complures prgesidium in eo putabant, 
 et jam tum potentia Cn. Pompeii formidolosa erat. 
 
 3. Sed is Piso in provincia ab equitibus Hispanis, 
 quos in exercitu ductabat, iter faciens occisus est. 
 
 4. Sunt, qui ita dicunt, imperia ejus injusta, superba, 
 crudelia barbaros nequivisse pati ; 5. alii autem, equi- 
 tes illos, Cn. Pompeii veteres fidosque clientes, volun- 
 tate ejus Pisonem aggressos ; nunquam Hispanos 
 prseterea tale facinus fecisse, sed imperia sseva multa 
 antea perpessos. 6. Nos eam rem in medio relinque- 
 mus. De superiore conjuratione satis dictum. 
 
 XX. Catilina, ubi eos, quos paulo ante memoravi, 
 convenisse videt, tametsi cum singulis multa saepe 
 egerat, tamen in rem fore credens universos appellare 
 et cohortari, in abditam partem sedium secedit ; atque 
 ibi omnibus arbitris procul amotis, orationem hujusce- 
 modi habuit. 
 
 2. " Ni virtus fidesque vestra spectata mihi forent, 
 nequidquam opportuna res cecidisset ; spes magna, 
 dominatio in manibus frustra fuissent : neque ego per 
 ignava aut vana ingenia incerta pro certis captarem. 
 3. Sed quia multis et magnis tempestatibus vos cog- 
 novi fortes fidosque mihi, eo animus ausus est maxi- 
 mum atque pulcherrimum facinus incipere ; simul 
 quia vobis eadem, quae mihi, bona malaque esse in- 
 
110 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 tellexi : 4. nam idem velle atqne idem nolle, ea demum 
 firma amicitia est. 5. Sed, ego quse mente agitavi, 
 omnes jam antea diversi audistis. 6. Ceterum mihi 
 in dies magis animus accenditur, quum considefo, 
 quse conditio vitse futura sit, nisi nosmet ipsi vindica- 
 mus in libertatem. 7. Nam postquam respublica in 
 paucorum potentium jus atque ditionem concessit, 
 semper illis reges, tetrarchse vectigales esse ; populi, 
 nationes stipendia pendere ; ceteri omnes, strenui, 
 boni, nobiles atque ignobiles, vulgus fuimus, sine gra- 
 tia,, sine auctoritate, his obnoxii, quibus, si respublica 
 valeret, formidini essemus. 8. Itaque omnis gratia, 
 potentia, honos, divitiae apud illos sunt, aut ubi illi 
 volunt; nobis reliquere, pericula, repulsas, judicia, 
 egestatem. 9. Quae quousque tandem patiemini, for- 
 tissimi viri ? Nonne emori per virtutem proestat, quam 
 vitam miseram atque inbonestam, ubi alienae super- 
 bise ludibrio fueris, per dedecus amittere ? 10. Yerum 
 enim vero, pro deum atque hominum fidem ! victoria 
 in manu nobis est ; viget setas, animus valet : contra 
 illis annis atque divitiis omnia consenuerunt. Tantum- 
 modo incepto opus est, cetera res expediet. 11. Etenim 
 quis mortalium, cui virile ingenium inest, tolerare 
 potest, illis divitias superare, quas profundant in ex- 
 struendo mari et montibus cosequandis, nobis rem 
 , familiarem etiam ad necessaria deesse ? illos binas 
 aut amplius domos continuare, nobis larem familiarem 
 nusquam ullum esse ? 12. Quum tabulas, signa, to- 
 reumata emunt, nova diruunt, alia aedificant, postre- 
 mo omnibus modis pecuniam trahunt, vexant, tamen 
 summa libidine divitias vincere nequeunt. 13. At 
 nobis est domi inopia, foris aes alienum ; mala res, 
 
CATILINA. Ill 
 
 • 
 
 spes multo asperior. Denique quid reliqui habemus 
 prseter miseram animam ? 14. Qiiin igitur exper- 
 giscimini ? En ilia, ilia, quam saepe optastis, libertas, 
 prseterea divitise, decus, gloria in oculis sita sunt ! 
 fortuna omnia ea victoribus praemia posuit. 15. Res, 
 tempus, pericula, egestas, belli, spolia magnifica ma- 
 gis, quam oratio mea, vos hortentur. 16. Yel impera- 
 tore vel milite me utimini : neque animus neque cor- 
 pus a Yobis aberit. 17. Hoec ipsa, ut spero, vobiseum 
 una consul agam ; nisi forte me animus fallit, et vos 
 servire magis quam imperare parati estis." 
 
 XXI. Postquam accepere ea homines, quibus mala 
 abunde omnia erant, sed neque res neque spes bona 
 uUa, tametsi illis quieta movere magna merces vide- 
 batur, tamen postulare plerique, uti proponeret, quae 
 conditio belli Ibret, quae praemia armis peterent, quid 
 ubique opis aut spei haberent. 2. Tmn Catilina pol- 
 liceri tabulas novas, proscriptionem locupletium, ma- 
 gistratus, sacerdotia, rapinas, alia omnia, quae bellum 
 atque libido victorum fert. 3. Praeterea ' esse in His- 
 pania citeriore Pisonem, in Mauritania cum exercitu 
 P. Sittium Nucerinum, consilii sui participes : petere 
 consulatum C. Ahtonium, quem sibi collegam fore 
 speraret, hominem et familiarem et omnibus necessi- 
 tudinibus circumventum : cum eo se consulem initium 
 agendi facturum.' 4. Ad hoc maledictis increpat oin- 
 nes bonos, suorum unumquemque nominans laudare ; 
 admonebat alium egestatis, alium cupiditatis suae, 
 complures periculi aut ignominiae, multos victoriae 
 SuUanag, quibus ea praedae fuerat. 5. Postquam om- 
 nium animos alacres videt, cohortatus ut petitionem 
 suam curae haberent, conventum dimisit. 
 
112 C. CRISPI SALLIJSTII 
 
 XXII. Fuere ea tempestate, qui dicerent Cati- 
 linam, oratione habita, quum ad jusjurandum popu- 
 lares sceleris sui adigeret, humani corporis sanguinem 
 vino permixtum in pateris circumtulisse ; 2. inde, 
 quum post exsecrationem omnes degustavissent, sicuti 
 in solemnibus sacris fieri consuevit, aperuisse con- 
 silium suum ; atque eo, dictitare, fecisse, quo inter se 
 magis fidi forent, alius alii tanti facinoris conscii. 
 3. NonnuUi ficta et hsec et multa praeterea existima- 
 bant ab iis, qui Ciceronis invidiam, quae postea orta 
 est, leniri credebant atrocitate sceleris eorum, qui 
 pcenas dederant. 4. Nobis ea res pro magnitudine 
 parum comperta est. 
 
 XXIII. Sed in ea conjuratione fuit Q. Curius, 
 natus baud obscuro loco, flagitiis atque facinoribus 
 coopertus ; quem censores senatu probri gratia move- 
 rant. 2. Huic homini non minor vanitas inerat quam 
 audacia : neque reticere, quse audierat, neque suamet 
 ipse scelera occultare; prorsus neque dicere neque 
 facere quidquam pensi habebat. 3. Erat ei cum Ful- 
 via, muliere nobili, stupri vetus consuetudo : cui quum 
 minus gratus esset, quia inopia miniis largiri poterat, 
 repente glorians maria montesque* poUiceri coepit ; 
 minari interdum ferro, nisi obnoxia foret ; postremo 
 ferocius agitare, quam solitus erat. 4. At Fulvia, in- 
 solentise Curii causa cognita, tale periculum reipub- 
 licae baud occultum habuit ; sed, sublato auctore, de 
 Catilinse conjuratione, quae quoque modo audierat, 
 compluribus narravit. 5. Ea res in primis studia 
 hominum accendit ad consulatum mandandum M. Tul- 
 lio Ciceroni. 6. Namque antea pleraque nobilitas 
 invidia sestuabat, et quasi poUui consulatum crede- 
 
CATILINA. 113 
 
 bant, si enm qiiamvis egregius homo novus adeptus 
 foret. 7. Sed iibi periculum advenit, invidia atque 
 superbia post fuere. 
 
 XXIV. Igitur, comitiis habitis, consules declaran- 
 tur M. Tullius et C. Antonius ; qnod factum primo 
 popiilares conjurationis concusserat. 2. jS'eque tamen 
 Catilinse furor minuebatur, sed in dies plura agitare, 
 arma per Italiam locis opportunis parare, pecuniam 
 sua aut amicorum fide sumptam mutuam Fsesulas ad 
 Manlium quemdam portare, qui postea princeps fuit 
 belli faciendi. 3. Ea tempestate plurimos cuj usque 
 generis homines adscivisse sibi dicitur, mulieres etiam 
 aliquot, quae primo ingentes sumptus stupro corporis 
 toleraverant, post, ubi oetas tantummodo quaestui ne- 
 que luxuriae modum fecerat, ses alienum grande con- 
 flaverant. 4. Per eas se Catilina credebat posse ser- 
 vitia urbana soUicitare, urbem incendere, viros earum 
 vel adjungere sibi, vel interficere. 
 
 XXV. Sed in his erat Sempronia, quae multa saepe 
 virilis audaciae facinora commiserat. 2. Haec mulier 
 genere atque forma, praeterea viro atque liberis satis 
 fortunata fuit : litteris Graecis atque Latinis docta, 
 psallere et saltare elegantius, quam necesse est probae, 
 multa alia, quae instrumenta luxuriae sunt. 3. Sed ei 
 cariora semper omnia quam decus atque pudicitia 
 fuit: pecuniae an famae minus parceret, baud facile 
 discerneres ; libidine sic accensa, ut saepius peteret 
 viros, quam peteretur. 4. Sed ea saepe antehac fidem 
 prodiderat, creditum abjuraverat, caedis conscia fuerat, 
 
 . luxuria atque inopia praeceps abierat. 5. Verum in- 
 genium ejus hand absurdum; posse versus facere, 
 jocum movere, sermone uti vel modesto, vel moUi, 
 
114: C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 vel procaci ; prorsus multae facetiae multusque lepos 
 inerat. 
 
 XXYI. His rebus comparatis, Catilina nihilo mi- 
 nus in proximum annum consulatum petebat ; sperans, 
 si designatus foret, facile se ex voluntate Antonio 
 usurum. 2. ITeque interea quietus erat, sed omnibus 
 modis insidias parabat Ciceroni. Neque illi tamen 
 ad cavendum dolus aut astutiae deerant. 3. Namque 
 a principio consulatus sui, multa poUicendo per Ful- 
 viam, effecerat, ut Q. Curius, de quo paulo ante memo- 
 ravi, consilia Catilinae sibi proderet. 4. Ad hoc col- 
 legam suum Antonium pactione provincise perpulerat, 
 ne contra rempublicam sentiret : circum se prsesidia 
 amicorum atque clientium occulte habebat. 5. Post- 
 quam dies comitiorum venit, et Catilinae neque petitio 
 neque insidiae, quas consuli in campo fecerat, prospere 
 cessere, constituit bellum facere, et extrema omnia 
 experiri, quoniam quae occulte tentaverat, aspera 
 foedaque evenerant. 
 
 XXVII. Igitur C. Manlium Faesulas atque in eam 
 partem Etruriae, Septimium quemdam Camertem in 
 agrum Picenum, C. Julium in Apuliam dimisit; 
 praeterea alium alio, quem ubique opportunum sibi 
 fore credebat. 2. Interea Eomae multa simul moliri ; 
 consuli insidias tendere, parare incendia, opportuna 
 loca armatis hominibus obsidere, ipse cum telo esse, 
 item alios jubere, hortari, uti semper intenti paratique 
 essent, dies noctesque festinare, vigilare, neque insom- 
 niis neque labore fatigari. 3. Postremo ubi multa 
 agitaati nihil procedit, rursus intempesta nocte conju- 
 rationis principes convocat per M. Porcium Laecam, 
 4. ibique multa de ignavia eorum questus, docet ' se 
 
CATILINA. 115 
 
 Manlinm prsemisisse ad earn multitudinem, quam ad 
 capienda arma paraverat, item alios in alia loca oppor- 
 tuna, qui initium belli facerent, seque ad exercitum 
 proficisci cupere, si prius Ciceronem oppressisset ; 
 eum suis consiliis multum officere.' 
 
 XXVin. Igitur perterritis ac dubitantibus cete- 
 ris, C. Cornelius, eques Romanus, operam suam polli- 
 citus, et cum eo L. Vargunteius senator, constituere 
 ea nocte paulo post cum armatis liominibus, sicuti 
 salutatum, introire ad Ciceronem, ac de improviso 
 domi sua3 imparatum confodere. 2. Curius ubi intel- 
 ligit, quantum periculi consuli impendeat, propere 
 per Fulviam Ciceroni dolum, qui parabatur, enuntiat. 
 3. Ita illi, janua prohibiti, tantum facinus frustra 
 susceperant. 
 
 4. Interea Manlius in Etruria plebem sollicitare, 
 egestate simul ac dolore injurise no varum rerum cu- 
 pidam, quod Sullae dominatione agros bonaque omnia 
 amiserat ; prseterea latrones cujusque generis, quorum 
 in earegione magna copia erat ; nonnuUos ex SuUanis 
 colonis, quibus libido atque luxuria ex magnis rapinis 
 nihil reliqui fecerantrV^- — 
 
 XXIX. Ea quum Ciceroni nuntiarentur, ancipiti 
 malo permotus, quod neque urbem ab insidiis privato 
 consilio longius tueri poterat, neque exercitus Manlii 
 quantus aut quo consilio foret, satis compertum habe- 
 bat, rem ad senatum refert, jam antea vulgi rumori- 
 bus exagitatam. 2. Itaque, quod plerumque in atroci 
 negotio solet, senatus decrevit, ' darent operam con- 
 sules, ne quid respublica detrimenti caperet.' 3. Ea 
 potestas per senatum, more Romano, magistratui 
 maxima permittitur, exercitum parare, bellum gerere, 
 
116 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 coercere omnibus modis socios atque cives, domi 
 militiseque imperium atque judicium summum ha- 
 bere ; aliter sine populi jussu nulli earum rerum eon- 
 suli jus est. 
 
 XXX. Post paucos dies L. Ssenius senator in 
 senatu litteras recitavit, quas Fsesulis allatas sibi 
 dicebat, in quibus scriptum erat ' C. Manlium arma 
 cepisse cum magna multitudine, ante diem sextum 
 calendas Novembres.' 2. Simul, id quod in tali re 
 solet, alii portenta atque prodigia nuntiabant, alii 
 ' conventus fieri, arma portari, Capuse atque in Apu- 
 lia servile bellum moveri.' 3. Igitur senati decreto 
 Q. Marcius Kex Faesulas, Q. Metellus Creticus in 
 Apuliam circumque loca missi: 4. hi utrique adurbem 
 imperatores erant, impediti, ne triumpharent, calum- 
 nia paucorum, quibus omnia, honesta atque inhonesta, 
 yendere mos erat. 6. Sed prsetores Q. Pompeius 
 Kufus Capuam, Q. Metellus Celer in agrum Picenum ; 
 hisque permissum, 'uti pro tempore atque periculo 
 exercitum compararent.' 6. Ad hoc, ' si quis indica- 
 visset de conjuratione, quae contra rempublicam facta 
 erat, praemium' decrevere ^ servo libertatem et sester- 
 tia centum, libero impunitatem ejus rei et sestertia 
 ducenta ; ' itemque decrevere, ' uti gladiatoriae familiae 
 Capuam et in cetera municipia distribuerentur, pro 
 cujusque opibus ; Romse per totam urbem vigilige 
 haberentur, hisque minores magistratus prseessent.' 
 
 XXXI. Quibus rebus permota ci vitas, atque im- 
 mutata urbis fi^cies erat; ex summa Isetitia atque 
 lascivia, quae diuturna quies pepererat, repente omnes 
 tristitia invasit; 2. festinare, trepidare; neque loco 
 nee homini cuiquam satis credere ; neque bellum 
 
CATILINA. 117 
 
 gerere, neqiie pacem habere ; suo quisque metu peri- 
 cula metiri. 3. Ad hoc mulieres, quibus reipiiblicae 
 magnitudine belli timor insolitus incesserat, afflictare 
 sese, manus supplices ad eoelum tendere, miserari 
 parvos liberos, rogitare, omnia pavere, siiperbia atque 
 deliciis omissis, sibi patriseque diffidere. 4. At Cati- 
 linse crudelis animus eadem ilia movebat, tametsi 
 prsesidia parabantur, et ipse lege Plautia interrogatus 
 erat ab L. Paulo. 5. Postremo dissimulandi causa et 
 ut sui expurgandi, sicuti jurgio lacessitus foret, in 
 senatum venit. 6. Tum M. TuUius consul, sive prse- 
 sentiam ejus timens, sive ira commotus, orationem 
 habuit luculentam atque utilem reipublicse, qnam 
 postea scriptam edidit. 7. Sed, ubi ille assedit, Cati- 
 lina, ut erat paratus ad dissimulanda omnia, demisso 
 vultu, voce supplici postulare, ' patres conscripti ne 
 quid de se temere crederent : ea familia ortum, ita ab 
 adolescentia vitam instituisse, ut omnia bona in spe 
 haberet : ne existimarent, sibi, patricio homini, cujus 
 ipsius atque majorum plurima beneficia in plebem 
 Romanam essent, perdita republica opus esse, quum 
 eam servaret M. TuUius, inquilinus civis urbis Eomae.' 
 8. Ad hsec maledicta alia quum adderet, obstrepere 
 omnes, hostem atque parricidam vocare. 9. Tum ille 
 furibundus : " Quoniam quidem circumventus," in- 
 quit, "ab inimicis praeceps agor, incendium meum 
 ruina restinguam." 
 
 XXXII. Dein se ex curia domum proripuit. Ibi 
 multa secum ipse volvens, quod neque insidise consuli 
 procedebant, et ab incendio intelligebat urbem vigiliis 
 munitam, optimum factum credens exercitum augere, 
 ac, priiis qu^m legiones scriberentur, antecapere, qu89 
 
118 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 bello iisiii forent, nocte intempesta cum paucis In Man- 
 liana castra profectus est. 2. Sed Cethego atqueLen- 
 tulo ceterisque, quorum cognoverat promptam auda- 
 ciam, mandat, ' quibus rebus possent, opes factionis 
 confirment, insidias consul! maturent, csedem, incen- 
 dia, aliaque belli facinora parent : sese propediem cum 
 magno exercitu ad urbem accessurum.' 3. Dum hsec 
 Romae geruntur, 0. Manlius ex suo numero legatos ad 
 Marcium Eegem mittit, cum mandatis hujuscemodi : 
 XXXIII. " Deos hominesque testamur, imperator, 
 nos arma neque contra patriam cepisse, neque quo 
 periculum aliis faceremus, sed uti corpora nostra ab 
 injuria tuta forent, qui miseri, egentes, violentia atque 
 crudelitate foeneratorum plerique patrise, sed omnes 
 fama atque fortunis expertes sumus : neque cuiquam 
 nostrum licuit more majorum lege uti, neque, amisso 
 patrimonio, liberum corpus habere : tanta ssevitia 
 foeneratorum atque prsetoris fuit. 2. Saepe majores 
 vestrum miseriti plebis Eomanse, decretis suis inopise 
 opitulati sunt : ac novissime memoria nostra, propter 
 magnitudinem seris alieni, volentibus omnibus bonis, 
 argentum sere solutum est. 3. Saepe ipsa plebes, aut 
 dominandi studio permota, aut superbia magistratuum, 
 armata a patribus secessit. 4. At nos non imperium 
 neque divitias petimus, quarum rerum causa bella 
 atque certamina omnia inter mortales sunt, sed liber- 
 tatem, quam nemo bonus nisi cum anima simul amit- 
 tit. 5. Te atque senatum obtestamur, consulatis mise- 
 ris civibus ; legis prsesidium, quod iniquitas praetoris 
 eripuit, restituatis ; neve eam nobis necessitudinem 
 imponatis, ut quseramus, quonam modo, maxime ulti 
 sanguinem nostrum, pereamus." 
 
CATILINA. 119 
 
 XXXIY. Ad hsec Q. Marcius respondit : ' Si quid 
 ab senatu petere vellent, ab armis discedant, Eomam 
 supplices proficiscantur : ea mansuetudine atque mise- 
 ricordia senatum populumque Eomanum semper fu- 
 isse, lit nemo unquam ab eo frustra auxiliiim petiverit.' 
 ,2. At Catilina ex itinere plerisqiie consularibus, prse- 
 terea optimo cuique litteras mittit : ' Se falsis crimi- 
 nibus circumventum, quoniam factioni inimicorum 
 resistere nequiverit, fortunse cedere, Massiliam in 
 exsilium proiicisci : non quo sibi tanti sceleris con- 
 scius esset, sed uti respublica quieta foret, neve ex 
 sua contentione seditio oriretur.' 3. Ab his longe 
 diversas litteras Q. Catulus in senatu recitavit, quas 
 sibi nomine Catilinse redditas dieebat : earum exem- 
 plum infra seriptum est. 
 
 XXXY. "L. Catilina Q. Catulo. Egregia tua 
 fides re cognita gratam in magnis meis periculis fidu- 
 ciam commendationi meae tribuit. 2. Quamobrem 
 defensionem in novo consilio non statui parare : satis- 
 factionem ex nulla conscientia de culj)a proponere de- 
 erevi : quam, me dius fidius, veram licet cognoscas. 
 3. Injuriis contumeliisque concitatus, quod, fructu la- 
 boris industriseque mese privatus, statum dignitatis 
 non obtinebam, publicam miserorum causam pro mea 
 consuetudine suscepi : non quin ses alienum meis no- 
 minibus ex possessionibus solvere possem, quum et 
 alienis nominibus liberalitas Orestillae suis filiaeque 
 copiis persolveret ; sed quod non dignos homines 
 honore honestatos videbam^ meque falsa suspicione 
 alienatum esse sentiebam. 4. Hoc nomine satis hones- 
 tas pro meo casu spes reliquse dignitatis conservandae 
 sum secutus. 5. Plura quum scribere vellem, nun- 
 
120 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 tiatum 'est vim mihi parari. 6. Nunc Orestillam com- 
 mendo, tuseque fidei trado: earn ab injuria defendas, 
 per liberos tuos rogatus. Haveto." 
 
 XXXVI. Sed ipse paucos dies commoratus apud 
 C. Flaminium in agro Arretino, dum vieinitatem, 
 antea soUicitatam, armis exornat ; cum fascibus atque 
 aliis imperii insignibus in castra ad Manlium con- 
 tendit. 2. Hsec ubi Eomse comperta sunt, senatus 
 Catilinam et Manlium liostes judicat ; ceterae multi- 
 tudini diem statuit, ante quam sine fraude liceret ab 
 armis discedere, prseter rerum cai)italium condemna- 
 tis. 3. Prseterea decernit, ^uti consules delectum 
 habeant ; Antonius cum exercitu Catilinam persequi 
 liiaturet ; Cicero urbi praesidio sit.' 4. Ea tempestate 
 mihi imperium populi Eomani multo maxime misera- 
 bile visum est : cui quum ad occasum ab ortu solis 
 omnia domita armis parerent, domi otium atque divi- 
 tiaSj quae prima mortales putant, affluerent, fuere ta- 
 men cives, qui seque remque publicam obstinatis 
 animis perditum irent. 5. Namque duobus senati 
 decretis, ex tanta multitudine, neque prsemio induc- 
 tus conjurationem patefecerat, neque ex castris Cati- 
 linse quisquam omnium discesserat : tanta vis morbi, 
 uti tabes, plerosque civium animos invaserat. 
 
 XXXYII. Neque solum illis aliena mens erat, qui 
 conscii conjurationis fuerant, sed omnino cuncta plebes 
 novarum rerum studio .Catilinse incepta probabat. 
 2. Id adeo more suo videbatur facere, 3. Nam sem- 
 per in civitate, quibus opes nullse sunt, bonis invident, 
 malos extoUunt; vetera oddre, nova exoptant; odio 
 suarum rerum mutari omnia student ; turbS atque 
 seditionibus sine cura aluntur, c^uoniam egestas facile 
 
CATILINA. 121 
 
 habetur sine damno. 4. !Sed urbana plebes, ea vero 
 prseceps ierat multis de causis. 5. Primum omnium, 
 qui ubique probro atque petulantia maxime prsesta- 
 bant, item alii, per dedeeora patrimoniis amissis, pos- 
 tremo omnes, quos flagitium aut facinus domo expu- 
 lerat, hi Eomam, sicuti in sentinam, confluxerant. 
 6. Deinde multi memores SuUanse victorise, quod ex 
 gregariis militibus alios senatores videbant, alios ita 
 divites, uti regio victu atque cultu setatem agerent, 
 sibi quisque, si in armis forent, ex victoria talia- spera- 
 bant. 7. Prseterea juventus, quae in agris manuum 
 mercede inopiam toleraverat, privatis atque publicis 
 largitionibus excita, urbanum otium ingrato labori 
 praetulerat : eos atque alios omnes malum publicum 
 alebat. 8. Quo minus mirandum est homines egen- 
 tes, malis moribus, maxima spe, reipublicae juxta ac 
 sibi consuluisse. 9. Pra3terea quorum victoria SuUas 
 parentes proscripti, bona erepta, jus libertatis immi- 
 nutum erat, hand sane alio animo belli eventum ex- 
 sj^ectabant. 10. Ad hoc quicumque aliarum atque 
 senati partium erant, conturbari rempublicam, quam 
 minus valere ipsi malebant. 11. Id adeo malum 
 multos post annos in civitatem reverterat. 
 
 XXXYIIL Xam postquam, Cn. Pompeio et 
 M. Crasso consuiibus, tribunicia potestas restituta est, 
 homines adolescentes, summam potestatem nacti, qui- 
 bus setas animusque ferox erat, coepere senatum crimi- 
 nando plebem exagitare ; dein largiendo atque polli- 
 citando magis incendere ; ita ipsi clari potentesque 
 fieri. 2. Contra eos summa ope nitebatur pleraque 
 nobilitas, senati specie, pro sua magnitudine. 3. Nam- 
 que, uti paucis verum absolvam, per ilia tempera 
 6 
 
122 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 quicumque rempublicam agitav^re, honestis nomini- 
 bus, alii, sicuti populi jura defenderent, pars, quo 
 senati auctoritas maxima foret, bonum publicum simu- 
 lantes, pro sua quisque potentia certabant : neque illis 
 modestia, neque modus contentionis erat ; utrique vic- 
 toriam crudeliter exercebant. 
 
 XXXIX. Sed postquam Cn. Pompeius ad bellum 
 maritimum atque Mithridaticum missus est, plebis 
 opes imminutse, paucorum potentia crevit. 2. Hi 
 magistratus, provincias aliaque omnia tenere ; ipsi 
 innoxii, florentes, sine metu setatem agere, ceteros 
 judiciis terrere, qui plebem in magistratu placidius 
 tractarent. 3. Sed ubi primiim dubiis rebus novandi 
 spes oblata est, vetus certamen animos eorum arrexit. 
 4. Quod si primo proelio Catilina superior aut sequa 
 manu discessisset, profecto magna clades atque calami- 
 tas rempublicam oppressisset ; neque illis, qui vic- 
 toriam adepti forent, diutius ea uti licuisset, quin de- 
 fessis et exsanguibus, qui plus posset, imperium atque 
 libertatem extorqueret. 5. Fuere tamen extra conju- 
 rationem complures, qui ad Oatilinam initio profecti 
 sunt : in liis erat A. Fulvius, senatoris filius, quern re- 
 tractum ex itinere parens necari jussit. 6. Isdem 
 temporibus Eomse Lentulus, sicuti Catilina prsecepe- 
 rat, quoscumque moribus aut fortuna novis rebus ido- 
 neos credebat, aut per se aut per alios soUicitabat ; 
 neque solum cives, sed cuj usque modi genus liomi- 
 num, quod modo bello usui foret. 
 
 XL. Igitur P. Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, uti 
 legatos AUobrogum requirat, eosque, si possit, impel- 
 lat ad societatem belli ; existimans publice privatim- 
 que sere alieno oppressos, prseterea, quod natura gens 
 
CATILINA. 123 
 
 Gallica bellicosa esset, facile eos ad tale consilium 
 aclduci posse. 2. Umbrenus, quod in Gallia negotia- 
 tus erat, plerisque principibus civitatium notus erat, 
 atque eos noverat : itaque sine mora, ubi primum 
 legatos in foro conspexit, percontatus pauca de statu 
 civitatis, et quasi dolens ejus casum, requirere coepit, 
 ' quern exitum tantis malis sperarent ? ' 3. Postquam 
 illos videt queri de avaritia magistratuum, accusare 
 senatum, quod in eo auxilii nihil esset ; miseriis suis 
 remedium mortem exspectare : " At ego," inquit, 
 " vobis, si modo viri esse vultis, rationem ostendam, 
 qua tanta ista mala efiugiatis." 4. Usee ubi dixit, 
 Allobroges in maximam spem adducti Umbrenum 
 orare, uti sui misereretur : ' nihil tarn asperura neque 
 tam difficile esse, quod non cupidissime facturi essent, 
 dum ea res civitatem sere alieno liberaret.' 5. Ille 
 eos in domum D. Bruti perducit, quod foro propinqua 
 erat, neque alieda consilii, propter Semproniam ; nam 
 tum Brutus ab Roma aberat. 6. Praeterea Gabi- 
 nium arcessit, quo major auctoritas sermoni inesset. 
 Eo prsesente, conjurationem aperit ; nominat socios, 
 praeterea multos cuj usque generis innoxios, quo lega- 
 tis animus amplior esset : delude eos poUicitos operam 
 suam domum dimittit. 
 
 XLL Sed Allobroges diu in incerto habuere, quid- 
 nam consilii caperent. 2. In altera parte erat ses 
 alienum, studium belli, magna merces in spe victorise ; 
 at in altera maj ores opes, tuta consilia, pro incerta spe 
 certa prsemia. 3. Hsec illis volventibus, tandem vicit 
 fortuna reipublicse. 4. Itaque Q. Fabio Sangse, cujus 
 patrocinio civitas plurimiim utebatur, rem omnem, uti 
 cognoverant, aperiunt. 5. Cicero, per Sangam con- 
 
124 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 silio cognito, legatis pragcepit, nt studiuin conjurationis 
 vehementer simulent, ceteros adeant, bene poUicean- 
 tur, dentque operam, uti eos quam maxime manifestos 
 liabeant. 
 
 XLII. Isdem fere temporibus in Gallia citeriore 
 atque ulteriore, item in agro Piceno, Bruttio, Apulia 
 motus erat. 2. Namque illi, quos antea Catilina 
 dimiserat, inconsulte ac veluti per dementiam cuncta 
 simnl agebant : nocturnis consiliis, armorum atque 
 telorum portationibus, festinando, agitando omnia, 
 plus timoris quam periculi effecerant. 3. Ex eo nu- 
 mero complures Q. Metellus Celer praetor ex senati 
 consultu, causa cognita, in vincula conjecerat; item 
 in ulteriore Gallia C. Murena, qui ei provincise lega- 
 tus prseerat. 
 
 XLni. At Romae Lentulus cum ceteris, qui prin- 
 cipes conjurationis erant, paratis, ut videbantur, mag- 
 nis copiis, constituerant, uti, quum CStilina in agrum 
 F^sulanum cum exercitu venisset, L. Bestia tribunus 
 plebis, concione liabita, quereretur de actionibus Cice- 
 ronis, bellique gravissimi invidiam optimo consuli 
 imponeret ; eo signo, proxima nocte cetera multitudo 
 conjurationis suum quisque negotium exsequeretur. 
 2. Sed ea divisa boc modo dicebantur, Statilius et 
 Gabinius uti cum magna manu duodecim simul op- 
 portuna loca urbis incenderent, quo tumultu facilior 
 adltus ad consulem ceterosque, quibus insidiae para- 
 bantur, fieret ; Cetbegus Ciceronis januam obsideret, 
 eumque vi aggrederetur, alius autem alium ; sed filii 
 familiarum, quorum ex nobilitate maxima pars erat, 
 parentes interficerent ; simul, caede et incendio per- 
 culsis omnibus, ad Catilinam erumperent. 3. Inter 
 
CATILINA. 125 
 
 lisec parata atque decreta Cethegus semper qnerebatur 
 de ignavia soeiorum: 'illos dubitando et dies prola- 
 tando magnas opportunitates corrumpere ; facto, non 
 consulto in tali periculo opus esse ; seqne, si pauci 
 adjuvarent, langucntibus aliis, impetum in curiam 
 facturum.' 4. I^atura ferox, vehemens, manu promp- 
 tiis erat ; maximum bonum in celeritate putabat. 
 
 XLIY. Sed Allobroges ex prsecepto Ciceronis per 
 Gabinium ceteros conveniimt; ab Lentulo, Cethego, 
 Statilio, item Cassio postulant jusjurandum, quod sig- 
 natum ad cives perferant : ' aliter baud facile eos ad 
 tantum negotium impelli posse.' 2. Ceteri nihil sus- 
 picantes dant ; Cassius semet eo brevi venturum pol- 
 licetur, ac paulo ante legatos ex urbe proficiscitur. 
 3. Lentulus cum his T. Volturcium quemdam Croto- 
 niensem mittit, uti Allobroges, prius quam domum 
 pergerent, cum Catilina, data et accepta fide, societa- 
 tem contirmarent. 4. Ipse Yolturcio litteras ad Cati- 
 linam dat, quarum exemplum infra scriptum est. 
 
 5. " Quis sim, ex eo, quem ad te misi, cognosces. 
 Fac cogites, in quanta calamitate sis, et memineris te 
 virum esse ; consideres, quid tuae rationes postulent : 
 auxilium petas ab omnibus, etiam ab infimis." 
 
 6. Ad hoc mandata verbis dat : ' quum ab senatu 
 hostis judicatus sit, quo consilio servitia repudiet? in 
 urbe parata esse, quse jusserit ; ne cunctetur ipse pro- 
 pius accedere.' ' 
 
 XLY. His rebus ita actis, constituta nocte, qua; 
 proficiscerentur, Cicero, per legatos cuncta edoctus, 
 L. Yalerio Flacco et 0. Pomptino prsetoribus imperat, 
 uti in ponte Mulvio per insidias AUobrogum comita- 
 tus deprehendant ; rem omnem aperit, cujus gratia 
 
126 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 mittebantur ; cetera, uti facto opus sit, ita agant, per- 
 mittit. 2. Uli, homines militares, sine tumultu prsesi- 
 diis coUocatis, sicuti prseceptum erat, occulte pontem 
 obsidiint. 3. Postquam ad id loci legati cum Vol- 
 turcio venerunt, et simul utrimque clamor exortus est, 
 Galli, cito cognito consilio, sine mora prsetoribus se 
 tradunt. 4. Yolturcius primo, cohortatus ceteros, 
 gladio se a multitudine defendit ; deinde, ubi a 
 legatis desertus est, multa priiis de salute sua Pomp- 
 tinum obtestatus, quod ei notus erat, postremo timi- 
 dus ac vitse diffidens, velut hostibus sese prsetoribus 
 dedit. 
 
 XLVL Quibus rebus confectis, omnia propere per 
 nuntios consuli declarantur. 2. At ilium ingens cura 
 atque laetitia simul occupavere : nam laetabatur, intel- 
 ligens, conjurationepatefacta, civitatem periculis erep- 
 tam esse ; porro autem anxius erat, dubitans, in maxi- 
 mo scelere tantis civibus deprehensis, quid facto opus 
 esset; poenam illorum sibi oneri, impunitatem per- 
 dendae reipublicse fore credebat. 3. Igitur, conJBrmato 
 animo, vocari ad sese jubet Lentulum, Cethegum, 
 Statilium, Gabinium, itemque Coeparium quemdam 
 Terracinensem, qui in Apuliam ad concitanda servitia 
 proficisci parabat. 4. Ceteri sine mora veniunt : 
 Coeparius, paulo ante domo egressus, cognito indicio, 
 ex urbe profugerat. 5. Consul Lentulum, quod praetor 
 erat, ipse manu tenens p#ducit ; reliquos cum custodi- 
 bus in 8edem Concordias venire jubet. 6. Eo senatum 
 advocat, magnaque frequentia ejus ordinis, Yolturcium 
 cum legatis introducit ; Flaccum praetorem scrinium 
 cum litteris, quas a legatis acceperat, eodem aflerre 
 jubet. 
 
CATILINA. 127 
 
 XLVn. Yoltiircius interrogatiis de itinere, de lit- 
 teris, postremo quid, aut qua de causa, consilii habuis- 
 set, priino fingere alia, dissimulare de conjuratione ; 
 post, ubi fide publica dicere jussus est, omnia, uti 
 gesta eraut, aperit ; docetque ' se paucis ante diebus a 
 Gabinio et Coepario socium adscitum nihil amplius 
 scire quam legates ; tantummodo audire solitum ex 
 Gabinio P. Autronium, Servium SiiUam, L. Yargun- 
 teium, multos praeterea in ea conjuratione esse.' 
 2. Eadem Galli fatentur, ac Lentulum dissimulantem 
 coarguunt prseter litteras sermonibus, quos ille habere 
 solitus erat : ' ex libris Sibyllinis regnum Romse tribus 
 Corneliis portendi ; Cinnam atque SuUam antea, se 
 tertium esse, cui fatum foret urbis potiri ; praeterea ab 
 incenso Capitolio ilium esse vigesimum annum, quern 
 ssepe ex prodigiis haruspices respondissent bello civili 
 cruentum fore.' 3. Igitur perlectis litteris, quum 
 prius omnes signa sua cognovissent, senatus decernit, 
 'uti abdicato magistratu Lentuhis, itemque ceteri 
 in liberis custodiis haberentur.' 4. Itaque Lentulus 
 P. Lentulo Spintheri, qui tum sedilis erat, Cethegus 
 Q. Cornificio, Statilius C. Csesari, Gabinius M. Crasso, 
 Coeparius (nam is paulo ante ex fuga retractus erat) 
 Cn. Terentio senatori traduntur. 
 
 XLYni. Tuterea plebes, conjuratione patefacta, 
 quse primo cupida rerum novarum nimis bello favebat, 
 mutata mente, Catilinae cons||^ exsecrari, Ciceronem 
 ad coelum toUere ; veluti ex servitute erepta, gaudium 
 atque Isetitiam agitabat. 2. Namque alia belli faci- 
 nora prgedse magis quam detrimento fore, incendium 
 vero crudele, immoderatum, ac sibi maxime calami- 
 tosum putabat ; quippe cui omnes copise in usu quo- 
 
128 C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 tidiano et cultu corporis erant. 3. Post eum diem 
 quidam L. Tarquinius ad senatum adductns erat, 
 quern ad Catilinam proficiscentem ex itinere retrac- 
 tum aiebant. 4. Is qunm se diceret indicaturuin do 
 conjuratione, si fides publica data esset, jussus a con- 
 sule, quae sciret, edicere, eadem fere, quae Yolturcius, 
 de paratis incendiis, de csede bonorum, de itinere hos- 
 tium senatum docet : prseterea ' se missum a M. Crasso, 
 qui Catilinse nuntiaret, ne eum Lentulus et Cethegus 
 aliique ex conjuratione deprehensi terrerent ; eoque 
 magis properaret ad urbem accedere, quo et cetero- 
 rum animos reficeret, et illi facilius e periculo eripe- 
 rentur.' 6. Sed ubi Tarquinius Crassum nominavit, 
 hominem nobilem, maximis divitiis, summa potentia, 
 alii rem incredibilem rati, pars, tametsi verum existi- 
 mabant, tamen quia in tali tempore tanta vis hominis 
 lenienda magis quam exagitanda videbatur, plerique 
 Crasso ex negotiis privatis obnoxii conclamant ' indi- 
 cem falsum esse,' deque ea re postulant, uti referatur. 
 6. Itaque, consulente Cicerone, frequens senatus de- 
 cernit, ' Tarquinii indicium falsum videri, eumque in 
 vinculis retinendum, neque amplius potestatem facien- 
 dam, nisi de eo indicaret, cujus consilio tantam rem 
 mentitus esset.' 7. Erant eo tempore, qui existima- 
 rent indicium illud a P. Autronio machinatum, quo 
 facilius, appellato Crasso, per societatem periculi reli- 
 quos illius potentia te^«et. 8. Alii Tarquinium a 
 Cicerone immissum aieoant, ne Crassus, more suo 
 suscepto malorum patrocinio, rempublicam contur- 
 baret. 9. Ipsum Crassum ego postea prsedicantem 
 audivi, bantam illam contumeliam sibi ab Cicerone 
 impositam.' 
 
CATILINA. 129 
 
 XLIX. Sed isdem temporibus Q. Catulus et C. Piso 
 neque precibus, neque gratia, neque pretio Ciceronem 
 impellere potuere, iiti per AUobroges aut per alium 
 indicem C. Csesar falso nominaretur. 2. Nam uter- 
 que cum illp graves iuimicitias exercebant;. Piso 
 oppugnatus in judicio pecuniarum repetundarum, 
 propter cujusdam Transpadani supplicium injustum; 
 Catulus ex petitione pontificatus odio incensus, quod 
 extrema setate, maximis honoribus usus, ab adolescen- 
 tulo Caesare victus discesserat. 3. Pes autem oppor- 
 tuna videbatur, quod is privatim egregia liberalitate, 
 publice maximis muneribus grandem pecuniam debe- 
 bat. 4. Sed ubi consulem ad tantum facinus impel- 
 lere nequeunt, ipsi singulatim circumeundo, atque 
 ementiendo, quae se ex Volturcio aut AUobrogibus 
 audisse dicerent, magnam illi invidiam conflaverant ; 
 usque adeo, ut nonnulli equites Romani, qui prsesidii 
 causa cum telis erant circum ledem Concordiae, seu 
 periculi magnitudine, seu animi mobilitate impulsi, 
 quo studium suum in rempublicam clarius esset, egre- 
 dienti ex senatu Caesari gladio minitarentur. 
 
 L. Dum haec in senatu aguntur, et dum legatis 
 AUobrogum et Tito Volturcio, comprobato eorum in- 
 dicio, praemia decernuntur ; liberti et pauci ex clienti- 
 bus Lentuli diversis itineribus opifices atque servitia 
 in vicis ad eum eripiendum sollicitabant ; partim ex- 
 quirebant duces multitudinui^^ui pretio rempublicam 
 vexare soliti erant. 2. Cethegus autem per nuntios 
 familiam atque libertos suos, lectos et exercitatos in 
 audaciam, orabat, ut, grege facto, cum telis ad sese 
 irrumperent. 3. Consul, ubi ea parari cognovit, dis- 
 positis praesidiis, ut res atque tempus monebat, convo- 
 6* 
 
130 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 cato senatu, refert, ' quid de his fieri placeat, qui in 
 custodiam traditi erant.' Sed eos paulo ante frequens 
 senatus judicaverat ' contra rempublicam fecisse.' 
 4. Turn D. Junius Silanus, primus sententiam roga- 
 tus, quod eo tempore consul designatus erat, de his, 
 qui in custodiis tenebantur, prseterea de L. Cassio, 
 P. Furio, P. Umbreno, Q. Annio, si deprehensi forent, 
 supplicium sumendum decreverat : isque postea, per- 
 motus oratione C. Csesaris, pedibus in sententiam Tib. 
 Neronis iturum se dixerat ; quod de ea re, prsesidiis 
 additis, referendum censuerat. 6. Sed Caesar, ubi ad 
 eum ventum est, rogatus sententiam a consule, hujus- 
 cemodi verba locutus est. 
 
 LI. '' Omnes homines, patres conscripti, qui de 
 rebus dubiis consultant, ab odio, amicitia, ira atque 
 misericordia vacuos esse decet. 2. Hand facile ani- 
 mus verum providet, ubi ilia officiunt, neque quis- 
 quam omnium libidini simul et usui paruit. 3. Ubi 
 intenderis ingenium, valet ; si libido possidet, ea 
 dominatur, animus nihil valet. 4. Magna mihi copia 
 est memorandi, patres conscripti, qui reges atque 
 populi, ira aut misericordia impulsi, male consulue- 
 rint; sed ea malo dicere, quae majores nostri contra 
 libidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere. 5. Bello 
 Macedonico, quod cum rege Perse gessimus, Ehodio- 
 rum ci vitas, magna atque magnifica, quae populi Eo- 
 mani opibus creverat, ii^iida atque adversa nobis fuit : 
 sed postquam, bello confecto, de Khodiis consultum 
 est, majores nostri, no quis divitia^rum magis, quam 
 injurise causa bellum inceptum diceret, impunitos eos 
 dimisere. 6. Item bellis Punicis omnibus, quum saepe 
 Carthaginienses et in pace et per inducias multa nefa- 
 
OATILINA. 131 
 
 ria facinora fecissent, nunquam ipsi per occasionem 
 talia fecere: magis, quid se dignum foret, qnam quid 
 in illis jure fieri posset, quaerebant. 7. Hoc idem 
 vobis providendum est, patres conscripti, ne plus va- 
 leat apud vos P. Lentuli et ceterorum scelus, quam 
 vestra dignitas ; neu magis irse vestrse quam famse 
 consulatis. 8. Nam si digna poena pro factis eorum 
 reperitur, novum consilium approbo ; sin magnitudo 
 sceleris omnium ingenia exsuperat, his utendum 
 censeo, quse legibus comparata sunt.| 9. Plerique 
 eorum, qui ante me sententias dixerunt, composite 
 atque magnifice casum reipublicse miserati sunt : qu89 
 belli saevitia esset, quae victis acciderent enumera- 
 vere : rapi virgines, pueros ; divelli liberos a paren- 
 tiim complexu ; matres familiarum pati, quse victoribus 
 collibuissent : fana atque domos exspoliari ; caedem, 
 incendia fieri ; postremo armis, cadaveribus, cruore 
 atque luctu omnia compleri. 10. Sed, per deos im- 
 mortales! quo ilia oratio pertinuit? an, uti vos infes- 
 tos conjurationi faceret ? Scilicet, quem res tanta 
 atque tam atrox non permovit, eum oratio accendet ! 
 
 11. Non ita est; neque cuiquam mortalium injurise 
 suae parvae videntur : multi eas graviiis aequo habuSre. 
 
 12. Sed alia aliis licentia est, patres conscripti. Qui 
 demissi in obscuro vitam liabent, is quid iracundia 
 deliquere, pauci sciunt; fama atque fortuna eorum 
 pares sunt: qui magno im^rio praediti in excelso 
 aetatem agunt, eorum facta cuncti mortales nov6re. 
 
 13. Ita in maxima fortuna minima licentia est : neque 
 studere, neque odisse, sed niinime irasci decet : 14. quse 
 apud alios iracundia dicitur, ea in imperio superbia 
 atque crudelitas appellatur. 15. Equidem ego sic 
 
132 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 existimo, patres conscripti, omnes cruciatus minores, 
 quam facinora illorum esse; sed plerique mortales 
 postrema meminere, et in hominibus impiis sceleris 
 eorum obliti de poena disserunt, si ea paulo severior 
 fuit* -16. D. Silannm, virum fortem atque strenuuin, 
 certo scio, quae dixerit, studio reipublicae dixisse, ne- 
 que ilium in tanta re gratiam aut inimicitias exercere : 
 eos mores, eam modestiam viri cognovi. 17. Yerum 
 sententia ejus mihi non crudelis, (quid enim in tales 
 homines crudele fieri potest ? ) sed aliena a republica 
 nostra videtur. 18. Nam profecto aut metus aut in- 
 juria te subegit, Silane, consulem designatum, genus 
 poense novum decernere. 19. De timore supervaca- 
 neum est disserere, quum praesertim diligentia claris- 
 simi viri, consulis, tanta praesidia sint in armis. 20. De 
 poena possumus equidem dicere, id quod res habet, in 
 luctu atque miseriis mortem serumnarum requiem, 
 non cruciatum esse, eam cuncta mortalium mala dis- 
 solvere ; ultra neque curae neque gaudio locum esse. 
 21. Sed, per deos immortales ! quamobrem in senten- 
 tiam non addidisti, uti prius verberibus in eos ani- 
 madverteretur ? 22. An, quia lex Porcia vetat ? At 
 alise leges item condemnatis civibus non animam 
 eripi, sed exsilium permitti jubent. 23. An, quia 
 gravius est verberari quam necari ? Quid autem acer- 
 bum aut nimis grave in homines tanti facinoris con- 
 victos? 24. Sin, quia levins est; qui convenit in 
 minore negotio legem timere, quum eam in majore 
 neglexeris ? 25. At enim qui^ reprehendet, quod in 
 parricidas reipubliese decretum erit? Tempus, dies, 
 fortuna, cujus libido gentibus moderatur. 26. Illis 
 merito accidet, quidquid evenerit ; ceterilm vos, pa- 
 
CATILINA. 133 
 
 ti*es conscripti, quid in aKos statuatis, considerate. 
 27. Omnia mala exempla ex bonis orta sunt ; sed ubi 
 imperium ad ignaros aut minus bonos pervenit, novum 
 illud exemplum ab dignis et idoneis ad indignos et 
 non idoneos transfertur. 28. Lacedsemonii devictis 
 Atheniensibus triginta viros imposuere, qui rempubli- 
 eam eorum tractarent. 29. Hi prirao coep€re pessi- 
 mum quemque et omnibus invisum indemnatum ne- 
 care : ea populus laetari et merito dicere fieri. 30. Post, 
 ubi paulatim licentia crevit, juxta bonos et malos 
 libidinose interficere, ceteros joaetii terrere. 31. Ita 
 civitas servitute oppressa stultse Isetitise graves poenas 
 dedit. 32. Nostra memoria, victor Sulla quum Da- 
 masippum et alios liujusmodi, qui malo reipublicae 
 creverant, jugulari jussit, quis non factum ejus lauda- 
 bat ? ' Homines scelestos et factiosos, qui seditionibus 
 rempublicam exagitaverant, merito necatos ' aiebant. 
 33. Sed ea res magnse initium cladis fuit : nam uti 
 quisque domum aut villam, postremo aut vas aut 
 vestimentum alicujus concupiverat, dabat operam, 
 uti is in proscriptorum numero esset. 34. Ita illi, 
 quibus Damasippi mors laetitiae fuerat, paulo post ipsi 
 trabebantur; neque prius finis jiigulandi fuit, quam 
 Sulla omnes suos divitiis explevit. 35. Atque ego 
 bsec non in M. Tullio neque his temporibus vereor ; 
 sed in magna civitate multa et varia ingenia sunt. 
 36. Potest aKo tempore, alio consule, cui item exer- 
 citus in manu sit, falsum aliquid pro vero credi. Ubi 
 hoc exemplo per senati decretum consul gladium 
 eduxerit, quis illi finem statuet, aut quis moderabi- 
 tur? 37. Majores nostri, patres conscripti, neque 
 consilii neque audacise unquam eguere; neque illis 
 
134 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 superbia obstabat, quo miniis aliena instituta, si modo 
 proba erant, imitarentur. 38. Arma atque tela mili- 
 taria ab Samnitibus, insignia magistratuum ab Tuscis 
 pleraque sumpserunt : postremo quod ubique apud 
 socios aut hostes idoneum videbatur, cum summo stu- 
 dio domi exsequebantur ; imitari quam invidere bo- 
 nis malebant. 39. Sed eodem illo tempore, Grsecise 
 morem imitati, verberibus animadvertebant in cives, 
 de condemnatis summum supplicium sumebant. 
 40. Postquam respublica adolevit, et multitudine 
 civium factiones valuire, circumveniri innocentes, 
 alia hujuscemodi fieri ccepgre, tum lex Porcia aliseque 
 leges paratse sunt, ,quibus legibus exsilium damnatis 
 permissum est. 41. Hanc ego tjausam, patres con- 
 scrigti, quo minus novum consilium capiamus, in 
 primis magnam puto. 42. Profecto virtus atque 
 sapientia major in illis fuit, qui ex parvis opibus tan- 
 tum imperium fecere, quam in nobis, qui ea bene 
 parta vix retinemus. 43. Placet igitur eos dimitti et 
 augere exercitum Catilinae ? Minime ; sed ita censeo : 
 ' publicandas eorum pecunias, ipsos in vinculis haben- 
 dos per municipia, quae maxime opibus valent ; neu 
 quis de' his postea ad senatum referat, neve cum 
 populo agat : qui aliter fecerit, senatum existimare eum 
 contra rempublicam et salutem omnium facturum.' " 
 
 LII. Postquam Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri 
 verbo alius alii varie assentiebantur : al; M. Porcius 
 Cato, rogatus sententiam, hujuscemodi orationem 
 habuit. 
 
 2. " Longe mihi alia mens est, patres conscripti, 
 quum res atque pericula nostra considero, et quum 
 sententias nonnuUorum mecum ipse reputo. 3. Uli 
 
CATILINA. 135 
 
 mihi disseruisse videntur de poena eorum, qui patriae, 
 parentibus, aris atque focis suis bellum paravere : res 
 autem monet cavere ab illis magis quam, quid in illis 
 statuamus, consultare. 4. Nam cetera maleficia turn 
 persequare, ubi facta sunt : hoc, nisi provideris, ne 
 accidat, ubi evenit, frustr^t judicia implores : capta; 
 urbe, nihil fit reliqui victis. 5. Sed, per deos immor- 
 tales! vos ego appello, qui semper domos, villas, 
 signa, tabulas vestras pluris quam rempublicam fecis- 
 tis, si ista, cujuscumque modi sunt, quae amplexamini, 
 retinere, si voluptatibus vestris otium prsebere vultis, 
 expergiscimini aliquando, et capessite rempublicam. 
 6. Non agitur de vectigalibus, neque de sociorum in- 
 juriis ; libertas et anima nostra in dubio est. 7. Saepe- 
 numero, patres conscript!, multa verba in hoc ordine 
 feci, saepe de luxuria atque avaritia nostrorum civium 
 questus sum, multosque mortales ea causa adversos 
 habeo. 8. Qui mihi atque animo meo nuUius unquan\ 
 delicti gratiam fecissem, baud facile alterius libidini 
 malefacta condonabam. 9. Sed ea tametsi vos parvi 
 j)endebatis, tamen respublica firma erat ; opulentia 
 negligentiam tolerabat. 10. Nunc vero non id agitur, 
 bonisne an malis moribus vivamus, neque quantum 
 aut quam magnificum imperium populi Eomani sit ; 
 sed hsec cujus cumque modi videntur, nostra, an no- 
 biscum una hostium futiira sint. 
 
 11. '' Hie mihi quisquam mansuetudinem et miseri- 
 cordiam nominat. Jampridem equidem nos vera 
 rerum vocabula amisimus, quia bona aliena largiri 
 liberalitas, malarum rerum audacia fortitudo vocatur ; 
 eo respublica in extremo sita est. 12. Sint sane, 
 quoniam ita se mores habent, liberales ex sociorum 
 
136 C. CRISPI SALLFSTII 
 
 fortunis, sint misericordes in furibus serarii : ne illi 
 sanguinem nostrum largiantur ; et dum paucis scele- 
 ratis parcunt, bonos omnes perditum eant. 13. Bene 
 et composite 0. Csesar paulo ante in hoc ordine de 
 vita et morte disseruit; credo, falsa existimans ea, 
 quae de inferis memorantur ; ' diverso itinere malos a 
 bonis loca tetra, inculta, foeda atque formidolosa ha- 
 bere.' 1-i. Itaque censuit 'pecunias eorum publican- 
 das, ipsos per municipia in custodiis habendos;' 
 videlicet timens, ne, si Komse sint, aut a popularibus 
 conjurationis, aut a multitudine conducta per vim 
 eripiantur. 15. Quasi vero mali atque scelesti tan- 
 tummodo in urbe, et non per totam Italiam sint, aut 
 non ibi plus possit audacia, ubi ad defendendum opes 
 minores sunt. 16. Quare vanum equidem hoc con- 
 silium est, si periculum ex illis metuit ; sin in tanto 
 omnium metu solus non timet, eo magis refert me 
 mihi atque vobis timere. 
 
 17. " Quare quum de P. Lentulo ceterisque sta- 
 tuetis, pro certo habetote vos simul de exercitu Cati- 
 linse et de omnibus conjuratis decernere. 18. Quanto 
 vos attentius ea agetis, tanto illis animus infirmior 
 erit : si paululum modo vos lauguere viderint, jam 
 omnes feroces aderunt. 19. Nolite existimare ma- 
 jores nostros armis rempublicam ex parva magnam 
 fecisse. 20. Si ita res esset, multo pulcherrimam 
 eam nos haberemus : quippe sociorum atque civium, 
 prseterea armorum atque equorum major nobis copia 
 quam illis. 21. Sed alia fuere, quae illos magnos 
 fecere, quae nobis nulla sunt ; domi industria, foris 
 justum imperium, animus in consulendo liber, neque 
 delicto neque libidini obnoxius. 22. Pro his nos 
 
CATILINA. 137 
 
 habemus luxuriam atque avaritiam, publice egesta- 
 tem, privatim opulentiam ; laudamus divitias, se- 
 qiiimur inertiam ; inter bonos et malos discrimen 
 nullum ; omnia virtutis prsemia ambitio possidet. 
 23. ]!seque mirum, ubi vos separatira* sibi quisque 
 consilium capitis, ubi domi voluptatibus, liic pecunise 
 aut gratise servitis ; eo fit, ut impetus fiat in vacuam 
 rempublicam. 24. Sed ego haec omitto. 
 
 " Conjuravere nobilissimi cives patriam incendere, 
 Gallorum gentem infestissimam nomini Romano ad 
 bellum arcessunt ; dux hostium cum exercitu supra 
 caput est : 25. vos cunctamini etiam nunc, quid intra 
 moenia deprehensis hostibus faciatis ? 26. Miserea- 
 mini, censeo, (deliquere homines adolescentuli per 
 ambitionem,) atque etiam armatos dimittatis. 27. Ne 
 ista vobis mansuetudo et misericordia, si illi arma 
 ceperint, in miseriam vertet. 28. Scilicet res ipsa 
 aspera est, sed vos non timetis earn. Immo vero 
 maxime ; sed inertia et mollitia animi alius alium 
 exspectantes cunctamini, videlicet dis immortalibus 
 conflsi, qui banc rempublicam in maximis ssepe peri- 
 culis servavere. 29. Non votis neque suppliciis mu- 
 liebribus auxilia deorum parantur; vigilando, agendo, 
 bene consulendo prospera omnia cedunt : ubi socor- 
 dise te atque ignaviae tradideris, nequidquam deos 
 implores ; irati infestique sunt. 30. Apud majores 
 nostros T. Manlius Torquatus bello Gallico filium 
 suum, quod is contra imperium in liostem pugnave- 
 rat, necari jussit, 31. atque ille egregius adolescens, 
 immoderatse fortitudinis, morte poenas dedit : vos de 
 crudelissimis parricidis quid statuatis, cunctamini? 
 Videlicet vita cetera eorum huic sceleri obstat. 32. Ve- 
 
138 
 
 CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 rum parcite dignitati Lentuli, si ipse pudicitige, si 
 famse suae, si dis ant hominibus unquam ullis peper- 
 cit : 33. ignoscite Cethegi adolescentiae, nisi itemm 
 patriae bellnm fecit. 34. Kam qnid ego de Gabinio, 
 Statilio, Coepario loqnar ? qnibns si qnidqnam nnqnam 
 pensi fuisset, non ea consilia de repnblica habnissent. 
 
 35. " Postremo, patres conscripti, si meliercnle 
 peccato locns esset, facile paterer vos ipsa re corrigi, 
 qnoniam verba contemnitis ; sed nndiqne circnmventi 
 snmns. Catilina cnm exercitn fancibns nrget; alii 
 intra raoenia atqne in sinu nrbis sunt hostes ; neque 
 pararij neque consuli quidquam occulte potest : quo 
 magis properandum est. 36. Quare ita ego censeo : 
 ' quum nefario consilio sceleratorum civium respub- 
 lica in maxima pericula venerit, hique indicio T. Yol- 
 turcii et legatorum AUobrogum convicti confessique 
 sint csedem, incendia, aliaque se foeda atque crudelia 
 facinora in cives patriamque paravisse, de confessis, 
 sicuti de manifestis rerum capitalium, more majorum 
 supplicium sumendum.' " 
 
 Lin. Postquam Cato assedit, consulares omnes 
 itemque senatus magna pars sententiam ejus laudant, 
 virtutem animi ad coelum ferunt, alii alios increpantes 
 timidos vocant ; Cato clarus atque magnus habetur ; 
 senati decretum fit, sicuti ille censuerat. 2. Sed mihi 
 multa legenti, multa audienti, quae populus Romanus 
 domi militiaeque, mari atque terra praeclara facinora 
 fecit, forte libuit attendere, quae res maxime tanta 
 negotia sustinuisset. 3. Sciebam saepenumero parva 
 manu cum magnis legionibus hostium contendisse ; 
 cognoveram parvis copiis bella gesta cum opulentis 
 regibus ; ad hoc saepe fortunae violentiam toleravisse ; 
 
CATILINA. 139 
 
 facundia Graecos, gloria belli Gallos ante Eomanos 
 fuisse. 4. Ac mihi multa agitanti constabat, pauco- 
 riim civiiim egregiam virtutem cuncta patravisse; 
 eoque factum, uti divitias paupertas, multitudinem 
 paucitas superaret. 5. Sed postquam luxu atque de- 
 sidia civitas corrupta est, rursus respublica magni- 
 tudine sua imperatorum atque magistratuum vitia 
 sustentabat, ac, sicuti effeta parente, in multis tempes- 
 tatibus baud sane quisquam Romse virtute magnus 
 fuit. 6. Sed memoriS mea, ingenti virtute, diversis 
 moribus fuere viri duo, M. Cato et C. Caesar : quos 
 quoniam res obtulerat, silentio prseterire non fuit con- 
 silium, quin utriusque naturam et mores, quantum 
 ingenio possem, aperirem. 
 
 LIV. Igitur his genus, setas, eloquentia prope 
 sequalia fuere ; magnitudo animi par, item gloria, 
 sed alia alii. 2. Caesar beneficiis atque munificentia 
 magnus habebatur ; integritate vitae Cato. Ille man- 
 suetudine et misericordia clarus factus ; huic severi- 
 tas dignitatem addiderat. 3. Caesar dando, suble- 
 vando, ignoscendo ; Cato nihil largiendo gloriam 
 adeptus est. In altero miseris perfugium ; in altero 
 malis pernicies : illius facilitas, hujus constantia 
 laudabatur. 4. Postremo Caesar in animum induxe- 
 rat laborare, vigilare ; negotiis amicorum intentus, 
 sua negligere ; nihil denegare, quod dono dignum 
 esset; sibi magnura imperium, exercitum, novum 
 bellum exoptabat, ubi virtus enitescere posset. 5. At 
 Catoni studium modestiae, decoris, sed maxime severi- 
 tatis erat. Non divitiis cum divite, neque factione 
 cum factioso, sed cum strenuo virtute, cum modesto 
 pudore, cum innocente abstinentia certabat ; esse 
 
MO C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 quam videri bonus malebat : ita, quo minus gloriam 
 petebat, eo magis sequebatur. 
 
 LV. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis senten- 
 tiam discessit, consul optimum factum ratus noctem, 
 quae instabat, antecapere, ne quid eo spatio novare- 
 tur, triumviros, quae supplicium postulabat, parare 
 jubet : 2. ipse, dispositis prsesidiis, Lentulum in car- 
 cerem deducit ; idem fit ceteris per prsetores. 3. Est 
 locus in carcere, quod Tullianum appellatur, ubi pau- 
 lulum descenderis ad Isevam, circiter duodecim pedes 
 humi depressus. 4. Eum muniunt undique parietes, 
 atque insuper camera lapideis fornicibus vincta, sed 
 incultu, tenebris, odore foeda atque terribilis ejus fa- 
 cies est. 5. In eum locum postquam demissus est 
 Lentulus, vindices rerum capitalium, quibus praecep- 
 tum erat, laqueo gulam fregere. 6. Ita ille patricius, 
 ex clarissima gente Corneliorum, qui consulare impe- 
 rium Romae habuerat, dignum moribus factisque suis 
 exitium vitae invenit. De Cethego, Statilio, Gabinio, 
 Coepario eodem modo supplicium sumptum est. 
 
 LYI. Dum ea Eomse geruntur, Catilina ex omni 
 copia, quam et ipse adduxerat, et Manlius habuerat, 
 duas legiones instituit ; cohortes pro numero militum 
 complet : 2. deinde, ut quisque voluntarius aut ex 
 sociis in castra venerat, sequaliter distribuerat, ac 
 brevi spatio legiones numero hominum expleverat, 
 quum initio non amplius duobus millibus babuisset. 
 3. Sed ex omni copia circiter pars quarta erat milita- 
 ribus armis instructa; ceterij.ut quemque casus arma- 
 verat, sparos aut lanceas, alii prseacutas sudes porta- 
 bant. 4. Sed postquam Antonius cum exercitu ad- 
 ventabatj Catilina per montes iter facere, modo ad 
 
CATILINA. 141 
 
 urbem, modo in Galliarn versus castra movere, 
 hostibus occasionem pugnandi non dare : sperabat 
 propediem magnas copias sese habitiirum, si Eomae 
 socii incepta patravissent. 5. Interea servitia repu- 
 diabat, cujus initio ad eum magnse copise cohcurre- 
 bant, opibus conjurationis fretus, simul alienum suis 
 rationibus existimans, videri causam civiuni cum ser- 
 vis fiigitivis communicavisse. 
 
 LYII. Sed postquam in castra nuntius pervenit 
 
 Eomae conjurationem patefactam, de Lentulo, Cethego, 
 
 ceteris, quos supra memoravi, supplicium sumptum ; 
 
 plerique, quos ad bellum spes rapinarum aut novarum 
 
 rerum studium illexerat, dilabuntur : reliquos Catilina 
 
 per montes asperos magnis itineribus in agrum Pisto- 
 
 riensem abducit, eo consilio, uti per tramites occulte 
 
 perfugeret in Galliam. 2. At Q. Metellus Celer 
 
 cum tribus legionibus in agro Piceno prsesidebat, ex 
 
 difficultate rerum eadem ilia existimans, quae supra 
 
 diximus, Catilinam agitare. 3. Igitur, ubi iter ejus 
 
 I ex perfugis cognovit, castra propere movit, ac sub 
 
 ; ipsis radicibus montium consedit, qua illi descensus 
 
 ! erat in Galliam properanti. 4. Neque tamen Anto- 
 
 I nius procul aberat, utpote qui magno exercitu locis 
 
 ! sequioribus expeditus in fuga sequeretur. 5. Sed 
 
 I Catilina, postquam videt raontibus atque copiis hos- 
 
 ! tium sese clausum, in urbe res adversas, neque fugse 
 
 I neque prsesidii ullam spem, optimum factum ratus in 
 
 tali re fortunam belli tentare, statuit cum Antonio 
 
 quam primum confligere. Itaque, concione advocata, 
 
 hujuscemodi orationem habuit. 
 
 LYIII. " Compertum ego habeo, milites, verba vir- 
 tutem non addere ; neque ex ignavo strenuum, neque 
 
142 C. CRISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 fortem ex timido exercitum oratione imperatoris fieri. 
 2. Quanta cuj usque animo aiidacia natura aut mori- 
 bus inest, tanta in bello patere solet : quern neque 
 gloria neque pericula excitant, nequidquam hortere ; 
 timor animi auribus officit. 3. Sed ego vos, quo 
 pauca monerem, advocavi ; simul uti causam mei 
 consilii aperirem. 4. Scitis equidem, milites, socor- 
 dia atque ignavia Lentuli quantam ipsi cladem nobis- 
 que attulerit ; quoque modo, dum ex urbe prsesidia 
 opperior, in Galliam proficisci nequiverim. 5. Nunc 
 vero quo in loco res nostras sint, juxta mecum omnes 
 intelligitis. 6. Exercitus bostium duo, unus ab urbe, 
 alter a Gallia obstant: diutius in his locis esse, si 
 maxime animus ferat, frumenti atque aliarum rerum 
 egestas probibet. Quocumque ire placet, ferro iter 
 aperiendum est. 7. Quapropter vos moneo, uti forti 
 atque parato animo sitis, et, quum proelium inibitis, 
 memineritis vos divitias, decus, gloriam, praeterea 
 libertatem atque patriam in dextris vestris portare. 
 8. Si vincimus, omnia nobis tuta erunt, commeatus 
 abunde, colonise atque municipia patebunt : sin metu 
 cesserimus, eadem ilia adversa fient : neque locus 
 neque amicus quisquam teget, quem arma non texe- 
 rint. 9. Prseterea, milites, non eadem nobis et illis 
 necessitudo impendet : nos pro patria, pro libertate, 
 pro vita certamus : illis supervacaneum est pugnare 
 pro potentia paucorum. Quo audacius aggredimini, 
 memores pristinge virtutis. 10. Licuit vobis cum 
 summa turpitudine in exsilio setatem agere ; potuistis 
 nonnuUi Romse, amissis bonis, alienas opes exspeoJ|| 
 tare. 11. Quia ilia teda atque intoleranda viris vide- ' 
 bantur, hsec sequi decrevistis. 12. Si bsec relinquere 
 
CATILINA. 143 
 
 vultis, audacia opus est : nemo, nisi victor, pace bel- 
 him mutavit. 13. Nam in fiiga salutem sperare, 
 qnum arma, quis corpus tegitur, ab hostibus averte- 
 ris, ea vero dementia est. Semper in prcelio iis maxi- 
 mum est periculum, qui maxime timent ; audacia 
 pro muro habetur. Quum vos considero, milites, et 
 quum facta vestra sestimo, magna me spes victorise 
 tenet. 14. Animus, getas, virtus vestra me hortantur, 
 praeterea necessitudo, quse etiam timidos fortes facit. 
 15. Nam multitudo hostium ne circumvenire queat, 
 proliibent angustiee loci. 16. Quod si virtuti vestrse 
 fortuna inviderit, cavete inulti animam amittatis ; 
 neu capti potius sicuti pecora trucidemini, quam viro- 
 rum more pugnantes, cruentam atque luctuosam vic- 
 toriam liostibus relinquatis." 
 
 LIX. Hsec ubi dixit, paululum commoratus, signa 
 canere jubet, atque instructos ordines in locum sequum 
 deducit : deinde, remotis omnium equis, quo militibus, 
 exaequato periculo, animus amplior esset, ipse pedes 
 exercitum pro loco atque copiis instruit. 2. Nam, uti 
 planities erat inter sinistros montes, et ab dextra rupes 
 aspera, octo coliortes in fronte constituit, reliqua signa 
 in subsidio artius collocat. 3. Ab his centuriones 
 omnes lectos et evocatos, praeterea ex gregariis militi- 
 bus optimum quemque armatum in primam aciem 
 subducit. 4. C. Manlium in dextera, Fsesulanum 
 quemdam in sinistra parte curare jubet : ijDse cum 
 libertis et colonis propter aquilam assistit, quam bello 
 Cimbrico C. Marius in exercitu habuisse dicebatur. 
 5. At ex altera parte C. Antonius, pedibus aeger, quod 
 prcelio adesse nequibat, M. Petreio legato exercitum 
 : permittit. Ille coliortes veteranas, quas tumulti causS 
 
144 C. CKISPI SALLUSTII 
 
 conscripserat, in fronte ; post eas ceterum exercitum 
 in subsidiis locat. Ipse equo circumiens, unumquem- 
 qiie nominans appellat, liortatur, rogat, uti memine- 
 rint se contra latrones inermes, pro patria, pro liberis, 
 j)ro aris atque focis suis cernere. 6. Homo militaris, 
 quod amplius annos triginta tribunns, aut prsefectus, 
 aut legatus, aut praetor cum magna gloria in exercitu 
 fuerat, plerosque ipsos factaque eorum fortia noverat ; 
 ea commemorando militum animos accendebat. 
 
 LX. Sed ubi, omnibus rebus exploratis, Petreius 
 tuba signum dat, cohortes paulatim incedere jubet ; 
 idem facit hostium exercitus. 2. Postquam eo ven- 
 tum est, unde a ferentariis proelium committi posset, 
 maximo clamore cum infestis signis concurrunt ; pila 
 omittunt ; gladiis res geritur. 3. Yeterani, pristinae 
 virtutis memores, cominus acriter instare; illi baud 
 timidi resistunt ; maxima vi certatur. 4. Interea 
 Catilina cum expeditis in prima acie versari, laboran- 
 tibus succurrere, integros pro sauciis arcessere, omnia 
 providere, multum ipse pugnare, soepe liostem ferire : 
 strenui milites et boni imperatoris officia simul exse- 
 quebatur. 5. Petreius ubi videt Catilinam, contra 
 ^ ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, coliortem prsetoriam 
 in medios hostes inducit, eosque perturbatos atque 
 alios alibi resistentes interficit ; deinde utrimque ex 
 lateribus ceteros aggreditur. 6. Manlius et Fsesula- 
 nus in primis pugnantes cadunt. 7. Postquam fusas 
 copias, seque cum paucis relictum videt Catilina, 
 memor generis atque pristinae dignitatis, in confertis- 
 simos hostes incurrit, ibique pugnans confoditur. 
 
 LXI. Sed confecto proelio, tum vero cerneres, 
 quanta audacia quantaque vis animi fuisset in exer- 
 
CATILINA. 145 
 
 citu Catilinse. 2. Nam fere qnem quisque vivus 
 pngnando locum ceperat, eum, amissa anima, corpore 
 tegebat. 3. Pauci aiitem, quos medios cohors prae- 
 toria disjecerat, paulo diversius, sed omnes tameii 
 adversis vulneribus conciderant. 4. Catilina vero 
 longe a suis inter hostiiim c^avera repertus est, 
 paululiim etiara spirans, ferociamque animi, quam 
 habuerat vivus, in vultu retinens. 5. Fostremo ex 
 ij omni copia neque in proelio neque in fuga quisquam 
 civis ingenuus captus est : 6. ita cuncti suae hostium- 
 que vitse juxta pepercerant. Y. Neque tamen exer- 
 citus populi Romani laetam aut incruentam victoriam 
 adeptus erat ; nam strenuissimus quisque aut occide- 
 rat in proelio, aut graviter vulneratus discesserat. 
 8. Multi autem, qui de castris visendi aut spoliandi 
 gratis, proeesserant, volventes liostilia cadavera, ami- 
 cum alii, pars hospitem aut cognatum reperiebant; 
 fuere item, qui inimicos suos cognoscerent. Ita varie 
 per omnem exercitum laetitia, mceror, luctus atque 
 gaudia agitabantur. 
 
LEXICON. 
 
 A., an aboreviation of Aldus. 
 
 Aj ahy abSy prep, with the ahl. 
 from. Before the agent of a passive 
 verb, by, as : Mitti a CrassOj to be 
 sent by Crassus. Denoting relative 
 position, on, as : Ab ea parte^ on 
 that side. Denoting order of time^ 
 after, as : Ab incenso Capitolio 
 vigesimus annus^ the twentieth 
 year after the burning of the Cap- 
 itol. Cavere ab insidiis, to guard 
 against treachery. 
 
 Abdico, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (ab 
 & dico, are, to give), to turn out 
 of doors, disown as a son ; to lay 
 down, resign. 
 
 Abditus, a, wn, part, see Abdo. 
 Adj. concealed, remote, removed, 
 retired, unknown, private. 
 
 Abdo, ere, didi, itum, tr. (ab <k 
 do, to put or place), to put away, 
 remove ; to hide, conceal. 
 
 Abduco, ere, xi, ctutn, tr. (ab <ic 
 duco), to take awpy, remove ; to 
 lead aside ; to Lad away ; to 
 withdraw. 
 
 Abeo, Ire, ii (k ivi, itum, intr. 
 (ab d; eo), to go away, depart, 
 withdraw, go. InVger abire, to 
 come off safe or unhurt. Prceceps 
 abire, to plunge headlong into 
 crime. 
 
 Abjicio, ere, jeci, jectum, tr. (ab 
 <Sc jacio), to throw away : to throw 
 or cast down, prostrate ; to throw 
 aside, remove ; to debase, humble. 
 
 ABSTINEO 
 
 Abjuro, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (ab ds 
 juro), to deny falsely upon oath, 
 forswear. 
 
 Abnuo, ere, ui, tr. (ab dc the ob- 
 solete nuo), to deny or refuse by 
 countenance or gesture ; to ex- 
 press dissent by a motion of the 
 hand or head ; to refuse, deny, re- 
 ject Sometimes followed by de, 
 Neque il/i senatus de ullo negotio 
 abnuere audebat, nor did the sen- 
 ate dare to refuse him any thing 
 he demanded. 
 
 Aborigines, um, m. pi. (as being 
 in a country ab origine), the Ab- 
 origines, the original inhabitants 
 of a country ; particularly, the 
 first inhabitants of Italy, in La- 
 tium, under Saturn and Janus. 
 
 Absens, tis, adj. (abs d: ens, pres. 
 part, of sum, not in use), absent, 
 out of the country. 
 
 Absolvo, ere, vi, utum, tr. (ab dc 
 solve), to loose, unloose, untie ; to 
 set at liberty, release, discharge, 
 liberate ; to despatch, send away : 
 to finish, complete, bring to a 
 close. Paucis absolvere, to relate 
 in few words. 
 
 Abstinentia, ce, f (abstineo), ab- 
 stinence, moderation ; blameless- 
 ness, disinterestedness ; freedom 
 from avarice ; temperance. 
 
 Abstineo, ere, ui, entum, tr. (abs 
 d: teneo), to abstain from, to re- 
 frain from, to keep from, to avoid. 
 
ABSTRAHO 
 
 148 
 
 ACKITER 
 
 Absirdhoj ^re, xi, cturriy ir. {abs 
 <t traho), to draw away ; to tear 
 away, drag away; to tear, rend. 
 
 Absum, esse, fai, intr. {ab <k 
 sum), to be absent ; to be distant ; 
 to refrain from assisting, stand 
 aloof, keep one's self away. I*au- 
 lum ab f'uga abesse, to be not far 
 from flight, to be on the point of 
 flying. 
 
 AbsumOy ere, psi, ptwn, tr. (ab 
 & sumo), to take away ; to con- 
 sume, destroy ; to take off^, kill 
 
 Absurdus, a, um, adj. (ab <t »ur- 
 dus), absurd, foolish, unbecoming, 
 inglorious, inferior or contempti- 
 ble. 
 
 Abundantia, ce, /. (abundans), 
 abundance, plenty. 
 
 AbundSy adv. (abundus), abun- 
 dantly, in abundance, amply, 
 enough. It is also used as an inde- 
 clinable noun, enough, plenty. 
 
 Abutor, i, usus sum, dcp. (ab <b 
 utor), to abuse, make an improper 
 use of. 
 
 ACf conj. (probably a contrac- 
 tion of atque), and ; than or as 
 after words expressing comparison, 
 such as pariier, juxta, secus, swii- 
 lis, alius. Ac siy as if. Simid ac, 
 as soon as. Sometimes it may be 
 translated but, as : nihil dolo fac- 
 tum, ac magis calliditate Jugurthce. 
 Acccdo, ere, cessi, cessum, intr. 
 (ad <i' cedo), to approach, draw 
 near, come to, accost ; to have re- 
 course to ; to attack ; to be added 
 or joined to ; to accrue. Hue ac- 
 cedebat, to this was added. 
 
 Accendo, ere, cndi, ensum, tr. 
 (ad 6s the obsolete cando) to set on 
 fire, to light up, burn. Figura- 
 tively, to inflame, excite, stir up, 
 stimulate, exasperate. 
 
 Acceptio, onis, f. (accipio), the 
 accepting or receiving. 
 
 Accept us, a, um, part., see Acci- 
 pio. Adj. grateful, pleasing, ac- 
 ceptable. 
 
 AcctdOy ire, cidi, intr. (ad d; ca- 
 
 do), to fall; to fall upon, como 
 upon ; to befall, happen, occur. 
 
 Accio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, tr. (ad <k 
 cio), to send for, summon, call, call 
 in, desire to come. 
 
 Accipio, ere, epi, eptum, tr. (ad 
 d; capio), to receive, take ; to bear, 
 endure ; to get, obtain ; to get in- 
 formation of, hear, learn, under- 
 stand ; to accept ; to admit ; to 
 form. Uti in deditionem accipere- 
 tur, that he might be allowed to 
 surrender. 
 
 Accurate, adv. (accuratus), dili- 
 gently, carefull}', accurately, atten- 
 tively". With attention, cautiously. 
 AccuratissiDie accipere, to receive 
 with the greatest attention, 
 
 Accurro, ^re, curri, d; cucurri, 
 cursum, intr. (ad d: curro), to run, 
 to run to. 
 
 Accuso, are, dvi, alum, tr. (ad dt 
 causa), to accuse, impeach ; to 
 blame, find fault with, censure. 
 
 Acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp, 
 sour, pungent. Figuratively, sharp, 
 brisk, powerful, vehement ; cruel, 
 savage, fiery, impetuous, furious; 
 severe, austere ; brave, bold, cou- 
 rageous, enterprising ; diligent^ 
 strenuous ; keen, sharp, penetrat- 
 ing ; enei*getic, vigorous. 
 
 Acerbe, adv. (acerbus), sharply, 
 bitterly, severely, harshly, cruelly. 
 
 Acerbus, a, um, adj. (acer), sour, 
 unripe. Figuratively, cruel ; un- 
 friendly, bitter ; hard, severe, 
 harsh ; hurtful, pernicious ; aus- 
 tere, morose. 
 
 Acerrime, see Acriter. 
 
 Acies, ei, /., the edge or point, 
 as of a sword ; a line of soldiers, 
 file, rank ; an army in battle ar- 
 ray ; an army ; a pitched battle ; 
 the sight of the eye, the eye ; 
 force, power, influence ; acuteness, 
 talent. 
 
 Acquiro, ere, quisivi, quisltum, 
 tr. (ad d quccro\ to acquire, gain, 
 procure, obtain. 
 
 AcrXter, adv., camp. acriuSf sup. 
 
Acrno 
 
 149 
 
 ADMINISTRO 
 
 acerriine^ {acer\ sharply, keenly, 
 eagerly, vehemently ; valiantly, 
 courageously, vigorously ; exceed- 
 ingly, very; studiously, diligent- 
 ly; cruelly, severely. 
 
 ActiOy 0711 s^f. (a^o), an action, act, 
 operation ; an accusation, charge ; 
 an action at law, judicial process, 
 arraignment. 
 
 Actum J i, 77, {ago\ seldom used 
 in the sing.^ an act, action, deed, 
 exploit 
 
 ActuSy see Ago. 
 
 Ad, prep, loith the acc.^ to, unto ; 
 at, near ; even to, up to, towards ; 
 in ; about ; against ; according 
 to ; besides, in addition to ; with 
 respect to; in reply to ; for; next 
 to, after. In composition it either 
 implies motion to, or strengthens 
 the sense. 
 
 Adcequo, are, dvf, dtum, tr. {ad 
 it cequo), to equal, be as great as ; 
 to make equal. 
 
 Addo, Sre, dldiy dXtum, tr. {ad ct 
 do), to add; to appoint, assign, 
 put ; to give, impart, bestow ; to 
 produce, gain. Multum reipub- 
 licce addiderant, had done much 
 for the republic, had contributed 
 much to the greatness of the re- 
 public. 
 
 Adduco, ^re, xi, ctum, tr. {ad d: 
 duco), to lead, bring, conduct; to 
 bring on, cause ; to bring to, re- 
 duce ; to persuade, induce. In 
 maximam spem addnctus, raised to 
 the greatest hope. 
 
 Ademptus, see Adimo. 
 
 Adeo, adv. {ad d' co), so, so far, 
 to such a degree, insomuch; in- 
 deed, too ; so much ; even, nay 
 even ; but, but also ; therefore, 
 accordingly. Id ad^o suo more 
 videbatur facere, that indeed, <fcc 
 Id adco malum reverterat, even that 
 evil, <fcc. 
 
 Adeo, ire, ii or ivi, \tiim, {ad <t 
 eo), to go to, approach, come near ; 
 to approach for the purpose of ex- 
 amining, reconnoitre ; to approach 
 
 in a hostile manner, attack ; to 
 undertake; to incur. 
 
 Adeptus, see Adipiscor. 
 
 Aderam, adero, adesse, d:c., see 
 Adsu?n. 
 
 Adherhal, dlis, m., Adherbal, a 
 Numidian prince, 
 
 Adhibeo, ere, ui, itum, tr. {ad <k 
 haheo), to adopt, use, employ; ta 
 take, admit; to bring, supply; to 
 offer, give ; to behave to, treat. 
 Adhibitis ainicis, his friends hav- 
 ing been called in, that is, to give 
 advice. 
 
 Adhuc, adv. {ad & hue), hitherto, 
 thus far, as 3'et, still, even yet. 
 
 Adigo, ere, egi, actum, tr. {ad & 
 ago), to drive, drive in, thrust, im- 
 pel ; to force, compel, oblige. Ad 
 jusjura7idu7n adigere, to oblige to 
 make oath, to bind by an oath. 
 
 Adimo, ^re, emi, einptu7n, tr, 
 {ad ds emo), to take away, remove, 
 deny. 
 
 Adipiscor, i, adeptus, dep, {ad <k 
 apiscor), to obtain, acquire, get, 
 procure ; to overtake ; to under- 
 take, assume. 
 
 Adltus, us, m. {adeo\ a going to, 
 approach, entry ; a way or means 
 of approach. 
 
 Adjwnentum, i, n, {adjuvo), as- 
 sistance, help, aid, means of pro- 
 moting. 
 
 Adjungo, (fre, nxi, nctum, tr. 
 {ad d: jinigo), to add, join, annex, 
 unite ; to acquire, obtain ; to gain 
 over, conciliate. Sociu7n sibi ad- 
 jungere, to take as an associate. 
 
 Adjutor, oris, 771. {adjuvo), an 
 aider, helper, assistant, abettor. 
 
 Adjuvo, are, juvi, jutum, tr. {ad 
 (jt juvo), to help, aid, assist, sup- 
 port, uphold. 
 
 Administer, tri, m. {ad ds min* 
 ister), a servant, inferior officer, 
 manager ; a workman ; an assist- 
 ant, promoter, abettor. 
 
 Ad7ninistro, are, &vi, Htum, tr. 
 dc i7itr. {ad d; ministro\ to act, do 
 one's part, attend, work, perform 
 
ADMIRANDUS 
 
 150 
 
 ADVEESUS 
 
 duty ; to administer, manage, con- 
 duct, direct, govern. Bellum ad- 
 ministrarey to have the manage- 
 ment of a war, to wage war, to 
 carry on a war. 
 
 AdmiranduSy a, w?n, part., see 
 Admiror. Adj. admirable, worthy 
 to be admired, astonishing, amaz- 
 ing. 
 
 Admit or J dri, dtus, dep. {ad (k 
 miror), to wonder greatly, be as- 
 tonished, be surprised ; to wonder 
 greatly at ; to admire. 
 
 Admitto, ere, mlsi, 7nissu»i, tr. 
 {ad dt mitto), to send to or forward ; 
 to admit ; to permit, allow ; to 
 commit, perpetrate. 
 
 Admddum, adv. {ad <£• modus), 
 very, much, exceedingly, truly ; 
 with numerals, exactly, just, about. 
 
 Admon^o, ere, ui, \tum, tr. {ad 
 <k moneo), to remind, put in mind, 
 warn, admonish, advise; to incite, 
 encourage, urge on. 
 
 Adnitor, i, Isus, <£• nixus, dep. 
 {ad ds nitor), to rest nr lean upon ; 
 to strive, labor upon ; to exert 
 one's self. Adnitente Crasso, Craa- 
 sus exerting himself in the matter. 
 
 Adolescens, eiitis, adj. {adoles^o), 
 young. Noun, c. g., a young man 
 or woman, a youth. 
 
 Adolescentia, ce, f. {adolescens), 
 youth, the period from the fif- 
 teenth to the forty-fifth year of 
 one's life ; according to some, from 
 the fifteenth to the thirtieth ; ac- 
 cording to others, from the four- 
 teenth to the twenty-eighth year. 
 
 Adolescent id us, i, in. dim. {ado- 
 lescens), a very 3'oung man, youth, 
 stripling. As an adj. young. 
 
 Adolesco, ere, adolevi, adultum, 
 intr. {ad 6: olesco), to grow, grow 
 up, come to maturity ; to increase, 
 advance, become greater. 
 
 Adoptatio, onis, f. {adopto), an 
 adopting, adoption. 
 
 Adopto, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {add: 
 opto), to choose, take; to adopt, 
 take as a son. Jn r^gnum adop- 
 
 iare, to make a successor to the 
 throne by adoption. 
 
 Adscisco, dc Ascisco, ere, sclvi^ 
 scltum, tr. {ad dc scisco), to take, re- 
 ceive, approve, acknowledge, ad- 
 mit, unite ; to gain over, attach to 
 one's interest. 
 
 Adsisto, dt Assisto, see Assisto. 
 
 Adstrictus, see Adstringo. 
 
 Adstringo, dc Astringo, ere, inxi, 
 ictum, tr. {ad dc stringo), to bind 
 close, fasten to, tie, bind, oblige. 
 Majoribus adstrictus, engaged in 
 more important matters. 
 
 Adsum, adesse, adfui, intr. {ad 
 dc sum), to be present, be at hand, 
 be here ; to be ready with assist- 
 ance, assist, help, aid, stand by, 
 defend; to come; to be fast ap- 
 proaching, be near, to come upon, 
 come on ; press upon, press on ; 
 to be. 
 
 Adulter, ^ri, m., an adulterer, a 
 debauchee. 
 
 Adulterlnus, a, um, adj. {adul- 
 ter), illegitimate, spurious ; adul- 
 terated ; forged, faUe. 
 
 Adult us, a, um, part., see Ado- 
 lesco. Adj. grown up, full grown ; 
 perfect, mature, ripe. 
 
 Aduectitius, a, um, adj. {adveho), 
 brought from abroad, foreign, im- 
 ported. 
 
 Adviho, ere, exi, ectum, tr. {ad dc 
 veho), to couiluct, carry, remove ; 
 to import ; to conve}', bring. 
 
 Advenio, Ire, eni, entum, intr. 
 (ad dc venio\ to come to, come, ar- 
 rive at, arrive. 
 
 Advento, are, dvi, intr. freq. {ad- 
 venio), to come frequently ; to 
 come on, come, approach, arrive 
 at. 
 
 Adventus, us, m, {advenio), a 
 coming, approach, arrival. 
 
 Adversariu^ i, vi. {advers%*s\ an 
 adversary, an enemy. 
 
 Adversor, dri, dtus, dep. {adver- 
 sus), to oppose, resist, thwart 
 
 Adversus, a, um, part., see Ad- 
 verto. -^<(/. opposite, over against, 
 
ADVERSCS 
 
 151 
 
 ^QUALIS 
 
 fronting, in front; adverse, inimi- 
 cal, hostile, contrary, opposing, 
 opposed ; unfavorable ; regarded 
 as an enemy. Advemum vuhivs, 
 a wound in front Cicatrices ad- 
 verso cor pore, scars in front, Ipsce 
 sibi adversce, inconsistent with each 
 other. Adversis equis concurrere, 
 to charge with hoi^ses [all the time] 
 turned against the enemy, that is, 
 without turning to retreat, to charge 
 straight on. Humance resjiuxceet 
 mobiles semper in adversa mutan- 
 tur, human affairs, inconsistent and 
 variable, ar^ ever changing [from 
 one state] to the opposite. Ad- 
 versce res, adverse circumstances, 
 calamities, misfortunes, adversit}'; 
 defeat. Like other adjectives ad- 
 vers^is may sometimes be translated 
 as a noun, an enem}', an opponent. 
 
 Adver-'ius or Adversum, adv. d: 
 prep, with tlieacc. (adverto), against, 
 in front of, opposite to, over against, 
 facing ; towards ; in opposition to. 
 Cibus if lis adversum famem atque 
 titim erat, they used food to ap- 
 pease hunger and thii-st^ 
 
 Adverto, ire, erti, ersmn, tr. {ad 
 {jb verto), to turn to or towards. 
 Animum advertere, or animadver- 
 tere, to turn one's mind to, give 
 one's attention to ; to attend, ob- 
 serve, heed ; to perceive, under- 
 stand. Advertere has also the 
 tame meaning without animum, 
 
 Advoco, are, dvi, dtnm, tr. (ad (Jb 
 voco), to call, to call a person to 
 one, call together ; to summon, 
 call to one's support, employ, use. 
 
 .jEdes do csdis, is, f., a room, 
 apartment ; a temple. In the plu- 
 ral, a house, a dwelling, as ccynsist- 
 ing of several apartments; tem- 
 ples. 
 
 ^dijicium^ i, n. (cedijico), an edi- 
 fice, structure, building. 
 
 JEdSfico, are, avi, dtum, tr, S 
 intr. {aides <£' facio), to build ; to 
 erect, rear, construct a building. 
 
 ^dilis, is, m. (cedes), an sedile, 
 
 a Roman magistrate whose business 
 it icas to superinteyid the repairs 
 of the temples and other public 
 buildings, tJie cleansing of the 
 streets^ (jcc, to regulate the mar- 
 kets, and provide for the public 
 games. 
 
 jEger, cegra, oegrum, adj., weak, 
 infirm, indisposed, sick, diseased, 
 corrupted ; sorrowful, unhappy, 
 troubled, downcast, desponding, 
 ill at ease. 
 
 ^grcy adv. comp. cegrius, sup, 
 agerfime (ceger), unwillingly, dis- 
 contentedly, with displeasure ; 
 with trouble ; hardly, scarcely. 
 jEgre ferre, to bear with displeas- 
 ure, take it ill, be displeased. 
 
 ^gritudo, \nis, f, (ceger\ bodily 
 infirmity, illness; sorrow, grief, 
 affliction, anguish, golicitude, care. 
 Nimis molliter cegritudinem pati, 
 to bear misfortune too sensitively, 
 to be too much affected by trou- 
 ble. 
 
 ^gyptus, i, f,, Egypt, an exten- 
 sive cauntry of Africa, Sallust 
 speaks of it as belonging to Asia. 
 
 ^milius, i, m., ^milius, a name 
 belonging to a Roman gens. 
 
 jEmulus, a, urn, adj., emulous, 
 imitating ; rivalling, envious. Oft- 
 en used as a noun in the masc. and 
 fem., a rival, emulator, imitator. 
 
 jEneas, ce, m., ^Eneas, the son of 
 Vejius and Anchises, the hero of 
 Virgil's jEneid^ who, after the fall 
 of Troy, is said to have led a colony 
 of Trojans into Italy, and to have 
 founded the Roman state. 
 
 JEquabUis, e, adj. (cequo), equal, 
 uniform, equable, always the same ; 
 consistent. Virfama cequabili et 
 inviolata, a man of uniform and 
 irreproachable character. 
 
 jEquabiliter, adv., ccytnp. cequabi- 
 lius (cequabilis), equally, evenly, 
 impartially, uniformly, calmly, 
 equably. 
 
 ^qtidlis, e, adj. (cequus), equal, 
 liko, similar ; even, level, flat; co- 
 
JLQUALITER 
 
 152 
 
 AFFLICTO 
 
 eval, contemporary; steady. As 
 a 7102m, a contemporary, one equal 
 in years, one of the same age. 
 
 ujEquatiter, adv. (cequalis\ equal- 
 ly, in equal proportion. 
 
 ^que, adv. {ceqmis), equally, in 
 an equal degree, alike, as much, 
 in the same way. 
 
 uEquitas, dtis, f. {cequus\ equal- 
 ity, evenness; equity, impartiali- 
 ty, fiiir dealing, justice ; modera- 
 tion, equanimity ; tranquillity of 
 mind. 
 
 ^qumn, % n. (cequus), equity, 
 justice. 
 
 uEquus, a, um, adj^ level, smooth, 
 plain, equal ; similar ; convenient, 
 advantageous ; just, equitable, 
 fair, impartial, honest, upright; 
 reasonable, right, moderate ; fa- 
 vorable, friendly ; moderate, calm, 
 unmoved, unruffled. Injurias gra- 
 vius cequo habere, to be too deeply 
 affected by injuries, ^qua mami 
 discedere, to come off on equal 
 terms, u^quo animo, with unruf- 
 fled mind, willingly, patiently, 
 calml}', contentedly. 
 
 uErarium, i, n. (as), the place 
 where the public money was kept, 
 treasury, exchequer; the public 
 money, national revenue. 
 
 y^rmnna, ce, f., labor, toil, hard- 
 ship ; difficulty, calamity, trouble, 
 misfortune, misery, adversity. 
 
 ^s^ ceris, 7i.y copper, brass, 
 bronze ; any tiling made of copper, 
 brass, or bronze; money, coin. 
 
 jEstas, dtis, f. (cestus), summer; 
 summer heat, summer air. 
 
 ^.Himo, are, dvi, atum, tr. (ces), 
 to estimate, value, prize, appreci- 
 ate ; to set a value on any thing ; 
 to rate, count; to think, judge, 
 believe, deem ; to consider. 
 
 uEstlvus, a, um, adj. ((xstics), re- 
 lating to the summer, summer. 
 Estiva castra, or as a noun, cesti- 
 va, drum, n. pi., summer quarters, 
 ft stationary summer camp ; a cam- 
 paign. 
 
 ^stuo, arCy dvi, ahum, inir. 
 (cestus), to be very hot; to boil 
 with heat, to boil; to flow; to 
 burn with love or desire ; to be 
 anxious, perplexed, undecided, dis- 
 turbed in mind. Invidia cestuare, 
 to burn with envy. 
 
 uEstus, us, ??2., burning or scorch- 
 ing heat, hot weather ; a boiling 
 or bubbling up ; the ebbing and 
 flowing of the tide ; overpowering 
 force, ardor, fury; doubt, uncer- 
 tainty, pei'plexity. ^stu secundoj 
 the tide being favorable. 
 
 uEtas, dtis, f. (far cevitas from 
 avum), age, time of life ; life ; 
 time. Extrema cetate, in advanced 
 life, ^tatem agcre or habere^ to 
 pass one's life, to live. 
 
 ^ternus, a, um, adj. (for cevi- 
 ternus from ctvum), eternal, ever- 
 lasting; lasting, perpetual; im- 
 mortal. 
 
 ^thiops, opis, m., an Ethiopian, 
 inhabitant of Central Africa. 
 
 uEvum, i, n., length of time, du- 
 ration ; time or period of life, life, 
 age ; an age, generation, ^vi 
 brevi.% of short duration, sliort- 
 lived. 
 
 Afer, Afro, Afrum, adj., Afri- 
 can. 
 
 Affdtim, adv. (ad d\fatim\ abun- 
 dant 13^, largely-, copiously, suffi- 
 ciently, in abundance. 
 
 Affecto, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. (affi- 
 cio), to seek after, strive after, 
 covet ; to try to gain over, solicit, 
 
 Affero, afferre, attuli, alldtum^ 
 tr. irr. (addcfero), to take, bring, 
 carry ; to give, grant ; to cause, 
 produce; to bring word, report^ 
 announce. 
 
 Affinis, e, adj. (ad d' /nts), ad- 
 joining, contiguous, adjacent ; re- 
 lated by marriage. As a noun, 
 a relative b}- marriage, relation. 
 
 Affinltas, dtis, f (ajinis\ vicin- 
 ity ; near union, connection ; rela- 
 tionship by marriage, affinity. 
 
 Affile to, are, dvi, dtum, tr. freq. 
 
AFFLIGO 
 
 15S 
 
 ALA 
 
 (jaffligo\ to strike or dash against ; 
 to agitate, toss; to afl9.ict, vex, 
 plague, torment, harass. Se afflic- 
 iare, to be afflicted ; to grieve, sor- 
 row ; to be in great distress. 
 
 Affligo, ere, ixi, ictum, tr. {ad (t 
 fligo), to dash against; to dash to 
 the ground, overthrow ; to dis- 
 tress, vex; to weaken, injure, ruin. 
 Res suas afffictas videre, to see their 
 affairs dashed to the ground, or 
 ruined. 
 
 Afflico, ere, uxi, uxum, intr. (ad 
 dsjluo), to flow to or towards; to 
 run towards, assemble ; to abound 
 in ; to abound, be in abundance. 
 , Africa, ce, /., Africa, one of the 
 three great divisions of the globe 
 according to Vie ancients. It is 
 sonietimes used in a more confined 
 sense for the Roman province in 
 Africa, 
 
 Afrieanus, a, um, adj. {Africa), 
 belonging to Africa, African. As 
 a noun, Afrieanus, i, m., Afriea- 
 nus, a surname given to the two 
 Scipios on account of their con- 
 quests in Africa. 
 
 Africus, a, um, adj. {Africa), 
 African. Mare Africum, the Afri- 
 can sea, a name given by the Ro- 
 mans to that part of the Mediter- 
 rayiean which lies along the coast 
 of Africa. 
 
 Ager, agri, m., a field; a farm; 
 land, soil ; a territory, country. 
 
 Agger, eris, m. {agger o), a heap, 
 pile, mound ; a rampart ; a dam, 
 mole. 
 
 Aggredior, i, gressus, dep. {ad dt 
 gradior), to go to, approach ; to 
 accost, apply to ; to undertake, 
 set about, begin ; to fall upon, at- 
 tack, assail. Aggredi pecunid, or 
 with pecunid omitted, aggredi, to 
 ti*y to bribe, tamper with. 
 
 Agito, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {ago), 
 to set in motion, drive ; to drive 
 to and fro, agitate, toss, disturb, 
 perplex; to carry on, prosecute, 
 perform, do, administer, act; to 
 
 incite, stimulate ; to pass, spend ; 
 to take up one's position, patrol. 
 With or without animo, to revolve 
 in one's mind, meditate, discuss, 
 think, plan, purpose. Agitaiur, 
 imp., affairs are managed. Mo- 
 ras agitare, to delay. Loetitiamy 
 gaudium, luctum agitare, to give 
 one's self up to, manifest, display 
 . Pax agitabatur, peace pre- 
 vailed, there was peace. Vitam 
 agitare, or with vitam oinitted, agi- 
 tare, to pass one's life, spend one's 
 time, live, be. Quce quum prce- 
 cepta agitarem, while I was en- 
 deavoring to follow out these in- 
 structions. Zceti pacem agitaba- 
 7nus, we were enjoying the happi- 
 ness of peace. 
 
 Agmen, inis, n. {ago), an army 
 on the march ; the march of an 
 army ; an army ; a march. 
 
 Ago, ere, cgi, actum, tr., to set in 
 motion, drive; to lead, conduct, 
 direct; to do, make, perform; to 
 treat, transact ; to pass, spend. 
 uEtatem agere, to pass one's life, 
 live, and loith cetatem or som,e sim- 
 ilar noun omitted, agere, to be, 
 live, dwell, remain. With vineas 
 or testudinem, to push forward. 
 Sese agere, to conduct one's self. 
 Agere cum aliqux>, to transact busi- 
 ness, converse, or discuss, with 
 one. Cu7n populo agere, to address 
 the people. Prcedas agere, to drive 
 away booty. Joca atque seria 
 agere, to converse sportively and 
 seriously. Gratias agere, to give 
 thanks. Agitur, imp^ the business 
 is, the question is. 
 
 Agrestis, e, adj. {(^g^f), of or 
 belonging to the fields or coun- 
 try, rustic, rural ; dwelling in the 
 fields, unpolished, rude, rough, 
 clownish. As a noun, a peasant, 
 rustic. 
 
 Aio, ais, ait, defect, to say, 
 speak, aver. Aiunt, they say, or 
 it is said. 
 
 Ala, ce, /., a wing ; the wing of 
 
ALACER 
 
 154 
 
 ALTER 
 
 an army, and as the wing of the 
 Roman army was occupied by the 
 auxiliary cavalry^ a boay of horse, 
 containing from 300 to 500 men. 
 
 Aldcer, cris, ere, adj.j lively, act- 
 ive, brisk ; ready, prompt ; cheer- 
 ful, good-humored. 
 
 Jdhlnus, i, m., Spurius Posthu- 
 mius Albinus, who was consul with 
 M, Minucius Rufus, 112 B. C. 
 
 AlblnuSy ij m., Aulus Posthu- 
 mius Albinus, a brother of the con- 
 sul Sp. Albinus. 
 
 Alyory oriSy m. (algeo)^ cold, 
 coldness. 
 
 AliaSj adv. (alius\ otherwise; 
 at another time ; sometimes. 
 
 Alibif adv. {alius <k ibi\ else- 
 where, at another place. Alios 
 alibi resistentes interficity he kills 
 them resisting some in one place 
 and others in other places, or in 
 different places. 
 
 Alieno, dre^ dvi^ dtum, tr. {alie- 
 nus\ to alienate, estrange ; to sep- 
 arate, transfer; to cast off, degrade. 
 
 Alienus^ a, um, adj. (alius\ be- 
 longing to another, another's, for- 
 eign; foreign to one's nature or 
 character; unsuitable, not condu- 
 cive to, inconsistent; of another's 
 choosing, unfavorable ; adverse, 
 hostile, inimical. As a 7WU7i, 
 alienus, i, ;/?., a stranger, and alie- 
 num, if n., other people's property. 
 uEs alicnum, debt. 
 
 AliOy adv. (alius), to another 
 place, to another subject ; Alius 
 alio, one to one place, another to 
 another, to different places or 
 points. Neque aliud alio cerneres, 
 nor you would see one thing car- 
 ried hither and another thither, 
 that is, would not see perpetual 
 commotion. 
 
 Aliquamdiic, or aliquam diu, 
 adv., for some time ; for a consid- 
 ei'able time. 
 
 Aliquando, adv. (aliquis, or alius 
 <jb quando), sometime, sometimes; 
 ever ; at length, at once. 
 
 AliquantuSf a, um, adj. (alius <£? 
 quantus), some, somewhat, consid- j 
 erable; moderately large. As a 
 noun, aliquantum, i, n., a consider- 
 able part, a considerable number. 
 Aliquanto, abl. with comparatives, 
 somewhat, considerably. 
 
 Aliquis, qua, quod ^ quid, adj. 
 do indef. pro. {alius <t quis), some, 
 any ; somebody, something ; some 
 one, any one. 
 
 Aliquot, adj. indecl.{alius <Sc quot), 
 some, several, a few. 
 
 Atiter, adv. {alius), otherwise, in 
 a different manner ; in any other 
 case, else ; moreover. 
 
 Alius, a, ud, adj., other, another, 
 different. Alius — alius, the one 
 — the other. Alii — alii, some — 
 others. Alii — pars or partim, 
 some — others. Alius alio more 
 viventes, one living in one way, 
 another in another waj-, that is, 
 in different ways. Alius ab alia 
 parte, one from one direction, ano- 
 ther from another. Aliud, any 
 thing or something else, and in con- 
 nection with a negative, no other 
 thing, nothing else. 
 
 Alldtus, see Affero. 
 
 Allevo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {ad d: 
 levo), to lift up, raise aloft, sup- 
 port. 
 
 Alhcio, ere, lexi, tectum, tr, (ad 
 <t lacio), to attract to one's self, 
 allure, entice, decoy. 
 
 Allobroges, ogum, m. pi. {Allo- 
 brox, ogis, sing.) the Allobroges, a 
 warlike people in Gallia Narbo- 
 nensis, whose chief city, Vienna, 
 now Vienne, was situated near the 
 Rhone. 
 
 Alo, ere, alui, alitum or altum, 
 tr., to nourish, support, feed, main- 
 tain ; to bring up, educate. 
 
 Altc, adv. {altus), on high, high- 
 ly ; deeph', low, far. 
 
 Alter, era, erum, gen. alterius, 
 adj. , th e other of two, A Iter — alter, 
 the one — ^the other. Unus et alter, 
 one and the other, some, several. 
 
 I 
 
ALTTTUDO 
 
 155 
 
 AKGUSTUS 
 
 Altitudoy inisy f. {alius), height, 
 altitude ; depth. Mg. depth, un- 
 fathomableness. In altitvdinem, 
 in height, upwards. 
 
 Altus, a, urriy part, see Alo, A dj. 
 literally, grown great (by nourish- 
 ment, <fec.), hence, viewed from he- 
 low upwards, high ; viewed from 
 above downwards, deep. Figura- 
 tively, high, lofty, great; deep, 
 profound. 
 
 Alveus, i, m^ the channel or bed 
 of a river ; a trough ; the hull of 
 a ship. 
 
 Ambio, Ire, ii <k ivi, itum, tr, d: 
 intr. {amb (t eo), to go around ; to 
 go round for the purpose of obtain- 
 ing votes or favors, canvass, solicit, 
 entreat; to surround, encompass. 
 
 Ambitio, onis, f (ambio), the go- 
 ing around of candidates to can- 
 vass for votes ; an eager desire of 
 popularity or distinction, popu- 
 larity-seeting, ambition; indul- 
 gence or flattery for the sake of 
 popularity. 
 
 Ambitiosus, a, nm, adj. {ambitio), 
 courting popular favor, ambitious; 
 tending to gain popularity, popu- 
 lar. 
 
 Ambitus, us, m. {ambio), a going 
 round ; a canvassing for votes ; an 
 unlawful striving for office, par- 
 ticularly by bribery, briber}'. 
 
 Ambo, ce, o, adj. pi., both. 
 
 Amentia, ce,f {a?nen,'<), madness, 
 insanity, folly. 
 
 Amicitia, tv, f. {amictis), friend- 
 ship, amity, alliance. Pro 7iosira 
 amicitia, in consideration of our 
 friendship, that is, as a friend. 
 
 Amicus, a, um, adj. {amo\ friend- 
 ly, benevolent, kind : as a noun. 
 
 Amicus, i, 7)1., a friend, ally, 
 counsellor. 
 
 Amitto, ere, misi, missum, tr. {a 
 (t mitto), to send away, dismiss, 
 let go ; to let slip, lose, throw 
 away, relinquish. 
 
 Amo, are, dvi, dtwn, tr., to love ; 
 to be fond of, delight in. Abso- 
 
 lutely, to make love, play the lover, 
 be licentious. 
 
 AtncenuSy a, um, adj. {amo), 
 pleasant, agreeable, delightful, 
 charming, sweet. 
 
 Amor, oris, m., love, affection. 
 
 Amdveo, ere, movi, mdtum, tr. 
 {a d: 7noveo), to remove, take away, 
 withdraw. Senatu amovere, to ex- 
 pel from the senate. 
 
 Ample, adv. {amplus), largely, 
 abundantly. 
 
 Amplector, i, exus, dep. {am dr 
 plecto), to embrace, surround, en- 
 circle, clasp. Figuratively, to em- 
 brace in love, love, be attached to. 
 
 Amplexor^ dri, dtus, dep. freq. 
 {amplector), to embrace, entwine, 
 clasp. Figuratively, to love, be 
 fond of, honor. 
 
 Amplius, adv. {comp. of ample), 
 more, further, longer. A7nplius 
 posse or valere, to be more "power- 
 ful. 
 
 Amphis, a, um, adj., ample, large, 
 spacious, abundant. Figuratively, 
 splendid, brilliant, glorious. Com- 
 meatus spe amplior, the supplies 
 [were] more abundant than had 
 been expected. 
 
 An, conj. 6; adv., in direct ques- 
 tions it is 7iot translated, as : an ve- 
 7iit ? has he come ? In indirect ques- 
 tions, whether. An — a/i, whether — 
 or. The first an is satnetimes omit- 
 ted, as : ferro an fame acrius ur- 
 guear, and its place is sometimes 
 supplied by 9i5 or utrutn, 
 
 Aiiceps, cipiiis, adj. {an = amh'ds 
 caput), two-headed ; twofold, dou- 
 ble ; doubtful, uncertain ; faith- 
 less. 
 
 Ancilla, ce, f, a maid-servant, 
 female slave. Mulier a7icilla, a 
 maid-servant, 7nulier being used 
 pleonastically. 
 
 Angustia, ce, f, generally in the 
 plural, angustice, drum {angustus), 
 a narrow place or passage ; a de- 
 file ; narrowness. 
 
 Angustus, a, ww, adj. {ango, to 
 
A>Ti£A 
 
 156 
 
 A2vTO:STUS 
 
 tlfmmgU% narrow, strain cloee, con- 
 fined; limited, smalL 
 
 Anima, <B,f^ tbe iH^atlu the \\- 
 tiJ prineipiJ, life ; the soul, mind, 
 spirit. Animam ftHMere, to pre- 
 serve one's life. 
 
 AnxmrndwertOt ere, H, nan* tr. 
 {amiraeUd fnm aniuutm adwerio, 
 see Adt»erio\ to tnm ODe*s mind to, 
 give one's attention to, to attend, 
 obeerve ; to perceive^ understand ; 
 to pnnish. AnitnadrertUtir, pnn- 
 idunent is inflicted. 
 
 Anhmal, aliz^ n. (anima), a living 
 creature, animaL 
 
 ^ftiMiu; t, m^ the mind, sonl, 
 spirit ; the will, thoughts, desire, 
 purpose; the disposition, charac- 
 tei; inclination: the heart, cour- 
 age ; a choleric disposition, anger. 
 Animmm JLedere, to change one's 
 mind. Ammaam, habere, to have 
 goodenun^e^ AmmtaiioUere, to 
 take cr regain courage. Cttm ani- 
 mo habere, wolvere, r^nUmre, agir 
 tare, to revolve in one's mind, pon- 
 der over, think over, meditate, de- 
 vise, plan. The geniiixe animi is 
 often uaed tcmewhat pUomutieaUy 
 wUk wordz demoting aUrilmtes op 
 tie mund, as: iimar animi, for U- 
 mtcr, /m dieium animi, for judieimm. 
 
 AnnUar, i, ixns, or uau, dep. {ad 
 & niiar), to lean upon; tosuire 
 for, exert one's energies to gain, 
 aim aL 
 
 Annius, i, m., Cains Anniie, a 
 prefect i^ the city of Lepdt, in 
 Africa, String the Jugwrthine war. 
 
 Anniu*, i,m^l. Lucius Annim^ a 
 tribmne of the people in the tigne of 
 the Jugtaihine war. IL Quintis 
 Annina^ a Roman tenator who en- 
 tered into the eonspiraey of CaH- 
 line. 
 
 Annnt, t, fPL, a year. Annig 
 eomfeetMM, worn with age^ 8iq>er- 
 annnated. 
 
 Annmu, a, wm,m^{annMi^ last- 
 ing a year, a year long ; happen- 
 ing every year, yearly, annnaL 
 
 Ante, prep, with the acc^ before. 
 Cf time, before, previous to. Of 
 order or ranir, before, superior to, 
 in preference to, more than. Ante 
 Cmrthaginem tieletam, before the 
 destruction of (}arthage. Ante 
 predimn factum, before the battle 
 was fought. Ante te cognitum, 
 before knowing you. Ante diem 
 textum ealendas Notembris, the 
 SLsth day before the calends of No- 
 vember, that isj October 26. 
 
 Ante, ade., before. Of time, be- 
 fore, formerly. Of order or Mmc- 
 eetsion, before, in advance, ahead. 
 Pamta ante, a little while ago, just 
 now. Pauei* ante diebui, a few 
 days before. 
 
 Apkiea, ode. {ante — ea), before, 
 formerly, heretofore, previously. 
 
 Antecapio, ere^ cepi, eaptum, tr, 
 {ante ds eapio), to take possession 
 of beforehand, pre-occnpy ; to use 
 beforehand ; to prepare before- 
 hand ; to anticipate. Xocteni an- 
 tecapere, to anticipate, not to wait 
 for, Uie night, Siiim or famem 
 antecapere, to anticipate, not to 
 wait for, thirst (/r htmger, that is, 
 hg proeo^atites to excite them pre- 
 matmrelg, or d»e by keeping the 
 appetite eonttantlg glutted, to pre- 
 vent their being f^ 
 
 Anteeo, tre^ ii dc ivi, intr. {ante 
 it eo), to go before, precede; to 
 surpass exceL 
 
 AnteferOj ferre, tuli, Idtitm, tr. 
 {ante dc fero\ to carry before ; to 
 set before, give the preference to, 
 prefer. 
 
 Arttehac, adv. {ante <t hic\ before 
 this time, before now, formerly, in 
 time past 
 
 AnteqHom, or in two words, ante 
 quam^ eonj., before tbat^ bdiore, 
 sooner than. 
 
 Antevenio, ire, eni, entwm, intr, 
 d: tr. {ante dc venio\ to get be- 
 fore, get the start of; to prevent, 
 thwart ; to excel, surpass. 
 
 AntaniuSy i, m^ Caius Antoniofl^ 
 
A5XIE 
 
 157 
 
 AEDEO 
 
 the toUemgrne cf Cieero tm the pom- 
 tmlMp. He was ike worn cftke edr 
 Unrated araiior^ M. AMtomha, emd 
 'mmeU cf MarkAtUemy the tritamr. 
 
 Anme. ode. {amxhi9\ anxMHidj, 
 eamesUj, pdunliill j, irith gfieC 
 
 AnxhiMf a, wm, at^ {mmgo), anx- 
 : :-as, disquieted, tioabted ; ^>pre- 
 hensTev learfbL 
 
 Aperim, ire, end, ertum, tr. {ad 
 S park), to uncoyer, <^ii, unT^ 
 Figmratiftdy, to diaeorer, make 
 known, display. 
 
 Aperte, ads. (aperhu), opealj, 
 clearij, manifeetlj; pablidv. 
 
 Ap€Ttm»f Oy wan, party see Aperia. 
 Adj^ opcB, Ijing open. Figwra- 
 Haily, I^un* manifesl, extent. 
 Im, aperto eme, to be elear or dis- 
 :LQet. 
 
 Appdla, arty wti, dtwrn^ fr. (ad^ 
 peUo), to call, name; entitle ; to 
 ipeak to, addiesfiy aeeoet ; to a|^ljr 
 to lor aidy appeal to; imj^ore ; to 
 eoi^Tatalate^ Adkerialis ^pd- 
 lanA eopia non fmi, there was no 
 <^portnntty [given them] to speak 
 with Adh^baL 
 
 Appdla, ere, ptUi^ pmlsttm, ir^ {md 
 Spdlo, ere\ to drire to or towards ; 
 to make for; to draw near to; ar- 
 iiTe a^ land, disembark. 
 
 Appeiemx, emiiM, part, see appeta. 
 Adj^ ei^eri J deslroaB ol; thirrang 
 after; coTetons^ greed j. 
 
 Appeta, ere, f vt, Uion, tr. {ad & 
 peio), to try to get, striTe for, aim 
 at; to wish for, long for, eoT^ 
 
 Apprehemda, ere, dt, mat, tr, (ad 
 
 5 prehemdo^ to lay bold €^ wkat, 
 apprebeBd, anrest. 
 
 Appiroba, dre^ am^ atom, tr, {ad 
 
 6 pnbo^ to approTe; eoramend, 
 praise ; to eoiifirm, demonstrate. 
 
 Ap/prefh^qaa^are, on, olian, tmlr. 
 
 {ad ds prepimqmoy, to draw near, 
 
 ai^pvoaeh. 
 
 AppaUMM,9eeAppdia,ereL 
 Ajmd, prepL wUk ike aee^ a^ 
 
 near. Qf peraoiu; with, near to ; 
 
 at the hoine of; in the writings 
 
 o^ in, by ; before, in tiie pres€nee 
 of ; in the time of, anions ; under. 
 €f plmeea, at^ near, in, about. 
 Apmd OMukmm mewm, to my mind 
 
 Apmiim, m, f^ Apulia, a eemtitry 
 eflemerBtdy, 
 
 Aqmm, ce, /I, water. Siemaiet 
 aqmm, the winter rains. 
 
 Aqtnlm^ m,f^ma eagke. In mili - 
 tary lamffomye, an eagle; the prin- 
 eiptd atmdmrdeftheRamtm li^mn. 
 
 Aqmor, ari, atma, dip. {afma}, to 
 get or drkw water. 
 
 Arm, as,/,,9B altar. Pro oris 
 eAqaefoeiz gmis, for their altars and 
 heartiDs=» their religion and their 
 home& 
 
 ArinUr, tri, wl^ a witness apee- 
 tator, obfierrer ; an arbiter, nm- 
 pircL 
 
 Arbitrdhu, MMfWi.{ariitrar% will, 
 jn^men^ c^iinion; pleasure; lik- 
 ing; med&alioB, interrentioB. 
 
 ArhUrimm, % m {arbUer}, the de- 
 einan of an aibilnlor, judgment ; 
 the will, pleasure. 
 
 Arhsirar, dri, aimg, dep. {arhitery, 
 to gire a jn^ment ; to be of o]Mn- 
 icm, jndge, thmk, belieT^ suppose. 
 
 Arbor or ^7601; SrU, /., a tree. 
 ^76ore hrfeewMdma, miprodneti^e 
 citree&, 
 
 ArboMimm^ i, «. {arbor}, a thick- 
 et biii^wood, shmU>efy ; a Tine- 
 yard. 
 
 Areeuo, ere, twi, Hior, pro. m- 
 Jb^ poMti, areeasi inr a r e u ai r i {or 
 for ad^eio\ to smnmon, send for; 
 inxite; fotdi; to smnmon to a 
 eomt of josl^ee; aeense, arraign. 
 Areeuere eapUisy to accuse (^ a 
 capital crime 
 
 AreMM, see Arx. 
 
 Areti or ' Arte, adv. {aTctus\ 
 closely, conpaetly, in close order 
 o>r array ; strietiy, rigorooslv. 
 
 ArdeMM, emHx, part., see ardei^ 
 A^ <m fire, burning glowii^. 
 ^F ^g ft uatia dy, arden^ eager, impa- 
 tient, impetoons. 
 
 Ardea, ere, arn, artym, hUr^ to 
 
ARDOR 
 
 158 
 
 ASPER 
 
 be on fire, burn, glow. Figura- 
 tively, to be eager, ardent, impa- 
 tient. 
 
 Ardor, oris, m, (ardeo), heat, 
 burning heat. Figuratively, heat, 
 ardor, fervor, eagerness. Haud 
 procnl ab ardorihis, not far from 
 the [tropical] heats. 
 
 Arduus, a, wn, adj^ high, steep, 
 difficult to reach. Fiauratively, 
 arduous, difficult, laborious, trou- 
 blesome. 
 
 Arena, cp, f. (areo\ sand. 
 
 Arenosus, a, um, adj. (arena), 
 sand}^ 
 
 Argenium, i, m., silver; silver 
 money, money. 
 
 Arldus, a, um, adj. (areo), arid, 
 dry, dried up, parclied, thirsty. 
 
 ArXca, etia, m., a ram. In mili- 
 tary language, a battering-ram, an 
 engine for battering down xcalU, 
 one end of which was made of iron, 
 in the form of a ranis head. For 
 a fuller description^ see note, Jug. 
 LXXVI, 6. 
 
 Arma, orum, n. pi., armor ; arms, 
 military weapons offensive and de- 
 fensive, but of the former only such 
 as were used in close conjlict ; war, 
 conflict. Arma atque tela, arms 
 defensive and offensive. Tela arc 
 properly missile weapons, artna, 
 armor fitted to the body, and such 
 weapons as were retained in the 
 hand for close combat, 
 
 Armdtus, a, um, part., see armo. 
 Adj. armed. Asa noun, an armed 
 man, soldier. 
 
 Armeyiius, a, uni, adj., Armenian, 
 of Armenia, a country of Asia lying 
 between the Taurus and the Cau- 
 casus, now Anatolia. As a noun, 
 an Armenian. 
 
 Anno, dre, dvi, dtufn, tr. (arma), 
 to arm, equip. 
 
 Aro, dre, dvi, dtum, tr., to 
 plough, till, cultivate. Absolutely, 
 to plough ; to carry on the busi- 
 ness of agriculture, 
 
 Arpinum^ i, 7u, Arpinum, a town 
 
 of Latium where Marius and Cicero 
 were born, now Arpino. 
 
 Ar rectus, see Arrigo. 
 
 Arreptus, see Arripio. 
 
 Arretinus, a, um, adj., Arreti- 
 nian, belonging to Arretinum, a 
 city of Etruria, now Arezso. 
 
 Arrigo, ere, exi, ectum, tr. (ad dt 
 rego), to raise, erect Figuratively, 
 to stir up, arouse, animate, encour- 
 age, inspirit. 
 
 Arripio, ere, ipui, eptum, tr. (ad 
 d' rapio), to take by force, lay hold 
 of, seize, snatch up. 
 
 A rrdgo, dre, dvi, Otum, tr. {ad dt 
 rogo), to claim unjustly, arrogate, 
 assume. 
 
 Ars, art is, f, art, skill, dext^r- 
 it}', science ; a trait of character, 
 quality, property ; habit, pursuit, 
 practice ; method, manner, means; 
 artifice, trick, stratagem ; industry, 
 exertion. In aliis artibus, in other 
 res|>ect«. Artes animi, intellectual 
 pursuits. 
 
 Arte, see Arete. 
 
 Art^fcx, Ids, c. g., (ars d: facto), 
 one skilled in any art, an artificer. 
 As an adj., skilled, practised, ex- 
 perienced. 
 
 Artificium, i, n. (artifex), a trade, 
 art; skill, contrivance; artifice, 
 stratagem. 
 
 Arvwfi, i, n. (aro\ a ploughed 
 field ; a field ; agriculture, tillage. 
 
 Arx, arcis, f, a castle, strong- 
 hold, fortress, citadel. 
 
 Ascendo, ere, di, sum, tr. dc intr. 
 (ad 6: scando\ to go up, ascend, 
 mount, climb. Navim aseendere, 
 to go upon a ship, embark. 
 
 Ascensus, us, m. (ascendo\ an 
 ascending ; an ascent. 
 
 Asia, ce, f., Asia, one of the great 
 divisions of the globe. 
 
 Aspar, dris, t/i, Aspar, a Xu- 
 midiati sent by Jugurtha as ambas- 
 sador to King Bocchus. 
 
 Asper, trra, erum, adj., rough, un- 
 even, rugged. i^^ntfvUtWy, diffi- 
 cult, troublesome, advene, bad; 
 
ASPERE 
 
 159 
 
 AUCTORITAS 
 
 dangerous, perilous, hurtful ; in- 
 clement ; rigorous, cruel, bloody. 
 Res asperce^ perilous circumstances, 
 troubles, hardships ; difficult en- 
 terprises. Quce, occulte tentaverat, 
 
 aspera fcedaq^ie evenerant, had 
 
 resulted in disappointment and 
 disgrace. 
 
 A^per^j adv. (asper), roughly, 
 harshly, keenly, bitterly, merci- 
 lessly. 
 
 AsperXtas, atift.f. (asp€r\ rough- 
 ness, ruggedness, unevenness. Fig- 
 uratively, difficulty, trouble, dan- 
 ger, peril; roughness, harshness, 
 austerity, 
 
 Aspemor, drl, dtus, dep. (ad d: 
 sperno\ to reject^ avoid; to scorn, 
 aespise, spurn. 
 
 AsActUior, Iri, tensiis, dep. {ad d: 
 8entio\ to assent to, adopt one's 
 opinioD, agree to, consent, ap- 
 prove. 
 
 Aiiiequor, i, cutun, dep. (ad Jc se- 
 f/Hor\ to follow after, overtake, 
 reach. Figuratively^ to attain to, 
 accomplish, procure, gain. 
 
 AMldeo, ire, edi, easum, intr. (ad 
 d' sedeo), to sit, sit down ; to take 
 r»ne*s seat next to. 
 
 A^sisto, ere, astlti, intr. (ad 6: 
 >m/o), to stand by; to stand, take 
 one's stand, 
 
 Ai^samOy ere, mpsi, mptum, tr. 
 (ad tfr sumo), to take to one's selfi 
 assume, choose, adopt; to arro- 
 gate. 
 
 Astutia, or, /. (aatntm), shrewd- 
 ness, craftiness, knavery, wariness, 
 address. Astutiie, pi., address, 
 shrewdness. 
 
 At, conj., but, but yet, but on 
 the other hand. At serves to con- 
 nect different but not entirely oppo- 
 site ideas. 
 
 AthencB,aritm,f. pi., Athens, the 
 capital of Attica. 
 
 Atheniensis, e, adj. (Athence), 
 Athenian, belonging to Athens. 
 As a noun, an Athenian. 
 
 Atqrte, conj., and, and also ; and 
 
 indeed, and especially, adding 
 something more weighty or empha- 
 tic ; than or as, after words express- 
 ing comparisons, such as, pariter, 
 juxta, secus, alius, simiiis, <£t. 
 Sitnul atque, as soon as. 
 
 Atrocitas, dtis, f. (atrox), atro- 
 city, barbarity, cruelty, terrible- 
 nessL 
 
 Atrociter, adv. (atrox), cruelly, 
 fiercely, atrociously, violently, 
 fearfull}', terribly. 
 
 Atrox, Ocis, adj., fierce, cruel, 
 atrocious ; terrible, horrible ; per- 
 ilous, dangerous, hazardous, diffi- 
 cult. 
 
 Attendo, ere, endi, entum, tr. (ad 
 dc tendo), to stretch towards, ex- 
 tend. Atteridere, animum, or atten- 
 dere, with animum omitted, to give 
 heed to, attend to, mark, observe, 
 watch. 
 
 Attenfe, adv, (attentus), atten- 
 tive! v, carefully, diligently, assid- 
 uously. 
 
 Attero, ere, trlvi, trltum, tr. (ad do 
 tero\ to rub one thing against 
 another ; to wear away by rub- 
 bing, impair, weaken, diminisii, 
 destroy. 
 
 AtCineo, ere, tinui, teiUum, tr. (ad 
 dc leneo), to hold, keep, occupy; 
 to detain, keep in suspense, amuse. 
 
 Attingo, ere, tigi, tactum, tr. (ad 
 d: tango), to touch upon, come in 
 contact with ; to reach, attain ; to 
 come against in a hostile manner, 
 attack; to undertake, engage in; 
 to touch upon briefly, treat slight- 
 ly of; to touch upon, border upon, 
 lie contiguous to. 
 
 AttrXbuo, ere, ui, utum, tr. (ad ds 
 tribuo), to assign, give, attribute. 
 
 Au4:tor, oris, tn. (augco), one who 
 makes, produces, or causes a thing, 
 an author, maker, creator, doer, 
 performer; a reporter, informant; 
 an adviser. 
 
 Atictorltas, dtis, f. (auctor), au- 
 thority, dominion, power ; juris- 
 diction; influence, weighty credit, 
 
AUCTUS 
 
 160 
 
 BELLICUS 
 
 reputation. Auctoritas seiiatuSy a 
 decree of the senate. 
 
 Auctus, see Augeo. 
 
 Audacia^ oe,f. (avdaz), boldness, 
 courage, intrepidity ; audacity, 
 assurance, impudence. 
 
 Audaclter, or Audacter^ cortxp. 
 aitdacius, adv. (audax), boldly, cour- 
 ageously, fearlessly; rashly, dar- 
 ingly. 
 
 AudaXy dcis^ adj., bold, coura- 
 geous, intrepid ; audacious, daring, 
 reckless, impudent. 
 
 Audeo, ere, ausus, seinidep^ to 
 dare, be so bold as. With facere, 
 aggredi, or some similar verb omit- 
 ted, to attempt, undertake. 
 
 Audio, Ire J Ivi, Itum^ tr.^ to hear, 
 perceive. 
 
 Augeo, ire, auxi, auctum, tr., to 
 make greater, augment, increase, 
 enlarge ; to heighten, exalt, ad- 
 vance, promote ; to strengthen. 
 Intr., to grow, grow up, 
 
 Augesco, err, intr. incho. (augeo), 
 to begin to grow ; to grow, ex- 
 pand, become greater, rise. 
 
 Aulus, i, vu, Aulus Postumius 
 Albinus, see Albinus. 
 
 Auretia, ce, /., Aurelia Orestilla, 
 the tcife of Catiline. 
 
 Auris, is, /., the ear. 
 
 Aiiru?n, i, n., gold; gold coin, 
 money. 
 
 Ausus, see Audeo. 
 
 Aut,conj., or. Aut — au/, either 
 — or. 
 
 A litem, conj., but, yet, neverthe- 
 less ; also, likewise. 
 
 Autroiiius, i, in.^ Publius Autro- 
 nius, a confederate of Catiline^, 
 He was of senatorial rank, and be- 
 came consid elect in conjunction 
 with P. Sulla, but afterwards lost 
 the coTisulship on a charge of 
 bribery. 
 
 Auxiliarius, a, uui, adj. (auxi- 
 liwn), ready to help, helping, aid- 
 ing, auxiliary. 
 
 Auxiliory driy citu9, dep, {auxi- 
 lium)y to lend aid, help, assist. 
 
 Auxilium, t, n. (augeo), assist- 
 ance, aid, succor. Auxilia, pl.^ 
 auxiliary troops, auxiliaries. 
 
 Avaritia, ce,f (avarus), avarice, 
 covetousness, greediness. 
 
 Aveo, or haveo, ere, intr., to be 
 in good health, be well. Ave, 
 aveto, have, haveto, hail, happiness 
 attend thee I farewelL 
 
 Aversus, a, u?n, part (averto). 
 Adj. turned away, opposite to ; 
 alienated, unfriendly, hostile. 
 
 A vcrto, ere, ti, mm, tr. (a <t verto), 
 to turn away, avert, divert ; to 
 alienate, estrange, to put to flight 
 
 Av)de, adv. (avidus), eagerly, 
 earnestly. 
 
 Avidus, rt, um^ adj. (aveo, to long 
 for), eagerly desiring, longing for, 
 desirous, ambitious ; greedy of 
 money, avaricious, covetous. 
 
 Avlug, a, um, adj. (ad: via), situ- 
 ated apart or at a distance from a 
 load, inaccessible; out-of-the-way, 
 unfrequented. Iter avium^ an out- 
 of-ihe-way path; a side-march. 
 
 Avus, I, w,, a grandfather. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bahiut^ i, m., Cains Baebius, a 
 tribune of the people who was bribed 
 bg Jugurtha, 
 
 Balcdris, e, adj., Balearic, be- 
 longing to the Balearic islands, the 
 inhabitants of which icere celebrated 
 for their skill as slingers. These 
 islands, two in number, now called 
 Majorca and Minorca, are situated 
 in the Mediterranean near the coast 
 of Spain, 
 
 Barbiirus, a, utn, adj., foreign. 
 As a 7wun, a foreigner, barbarian, 
 in opposition to Greeks or Bo- 
 mans. 
 
 Bellicosus, a, wn, adj, (bellum\ 
 warlike, martial. 
 
 Bellicus, a, um, culj. (beUum\ of 
 war, relating to war, milit.irv ; 
 martial. 
 
BELLIENUS 
 
 161 
 
 CJiCUS 
 
 Bellienuiy e, w?., Lucius Bellie- 
 nus, a Roman jrcetor, B. C. 104. 
 
 Belluoj CB, f.y an animal, beast. 
 
 Belluiiiy i, 71,, war. Belli, gen., 
 and bello, abl., in war, in the time 
 of war. Belli domique, in peaoe 
 and in war. 
 
 Bejie, coinp. vielius, siip. optime, 
 adv. {henus for bonus), well, hap- 
 pily' ; largely; successfully. 
 
 Benedico, ere, xi, ctiim, tr. d: intr. 
 {bene (Jo died), to speak well of, 
 commend. 
 
 Benefacio, ere, ftci, factum, intr. 
 {bene dc facio), to do good, coufer 
 a favor, benefit. 
 
 Benef actum, i, n. {benefacio), a 
 good act, a noble deed ; a bene- 
 fit, service. 
 
 Benefcium, i, n. {benefcus), a ben- 
 efit, favor, kindness ; a gift or office 
 conferred by the people or senate. 
 
 nenevolentia, ce, f {benevolens), 
 good-will, benevolence, kindness, 
 friendship. 
 
 Benigne, adv. {benignus), kindly, 
 courteously ; liberally, freel}'. Be- 
 nigne habere, to treat with kind- 
 ness. 
 
 BenignXtas, dtis, f. {benignns), 
 benignity, kindness, courtesy, lib- 
 erality. 
 I Bestia, cp,f, a wild beast. 
 
 I Bestia, ce, m., Lucius Calpurnius 
 
 ' Bestia, a Roman nobleman who 
 I held the consulship with P. Scipio 
 ' Nasica, B. C. Ul. 
 
 Bestia, ce, m,, Lucius Calpurnius 
 Bestia, one of the Catilinarian con- 
 spirators, 
 
 Biduum, i, n, {bis d: dies), the 
 i space of two days, two days. 
 
 Bi7ii, ce, a, adj. pi. {bis), two by 
 two; two. 
 
 Bis, adv., twice. 
 
 Bocchus, i, m., Bocchus, king of 
 Mauritania, and fatherin-law of 
 Jugurtha, with who7n he at first 
 made war against the Romans, but 
 whom he afterwards betrayed into 
 their hands. 
 
 Bomilcar, aris, m., Bomilcar, a 
 Numidian deep in the confidence of 
 Jugurtha. 
 
 Bonum, i, n. {bonus), whatever 
 is good or virtuous, goodness, vir- 
 tue, right ; a good, favor, benefit, 
 blessing, advantage, utility, profit. 
 Bona, orum, pi., the goods of for- 
 tune, temporal blessings, property, 
 efi'ects ; advantages, benefits. Maxi- 
 mum bonum, the chief good. Bo- 
 num honestumque, goodness and 
 honor. Supra bomini atque hones- 
 tum, beyond what is proper and 
 becoming, to an excess inconsist- 
 ent with propriety and dignity. 
 Bonum et aquum, virtue and jus- 
 tice. 
 
 Bonus, a, um, comp. melior, sup, 
 optimus, adj., good, worthy, virtu- 
 ous ; friendlv, affectionate ; brave, 
 gallant ; skilful, resolute, ener- 
 getic ; useful, suitable ; sweet, 
 agreeable. As a noun, boni, drum, 
 m. vl., the good, good men; the 
 nobles, the aristocracy. Bona 
 amicitia, faithful friendslnp. 
 
 Brevis, e, adj., short, brief, tran- 
 sitory. Brevi with tempore omit- 
 ted, in a short time, shortly. 
 
 BrevXier, adv. {brevis), briefly, in 
 a few words. 
 
 Bruttius, a, um, adj., Bruttian, 
 belonging to the Bruttii, a people 
 icho inhabited the southern part of 
 Italy. Ager Bruttius, the country 
 of the Bruttii, now called Calabria. 
 
 Brutus, i, m., Decimus Brutus, 
 the husband of Sempronia. He was 
 C07i8ul B. a 11. 
 
 a 
 
 CL, an abbreviation of Caius. 
 
 Caddver, eris, n. {cado), a corpse, 
 dead body. 
 
 Cado, ere, cecldi, cGsum, intr., to 
 fall ; to fall in battle, be slain, per- 
 ish ; to fall out, happen, result in. 
 
 CaciLS, a, um, adj.^ blind. Cu- 
 
C^DES 
 
 162 
 
 CAPSA 
 
 pidine ccccus, blinded by desire or 
 passion. 
 
 Coedes, is^ f. (ccedo), a cutting or 
 hewing down; murder, slaughter, 
 massacre, carnage. 
 
 CcedOy ere, cecldi, ccesum, tr^ to 
 fell, cut down; to strike dead, kill, 
 slaughter, slay. 
 
 CcbIo, are, avi, dtum, tr. {ccbIuih^ 
 a graving tool), to carve figures in 
 relief, emboss. 
 
 Ccepio, Onis, m^ Quintus Servi- 
 lius Cajpio, a Roman consul 106 
 
 B. C. lie was afterwards sent into 
 Gallia Narbonensis to oppose the 
 Ciynbri, and was defeated by thein. 
 
 Ciesar, arts, in., Caius Julius 
 Caisar, the celebrated war rior, states- 
 man, and historian, 
 
 Ccesar, dris, m^ Lucius Julius 
 Caisar, a distant relative of C. Ju- 
 lius Caisar. He was consul with 
 
 C. Figulus, B. C. 64. 
 
 Caius, i, ?/!.. Caius, a Roman 
 prccnoynen. 
 
 CalamXtas, dlis,/., calamity, mis- 
 fortune, disaster ; loss, injury, dis- 
 tress, 
 
 Calamitdsus, a, nm, adj. {calami- 
 tas), calamitous, ruinous, destruc- 
 tive. 
 
 Calendce, Orum, f pi. (calo), the 
 calends, the first day of tlie month. 
 
 CaUide, adv. (callidus), skilfull}' ; 
 artfully, cunningly, craftily. 
 
 Callidltas, dtis, /. (callidtts), 
 skilfulness; artfulness, cunning, 
 craft, subtilty. 
 
 CallXdus, a, 7im, adj. (calleo, to he 
 skilful), skilful; shrewd, cunning, 
 crait}', subtle. 
 
 Calor, oris, ??i., warmth. 
 
 Calpurnius, i, m., Calpurnius, 
 the name of a Roman family ; see 
 Bestia. 
 
 Cahimnia, «•, /., false accusation, 
 chicanery, tricker}^ intrigue ; slan- 
 der, calumny. 
 
 Camera, ce, f^ a vault, vaulted 
 roof or ceiling. 
 
 CamerSy erti.% wi., a Camertian, a 
 
 citizen of Camerinum, now Came- 
 rino, a town of Umhria. 
 
 CampxLs, i, m., a level surface, a 
 plain, open field. Campus Mar- 
 tius, or with Afartius omitted, the 
 field of Mars, an extensive plain on 
 the bank of the Tiber, in Rome, 
 where the elections were held. 
 
 Cauis, is, c. g,, a dog. 
 
 Cano, ere, cecini, can turn, tr. <£• 
 intr., to sing ; to play, blow, as a 
 trumpet. Signa canere, to sound 
 the signal?, give the signal. Signa 
 is sometunes the subject of this verb, 
 as : Signa canunt, the signalfl 
 sound, the signals are given. 
 
 Capesso, ire, \vi, itum, tr. desider. 
 {capio), to seize or catch at eager- 
 ly, lay hold of; to take in hand, 
 undertake to carr}- on. Capessere 
 rempublicam, to undertake to ad- 
 minister the republic, to take 
 charge of the public weal. 
 
 Capio, ere, c^pi, captum, tr., to 
 take, receive ; to seize, lay hold 
 of, take up ; to take possession of, 
 carry away ; to overtake, come 
 upon, reach, catch ; to overjx)wer, 
 capture, make captive; to gain 
 over, entrap, deceive ; to take to 
 one*8 selfi choose. Consilium m- 
 pere, to take a resolution, form a 
 plan or design. Rempublicam ca- 
 pere, to usurp the government of 
 the state. Detrimeutum capere^ 
 to suffer harm. Panas capere, to 
 take satisfaction or revenge, to 
 avenge. 
 
 Capital is, e, adj. {caput), relating 
 to the head or life, capital. Ret 
 capital is, a capital crime. 
 
 Capita, onis, m., see Sabinius. 
 
 Capitolium, i, n, {capui\ the 
 capitol, a splendid edifice on the 
 Capitoline hill in Rome. It in- 
 cluded several temples, the principal 
 one of which was dedicated to Ju- 
 piter Capitolimis. 
 
 Capsa, ^, f., Capsa, a city tiht- 
 ated in the midst of a desert in tkt 
 eastern part of Xumidia, 
 
CAPSENSIS 
 
 163 
 
 CATULUS 
 
 Capsejisis^ is, in. (Capsa), an in- 
 habitant of Capsa, a Capsian. 
 
 Captlviis, a, uirif adj. (capio), 
 caught, captured, captive. As a 
 noun, a prisoner, captive. 
 
 Capto, are, dvi, dtum, tr. intcns. 
 (capio\ to catch at eagerly, catch ; 
 to strive for ; strive after eagerly. 
 
 Captus, see Capio. 
 
 Capua, CB, /, Capua, a celebrated 
 city of Campania, in Italy, the ruins 
 of which are still to he seen near the 
 modern Capua. 
 
 Caput, Itis, n., the head ; a head, 
 Boul, person ; life. Capite censi, 
 the lowest or poorest class, who 
 having no property loorth taking 
 into the account, were entered in the 
 census lists only as so many in num- 
 ber, that is, were rated by the head. 
 
 Career, eris, n., a prison. 
 
 Careo, ere, ui, ltu7n, intr., to be 
 free from, be without, be destitute 
 ot be in want of; to do without, 
 abstain from. 
 
 Carina, at, f, the keel of a ship. 
 
 Caro, carnis, f, flesh. 
 
 Carptim, adv. (carpo), in detach- 
 ed parts, with selection. 
 
 Carthagmientis, e, adj., of or 
 belonging to Carthage, Carthagi- 
 nian. As a noun, a Carthaginian. 
 
 Carthago, \nis, f, Carthage, 
 one of the most celebrated cities of 
 tfic ancient world, was situated on 
 the northern coa.%t of Africa, and 
 was reputed to have been founded 
 by a colony of Tyrians under Queen 
 Dido. It was especially ranark- 
 able for the three wars waged by it 
 with its great rival, Roine, the last 
 of which resulted in its entire de- 
 struction. 
 
 Carus, a, um, adj., dear, of a 
 high price or value. Figuratively, 
 dear, esteemed, beloved. Carum 
 cestitnare, to value highly. Carum 
 habere, to hold dear. 
 
 Cassius, i, m., Lucius Cassius, a 
 Roman prcetor who was sent to 
 bring Jugurtha to Rome. He was 
 
 distinguished as a judge for the 
 correct7tess of his decisions. 
 
 Cassius, i, m., Lucius Cassius 
 Longinus, a Roinan of senatorial 
 rank and a confederate of Cati- 
 lines. 
 
 Castelldnus, a, um, adj. (castel- 
 lum), of or relating to a castle or 
 fortress. As a noun, an occupant 
 of a castle or fortress, a soldier in 
 garrison. In the plural, the sol- 
 diers in a fortress, a garrison. 
 
 Castellum, i, n. dim. {castruj?i), a 
 castle, fort, fortress. 
 
 CastrcL, Orum, n. pi., a camp, 
 encampment. Castra facere, to 
 encamp. 
 
 Casurus, see Cado. 
 
 Casus, us, m. (cado), a fall ; an 
 event, accident, chance ; case, cir- 
 cumstance ; a misfortune, calam- 
 ity, fate ; occasion, opportunity. 
 Casu7n dare, to give an opportu- 
 nity. Pro meo casu, considering 
 my situation or circumstances. 
 
 Catabathmos, », m., the Cata- 
 bathmos, a sloping tract of coun- 
 try, forming, according to Sallust, 
 the east erf I boundary of Africa. 
 
 Cattna^ ce, f, a chain. 
 
 Cater va, (je, f, a multitude, 
 crowd ; a troop, squad. 
 
 Catervdtim, adv. (caterva), in 
 crowds ; in troop or scjuads. 
 
 Catilina, ce, m., Lucius Sergius 
 Catiline, the leader of the Catili- 
 narian conspiracy. 
 
 Cato, Onis, m., Marcus Porcius 
 Cato, commonly called Cato the 
 Younger, to distinguish him from 
 his grandfather, Cato the Censor. 
 He was surnamed Uticensis on ac- 
 count of his death at Utica, where 
 he committed suicide after the de- 
 feat of Pompey, in whose army he 
 held a command, 
 
 Catulus, i, m., Quintus Luta- 
 tius Catulus, a Roman senator of 
 very high character. He was con- 
 sul mth M. Lepidus 1SB. C, and 
 afterwards censor. 
 
CAUSA 
 
 164 
 
 CETHEGUS 
 
 Causa, ce, /., a cause, reason, 
 ground ; an occasion, motive ; an 
 excuse, pretext, pretence ; a cause, 
 case, suit at law. Causa, with the 
 gen., on account of, for the sake 
 of. Ea causa, on that account, for 
 this or that reason. Causam dicer e, 
 to make one's defence. Causa cog- 
 nita, the case having been investi- 
 gated, after trial. 
 
 Caveo, ere, cdvi, cautum, tr. d* 
 intr., to be on one's guard, take 
 care, beware, take heed of; to 
 avoid, shun. Followed by the abl. 
 with a or ab, to guard against, 
 defend one's self against. 
 
 Cecidi, see Cado. 
 
 Cecidi, see Ccedo. 
 
 Cedo, ere, cessi, cessum, intr. d: 
 tr., to go away, depart; to with- 
 draw, give place, yield ; to cede, 
 give up, grant ; to retreat, fly ; to 
 turn out, succeed. 
 
 Celebro, are, dvi, atum, tr., to 
 frequent; to solemnize, celebrate ; 
 to praise, honor, extol; to make 
 illustrious. 
 
 Celer, eris, in., Quintus Cffici- 
 lius Metelms, surnamed Celer, a 
 Roman prceior and friend of Cice- 
 ro's, who was military commander 
 in the country of the Piceni, at the 
 time of Catiline's conspiracy. 
 
 Censeo, ere, sui, sum, tr., to rate, 
 assess for the purpose of taxa- 
 tion, tax ; to appraise, to estimate, 
 value; to judge, think, consider; 
 of individual senators, to be of 
 opinion ; of the senate as a body, to 
 decree, ordain, vote. 
 
 Ceiisor, oris, m. (censeo), a cen- 
 sor, a Roman officer ichose duty it 
 was to take the census {that is, to 
 estimate the property of the citizens, 
 arid 7nake an enumeration of the 
 heads of the families in the state), 
 and to watch over the morals of the 
 people. 
 
 Centum, num. adj. indec.^ a hun- 
 dred. 
 
 Centuriaf ce, f. (centum), a hun- 
 
 dred, ceirtury. In the Roman 
 army a century was a company 
 consisting at first of one hundred 
 men, but in later times of only 
 sixty. As a division of the people 
 at the cmnitia, a century comprised 
 a hundred voters. 
 
 Centurio, onis, m. (centuria\ a 
 centurion, a captain of a century. 
 
 Cepi, see Capio. 
 
 Cera, ce, /., wax ; a wax bust of 
 an ancestor, ancestral bust* 
 
 Cerno, ere, crevi, cretum, tr. <t 
 intr., to perceive, discern, distin- 
 guish, see ; to decide any thing 
 doubtful; to decide by combat^ 
 fight, contend. 
 
 Certamen, mis, n.(certo), a strug- 
 gle, strife, combat, engagement ; a 
 dispute, discussion. Ad certamen 
 venire, to come to be decided by 
 force. 
 
 Ccrtatim, adv. (certo), emulously, 
 eagerly, earnestly. 
 
 Certe <h Certo, adv. (certus\ 
 certainly, for certain, surely, no 
 doubt 
 
 Certo, adv., see Certe. 
 
 Certo, are, dvi, dtum, intr., to 
 decide by combat, combat, fight, 
 contend ; to strive, strive to sur- 
 pass or conquer. Certatur, the 
 battle is fought. Certantes murum 
 petere, vying with each other, 
 emulous! y . 
 
 Cert us, a, um, adj. (cerno\ de- 
 termined, decided, settled ; cer- 
 tain, sure, true. As a noun, cer- 
 tum, i, n., a certainty. Certiorem 
 facere, to inform, apprise. Cer- 
 tior fiei'i, to be informed, be ap- 
 prised. Pro certo habere, to con- 
 sider certain. 
 
 Cessi, see Cedo. 
 
 Ceterus, a, um, adj. (the nom. 
 sing, not in use), the otlier, the 
 rest, the rest of. Cetera, ace. pl.^ 
 in other respects. 
 
 Ceterum, adv. 6: conj. (ceterus\ 
 as for the rest ; but, still, besides. 
 
 Cethegus, i, m., Caius Cornelius 
 
CIBUS 
 
 165 
 
 CLADES 
 
 Cethegus, an active confederate with 
 Catiline. The part assigned him 
 in the plot was to take the life of 
 Cicero. 
 
 Gibus, i, 7)1., food, aliment, nour- 
 isbment. 
 
 Cicatrix, Icis, f, a scar. 
 
 Cicero, onis, m., Marcus TuUius 
 Cicero, the illustrious Roman ora- 
 tor. He was horn at Arpinum 106 
 B. C. By his vigilance h^ discov- 
 ered, and by his eiiergy supjyressed 
 the conspiracy of Catiline. He was 
 called, in consider atio7i of his emi- 
 nent services, the Father of his 
 country. He was put to death in 
 the sixty-fourth year of his age by 
 order of Mark Antony, against 
 who77i he had composed his Philip- 
 pics. 
 
 Cimhricus, a, wn, adj., Cimbrian, 
 pertaining to the Cimbri, a nume- 
 rous Celtic race defeated by Marius 
 on their invasion of Italy. Bellum 
 Cimbricum, the war with the Cim- 
 bri. 
 
 Cinna, ce, m., Lucius Cornelius 
 Cinna, a Roman nobleman and as- 
 sociate of Marius in the civil war, 
 where he rnade himself conspicuous 
 for his cruelty. Julius Ccesar 
 married his daughter, Cornelia. 
 
 Circiter, prep, icith the ace, 
 about, near. 
 
 Circum, adv. <fr prep, with the 
 ace, around, about, in the neigh- 
 borhood of, near. 
 
 Circwndo, are, dedi, ddtum, tr. 
 {circum d' do, to place or set), to 
 place around, surround, encom- 
 pass, invest, draw up around, o-s 
 an army around a city. 
 
 Circumeo, Ire, ii do ivi, circuitum, 
 intr. irr. {circum <k eo), to go 
 around. Tr., to go the rounds of, 
 visit ; to surround, encompass. 
 
 Circumfcro, ferre, tuli, latum, 
 tr. {circum db fero), to carry round. 
 
 Circumfundo, ere, fudi, fusum, 
 ir.^ to pour round ; to spread in 
 crowds all around^ to crowd 
 
 around. Undique circumfusi erant, 
 were all around them in crowds. 
 
 Circumsideo, ere, sedi, sessum, 
 intr. (t tr. {circum <b sedeo), to sit 
 around; to besiege, lay siege to, 
 invest. 
 
 Circumspecto, are, dvi, atum, tr. 
 <h intr. intens. {circumspicio), to 
 look eagerly around ; to regard 
 with suspicion, observe cautious- 
 ly- 
 
 Circumspicio, ere, spexi, spectum, 
 intr. <fc tr. {circum d: specio, to see), 
 to look around, take heed ; to ex- 
 amine closely. 
 
 Circumvenio, ire, veni, ventum, 
 tr. {circum dc venio), to surround, 
 encompass, invest; to beset, em- 
 barrass, ensnare, deceive, condemn 
 unjustly. Singulas urbes circum- 
 venire, to go around to the cities 
 one by one. 
 
 Cirta, ce, f, Cirta, the capital 
 city of the Numidian kingdxmi, af- 
 terwards Constantina, now Cosan- 
 tina. 
 
 Citerior, comp., citimus, sup., adj. 
 {cis), on this side, hither; nearer. 
 Gallia citerior. Hither Gaul, or 
 Cisalpine Gaul, that part of Italy 
 lying between the Alps and the riv- 
 ers Rubicon and Macra. It was 
 settled by various tribes of Gauls 
 who had passed over the Alps. 
 
 Cito, adv. {citus), soon, quickly, 
 speedily. 
 
 Citus, a, um, adj. {properly part, 
 from cieo, to excite), swift, quick, 
 rapid, at full speed. 
 
 Civllis, e, adj. {civis), of or re- 
 lating to a citizen or citizens, civil. 
 Sanguis civilis, the blood of citi- 
 zens. Victoria civilis, a victory 
 in the civil war. 
 
 Civis, is, c. g., a citizen. 
 
 Civitas, atis, f gen. pi., um or 
 ium, {civis), citizenship ; tlie body 
 of the citizens of a state, a com- 
 munity, state, nation ; a city. 
 
 Glades, is,f, an injury, misfor- 
 tune ; a discomfiture, defeat, rout ; 
 
CLAM 
 
 166 
 
 COGNOMEN 
 
 slaughter, massacre, havoc, de- 
 struction, 
 
 Clam, adv., secretly, stealthily, 
 privily. Prep, with the ace. or 
 ahl.y without the knowledge of. 
 
 Claw , oris, m. (clamo), a loud 
 cry, I ^ut, clamor, din. 
 
 ClaritudOj mis, f. {clams), clear- 
 ness, splendor. Figuratively, re- 
 nown, celebrity, fame, glory. 
 
 Clarus, a, uin, adj., clear, bright 
 Figuratively, renowned, illustri- 
 ous, famous. 
 
 Classis, is, /., a fleet; a class or 
 division v the Roman people, 
 Servius Tut-Hus divided the Roman 
 people into five clasnes, according to 
 the amount of their property, while 
 those who had not sufficient property 
 to entitle them to admission into the 
 fifth or lowest class, though very 
 numeroics, were not considered as 
 forming a class. These were called 
 capite censi, and were not permitted 
 to serve in the army before the time 
 of Mar ins. 
 
 Claudo, ^re, si, sum, tr., to shut, 
 shut up, close ; to inclose, surround. 
 Aiiud clausHtn inpectore, one thing 
 locked up in the breast. Clausa, 
 sc. loco, places which were shut up. 
 
 ClausuSy see Claude. 
 
 Clavis, is, f (claudo), a key. 
 
 Clemens, entis, adj., mild, gen- 
 tle, merciful, indulgent ; not exag- 
 gerated, softened. 
 
 dementia, cr, f (clemens\ mild- 
 ness, gentleness, benignity, clem- 
 ency, mercy, moderation. 
 
 Cliens, entis, m., a client, that is, 
 one who attaches himself to a patron 
 and is protected by him. 
 
 Ciientcla, ce, f. (cliens), client- 
 ship. Sometimes used for cliens, a 
 client. 
 
 Cn., an abbreviation of Cnanis. 
 
 Cnceus, i, m., Cnaeus, pronounced 
 Ne-us, a Roman pramomen. 
 
 Coceguo, are, dvi, alum, tr. (con 
 d' (pquo), to make even or level, to 
 level. 
 
 Coalesce, ^re, alui, allium, intr, 
 (con d: alesco), to grow together, 
 unite, blend, coalesce; to grow, 
 strike root. FigurcUively, to unite 
 so as to foi-m one, agree. 
 
 Coarguo, ere, ui, tr. (con dt ar- 
 guo), to show clearly, prove ; to 
 convince. 
 
 Cochlea, op, f, a snail. 
 
 Coctus, see Coquo. 
 
 Co'egi, see Cogo. 
 
 Caelum, i, n., the sky, heavens, 
 vault of heaven ; the upper world, 
 heaven. 
 
 Coeno, are, dvi, dtum, intr. (e<xna\ 
 to sup, eat supper. Tr., to eat at 
 supper, sup upon. 
 
 Coeparitts, i, w., Quintus Coepa- 
 rius, one of Catiline's confederate*. 
 He was from tlie city of TerracincL, 
 
 Ccepi, def verb, used only in the 
 tenses derived from the second root, 
 and the participles coeptns and ccep- 
 turus, 1 began, [ commenced. 
 Cceptus est has the same significa- 
 tion as ccepi, but is used in prefer- 
 ence to it before a passive infinitive. 
 Ubi silentium ccepit, when silence 
 was restored. 
 
 Coerceo, ere, ui. Hum, tr. (am d: 
 arceo), to shut up on all sides. Fig.^ 
 to keep within bounds, restrain, 
 check, curb. 
 
 CoercXtus, a, urn, part., see 
 coerceo. Adj., capable of being 
 restrained, restrainable. 
 
 Cogito, are, dvi, dtum, tr. dt 
 intr. (con dc agito), to revolve in 
 the mind, thmk, meditate, con- 
 sider. 
 
 Cogndtio, onis, f. (cognatus), a 
 relationship by blood, relation- 
 ship. 
 
 Cogndtu.% a, uiru, adj. (con dt na- 
 tus,from nascor), related by blood, 
 kindred. As a nouti^ a relation 
 by blood, relative. 
 
 Cognltus, a, wn, see cognosce. 
 Adj., known, proved, tried. 
 
 Cognomcfiy Inis, n, (coh dt no- 
 men), a surname. Cui Afrieano 
 
COGNOSCO 
 
 167 
 
 COMMERCIUM 
 
 cognomen fuit, to whom the sur- 
 name Africanus was given. Cog- 
 nomen generally denotes the family 
 name as nomen does that of the 
 gens^ but Sallust in the preceding 
 example uses it for agnomen, 
 
 CognoscOf ere, 7ioviy nitum^ ir, 
 {con 6: nosco\ to ascertain, learn, 
 discover, perceive, see; to become 
 acquainted with, know ; to know 
 again, recognize; to learn the na- 
 ture or character of; to recon- 
 noitre, investigate ; to acknow- 
 ledge. Promissa ejus cognitum 
 
 misit, to examine into (the 
 
 practicabilit}^ of) his proposals. 
 
 CogOt ere, coegiy coactum, tr. 
 {con <£* o,go), to bring together, 
 collect, assemble ; to force, com- 
 pel, drive; to procure by force; 
 to force together, unite ; to re- 
 strain, govern ; to urge, constrain, 
 persuade. 
 
 Cohors, iis^ /, a cohort A co- 
 hort was the teiith part of a legion, 
 and consequently the number of men 
 in it varied at different times from 
 300 to 600. 
 
 Cohortory ar% atus, dep. {con dt 
 hortor), to exhort^ animate, en- 
 courage. 
 
 CoUectuSj see Colligo. 
 
 ColligcLy CB, m. {con dc lego)^ a 
 partner in office, colleague. 
 
 CoHlbet, buity or bXfum est, imp. 
 {con d: libet), it pleases, is agree- 
 able. It sometimes has a subject^ 
 <is: QucB victoribus collibuissenty 
 what pleased the victors, what 
 the victors pleased to do. 
 
 Colligo, ^re, egi, ectnm, tr. {con 
 dt lego\ to bring together, collect^ 
 assemble. 
 
 ColliSy is, m.y a hill. 
 
 CollocOy drCy dviy dtum, tr. {con 
 db loco), to place, dispose, arrange ; 
 to station, post 
 
 Colloquium, i, n. {colloquor) a 
 conference, interview, conversa- 
 tion, colloquy. 
 
 Colloquor, i, cuius, dep. {con db 
 
 loquor\ to speak together, hold a 
 conference, have an interview, 
 converse. 
 
 Colo, ere, colui, cultum, tr., to 
 labor upon, cultivate, till ; to in- 
 habit figuratively, t« .ultivate 
 the friendship of, cherish, 'lonor, 
 treat respectfully. Neque illos 
 arte colam, me opulentcr, I will 
 not treat tl>em with rigor, myself 
 with indulgence. 
 
 Colonia, ce, f {colonus), a planta- 
 tion, settlement, colony ; a body 
 of colonists, a. colony. 
 
 Colonus, i, m. {colo) a husband- 
 man, farmer ; a colon. >c 
 
 Colos, or Color, oris, m,, color. 
 
 Comes, Itis, c. g., a companion, 
 comrade, partner, assistant 
 
 Com\nus, adv. {com dk manus\ 
 hand to hand, in close combat 
 
 Comitdtus, us, m. {comitor), a 
 company of followers, train, reti- 
 nue. 
 
 Comitia, drum, n. pi. {co7i dc eo), 
 a formal assembly of the people, 
 for the transaction of business or 
 the election of officers ; an election. 
 Comitia Jiabere, to hold an elec- 
 tion. 
 
 Commaculo, are, dvi, dtum, tr, 
 {con do maculo), to pollute all over, 
 defile, disgrace. 
 
 Comnudtus, us, m. {commeo), a 
 going to and fro. In military 
 language, a leave of absence, fur- 
 lough ; a train for carrying sup- 
 plies; supplies, provisions. 
 
 Com?tiemdro, dre, dvi, dtum, ir. 
 {con do memoro), to call to one's own 
 or to another's mind, remind ; to 
 make mention of, mention, relate. 
 
 Coinmendatio, Onis, f {commen- 
 do), a recommendation, commen- 
 dation, praise. 
 
 Commendo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. 
 {con dc mando), to commit to the 
 charge of, intrust to ; to commend, 
 recommend. 
 
 Commercium, i, n. {con dc merx), 
 commerce, trade, traffic. 
 
COMMERCOR 
 
 168 
 
 CONCEDO 
 
 Commercor^ dri, dtus, dep. {con d: 
 mercor), to buy up, purchase. 
 
 ComminuOy ere, ui, utum, tr. 
 {con (t minuo)y to break into email 
 pieces, breakdown, crush, shatter. 
 Figuratively, to lessen, weaken, 
 impair. 
 
 Committo, ^re, mist, miautn, tr. 
 {con (t 7nitto\ to put together, 
 combine, unite ; to commit, perpe- 
 trate; to bei^in, commence. Com- 
 mittere proelium, to begin a battle, 
 join battle. 
 
 Commodo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. 
 {commodus), to put in order, adapt, 
 adjust; to leud, afford, furnish, 
 supply. 
 
 Commddujny i, n. {commodas\ 
 convenience, profit, advanta<7e. 
 
 Coinmonefdcio, vrr, flci, factum, 
 tr. {coinmonco 6: facio), to call to 
 anyone's mind, remind, admonish. 
 
 Connndror, dre, dtus, dcp. (con 
 d: inoror\ to stay, tarr}', remain ; 
 to keep back, retiird, detain. 
 
 Commdveo, fre, Ovi, 6tum, tr. 
 (con d: viovco), to set violontl}' in 
 motion, move, shake. Fig., to 
 move, agitate, excite, alarm, trou- 
 ble, disquiet, touch, affect, strike. 
 
 Commnn^co, dre, dvi, dtuni^ tr. 
 {communis), to make common, join, 
 unite ; to share with ; to impart,, 
 comniunicato. Canxatn civium cum 
 servis fugitivis coynmunicare, to 
 make the cause of the citizens 
 common with fugitive slaves. 
 
 Communio, Ire, Ivi, Uwn, tr. 
 {con ti" tnunio), to fortify, secure. 
 
 Comtnunis, e, adj., belonging to 
 several or to all, common, general, 
 univei-sal. 
 
 Commutdtio, onis, f. {commuio), 
 n change, alteration, 
 
 Commuto, dre, dvt, dtum, tr. 
 {con <k muto), t-o change, alter. 
 
 Comptiro, dre, dvi, dium, tr. {con 
 ii' paro\ to put together; to get 
 ready, prepare, provide, furnish ; 
 to collect ; to ordam ; to put togeth- 
 er in order to compare, compare. 
 
 ComptriOy ire, peri, pertum, tr^ 
 and Compirior, iri, pertut, dep. 
 {con <t pario), to find out, ascer- 
 tain, have sure intelligence ofi 
 know* Parum comperhnu*, I have 
 not fully ascertained, I am uncer- 
 tain. Habeo compertum, I have 
 found out or discovered for a cer- 
 tainty. Parum compertus, too lit- 
 tle known, not sufficiently proved. 
 
 Compleo, ire. Hi, ituni, tr. {con dc 
 l^eo), to fill, fill up ; to complete. 
 
 Cofnplexus, ««, m. {complector), 
 an encircling, embrace. 
 
 Cofnplures, ura, adj. pi. {con dt 
 plus), very many, a great many. 
 
 Compdno, ire, potui, posltttm, tr. 
 {con dt pono\ to place together; 
 to place together in order to com- 
 pare, compare ; to put in order, 
 dispose, arrange ; to make, con- 
 trive, plan ; to form, compose ; to 
 agree upon, arrange, concert; to 
 bring to a close, terminate ; to ap- 
 pease, calm ; to bur}'. 
 
 Comporto, dre, dri, dtum, tr. 
 (fo.i .«' ..../., \ to carry or bring to- 
 g« ot, bring, o^rry. 
 
 ' ...J •, adv. {compo9itu4\ in 
 good order, neatly, handsomely; 
 skilfuU}', elegantly. 
 
 ComposUu*, a, urn, part, see 
 Compono. A(^ , well-arrange<i, 
 skilfully disposed, elegant^ pol- 
 ished, apt, fit 
 
 Comprdbo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. 
 {con d' proho), to approve, aMent 
 to, allow ; to confirm, verify, 
 prove. 
 
 Con, see Cum. 
 
 Condtus, see Conor. 
 
 Concede, ire, cessi, ce/tfuni, intr. 
 d: tr. {con d' cedo\ to retire, with- 
 draw, retreat, give place ; to yield, 
 submit, give up, grant, relinquish, 
 concede; to go, repair to. Co»- 
 cessum est, it was yielded or grant- 
 ed. In Ju* at que dedUionem conr 
 cedcre, to come under the laws and 
 sway. Nattira concedert, to pay 
 the (iebt of nature, die. 
 
OONCESSUS 
 
 169 
 
 CONFIRMO 
 
 Concesatcgy SCO Concedo. 
 
 Concido, ere, Idi, intr.(con (Jbcado)y 
 to fall down; to fall, die, perish. 
 
 Coticio, onis, f. (cojuneo), an as- 
 sembly t>f the people or army, an 
 address before the people or army ; 
 an address, haran'^iie. Pro con- 
 done^ before an assembly of the 
 people or soldiers, in public. 
 
 ConcUo, drfy dviy dtmn^ (r. {con dc 
 cito)^ to put in quick motion ; to stir 
 up, exeite, arouse, provoke, cause. 
 
 Concldmo, are, dvi^ dtum, intr. 
 ci' tr. {con <b clamo), to call out to- 
 irelher; to cry out, shout, exclaim. 
 
 Concordia, (r, /.' {concors), con- 
 cord, unanimity harmony; Con- 
 cordia, the goddess of concord, 
 
 Conaiblna, op, f. {concubo\ a 
 concubine. 
 
 Concupitea, fre, plvi, pUum, 
 incho. tr. {con drcupio), to have an 
 ea^»-r dosire fur, long for, covet, 
 strive after. 
 
 Coucurro, ire, eurri, mrsunt, 
 intr. {con d: curro), to run togeth- 
 er; to run together in a hostile 
 manner, join battle, charge, en- 
 gage ; to concur, agree. 
 
 Concur aus, uh, in. (concurro), a 
 running together, concoui-se ; a 
 charge, onset, engagement. 
 
 Concutio, (re, ussi, ussum, tr. 
 {con <t cfitio), to move violently, 
 shake, agitate. figuratively, to 
 shake, cause to waver, trouble, 
 terrify, intimidate. 
 
 Condemno, dre, dvi, dtuin, tr. 
 (con dr i^iinno\ to condemn. 
 
 ^ / ' ' //, see Condo. 
 
 CoudtUo, 67ii8, f. {condo), a con- 
 dition, stipulation, contract, agree- 
 ment, terms; a proposal, proposi- 
 tion; advantage, fruits. 
 
 C'»nd\tor, Oris, m. {condo), a 
 builder, founder, maker. 
 
 Cowio, ire, dldi, dxtwn, tr. {con 
 6: do), to put together as a whole, 
 found, build, make ; to put any 
 where for the sake of concealment, 
 conceal, hide. 
 8 
 
 Condono, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {con 
 (k dona), to give freely, present, 
 bestow ; to make an offering of, 
 sacrifice, devote ; to forgive an 
 offence, overlook, pardon. Alte- 
 rins libidini malefacta, to pardon 
 crimes to gratify the lust of an- 
 other. 
 
 Conduco, ire, xi, ctujn, tr. {con 
 d: duco), to bring or lead together, 
 collect, assemble ; to conduct ; to 
 hire. 
 
 Confectus, see Conficio. 
 
 Confer CIO, Ire, fersi, fertutn, tr. 
 {con d\farcio), to crowd together; 
 to stuff, cram. 
 
 Confiro, ferrc, contuli, colldtum, 
 tr. irr. {con do fero\ to bring or 
 carry together, collect, gather, pro- 
 cure. 
 
 Confertim, adv. (confertu8\ close- 
 ly, compactly, in close array. 
 
 Confer tun^ a, um, part., see Con- 
 fereio. Adj., close, thick, com- 
 pacw; in close array, in close col- 
 umn. 
 
 Cofifessus, a, um, part., see 
 Confittor. As a noun, one who 
 has confessed a crime. 
 
 Cofijicio, ire, f?ci, fectum, tr. 
 {con d: facto), to put together ; to 
 make, cause, effect ; to accom- 
 plish, finisii, end; to weaken, en- 
 feeble, wear out, destroy, consume. 
 Siti confici, to be consumed with 
 thirst, perish with thirst. Vvl- 
 neribus confectu^^ covered with 
 wounds. 
 
 Confldo, ire, fUus, semidep. 
 {con d'Jido), to confide in, trust to, 
 rely upon ; to trust, feel confident, 
 feel sure. 
 
 Conflnis, e, adj. {con dc finis\ 
 adjoining, contiguous, near. 
 
 Confirmo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. 
 {con dc frmo), to make firm or 
 strong, render efficient, confirm, 
 strengthen ; to strengthen one's 
 courage, encourage, embolden, an- 
 imate, persuade ; to establish by 
 proof, prove, demonstrate, ratify ; 
 
C0NFI6US 
 
 170 
 
 CONSrDEKO 
 
 to affiim, assert, declare. Lahores 
 et victorias confirmare^ to crown 
 
 Conflims, see Confido. 
 
 Conflteor, eri, fcssus, dep. {con 
 (tfateor), to confess, avow, ac- 
 knowledge. 
 
 Conjllqo, ere, xi, ctiun, tr. d' inlr. 
 {con d; fiigo\ to strike or dash to- 
 gether; to come to a battle, light, 
 contend; to conflict, be at vari- 
 ance. 
 
 Conflo, dre^ dvij dtuin^ tr. {con tt 
 Jlo\ to blow together, excite by 
 blowing, kindle. Figuraiivelij^ to 
 stir up, create, cause. -/£« alienum 
 confare, to contract debts. 
 
 Conjluo, ire, ri, ctwn, intr. {con 
 (t Jiuo), to flow together, run to- 
 gether, flock, crowd. 
 
 ConfodiOy ire, fodi, fossutn, tr. 
 {co7i ct fodio\ to pierce through, i 
 transfix, stab. | 
 
 Confugio, ire^ f^gh intr. {con <L' i 
 fugio\ to flee, fly for succor. 
 
 Cotigldbo, art . avi^ dtum, intr. i 
 {con <£' globo), to fonn *nto a ball ; I 
 to assemble, draw together, collect ■ 
 into a crowd. 
 
 CongrkUor, »', gressns^ dep. {con 
 d* grculior), to come together, meet ; 
 to come together in a hostile man- 
 ner, engage, fight, contend. 
 
 Cojigress^us, u.% ffi. {congredior\ I 
 a coming together, meeting ; an 
 encounter, enj^agement^ conflict, 
 battle. 
 
 Congressus, part.^ see Congre- 
 dior. 
 
 Conjicio, ere, jeci, jcctum, tr. 
 {con 6: jacio\ to throw together; 
 to throw, cast, thrust. Conjicerc 
 in vinculo, to oast into prison. 
 
 Conjunctns, see Conjungo. Adj. 
 
 Conjungo, ere, junxi, junctum^ 
 tr. {con dc jungo), to join togeth- 
 er, unite, associate; to unite in, 
 form. 
 
 ConjuratiOy onis, f. {conjuroX a 
 confederacy confirmed by an oath ; 
 a conspiracy, plot, 
 
 ConjurdtuSy part., see Conjure 
 As a noun, a conspirator. 
 
 Conjuro, dre, dvi, dtumy intr. 
 {con d: juro), to swear together, 
 bind each other by an oath ; to 
 conspire, enter into a conspiracy. 
 
 Connubium, i, n. {con d nubo), 
 marriage, wedlock. 
 
 Conor, dri, dtus, dep., to under- 
 take, attempt, endeavor, try. 
 
 Conquiro, ire^ quislvl, quisltuWy 
 tr. {con d qucero\ to seek, get to- 
 gether, collect ; to seek after, try 
 to obtain, procure. 
 
 Conscientia, «•, /. {conscio\ a 
 knowledge possessed in common 
 with another; consciousness, con- 
 science; a consciousness of guilt, 
 guilty conscience. 
 
 Conscius, a, um, adj. {con9c%o\ 
 conscious, privy to, having know- 
 ledge of; conscious of guilt, guilty. 
 
 Conscrlbo, ire, scrip^i^ tcriptum^ 
 tr. {con d scribo), to write together 
 on a roll, enrol, enlist, levy ; to 
 choose, elect. PcUres couscripti, 
 conscript fathei-s^ elected and as- 
 sembled fathers, the title of the 
 Roman senate when sitting. 
 
 ConscriptHs, gee Conscribo, 
 
 Consecro, dre^ dvi^ diwn, tr. {con 
 d sncro), to devote to the gods, con- 
 secrate, dedicate. 
 
 Consenesco, ire, ui, intr. {con <£r 
 senescoX to grow old; to become 
 weak, frail, or feeble ; to become 
 obsolete. 
 
 Cirnsiro, irt, tevi^ sUum^ tr. {con 
 d seroX to sow, plant. Arbutiis 
 consitns, overgrown with • . 
 
 Consiro, ire, senii^ sertum, tr. 
 {con d sero), to join togetlier. 
 CoJiserere 7nanutn, to fight hand to 
 hand, join battle, come to close 
 quai lei's, fight. 
 
 Conservo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. («m 
 d servoX to preserve, keep, keep 
 up, maintain. 
 
 Considero, dre^ dvt, dtum, tr* 
 {con d sido, to settleX to ooaaider, 
 weigh, think upon. 
 
CONSIDO 
 
 171 
 
 C:ON8ULO 
 
 Consldo, ere, sedi, sessiimj intr. 
 {con d' sido), to sit down together, 
 eit down ; to settle, take up one's 
 abode ; to encamp, halt, station 
 one's self. 
 
 ConsHium, t, n. (consulo\ con- 
 Bultation, deliberation, considera- 
 tion, prudence ; counsel, advice ; 
 a resolution, intention, purpose, 
 design, object, aim, pLin ; a strata- 
 gem, artifice ; a council. Frasenti 
 consilioy in the presence of the 
 council. Non est consiliutn, it is 
 not my intention or design. Quo 
 con^lio ? for what reason ? wh}' ? 
 
 ConsiMOy ^rCj stlli, stUniriy intr. 
 (con (£• sisto\ to take one's stand, 
 make a stand, stand still, stand. 
 
 ConsltuSy see ComerOy to sow. 
 
 Conypcctu-^, ua, m. (conipicio\ 
 the act of seeinir, seeing ; eight, 
 view. In conapectu, before the 
 eyes, in tlie presence. 
 
 ConsplciOy ire, sftexi, ttpectum, tr. 
 (con d: tpecio\ to look at atten- 
 tively, see, perceive, observe; to 
 h)ok upon with admiration. Con- 
 spici, to let oue'a self be seen, at- 
 tract notice or admiration. 
 
 Conxplcor, ari, dtus, diy. (con d' 
 s]jecio\ to perceive, get sight of, 
 dcscr}'. 
 
 Constanter, adv.(ronstan!t\ stead- 
 ily, firml}', uniformly, stably. 
 
 Constantid, «,/. (constans), sta- 
 bility, steadiness, firmness; con- 
 stancy, perseverance. 
 
 ConstcrnOy ere, strdvi, stratum^ 
 tr. (con d stemo\ to strew or cover 
 over. 
 
 Const^tuOy irCy «», iitum^ tr. (con 
 d: staiuo), to place, station ; to 
 stop, ciiuse to halt, halt ; to estab- 
 lish, fix, settle; to agree upon, 
 appoint; to resolve, determine, 
 decree. Jntr.y to niake an ap- 
 pointment. Iter constituere, to de- 
 termine upon a march, resolve to 
 march. 
 
 ConstitutuSy see Constituo. 
 
 ConstOy QrCy Miltiy stdtum^ intr. 
 
 (con d do\ to stand still, stand 
 firm, be established. Constat, 
 imp., it is manifest, evident, clear, 
 or certain. 
 
 Constrdtus, see Consterno. 
 
 ConstruOy ere, war/, uctum, tr. 
 (con d struo\ to put together, con- 
 struct, build, form. 
 
 Consuefdcio, ire, feci, factum, tr. 
 (consuesco d: facio), to accustom. 
 
 ConsuescOy ere, suevi, suetum, 
 intr. d tr. (con d: suesco), to be- 
 come accustomed, accustom one's 
 self; to accustom, inure. Coji- 
 siu-vi, I am accustomed or wont, 
 am in the habit of. Consuevity 
 imp., it is wont or customary. 
 
 Consuetudoy mis, f. (consuesco), 
 custom, habit ; intercourse, inti- 
 mac}'. 
 
 ConsuetuRy a, um, party see Con- 
 suesco. Adj., customary, usual, 
 habitual, wonted. 
 
 Consul, ulis, nu (consulo), a con- 
 sul, */ne of the i\r^ chiff magistrates 
 of R(/me after the abolition of the 
 m on a rchy. Th i « ojficer xca^ elected 
 annually about the beginning of 
 August, and from that tune till he 
 entered upon his office, in the Janu- 
 aru followingy he was called consul 
 designaiuSy consul elect. The Ro- 
 mans marked the year in which any 
 particular event occurred by the 
 names of the consuls then in office, 
 as : L. Tullo et Jf. Lepido considi- 
 bust, in the consulship of Lucius 
 TuUus and Marcus Lepidus. 
 
 Consul driSy Cy adj. (consul), of or 
 belonging to a consul, consular. 
 As a nouik, a man of consular rank ; 
 an ex-consul. 
 
 ConsnUatuSy us, m. (comml), the 
 office of consul, consulship, con- 
 sulate. 
 
 Consulo, ere, ulvi, ultum, intr. 
 dc tr. to take counsel, deliberate, 
 discuss; to judge, consider, deter- 
 mine upon. With the dat., to con- 
 sult for, be mindful of, be concern- 
 ed about^ regard, take care of, aid. 
 
CONSULTATIO 
 
 172 
 
 CONTREMO 
 
 Wifh the ace, to consult, ask the 
 opinion or advice of. Male co7t- 
 suiere, to adopt bad measures, pur- 
 sue an injurious course, resolve 
 upon imprudently. Bene consu- 
 lere, to adopt wise counsels, pur- 
 sue a piudent course, resolve upon 
 wisely. Gravius in aliqucm con- 
 sulerCj to adopt too severe meas- 
 ures, or give too unfavorable a 
 decision against any one. Sena- 
 ins consulitur, or consulittir alone^ 
 the opinion of the senate is asked. 
 Consuiitur, imp., a consultation is 
 lield, a decision is made. 3Iihi 
 oonsultwn est, my interests have 
 been cared for. 
 
 Consultatio, onis, f. (consulto), a 
 consultation, dehberation. 
 
 Consulto, adv. (properly abl. of 
 cousultum), on purpose, design- 
 edly. 
 
 Consulto, are, dvi, dtum, inir. <£• 
 tr. (eonsulo), to deliberate, consult, 
 discuss ; to consult for, provide 
 for, to take care of. 
 
 Consultor, aris, in. {cons-ulo), one 
 who gives advice, an adviser, coun- 
 sellor. 
 
 Consultum, i, n. {conmilo), delib- 
 eration, consideration ; a decree, 
 resolution, act; a plan, measure; 
 counsel, advice. 
 
 Cotis'ultus, see Consulo. 
 
 Consumo, ere, snmpsi, snmptum, 
 tr. (co7i d: sumo), to consume, de- 
 vour; to destroy, kill; to waste, 
 employ in vain, use up. 
 
 Consurnptus, see Consurno. 
 
 Co7itagio, dnis, f. (continpo), a 
 touching, contiict ; contagion, in- 
 fcct'on, disease. 
 
 Contenwo, ere, tempsl, temptum, 
 tr. {con (V temno), to make light of, 
 contemn, despise, treat with con- 
 tempt, express contempt for. 
 
 Contemptor, oris, pi. {contemiio), 
 a conttMuner, disdainer, despiser. 
 // is sometimes used as an adjective, 
 haughtj', disdainful. 
 
 Contemptus, a, um, part., see 
 
 Contemno. Adj.^ contemptible, 
 despicable, vile. 
 
 Contendo, ere, di. turn, tr. d'intr. 
 (con <t tendo), to stretch or strain 
 to the utmost, exert, put forth ; to 
 exert one's self to reach or attain, 
 strive after eagerly, seek for ; to 
 push forward, hasten ; to hold one 
 tiling against another in order to 
 compare them, compare ; to try 
 one's strength against another, 
 contend, fight, engage. 
 
 Contentio, onis, f. (contendo), a 
 contention, contest, dispute, con- 
 troversy. 
 
 Contero, Sre, trivi, tritum, tr. 
 (con d' tero), to grind to pieces, 
 wear away ; to waste, employ use- 
 lessly. 
 
 Continentia, ee, f. (contineo), a 
 holding back. Firjuratively, a re- 
 straining of one's desires, self-con- 
 trol, moderation, continence, tem- 
 perance. 
 
 Contineo, ere, tinni, tentum, tr. 
 (con d: teneo), to hold or keep to- 
 gether ; to hold, keep, retain; to 
 hold in check, keep back, curb, 
 restrain. 
 
 Continito, are, dtn, dtum, tr. 
 (continnus), to join together, unite, 
 continue, prolong. 
 
 Contra, prep, with the ace, 
 against, in opposition to, contrary 
 to, in reply to. Adv., on the con- 
 trary, on the other hand, in re- 
 turn, back again ; followed by ac 
 or atque, otherwise than, contrary 
 to what Contra ea, on the con- 
 trary, just the reverse. Contra 
 rempublicam facere, to act as an 
 enemy to the statt^ be guilty of 
 tieason. Contra inceptum suum, to 
 thwart his undertaking. Quod con- 
 tra est, the revei*se of whiclj is true. 
 
 Contrdhn, Cre, xi, ctum, tr. (con 
 d' traho), to draw together, assem- 
 ble, collect 
 
 Contremo, ^e, ui, intr. (con db 
 trevio), to tremble greatly, be 
 greatly agitated, quake. 
 
CONTEOVEESIA 
 
 173 
 
 coQurs 
 
 Controversial ce,/. {controv€rw^\ 
 a controversy, dispute, debate. 
 
 Contubernium^ i, n. (con ct ta- 
 herna)y a dwelling together in the 
 same tent ; the intercourse of a 
 young man with the general wliom 
 he accompanies, attendance. Con- 
 tuberiiio patris militahat, lie was 
 serving as a soldier in attendance 
 upon his father, wjis learning the 
 art of war under the eye of bis 
 father. 
 
 Contuli. see Confer o. 
 
 Contumelia^ cp, /., an injury 
 coupled with contemptuous usage, 
 affront, insult, contumely, dis- 
 grace. 
 
 Contumclio-ms^ a, wm, adj. {con- 
 tumelia), reproachful, insulting, 
 insolent, abusive. 
 
 Contundo, ere^ tiidly tusimi, ir. 
 (con d: tundo), to beat, bruise, 
 crush to pieces. Figuratively^ to 
 break, destroy, crush, im|)air. 
 
 Contxirbo^ are^ dvi, Cdwn, tr. {con 
 (t turbo), to throw into confusion, 
 confuse, disturb, disquiet, perplex. 
 
 Contuaus^ see Coritundo. 
 
 Co7ivcnio, ire, veni, veniun\, intr, 
 <£• tr. {con <£• venio), to come or 
 meet together, assemble, collect; 
 to agree, correspond, accord, con- 
 sent; to be agreed upon, be con- 
 cluded; to suit, become, be suita- 
 ble or becoming. TV., to go to 
 meet, come to, approach, speak to, 
 accost, Convenit, imp., it is fit, 
 suitable, becoming, or convenient ; 
 it is agreed or settled. Pax con- 
 venit, a peace is agreed upon or 
 concluded. Pax conventa, a peace 
 which has been agreed upun, a 
 concluded peace. 
 
 Conventio, onis, f. {convenio), a 
 coming or meeting together ; a 
 meeting, assembl}', convention; an 
 agreement. 
 
 Conventus, part., see Convenio. 
 
 Conventus, its, in. {convenio), a 
 meeting, assembly, convention, 
 council. 
 
 Conversiis, se^ Converto. 
 
 Converto, ere, ti, sum, tr. {co7i dh 
 verto), to turn about, wheel round, 
 turn, change, alter, convert. Intr.^ 
 tu turn one's self round, turn, be- 
 take one's self to, apply 1o ; to re- 
 turn ; to be changed, change. 
 
 Con V ictus, see Convinco. 
 
 Convinco, ere, vici, victum, tr. 
 {con d' vinco), to show to be guilty, 
 convict; to overcome by argu- 
 ment, convince. 
 
 Conviviuyn, ?', n. {con d' vivo), a 
 feast, banquet, entertainment. 
 
 Convoco, are, avi, aium, tr. {con 
 (jc voco), to call together, assemble, 
 convoke. 
 
 Cooper io, Ire, rui, rtum, ir. {con 
 dc operio), to cover over. Fig.t to 
 overwhelm, bury, sink. 
 
 Coopertus, see Cooperio. 
 
 Coorior, iri, ortus, dep, {con d: 
 orior), to arise, rise. 
 
 Co ortus, see Coorior. 
 
 Copia, ce, /., plenty, abundance, 
 fulness, an ample or plentiful store 
 or 6upph% a great number, multi- 
 tude ; an armed force, baud, arm}', 
 in this last sense rarely in the sin- 
 gular. Figuratively, ]^ower, abil- 
 ity, means ; an opportunity, leave, 
 permission. In the plural, provi- 
 sions, necessaries, supplies ; rich- 
 es, resources, goods, property. In 
 military language, iorces, troops, 
 an army. Mihi est copia, or habeo 
 copiam, I have the ability, have it 
 in my power, am able, can. Ex 
 copia, from the abundance, from 
 the whole number. Ex copia re- 
 rum, or ex copia, under the cir- 
 cumstances, all things considered. 
 Pro rei copia, considering the cir- 
 cumstances, suitably to the cir- 
 cumstances. Quoniam JugurthcB 
 copiam haberet, since he had Ju- 
 gurtha in his power. 
 
 Coquo, ere, coxi, coctum, tr., to 
 prepare for use any kind of food, 
 cook, roast, boil, bake, toast. 
 
 Coquus, i, m. {coquo), a cook. 
 
CORAM 
 
 174 
 
 CRIMEN 
 
 Corain^ prep, with the abl., in 
 the presence of^ in view of, before 
 the eyes o^ before. 
 
 Coriwit, i, n., a hide, skin, 
 leather. 
 
 Corncliua^ t, ?«., Cornelius, the 
 name of persons belonging to the 
 gens Cornelia, of tchom there were 
 several distinguished families^ snch 
 as the Scipio7ies, the LerUiUi, the 
 Cinnce, the Sullce. 
 
 Cornelius, i, m., Cains Cornelius, 
 a Roman knight and confederate 
 of CotiHne\ who in conjunction 
 with Vargunteius was to have mtir- 
 dered Cicero. 
 
 Cornlcen, Tnt«, m. {cornu dt cano), 
 a horn-blower, corneter. 
 
 Cornijicius, t, m., Quintus Cor- 
 nificius, a distinguished Roman, 
 who was honored with some of the 
 highest ofjices in tJie state. 
 
 Cornu, n., indecl. in sing. ; in 
 pi. Curnucu, uum^ a horn ; the wing 
 of an army. 
 
 Corpus, oris, tt., a bod\', sub- 
 stance ; the body, person ; a 
 corpse. Vis corporis, bodily 
 
 BtrenjJftli. 
 
 Correctus^ see Corriga. 
 
 Correptus, see Carripio. 
 
 Corrfgo, ire, exi, ectmn^ tr. {con 
 d; rego\ to make straight Fig., 
 to set right, correct, reform, amend, 
 remedy. 
 
 Corrlpio, ire, ipui, eptum, tr. (con 
 <i* rapio), to lay hold of hastily, 
 snatch up, seize ujxin ; to carry off. 
 
 Comwipo, ire, rupi, ruptum, tr. 
 (con <£• ru)npo), to destroy, ruin ; 
 to corrupt^ spoil, hurt., injure ; to 
 waste, squander, impair, debase; 
 to bribe, seduce, mislead, deceive. 
 Jfitgtios opportunitates corrumpere, 
 to let rare opportunities be lost 
 
 Corrupt uA, a, wn, part , see Cor- 
 rumpo. Adj., corrupt^ depraved, 
 bad. 
 
 Cotta, OE, m., Lucius Aurelius 
 Cotta, Rotnan consul 65 B. C, and 
 afterwards censor. 
 
 Crassus, t, m., Marcus Licinius 
 Crassus, surnamed Dives, on ac- 
 count of his wealth, was a Roman 
 of great influence, and member of 
 the first triumvirate with Pompey 
 and Ceesar. 
 
 Creber, bra, brum, adj., close to- 
 gether, thick, numerous ; frequent, 
 oft repeated. Crebras vigilias pch 
 nerf, to post sentinels on short in- 
 tervals. 
 
 Credibllis, e, adj. (credo\ worthy 
 of belief, credible, probable, likely. 
 
 Credit um, i, il (credo\ any thing 
 committed to one's trust, a debt, 
 loan. 
 
 Credo, ire, fdi, Uum, intr. dt tr.^ 
 to commit to one's trust, confide ; 
 to have confidence in, rely upon, 
 believe; to take upon trust, be- 
 lieve ; to think, suppose, imagine, 
 have no doubt, ^"eque loco, neque 
 mortal i cuiquam^ aut tempori, satis 
 credere, dues not feel secure in any 
 place, with any person, or at any 
 time. Credo inserted hetxccen the 
 parts of a sentence as a polite limi- 
 tation of the writer s opinion mag 
 be translated, I should think, it 
 would seem to me, probably, o/- 
 trags referring to what immediaUlff 
 follows. 
 
 Creo, are, dvi, dium, tr., to cre- 
 ate, make, form, produce ; to cre- 
 ate, choose, elect. 
 
 Cresco, ere, crevi, crttum, itUr., 
 to grow, become greater, increase, 
 exttnd, spread ; to grow forth, 
 spring up ; to increase in iufluenci) 
 or popularity, become infiuentiaL 
 
 Creticus, i, tn,, Quintus Caecilius 
 Metellus, surnamed Creticus, Ro- 
 man consul B. C. 70, and command- 
 er in Apulia and the neighboring 
 districts during the war with Cati- 
 line. 
 
 Crevi, see Cresco, 
 
 Crimen, hiis, tu, an accusation, 
 charge, crimination, reproach; a 
 crime, fault Falsa crimina, false 
 accusations, calumnies, slander. 
 
CRDIIXOK 
 
 175 
 
 CUPIO 
 
 Crhnlnory art, dtus, dep. {cri- 
 men\ to charge with a crime, ac- 
 cuse, blame, reproach. 
 
 Crbninose, ad>}. (criminosiis\ by 
 way of accusation, reproachfully ; 
 slanderously. 
 
 Crotaniensix, e, adj., Crotonian, 
 of or belonging to Crotona, now 
 Crotone, a town in the southern 
 part of Italy. A» a noun, a Cio- 
 •tonian, an inhabitant of Cro- 
 tona. 
 
 Crucidins, its, in. {crucio\ tor- 
 ment, torture, pain, anguish; pun- 
 ishment, 
 
 Crudelis, e, adj. {crudus), cruel, 
 Bavage, inhuman. 
 
 Cnidelitas, atis, f. {criid^Iis\ 
 cruelty, hard-heartedness, inhu- 
 manity. 
 
 Cnulellter, adv. (cnidelis), in a 
 cruel manner, cruelly. 
 
 Cntento, are, dvi, dtutn, tr. (cru- 
 e7itu8\ to sprinkle or stain with 
 blood, make bloody, imbrue. 
 
 Cruentus, o, w;/», adj. (cruor\ 
 stained with blood, bloody. I'i(;f-t 
 bloodthirsty, cruel, ferocious. 
 
 Cruor, ori% m., blood from a 
 wound, gore, blood. 
 
 Crux^ crucisy /., a cross, /n 
 cruciwi agerCy or agitare, to cru- 
 cify. 
 
 CujuscumquemOdi or Cujuscum' 
 qiL€ tnoili (gen, of quiscumque d: 
 modus), of whatever sort or kind. 
 
 CujusIXbet, see Quilibet, 
 
 Cuju.vnoiiiy or Cfjus modi (gen, 
 of quis d* modus), of what kind or 
 sort, of whatever kind. 
 
 Cnjnsquemddi, or Cnjusque modi 
 (gen. of quisque do moduj<\ of what- 
 ever kind, of every kind. 
 
 Culpa, ce, f, a fauit, misconduct, 
 blame, crime. 
 
 C III tor. Oris, m. (colo), one who 
 attends to or has tlie caie of any 
 thing, ti cultivator, tiller, husband- 
 man; an inhabitant. Exercitus 
 agri ac pecoris jnagis quam belli 
 cultor, an army better acquainted 
 
 with husbandry and pasturage 
 than war. 
 
 Cult us, us, m. (colo), a nursing, 
 taking care of any thing, cultiva- 
 tion. Figuratively, a training, edu- 
 cation, improvement ; a manner 
 of living, style, custom ; everv 
 thing necessary to a domestic 
 establishment, food, clothing, fur- 
 niture, necessaries, conveniences; 
 a luxurious style of living, luxury, 
 elegance, indulgence, refinement. ; 
 a style of dress, elegance of dress, 
 showy attire. Cultus corporis^ 
 food and clothing. Cultus miser a- 
 bilis, a mean garb^ wretched plight. 
 Eodem cultu quo libcros suos domi 
 hahuit, he brought up at court iu 
 the same manner as his own chil- 
 dren. 
 
 Cmw, adi\ see Quum. 
 
 Cum, prep, with the abl., with, 
 along with, in conjunction or com- 
 pany with, together with, provided 
 with ; against, at. Cum ortu solis, 
 at sunrise. In composition it has 
 the forms, con, com, col, cor, and co, 
 and signifies with, together, or 
 only strengthens the meaning. 
 
 Cum que, see Quicumque. 
 
 Cunctor, dri, dtus, dep., to delay, 
 linger, stay ; to hesitate, doubt, 
 be perplexed. 
 
 Cunctns, a, urn, adj., all, the 
 whole, all together. 
 
 Cuplde, adv. (cupidus), eagerly, 
 gladly, ardently. 
 
 CupidXtas, dtis, f (cupidus), an 
 eager desire, longing for. /n a 
 bad sense, cupidity, thirst for gain, 
 avarice ; lust, passion. 
 
 Cupldo, \nis,f. [cupio], a desire, 
 longing for, passion, thirst. 
 
 Cnpldus, a, nm, adj. (cupio), de- 
 sirous of, longing for, eager for. 
 
 Cnpiendns, a, um, part., see Cu- 
 pio. Adj., to be desired or wish- 
 ed for, desirable. 
 
 Cupiens, entis, part., see Cupio. 
 Adj., desirous, eager, ardent. 
 
 Cupio, Ire, Ivi, itum, tr., to de- 
 
CURA 
 
 176 
 
 DECEDO 
 
 sire, be desirous of, wish, long for, 
 covet. 
 
 Cura, ce,/., cnre, solicitude, anx- 
 iety, concern, trouble; care, pains, 
 solicitude, study, management. 
 Habere curce to have a concern 
 for, attend to, aid, promote. AH- 
 cui curce esse, to be a care or con- 
 cern to any one, or making the 
 dative the subject, to take care of, 
 attend to. Curam habere, to be con- 
 cerned or anxious about, care for. 
 Curator, oris, in. {euro), one who 
 takes care of or has the manage- 
 ment of a thing, a manager, over- 
 seer, agent, superintendent. 
 
 Curia, ce, /., a curia or ward, one 
 of the thirty divisions of the Roman 
 people made by Romulus ; a tem- 
 ple in which a cuiia met for wor- 
 sliip; the senate house. 
 
 Cnrius, i, m., Quintus Curius, a 
 Roman icho was expelled from the 
 senate for disgraceful conduct. He 
 joined the conspiracy of Catiline^ 
 and afterwards disclosed it. 
 
 Curo, are, dvi, at tan, tr. (cura), 
 to take care of, care for, see to, 
 attend to, provide for or against 
 Absolutely, to liave charge, be in 
 command. 
 
 Cu7-sus, us, m. (cnrro\ a running, 
 race ; a course, journey, way. 
 Carsu, abL, in or by running, 
 quickly, in haste. 
 
 Custodia, flp, /., a keeping guard, 
 watching over; confinement, cus- 
 tody; a ])lace of confinement, pris- 
 on ; a guard, watch ; a body- 
 guard, escort. Libera custodia, 
 free custody, the kind of restraint 
 to which Romans of t lie higher raiik 
 were subjected icheit suspected of 
 crime. These, instead of being im- 
 prisoned^ were placed under the 
 charge of a magistrate or senator, 
 to be kept in his house till the time 
 of trial. 
 
 Custos, ddis, c. g., a keeper, 
 guard ; a protector. Cum custo- 
 dihus, under guard. 
 
 Cyrene, es,f, Cyrene, now Curin, 
 a city on the northern coast of 
 Africa, 
 
 Cyrus, i, m.^ Cyrus the Great, 
 the founder of the Persian empire. 
 
 D 
 
 IJ., an abbreviation of Decimus.. 
 
 Dabar, aris, m., Dabai*, a Numi- * 
 dia7i, the grandson of Masinissa. 
 
 Daynasippus, i, m,, Lucius Da- 
 masippu?, was pre^tor urbanus 84 
 B. C, and at the command of the 
 younger Marl us, put to death many 
 of the senators who were of the party 
 of Sulla. 
 
 JJamno, ctre, dvi, dtum, tr. 
 (dannnon), to condemn. 
 
 Damnum, t, 7i., loss, hurt, dam- 
 age, injury. 
 
 Datus, see Do. 
 
 De, prep, with the abl., of, from. 
 Denoting separation, from, away 
 from, out of. Denoting the subject 
 of a mental action, on, abouts, re- 
 specting, concerning. Deiwting a 
 cause or reason, because, of, on ac- 
 count of, owing to. Denoting con- 
 fonnity tcith or regard to any thing, 
 with reference to, as regards, as 
 to ; according, after, pursuant to. 
 With adjectives adverbially, as : de 
 integro, anew, afresli. Jn compo- 
 sition it signifes downwards or 
 without, or it strengthens the mean- 
 ing. 
 
 Debeo, ere, ui, Itum, tr. {de (t 
 habeo\ to owe. Jntr., to be in- 
 debted, be under obligation. De- 
 brri, to be owed, be due. With 
 the infnitive debco denotes duty, I 
 ought, it is right that I should. 
 
 Deb)tHS, a, um, part , see Debeo, 
 Adj.y due, merited, deserved. 
 
 Dcccdo, ere, cessi, ccsftum, intr. 
 {de d' cedo), to go away, depart, 
 withdraw, to retire from, depart 
 from ; to pjive place, yield ; to 
 abate, subside. 
 
DECEM 
 
 177 
 
 DEFORMO 
 
 Deceniy num. adj. indec.y ten. 
 
 December, bris, m. (decem\ De- 
 cember, the tenth taonth of the 
 Roman year, which began with 
 March. Adj., of December. 
 
 Decerno, ere, crevi, cretum, tr. 
 (de (So cerno), to decide any thing ; 
 to determine, settle, decree, vote. 
 Older, appoint; to resolve, con- 
 clude, think, judge. Intr., to give 
 one's opinion ; to fi<jht, contend. 
 
 iJccet, deccre, decuit, imp^ it be- 
 comes, is becoming or proper, is 
 suitable or meet, it behooves. Jt 
 sometimes has a subject, as: Qiice 
 ab imperatore decuerijit (provideri), 
 omnia proviso, that &\\ thmgs which 
 it behooved a commander to i)ro- 
 vide had been provided. 
 
 DecXmus, a, um, adj. {decern), the 
 tenth. 
 
 Decimus, i, m., Deciraus, a Ro- 
 man prcenomen. * 
 
 Decldro, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (de <t 
 claro), to make clear, show clear- 
 ly, reveal, declare ; to manifest, 
 evince; to declare, proclaim pub- 
 licly. 
 
 Jjecllvis, e, adj. (de <t clivus\ bend- 
 ing downwards, sloping, slanting. 
 
 Decori', adi'. (decorus), befitting- 
 ly, becomingly, properly ; grace- 
 fully. 
 
 Decoro, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. (decus), 
 to decorate, ornament^ adorn, beau- 
 tify, embellish. 
 
 Decorus, a, um, adj. (decus), be- 
 coming, befitting, proper, deco- 
 rous; comely, graceful. 
 
 Dccretum^ i, n.(decerno), a decree, 
 ordinance, statute; an action, of a 
 pubHc officer. 
 
 Decretus, see Decerno. 
 
 Decus, oris, n. (decet), ornament, 
 splendor ; grace, dignity ; moral 
 worth, credit, reputation, honor, 
 virtue. Sine decore, in sorry 
 plight. 
 
 Dcdecoro, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (de- 
 decus), to disgrace, dishonor, ren- 
 der infamou?. •!• 
 8* 
 
 Dedecus, oris, n. (de So decus), 
 disgrace, dishonor, shame ; infa- 
 my; a disgraceful action. Per 
 dedecus, disgracefullv, dishonor- 
 ably. 
 
 IJedi, see Do. 
 
 Deditio, onis, f (dedo), a giving 
 up, surrender. Facere deditionem, 
 to surrender. 
 
 Dedititius, i, m. (deditio), one who 
 has surrendered. Dedititius est, 
 he has surrendered. 
 
 Deditus, see Dedo. 
 
 Dedo, ere, dcdidi, deditum, tr. 
 (de (t do), to give up, surrender, 
 capitulate; to give up one's sel^ 
 devote one's self to. 
 
 Deduco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. (de <k 
 duco), to lead or bring down; to 
 lead or bring forth, lead out, con- 
 vey, conduct^ remove ; to bring, 
 lead, accompany. Vigilias dedu- 
 cere, to distribute or post watches. 
 
 Deduct us, see Deduco. 
 
 Defendo, ere, di, sum, tr., to keep 
 or ward off, repel, avert ; to de- 
 fend, protect, guard ; to maintain, 
 support. 
 
 Defensio, dnis,f (defendo), a de- 
 fending, defence. 
 
 Defenso, are, dvi, dtum, tr. frcq. 
 (drfendo), to defend, protect. 
 
 Defensor, oris, m. (defendo), a de- 
 fender, protector. 
 
 Defessus, a, um, adj. (de dkfessics), 
 worn out, exhausted; weary, tired, 
 faint. 
 
 Deficio, ere, feci, fectum, intr. <k 
 tr. (lie d: facio), to become faithless, 
 revolt, rebel ; to fall off from, for- 
 sake ; to let the spirits sink, be 
 disheartened or discouraged, give 
 up; to lose strength or power, be- 
 come feeble, fail, be wanting ; to 
 cea=e, perish, end. 
 
 Defluo, ere, uxi, intr. (de 6: fiuo), 
 to flow down or downwards. Fig- 
 uratively, to pass away, come to an 
 end, vanisli, go to waste, fall into 
 decay. 
 
 Defomxo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (de 
 
DEGEEDIOE 
 
 178 
 
 DEPKECOR 
 
 S formo), to deform, disfigure, 
 spoil; to humble, bring low. 
 
 Degredior, i, gressus, dep. (de <jc 
 gradior), to go down, descend. 
 
 Degusto, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {de 60 
 gusto), to taste, taste of. 
 
 Dehinc, adv. {de 6: hinc), hence- 
 forth, hereafter ; in the next place, 
 then; afterwards. Primum — de- 
 hinc, in the first place — in the 
 second place. 
 
 Dehor tor, dri, dtus, dep. {de <t 
 hortor), to dissuade, advise to the 
 contrary. With the 'mfinitive, to 
 dissuade from, as: Flura scribere 
 dehortatur me fortuna mea, my 
 (miserable) fortune dissuades me 
 from writing more. 
 
 Dein, or Deinde, adv. {de d: inde), 
 then, and then, after that, in the 
 next place, afterwards, again ; 
 henceforth, hereafter; thence, Pri- 
 mum — deinde, in the fii'st place — 
 in the second place. 
 
 Deinceps, adv. {dein 6: capio), 
 after that, then, in the next place ; 
 successively. 
 
 Delectus, a, urn, part., see Deligo. 
 Adj., chosen, choice, select. As a 
 nouii, Delecti, oruni, rn. pi., chosen 
 men ; a select band of soldiers. 
 
 Delectus us, 771. {deligo), a choos- 
 ing, choice. Li military language, 
 a levying: of soldiei^, a levy of sol- 
 diei-s. Habere dclectum, to make a 
 levy or draft of soldiers. 
 
 Deleo, ere, evi, etum, tr., to blot 
 out, expunge erase. Figuratively, 
 to overthrow, destroy-. 
 
 Delicice, drum, f. pi. {delicio), 
 any thing that gratifies the senses, 
 delight, enjoyment. 
 
 Delictum, i, n. {delinquo), a fault, 
 error, failure in duty, crime, of- 
 fence. Delicta corrigere, to reform 
 abuses. 
 
 Deligo, ere, egi, ectum, tr. {de d: 
 lego), to pick, choose, select. 
 
 Delinquo, ere, liqui, lictum, tr. 
 {de <£• linquo), to fail, fail in duty, 
 do wrong, do amiss, transgress. 
 
 Delubrum, i, n., a sacred place, 
 sanctuary, shrine, temple. 
 
 Dementia, ce, f. {demois), mad- 
 ness, folly. Per dementiam, through 
 madness, madly. 
 
 Demissus, a, urn, part., see De- 
 mitto. Adj., downcast, dejected, 
 disheartened, sad, melancholy ; in 
 low circumstances, humble, indi- 
 gent. 
 
 Demitto, ere, tnisi, missum, tr. 
 {de <£• mitto), to send or let down, 
 lower. Figuratively, to let sink. 
 In pectus demittere, to let sink into 
 the breast, that is, to impress deep- 
 1}' upon the mind. 
 
 Detno, ere, dempsi, demptum, tr. 
 {de 6: emo), to take away, remove. 
 
 Demum, adv., at length, at last, 
 finally, in fine; onh', especially; 
 certainly, indeed, in truth. Turn 
 demum, then at length, not till 
 then. « Ea demum Jirma amicitia 
 est, that indeed is faithful friend- 
 ship. 
 
 Denego, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {de d: 
 nego), to say "no" to any thing; 
 to deny, not to suffer ; to refuse to 
 give, refuse. 
 
 Deni, ce, a, adj. pi. {decern), ten 
 by ten, ten apiece, ten. 
 
 Denique, adv., in fine, in a word ; 
 at last, finally, at length. 
 
 Depello, ere, pUli, puhum, tr. {de 
 d: pello), to drive or thrust down ; 
 to drive away, expel, remove, re- 
 pel. 
 
 Depono, ere, posui, posXtwn, tr. 
 {de d pono), to lay or put down, 
 lay, put ; to la}' aside, leave off, 
 abandon, give up. 
 
 Deprdvo, drc, dvi, dtum, tr. {de d 
 pravo). to deprave, spoil, corrupt, 
 pervert, seduce, vitiate. 
 
 Deprccor, dri, dtuf, dep. {de d 
 precor), to seek to avert by prayer 
 or entreaty, beg to be freed or 
 saved f»*om, deprecate ; to pray 
 that some evil may be averted ; 
 to say or acknowledge, at the same 
 time deprecating or regretting 
 
DEPKEHENDO 
 
 179 
 
 DicTrro 
 
 what is acknowledged. Postquam 
 errasse regem deprecati sunty after 
 they had said that the king, to 
 their regret, had erred. 
 
 Deprehendo, ere, di, sum, tr. (de 
 (b preheudo), to take in the act of 
 doing something wrong, detect, 
 surprise, arrest, catch, seize; to 
 discover, find out. 
 
 Deprcssus, see Deprimo. 
 
 Deprimo, ere, pressi, pressum, tr, 
 {de dc premo), to press down, weigh 
 down ; to dig down, to sink. Fig- 
 uratively, to depress, oppress. Lo- 
 cus humi depressus, a place dug or 
 sunk into the ground. 
 
 Derelinquo, ere, liqui, lictum, tr. 
 {de d; relinquo), to abandon, leave, 
 desert ; to leave at one's death. 
 
 Deacendi, ere, di, sum, intr. {de 6: 
 scando), to go or come down, de- 
 scend. Figuratively, to sink into, 
 penetrate. 
 
 Descensus, us, m. {descendo), a 
 coming down; a descent. Qua 
 illi descensus erat, where he was 
 to come down. 
 
 Desero, ere, nci, rtum, tr. {de 6: 
 sera), to abandon, leave, desert, 
 forsake; to leave off, break off, 
 discont^inue, quit ; to fail. 
 
 Desertus, a, um, see Desero. Adj., 
 desert, uninhabited, lonely. 
 
 Desidero, are, avi, dhim, tr., to 
 desire, wish for, long for, strive to 
 get ; to need. 
 
 Desidia, cc, f. {deses), idleness, 
 sloth, inactivity. 
 
 Designatus, a, um, see Designo. 
 Adj., elect, applied to the consuls 
 and other officers from the time of 
 their election till they entered upon 
 the discharge of their offices. 
 
 Designo, are, aii. Citum, tr. {de c£' 
 signo), to mark, point out ; to sig- 
 nify, mean ; to choose, elect, .ap- 
 point. 
 
 Desino, ere, slvi, situm, intr. {de (t 
 sino), to cease, leave off, desist. 
 Tr., to end, terminate. 
 
 Desisto, erCy stitiy slitum, intr. 
 
 {de d' sisto), to cease, give over, 
 desist from. 
 
 DespectuSy see Despicio. 
 
 Despicio, ere, exi, ectum, tr. {de 
 d: specio)y to look down upon 
 Figuratively, to look upon with 
 contempt, despise, contemn, dis- 
 dain, throw contempt upon. 
 
 Desum, deesse, defui, intr. irr. 
 {de <£• sum), to be wanting or lack- 
 ing, fail. Deest mihi, there is 
 wanting to me, I lack. 
 
 Deterreoy ere, ui, itum, tr.[{d€ d; 
 terreo), to deter, frighten from, 
 discourage, hinder. 
 
 Detineo, ere, ui, entum, tr. {de d; 
 teneo), to hold back, detain, stop ; 
 to keep from, prevent, hinder. 
 
 Detrecto, are, dvi, dtuTn, tr. {de ds 
 tracto), to decline, refuse ; to speak 
 ill o^ cast reproach upon, dispar- 
 age. 
 
 Detrime^itum, «, n. {detero), det- 
 riment, damage, loss, harm. 
 
 Deus, i, m. {plur., dei, dii, dh di — 
 deis, diiSy do dis), a god. 
 
 Dcvictus, see Devinco. 
 
 Devimo, ere, vici, victum, tr. {de 
 (£• vinco), to conquer, overcome, 
 vanquish ; to make to yield, sacri- 
 fice. 
 
 Dexter, tra, trum, or tera, teruniy 
 adj., right, on the right hand. 
 
 D extra, ov Dexter a, ce, f. (sc. ma- 
 nus), the right hand, right side, 
 right Dextrdy sinistrdy on the 
 right and left. ^ 
 
 DextimuSy a, um, adj. sup. of 
 dexter, the extreme right. Dex- 
 timi, as a noUn, those stationed on 
 the extreme right, the right wing. 
 
 Dico, ere, ixi, ictum, tr. dc intr., 
 to say, speak, tell, relate, set forth, 
 narrate; to speak in public, make 
 an address ; to appoint, agree to, 
 fix upon. Dicere sententiam^ to 
 give one's vote, vote. 
 
 Dictito, are, avi, atum, tr. freq. 
 {dico), to speak or say often, assert 
 frequently, say commonly, pre- 
 tend. 
 
DICTUM 
 
 180 
 
 DISCERNO 
 
 Dictuniy i, n. (dico), a word, 
 Bpeech, expression ; a saying, pro- 
 verb ; a response, proverb. 
 
 Dictus, see Dico. 
 
 Did id, see Disco. 
 
 Diduco, ere, vxi, ctum, tr. {dis d: 
 duco), to lead apart, draw aside ; 
 to separate, ])ait, divide. 
 
 Diductus, see Did^cco. 
 
 Dies, ei, in. (sometimes also feini- 
 nine in the sing.), a day; a time. 
 Dies noctesgue, and die noctuque, 
 by day and by night, day and 
 night. In dies, from day to day, 
 daily. Diei extrernum, the cloie 
 of day, late in the day. 
 
 D'ijfficllis, r, adj. (dis db faciiis\ 
 difficult, hard, hard to reach. Dif- 
 Jicilis aditu, difficult of access. 
 
 DifficuUas, atis. /. (dijicilis), dif- 
 ficulty, critical situation, trouble ; 
 unfavorablencss. 
 
 DifficuUer, adv. (difficilis), with 
 difficulty. Haud difficultcr, with- 
 out difficulty. 
 
 Diffidentia, ce, /. (diffido), want 
 of confidence, distrust, fear, de- 
 spair. Diffidentiam rei simnlare, 
 to pretend to despair of success. 
 
 Dijfldo, tre, Jisns, semidep. (dis 
 d: fido), to be diffident, want con- 
 fidence, distrust, to despair of, 
 give \ip as hopeless, to be anxious, 
 be discouraired. 
 
 Di(/nltas, dfis, f. (dignus), wortli, 
 dignity, merit; high station, of- 
 fice, honor, nobilil3\ 
 
 Digmis, a, um, adj., worth}', de- 
 serving; merited, deserved, suita- 
 ble, meet. Non dicjnus, unworthy. 
 
 Digredior, i, gressus, dep. (dis d: 
 gradio), to separate, part, set off 
 in different directions, depart; to 
 go or turn aside. 
 
 Digressus, see Digredior. 
 
 Dilahor, i, lapsus (dis d' labor), 
 to slip or glide different M'ays ; to 
 run awa}*, be scattered, disperse ; 
 to steal away, pass away ; to 
 dwindle away, go to ruin, decay, 
 vanish. 
 
 Dilacero, drey dvi, dtuni, tr. (dis 
 d: laccro), to rend in pieces, make 
 havoc of, destroy. 
 
 Dilapsu.% see Dilahor. 
 
 Diligenter, adv. (diligens), dili- 
 gently', attentively, industriously. 
 
 Diligentia, a, f. (dtligens), dili- 
 gence, attentiveness, industry. 
 
 Dimidius, a, vm, adj. (dis cc me- 
 dius), half. Dimidia pars, a half. 
 
 Dimitto, ere, misi, missunt, tr. 
 (dis d: mitto), to send away, dis- 
 miss, let go, discharge ; to lay 
 aside, pass over. 
 
 Dimuveo, ere, niovi, vwtum, tr. 
 (dis d: moveo), to separate, divide, 
 remove. Figuratively, to alienate, 
 estrange. 
 
 Dirlmo, ^re, emi, emptwn, tr, 
 (dis d: eino\ to take to pieces, sep- 
 arate into [>arts, separate. Figur 
 rativcly, to break off. interrupt, 
 put a stop to ; to baffle, frustrate, 
 
 Dirlpio, ere, ripni^ reptiitn, tr. 
 (dis do rapio\ to tf ar asunder ; to 
 lay waste, plunder, pillage, seize, 
 carry off. 
 
 Diruo, ire, ui, utum, tr. (dis dc 
 ruo), to pull to pieces, pull down, 
 demolish, destroy. 
 
 Dis, an inseparable particle, de- 
 noting separation (of a whole into 
 pnrt.s or of several objicts from each 
 othrr\ negation or apposition. 
 
 DfS, see Deus. 
 
 Discido, vre, ccssi, cessutn, intr. 
 (dis dc cedo), to go away in differ- 
 ent directions, separate, divide, 
 depart ; to go, betake one's self ; 
 to come o^ from a contest. Disee- 
 dere victus, to come off conquered, 
 be conquered. Ab ormis disce- 
 dere, to lay down arras. Profu- 
 gtis discedtre, to fly. In alimjxu 
 sententiam discedire, to go over to 
 the iiide of one, agree with one in 
 opinion, assent to one's opinion. 
 
 Discfpto^ dre, dvi, dtum, intr. 
 (dis tl' capto), to contend, debate, 
 dispute, discuss, treat 
 
 Discemo, Ire, crfviy cretmn, tr. 
 
DISCrPLINA 
 
 181 
 
 DIVELLO 
 
 (dis (b cerno\ to separate, divide, 
 part. Figuratively, to distinguish, 
 discern, determine. 
 
 Disciphna, ce, f. (disco), instruc- 
 tion, learning; science, skill, art; 
 military discipline. 
 
 Disco, ere, didici, tr., to learn, 
 acquire a knowledge of, study ; to 
 know, undeisiand. 
 
 Discordia, ce, f. (discors), discord, 
 dissension, a quarrel, strife, broil. 
 
 Discordiosiis, a, um, adj. (discor- 
 dia), pione to discord, turbulent. 
 
 iJiscrlinen, mis, n. (discerno), 
 that which divides or separates 
 two things from each other, space, 
 interval. Figuratively, difference, 
 distinction. 
 
 Disject us, see Disjicio. 
 
 Disjlcio, ere, jeci, jectuin, tr. (dis 
 c£' jacio), to cast asunder ; to scat- 
 ter, discomfit, rout, defeat, 
 
 Disjungo, ere, xi, ctum, tr. (dis ds 
 jungo), to disunite, separate, di- 
 vide. 
 
 Dispar, uris, adj. (dis do par), 
 unequal, unlike, dissimilar. 
 
 Dibpcrgo, tre, si, .mm, tr. (dis dc 
 pargo), to scatter different ways, 
 disperse, diffuse. 
 
 Disp€rsui<, see Dispergo. 
 
 Dispertio, Ire, Ivi, Ituin, tr. (dis 
 ds partio), to distribute, divide. 
 
 DixpOno, ^re, posul, posttum, tr. 
 (dis d: pono), to place here and 
 there, distribute, dispose, arrange, 
 station. 
 
 Disposlttis, see Dispono. 
 
 Dissetisio, onis, f. (dissentio), a 
 disagreement^ vaiiance, dissen- 
 sion, dispute. 
 
 Dissejitio, Ire, si, sum, vttr. (dis 
 dc sentio), to be of a different 
 opinion, dissent, disagree ; to be 
 different. 
 
 Dissero, ere, serui, sertum, intr. 
 d: tr. (dis d: sero), to discourse, 
 talk, debate, discuss ; to treat of, 
 discuss, say, relate. 
 
 Dissitnilis, e, adj., (dis d: similis), 
 dissimilar, unlike, different 
 
 Dissimitlter, adv. (dissi milts), 
 differenth^ in a different manner. 
 Haud dissimiliter, not differently, 
 in a similar manner. 
 
 Dissimulator, oris, m. (dissimu- 
 lo), one who makes as though that 
 were not which is, a dissembler. 
 
 Dissimido, are, dvi, dtum, tr. 
 (dis d: simnlo). to make a thing 
 appear to be what it is not, dis- 
 semble, cloak, conceal, deny. 
 
 Dissolvo, ere, solvi, solutiim, tr. 
 (dis dc solvo), to loosen, separate, 
 untie. Figuratively, to wear gra- 
 dually aw^ay, terminate the life 
 of. Dissolvi senectute, to die of old 
 age. 
 
 Distraho, ^re, ax?, actum, tr. 
 (dis do traho), to draw different 
 ways, pull asunder, separate. 
 Figuratively, to perplex, distract. 
 Animus multitudine distrahitur, 
 the affections are divided by the 
 great number [of them]. 
 
 Distribuo, Sre, ui, utum, tr. (dis 
 dc tribuo), to distribute, divide, 
 place partly in one place and 
 partly in another. 
 
 Ditio, onis, /., power, rule, do- 
 minion, authority. 
 
 Diu, adv., com p. diutius, sup. 
 diutisalme (ahl. of the obsolete dius, 
 a day), by day ; long, for a long 
 time. 
 
 Dius, for divus, a god. Dius 
 fdius, the god of faith, that is, 
 Jupiter. Medius Jidius, or as one 
 word, mediusfd(us, so help me Ju- 
 piter, upon my honor, as sure as 
 ; heaven. The full form of the in- 
 \ vocation would be, me dius fdius 
 \ juvet. 
 
 DiuturnXtas, dtis, f {diuturnus'), 
 lonsj continuance, long duration. 
 
 Diuturnus, a, um. adj. (diu), of 
 long duration or continuance, long- 
 continued, long, protracted. 
 
 Divello, tre, vcJli d: vuhi, vul- 
 sum, tr. (dis du vello), to pull asun- 
 der, disjoin ; to tear away, separate 
 bv violence. 
 
DIVERSE 
 
 182 
 
 DOMO 
 
 Diversk, adv. (diversus), in differ- 
 ent parts, here and there, in dif- 
 ferent ways. 
 
 Diversus, a, um, part, see Diver- 
 io. Adj., turned in opposite direc- 
 tions, opposite, contrary, contra- 
 dictory, from different directions, 
 in different places, separate, each 
 for himself; different, unlike, in- 
 consistent, various. Metu atque li- 
 hidine diversus agitabatur, he was 
 urged to opposite courses by fear 
 and desire. Diversi agebant, they 
 kept apart. Diverso itinere, in a 
 different way. 
 
 Diverto, ere, ti, sum^ tr. 6c intr. 
 (dis (b verto), to turn different 
 ways, turn aside. 
 
 Dives, itiSy adj., rich, wealthy, 
 opulent. 
 
 Divido, ere, visi, visum, tr., to 
 divide, part, separate ; to portion 
 out, distribute. 
 
 Divinus, a, um, adj. (diviis), be- 
 longing to the gods, divine ; god- 
 like, heavenly, inspired. Divina 
 et humana omnia, all things di- 
 vine and human, or religious and 
 civil. 
 
 Divisio, d7iis, f. (divido), a divi- 
 sion, distribution. 
 
 Divlsus,^ see Divido. 
 
 Divitice, arum, f. pi. (dives), 
 riches, wealth. 
 
 Divulgo, are, avi, dtum, tr. (dis 
 d' vulgo), to make public, spread 
 the report of, divulge. 
 
 Do, dare, dedi, datum, tr., to 
 give, grants bestow, present, af- 
 ford, offer, impart; to give up; 
 to make, occasion; to show, ex- 
 hibit. Negotium aliciii dare, to 
 assign to an}- one the duty or post, 
 to direct. Lit eras dare, to write 
 a letter or letters, write to. Dare 
 fidcm, to promise. Dare fidcm 
 publicans, to pledge the public 
 faith, to give a promise of pardon 
 on the faith of the state. Dare 
 poanas, to pay the penalty, be 
 punished. JDare operam to take 
 
 pains, exert one's self, take care. 
 Dare dono, to give as a present, 
 present. Dare se, to give up or 
 resign one's €elf. Dare jusjuraii- 
 dum, to take an oath, swear. 
 PrcEceps dari, to be driven head- 
 long into ruin, be ruined. 
 
 Doceo, ere, ui, turn, tr., to teach, 
 instruct, explain ; to tell, say. 
 Doctus sum, I have been taught, I 
 know. 
 
 Docte, adv. (doctus), learnedly, 
 skilfully, profoundly. 
 
 Doctor, oris, m. (doceo), a teach- 
 er, instructor, master. 
 
 Doctus, a, um, part., see Doceo. 
 Adj., learned, skilled, well-versed. 
 
 Dorumeutum, i, n. (doceo), that 
 which serves to teach, an exam- 
 ple, instance; a proof, evidence. 
 
 Dolejis, entis, part., see Doleo. 
 Adj., causing pain or vexation, 
 paijiful, galling, offensive. 
 
 Doleo, ere, ui, itum^ intr., to be 
 pained, grieve, sorrow, be sad or 
 sorry. Tr. to grieve for, mourn, 
 lament. 
 
 Dolor, oris, m. (doleo), a painful 
 sensation whether of body or 
 mind, pain ; grief, sorrow, distress, 
 anguish, indignation, resentment, 
 anger. 
 
 Dolus, i, in., a device, strata- 
 gem, trick, fraud, artifice ; crafti- 
 ness, subtlety, acuteness, design, 
 Dolo an verk, treacherously or sin- 
 cerely. 
 
 Dominatio, on is, f. (dmninor\ 
 rule, dominion, sovereignty, um- 
 thority; tj-ranny, despotism, dom- 
 ination, dictatorship. 
 
 Dominor, dri, dtus, dep, (domi- 
 nus), to be lord, rule, govern, 
 domineer. 
 
 Dom'inus, i, ni, (domus), the mas- 
 ter of a house; a master, ruler, 
 lord, tyrant 
 
 Do}n1tus, a, um, part., sec Do- 
 mo. Adj., tame. 
 
 Domo, are, ui, itunt, tr., to make 
 tame, tame, break ; to subdue. 
 
DOMUS 
 
 183 
 
 EDUCO 
 
 conquer, overcome ; to make 
 edS}^ 
 
 I) 0771118, US f£* i, /., a house, 
 dwelling, home ; one's native 
 country. Do7ni, at home, at one's 
 house. Domi militicequc, or domi 
 hellique^ in peace and in war. 
 Do/ni — ■fo7'is, at home — abroad. 
 Do77iuin, after verbs of 77iotion, 
 home. 
 
 jDono, are, dvi, dtiwi, tr. (donujn), 
 to give, present; to reward or 
 honor with gifts, reward, honor. 
 
 Donum, i, n. {do), a gift, pre- 
 sent ; a bribe. Digmun dono, 
 worthy the giving. Do7ia mili- 
 tar?ay military rewards, ichich 
 toere publicly bestowed 07i vieritori- 
 ous soldiers. 
 
 Dormio, Ire, Ivi, itutn, intr., to 
 sleep, be asleep. 
 
 Dubie, adv. (dubius), doubtfully, 
 dubiously. Hated dubie, without 
 doubt, undoubtedly, unquestion- 
 ably. 
 
 Bubitatio, onis, f (dubito), a 
 doubting, hesitation, irresolution, 
 indecision ; doubt, uncertainty. 
 Per dubitationem, in indecision. 
 
 Ditbito, are, dvi, aturn, intr., to 
 doubt, be in doubt, be uncertain, 
 hesitate, waver ; to be reluctant, 
 be backward. 
 
 Dubiutn, ?*, n. (dubius), doubt, 
 uncertainty. Li dubio esse, to be 
 in uncertainty, be at stake. 
 
 Dubius, a, U7n, adj. (duo), doubt- 
 ful, dubious, uncertain ; doubting, 
 hesitating, wavering, undeter- 
 mined ; dark, gloomy, dangerous. 
 Dubice res, critical or untoward 
 circumstances, a dangerous state 
 of adaiis, troubles, difficulties. 
 Dubia nisu, dangerous to attempt. 
 
 Ducejiti, ce, a, nu7n. adj. (duo d: 
 centum), two hundred. 
 
 Duco, ere, xi, ctuin, tr., to lead, 
 draw, conduct, take along ; to lead 
 an army, march, command ; to pro- 
 tract ; to appropriate to one's self, 
 take, acquire ; to attract ; to think, 
 
 hold, consider, regard, reckon, put; 
 to impute, ascribe, attribute. Ne 
 quis modestiain in conscientiam 
 duceret, lest any one should im- 
 pute my modesty to a conscious- 
 ness of guilt. 
 
 Ducto, are, dvi, dtu7n, tr. freq. 
 (duco), to lead hither and thither, 
 lead, command. 
 
 Du77i, cojij. dc adv.y while, whilst, 
 whilst that, during the time that, 
 until, provided. I)u7n pararet^ so 
 he could but obtain. 
 
 Duo, ce, 0, num. adj., two. 
 
 Duodecim, iium. adj. (duo <So de- 
 ce77i), twelve. 
 
 Duritia, ce, f (durus), hardness. 
 Figuratively, an austere mode of 
 life, severity of life, self-denial. 
 
 Duum, gen. of duo. 
 
 Dux, ducis^ 7/1., a leader, general; 
 a guide. 
 
 E. 
 
 jF, prep, with the abL, see JEJx. 
 
 Ed, adv. (properly abl. of is with 
 via or parte omitted\ that way, 
 through that place, in that v^ay. 
 
 Eadei7i, adv. (properly abl. of 
 ide7n with via or parte omitted), in 
 the same way. 
 
 Ecce, int., lo ! see ! behold ! 
 
 Edlco, ere, xi, cium^ tr. dc inir. (e 
 (£' dico), to speak out, make known, 
 declare publicly ; to tell, order. 
 
 Edictu77i, i, n. (edico), an edict, 
 proclamation, order, charge» gene- 
 ral order. 
 
 Edit us, a, urn, part.^ see Edo. 
 Adj., elevated, raised, high, lofty. 
 
 Edo, ^re, edidi, edltu7ti, tr., to put 
 forth, speak, show, declare, pub- 
 lish, make known ; to raise, ele- 
 vate. 
 
 Edoceo, ere, cui, ctu7)iy tr. (e dt 
 doceo), to instruct carefully, teach, 
 direct, show, relate, make known, 
 inform. 
 
 Educo, ere, xi, ctum, tr. (e db dtt- 
 co)y to lead forth, draw out, draw. 
 
EFFECTUS 
 
 184: 
 
 EMORIOR 
 
 Effectus, see Efficio. 
 
 Effemino, are, dvl, dtum, tr. (ex 
 ds femina), to make like a woman, 
 render soft or effeminate, ener- 
 vate. 
 
 Effero, ferre, extuli, eldtum, tr. 
 irr. {ex (b fero), to bring or carry 
 forth, carry out; to produce, yield ; 
 to reward, honor, exalt, promote. 
 Se efferre, to pride one's self, be 
 elated, be puffed up. 
 
 Effetus, a, urn, adj. (ex d: fetus), 
 past bearing young; worn out, 
 exhausted, weak, feeble. 
 
 Efficio, ere, feci, fectum, tr. (ex 
 (& facio), to bring to pass, give rise 
 to, cause, effect; to accomplish, 
 execute, perform, fulfil, complete, 
 finish ; to make, cause to appear, 
 cause to be. 
 
 Effringo, ^re, fregi, fractum, tr. 
 {ex 6u frango), to break, break 
 open. 
 
 Effarpo, ere, ugi, upXtum, intr. 
 {ex dc fagio), to fly away, flee. Tr., 
 to escape from, avoid, shun. 
 
 Effundo, ere, fudi, fusum, tr. {ex 
 <jc fimdo), to 2>our out, spill; to 
 scatter, disy^erse ; to pour forth in 
 crowds, rush forth. 
 
 Effme, adv. {effusus), scatter- 
 ingly, in loose order, far from one 
 another. 
 
 Efficsicfi, a, um, part., see EffiDido. 
 Adj., dispersed, scattered here and 
 there, in disorder, irregular, dis- 
 orderly. Effusi consedere, witliout 
 any regular order. 
 
 Egens, part., see Egeo. Adj., desti- 
 tute, needy, poor. 
 
 Egeo, ere, ui, intr., to need, be in 
 want of, stand in need of, be de- 
 pendent upon, be destitute ' of, 
 lack, be lacking in. 
 
 Egestas, atis, f {egeo), want, in- 
 digence, beggary, destitution. 
 
 Ego, mei, pro., I. Nos, pL, we. 
 Mecum, with me, within myself. 
 
 Egomet, pro. inter., I myself. 
 Nosmety we ourselves. TJie suf- 
 fix met may he joined to all the 
 
 cases of ego except the genitive 
 plural. 
 
 Egredior, i, gressus, dep. {e & 
 gradior), to go out, depart ; to go 
 out from, set forth from, leave ; to 
 ascend, mount, climb; to ])asg 
 over, cross, go beyond. Scalis 
 egressi, having ascended by means 
 of ladders. 
 
 Egregius, a, um, adj. {e <t grex), 
 distinguished, remarkable, excel- 
 lent, eminent, egregious, noble, 
 great. 
 
 Egressiis, part., see Egredior. 
 
 Egressus, us, m. {egredior), a 
 going out ; a place to go out by, 
 passage out. 
 
 Eh£u, int., ah! alas! 
 
 Ejectus, see Ejicio. 
 
 Ejicio, ere, jeci, jectum, tr. {e (b 
 jacio), to cast out, expel, eject; to 
 drive out, banish. 
 
 Eleganter, adv. {elegans), elegant- 
 ly, beautifully, nicely, gracefully. 
 
 Elcphaiitus, i, m., an elephant. 
 
 Eloqurntia, ce, f {eloquens), elo- 
 quence. 
 
 Emcntior, Iri, Itus, dep. (c <k men' 
 tior), to put forth falsely, feign, 
 fabricate. 
 
 Emereo, ere, ui, itnm, tr., and 
 
 Emereor, eri, ifus, d^p. {e d: me- 
 reor), to merit by service, deserve ; 
 to serve out one's time. Ho- 
 mines cmeritis stipendiis, men who 
 have completed their term of mili- 
 tary service. 
 
 Eminens, entis,part., see Emineo. 
 Adj., high, lofty, eminent, project- 
 ing. 
 
 Emineo, ere, ui, i?itr., to rise 
 above, stand out, project. 
 
 Emmiis, adv. {e dc maiius), from 
 a distance, at a distance, afar off. 
 
 Emitto, ere, mlsi, missum, tr. {e 
 dc mitto), to send out, send forth, 
 let go ; to sling, hurl, throw. 
 
 Emo, ere, emi, emptum, tr., to 
 buy, purchase. 
 
 Emorior, i, mortuus, dep. {e <t 
 morior), to die away, die, perish. 
 
EMPTOR 
 
 185 
 
 ERIPIO 
 
 Emptor, oris, m. {eino), a buyer, 
 purchaser. 
 
 En, int , see ! lo ! behold ! 
 
 Enim, conj., for, indeed, no\v". 
 At €ni7?i, but indeed, but, still — 
 this expressio7i is elliptical, the 
 enim referring to an omitted clause 
 expressing the reason for what is 
 asimmed. Eyiim vero, or as one 
 word, enimvero, indeed, in truth, 
 yes truly. 
 
 Enisios, see Enitor. 
 
 Enitesco, ere, tui, intr. {e^iiteo), 
 to shine forth, be radiant. Figu- 
 ratively, to become famous or dis- 
 tinguished, distmguish one's self. 
 
 Enitor, i, 7iisus, dep. (e d: nifor), 
 to exert one's self, strive, struggle, 
 endeavor. 
 
 Enumero, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (e 
 dh nuinero), to enumerate, reckon 
 up, recount. 
 
 Enuncio, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (e d: 
 nuncio), to announce, proclaim, 
 declare; to disclose, reveal, di- 
 vuloje. 
 
 Eo, Ire, ivi, itum, intr., to go, 
 march, proceed, travel. With a 
 supine eo sometimes signifies I am 
 going to, I intend, hut in depend- 
 ent clauses it merely forms a cir- 
 cumlocutio7i for the same te7ise of 
 the verb from which the supine is 
 derived, as ; perditum ire, to ruin, 
 destroy; creptum ire, to take or 
 wrest away. Ire pedibus^ to wal k. 
 Ire pedibus i7i alicujus sententiam, 
 to go over to the side of an}- one, 
 to concur in opinion with any one. 
 Contra injurias armatus ire, to ^o 
 armed, that is, to take up arms 
 against, 
 
 Eo, adv. (is), to that place, 
 thither; in that place, there; for 
 that, for this, for this or that rea- 
 son, therefore, fortius or that pur- 
 pose. With comparatives, by so 
 much, so much, the, a7iswering to 
 quo; as, Quo 7nagis, eo minus — 
 the more, the less. With ut or a 
 genitive, so far, to such a pitch. 
 
 pass, or degree, as : Eo 7nag7iitudi' 
 7iis, to such a pitch of greatness. 
 
 Eo, pro., see Is. 
 
 Eodem, adv. {idem), to the same 
 place, thither; to the same thing, 
 to the same end or purpose, to the 
 same. 
 
 Epistola, cB,f, a letter, epistle. 
 
 EpmlcB, driun, f pi., food, vic- 
 tuals ; a feast, entertainment, ban- 
 quet. 
 
 Eques, itis, 7n. (equus), a horse- 
 man, trooper. Equites, horsemen, 
 horse soldiers; horse, cavalry; the 
 knights, a Roman order of high 
 ra7ik, to which both patricians and 
 plebeians were eligible. 
 
 Equester, tris, tre, adj. (eques), of 
 or belonging to cavalry ; of or be- 
 longing to the knights, equestrian. 
 Equestrce prcelium, a battle of ca- 
 valry-, cavalry battle. Or do eques- 
 ter, the order of the knights, the 
 equestrian order. 
 
 Eqmdem, conf d* adv., ge7xerally 
 with verbs of the first person, for 
 m}^ part : indeed, surely, in truth. 
 
 Equitdtus, us, m. (equito), a body 
 of horsemen, a troop of horse, 
 cavalry. 
 
 Equito, are, dvi, dtum, i7itr. 
 (eques), to ride on horseback. 
 
 Equus, i, m., a horse. Equi 7inli' 
 tares, war horses. Equo circuinire, 
 to ride round. 
 
 Erectus, a, 7im, part, see Erigo. 
 Adj., erect, standing up, elevated , 
 encouraged, animated, aroused, 
 excited. 
 
 Ereptus, see Eripio. 
 
 Ergo, C071J., therefore, then. 
 
 Erigo, ere, exi, ectum, tr. (e d: 
 rego), to raise, lift up, elevate. 
 Figuratively, to encourage, cheer, 
 rouse. 
 
 Eripio, ere, ipui, eptum, tr. (e (b 
 ropio), to take away by force ; to 
 obtain forcibh', take away, wrest, 
 extort; to free, I'cscue, exti-icate. 
 Fratri vita7n eripuit, has taken the 
 life of my brother. 
 
ERRATUM 
 
 186 
 
 EX 
 
 Erratum, i, n. (erro)y a mistake, 
 error, fault. 
 
 J^rrOy are, dvi^ atwn, intr.y to 
 wander up and down, wander 
 about, go astray. Figuratively, 
 to err, fall into error, be mistaken. 
 
 Erudio, Ire, Ivi d: ii, Itum, tr. {e 
 <b rudio), to free from rudeness, 
 instruct, inform, teach. 
 
 Erudltus, a, mn, part., see Eru- 
 dio. Adj., learned, instructed, Avell- 
 informed, skilled, versed, erudite. 
 
 Erumpo, ere, upi, upturn, tr. (e 
 (b rumpo), to cause to break or 
 burst forth. Intr., to break or 
 burst fortli, sally forth. 
 
 Escendo, ere, di, sum, intr. d: tr. 
 {e dj scando), to climb, ascend. 
 
 Et, conj., and, even, and truly, 
 and especially. After wordi^ de- 
 noting comparison, such as ceque, 
 alius, par, idem, as. In adversative 
 clauses it may sometimes be trans- 
 lated but. Et, et, both, and; not 
 only, but also. 
 
 Etenim., conj. {et d: enim), for, 
 for truly. The et refers to an ellip- 
 sis recalling what had been said, aiid 
 the enim introduces a clause, as- 
 signing a reason for the same, so 
 that etenim may be best translated 
 by supplying the ellipsis, and this 
 is the case, and rightl}^ and as- 
 suredly, for. 
 
 Etiam, conj. dc adv., also, and 
 farther, likewise, even, still, yet. 
 Etiamnunc, even now, even yet, 
 still, as yet. Etiam atque etiam, 
 again and again, over and over 
 again, repeatedly. Etiam si, even 
 it, although, though. 
 
 Etiamtum, adv. {etiam dc tum), 
 still at that time, still, as yet. 
 
 Etricria, re, f, Etruria, now Tus- 
 cany, a district in Central Italy. 
 
 Eundo, gerund of Eo. 
 
 Europa, ce, /., Europe, orie of the 
 three great divisions of the ancient 
 loorld. 
 
 Evddo, ere, si, sum, intr. d: tr. {e 
 dc vado), to go out ; to escape from. 
 
 get away from, run away ; to make 
 one's way, penetrate; to ascend, 
 climb ; to turn out, end, result ; to 
 become. Hue evadere, to come to 
 this, end in this. 
 
 Evenio, Ire, veni, ventum, intr. {e 
 d; venio), to come out, come ; to fall 
 out, happen, come to pass, turn 
 out ; to fall to the share of, fall by 
 lot to. 
 
 Eventus, us, m. {evenio), an event, 
 occurrence, accident, issue, result, 
 end. 
 
 Evocdtus, a, uin, part.^ see Evoco. 
 As a noun evocati, orum, in. pi., 
 re-enlisted veterans, that is, sol- 
 diers who, though they had com- 
 pleted their legal term of service, 
 and icere hoinines emeritis stipen- 
 diis, had still been induced to enlist 
 again. 
 
 Evoco, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {e d; 
 voco), to call out, summon, invite. 
 
 Ex or E {the latter used only be- 
 fore consonanti<), prep, with the abl., 
 from, of. Denoti?ig motion or ori- 
 gin, out of, from. Denoting the 
 material of which any thing is com- 
 posed, of, out of Dtnoting change 
 from a previous state, instead of, 
 in the place of, after, from being, 
 as : Ex summa Icetitia atque las- 
 civia, repente omnes tristitia inva- 
 sit, in place of the greatest joy, 
 (fcc. Denoting a remote cause, 
 from, in consequence of, on ac- 
 count of^ as : Qui Africano cogno- 
 men ex virtute fuit , on ac- 
 count of his bravery or worth. 
 Denoting conformity, according to, 
 in accordance with, by, as: Ex 
 voUintate, or ex sententia, accord- 
 ing to one's wishes. In a partitive 
 sense, of, among. Denoting time, 
 from, after, immediately after; 
 during. With an adjective it is 
 often used adverbially, as : Ex im- 
 proviso, unexpected I3', of a sud- 
 den. Ex altera parte, on the 
 other side. Ex itinere, on the 
 way or march. Ex fug a, in or 
 
EXACTUS 
 
 187 
 
 EXPEDIO 
 
 during the flight In composition, 
 ex or e denotes privation, or it 
 strengthens the meaning. 
 
 Exactus, see Exigo. 
 
 ExcjedificOy are^ avi, dtum, tr. [ex 
 d' crdijieo), to build up, build. 
 
 Excequo, are, avi, dtum, tr. {ex 
 (t cequo), to make equal, equal, 
 equalize ; to share equally. 
 
 Exagito, are, avi, dtum, tr. (ex <b 
 agito), to drive out, Figuratively, 
 to harass, vex, agitate, trouble; to 
 excite, stir up, move deeply; to 
 attack violently with words, scold, 
 censure ; to debate, agitate, noise 
 abroad, bruit. 
 
 Excedo, ere, cessi, cessum, intr. 
 {ex do cedo), to go away, depart, 
 withdraw, leave. 
 
 Excelsus, a, nm, adj. {excello), 
 high, lofty. In excelso cstatem 
 agere, to pass one's life in high 
 stations. 
 
 Excio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, tr. {ex <£' 
 cio), and 
 
 Excieo, ere, Ivi, itum, tr. {ex d: 
 cieo), to call out ; to rouse, excite ; 
 to lead, stimulate, induce. 
 
 Excipio, ere, epi, eptum, tr. {ex 
 d: capio), to receive, take up, ac- 
 cept. 
 
 Excito, are, avi, dtum, tr. freq. 
 {ex d cio), to stir up, excite; to 
 spur on, incite, stimulate. 
 
 Excltus, d ExcXtus, see Excio 
 dc Excieo, 
 
 Excldmo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {ex d 
 clamo), to cry out, exclaim, say 
 with a loud voice. 
 
 Excrucio, dre, dvi, dtitm, tr. {ex 
 d crucio), to torture, rack ; to tor- 
 ment, distress, afflict, pain. 
 
 Excubo, dre, ui, itum, intr. {ex d 
 cuho), to lie out of a house, sleep 
 out of doors. Figuratively, to 
 keep watch, stand sentry. 
 
 Exemplum, i, n. {eximo), an ex- 
 ample, precedent; a copy, trans- 
 cript. 
 
 Exerceo, ere, ui, itum, tr. {ex d 
 arceo), to exercise, employ, occupy, 
 
 pass ; to carry on, prosecute, man- 
 age, conduct, control ; to make use 
 of, use. Victoriam crudeliter exer- 
 cere, to make cruel use of a vic- 
 tory. Inimicitias cum aliquo ex- 
 ercere, to be on terms of enmity 
 with one. Neque gratiam aut 
 inimicitias exercere, to be influ- 
 enced neither by favor nor en- 
 mity. 
 
 Exercitdtus, a, um, part., see Ex- 
 ercito. Adj., practised, trained, 
 habituated, well versed. 
 
 Exercito, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. freq. 
 {exerceo), to exercise, practise. 
 
 Exercitus, part., see Exerceo. 
 
 Exercitus, us, m. {exerceo), an 
 army. 
 
 Exigo, ere, egi, actum, tr. {ex d 
 ago), to drive out or away. Figu- 
 ratively, to pass, spend, finish, 
 bring to a close, ^tatem or vitam 
 exigere, to drag out one's life, 
 spend one's life, end one's days. 
 
 Existimo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {ex 
 d cestimo), to judge, think, sup- 
 pose, imagine ; to estimate, con- 
 sider, hold to be. 
 
 Exitium, i, n. {exeo), extinction, 
 ruin, destruction. 
 
 Exitus, us, m. {exeo), a going 
 out, exit. Figuratively, a termina- 
 tion, end, event, issue. 
 
 Exopto, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {ex d 
 opto), to wish for earnestly, strive 
 after, desire. 
 
 Exorior, Iri, ortus, dep. {ex d 
 orior), to rise suddenly, spring up. 
 
 Exorno, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {ex d 
 orno), to furnish, fit out, equip ; to 
 adorn, dress up, deck out^ accou- 
 tre ; to prepare rightly, dispose, 
 arrange. Absolutely, to make pre- 
 parations. Aciem exorndre, to 
 draw up an army in battle array. 
 
 Exortus, see Exorior. 
 
 Expedio, ire, Ivi d ii, itum, tr. 
 {ex d pes), to free one caught by 
 the feet, as a bird ; to extricate, 
 disentangle, liberate, unloose. Fig- 
 uratively, to expedite, help along; 
 
EXPEDITIO 
 
 188 
 
 EXSTRUO 
 
 to unfold, explain, set forth, nar- 
 rate ; to make easy, bring to a 
 successful issue, accomplish; to 
 get ready, hold in readiness. 
 
 JExpedifio, onis, f. {expedio), a 
 militarj^ expedition, campaign. 
 
 JExpedltus, a, um, part, see JEJx- 
 pedio. Adj., unimpeded, unen- 
 cumbered, without baggage. 
 
 Expello, ere, puli, pulsitm, ir. 
 {ex dc pello), to drive out, drive 
 away, expel. 
 
 Expergiscor, i, experrectus, dep. 
 {expergo), to awake, rouse one's 
 self, be watchful. 
 
 Experimentum, i, n. (experior), 
 experiment, trial; experience. 
 
 Experior, Iri, experius, dep., to 
 try, make experience of, test, 
 prove; to use, exercise, make 
 use of. 
 
 Experrectwi, see Expergiscor. 
 
 Expers, tis, adj. {ex d: pars), 
 having no part in, free from, des- 
 titute, deprived of. 
 
 Expertus, see Experior. 
 
 Expllo, are, dvi, dtwn, tr. {ex (k 
 pilo), to plunder, rob, pillage. 
 
 Expldno, are, dvi, dticm, tr. {ex 
 & piano), to make even or smooth. 
 Eiguratively, to make clear, plain, 
 or intelligible, explain, interpret, 
 relate, tell. 
 
 Expleo, ere, evi, etum, tr. {ex <k 
 the obsolete pleo), to fill up, fill 
 full. Eigurativeli/, to fulfil a de- 
 sire, gratify, satiate, load. 
 
 Explordtus, a, urn, part., see Ex- 
 ploro. Adj., certain, sure. Panmi 
 exploratwn est, it is not certain, 
 not clearly known. 
 
 Exploro, dm, dvi, dtimi, tr. {ex d: 
 ploro), to search diligently, spy 
 out, search, examine, explore; to 
 reconnoitre, find out, ascertain. 
 
 Expono, ere, posui, pos\timi, tr. 
 {ex d' pono), to set out, expose, 
 display. Figuratively, to explain, 
 describe, relate, tell. 
 
 Expugno, dre, dvi, dtum^ tr. {ex 
 & pugno), to carry by assault, take 
 
 by storm, capture; to conquer, 
 overcome, vanquish. Expiignaro 
 armis, to take by storm. 
 
 Expulsus, see Expello. 
 
 Expnrgo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {ex 
 6c pur go), to cleanse, clean, purify. 
 Figuratively, to clear from suspi- 
 cion, show to be innocent, excul- 
 pate, justify. 
 
 Exquiro, ere, quisivi, quisitum, 
 tr. {ex d: quan-o), to inquire into, 
 search out, explore, examine; to 
 ask, inquire. Exquirere senten- 
 tias, to take the opinions or votes. 
 
 Exquisltus, see Exquiro. 
 
 Exsanguis, e, adj. {ex dc sanguis), 
 bloodless, pale, pallid ; lifeless, ex- 
 hausted, weak. 
 
 Exsecratio, onis, f. {exsecror), an 
 asseveration, imprecation, oath. 
 
 Exsecror, dri, dtus, dep. {ex dc 
 sacro), to invoke curves upon, utter 
 imprecations against, execrate. 
 
 Exsequor, i, cutiis, dep. {ex dc 
 sequor), to follow to the end, pro- 
 secute, pursue ; to carry out, exe- 
 cute, accomplish ; to imitate. 
 
 Exsilium, i, n. {ex d: solum), 
 exile, banishment, 
 
 Exspectatio, onis,f. {exspecto\ a 
 looking for, expectation, anticipa- 
 tion. 
 
 Exspecto, dre, dvi, dttiin, tr. db 
 intr. {ex c£' specto), to look out ; to 
 look for, wait for, expect; to hope 
 for, wait for, be dependent upon. 
 
 Exspolio, dre, dvi^ dtwn, tr. {ex 
 d: spulio), to rob, plunder, pillage, 
 strip, despoil. 
 
 Exstinctor, oris, m. {exstinguo), 
 a destroyer, murderer. 
 
 Exstiyictus, a, um, part., see Ex- 
 stinguo. Adj., extinct, decayed, 
 obscured. 
 
 Exstinguo, ere, nxi, nctum, ir, 
 {ex dc stinguo), to put out, extin- 
 guish ; to extirpate, cut off, put to 
 death. 
 
 Exstruo^ ere, uxi, ctum, tr, {tx dt 
 struo), to build up, erect, con- 
 struct, heap up. 
 
EXSUL 
 
 189 
 
 FACIO 
 
 JExsulj ulis, c. g. (ex dc solum), 
 one banished frojn his country, an 
 exile. 
 
 Exsulto, are, avi, atuni, intr. 
 freq. (exsilio\ to leap, jump up; 
 to leap with joy, dance, rejoice, 
 exult. 
 
 ExsuperOy are, dvi, dtum, intr. 
 {ex d: supero), to be or appear 
 above. Tr., to surpass, excel, 
 outdo. 
 
 Exsurgo, ere, surrexl, sur rectum, 
 intr. {ex <k surgo), to rise up, rise ; 
 to prepare for defence, take cour- 
 age. 
 
 Extenuo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {ex 
 (b tenuo), to make thin, extenuate. 
 
 Exter 6: Exterus, a, um, comp. 
 exterior, sup. extremus, adj. {ex), 
 that is without, outward, exter- 
 nal, foreign. See Exterior <Sc Ex- 
 tremus. 
 
 Extollo, ere, tr. {ex d: toUo), to 
 lift or raise up, elevate. Figura- 
 tively, to raise to high stations, 
 promote ; to praise, glorify, extol. 
 Extollere verbis or laudibus, to 
 praise, extol, magnify. 
 
 E.vtorq2ieo, ere, si, turn, tr. {ex <Sc 
 torqueo), to take away by force, 
 wrest, extort. 
 
 Extorris, e, adj. {ex <h terra), 
 banished, driven from, exiled. 
 
 Extra, prep, ivith the ace., with- 
 out, outside of, out of, not con- 
 cerned in. 
 
 Extremum, i, n. {e.xtremus), the 
 extremity, latter end, close ; the 
 verge, brink. Esse or situs esse in 
 extremo, to be brought to the last 
 extremity. In montis extremo, at 
 the foot of the mountain. 
 
 Extremus, a, nm, adj. sup. of ex- 
 ter or exterus, extreme ; very or 
 most remote ; the last or latest ; 
 the utmost. E.r,tremum agnien, 
 the hiudermost part of the army, 
 the rear. Exirema dementia, the 
 height of madness. Primos et ex- 
 tremos locare, tp station in the 
 front and the rear, 
 
 Exuo, ^re, ui, utum, tr., to strip 
 off, strip, dispossess. 
 
 ExurOy ere, icssi, ustum, tr. {ex <Ss 
 uro), to burn, scorch, parch, burn 
 up. 
 
 Exustus, see Exuro 
 
 Fahius, i, m., see Sang a. 
 
 Facetice, drum, f. pi. {facetus), 
 pleasantry, wit, facetiousness. 
 
 Fades, ei, f. {facio), the form, 
 figure, exterior ; the face, coun- 
 tenance, visage; the appearance, 
 aspect. 
 
 Facile, adv. {facilis), easily, 
 without difficulty ; readily, assur- 
 edly. Haud facile, not easily, with 
 difficulty; seldom. 
 
 Facilis, e, adj. {facio), that can 
 be done, practicable ; easy, with- 
 out difficulty; affable, pleasing, 
 agreeable^ 
 
 Facilitas, dtis, f (facilis), faci- 
 lity, easiness; atfability, complai- 
 sance, disposition to oblige, socia- 
 bility. 
 
 Facinerosus, a, um, adj. (facinus), 
 wicked, atrocious. 
 
 Facmus, oris, n. (facio), a great 
 or bold action, whether good or 
 had ; a deed, exploit, achievement; 
 enterprise ; a wicked action, wick- 
 edness, crime, villany. Rei mili- 
 taris facinora, military exploits. 
 Belli yacmora, warlike measures. 
 
 Facio, Sre, feci, factum, tr., to 
 make, do ; to form, build ; to cause 
 to be, render ; to invent, feign ; to 
 hold, value. Intr., to act, perform 
 deeds. Facere and its accusative 
 often form a circumlocution for a 
 simple verb, as : Facere fugam, to 
 fly ; pugnam or prcelium, to fight ; 
 verba, to speak, sa}' ; deditionem, to 
 surrender. Facere optionem, to 
 give a choice or allow to choose. 
 Farum facere, to do too little, not 
 to give sufficient attention to. 
 
FAOTIO 
 
 190 
 
 FASCIS 
 
 Bene facere^ to do well, act for the 
 good of, benefit. Nihil reliqui 
 facere, to leave no-thing. Gra- 
 tiam facer e, to grant pardon, over- 
 look ; to give liberty to do, per- 
 mit. Fac cogites, reflect, consider. 
 Facto opus est, there is need of 
 action. Quid facto opus est, what 
 must or ought to be done. 
 
 Factio, onis, f (facio), a com- 
 bination for ambitious purposes, 
 union, association ; a faction, 
 party, side ; party discipline. 
 
 Facfiosus, a, um, adj. (factio\ 
 possessing power by means of 
 party, powerful, influential ; seek- 
 ing power by means of party, 
 seditious, factious, turbulent. 
 
 Factum, i, n. (facio), a deed, 
 act, action ; conduct, proceedings, 
 enterprise. Optimum factum est, 
 it is the best thing or way, it is 
 best. 
 
 Fact us, see Facio. 
 
 Facundia, ce, f. {facundus), elo- 
 quence. 
 
 Facundus, a, um, adj. {fari), 
 eloquent. 
 
 Fcesulce, drum, f pi., Faesulai 
 now Fiesole, a town of Etruria, 
 situated on a hill three rniles from 
 Florence. 
 
 Fccsulanus, a, um, adj., belonging 
 to Fa3sulae, Faesuhin. As a noun, 
 a FiBsulan, an inhabitant of Fae- 
 sulae. 
 
 Fallacia, ce, f {fallax), deceit, 
 intrigue, artifice, craft. 
 
 Folio, ere, fefelli, falsum, tr., to 
 deceive, cheat, delude ; to disap- 
 point, elude. Intr., to be faithless, 
 desert. Me animus fallit, xs\y 
 mind deceives me, I am mistaken. 
 Nee me fallit, I am not mistaken, 
 I well know. Falsum habere, to 
 deceive, the same as fallere. 
 
 Faho, adv. (falsus), falsely, 
 without reason or cause, unjustly. 
 
 Falsus, a, um, part., see Fallo. 
 Adj., deceived, mistaken ; feigned, 
 untrue, groundless, false ; false. 
 
 deceitful, faithless, treacherous. 
 Pro falsis habere, to consider as 
 false. 
 
 Fama, ce, f, a report, rumor, 
 talk ; fame, reputation, character ; 
 good fame, renown ; ill fame, in- 
 famy ; abuse ; the common opin- 
 ion or belief 
 
 Fames, is, f, hunger. 
 
 Familia, ce [after pater, mater, 
 ov filius, gen. ends in as'], f {famu- 
 lus), the slaves belonging to one 
 master, one's dependants ; a fam- 
 ily ; a band, company. 
 
 Familidris, e, adj. {familia), of 
 or belonging to the house, house- 
 hold ; belonging to the same 
 family, intimate, close, friendly, 
 familiar. As a noun, a confiden- 
 tial friend, acquaintance, confi 
 dant. Res or opes familiar es, 
 family estate, property, means. 
 
 Familiaritas, dtis, f {famili- 
 aris), confidential intercourse, in- 
 timacy, familiarity, friendship. 
 
 Familiariter, adv. {familiaris), 
 confidentially, familiarly, on fami- 
 liar terms, in a friendly manner. 
 
 Famdsus, a, um, adj. {fama). 
 that is much talked of; in a good 
 sense, famous, notorious ; in a 
 bad sense, infamous, notoriously 
 bad. 
 
 Fanum, i, n. (fari), a place con- 
 secrated to a god, tenaple, sanc- 
 tuar^^ 
 
 Fas, n. indec, that which is in 
 accordance with divine law, or the 
 laws of nature, divine law, jus- 
 tice, right. Jus fasque, human 
 and divine law. 
 
 Fascis, is, 771., a bundle, fagot. 
 Fasces, pL, the fasces, a bundle of 
 rod^s ivith an axe in the middle, 
 which the lictors carried before the 
 higher Uoman magistrates, particu- 
 larly the consuls, as an emblem of 
 their power to scourge and behead. 
 Fasces corripere, to seize upon the 
 fasces or the consulship, o/tcAtcA 
 the fasces icere the emblem. 
 
FATEOR 
 
 191 
 
 FIDES 
 
 Fateor, eri, fa^ism, dep., to con- 
 fess, avow, acknowledge. 
 
 Fatlgo, are, dvi, dtiwi, tr., to tire, 
 weary, fatigue; to tease, worry, 
 harass, urge importunately; to 
 call into intense exercise or weari- 
 some activity. Animum faticfare, 
 to weary one's mind, puzzle one's 
 brain. Se fatigando, by wearying 
 one's self, after all one's exer- 
 tions. 
 
 Fatum, i, n. (fari), a prophecy, 
 prediction, response of an oracle ; 
 fate, destiny. Oui fatmn foret, 
 whose destiny it w^as, who was 
 destined. 
 
 Fauces, ium, f. pi., the upper 
 part of the throat, phar3mx, 
 throat; a narrow passage, pass, 
 defile. Faucibus urget, is at our 
 throats, is upon us. 
 
 Fautor, oris, m. (faves), a favor- 
 er, partisan. 
 
 Faveo, ere, favi, fautmn, intr., to 
 be fovorable to, favor, counte- 
 nance, befriend. 
 
 Favor, oris, m. {faveo), favor. 
 AUcui favorem addere, to bring 
 into higher favor. 
 
 Februarius, a, um, adj. ( febru- 
 um), relating to the month Febru- 
 ary, of February. 
 
 Feliciter, adv. [felix), happily, 
 fortunately, successfully. 
 
 Felix, wis, adj. {obs. feo), happy, 
 fortunate, luck}-, successful. 
 
 Fera, w, f. (ferus), a wild beast. 
 Fere, adv., almost, nearly, about ; 
 generall}^, for the most part. 
 
 Ferentarii, drum, m. pi., light- 
 armed troops. 
 
 Ferinus, a, um, adj. ( fera), of or 
 belonging to a wild beast, of wild 
 animals. 
 
 Ferio, ire, tr., to strike ; to strike 
 down, cut down, pierce, kill. Arie- 
 tibus ferire, to strike with batter- 
 ing-rams, to batter. 
 
 Ferme, adv. (fere), almost, near- 
 ly, about ; generally, usually. 
 FerOf ferrCf tuli^ latum^ tr.^ to 
 
 bear, carry, bring ; to carry away ; 
 to lead, draw, drive ; to endure, 
 tolerate, sustain ; to extol, exalt ; 
 to say, report ; to propose ; to 
 represent, point out as ; to bring 
 forth, produce. Intr., to direct, 
 incline, dispose. Fertur, it is said. 
 Animus fert, the mind inclines, 
 one's inclination leads. TJti fors 
 tulit, as chance has brought about, 
 according as it happens. 
 
 Ferocia, ce, f, {ferox\ ferocity, 
 fierceness. 
 
 Ferociter, adv. {ferox), fiercely, 
 savagely ; impetuously, insolently, 
 violently. . 
 
 Ferox, ocis, adj. (fero), bold, in- 
 trepid, dauntless ; haughty, head- 
 strong, insolent; savage, fierce, 
 ferocious. 
 
 Ferrum, i, n., iron, any iron in- 
 strument, particularly a sword. 
 Figuratively, war, strife. In san- 
 guine, ferro, fuga, in blood, strife, 
 (fee. 
 
 Fertilis, e, adj. (fero), fertile, 
 fruitful, productive ; abundant, 
 rich. 
 
 Ferus, a, um, adj., wild, savage. 
 Figuratively, barbarous, rude, 
 rough, uncivilized, fierce. 
 
 Fessus, a,um, adj., wearied, tired, 
 worn out. 
 
 Festino, are, dvi, dtum, intr, 
 (festinus), to make haste, hasten, 
 be in a hurry, press forward ; to 
 hurry to and fro, be in a flurry. 
 Tr., to do with speed, execute 
 speedily, accelerate. 
 
 Festus, a, um, adj., festive, festi- 
 val. Dies festus, a holiday, fes- 
 tival. 
 
 Fictus, a, um, part., see Fingo, 
 Adj., feigned, fictitious, false, in- 
 sincere. Ficta loqui, to speak in- 
 sincerely or hypocritically. 
 
 Fidelis, e, adj. {fides), faithful, 
 true, sincere. 
 
 Fideliter, adv. (f delis), faith- 
 fully, truly, honestly, sincerely. 
 Fides, H, f. {fld6\ faith, trusty 
 
FIDIUS 
 
 192 
 
 FLECTO 
 
 confidence ; faithfulness, fidelity ; 
 honor, honesty, truthfulness, ve- 
 racity; credit; credibility; an as- 
 surance, pledge, protection, help, 
 assistance. Fnnica fides^ Punic 
 faith, that is, bad faith, perfidy, 
 which, according to the Romans, was 
 a characteristic of the Carthagi- 
 nians. Res fidesque, property and 
 credit, cash and credit. Fidem 
 facere, to give credibility. Fids 
 publica, under a public pledge [of 
 safety]. Pro d^um atque hominiim 
 Jidein, witness gods and men ! 
 
 Fidius, adj. (fides), of good faith. 
 It is found only in the for mid a me- 
 dius fidius. See Dius. 
 
 Fido, ere,flsus, semidep., to trust 
 to, rely upon, have confidence in. 
 
 Fiducia, ce, f (fido), tiust, confi- 
 dence, reliance. 
 
 Fidus, a, um, adj. (fides), faith- 
 ful, trustworthy, to be relied on, 
 reliable. 
 
 Figulus, i, ni., Caius Marcius Fi- 
 gulus Thermus, a Roman loho held 
 the consulship ivith L. Cccsar, 64 
 B.C. 
 
 Figura, ce, f (fingo), form, fig- 
 ure, shape ; likeness, image. 
 
 Filia, ce, f (fiJius), a daughter. 
 
 Filius, i, m., a son. Filius fa- 
 milias^ an unemancipated son, that 
 is, a so7t who is still under the aic- 
 thority of his father and has no 
 household of his oivn. In Rome a 
 son could he freed from the power 
 of his father, which extended even 
 over his life^ only by the death or 
 banishment of the father, or by 
 what was called emancipation, that 
 is, a fictitious thrice repeated selling 
 of the son. 
 
 Fingo, ere, finxi, fictum, tr.y to 
 form, fashion, make ; to figure to 
 one's self, imagine ; to invent, feign. 
 Verba fingere, to make a fictitious 
 stor}^ relate what is untrue. 
 
 Finis, is, c. g., the end; an end, 
 boundary, limit. Fines, pi., bound- 
 aries, limits ; a territory, country. 
 
 Finem statuere, to set a boundary, 
 impose a limit, put a stop. Finem 
 facer e, to make an end ; to make 
 the end, that is, to be the end or 
 result of. 
 
 Finitimus, a, um, adj. (finis), ad- 
 joining, neighboring. As a noun^ 
 fi.7ilti7m, drum, m. pi., neighbors, a 
 neighboring people. 
 
 Fio, fi^ri, f actus, irr. pass, offa- 
 cio, to bo made or done; to be 
 formed ; to be conmiitted ; to he- 
 come ; to take place, happen, come 
 to pass ; to be elected ; to be. 
 Fit, imp.y it happens. 
 
 Firmo, are, avi, atum, tr. (fif- 
 mus), to make firm or strong ; 
 streiigthen, secure, fortify, guard, 
 man ; to confirm, encourage. 
 
 Firmus, a, um, adj., firm, steady, 
 stable, strong, secure. Figurative- 
 ly, steadfast^ inflexible, bold, deter- 
 mined ; constant, faithful, to be 
 depended upon. 
 
 Flaccus, i, m., Marcus Fulvius 
 Flaccus, a Roman consul 125 B.C. 
 and a friend of the Gracchi. 
 
 Flaccus, i, m., Lucius Valerius 
 Flaccus, a Roman prcetor during 
 the considship of Cicero. By his 
 ability and military skill he was of 
 great service i?i crushing the conspi- 
 racy of Catiline. 
 
 Flagitiosus, a, um, adj. (fiagi- 
 tium), shameful, disgraceful, dis- 
 honorable, wicked, base, profli- 
 gate. 
 
 Flagitium, i, n. (fiagito), a shame- 
 ful action, disgraceful crime ; 
 shamefulness, infamy, dishonor. 
 
 Flagro, are, dvi, dtum^ intr.y to 
 burn, be on fire. Figuratively, to 
 burn icith passion or desire^ be in- 
 flamed, be ardent. 
 
 Flamini^is, i, ni., Caius Flami- 
 nius Flamma, a confederate of 
 Catiline's. 
 
 Flamina, ce, f, SL ^ame. Figura- 
 tively, ardent desire, flame, ardor. 
 
 Flee to, Sre, xi, xum^ tr.^ to bend, 
 turn, change, alter. 
 
FLEXUS 
 
 193 
 
 FKATERNUS 
 
 Flexus, see Flecto. 
 Florens^ ejitis, party see Floreo. 
 Adj., flourishing, prosperous, hap- 
 py. RcR forentes, prosperous af- 
 fairs or circumstances, prosperity. 
 Floreo^ ere, id, intr. (flos), to 
 bloom, blossom. Figuratively, to 
 flourish, be in a flourishing condi- 
 tion, prosper. 
 
 Fluctus, us, m. (fiuo), a wave. 
 Flumen, mis, n. \jiuo), a stream, 
 river. 
 
 Flxio, ere, uxiy uxum, intr., to 
 flow. 
 
 Fluxus, a, um, part., see Fluo. 
 Adj., fleeting, transient, incon- 
 stant, unfixed, unsettled, pliant, 
 weak, ductile. 
 
 Focus, i, 7n.y a hearth; a fire- 
 side, home. 
 
 Foedc, adv. (fcedus), basely, dis- 
 gracefully ; cruelly, horribly. 
 
 Foedm, a, um, adj., foul, filthy, 
 nasty ; ugly, deformed, unsightly, 
 ghastly, gloomy, wild ; base, dis- 
 graceful, shameful, vile, cruel. 
 
 Fcedus, ^ris, n., a league, treaty, 
 alliance. 
 
 Fcenerdtor, oris, m. {fcenero), a 
 money-lender, an usurer. 
 
 Fons, tis, m., a fountain, spring, 
 well. 
 
 For em., es, et, d:c., def. verb, the 
 
 same as Fssem, I might or should 
 
 be. Fore, inf., to be about to be ; 
 
 to happen, come to pass; with a 
 
 subject accusative, would be or 
 
 would happen. Nunquam ego ra- 
 
 tus sum fore, I never thought it 
 
 would happen. 
 
 I Foris, adv., out of doors, away 
 
 I from home ; in foreign parts, 
 
 j abroad. 
 
 j Forma, ce,f., form, figure, shape; 
 { beauty of person, a comel^^ form, 
 j beauty. 
 
 I Formldo, mis, f, fear, terror, 
 I dread ; a cause of terror, intimi- 
 . dation; an object of dread or ap- 
 ! prehension, terror, bugbear. For- 
 midinem addere ov facer e^ to excite 
 9 
 
 or inspire fear. Formidinem os- 
 tentare, to hold out intimidation, 
 that iSy to try to intimidate with 
 threats. 
 
 Formidolosus, a, um, adj. {for- 
 mido), causing fear, fearful, fright- 
 ful, terrible. 
 
 Fornix, icis, m., an arch, vault. 
 
 Fors, tis, f, chance, fortune, 
 luck. Forte, abl, by chance, acci- 
 dentally, casually ; peradventure, 
 perchance, perhaps. 
 
 ForsXtan, adv., (fors sit an), per- 
 haps, perchance. 
 
 Fortis, e, adj., brave, gallant^ 
 valiant, bold, courageous. Fortia 
 facta, gallant deeds, bold achieve- 
 ments. 
 
 Fortitudo, mis, f. (fortis), brave- 
 ry, courage, valor, resolution, for- 
 titude. 
 
 Fortuna, ce, f (fors), chance, 
 fortune, luck; one's lot, rank, cir- 
 cumstances, condition; good luck, 
 fortune ; bad luck, misfortune. 
 Personified, Fortuna, the goddess 
 of fortune. Fortunes, one's cir- 
 cumstances, lot, condition, proper- 
 ty, estate, fortune. 
 
 Fortundtus, a, um, adj. (properly 
 part, of Fortuno, to make happy), 
 fortunate, lucky, happy, prosper- 
 ous. 
 
 Forum^ «', w., a market-place, 
 market ; a market-town, mart ; 
 the Forum, a large open space in 
 Rome where assemblies of the peo- 
 ple were held, and public business 
 of various kinds transacted. 
 
 Fossa, ce, f (fodio), a ditch, 
 fosse. 
 
 Fragilis, e, adj. (frango), easily 
 broken, brittle; liable to be de- 
 stroyed, not firm or lasting, frail, 
 unsubstantial. 
 
 Frango, ere, fregi, fractum, tr., 
 to break, bi*eak in pieces. Laquea 
 gulam f rang ere, to strangle. 
 
 Frater, tris, m., a brother. 
 
 Fraternus, a, um^ adj. (frater), 
 fraternal, brotherly. Invidiafra- 
 
FRAUS 
 
 194 
 
 FUR 
 
 terna^ the odium of his brother, 
 that i,% the odium under which his 
 brother had fallen. 
 
 Fraus, fraudis, f., fraud, deceit, 
 dishonest}^, treachery ; loss, dam- 
 age, harm, injury; a crime, fault; 
 punishment. Sine fraude^ without 
 harm or risk, with impunity. 
 
 Fregi^ see Frango. 
 
 Frequens, tis, adj., that occurs 
 often, frequent; in great num- 
 bers, numerous, many ; thickly' 
 settled, populous ; in close array ; 
 assembled in great numbers, in 
 full assembly, full. Frequens Nu- 
 midia, the populous [part, of] 
 Numidia. 
 
 Frequentdtus, a, um, part., see 
 Frequento. Adj., frequent, usual, 
 common ; frequented, inhabited 
 by great numbers, much visited. 
 
 Frequcntia, ce, f. {frequens), a 
 great number, crowd, multitude, 
 concourse, assemblage. Magna 
 frequentia^ a numerous assem- 
 blage, full meeting. 
 
 Frequento, are, dvi, dtum, tr. 
 {frequens), to visit often, go to 
 often, resort to habitually, fre- 
 quent ; to crowd, fill ; to attend 
 upon, follow after. 
 
 Fretum, i, n., a strait. Fretmn 
 Maris et Oceani, the strait [con- 
 necting] the Mediterranean ard 
 the Ocean, that is, the straits of 
 Gibraltar. 
 
 Fretus, a, urn, adj., trusting to, 
 relying upon, depending upon. 
 
 Frigus, oris, n., cold, coolness. 
 
 Frons, tis, f, the forehead, 
 brow ; the forepart, front. Frons 
 aciei, the front of the army, the van. 
 
 Fructus, us, m. {fruor), fruit, 
 produce ; the fruit of one's indus- 
 try, reward, profit, advantage, 
 benefit; use. 
 
 Fn-uynentor, dri, dtus, dep. {fru- 
 nientum), to go foraging, forage. 
 
 Frumentum, i, n. {fruor), corn, 
 grain of all kinds, but particularly 
 wheat and barley, forage. 
 
 Fruor, i, fructus d: fruitus, dep.y 
 to enjoy ; to enjoy the fruits of. 
 
 Frustra, adv., in vain, to no 
 purpose. Frustra esse, to be frus- 
 trated or disappointed, be unsuc- 
 cessful, fail. Frustra discedere, 
 to depart without accomplishing 
 one's purpose. 
 
 Frustror, dri, dius, dep. {frus- 
 tra), to deceive, disappoint, frus- 
 trate. Passively, to be disappoint- 
 ed, miss one's aim. Jugurtham 
 spes frustrata [est'\, Jugurtha's 
 hope disappointed him, that is, 
 Jugurtha was disappointed in his 
 expectations. 
 
 Frux, frugis, f {fruor), fruit, 
 the produce of the fields. 
 
 Fudi, see Fundo. 
 
 Fuga, ce, /., a flight ; flight from 
 one's country, exile, banishment ; 
 dismay. Fugam facere, to fly ; to 
 put to flight. 
 
 Fugio, ere, fugi, intr., to flee, 
 fly, run away. Tr., to fly in or- 
 der to escape, shun, avoid. 
 
 Fugitlvus, a, um, adj. {fugio), 
 fugitive, runaway. As a noun, a 
 fugitive. 
 
 Fugo, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to put 
 to flight, rout, discomfit. 
 
 Fui, see Sum. 
 
 Fulvia, ce, f, Fulvia, the mis- 
 tress of Q. Curius, one of Catiline's 
 con sp I rators. She di vulged the plot 
 to Cicero. 
 
 Fulvius, i, nu, Aulus Fulvius, 
 the S071 of a Roman senator. He 
 was arrested on his way to join the 
 army of Catiline, and pui to decUh 
 by order of his father. 
 
 Fulvius, i, nu, Marcus Fulvius 
 Flaccus, see Flaccus. 
 
 Funditor, oris, in, {funda), a 
 slinger. 
 
 Fundo, ^re, fiidi, fu^tm, tr., to 
 pour, pour out In military lan- 
 guage, to overthrow, vanquish, 
 discomfit, rout 
 
 Fur, fiiris, e.g., a thie£ Far 
 ararii, a peculator. 
 
 I 
 
rURIBUNDUS 
 
 195 
 
 GLANS 
 
 FurihunduSj a, urn, adj. (furo), 
 raging, furious, mad. 
 
 Furius, i, m., Publius Furius, one 
 of Catiline^ s conspirators^ distin- 
 guished for his energy and cour- 
 age. 
 
 Furor, oris, m. (furo), rage, 
 fury, madness. 
 
 Furtim, adv. {fur), by stealth, 
 furtively, secretly, by secret in- 
 trigue. 
 
 Fusus, see Fiifido. 
 
 Futurus, a, um, part., see Sum. 
 Adj., future. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gahinius, i, m., Publius Gabi- 
 nius Capito, a Roman of equestrian 
 rank, ivho suffered death as art ac- 
 complice of Catiline. 
 
 Gcetuh'.s, a, um, adj., Getulian, 
 of or belonging to, the Gaetuli or 
 Gaetulia. Asanoun, Gcetuli, drum, 
 m. pi., the Getulians. Gcetulia was 
 a large country lying south of Nu- 
 midia and corresponding in part 
 loith the modern Beledelgerid. 
 
 Gallia, ce, f, Gaul. Gallia cite- 
 rior, see Citerior. Gallia ulterior, 
 see Ulterior. 
 
 Gallicus, a, um, adj., of or be- 
 longing to the Gauls, Gallic. 
 
 Gallus, i, m., a Gaul. 
 
 Ganea, ce, f, a pot house, eating 
 house ; a brothel ; gluttony ; de- 
 bauchery. 
 
 Ganeo, onis, m. (ganea), a glut- 
 ton, reveller, debauchee. 
 
 Gauda, ce, m., Gauda, a Numi- 
 dian, the son of Manastahal and 
 grandson of Masinissa. 
 
 Gaudeo, ere, gavisus, semidep., 
 to rejoice, be glad ; to take pleas- 
 ure in, delight in. 
 
 Gaudium, i, ??., (gaudeo), joy, 
 pleasure, delight, gratification. 
 Corporis gaudia, sensual pleasures. 
 
 Gemitus, us, m. (gemo), a groan, 
 sigh. 
 
 Generosus, a, um, adj. (gemis), 
 of noble birth, high-born ; noble- 
 minded, generous, brave. 
 
 Geus, tis, f, a gens or clan, iri- 
 cluding several Roman families all 
 of which had a common nomen, 
 hut ivere distinguished from each 
 other by their several cognomens ; 
 a race, people, nation. 
 
 Genus, eris, n., a race, tribe, 
 family, stock, kind, blood, nation ; 
 a class, sort, quality, description. 
 Genus hominum, man, men ; the 
 people of a country, the natives. 
 Materno genere, on his mother's 
 side. 
 
 Gero, ere, gessi, gestum, tr., to 
 carry, bear ; to show, exhibit ; to 
 do, perform, carry on, prosecute, 
 push; to administer, manage, rule, 
 conduct, defend ; to treat. Se 
 gerere, to bear one's self, conduct 
 one's self Bellum gerere, to wage 
 or carry on a war. Consulatum 
 gerere, to administer the consul- 
 ship, be consul. With animvm, 
 
 to bear or be of . Gerere 
 
 animum super fortunam, to bear a 
 mind above one's fortune, that is, 
 to indulge aspirations above one's 
 condition. Resgestce, things done, 
 public events or occurrences, great 
 or warlike deeds, exploits, achieve- 
 ments. Dum hcec geruntur, while 
 these are doing or are going on. 
 
 Gestus, see Gero. 
 
 Gignentia, ium, n. pi., herbage, 
 vegetation, plants. 
 
 Gigno, ere, genui, genitum, tr., 
 to generate, beget, produce. Gig- 
 ni, to be born, spring, grow. Ad- 
 herbalem et Hiempsalem ex sese ge- 
 nuit, he had of his own offspring 
 Adherbal and Hiempsal. 
 
 Gladiator ius, a, um, adj., (gla- 
 diator), gladiatorial. Familia gla- 
 diator ia, a band of gladiators. 
 
 Gladius, i. m., a sword. 
 
 Glans, dis, f, an acorn. In 
 military language, a leaden ball, 
 such as was thrown with slings. 
 
GLOBUS 
 
 196 
 
 HABEO 
 
 Globus, i, 711., a globe ; a dense 
 croAvd, hody, faction. 
 
 Gloriay ce, /., glory, fame ; war, 
 renown. Gloria helliy military 
 glor}^ 
 
 Glorior, dri, dhcs, dep. (gloria), 
 to glory, boast, pride in. 
 
 Gloriosus, a, mn, adj. (gloria), 
 full of glory, glorious, renowned, 
 celebrated, illustrious. 
 
 Gracchus, i, m., Gracchus, the 
 name of a family of the Sempro- 
 nian gens. Tiberiics Semproni^is 
 Gracchus and Caius Sempronius 
 Gracchus were sons of Tiberius 
 Sempronius Gracchus and the cele- 
 brated Cornelia, the daughter of 
 Scipio Africanus the elder. IVie 
 two brothers in succession took the 
 lead of the popular part//, and in 
 succession fell victims to the hatred 
 of the nobility. See notes Jug. 
 xxxi, 2 <fe 7. 
 
 Gradus, us, m. (gradior), a step. 
 Pleno gradu, at fall speed. 
 
 Grcecia, ce, f, Greece. 
 
 Graicus^ a, um, adj.y of or be- 
 longing to the Greeks, Grecian, of 
 Greece. As a noun, a Grecian, 
 Greek. 
 
 Grandts, e, adj., great, large, big. 
 Grandis pecuniae a hirge sum of 
 money. 
 
 Grassor, dri^ dtus, dep. (gradior\ 
 t^ go» g<^ o^> proceed, press for- 
 ward. 
 
 Gratia, cb, f, favor which one 
 finds with others, good graces, con- 
 sideration, authority, influence, 
 popularity; favor toivard others, 
 goodwill, benevolence, kindness; a 
 return, requital, gratitude, thanks. 
 Gra^ias agere, to give thanks, 
 thank. Gratiam debere, to owe 
 a kindness, be under obligation. 
 Graflam facere, to grant pardon, 
 forgive. In gratiam habere, to 
 consider as a favor. Gratiam red- 
 dere, to make a requital, recom- 
 pense. Gratia, loith the gen., for 
 the sake of, on account of, for the 
 
 purpose of. Ea gratia, for this 
 or that reason, on account of this 
 thing or these things. 
 
 Gratificor, dri, dtus, dep. (gra- 
 tus (& facio), to show a favor or 
 kindness to, gratify, oblige ; to 
 present, give up, sacrifice. 
 
 Gratuito, adv. (gratuitus), with- 
 out recompense, gratuitously ; 
 without cause, wantonly. 
 
 Gratulor, dri, dtux, dep. (gratus), 
 to wish one joy, Congratulate. 
 
 Gratus, a, um, adj., pleasing, 
 acceptable, agreeable. 
 
 Gravis, e, adj., heavy, weighty. 
 Figuratively, of weight, weighty, 
 important; heavy, oppressive, se- 
 vere, violent, grievous, calamitous, 
 great. 
 
 Graviter, adv. (gravis), heavily, 
 violently, severel}^, greatly, rigor- 
 ously, h/irshly, angrily. 
 
 Gregarius, a, um, adj. (grex), of 
 or relating to a flock, gregarious ; 
 common. Jfiles gregarius^ a com- 
 mon soldier, private. 
 
 Grex, gregis, m., a flock; a troop, 
 band, crowd. Grege facta, having 
 formed themselves into a body, in 
 a bod}^ 
 
 Gula, ce, f, the gullet, weasand ; 
 the neck; appetite, gluttony. 
 
 Gulussa, ce, m., Gulussa, a son 
 of Masi7iissa, king of Numidia. 
 
 H. 
 
 Habeo, ere, ui, Itum, tr., to have, 
 hold, possess, keep, enjoy ; to have 
 in use, make use of, employ, con- 
 trol, exercise, maintain, exhibit ; 
 to have in particular circumstafices, 
 place, station ; to have as one's 
 dwelling-place, dwell in, inhabit ; 
 to have i7i a certain mnn7ier, treat ; 
 to hold as a discourse, deliver, 
 pronounce ; to hold any thing to 
 be so and so, consider, think, reck- 
 on, esteem ; to hold as a7i assem- 
 bly , assemble ; to pass, spend. 
 
HABITUS 
 
 197 
 
 HIEMO 
 
 Haheriy to be had; to be held, 
 recovered, thought to be of a cer- 
 tain quality or in a certain condi- 
 tion. Se habere, to be, find one's 
 self. Satis habere, to think suffi- 
 cient, be satisfied with, be content, 
 Parurn habere^ to reckon not 
 enough, not to be satisfied with. 
 In animo habere, to have in mind, 
 think of. Habere vitam or cetatem, 
 to pass one's life or time, live. 
 Rempublicain habere, to administer 
 the affairs of the state. Habere 
 in amicis^ to reckon among his 
 friends. Indibrio habere, to have 
 for a laughing-stock, make sport 
 of, mock. Duritiam voluptati ha- 
 bere, to have hard living for a 
 pleasure, that is, to regard hard 
 living as a pleasure. Habere oc- 
 cultum, to keep secret. Animus 
 cuncta habet, the mind possesses 
 all things, lias all things at its 
 command. Qumstionem habere, to 
 institute a prosecution. Habere 
 corpus liberum, to have personal 
 freedom. Habeo is used ivith the 
 perfect participle in nearly the same 
 manner as the English auxiliary 
 have, as : Habeo compertum, equi- 
 valent to comperi, I have ascer- 
 tained. 
 
 Habitus, see Habeo. 
 Habitus, Us, m. (habeo), disposi- 
 tion, feelings, habits, character, 
 morals. 
 
 Hadrumetum, i, n., Hadrume- 
 
 tum, a town of Africa propria, the 
 
 capital of the district of Byzacena. 
 
 Hcereditas, or Hereditas, dtis,f. 
 
 (keres), lieirship, inheritance. 
 
 Hcereo, ere, hcesi, hcesum, intr., 
 
 to adhere, stick fast, remain fixed, 
 
 Hceslto, are, avi, dtum, intr. 
 
 (hcereo), to stick fast, remain fixed. 
 
 j Figuratively, to be uncertain, be 
 at a loss, hesitate, be perplexed. 
 
 I Hamilcar, ctris, m., Hamilcar, a 
 factious nobleman of Leptis against 
 
 1 whom the people of that toicn sent 
 
 , to ask the protection of Metellus. 
 
 Hannibal, alis, ni., Hannibal, 
 the celebrated leader of the Cartha- 
 ginians in the second Punic war. 
 
 Haruspex, icis, m., a soothsayer, 
 diviner, one tcho foretold evejits by 
 inspecting the entrails of animals 
 offered in sacrifice or by extraordi- 
 nary natural phenomena. 
 Hasta, ce, f, a spear, javelin. 
 Hand, adv., not, not at all. 
 Haudquaquam, adv. (hand db 
 quaquam), by no means, not at all. 
 Haveto, see Aveo. 
 Hebes, etis, adj., blunt. Fig^cra- 
 tively, dull, stupid, spiritless ; raw, 
 undisciplined. 
 
 Hebesco, ere, intr.., incep., to grow 
 blunt or languid, to begin to lan- 
 guish. 
 
 Hercle, adv. (Hercides), by Her- 
 cules, truly. 
 
 Hercules, is, m., Hercules, the 
 most celebrated of all the heroes of 
 antiquity. He was the son of Ju- 
 piter and Alcmene, and received 
 divine honors on account of his 
 extraordinary labors. Hercules 
 Libys, the Libyan Hercules, the 
 son of Jupiter and AH^rie, the 
 same as the Phcenician Melcaith. 
 Hereditas, dtis, f, see Hcereditas. 
 Heres, edis, c. g., an heir or heir- 
 ess. Heres secundus, the second 
 heir, that is, one who comes to the 
 inheritance in case of the death of 
 the first heir. Heredem scribere or 
 instituere, to appoint as heir. 
 
 Hiberna, drum, n. pi. (hibernus), 
 winter quarters. Agere hiberna, 
 to establish or fix winter quarters. 
 Hie, hcFc, hoc, adj. pro., this ; 
 this one, this man ; he, she, it ; 
 that, the same, such. Ad hoc, in 
 addition to this, besides, moreover, 
 add to this. 
 
 Hie, adv., in this place, here. 
 Hicce, hcecce, hocce, adj. pro. (hie 
 and the intensive ce), this. 
 
 Hiemalis, e, adj. (hiems), of or re- 
 lating to winter, wintry, winter. 
 Hiemo, are, avi, atum, intr. 
 
HIEMPSAL 
 
 198 
 
 HIICCINE 
 
 (hiems\ to pass the winter, to win- 
 ter, be in winter quarters. 
 
 Hieynpsal^ alis, m., Hiempsal, 
 son of Micipsa, king of Numidia. 
 
 Hiempsal, alis, m., Hiempsal, 
 a Numidian prince^ grand'^orc or 
 great-grandson of Masinissa and 
 father of Juha. He wrote some 
 works in the Punic language which 
 are cited by Sallust. 
 
 Hiems, emis, /., winter ; inclem- 
 ent weather. 
 
 Hippo, onis, on., a town of Nu- 
 midia, now Bona. 
 
 Hispania, ce, f, Spain, including 
 also Portugal. Hum Hispanice, 
 the two provinces of Spain, viz., 
 provincia citerior {on this side the 
 JEbro), or Hispania Tarraconeiisis, 
 and provincia ulterior {on the other 
 side the Ehro), or Hispania JBcetica. 
 
 Hispanus, a, um, adj., Spanish. 
 As a noun, a Spaniard. 
 
 Histrio, onis, m., a stage-player, 
 actor, buffoon. 
 
 Homo, inis, c. g., a man or wo- 
 man, person. Homines, men, peo- 
 ple. Homines adolescentuli, young 
 men, young folks. 
 
 Honeste, adv. {honestus), in an 
 honorable manner, honorably ; 
 decently, becomingly. 
 
 Honesto, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {ho- 
 nestus), to honor, dignify, grace, 
 adorn. Honestatus honor e, honor- 
 ed with high office. 
 
 Honestus, a, um, adj. {honor), 
 honorable ; honored, respected ; 
 respectable, decent, becoming. 
 Honesta amicitia, true friendship. 
 Omnium honestarum rerum egens, 
 destitute of every thing suited to 
 my birth. 
 
 Honor <Jt honos, oris, m., honor, 
 respect, mark of distinction ; a 
 post of honor, high office, prefer- 
 ment. Imperia atque honores, 
 military and civil offices. Honor i 
 esse or duci, to be or be considered 
 a mark of respect, to be held in 
 high esteem. Quasi honoris causa, 
 
 as if for the purpose of doing him 
 honor, under the pretext of doing 
 him honor. 
 
 Honor 0, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {ho- 
 nor), to distinguish with honor, 
 honor, adorn, dignify. Gloria 
 honorare, to reflect glory upon. 
 
 Hora, ce, f, an hour. The Ro- 
 mans reckoned twelve hours frmn 
 sunrise to sunset ; the length of the 
 hour would therefore vary with the 
 season of the year. Circiter horam 
 tertiam, about 9 o'clock. 
 
 Horribilis, e, adj. {horreo), horri- 
 ble, frightful, dreadful. 
 
 Hortamentum, i, n. {hortor), an 
 encouragement, incitement. 
 
 Hortatio, onis, f {hortor), an ex- 
 horting, encouraging, exhortation. 
 
 Hortor, dri, dtus, dep., to incite, 
 impel, urge on, exhort, instigate, 
 encourage, suggest, advise. Pau- 
 ca hortari, to address a few words 
 of encouragement to. 
 
 Hospcs, ttis, c. g., a stranger en- 
 joying the rights of hospitality, 
 a guest, visitor ; one who enter- 
 tains a stranger, a host. 
 
 Hostia, ce, f, a sacrifice, victim. 
 
 Host il is, €, adj. {hostis), of or be- 
 longing to the enemy, hostile. As 
 a noun, hostile, is, n., a hostile act, 
 hostility. HostVis metus, fear of 
 the enemy. Hostilia cadavera, the 
 dead bodies of the enemy. Ma jo- 
 rum meonmi hostilia monumenta, 
 monuments of the hostility of my 
 ancestors. 
 
 HostilVer, adv. {hostilis), in a 
 hostile manner. 
 
 Hostis, is, c. g., an enemy. Hos- 
 tis is a public enemy, inimic7is a 
 personal foe. 
 
 Hue, adv. {hie), hither, to this 
 place ; to this, to this degree. 
 Hue et illuc, or hue illuc, hither 
 and thither, this way and that 
 Ea (/. €., corpora) hue illuc agitarc, 
 they throw them in this position, 
 then in that 
 
 Huccine, ijit. adv. {huCy ce <it ne\ 
 
HTJUSCE 
 
 199 
 
 ILLE 
 
 hither ? in this place ? Huccine 
 heneficia tua evasere^ have your 
 kindnesses ended in this? 
 
 Hujusce, see Hicco. 
 
 Hujusmodi, or hitjuscemodi {hie 
 <jh modus), of this kind or sort, 
 such, something like the follow- 
 ing. 
 
 Humdnus, a, wn, adj. {homo\ of 
 mankind, of men, human ; hu- 
 mane, kind. Humancc res^ human 
 afifairs. 
 
 Humilis, €, adj. {humus\ low, 
 not high. Figuratively, low in 
 rank, humble, poor, mean. 
 
 JIumilitas, dtis, f. (hictnilis), 
 lowness, shortness. Figuratively^ 
 lowness of station, poverty; lit* 
 tleness of mind, meanness, abject- 
 ness. 
 
 Humus, i, /., the ground, earth, 
 soil. Humi pabuhwi, the herbs of 
 the field. Humi, gen., on or in the 
 ground. Humo, abl.j from the 
 ground. 
 
 I. 
 
 Ibi, adv. (is), in that place, there ; 
 at that time, then ; thereupon ; 
 in those things, in that matter, 
 among them. 
 
 Ibidem, adv. {ibi c£' dem), in the 
 same place, 
 
 IdHrca, adv. {id d; circa), on that 
 account, for that reason, there- 
 fore. 
 
 Idem, eadem, idnn, pro. {is <£' 
 de^m), the same; th'^ same person, 
 the same thing; ai the same time, 
 as : Fratre meo at que eodevri pro- 
 pinquo suo ; yet, as : Noaentissiini 
 idemque superbissimi. Idem qui^ 
 et, or ac, the same as, 
 
 Idoneus, a, um, adj., fit, suitable, 
 convenient; ready for, prepared 
 for; sufficient, worthy, trustwor- 
 thy, meriting, deserving. Alia 
 aqucB idonea, other things suitable 
 to hold water. 
 
 leram, see Eo. 
 
 Igitur, conj., therefore, then, ac- 
 cordingly, consequently, so, thus; 
 at length, finally, in conclusion. 
 After a parenthesis or a digression, 
 as I was going to say, I say then, 
 well then. 
 
 Igndrus, a, urn, adj. {in & gna- 
 rus), that knows not, ignorant of, 
 unacquainted with, inexperienced 
 in ; that is not known, unknown. 
 
 Ignavia, ce, f. {ignavus), inactiv- 
 ity, sluggishness, worth! essn ess. 
 Per ignaviam, slothfuUy, in idle- 
 ness. Per ignaviam. aict vana in- 
 genia, depending upon cowardly 
 or untrustworthy men. 
 
 Ignavus, a, wn, adj. {in <£? gna- 
 vus), inactive, sluggish, slothful, 
 irresolute, worthless, bad. 
 
 Ignis, is, m., fire; a fire, watch- 
 fire. 
 
 Ignobilis, e, adj. {in & nobilis\ 
 unknown, unrenowned ; of low 
 birth, i2:noble, mean. 
 
 Ignobilitas, dtis, f. {ignobilis), 
 lowness of birth, low origin, ob- 
 scurity. 
 
 Ignominia, ce, f. {in (jc nomen), 
 ignominy, disgrace. 
 
 Ignordtus, a, um, part.^ see Ig- 
 noro. Adj., unknown, undiscov- 
 ered, eludmg observation. 
 
 Jgnoro, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. & intr. 
 {ignarus), not to know, to be ig- 
 norant of or unacquainted with. 
 Non ignorare, to know well, not 
 to be ignorant. 
 
 Ignosco, ere, novi, notum, tr. d: 
 intr. {in (Jb nosco), to pardon, over- 
 look, excuse. Ignoscite Cethegi 
 adolescenticB, pardon Cethegus in 
 consideration of his youth. 
 
 Ignotus, a, um, adj. (in (t gno- 
 tus), unknown. 
 
 Ilex, wis, /., a kind of evergreen 
 oak, holm-oak. 
 
 Ille, ilia, illud, gen. illius, adj. 
 pro., that; that man, he, that wo- 
 man, she, that thing, it ; this ; 
 this man, <fec. Sallust generally 
 employs ille in the oratio obliqua. 
 
ILLECEBEA 
 
 200 
 
 IMPERATOR 
 
 when hie or tu would he used in the 
 oratio recta. 
 
 Illecebra, ce, f. (illicio), an en- 
 ticement, allurement, lure. 
 
 IllectuSy see Illicio. 
 
 Illicio, ere, lexi, ledum, tr. (in (t 
 locis), to allure, entice, decoy, se- 
 duce. 
 
 Ulico, adv. {in & locus), on that 
 spot, there; on the spot, instant- 
 ly- 
 
 Blue, adv. (illic), to that place, 
 thither. 
 
 Illustris, e, adj. {in ct lustra), 
 bright, luminous, clear; manifest, 
 evident, plain. 
 
 Imago, mis, /., an image, like- 
 ness. Imagines, ancestral images 
 or busts, the possession of which 
 was a mark of nobility. They 
 were -visually made of wax. Homo 
 multarum imaginum, a man of 
 many ancestral images, that is, a 
 man of an ancient family of no- 
 bility. Imagines non habeo, I have 
 no ancestral images, that is, I am 
 not of a noble family. 
 
 Imbecillus, a, um, adj., weak, fee- 
 ble, imbecile. 
 
 Imbellis, e, adj. {in ct helium), 
 not fit for war, unwarlike ; cow- 
 ardly, effeminate. 
 
 Imhruo, ere, ui, iUum, tr., to wet, 
 steep, stain, imbrue. 
 
 Imitor, dri, dtus, dep , to imitate; 
 to endeavor to imitate or copy 
 after. 
 
 Lnmanis, e, adj. {in & magnus), 
 huge, enormous ; inordinate, ex- 
 cessive. 
 
 ImmatUras, a, um, adj. {in cO ma- 
 turus), unripe, \intimely, imma- 
 ture ; at an unripe age, before the 
 age of maturity. 
 
 Immemor, oris, adj. {i7i <k me- 
 mor), unmindful, forgetful, regard- 
 less. 
 
 Immensus, a, um, adj. {in d' men- 
 sus), immeasurable, vast, immense. 
 In immensum, to an immense dis- 
 tance, to an immense height. 
 
 Imminuo, ere, ui, utum, tr. (in 
 & minuo), to lessen, diminish, 
 shorten ; to impair, weaken, vio- 
 late, infringe. 
 
 Imininufus, see Imminuo. 
 
 Immissus, see Imrnitto. 
 
 Immitto, ere, 9nisi, missumy tr. 
 (in d' mitto), to send, throw or put 
 in ; to send [secretly] against, in- 
 stigate, urge on, suborn. 
 
 Immo, adv., on the contrary, 
 just the reverse, oh no; nay, nay 
 even. Immo vero, nay indeed, yes 
 indeed. 
 
 Immoderdtus, a, um, adj. (in d 
 moderatus), exceeding bounds, be- 
 yond bounds, immoderate, exces- 
 sive, intemperate, unrestrained. 
 
 Immortdlis, e, adj. (in d mor ta- 
 lis), immortal, undying, everlast- 
 ing, imperishable. 
 
 Immunis, e, adj. (in d munus), 
 free from tribute, exempt from 
 paying taxes. 
 
 Immuto, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (in d 
 muto), to change, alter, reverse. 
 
 Impar, aris, adj. (in d par), un- 
 equal, uneven, unlike ; of lower 
 birth, inferior. 
 
 Impardtm% a, um, adj. (in d pa- 
 ratus), unprepared, not read}^ off 
 one's guard. 
 
 Impedimentum, i, n. {impedio), 
 an impediment^ hindrance, obsta- 
 cle. Impedimenta, in military lan- 
 guage, the baggage of an army. 
 
 Impedio, Ire, Ivi, itum, tr. {in d 
 pes), to entangle, hamper, hinder, 
 prevent, obstruct; to keep back, 
 keep off. 
 
 Impello, ere, puli, puhum, tr. (in 
 d pello), to drive forward, urge 
 on, impel, lead, incite, induce, 
 move. 
 
 Impendeo, ere, intr. (in d pen- 
 deo\ to hang over, imj)end, threat- 
 en. 
 
 hnpense, adv. (impensus), at great 
 expense ; greatly, earnestly, press- 
 in gly, zpalously. 
 
 Imperdtor, oris, m., a commander, 
 
IMPERATUM 
 
 201 
 
 EMPUDICUS 
 
 ruler, director; the commander- 
 in-chief of an army, general. The 
 Roman Senate so7netimes conferred 
 th^ title of imperator on a victorious 
 military leader as a mark of honor, 
 
 Tmperdtum, i, n. (impero\ that 
 which is commanded or enjoined, 
 a command, order. 
 
 Imperitia, ce, f. (in (b perit^is\ 
 inexperience, ignorance, unskilful- 
 nes>*. 
 
 Imperito, are, dvi, dtum, intr. <k 
 tr. inten. (i)npero), to command, 
 rule over, reign over, have com- 
 mand of. 
 
 Imperltus, a, um, adj.^ unskilful, 
 inexperienced, ignorant. 
 
 Imperiumy i, n. [hnpero), an or- 
 der, command; power, authority, 
 control ; supreme power, sove- 
 reignty, empire, dominion ; a mili- 
 tary office, military power. Ma- 
 gistratus et imperia, civil and mili- 
 tary offices. Contra imperimn^ 
 contrary to orders. 
 
 Imp^ro^ are, dvi, dtum, intr. <£' 
 tr., to command, order, rule, gov- 
 ern ; to enjoin, require ; to order 
 to furnish. 
 
 Impetro, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {in <b 
 patro), to effect, accomplish ; to 
 obtain, get, procure. 
 
 Impetus, us, m. (iynpeto), an at- 
 tack, assault, onset, a rushing at 
 one, attempt at violence. 
 
 Impietas, dtis, f, (impius), un du- 
 tiful conduct toward the gods, one's 
 parents, country, or any benefactor, 
 impiety, undutifulness, ingrati- 
 tude. 
 
 Impiger, gra, grum, adj. {in 6: 
 piger), not idle, active, quick, 
 prompt, energetic, indefatigable. 
 
 Impigre, adv. {impiger), actively, 
 quickly, promptly, diligently, at- 
 tentively. 
 
 hnpius, a, um, adj. {in c£' pius), 
 impious, wicked, undutifnl, cruel, 
 merciless, ruthless. 
 
 Impleo, ere, evi, etum, tr. {in & 
 pleo), to fill, fill up. 
 I 9* 
 
 Implico, dre, dvi or ui, dtum or 
 itum, tr. {in d; plico), to entangle, 
 involve, entwine ; to perplex, dis- 
 order, throw into disorder. 
 
 Imploro, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {in 
 & ploro), to ask for as a suppliant, 
 beg for, implore, entreat, suppli- 
 cate for aid, call upon for aid. 
 
 Impono, ere, posui, positum, tr. 
 {in d? pono), to place, put or set 
 in ; to place, put or lay upon ; to 
 impose, give, assign ; to cast upon, 
 impute. Prcesidium imponere, to 
 station a garrison. Invidiam im- 
 ponere, to cast the blame or odium 
 upon. 
 
 Importunitas, dtis, f. {importu- 
 7ucs), unsuitableness, impropriety 
 of behavior, shamelessness, inso- 
 lence. 
 
 Importunus, a, um, adj., unsuit- 
 able, unfavorable, not adapted, 
 inopportune ; dangerous, fraught 
 with difficulties and dangers. 
 
 Importuosus, a, um, adj. {in <t 
 portuosus), without harbors ; with 
 but few harbors, ill supplied with 
 harbors. 
 
 Impositus, see Impono. 
 
 Imprimis, do inprimis, adv. {in 
 (jj primis), in the fiist place, first 
 of all, above all, chiefly. 
 
 Imprbhus, a, um, adj. {in & pro- 
 hus), bad, wicked, depraved, vile, 
 malicious, worthless. 
 
 Improvisus, a, um, adj. {in <Ss 
 provisus), unforeseen, unlooked for, 
 unexpected, sudden. SJx impro- 
 viso, or de improviso, unexpected- 
 ly, on a sudden, suddenly. 
 
 Imprudentia, ce, f {i7nprudens), 
 want of knowledge, ignorance ; 
 error, misapprehension, mistake. 
 
 Impudens, tis, adj. {in cb pudeiis), 
 shameless, impudent, barefaced. 
 
 Lnpudentia, ce, f {impudens), 
 shamelessuess, impudence, effron- 
 tery. 
 
 Impudicus, a, um, adj. {in d: pu- 
 c^cics), shameless, immodest, un- 
 chaste, lewd. 
 
IMPUGNO 
 
 202 
 
 mCERTTJS 
 
 Impugno, are, avi, atum, tr. {in 
 iSb pugno), to fight against, attack, 
 assail, oppose. 
 
 Lnpulsus, part.y see Impello. 
 
 Impulsus, us, m. {impello), a put- 
 ting in motion, impulse; instiga- 
 tion, instance, persuasion. 
 
 Lnpune, adv. {impuni.'i), without 
 punishment, with impunity, safe- 
 ly; without taking vengeance, 
 tamely, submissively. 
 
 ImpunltaSy dtis, f. {impunii), 
 impunity, security against punish- 
 ment; pardon. 
 
 Impunltus, a, urn, adj. {in c& pu- 
 nio), unpunished, exempt from 
 punishment. 
 
 Impurus, a, um, adj. {in (t pu- 
 rus), impure, filthy. Figuratively, 
 impure, polluted, vile, base. 
 
 In, prep, rvith the ace. or abl., in, 
 into. With the ace. in answer to 
 the question, whither.^ into, unto, 
 in, to, as : In Apullam projicisci, 
 to depart or go into Apulia. De- 
 noting time, till, until ; for, as : In 
 nonas Februarias, till the nones, 
 or the fifth day, of February ; iji 
 prcesens, for the present. Denot- 
 ing the object to which actions 
 or feelings are directed, towards, 
 against, to, for, as: Ob munificen- 
 iiam in sese, on account of his 
 liberality towards them ; in hos- 
 iem pugnare, to fight against the 
 enemy; studium hi rempublicam, 
 zeal for the republic. Denoting 
 transition from one form or condi- 
 tion into another, into, as: In, na- 
 turam vertere, to change into [a 
 second] nature. Denoting the 
 manner or loag, according to, foi*, 
 after, as : In urbium modum, after 
 the manner of, or like, cities ;,i7i 
 illiusjidem, according to his word, 
 upon Ids word. Denoting the 
 boundaries of a division, into, for, 
 as : In quatuor partes, into four 
 parts ; in partem tertiam Afrlcam 
 posuerc, have set Africa down for, 
 or as, a third part. " With the abl. 
 
 in answer to the question, where? 
 in, on, upon ; in the midst of, 
 as: In Hispania, in Spain. Of 
 persons, among, in the case of, 
 as : In amicis habere, to reckon 
 among one's friends ; hcec non in 
 M. Tullio vereor, I do not fear 
 these things in, or in the case of, 
 Cicero. With esse or inesse, de- 
 noting the person to whom a quali- 
 ty belongs, as: Virtus major in 
 illisfuit, there was greater virtue 
 in, or belonging to them. Denot- 
 ing a period of time during which 
 anything happens, in, during, as: 
 In tempest ate, during the storm. 
 In composition it signifes, in or 
 into ; with verbs and with adjectives 
 it generally denotes negation. 
 
 Indnis, e, adj., empty; vain, fri- 
 volous, puffed up, haughty. 
 
 Incedo, ere, ces.n, cessum, intr. 
 {i7i (So cedo), to walk loith a slow 
 a7id measured pace, go on, advance, 
 proceed, march ; to walk proudly, 
 go in pompous state, strut; to 
 come upon, take place, arise, be- 
 come prevalent; to be, appear. 
 Insolitus incesserat, had seldom ) 
 happened, had been unusual. 
 
 Incendium, i, n. {incendo), a fire, 
 conflagration. Figuratively, fire or 
 heat of passion ; great danger, ruin. 
 
 Incendo, ere, di, sum, tr. {in (b 
 candeo), to kindle, set on fire. 
 Figuratively, to inflame, incite, in- 
 stigate, stir up, incense, provoke. 
 
 Incensus, see Incendo. 
 
 Incfptum, i, n. {inclpio), an un- 
 dertaking, enterprise, attempt, be- 
 ginning, purpose. 
 
 Inceptus, see Inclpio. 
 
 Dicer t us, a, vm, adj. {in dj certus), 
 uncertain, not sure, in doubt^ un- 
 decided, at a loss to decide; un- 
 certain, not clear, not manifest, 
 not clearl}' distinguished. Incer- 
 to vultu, with disturbed looks. In 
 incerto esse or habere, to be uncer- 
 tain. Incertis sedibus, with no 
 fixed habitations. 
 
 4 
 
mcESsi 
 
 203 
 
 mDO 
 
 hicessi, see Incedo <Sc Iiicesso. 
 
 Inccsso, ere, cesslvi <k cessiy tr. in- 
 tens, {incedo), to fall upon, pounce 
 upon, assail, attack ; to seize, take 
 possession of. 
 
 Incessns, part., see Incedo. 
 
 Incessus, us, in. {incedo), a going, 
 gait, march, pace. 
 
 Licido, ere, cidi, iiitr. {in & cado), 
 to fall into, fall upon ; to have the 
 misfortune of falling into; to oc- 
 cur, come to pass, happen. 
 
 Incipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, tr. {in 
 it capio), to begin, commence ; to 
 undertake, attempt. 
 
 Incito, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {in d: ci- 
 to), to set in quick motion ; to spmr 
 on, excite, stimulate, encourage. 
 
 Incognitiis, a, um, adj. {in d: cog- 
 nitus), not examined, untried; un- 
 known. Causa, incognita, without 
 a trial. 
 
 Ivcola, ce, c. g., an inhabitant, 
 resident. 
 
 Incolo, ere, colui, cultum, tr. {iii 
 & colo), to inhabit. Absolutely, 
 to dwell, reside. 
 
 Incolumis, e, adj. {in d: columis), 
 uninjured, unharmed, safe, unsub- 
 dued ; unchanged. Incolumia ma- 
 nerent, as they were. 
 
 Incommodum, i, n. {incommodus), 
 inconvenience, trouble, damage, 
 misfortune, loss. 
 
 Inconsulte, adv. {inconsultus), in- 
 considerately, imprudently, indis- 
 creetly, rashly. 
 
 Incorruptus, a, um, adj. {in d: 
 corruptus), incorrupt; unbribed; 
 incorruptible, imperishable. 
 
 Incredibilis, e, adj. {in d; credibi- 
 lis), incredible, improbable. 
 
 Increpo, are, dvi d: id, dtum dc 
 ttwn, tr. {in d* crepo), to assail 
 with words, scold, rebuke, inveigh 
 against. Laudare et iiicrepare me- 
 rcfites, praises and reprimands them 
 according to their deserts. 
 
 Incruentus, a, um, adj. {in djcruen- 
 tus), bloodless, without bloodshed. 
 
 hiculte, adv. {inculius), plainly, 
 
 rudely, boorishly. Incultius agi- 
 tare, to live still more rudely. 
 Incultius agere, to be, or live, in a 
 ruder state. 
 
 Incultus, us, m. {in <£• cidtus\ 
 want of cultivation, squalor, filth. 
 
 Incultus, a, um, adj. {in do cul- 
 tus), uncultivated; without culti- 
 vation or refinement, rude ; desert, 
 dreary. ^, 
 
 Incurro, ere, curri d: cucurri, cur- 
 su7n {i?i d; curro), to run against or 
 upon ; to rush upon, assail, attack. 
 
 Incur vu^s, a, um, adj. {in d: cur- 
 vus), bent, crooked, curved. 
 
 I7ide, adv., thence, from that 
 place, therefrom ; thence, from 
 that time, then, thereupon, next ; 
 of it. 
 
 IndemnaticSt «, w?n, adj. {in db 
 demnatus), uncondemned, without 
 a trial. 
 
 Index, icis, c. g. {indico), one 
 that points out, a discoverer, in- 
 former, betrayer. 
 
 Indicium, i, n. {hidez), a discov- 
 ery, disclosure, information, evi- 
 dence. 
 
 Indico, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {in db 
 dico), to disclose, reveal. Abso- 
 lutely, to make a disclosure, make 
 a confession. 
 
 Indigens, tis, part, see Indigeo, 
 Adj., needy, indigent, helpless; 
 detective, deficient 
 
 Indigeo, ere, ni, intr. {in d; egeo\ 
 to want, need, stand in need of, 
 require. 
 
 Indignor, dri, atus, dep. {indig- 
 nus), to regard as unbecoming, be 
 indignant or displeased ; to look 
 upon with indignation, scorn. 
 
 Indignus, a, um, adj. {in ds dig- 
 nus), unworthy, undeserving, un- 
 becoming, shameful, improper; 
 with words denoting crime or pun- 
 ishment, innocent of, not merit- 
 ing. 
 
 ^Indo, ere, didi, dituin, tr. {in d: 
 do), to put into; to put^ place, or 
 set upon ; to give. 
 
INDOCTUS 
 
 204: 
 
 INGREDIOR 
 
 IndoctuSf a, wriy adj, {in (k doc- 
 tus\ untaught, unlearned, unedu- 
 cated, ignorant. 
 
 Inducice, indutice, drnm, f. pi., a 
 truce, armistice, suspension of hos- 
 tilities. Per inducias, during an 
 armistice. Inductee agitabantu7\ 
 a truce was observed, there was a 
 truce. 
 
 Induco, ere, xi, ctuni, tr. (ifi d: 
 duco), to lead or bring in, lead in- 
 to ; to induce, persuade. In ani- 
 mum inducere, to propose to one's 
 self, adopt the resolution, make it 
 a principle. 
 
 Inductus, see Induco. 
 
 Industria, ce, f. (indusfriics), in- 
 dustry, activity, diligence. 
 
 Industries, a, urn, adj., indus- 
 trious, diligent, active, assiduous. 
 
 Inedia, ce, f. {in (b edo), fasting, 
 hunger. 
 
 Ineo, Ire, Ivi da ii, itum, intr. {in 
 (jt eo), to go into. 2V., to go into, 
 enter upon, commence. 
 
 Inermis, e, d; inermus, a, um, 
 adj. {in d; arma), unarmed, with- 
 out weapons, defenceless. 
 
 Iners, tis, adj. {in d; ars), un- 
 skilled in an art, not cunning; 
 slothful, inactive, lazy, spiritless. 
 
 Inertia, ce, f. {ijiers), idleness, 
 inactivity, indolence, sloth. 
 
 Infectus, a, um, adj. {in d; f actus), 
 not done, undone, unperformed, 
 unaccomplished; not possible to 
 be done, impracticable, impossi- 
 ble. 
 
 Infectus, part., see Injicio. 
 
 Infecundus, a, um, adj. {in d: fe- 
 cundus), unfruitful, unproductive. 
 
 Infelix, Icis, adj. (i?i c& felix), 
 unhappy, imforluuate, miserable ; 
 unfruitful. 
 
 Infensus, a, um, adj., hostile, en- 
 raged. Infensi adesse atque in- 
 stare, they come up and charge 
 with fur}^ 
 
 Infero, ferre, intuli, illdtum, tr. 
 irr. {in do fero), to bring or carry 
 into, bring, introduce. Inferre 
 
 helium, to make war upon, wage 
 war. 
 
 Inferus, a, um, adj., comp. infe- 
 rior, sup. infirnus, below, under- 
 neath. Inferior, lower ; nearer 
 the sea ; inferior. Infimus, the 
 lowest, last; the lowest, meanest. 
 ^5 a noun, infer i, drum, m. pi., 
 the infernal world with its inhab- 
 itants, the lower regions, the 
 shades. 
 
 Infesfus, a, um, adj., made unsafe, 
 molested, infested ; that makes un- 
 safe, hostile, troublesome, danger- 
 ous. 
 
 Infieio, ere, feci, fectum, tr. {in 
 du facio), to stain, color, dye. 
 
 Infldus, a, um, adj. (in d: fdws\ 
 unfaithful, faithless, false, treach- 
 erous. 
 
 hifimus, see Inferus. 
 
 Infinities, a, um, adj. {in dt finio), 
 infinite, boundless, endless. 
 
 Infirmitas, atis, f {infrmus), 
 weakness, feebleness, infirmity, 
 frailty. 
 
 Irijinnus, a, um, adj. {in dt fir' 
 mus), weak, feeble, fiail, infirm; 
 faint-hearted, cowardly. 
 
 Infra, prep, with the ace, under, 
 below. Adv., below, beneath. 
 
 Ingenium, i, n. {in do geno), na- 
 tural quality; natural disposition, 
 temperament, temper, character, 
 heart; natural capacities, faculties, 
 talents, abilities, mind, intellect^ 
 imagination ; the mind, genius, 
 intellectual powers. | 
 
 Ingens, tis, adj., ver}' great, huge, i 
 vast, enormous, prodigious ; nu- 
 merous, powerful, mighty ; com- 
 prehensive, expansive. 
 
 Ingenuus, a, um, adj., native, 
 not foreign ; freeborn, free. 
 
 Ingero, ere, gessi, gestum, tr. {in 
 d' gero), to put into ; to throw, 
 cast, or hurl upon. 
 
 Ingratus, a, ^im, adj. {in d; gra- 
 tus), unpleasant, disagreeable ; un- 
 grateful, unthankful. 
 
 Ingrcdior, i, gressus, dep. {in db 
 
INHONESTUS 
 
 205 
 
 INSOLITUS 
 
 gr<idior\ to go into, enter ; to en- 
 ter upon, commence, begin, under- 
 take. Intr,, to go, proceed. 
 
 Inhoneshts, a, um, adj. {in & ho- 
 nestus), dishonorable, disgraceful, 
 shameful, immoral, base. 
 
 hiimicifia, ce, f. {ini7nicus\ en- 
 mity, hostility, hatred. 
 
 Inimlcus^ «, um^ adj. {in (b ami- 
 cus)^ unfriendly, hostile, inimical. 
 As a noun, an enemy, foe. 
 
 Iiiiquitas, dtis, f. {iniquus), un- 
 even ness, roughness ; difficulty, 
 disadvantageous nature; unfair- 
 ness, injustice. 
 
 Iniquus, a, um, adj. {in <jc cequus), 
 unequal, uneven ; disadvantageous, 
 unfavorable, hard, difficult; un- 
 just, unfair, unreasonable. 
 
 Initium, i, n. {ineo), a beginning, 
 commencement. Initio, ahl., in 
 the beginning, at first, originally. 
 
 Injuria, ce, f. {injurius), injury, 
 wrong, injustice ; damage, hurt, 
 harm. Injuria sua, mea, nostra, 
 wrong done to him or them, to 
 me, to us. Licnntiam injurice eri- 
 pere, to take away the power of 
 doing harm. 
 
 Injussu, ahl. {in <jc jussu), with- 
 out the leave or order of, without 
 orders. 
 
 Injusle, adv. {injustus), unjustly, 
 wrongfully. 
 
 Injustus, a, um, adj. {in <St Jus- 
 tus), unjust, wrongful, oppressive. 
 
 Innocens, tis, adj. {in d: nocens), 
 innocent, guiltless, blameless ; dis- 
 interested, self-denying, free from 
 avarice. 
 
 Innocentia, ce, f. {innocens), in- 
 nocence, probity, uprightness ; dis- 
 interestedness, self-denial, free- 
 dom from avarice. 
 
 hmoxius, a, um, adj. {in (k nox- 
 ius), that does no harm, harmless, 
 innocent, inoffensive, innoxious ; 
 that suffers no harm, beyond the 
 reach of harm, uninjured, safe. 
 
 Inopia, ce, f. {inops), want, need, 
 scarcity; want of the necessaries 
 
 or conveniences of life, poverty, 
 indigence. 
 
 Inops, bpis, adj. {in cb ops), 
 needy, poor, indigent, helpless. 
 
 Inprimis, see Imprimis. 
 
 Inquam or inquio, inquis, inquit, 
 dtc, def. verb, I say. 
 
 Inquillnus, i, m. {incolo), the in- 
 habitant of a place which is not 
 his own, a tenant. As an adj., of 
 foreign birth, foreign. Inquilinus 
 civis Romce, a mere sojourner at 
 Rome. 
 
 Insatiabilis, e, adj. {in cb satis), 
 that cannot be satisfied, insatia- 
 ble. 
 
 Insequor, i, cutus, dep. {in & se- 
 quor), to follow after, pursue, press 
 upon. 
 
 Insidice, drum, f. pi. {insideo), an 
 ambush, ambuscade; an artifice, 
 crafty device, stratagem, plot, 
 snare. Insidias tendere or facere, 
 to set snares, lay ambuscades, form 
 plots. Insidiis tetitari, to be beset 
 with snares. 
 
 Insidiator, oris, m. {insidior), 
 one who lies in wait, a lier in 
 wait, assassin. 
 
 Lisidior, dri, dtus, dep. {insidice), 
 to lie in ambush, lie in wait, lay 
 snares for, plot against. 
 
 Insigfie, is, n. {insignis), a badge, 
 mark of distinction. Insignia^ 
 badges or insignia of office. In- 
 signia imperii, the badges or in- 
 signia of the consular office. 
 
 Insolens, tis, adj. {in (jt solens), 
 unaccustomed to, ignorant of, un- 
 acquainted with ; insolent, arro- 
 gant, haughty. 
 
 Insolentia, ce, /., want of ac- 
 quaintance with, strangeness, un- 
 usualuess, unusual nature, uncom- 
 mon character; stiangeness of 
 behavior, excess, vanity, haugh- 
 tiness. 
 
 Insolesco, ere, intr. {in <b solesco), 
 to grow haughty or insolent, be 
 elated. 
 
 InsoUtus, a, um, adj. {in & soli' 
 
INSOMNIA 
 
 206 
 
 INTERDUM 
 
 tus), tmaccustomed to, unacquaint- 
 ed with ; unwonted, unusual, 
 strange. 
 
 Insomnia, oe, f. {insoninis), want 
 of sleep, loss of sleep, watching. 
 
 Insons, tis, adj. {in (b sons), inno- 
 cent, guiltless. Insontes sicuti son- 
 tes, those who had not injured him, 
 as well as those who had. 
 
 Instituo, ere, ui, uturn, tr. {in ds 
 statuo), to place or put into ; to 
 appoint, institute, make ; to estab- 
 lish, introduce, commence, begin ; 
 to erect, build, construct, make, 
 form ; to direct, teach, train up ; 
 to decree, order, regulate. 
 
 Institulum, i, n. {instituo), a pur- 
 pose, object, plan; a custom, prac- 
 tice, principle ; an institution. 
 
 Insto, are, stitiy intr. {in d' sto), 
 to stand in, upon, or near ; to be 
 at hand, be near, approach, threat- 
 en ; to push or press upon, charge 
 vigorously, attack fiercely, pur- 
 sue; to pursue with reproaches, 
 inveigh against. 
 
 Instructus, see Instruo. 
 
 Jnstrurnentum, i, n. {instruo), an 
 instrument, implement, tool ; fur- 
 niture, baggage, apparatus ; menus, 
 aid. Instrumenta inilitice, muni- 
 tions of war. Instrumenta luxu- 
 ' ricEj means of [maintaining] luxu- 
 
 Instruo, ere, uxi, uctum, tr. {in 
 dc struo), to construct, build; to 
 set in order, dispose, arrange ; to 
 fit out, furnish, equip. In military 
 language, to draw up in battle ar- 
 i-ay. 
 
 Insuesco, ere, evi, etum, intr. {in 
 ds suesco), to be accustomed, accus- 
 tom one's self, be in the habit. 
 
 Inswn, esse, fax, intr. irr. {in d; 
 sum), to be in. 
 
 Insuper, adv. {in db super), above, 
 from above; besides, moreover. 
 
 Intactus, a, icm, adj. {i7i d; tactus), 
 untouched ; unattempted ; unin- 
 jured. Bellum intactum, a war 
 without active hostilities. 
 
 Integer y gra, grum, adj., whole, 
 entire, unbroken, undiminished, 
 unimpaired, unchanged, uninjur- 
 ed ; new, fresh, vigorous ; pure, 
 spotless, unsullied, upright, hon- 
 est. De integro, as before, anew, 
 afresh. 
 
 Integritas, dtis, /.{integer), sound- 
 ness, integrity, uprightness, hon- 
 esty. 
 
 Intelligo, ere, exi, ectum, tr. {in- 
 ter d: lego), to understand, know, 
 perceive, see. 
 
 Intempestus, a, um, adj. (in do 
 tempestus), unseasonable. Intem- 
 pesta nox, the dead of night, mid- 
 night, as being the most unsea- 
 sonable part of the night for busi- 
 ness. 
 
 Intendo, ^re, di, turn, ds sum, tr. 
 {in d; tendo), to stretch out, extend ; 
 to hold forth, present; to direct, 
 turn, apply ; to aspire to, aim at. 
 Intr., to aim, intend, point, look 
 towards. Intendere, with animum 
 or ingenium, either expressed or 
 omitted, to exert one's mind, di- 
 rect one's energies, strive after, 
 aim at. Intendere, with iter or 
 cicrsum, expressed or omitted, to 
 turn or direct one's course, go. 
 Intendere ire, to design to go. In- 
 tendere anna, to hold arms ready 
 for action, present arms. 
 
 Intentus, a, um, part., see Inten- 
 do. Adj., bent upon, fixed upon, 
 engrossed, fully occupied, intent, 
 eager ; watchful, on the alert, 
 ready for fight. 
 
 Intej', prep, with the ace, be- 
 tween, betwixt, among, amid, in 
 the midst of; in, during; within. 
 Inter se, among themselves, to or 
 with one another, jointly. Pro- 
 cul or lojige iiiter se, far from each 
 other, far apart. Diversi inter se, 
 opposite to one another. Infer 
 tanta vitia tenebatur, was kept in 
 check b}^ so great vices. 
 
 Interdam, adv. {iyiter d: dum\ 
 sometimes, now and then, often. 
 
ENTEKEA 
 
 207 
 
 INVrDUS 
 
 Tnterecu adv. {inter d: ea\ in the 
 mean time, meanwhile. 
 
 Inter emptus^ see Interimo. 
 
 Inter eo^ Ire, ii, itu7n, intr. irr. 
 (inter (b eo), to go among so as no 
 lojiger to he distinguished, to per- 
 ish, be destroyed, be slain, die. 
 
 Interfectus, see Interjicio. 
 
 Interficio, ere, feci, fectwn, tr. 
 (inter 62 facio), to put to death, 
 kill, slay. 
 
 Interhn, adv. (inter), in the 
 mean time, meanwhile, in the in- 
 terim. 
 
 Interimo, ere, emi, emptum, tr. 
 (inter (t ono), to take away from 
 the midst, kill, slay, murder, de- 
 stroy. 
 
 Interiturus, see Intereo. 
 
 Internuntius, i, m. (inter <&; nun- 
 tins), an interposer, mediator, mu- 
 tual adviser. 
 
 Interpcllo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. 
 (inter <Jc pello), to interrupt by 
 speaking, interrupt, hinder, stop ; 
 to prevent as a tribune hy his veto. 
 
 Interpono, ere, posui, positum, 
 tr. (inter d: pono), to interpose, 
 pledge. Interposita fide puhlica, 
 the faith of the state being pledged 
 [for his safety]. 
 
 Interpositus, see Interpono. 
 
 Inter pres, etis, c. g., a mediator, 
 arbitrator ; an interpreter, ex- 
 plainer, expounder. 
 
 Interpretor, dri, dtus, dep. (inter- 
 pres), to interpret, explain, trans- 
 late. 
 
 Interrogo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. (in- 
 ter 6: rogo), to ask, question, inter- 
 rogate ; to bring to trial, accuse, 
 impeach. 
 
 Intcrvallum, i, n. (inter & vallus), 
 8, space, interval, distance. 
 
 Intervenio, Ire, veni, vcntwn 
 (inter d; venio), to come betweeu, 
 be or exist between ; to come or 
 stand in the way. 
 
 Intestahilis, e, adj. (in & testahi- 
 lis\ that is not permitted to give 
 evidence in a court of justice or to 
 
 make a will, dishonorable, accurs- 
 ed, execrable, vile. 
 
 Intestlnu^, a, um. adj. (intus), 
 internal, intestine, civil, domestic. 
 
 Intolerandu.s, a, mn, adj. (in dc 
 tolerandus), not to be borne, intol- 
 erable, insuflferablo. 
 
 Intra, prep, with the ace, with- 
 in, in, during. Adv., within. 
 
 Intro, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. <b intr. 
 to go into, enter; to come over, 
 come on this side of. 
 
 Introduco, ere, xi, ctum, tr. (ifi- 
 tro d: duco), to lead or bring in, 
 introduce. 
 
 Introeo, ere, ii, intr. irr. (intra 
 d; eo), to go into, go in, enter. 
 
 Intueor, eri, itus, dep. (in do tueoi'), 
 to look upon, behold. 
 
 Imdtus, a, um, adj. (in dc ultus), 
 unrevenged ; unpunished. 
 
 Invade, ere, si, sum, tr. dc intr. 
 (in dc vado), to go into, enter, in- 
 vade ; to fall upon, rush upon, 
 attack, assail ; to grasp, seize upon, 
 lay hold of, take possession of. 
 Absolutely, to prevail, bear swa}", 
 spread. Invaditur, imp., an attack 
 or rush is made. 
 
 Invenio, Ire, veni, ventum, tr. (in 
 dc venio), to find, find out, meet 
 with, discover; to acquire, gain, 
 procure ; to invent. 
 
 Inventus, see Invenio. 
 
 Inversus, see Inverto, 
 
 Inverto, ere, ti, sum, tr. (in d: 
 verto), to invert, turn upside down. 
 
 Invictus, a, um, adj. (in dc victus), 
 unconquered, unsubdued ; uncon- 
 querable, invincible. 
 
 Invideo, ere, vldi, visum, intr. dc 
 tr. (in dc video), to look upon with 
 an evil eye, envy, grudge; to be 
 unfavorable to, deny success to. 
 
 Invidia, oe, f. (invidns), envy, 
 jealousy, hatred, odium, dissatis- 
 faction; popular odium, unpopu- 
 larity. Invidice esse, to render 
 odious. 
 
 Invidus, a, um, adj. (invideo\ 
 envious, malignant. 
 
INYIOI.ATUS 
 
 208 
 
 JAM 
 
 Invioldtus, a, um, adj. {in & vio- 
 latus\ uninjured, unhurt, unbrok- 
 en, inviolate, irreproachable. 
 
 Invisus, a, urh, part, see hivideo. 
 Adj., disliked, odious, hateful. 
 
 Invito, are, dvi, dtum, tr.y to in- 
 vite, ask. 
 
 Ipse, a, imi, gen. ipsius, adj. pro., 
 rayself, thyself, himself, herself, 
 itself; I myself, thou thyself, &c. ; 
 in himself, in herself, &c. ; he, she, 
 it, (fee. ; alone. Ipse is often itsed 
 to give emphasis to the personal 
 pronouns, as : ego ipse, I myself, 
 <fec. Natura serpentiwn ipsa per- 
 7iiciosa, the nature of serpents in 
 itself baneful. Quo imperatorcs 
 
 ipsi pares, personally 
 
 equal. 
 
 Ira, ce, /., anger, displeasure, 
 passion. 
 
 Iracundia, ce, f. (iracundus), iras- 
 cibility, hastiness of temper, an- 
 ger, passion. 
 
 Irdtus, a, tmi, adj. (ira), angr}^ 
 enraged. 
 
 Ire, see £Jo. 
 
 Irritamentuui, I, n. (irriio), an 
 incitement, incentive, provoca- 
 tive. 
 
 Irrumpo, ere, rupi, ruptum, intr. 
 {in <t rumpo), to break in or into, 
 burst in; to rush, come with all 
 speed. 7r., to enter by force, 
 burst through. 
 
 Is, ea, id, gen. ejus, adj. pro., he, 
 she, it; this, that; this or that 
 person; the same; such, of such a 
 kind, so great. Id quod, what, 
 which, indeed, as. Et is or atque 
 is, and this too, and that too. In 
 the oratio ohliqua, is, soynetimes, hut 
 more commonly ille, takes the place 
 of tu in the oratio directa. , 
 
 Isdem, for lisdem, see Idem. 
 
 Isse, perf. infin., see Eo. 
 
 Isle, isia, istud, gen. istius, adj. 
 pro., this, that; he, she, it. 
 
 Ita, adv. {is), so, thus, in this 
 manner, in such a manner, even 
 BO, truly; such, so constituted; 
 
 so much, to such a degree, there- 
 fore, accordingly. 
 
 Italia, ce, f, Italy. 
 
 Italicus, a, um, adj., Italian. As 
 a noun, an Italian, Koman. 
 
 Itdque, conj. {ita (h que), and 
 so, and in this way; therefore, 
 then. 
 
 Item, adv., likewise, in like man- 
 ner, also. 
 
 Iter, itineris, n. {eo), a going; a 
 journey, march, walk ; a way, 
 road, rout, path, direction ; a way, 
 method, plan. It itinere, or itinere, 
 on the way, march, or journey. 
 Ex itinere, on the march or jour- 
 ney ; from the route. Iter facere, to 
 make a journey, travel, march, go. 
 Iter faciens, while on a journey or 
 march. Mngnis itineribus, by great 
 or forced marches, with all speed. 
 Ferro iter apcrire, to open a pas- 
 sage with the sword. 
 
 Ilcrum, adv.f again, a second 
 time, anew. 
 
 Itum, sec Eo. 
 
 It urns, see Eo. 
 
 J. 
 
 Jacio, ere, jeci, jactum, tr., to 
 throw, cast, hurl; to throw up, 
 raise, erect; to throw out a re- 
 mark, remark casually, observe. 
 
 Jaculor, dr'i, dtus, dep. {jaculum), 
 to throw the javelin. 
 
 Jaculum, ^, n. {jacio), a javelin, 
 dart. 
 
 Jam, adv., now, just now, imme- 
 diately, presently, even, already. 
 Jam jam, just now, instantly, now 
 indeed. Jam inde, all along. Jam 
 inde a principio, at the very com- 
 mencement, from the very begin- 
 ning. Jam primiun, now for the 
 iirst time, in the very first place, 
 first of all. Jam aiite, jam antea^ 
 or ariteajam, before now, long be- 
 fore, some time ago, already, pre- 
 viously. Jam pridem, for a long 
 
JAMPRIDEM 
 
 209 
 
 JUVENTTS 
 
 time, long, long ago. Jam tum^ 
 even then, already. 
 
 Jampridenij ov jam pridem, for a 
 long time, long, long ago. 
 
 Janua, ce, f.^ a gate, door, en- 
 trance. 
 
 Januarius, a, um, adj. (Janus), 
 of or belonging to the month of 
 January. Calejidce Januarice, the 
 first of January. 
 
 Jocus, i, m., in the pi., joci, m., 
 (bjoca, n., a joke, jest, wit, pleas- 
 antry. Jocum movere^ to excite 
 merriment, joke. 
 
 JoviSj see Jupiter. 
 
 Jubeo, ere,jussi,jussu7}i, to order, 
 command, enjoin, direct, bid ; to 
 be in favor oi, choose, appoint, de- 
 cree, assign ; to ratif}^ approve. 
 Rogationem juhere, to vote for a 
 bill, enact a law. 
 
 Jiicundus^ a, wm, adj. (jocus), 
 pleasant, agreeable, joyful, delight- 
 ful 
 
 Judicium^ i, n. (judex), a judg- 
 ment, judicial investigation, trial, 
 sentence, decision; judicial pow- 
 er; a court of justice; a lawsuit, 
 legal process, opinion, belief. Ju- 
 dicium anirni mutare, to change 
 one's mind or opinion. 
 
 Judico, are, dvi, dtnm, tr. (jus dt 
 dico), to give judgment, judge, de- 
 cide, pronounce, declare. 
 
 Jugis, e, adj., never-failing, per- 
 ennial. Jugis aqua, an unfailing 
 spring, fountain, spring. 
 
 JugulOy are, dvi, dtum, tr. (jugu- 
 lum), to cut the throat of, butcher, 
 murder. 
 
 Jugum, i, n., a joke. In military 
 language, the yoke, which consisted 
 of a spear placed horizontally on 
 the tops of two other upright spears 
 under ivhich the vanquished enemy 
 was sometimes jnade to pass, in to- 
 ken of submission. Sub jugum 
 mittere, to send, or compel to pass, 
 under the yoke. 
 
 Jugurtha, oe, m., Jugurtha, the 
 1 son of Manastabaly or Mastanabal, 
 
 the brother of Micipsa, king of Nu- 
 midia. 
 
 Jugurthlnus, a, um, adj., of Ju- 
 gurtha, Jugurthine. 
 
 Julius, i, m., Caius Julius, one 
 of Catiline's conspirators. 
 
 Jumentum, i, n. (jungo), a beast 
 of burden, pack-horse. 
 
 Junius, a, um., adj., of or pertain- 
 ing to the month of June. Ca- 
 lendce Junice, the calends of June, 
 the first of June. 
 
 Junius, i, 7n., Junius, the name 
 of a Roman gens, see Silanus. 
 
 Jupiter, Jovis, m., Jupiter or 
 Jove, the son of Saturn, husband 
 of Juno, and chief of the gods of 
 ancient mythology. 
 
 Jurgium, i, n. (jurgo), a dispute, 
 quarrel, altercation, strife ; a ma- 
 licious accusation, slander, scandal. 
 
 Juro, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. <k intr. 
 (jus), to swear, make oath, take 
 an oath. 
 
 Jus^ juris, n., right, law, justice; 
 the laws, the institutions and cus- 
 toms ; power, authority, leave ; 
 the pi'ivileges, immunities. Jure, 
 according to law or justice, justly, 
 as a matter of course. Jus fasque, 
 human and divine laws. Jus bo- 
 7iumque, right and justice. Jus 
 libertatis, the right of free citizen- 
 ship. 
 
 Jusjurandumy ^, n. (jus 6c juro), 
 an oath. 
 
 Jussic, m., abl. (jubeo), by com- 
 mand. Sine jussu, without the 
 command or orders. 
 
 Jussum, i, n. (jubeo), a command, 
 order. 
 
 Justitia, ce, f. (Justus), justice, 
 impartiality. 
 
 Justus, a, um, adj. (jus), just, 
 upright; equitable, proper, suit- 
 able. 
 
 Juventus, utis,f (juvenis), youth, 
 the da3^s of one's youth, embracing 
 the period from the twentieth to the 
 fortieth year of one^s life ; accord- 
 ing to some, from the seventeenth to 
 
JUVO 
 
 210 
 
 LARES 
 
 the fwly-sixth ; the youth, young 
 men, yonng persons. Juventus no- 
 biliumy the young nobles. 
 
 JuvOj are, juvij jutum, tr.^ to 
 help, aid, assist, succor ; to please, 
 delight. Juvat, imp., it delights 
 or pleases. Diis juvmitihus, the 
 gods helping, by the blessing of 
 heaven. 
 
 Juxta, adv., near, nigh ; equally, 
 of equal value or importance, 
 alike. Juxta ac si, just as if, just 
 as though. Suce hostiumque vitce 
 juxta parcere, to spare their own 
 lives as little as those of the ene- 
 m}^ Juxta boni et mali, the good 
 equally with, or as well as, the 
 bad. Juxta mecum^ equally with 
 me, as well as I. 
 
 X., an abbreviation of Lucius. 
 As a num. adj., fifty. 
 
 Labor, i, lapsus, dep., to fall, slip, 
 or glide down. Figuratively, to 
 go wrong, mistake, err. 
 
 J^abor d: Labos, oris, m., labor, 
 toil ; activity, industry ; fatigue, 
 hardship, trouble. Ilultus labor, 
 an arduous task. 
 
 Labor o, are, dvi, dtum, intr. (la- 
 bor), to labor, toil, exert one's self; 
 to endure toil or hardship, be op- 
 pressed with toil or fatigue ; to be 
 in want, difficult}', or distress, be 
 hard pressed. Tr., to strive after, 
 do one's utmost to efi'ect, labor to 
 accomplish. 
 
 Lac, lactis, n., milk. 
 
 Lacedcemon, 07iis,f., Lacaedemon, 
 or Sparta, a celebrated city of Pelo- 
 ponnesus, and the capital of La<:o- 
 nia. 
 
 Lacedoimonins, a, um, adj., of or 
 belonging to Lacedffimon, Laeeda3- 
 monian. Spartan. As a noun, a 
 Lacedaemonian, a Spartan. 
 
 Lacero, are, avi, atum, tr. (lacer), 
 to mangle, lacerate. Figuratively^ 
 
 to abuse, rail at, load with curses; 
 to waste, squander, dissipate. 
 
 Lacesso, ere, Ivi, Itum, tr. (lacio), 
 to provoke, challenge, rouse, in- 
 cite ; to assail, attack. 
 
 Lacryma, or Lacrima, ce, /., a 
 tear. 
 
 Lacrymo & Lacrimo, are, dvi, 
 dtum, intr. {Uicryma), to shed tears, 
 weep. 
 
 Lceca, ce, m., Marcus Porcius Lae- 
 ca, one of Catiline's accomplices. 
 
 Lcedo, ere, si, sum, tr., to hurt, 
 harm ; to rail at, assail, asperse, 
 slander. 
 
 Lcetandus, see Lcetor. 
 
 Lcetitia, ce, f (Icetus), joy, glad- 
 ness, mirth ; shouts of joy, exulta- 
 tion. 
 
 Lcetor, dri, dtus, dep. {Icetus), to 
 rejoice, be glad or joyful ; to re- 
 joice at or over, take delight in. 
 
 Lcetus, a, um, adj., glad, joyful, 
 joyous, rejoiced, cheerful ; friend- 
 ly, favorable. Civitas Iceta agere, 
 was filled with joy. 
 
 LcEvus, a, um, adj., left. As a 
 noun, lava, ce, f (sc. manus), the 
 left hand or side. Ad Icevam, on 
 or towards the left. 
 
 Lancea, a, f, a lance, spear. 
 
 Langueo, ere, ui, intr., to be 
 weak, fatigued, or tired, be feeble, 
 or faint ; to be listless, languid, or 
 inactive. 
 
 Langiiidus, a, um, adj. {langv£o\ 
 languid, faint, feeble, exhausted ; 
 listless, inactive, remiss, dull. 
 
 Lapideus, a, um, adj. (lapis), of 
 stone, ston}', stone. 
 
 Lapis, idis, m., a stone. 
 
 Lapsus, see Labor. 
 
 Laqueits, i, m., a noose, halter, 
 cord. 
 
 Lar, laris, m., a household god, 
 tutelar god of a family ; a home. 
 Lar familiaris, a home of one's 
 own. 
 
 Lares, ium, f. Lares, a toton of 
 Africa supposed to have occupied 
 the site of the modern Larbuss. 
 
LAEGE 
 
 211 
 
 LEGO 
 
 - Large, largiter, adv. {largus), 
 largely, bountifully, freely, liber- 
 atiy. 
 
 Largior, iri, Uus, dep. (largus), 
 to bestow largely, give abundant- 
 ly, be prodigal of, make presents, 
 give largesses ; to bribe, distribute 
 bribes. 
 
 Largitio, onis, f. {largior\ a lar- 
 gess, profuse giving, bountifulness ; 
 prodigal expenditures for ambi- 
 tious purposes, bribery, corrup- 
 tion. 
 
 Largitor, oris, m. (largior), a 
 liberal giver, profuse spender, 
 briber. 
 
 Lascivia, ce, f. (lascivus), sport- 
 iveness ; in a good sense, playful- 
 ness, gayety, recreation ; in a bad 
 sense, wantonness, extravagant 
 gayety, lasciviousness. 
 
 Lassitude, mis, f. (lassus), wea- 
 riness, fatigue, lassitude. 
 
 Lassus, a, um, adj., weary, tired, 
 faint. 
 
 Late, adv. (latus), widely, far 
 and wide. 
 
 Latlne, adv. {latinus), in the 
 Latin language, in Latin. 
 
 Latinus, a, um, adj. (latium), of 
 or belonging to Latium, Latin. 
 Nomen Latinum, the Latin nation, 
 the Latins. 
 
 Latitudo, inis,f. {latus), breadth ; 
 a broad tract. Declivis latitudo, 
 a broad slope. 
 
 Latro, onis, m., a robber, high- 
 wayman, bandit. 
 
 Latrocinium, i, n. (latrocinor), 
 robbery, highway robbery ; a con- 
 test with robbers, predatory at- 
 tack. Per latrocinia, in the man- 
 ner of robbers, by roguery, by 
 knavish tricks. 
 
 Latus, part., see LWo. 
 
 Latus, eris, n., *the side, flank. 
 Ah latere, in the flank; near by, 
 at one's elbow. Ex or a laterihus, 
 on the flanks. 
 
 Latus, a, um, adj., broad, wide. 
 
 LaudOy drCf dvi, dtum, tr. {laus), 
 
 to praise, extol, laud ; to esteem, 
 prize. 
 
 Laus, dis, /., praise, honor 
 glory. 
 
 Laxd, adv. (laxus), loosely, open- 
 ly. Sperans Romanos laxius li- 
 centiusque futuros, hoping that the 
 Romans would be- more remiss 
 [in their discipline] and more dis- 
 orderly [in their conduct]. 
 
 Laxus, a, um, adj., loose, slack. 
 Laxius imperium, a less severe 
 discipline. 
 
 Lectus, ?*, m., a bed, couch. 
 
 Lectus, a, um, part, see Lego. 
 Adj., choice, chosen, select, excel- 
 ling in. 
 
 Legatio, onis, f. {lego, are), an 
 embassy, legation, mission ; a com- 
 mission. 
 
 Legatus, i, in. {lego), an ambas- 
 sador, envoy, commissioner; a de- 
 puty, assistant, lieutenant, lieuten- 
 ant-general, deputy-governor. 
 
 Legio, onis, f. {lego, ere), a le- 
 gion, a body of Roman soldiers 
 comprising ten cohorts, c&tnmaiided 
 by a legatus, and containing, at dif- 
 ferent periods, from three thousand 
 to six thousand foot, and from three 
 hundred to four hundred horse ; an 
 army. 
 
 Legionarius, a, um, adj. {legio), 
 of a legion, legionary. Cohortes 
 legionarice, the legionary cohorts, 
 as distinguished from the auxiliary 
 cohorts. 
 
 Legitimus, a, um, adj. {lex), ac- 
 cording to law, limited by law, 
 legal, legitimate. Intra legitimes 
 dies profiteri, to declare one's self 
 a candidate within the days pre- 
 scribed by law, that is, before the 
 seventeenth day previous to the elec- 
 tion. • 
 
 Lego, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to send 
 as ambassador, to appoint as lieu- 
 tenant. Legate sibi aliquem, to 
 choose one as one's deputy or 
 lieutenant. 
 
 Lego, ere, legi, tectum, tr., to col- 
 
LENIO 
 
 212 
 
 LIBYS 
 
 lect, gather, pick up ; to choose, 
 select; to read. 
 
 LeniOj Ire, Ivi, Itum, tr, (lenis\ to 
 soften, mitigate, extenuate, calm, 
 assuage, lessen ; to persuade, in- 
 duce to yield. Inopimn frumenti 
 lenire, to mitigate [the evils aris- 
 ing from] a scarcity of corn. 
 
 Le7iiter, adv. {lenif<), softly, gent- 
 ly, mildly ; sluggishly, inactively. 
 Lenius agere, to slacken the attack, 
 act with less vigor. 
 
 Lentulus, ^, m., Publius Corne- 
 lius Lentulus Sura, a distinguished 
 Roman, put to death for the part he 
 took in the conspiracy of Catiline. 
 He was consul 71-5. 6'., hut was 
 subsequently expelled the Senate on 
 account of his immoral conduct. 
 
 Leo, onis, m., a lion. 
 
 Lepidus, i, m., Marcus ^milius 
 Lepidus, a Roman consul B. C. 66. 
 
 Lepor & Lepos, oris, m., conver- 
 sational graces, mirth, wit, humor. 
 
 Leptis, is, /., Leptis, the name of 
 ttco towns in Africa, distinguished 
 from each other as Leptis inagna, 
 and Leptis minor. The former, 
 now called Lepida, was situated be- 
 tween the Syrtes ; the latter, which 
 hears the modern name of Lempta, 
 was on the coast, about eighteen 
 7nilesfrom Hadrumetum. 
 
 Leptitamis, a, um, adj., of or be- 
 longing to Leptis. As a noun, an 
 inhabitant of Leptis. 
 
 Levis, e, adj., light, of but little 
 weight; of but little importance 
 or moment, slight, trivial; of but 
 little severity, mild, soft, gentle. 
 
 Leviter, adv. (levis), lightly, soft- 
 ly, mildly. Levius strepere, to 
 make less noise. 
 
 Levo, are, avi, at am, tr. {levis), 
 to lift up, raise, support* to light- 
 en, ease, relieve. 
 
 TjCx, legis, /., law ; a law, stat- 
 ute. 
 
 Lihens, tis, adj. (libet), willing, 
 pleased, glad. Libens accipere, to 
 receive gladly. 
 
 Liber, bri, m., a book. 
 
 Liber, era, erum, adj. (libet), bom 
 of free parents, free ; free, unre- 
 strained, unshackled; open, bold; 
 exempt from. 
 
 Liberdlis, e, adj. {liber), free, 
 liberal, bountiful, generous. 
 
 LiberalitaSj atis, f {liberalis), 
 liberality, munificence, bounty. 
 
 Liberaliter, adv. {liberaUs), libe- 
 rally, bountifully, generously, mu- 
 nificently. 
 
 Libere, adv. {liber), freely. Li- 
 berius altiusque, too freely and too 
 far. 
 
 Libert, drum, m. pi. {liber), chil- 
 dren, with reference to their parents 
 and not icith reference to their age. 
 
 Libero, are, avi, atum, tr. {liber), 
 to set at liberty, liberate, free ; to 
 release, extricate. 
 
 Libertas, atis, f {liber), liberty, 
 freedom, independence, loftiness. 
 
 Libertus, i, m. {libero), a freed- 
 man. Libertus differs from liberti- 
 nus, in its being used when, reference 
 is made to the former master, while 
 the latter denotes the class in the 
 state. This distinction is, however, 
 not always observed. 
 
 Libet, libuit d: libitum est, imp., 
 it pleases, is agreeable. Uti libet 
 {sc. tihi or vobis), as you like, as 
 you please. 3Iihi libet conjiteri, 
 I willingly confess. 
 
 Libidinose, adv. {libidinosus), ac- 
 cording to one's pleasure or ca- 
 price, wantonly. 
 
 Libido, inis, f. {libet), pleasure, 
 desire, longins:; will, humor, ca- 
 price ; unlawful or inordinate de- 
 sire, greediness, cupidity ; ungov- 
 erned appetite, sensuality, lust; 
 passion, indulgence, extravagance. 
 Ex libidine, according to one's 
 pleasure, whim, or caprice. Ha- 
 bere libidinem in aliqua se, to take 
 pleasure or delight in any thing. 
 
 Lihys, yos, adj., of or belonging 
 to Libya, Libyan. As a noun, 
 Lihyes, m. pi., the Libyans, the in- 
 
LICENTER 
 
 213 
 
 LUDIBRIUM 
 
 habitants of Libya, a name pro- 
 perly helongmg io tJiat part of Nor- 
 thern Africa lying between Egypt 
 and Gcetuliay hut often applied to 
 the whole country north of Ethio- 
 pia. 
 
 Licenter, adv. (licens), without 
 restraint, freely, with froedom, 
 carelessly. 
 
 Eicentia, os, /. {licens\ liberty to 
 do as one pleases, license, full pow- 
 er, leave, permission ; licentious- 
 ness, corruption. 
 
 Licet, licuit <Sc licltmn est, imp., 
 it is lawful, permitted, or allowed ; 
 it is possible, one may or can ; 
 may ar can, the dative being trans- 
 lated as the subject, as : Licet mihi, 
 I may or can. 
 
 Licinius, i, m., Marcus Licinius 
 Crassus, see Crassus. 
 
 Lictor, oris, m., a lictor. The 
 lictors were public attendants of the 
 higher Roman magistrates. They 
 bore the fasces before the officer 
 whom they attendrd, as a symbol of 
 judicial and executive authority, 
 marching in single file. The one 
 who led the file was called primus 
 lictor, and the one in the rear, who, 
 being nearest his commander, re- 
 ceived his orders and held the high- 
 est rank, was distinguished as proxi- 
 mus lictor, hence proximus lictor 
 may sometimes be translated, a con- 
 fidential attendant. 
 
 Ligneus, a, um, adj. {lignum), 
 of wood, wooden. 
 
 Ligur (b Ligus, uris, e.g., a Ligu- 
 rian, an inhabitant of Liguria, a 
 country of Italy co7nprisi7ig the 
 modern Lucca, Genoa, and a part 
 of Piedmont. As an adjective, of 
 Liguria, Ligurian. 
 
 Limetanus, i, m., Cains Mamilius 
 Limetanus, a tribune of the people 
 in the time of the Jugurthine war. 
 
 Limosus, a, um, adj. {limus), 
 miry, muddy, marshy. 
 
 Lingua, ce, f, the tongue; a 
 language, dialect, tongue. 
 
 Littera (b Litera, ce, f, a letter 
 of the alphabet. Litter cb, arum, 
 pi., letters, literature, learning, 
 books ; a letter or letters, an epis- 
 tle or epistles. 
 
 Lixa, CB, m., a victualler in the 
 camp, sutler. 
 
 J^oco, are, avi, dtum, tr. (locus), 
 to place, put, locate, station, dis- 
 pose, deposit, store away. 
 
 Locuples, etis, adj. (locus c£* 
 pleo), rich, opulent, wealthy; well- 
 stored. 
 
 Locus, i, m. pi., loci, m., <£* loca, 
 n., a place, region, country, part, 
 situation; locaiit}^, a station, stand, 
 post, position ; room, cause, oppor- 
 tunity, time, occasion, pretext ; 
 condition, state, posture ; rank, 
 famil}^ Id loci, that place. Ad 
 id locorum, up to that time. Post- 
 ea loci, afterwards, after that. 
 Loco cedere, to give way, abandon 
 one's post. Pro loco, according to 
 the nature of the ground. 
 
 Locutus, see Loquor. 
 
 Longe, adv. (longus), far, far off, 
 at a distance; very much, much. 
 Longius, farther, too far. 
 
 Longinus, i, m., Lucius Cassius 
 Longinus, see Cassius. 
 
 Longus, a, um, adj., long either 
 in time or space, lasting, enduring, 
 of long duration. 
 
 Loquor, i, cutus, to speak, say, 
 utter, discourse, talk. 
 
 Lucius, i, m., Lucius, a Roman 
 prcenomen. 
 
 Luctudsus, a, mn, adj. (luctns), 
 mournful, lamentable, doleful, ca- 
 lamitous. 
 
 Luctus, us, m. (lugeo), mourn- 
 ing, v;ailing, lamentatioji, sorrow. 
 
 Luculentus, a, um, adj. (lux), 
 bright, splendid, brilliant. 
 
 iuucullus, i, m., Publius LucuUus, 
 a tribune of the people in the time 
 of the Jugurthine war. 
 
 Ludibrium, i, 7i. (ludo), mock- 
 ery, scoffing ; a laughing-stock, 
 sport, jest, derision. Esse ludibrio. 
 
LUDIFICO 
 
 214 
 
 MALE 
 
 to serve as a laughing-stock, be the 
 sport of. Habere ludibrio, to have 
 for a laughing-stock, make sport of, 
 mock, play tricks upon. 
 
 Ludifico, are. dvi, dtum, tr., <& 
 
 Ludificor, dri, dtus, dep., to make 
 sport of, mock, trifle with, baffle. 
 
 Ludus, ^, 7n., play, sport, amuse- 
 ment ; a sport, joke, jest. 
 
 Lumen, mis, n. {luc€o\ light; a 
 light, luminary ; the light of day, 
 day. 
 
 Lux, lucis, f., light ; daylight. 
 Ante lucis adventum, before day- 
 light. 
 
 Luxuria, ce, f. (luxus), luxury, 
 luxurious living, excess, riot, waste. 
 
 Luxuriose, adv. {luxuriosns), lux- 
 uriously, sumptuously, prodigally. 
 
 Luxuriosus, a, um, adj. (luxuria), 
 luxurious, extravagant, prodigal, vo- 
 luptuous. 
 
 Luxus, us, m., luxury, extrava- 
 gance, excess, riot. 
 
 M. 
 
 M., an abbreviation of Marcus. 
 As a num. adj., a thousand. 
 
 Macedonia, ce, /., Macedonia or 
 Macedon, a large country of Europe 
 lying to the west of Thrace and 
 north of Thessaly. 
 
 Macedonicus, a, um. adj., of or 
 relating to Macedonia, Macedonian. 
 
 Machina, oe,f., a machine, engine ; 
 a military machine, engine for 
 sieges. 
 
 Machindtio, onis, f. (inachinor), 
 a contrivance, machine ; a military 
 engine. 
 
 MachXnor, dri, dtus, dep. [machi- 
 na). to contrive, design ; to contrive 
 maliciously, plot, scheme. Maehi- 
 natiis, a, um, part, with passive 
 meaning, planned, devised, fabri- 
 cated. 
 
 Magis, adv., sup. maxime (major), 
 more, rather. Whoi 77iagis is used 
 in one member of a sentence^ and 
 
 quam in another, the meaning often 
 is that the first is true and the lat- 
 ter not. 
 
 Magistrdtus, us, m. (magistro), 
 an office ; a civil office, magistracy ; 
 an officer, magistrate. This word 
 generally denotes a civil, but some- 
 times also, a military office or officer. 
 Minor es magistratus, the lower 
 magistrates, m contradistinction 
 from the majores magistratus, high- 
 er magistrates, who held any of the 
 four curule offices, viz., the cojismI- 
 ship, prcetorship, cejisorship, or cu- \ 
 rule cedileship. 
 
 Magnifice, adv. (magnificus), no- 
 bly, splendidly, magnificently ; with 
 great pomp, pompously, boastfully ; 
 in a lofty strain, brilliantly, splen- 
 didly. 
 
 Magnificus, a, nm, adj. (ma gnus 
 <b facto), noble, splendid, magnifi- 
 cent, great, glorious; sumptuous, 
 rich ; haughty, proud, ostentatious, 
 self-glorifying, exulting. Li suppli- 
 ciis deorum magnifici, fond of pomp ' 
 in the worship of the gods. 
 
 Magnitudo, wis, f (magnus), 
 greatness, magnitude ; a great 
 amount, great extent, large quanti- 
 ty ; greatness, weight, importance, 
 power, dignity. Magnitudo itineris, 
 the great length of the march. 
 Magnitudo animi, greatness of soul, 
 magnanimity. Post magnitudinein 
 nominis Romani, after the Roman 
 name had become great. 
 
 Magnus, a, um, adj., comp. ma- 
 jor, sup. maximus, great, large ; 
 great, powerful, mighty ; moment- 
 ous, valuable, excellent. Magna 
 vox, a loud voice. 
 
 Majestas, dtis, f. (mnjus), great- 
 ness, majesty, grandeur, power, dig- 
 nity. 
 
 Major, us, see Magnus. 
 
 Majores, U7?i, m. pl.y forefathers, 
 ancestors. 
 
 Male, adv., comp. pejus, sup. pes- 
 sime (ynalus), badly, ill, wrongly, 
 wickedly, amiss ; unsuccessfully. 
 
MALEDICO 
 
 215 
 
 MANUS 
 
 y MaledlcOy h'e, xi, ctum, hitr. 
 {male d; dico), to speak ill of, rail 
 at, revile, abuse. 
 
 Maledictum, i, n. {maledico), a 
 reproach, invective, opprobrious or 
 abusive language, a curse. 
 
 Malefactiim, z, n. {malefacio), an 
 evil deed, injury, crime. 
 
 Malejicium, «, n. {malefic^is), a 
 bad action, misdeed, crime, wicked- 
 ness ; hurt, harm, injury. 
 
 Maleficus, a, urn, adj. {malefacio), 
 that does ill, hurtful, injurious, per- 
 nicious, malignant. 
 
 Malevolentia, oi.f. {male d; volo), 
 malevolence, ill-will, malice, envy. 
 
 3falitia, ce, f. {mahis\ bad quali- 
 ty, wickedness, malice, knavery, 
 viUany. 
 
 Malo, malle, malui, tr. d: intr. 
 {magis d: volo), to be more willing, 
 choose rather, desire more, prefer. 
 
 Malum J i, n. (malus), any thing 
 bad, an evil, mischief, calamity, 
 misfortune ; a fault, crime ; punish- 
 ment. 
 
 Malus, a, urn, adj., comp. pejor, 
 S7tp. pessimu.% bad, evil, wicked, 
 corrupt ; unsuccessful, unfavorable ; 
 adverse, hostile ; unfortunate, un- 
 lucky; bad, pernicious. Mala pugna, 
 an unsuccessful battle, defeat. 
 
 Mamilius, i, m., Caius Mamilius 
 Limetanus, see Limctanus. 
 
 Mamilius, a, urn, adj., of Mamil- 
 ius, Mamilian. Mamilia lex, the 
 Mamilian law, a law introduced by 
 C. Ma7nilius Limetanus, instituting 
 a judicial investigation into the con- 
 duct of those who had assisted Ju- 
 gurtha in the prosecution of his 
 schemes. 
 
 Manastahal, dlis, m., Manasta- 
 bal, the father of Jugurtha. The 
 name is sometimes written Mastana- 
 hal. 
 
 Manclnus, i, ?n., Manilius Manci- 
 nus, a tribune of the people in the 
 time of the Jugurthine war. 
 
 Mancipium, z, n. (manceps), the 
 formal purchase of any thing ; tliat 
 
 which one possesses by right of 
 formal purchase, property, a slave. 
 
 Manddtum, i, n. (mando), a com- 
 mission, order, chai-ge, message. 
 Mandata verbis dare, to give or 
 send a verbal message. 
 
 Mando, are, avi, dtum, tr., to com- 
 mission, commit to one's charge, 
 intrust, enjoin, order. 
 
 Maneo, ere, si, sum, intr., to re- 
 main, stay, stop, tarry, stand; to 
 last, endure, continue. 
 
 Manifestus, a, um, adj., manifest, 
 palpable, clear, evident ; clearly 
 convicted, convicted by incontro- 
 vertible evidence. 
 
 Manipulus, i, m. (manus ds obs. 
 pleo), a maniple, company, a body 
 of foot- soldiers, varying in number 
 at different times, but always consti- 
 tuting the third part of a cohort. 
 
 Manlianus, a, ~.m, adj., of or per- 
 taining to Manlius, or to Manlian 
 gens, Manlian. 
 
 Manlius, i, m., Aulus Manlius, a 
 lieutenant under Marius, and sent 
 by him as ambassador to Bocchus. 
 
 Manlius, i, m., Caius Manlius, one 
 of Catiline's conspirators. 
 
 Manlius, i, m., CnaBus Manlius, a 
 Roman general who was defeated by 
 the Gaids. 
 
 Manlius, i, m., Manlius Mancinus, 
 see Mancinus. Some editions have 
 Manilius. 
 
 Manlius, i, m., Manlius, see Tor- 
 quatus. 
 
 Mansi, see Maneo. 
 
 IfansuetUdo, mis,f. {mansuetus), 
 tameness ; gentleness, mildness, hu- 
 manity. 
 
 Mansurus, see Maneo. 
 
 Manus, us, f, a hand ; a coming 
 to close quarters, close engagement, 
 fighting, force, violence ; an aimed 
 force, band of soldiers. Manu, by 
 the hand ; in action, by force of 
 arms, by fighting, violently. In 
 manu or in manib^is esse, to be in 
 one's hands or power, be within 
 one's grasp, be at one's command, 
 
MAPALIA 
 
 216 
 
 MAURETANIA 
 
 depend upon one ; to be at hand, 
 near, or close. In manns venire, 
 to come within one's reach, come to 
 close quarters, come to a battle. 
 Prceliuin in ma?iibus facer c, to 
 bring to close quarters, fight hand 
 to hand. Manum conserere, to join 
 battle, come to close quarters. 
 Manu consul ere alicui, to aid one 
 by fighting, or by using one's sword. 
 Manu promptus, ready with his 
 sword, ready to strike, daring. Mci- 
 ont, prior esse, to excel in action or 
 in personal bravery. 
 
 J/apalia, iwn, n. jd., Mapalia, a 
 name given by the Numidians to the 
 small low huts they occupied; a 
 village, hamlet. 
 
 Marcius, i, m.y Quintus Marcius 
 Rex, see Rex. 
 
 Marcus, i, ?«., Marcus, a very 
 comnwn Roman prcinomen. It is 
 qcnerally written in abbreviation, 
 M. 
 
 Mare, a.s, v., a sea ; the sea. Ter- 
 ra marique, by land and sea. 3Ia- 
 ria et montcs poUiceri, to promise 
 seas and mountains of wealth, that 
 is, to make unbounded promises. 
 Mare nostrum, our sea, that is, the 
 Mediterrane.m. 
 
 Maritlmus, a, vm, adj. {mare), of, 
 upon, or near the sea, maritime. 
 Maritima ora, the sea coast. 
 
 Marlus, i, m., Caius ^larius, the 
 celebrated Roman general, distin- 
 guished alike for his energy, his 
 courage, and ?iis cruelty. He was 
 seven times consul, coiiguered Ju- 
 gtirtha, defeated the Cimbri and 
 Teutones in two terrible battles, and 
 fvally waged a bloody civil war 
 inth Sulla. See note Jnq. xlvi. T. 
 
 Martins, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
 ing to Mars, the god of war. 
 
 Masinissa, ce, m., Masinissa, a 
 king of Kumidia, father of Micipsa 
 and Manastabaly and grandfather 
 of Jugurtha. 
 
 Mas^ilia, ce, /., Massilia, now Mar- 
 seilles, a city in the southern part 
 
 of Gaul, founded by a colony of 
 Phoceans 600 B. C. It was a fa- 
 mous seat of Greek literature, and 
 the centre of a rich and extensive 
 commerce. 
 
 Massina, ce, m., Massina, son of 
 Gulussa, and grandson of Masinis- 
 sa. After the murder of Hiempsal 
 and Adherbal, he attempted, as the 
 next lawful heir, to obtain the throne 
 of Kumidia, and was assassinated 
 by order of Jugurtha. 
 
 Massugrdda, ce, m., Massugrada, 
 the son of Masinissa, by a concu- 
 bine. 
 
 Mater, iris^ f., a mother. Mater 
 familias, the mistress of a house, 
 housewife, wife. 
 
 Materia, ce, (b Materies, ei, f 
 (7nater), the materials of which any 
 thing is made, stuff, timber, wood ; 
 a cause, occasion, origin. 
 
 Matcrnns, a, um, adj. (mater), of 
 or pertaining to a mother, maternal, 
 motherly. 
 
 Mature, adv. (matums), in time, 
 seasonably, soon, quickly, promptly, 
 hastily. Maturius, sooner, first. 
 
 Maturo, are, avi, atum, tr. {matu- 
 rus\ to make ripe, mature, bring to 
 maturity. Figuratively, to hasten, 
 accelerate, despatch, expedite ; to 
 do or commit before the proper 
 time. Intr., to make haste, be in 
 too great a hurry. Maturo may 
 often be translated by s^ich adverb- 
 ial expressions as swiftly, rapidly, 
 with great haste, with precipitancy, 
 modifying the infiiitive depending 
 upon it, as : Ma tu rare iter pergere, 
 to pursue a journey with great ra- 
 pidity. Legati maturantes veniunt^ 
 the ambassadors came in liaste. 
 Qiiodni Catilina 7natur(lss€t signum 
 dare, if Catiline bad not given the 
 signal too soon. 
 
 Maturns, a, vm, adj.^ ripe, ma- 
 ture; ready, timely, opportune. 
 
 Mauretanioy cc^ /., Mauretania, 
 710W Morocco and Fez, a large coun- 
 try in the north-tcestcm part of 
 
 
MAURtJS 
 
 217 
 
 MENTIOR 
 
 Africa, Some editions have Mau- 
 ritania. 
 
 Mauriis^ a, um, adj., Mauretanian, 
 Moorish. As a noun^ an inhabit- 
 ant of Mauretania, Mauretanian, 
 Moor. 
 
 Maxivil', adv., sup, of magis, 
 most, very, very much, very great- 
 ly'; most of all, above all, in the 
 highest degree, in the first pkce, 
 chiefly, ever so much, if possible. 
 Quam maxime, as much as possi- 
 ble, as : In loca quam maxiiiie 
 occulta, into as secret places as 
 possible. 
 
 Maximiis, a, um, adj., sup. of 
 mag7ius, the greatest, the greatest 
 of all, the largest, the highest, most 
 important ; very great. Maxima 
 amicitia, the most intimate friend- 
 ship, a very close friendship. 
 
 Maximus, i, m., Quintus Fabius 
 Maximus, surnamcd Cunctator, the 
 celebrated dictator and successful 
 opponent of Hannibal in the second 
 Punic war. 
 
 Mcdeor, eri, dep., to heal, cure. 
 Figuratively, to amend, remove, 
 wipe out. 
 
 Mediocri.% e, adj., middling, mod- 
 erate, ordinary ; moderate-sized ; 
 iinimportant, inconsiderable ; of 
 moderate views and capacities, 
 common. Nan mediocris animus, 
 a miud not content with common 
 things, aspiring, ambitious. Me- 
 diocria gerere, to engage in under- 
 takings of but little importance. 
 
 Medium, i, n. {mcdius), the mid- 
 dle, midst, centre. In medio relin- 
 quere, to leave undetermined. 
 
 Mediuz, a, um, adj., that is in the 
 middle, mid, middle, in the midst, 
 the middle of, occupying the mid- 
 dle, the middle one, unconnected 
 with either side. In medios hastes 
 inducere, to lead into the midst of 
 the enemy. 
 
 Mediusjidius, see Dins. 
 
 Medus, a, um, adj., of or belong- 
 ing to Media, a country of Asia, 
 10 
 
 Asa 710U71, an inhabitant of Media, 
 a Mede. 
 
 Mehercule, adv., by Hercules, 
 truly, in truth. 
 
 Melior, oris, adj., comp. of bonus, 
 better, more excellent, more wor- 
 thy, superior. Belli melior, more 
 warlike, braver. 
 
 Melius, adv., comp. of bene, bet- 
 ter, more happily. 
 
 Memet, see Egomet. 
 
 Meamct, see Meus. 
 
 Memini, def verb, with the form 
 of the perfect, and sense of the pre" 
 sent, I remember, bear in mind, 
 I recollect, call to mind ; I men- 
 tion. 
 
 Memmius, i, m., Caius Memmius, 
 a tribune of the people^ who opposed 
 rcith great ability the schemes of 
 Jugurtha^s partisans. 
 
 Memor, dris, adj. {memini\ mind- 
 ful, remembering. 
 
 Memorab\lis, e, adj. {memoro), 
 worthy to be related, memorable, 
 remarkable. 
 
 Mem oria, ce, f (m em or), m em ory, 
 remembrance, recollection ; the 
 time to which one's memory ex- 
 tend?, as: memorid mea, within my 
 memory, in my time. Memoria 
 rcrum gestarum, the remembrance 
 of what has been done, history, 
 the writing of histoiy ; also, the 
 recollection of the exploits or 
 achievements. 
 
 Metnoro, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (me- 
 mor), to mention, make mention 
 of, relate, recount, speak of, say. 
 Cujus conditor Hercules memoraba' 
 tur, of which Hercules was said to 
 be the founder. 
 
 Mens, tis,f, the faculty of think- 
 ing and understanding, mind, un- 
 derstanding, thought ; opinion, 
 intention, purpose ; disposition, 
 feelings. 
 
 Men sis, is, m., a month. 
 
 Mentior, Iri, Itus, dep.^ to lie, 
 state falsely. Tantam rem mentittcs 
 essetf had devised such ft falsehood. 
 
MEECATOR 
 
 218 
 
 MINIMUS 
 
 Mercdtor, oris, m. (mercor), a 
 merchant, trader. 
 
 Merces, edis, f. {mereo\ wages, 
 pay, recompense, reward; a price, 
 bribe ; a gratification. Manuum 
 mercede inopiam toleraverat, had 
 supported want by the labor of 
 his hands, that is, had procured a 
 scanty subsistence by the labor of 
 his hands. 
 
 Mercor, dri, dtus, dep. {merx), to 
 buy, purchase; to carry on com- 
 merce, trade, traffic. 
 
 Merens, entis, part, see Mereo. 
 Adj., worthy of, deserving, either 
 in good or had sense. 
 
 Mereo, ere, ui, Hum, tr. d) intr., 
 and 
 
 Mereor, eri, itus, dep., to deserve, 
 merit, earn. 
 
 3feridies, ei, m. (medius (b dies), 
 midday, noon; the south. 
 
 Merito, adv. {meritus), deserved- 
 ly ; for good reasons, on just 
 grounds. 
 
 Meritum, i, n. {meritus), a merit, 
 meritorious deed. £Jx merito, on 
 account of merit, in consideration 
 of benefits conferred. 
 
 Meritus, a, urn, part., see Mereo 
 (b Mereor. Adj., deserving well, 
 distinguished. 
 
 Metellus, i, m., Quintus Csecilius 
 Metellus, siirnamed Numidicus, on 
 account of his able management of 
 the war against Jugurtha, was con- 
 sul 111 B. a 
 
 Metellus, i, m., Quintus Metellus 
 Creticus, see Creticus. 
 
 Metellus, i, 7n., Quintus Metellus 
 Celer, see Celer. 
 
 Metior, iri, mensus, dep., to 
 measure ; to estimate, judge of. 
 
 Metor, dri, dtus, dep, (meia), 
 to measure, measure off, arrange. 
 Castra metari, to mark out an 
 encampment, pitch a camp, en- 
 camp. 
 
 Metuo, ^re, ui, tr. d: intr. {me- 
 ius), to fear, be afraid of, appre- 
 hend. 
 
 Metus, us, m., fear, dread, appre- 
 hension, alarm ; care, anxiety ; an 
 object of dread. 
 
 Meus, a, um, adj. {mei, gen. of 
 ego), my, mine, my own. It is 
 once employed by Sallust with the 
 intensive suffix met, meamet, my 
 own. 
 
 Micipsa, ce, m., Micipsa, king of 
 Numidia, son of Masinissa, father 
 of Adherbal and Hiempsal, and 
 uncle of Jugurtha. 
 
 Miles, itis, c. g., a soldier, com- 
 mon soldier, in distinction from an 
 officer. 
 
 Militdris, e, adj. (miles), relating 
 to soldiers or war, military, mar- 
 tial. Homo militaris, a man of 
 military experience. lies militaris, 
 the art of war, military affairs. 
 Militaris rei facinora, military ex- 
 ploits. 3Iilitaria facer e, to per- 
 form military exercises. 
 
 Militia, ce, f {miles), military , 
 service, the art of war, warfare. ; 
 The genitive militise often signifies, 
 in war, abroad, in service, and in 
 this sense is generally opposed to 
 domi, at home, in peace. Uhi \ 
 cetas militice patiens fuit, when he 
 was of an age to perform military 
 service. 
 
 Milito, are, dvi, dtum, intr. \ 
 {miles), to serve as a soldier, per- • 
 form military service. 
 
 Jlille, nujn. adj. ind., a thousand, 
 As a noun, ind. in the sing., mil- 
 lia, in the pi, a thousand. Mille [ 
 passuum, or mille, with passuum \ 
 omitted, a thousand paces or a Ro- 
 man mile. 
 
 Mince, drum, f. pi., throats, me- [ 
 naces. 
 
 Minime, adv., sup. of parutn, ; 
 least, least of all, not at all, by no 
 means. 
 
 Mi7iimus, a, um, adj., sup. of 
 parvus, the least, the least of all, ^ 
 the smallest; very small, very lit- ' 
 tie. Minimum, or minimus natUt i 
 the youngest. As a noun, mini* 
 
MINISTER 
 
 219 
 
 MODESTIA 
 
 mum, «, n., the least, the least of 
 all. 
 
 Minister, trij m., a servant, at- 
 tendant, aider, abettor, assistant, 
 tool. 
 
 MiiiitoTy Ctrl, dtus, dep. freq. 
 (7ninor), to threaten, menace. 
 
 Minor J 2is, gen. oris, adj., camp, 
 of parvus^ less, smaller, inferior; 
 less glorious. Minoris, with pretii 
 omitted, at a less price, at a lower 
 rate, less. 
 
 Jlinor, ari, a tics, dep., to threat- 
 en, menace. Militihus nostris Ju- 
 gurthce servitium minari, threaten 
 our soldiers with bondage to Ju- 
 gurtha. 
 
 Minucius, i, m., Quintus Minu- 
 cius Rufus, see Rufus. 
 
 Minuo, ere, ui, utum, tr. (minor), 
 to mal^e less, lessen, diminish ; to 
 restrict, check, restrain. 
 
 Mimes, see Minor. 
 
 Minus, adi.'., comp. of parum, 
 less. Si minus, if not 
 
 Mirabilis, e, adj. {minor), won- 
 derful, strange, marvellous, aston- 
 ishing. 
 
 Miror, dri, dtus, dep., to wonder 
 at, be astonished or amazed at ; 
 to admire, have a taste or fondness 
 for. 
 
 Mirus, a, um, adj., wonderful, 
 strange, to be wondered at. 
 
 Misceo, ere, miscui, mistum d; 
 mixium, tr., to mix, mingle, unite ; 
 to smear ; to throw into confusion, 
 put in uproar, embroil. Strepitu 
 et tumidtu omnia miscere, throw 
 every thing into confusion with 
 noise and tumult, fill the whole 
 house with noise and tumult. 
 
 Miser, era, wn, miserable, 
 wretched, unfortunate, distressed ; 
 painful, sad. 
 
 Miserabilis, e, adj. {misereor), 
 pitiable, deplorable, miserable ; 
 mournful, sad, wretched, affect- 
 ing. 
 
 Miserandus, a, um, part, mise- 
 re<yr. Adj., pitiable, deplorable. 
 
 Jlisereor, eri, erfus do eritus, dep, 
 {miser), to pity, commiserate ; to 
 have compassion. 
 
 Miser ia, ce, f (miser), misery, 
 wretchedness, affliction, distress, 
 trouble, misfortune, calamity. Ista 
 vohis 7nansuetudo — in miseriam 
 convertet, this clemency of yours 
 will end in your ruin. 
 
 Misericordia, ce, f. (misericors\ 
 mercy, compassion, pity. 
 
 MiserKors, dis, adj. (mierio & 
 cors), merciful, compassionate. 
 
 Miser^tus, see Misereor. 
 
 Miser or, dri, dtus, dep. (miser), 
 to deplore, mourn over, bewail; 
 to pity, have compassion on. 
 
 Missio, onis, f. (mitto), a sending 
 away, dismissal, discharge from 
 office or military service. 
 
 Missito, are, dvi, dtum, tr. fteq. 
 ipnitto), to send often, keep send- 
 ing. 
 
 Missus, see Mitto. 
 
 Mithridaticus, a, um, adj., of or 
 belonging to Mitbridates, king of 
 Pontus, Mithridatic. 
 
 Mitto, ere, 7nlsi, missicm, tr., to 
 send, despatch; to throw, cast, 
 hurl. 
 
 Mixtus, see Misceo. 
 
 Mobllis, e, adj. (moveo), movable ; 
 unstable, variable, fickle, change- 
 able. 
 
 Mobilitas, dtis, f. (mohilis), mo- 
 bility, instability, fickleness, in- 
 constancy. 
 
 Moderdtus, a, um, part, see 
 Modero. Adj., moderate, temper- 
 ate, well-regulated. Nihil pensi 
 nequc moderati habere, to have no 
 consideration nor moderation. 
 
 Moderor, dri, dtus, dep. (modus), 
 to moderate, restrain, govern, 
 guide, influence. 
 
 Modeste, adv. (modestus), with 
 moderation, discreetly, equitably, 
 modestly. 
 
 Modestia, ce, f. (modestus), mode- 
 ration, dispassionateness, modesty, 
 decorum, humility ; integrity, 
 
MODESTUS 
 
 220 
 
 MOTUS 
 
 humor ; respect for authority, sub- 
 ordination, obedience. 
 
 Modestus, a, um, adj. {modus), 
 moderate, temperate, modest, un- 
 assuming, mild. 
 
 Modice, adv. {modicus), moder- 
 ately, modestly. 
 
 ModtcuSy a, iun, adj. [modus], 
 moderate, temperate, modest. 
 
 Modo, adv. (modus), only, but, 
 soleU^ alone; just now, but this 
 moment. 3fodo — jnodoy and less 
 frequently, modo — interdumy now 
 — now, at one moment — at anoth- 
 er, sometimes — sometimes. Non 
 modo — sed, not onl}' — but also. 
 Si modo, if only, provided that. 
 
 Modus, i, m,, a measure or stand- 
 ard by which any thing is meas- 
 ured ; a manner, Ava}', means ; 
 limit, bounds, order, moderation. 
 Sine modo, without measure or 
 bounds. Omnibus modis, in every 
 way. In urhium, in the style of 
 cities, like cities. Modum facere, 
 to fix limits, set bounds. 
 
 Mcenia, ium, n. pi. (77nmio), the 
 walls of a cit}^; a city. Mcenia 
 differs from murus in its compre- 
 hending the whole circuit of the 
 walls, while the latter often denotes 
 only a portion of them. 
 
 Moeror, oris, m. (moereo), mourn- 
 ing, deep affliction, grief. 
 
 Mosstus, a, uvif adj. (moereo), 
 sad, sorrowful, melanchol}', de- 
 jected. 
 
 Molior, Iriy Itus, dep. (moles), to 
 set in motion ; to attempt, under- 
 take, strive to accomplish ; to con- 
 trive, lay plans, plot. 
 
 Mollio, Ire, ivi. Hum, tr. (7nollis\ 
 to make soft, soften. Figuratively, 
 to make effeminate, enervate ; to 
 soften, appease, mollify, pacifv. 
 
 MolliSf €, adj., soft, tender, 
 yielding, susceptible, pliant, fee- 
 ble. Sermo mollis, tender or amor- 
 ous conversation. 
 
 MollXter, adv. (mollis), softly, 
 tenderly, gently, smoothly, luxu- 
 
 riously, effeminately ; sensitivel}', 
 impatiently. 
 
 Mollitia, CB, Mollities, ei, /., soft- 
 ness ; tenderness, effeminacy, vo- 
 luptuousness ; weakness, imbecili- 
 ty, inertness. Agere per mollitiem, 
 to live voluptuously, to live in 
 luxurious indulgence. 
 
 Moneo, ere, ui, itum, tr., to put 
 in one's mind, remind, advise, 
 warn, teach. Intr.^ to give ad- 
 vice, advise. 
 
 Moiiitor, oris, m. (moneo\ a mon 
 itor, admonisher, adviser, teacher 
 
 Mons, tis, m., a mountain. 
 
 Monnmentum, i, n. (moneo), a 
 memorial, monument. 
 
 Mora, a;, /., a delay, putting off, 
 deft-rment, postponement ; a stop, 
 hindrance, impediment. Sine 
 mora, without delay, immedi- 
 ately. 
 
 Morbus, i, m., a disease, illness. 
 Morbo absumi, to be taken away 
 b}^ disease, be dead. 
 
 Moriorj i, mortuus, dep. (mors), 
 to die. 
 
 Moror, art, otus, dep. (mora), 
 to delay, retard, hinder, impede. 
 Intr.t to tarry, remain, stay. 
 
 Mors, tis,f, death. 
 
 Mortalis, e, adj. (mort;), mortal, 
 human. As a noun, a mortal, 
 man. The plural mortalcs, mor- 
 tals, mankind, men, is sometimes 
 used in contradistinction from be- 
 ing of an immortal nature, and 
 soinctiynes as synonymous with 
 homines. 
 
 Mo.% 7noris, m., manner, custom, 
 usa2:e, fashion, mode of acting, 
 habit, practice, style. More, or 
 ex more, after the manner of; ac- 
 cording to custom. Illi mos est, 
 it is his custom. More militia- 
 I or onilitari, according to military 
 I usage. Virorum more pugnanieSj 
 fighting like 7ne7u 
 I Mofus, us, m, (moveo\ a motion, 
 i movement ; a commotion, disturb- 
 ance, state of alarm. 
 
MOVEO 
 
 221 
 
 MUTO 
 
 Moveo, ere^ movi, moturn^ tr.^ to 
 move, set in motion ; to prosecute, 
 pursue ; to disturb, throw into 
 disorder or confusion ; to expel, 
 eject, drive out; to stir up, cause, 
 excite, promote. Castra movere, 
 to remove one's camp, decamp. 
 
 Mox, adv., by and by, soon, 
 presently. 
 
 M'd.iebris, e, adj. {mulicr), of or 
 belonging to a woman, female, 
 feminine; womanish, effeminate. 
 
 Midier, eris, f., a woman. 
 
 Multitudo, mis,/, {midtus), mul- 
 titude ; a great number of men, 
 crowd, crowded population, the 
 populace, mob. 
 
 Multuiiiy adv.y comp. plus, sup. 
 plurimum (multus), much, very, 
 very much, greatly ; in many re- 
 spects, in many cases, often. 
 
 Multus, a, urn, adj., comp. plus, 
 sup. plurinius, many, numerous, 
 frequent ; much, a great deal of, 
 great. Multi, pi., as a noun, many 
 persons, many ; the many, the 
 multitude. Multum, n., as a noun, 
 much, a great part. Mnlta, many 
 things, much. Multo, ahl. with 
 comparatives or superlatives, much, 
 a great deal, far, by far. Multi 
 — pars, many — some. Multus 
 adesse, to pass much of his time. 
 The conjunction between multus 
 and another adjective may general- 
 ly he omitted in translating, as : 
 Malta et pr cedar a facinora, many 
 brilliant exploits. 
 
 Mulucha, ce, /., Mulucha, now 
 Mulia, the river tchich separated 
 Numidia from Mauretania. 
 
 Mulvius, or Milvius, a, urn, adj., 
 Mulvian or Milvian. Mulvius 
 pons, the Mulvian bridge, now 
 Ponte Molle, a bridge over the I'i- 
 ber. on the Flammian Way, at a 
 short distance from the city of 
 Rome. 
 
 Munditia, ce, f {mundus), clean- 
 ness, cleanliness. Generally in 
 the plural, munditice, cleanliness in 
 
 dress and habits, polished man- 
 ner-s refinement, elegance. 
 
 Municipium, i, n. (ynuniceps), a 
 municipal or free town, that is, a 
 town which enjoyed the right of 
 governing itself according to its own 
 laws and the inhabitants of ivhich 
 had the oiame and some of the 
 privileges of Roman citizens. 
 
 Munificcntia, ce, f. (munifcics), 
 munificence, bountitulness, liber- 
 ality. 
 
 Munificus, a, um, adj. (munus 
 d: facio), munificent, liberal, gen- 
 erous. 
 
 Munimentum, i, n. (munio), a 
 fortification, rampart, shelter, se- 
 curity, protection, defence, 
 
 Munio, ire, ivi, Itum, tr., to sur- 
 round with a wall, fortify ; to 
 shelter, guard, protect. Munito 
 agnine incedere, marches with his 
 army protected, that is, with his 
 army prepared for defence. 
 
 Mujiitio, Onis, f (munio), a forti 
 fj'ing, defending ; a fortification, 
 defence, rampart, bulwark. 
 
 Munus, eris, w., a gift, present, 
 favor ; reward ; an oflice, post, 
 duty, employment ; a show, spec- 
 tacle, exhibition. Maximis mune- 
 ribus grandem pecuniam debebat, 
 contracted a large debt by exhibi- 
 tions of the greatest splendor. 
 
 Murena, ce, m., Caius Licinius 
 Murena, a Roman legatus ov dep- 
 uty-governor, who commanded in 
 Iransalpine Gaul at the time of 
 Catiline's con spi racy. 
 
 Murus, i, m., the wall of a. city 
 or fortification ; a breastwork, 
 protection, defence. 
 
 Mutatio, onis, /, a changing, 
 change, alteration, revolution. 
 Rerum mutationcs, political revo- 
 lutions, changes of government. 
 
 Muthul, is, m., the Muthul, a 
 river of Numidia supposed to have 
 been a branch of the Bagradas. 
 
 Muto, are, dvi, dtura, tr., to 
 change, alter ; to receive in ex- 
 
MUTUUS 
 
 222 
 
 NEGLIGENTIA 
 
 change, exchange, traflSc, barter. 
 Fidem mutare, to break one's faith 
 or word, change sides. 
 
 Mutuus, a, um, adj., borrowed, 
 lent, on loan, ^s miituum, bor- 
 rowed mone}''. Pecuniam 7nutuam 
 stc7nere, to borrow money. 
 
 Myrtetum, i, n. {inyrtus), a 
 m3'rtle-grove. 
 
 N 
 
 Nahdaha^ ce, wi., Nabdalsa, a 
 commander under Jugurtha who 
 entered into a plot for the ruin of 
 his master. 
 
 Nactus^ see Nanciscor. 
 
 Nee, or Ne, adv., certainly-, sure- 
 ly, indeed. 
 
 Nam (k Namque, conj., for, but, 
 then, sometimes expressi7ig the 
 cause or reason of somethiiig only 
 implied in what goes before. 
 
 Nanciscor, i, nacius, dep., to get, 
 reach, arrive at^ obtain. 
 
 Narro, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to 
 narrate, tell, recount, relate. Ini- 
 tium narrandi facere, to commence 
 a narrative. 
 
 Nascor, i, natus, dep., to be born ; 
 to be produced or grown, spring, 
 rise. Quodciimque natum fuerat, 
 whatever had grown, all their 
 crops. Annos natus circiter vi- 
 ginta, having been born for twenty 
 years, that is, twenty years old. 
 
 Nasica, ce^ m., Publius Corne- 
 lius Scipio Nasica, see Scipio. 
 
 Natio, d7iis, f {piascor), a nation, 
 race of people, a people. 
 
 Natu, abl. of the defect. 7ioun 
 natus, us, W2. (nascor), by birth. 
 Major natu, older. Major es 7tatu, 
 men more advanced in years. 
 
 Natura, ce, f (7iascor), nature; 
 the natural situation, position, or 
 constitution of a thing ; the char- 
 acter, disposition, genius. Natura 
 or ab natura, by nature, naturally. 
 
 Natus see Nasc&r. 
 
 Nave, adv. (navus, busy), dili- 
 gently, actively, zealously. 
 
 Navigo, are, avi, dtum, tr. (navis 
 (k ago), to navigate, sail over; to 
 procure by navigation or by the 
 shipping trade. Litr., to sail, nav- 
 igate. 
 
 Navis, is, /., a ship, vessel. 
 
 Ne, adv., see Nee. 
 
 Ne, e7iclitic conj. whether. Ne 
 — an, or ne — ne, whether — or. 
 In direct and someti7nes in i7idirect 
 questions, 7ie is 7iot translated into 
 JSnglish. 
 
 Ne, adv. dc conj., not, that not^ 
 lest ; provided that not, much less. 
 Ne — quidem, not even, one or more 
 emphatic 7cords usually intervening 
 beticeen the 7ie and qmde7n. After 
 verbs of hindering or preveyifing ne 
 may be translated, from, with the 
 English present participle, as : Im- 
 pedire ne iriumpharent, to hinder 
 them from triumphing, or to pre- 
 vent their triumphing. Before 
 the imperative and the subjunctive 
 in the sense of the imperative, not 
 With the subj\i7ictive it may some- 
 times be translated, not, tcitlt the in- 
 fnitive, as : Fatigare vos, ne quid 
 — statuatis, not to decide, <tc. Ne 
 illi sa7iguinem 7}ostrum largiantur, 
 provided they be not prodigal of 
 our blood. 
 
 Necubi, adv. {ne d: alicubi), that 
 nowhere, lest anywhere. 
 
 Nedum, adv., not to say, not only, 
 much less, much more. 
 
 Nefandus, a, urn, adj. {ne 6: fan- 
 dus) not fit to be spoken of, impi- 
 ous, accursed, heinous, base, abom- 
 inable. 
 
 Nefarius, a, um, adj. (nefas)^ 
 wicked, nefarious, impious, base, 
 abominable. 
 
 Negito, are, dvi, dtum, tr. freq. 
 (nego), to deny repeatedly, persist 
 in denying, refuse positively. 
 
 Negligentia, ce, f {nealigens), 
 negligence, neglect, carelessness, 
 supineness. 
 

 NEGLIGO 
 
 223 
 
 NITOR 
 
 'j NeghgOj ere, lexl, lectum, ir. {nee 
 
 I ct lego) to neglect, disregard, make 
 
 light of, take no notice of, despise. 
 
 Absolutely, to be negligent or re- 
 
 ' miss. 
 
 NegOy are, dvi, dhoti, intr., to 
 ' say no or not, say that not, or to 
 ; deny, refuse. Ncgat se pertimesce- 
 1 re, he says that he is not afraid. 
 ! Negotiator, oris, m. {iicgotior), a 
 I trader, merchant, factor ; a bank- 
 er, money-lender, usurer. litis 
 I word is applied chiejiy to residents 
 in the provinces. 
 
 Negotior, art, dtus, dep. {nego- 
 tium), to trade, transact business ; 
 to loan mone}'-, be a banker, be a 
 usurer. 
 
 Negotiosiis, a, um, adj. {nego- 
 Hum), busy, full of business, occu- 
 pied with public affairs. 
 
 Negotium, i, n. {nee 60 otium), a 
 business, affair, measure ; a pur- 
 suit, occupation ; an undertaking, 
 enterprise ; a cliarge, commission, 
 part ; a matter, thing, circum- 
 stance ; the posture of affairs, em- 
 barrassment, trouble, difficulty. 
 Dare negotium, to give a commis- 
 sion, assign the task or business, 
 order, command. 
 
 Nemo, inis, c. g. {ne d: homo), 
 no man, no one, nobody. As an 
 adj., no. 
 
 Nepos, otis, m., a grandson. 
 Neque, see Nee. 
 
 Neqiieo, ire, Ivi, Itum, intr. {ne 
 (S; queo), not to be able, to be un- 
 able ; I, he, she, ttc. cannot. Imp., 
 it is impossible. With a passive 
 infinitive the passive form of ne queo 
 is used in the same sense as the 
 active. 
 
 Nequicquam d; Nequidquam, 
 adv. (ne S quicquam), in vain, to 
 no purpose ; without ground. 
 
 Nequis, qua, quod d; quid, adj. 
 pro. {ne d: quis), lest any one, lest 
 some one, in order that no one, nor 
 any one, lest a, that no. It is some- 
 times vjritten as ttoo words, ne quis. 
 
 Nero, onis, m., Tiberius Nero, a 
 Roman senator at the time of Cati- 
 linens conspiracy. 
 
 Neu, see Neve. 
 
 Neve, and by apocope, neu, conj, 
 {ne d: ve), or not, nor, neither, and 
 not, and that not. 
 
 Nex, necis, f, death by violence, 
 murder, assassination. 
 
 Ni, see Nisi. 
 
 Nihil, n. ind. {by apocope for 
 riihilum), nothing. With a gen,, 
 no, as: Nihil causce, no cause or 
 reason. Nihil languidi, no list- 
 lessness or inattention. Nihil re- 
 missi, no remissness or negligence. 
 As an adverb, in nothing, not at 
 all, no. 
 
 Nihilum, i, n. {ne d; kilum\ 
 nothing. Nihilo, abl, with com- 
 paratives, in nothing, not at all, 
 not a whit, no. Nihilo minus, or 
 as one word, nihilominus, no less, 
 none the less, notwithstanding, 
 nevertheless. Pro nihilo habere, 
 to consider as nothing, make no 
 account o£ 
 
 Nimis, adv., too, too much, ex- 
 tremel}'. 
 
 Nisi, and by apocope, ni, {ni d: 
 si), if not, unless, unless it be, save 
 only, but, except, and yet. Nisi 
 quod, except that, only, but stilL 
 Nisi tamen, but still, but yet, im- 
 less it be that, but however that 
 may be ; these words introduce a 
 correction of, or exception to, what 
 goes before, and in translating the 
 ellipsis must be supplied. Nisi 
 forte, unless perchance, generally 
 ironical. 
 
 Nisu^, us, m. {nitor), a leaning 
 or stepping upon, step, tread, 
 clambering ; an effort, attempt, 
 endeavor. 
 
 Nisus, pari., see Nitor. 
 
 Nitor, i, nisus do nixus, dep., to 
 lean upon, climb upon, hold on to; 
 to strive, exert one's self, labor, 
 endeavor ; to make one's way with 
 effort, move on. Niti ad, to strive 
 
NOBILIOB 
 
 224 
 
 NOVEMBER 
 
 for. Corporibus niti, to make mo- 
 tions with the body. 
 
 Nohilior^ oris, m., Marcus Fnl- 
 vius Nobilior, a Roman of eques- 
 trian rank, and confederate of Cati- 
 line. 
 
 Nohilis, c, adj, (nosco), well- 
 known, renowned, famous ; noble, 
 of noble birth, high-born, noble, 
 excellent, superior. 
 
 NobilitaSy atis, f. (nohili8\ re- 
 nown, fame ; high-birth, nobility ; 
 the nobles or patricians, the no- 
 bility; nobleness, greatness, gen- 
 erosity. 
 
 Nobis, see Ego. 
 
 NocenSj tis, part, see Noceo. 
 Adj., hurtful, injurious, perni- 
 ciou?, mischievous, bad, criminal. 
 
 Noceo, ere, ui, itum, inir., to in- 
 jure, hurt. 
 
 Noctu, adv. ( properly abl. of the 
 obsolete noctus), hy night, in the 
 night. Die 7ioctuque, by day and 
 night, day and niglit. 
 
 JSocturniis, a, nm, adj. {noctu), 
 nocturnal, b}' night. 
 
 Nolo, nolle, nolui, intr. (71071 <£• 
 volo), to be unwilling or averse, 
 not to be willing. Tr., to dislike, 
 be averse to, not to wish. An 
 infinitive joined 7oith the imperative 
 of nolo is translated by the imper- 
 ative, 710I0 ojily givi7iy it a 7\egative 
 nieani7ig, as : nolite exlstimare, do 
 not suppose ; nolite pati, do not 
 permit. 
 
 Nomddes, U7n, in. pi., nomads, 
 persons who lead a toandfring life 
 depending upon pasturage for a 
 subsistence. 
 
 Nomen, hiis, n., a name, appella- 
 tion, title ; fame, reputation, re- 
 nown; a pretext, excuse ; a race, 
 nation, family. Nomine, by order 
 or in the name of, on the part of; 
 by name, named, called. Nomen 
 Latiiium, the Latin nation, the 
 Latins. Memores nmninis Roman i, 
 remembering that they are Ro- 
 mans, mindful of the Romans fame. 
 
 Hoc nomine, on this account, for 
 this reason, ^s alienum meis 
 nnminibus, debts on my own ac- 
 count, my own debts, ^s aliciium, 
 aliercis nominibus, the debts of 
 other people, other people's debts. 
 Meo nojuine, in my name, on my 
 account. The Romans generally 
 bore three names, the nomen, to de- 
 7iote the gens, the cognomen, to de- 
 note the fa7nily, and the prcc7iome7i, 
 the individual. An agiiomen was 
 sometimes also added to C(yinmemo- 
 rate some exploit. 
 
 Nomino, are, dvi, dticm, tr. {no- 
 men), to name, call by name. 
 
 Non, adv., not, no. Non quo, 
 not as if, not that. Non jam, no 
 longer. 
 
 No7ice, drum, f pi., the nones, 
 that is, theffth day in every month 
 except March, May, July, and Octo- 
 ber, and the seventh in these latter 
 inonths. The nones xcere so called 
 because they fell on the ninth day 
 before the Ides {the latter included), 
 
 Nondum, adv. {non 6: dum), not 
 yet. Nondum etiam, not even yet. 
 
 Nonmdlus, a, um, adj. {no7i ct 
 7iullus), some. As a noun, non- 
 nulli, pi., some persons, some. 
 
 Nos, see Ego. 
 
 Nosmet, see Egomet. 
 
 Nosco, ere, 7iovi, nOfum, tr., to 
 become acquainted with, learn. 
 Novi, I have learned, and conse- 
 quently, I know, am acquainted 
 with. 
 
 Noster, tra, trum, adj. pro. {nos), 
 our, ours, our own. As a noun, 
 nostri, pi., our men, our soldiers. 
 
 Notus, a, u?n, part., see Nosco. 
 Adj., known, well-known, noted. 
 
 Nove, adv. {novus), newly, late- 
 ly. Novissitne, sujk,yXevy recently, 
 lately, recently; fcstWall, finally. 
 
 November, bris, <v odj. {novem), 
 of or belonging to November. As 
 a 710U71, Nove?nber, bris, m., No- 
 vember, the )}hith month of the 
 Roman year. 
 
NOVITAS 
 
 225 
 
 NUNC 
 
 Novitas^ dtiSf f. {novtis\ new- 
 ness, novelty, strangeness ; the 
 recency of one's elevation to rank, 
 want of noble ancestry. 
 
 Novo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (novus), 
 to make new, introduce something 
 new; to change, alter. JRes no- 
 vare, or novare tvith res omitted, to 
 make a change in the goverLment, 
 effect a revolution, raise an insur- 
 rection. Ke quid novaretur, lest 
 some disturbance should take 
 place. 
 
 Novus, a, um, adj., new, fiesh, 
 recent, novel, strange, extraordi- 
 nary. JRes novce, change, changes 
 in the govern?nent, innovations in 
 public affairs, revolution, revolt 
 Novi milites, raw recruits, soldiers 
 who have never seen service. No- 
 vushomo, a man of newly-acquired 
 rank, one who without any hered- 
 itary honors has succeeded in ob- 
 taining one of the great offices of 
 state. Novissimus, a, um, sup., 
 the last. 
 
 Nor, noctis, f, night, the night. 
 Dies noctesque, day and night. 
 Plerumque noctis, the greater part 
 of the night. 
 
 Noxius, a, lun, adj. {noceo\ hurt- 
 ful, noxious ; wicked, criminal, 
 guilty. ^5 a noun, a guilty per- 
 son, ci'iminal. 
 
 Nubes, is, f^ a cloud. 
 
 Niibo, Sre, nupsi, nuptum, tr., to 
 cover with a veil, to veil. Inlr., 
 to marry, be married, said of the 
 bride on^y, as it was the custom in 
 ancient times to conduct the bride 
 to the bridegroom with her face cov- 
 ered with a veil. 
 
 Nucerlnus, i, m., Publius Sittius 
 Nucerinns, a Roman knight who, 
 on account of a criminal accusation 
 against him, fled from Rome, and, 
 without the authority of the senate, 
 collected an army in Italy and 
 Spain, loith which he crossed over 
 to Mauretania and engaged in the 
 service of variants African princes. 
 10* 
 
 Nudo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {nudus), 
 to strip bare ; to deprive, strip, 
 spoil. 
 
 Kudus, a, um, adj., naked, bare, 
 uncovered, unprotected, destitute 
 of, without. Nudum corporis, the 
 unprotected part of the body, that 
 is, the back. 
 
 Nullus, a, um, adj. {ne d; ullus), 
 not any, none, no. As a noun, 
 nobody, no one. Quce nobis nullce 
 sunt, which we have not. 
 
 Num, adv., whether, in indirect 
 questions ; in direct questions it is 
 not translated 
 
 Numantia, ce, /., Numantia, a 
 celebrated city of Spain built on an 
 eminence near the river Durius 
 (Douro), which after bravely sus- 
 taining a siege of fourteen years, 
 was taken and destroyed by Scipio 
 Africanus the younger. Its ruins 
 may still be seen. 
 
 Numantinus, a, um, adj., of or 
 belonging to Numantia, Numan- 
 tine. As a noun, an inhabitant 
 of Numantia, a Numantine. 
 
 Numerus, i, m., a number, body. 
 hi eo numero, in this number, one 
 of them. The abl. numero is often 
 added to numerals, as : Numero 
 quadraginta, forty in number, 
 forty. £x eo mcmero, and ex sua 
 numero, by attraction for ex eo- 
 rum numero, and ex suorum nu- 
 mero. 
 
 Numida, a;, m., a I^umidian. 
 Numidoe agrestes, the Numidian 
 ]icasantry. 
 
 Numidia, a;, f, Num id i a, a 
 country of northern Africa lying 
 between Mauretania 07i the west, 
 and the Carthaginian territories 
 on the east, and corresponding very 
 nearly to the modern Algiers. 
 
 Nwiidlcus, a, um, adj., Numi- 
 dian. 
 
 Numquam, see Nunquam, 
 
 Nunc, adv., now, at present. 
 As a particle of transition, now, 
 therefore, such being the case. 
 
NUNQUAIVI 
 
 226 
 
 OBSTREPO 
 
 Nunquam d; Numquamy adv. 
 (ne d: unquam), never, at no time. 
 
 Nuntio <t NunciOy are, dvi, cdum, 
 tr. (nuntiua), to announce, tell, re- 
 late, make known, give notice ; to 
 report, represent, charge. Iiu7i- 
 tiatum est, hnper.y it was an- 
 nounced, word was brought, no- 
 tice was given. 
 
 Nimtius (Jt Nuncius, i, m., a 
 messenger, bearer of tidings, car- 
 rier ; a message, news, advices, 
 information. 
 
 NupticBy drum, f. pi. (mibo), a 
 marriage, wedding. 
 
 Nusquam, adv. {ne do usquam), 
 in no place, nowhere. 
 
 Nutus, its, 7/i. (nuo\ a nod, beck. 
 Figuratively, will, pleasure, as be- 
 ing expressed by a nod. 
 
 
 
 Ob, prep, loith the ace, for, be- 
 cause of, on account of, in conse- 
 quence of, for the purpose of, for 
 tlie sake of Ob rem, to the pur- 
 pose, successfully, profitabl}'. Ob 
 eas res, for these reasons, on this 
 account, therefore. 
 
 Olx'dicus, eniis, part., see Obedio. 
 Adj., obedient, in subjection to, 
 submissive, yielding, favorable. 
 
 Obedio, Ire, Ivi, itum, intr. {ob d: 
 andio), to obey, be obedient, give 
 ear to; to serve. 
 
 Objecto, are, avi, dtum, tr. freq. 
 (objicio), to throw in the way of, 
 expose to ; to upbraid with, re- 
 proach with, cast in one's teeth. Ob- 
 jectare aliqicid aUcul, to reproach 
 or charge one with any thing. 
 
 Objectus, see Objicio. 
 
 Objicio, ere, jeci, jectum^ tr. (ob 
 d: jacio) to throw to, throw be- 
 fore, give. 
 
 Obldtus, see Offero. 
 
 ObUno, ere, levi, iXtum, tr. {ob cL* 
 lino), to daub or smear over, be- 
 smear, stain. 
 
 OblttiiSj see Oblino. 
 
 OblltuSj see Obliviscor. 
 
 Obliviscor, ?, oblitus, dep.y to for- 
 get. 
 
 Oblongus, a, um, adj. {oh db lou" 
 gus), oblong, rather long. 
 
 Obnoxius, a, um, adj. {ob ds 
 noxius), liable to, exposed to ; sub- 
 ject to, in bondage to, swayed by, 
 under obligations to, in one's pow- 
 ej*, dependent upon, beholden to ; 
 slavish, abject. 
 
 Obruo, ere, ui, utum, tr. {ob dc 
 mo), to cover over, bury. 
 
 Obsciiro, are, dvi, alum, tr. {ob- 
 scurus) to obscure, darken ; to 
 hide, conceal ; to render obscure, 
 envelope in obscurity. 
 
 Obscurus^ a, um, adj., obscure, 
 dark, dim, shady ; ignoble, un- 
 known. As a noun, obscuruni, i, 
 n., obscurity, privacy. 
 
 Obsecro, are, avi, dtum, tr. {ob 
 d: sacro), to entreat or pray earn- 
 estly, implore, supplicate. 
 
 Observo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {ob 
 c£' servo), to observe, look up to, 
 honor, respect ; to obey, submit 
 to, comply with ; to attend to, 
 heed, pay regard to. 
 
 Obses, idis, c. g. {ob d: sedeo), a 
 hostage. 
 
 Obsessiis, a, um, part.^ see Obti- 
 deo and Obsido. 
 
 ObsXdeo, ere, edi, esswn, tr. {ob 
 d' sedeo), to beset, hem in, besiege^ 
 blockade, surround, invest; to 
 take poss» ssion of. 
 
 Obsido, ire, cd', esstwi, tr. {ob do 
 sido), to surround, besiege, invest; 
 to block up ; to occupy, take pos- 
 session of. 
 
 Obstindfus, a, um, adj. {obstino), 
 obstinate, stubborn, obdurate, per- 
 verse; resolute, determined. 
 
 Obsto, dre, stlti, stdtum, intr. 
 {ob ({• sto), to stand in the way, 
 obstruct the way ; to hinder, pre- 
 vent, to be at variance, to make a 
 stand, oppose, be in opposition to. 
 
 Obstripo, ire, ui, Htwn, intr. {ob 
 
OBTESTOR 
 
 227 
 
 ODOR 
 
 cfc strepojy to make a noise against, 
 raise a clamor of displeasure, 
 drown one's voice in murmurs. 
 
 ObtesfoVy art, citus sum, dep. 
 {oh d; tcstor\ to call solemnly to 
 witness ; to conjure, earnestly en- 
 treat, supplicate, beseech. 
 
 ObtincOy erCy tenui, tentum, tr. 
 {oh d: teyieo), to obtain, get posses- 
 sion of, acquire ; to hold here, 
 occup3", retain ; to reign over. 
 Intr., to occupy a particular posi- 
 tion, to be current. Knlla pro 
 socia ohtinety no one holds the 
 place of a companion or partner. 
 Ea fama quce plerosque ohtinet, 
 that opinion which holds posses- 
 sion of most minds, or is generally 
 received. 
 
 Obtrunco, clre, clviy atu7n, tr. {oh 
 <t trunco\ to cut off the head or 
 limbs, cut down, cut to pieces, 
 slaughter, slay ; to maim. 
 
 Obtuli, see Offero. 
 
 Obvejiio, Ire, vcni, ventnin, intr. 
 {oh do v€?iio\ to fall to one's lot, 
 fall to ; to happen. 
 
 Ohviam, adv. {oh <£• via\ so as to 
 meet, again?t. Obviam ire, to go 
 to meet; to resist, oppose, put a 
 stop to. Obviam ire pericuUs, to 
 go to meet dangers, expose one's 
 self to or court dangers. Obviam 
 itum est, opposition was made. 
 Obviam procedere, to go or advance 
 to meet. 
 
 Obvius, a, ww, adj. {oh 6: via), 
 going or coming to meet; going 
 or coming against. Obvius esse, 
 to meet, come in contact with. 
 Obvius procedere, to go to meet, 
 march against. Inter se obvii esse, 
 to meet together. 
 
 Occasio, dnis, f. {occido), an oc- 
 casion, opportunity, fit season. 
 Per occasioneni, on a favorable 
 opportunity. * 
 
 Occasurus, see Occido. 
 
 Occdsus, us, m. {occido), a going 
 down, setting. Solis occasus, sun- 
 set. Ad occasum ah ortu solis, 
 
 from the rising to the setting of 
 the sun, from east to west. 
 
 Occidens, tis, m., the quarter 
 where the sun sets, the west. 
 
 Occido, ere, cldi, cisum, tr. {ob (t 
 ccedo), to strike to the ground ; to 
 kill, slay, murder, slaughter. 
 
 Occido, ere, cXdi, casufn, intr. 
 {oh do cado), to go down, set ; to 
 fall, fall down ; to die, perish, be 
 lost. 
 
 Occlsus, see Occido. 
 
 Occulo, Sre, cului, cultum, tr., 
 to cover over, conceal. 
 
 Occulte, adv. {occultus), secretly, 
 privately, in secret. 
 
 Occnlto, are, dvi, dium, tr. fttq. 
 {occulo), to hide, cover, conceal. 
 
 Occidtus, a, um, adj. {occulo), 
 hidden, concealed, secret. As a 
 7WU71, occultum, i, n., a secret 
 place, place of concealment ; a se- 
 cret. Iji occulta esse, to be con- 
 cealed. In occulta pati, to permit 
 to remain hidden. Occultum ha- 
 bere, to keep secret. 
 
 Occupo, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {ob dh 
 capio), to seize upon, take posses- 
 sion of; to occupy, invade, en- 
 gross; to attack. 
 
 Occursans, tis, part., see Occurso. 
 Adj., hostile, refractory. 
 
 Ocednus, i, m., the ocean. 
 
 Ocius, comp. ocissime, sup. adv. 
 {ocior), more quickly. Quayn ocis- 
 sime, as speedily as possible, with 
 all speed. 
 
 Octavius, i, m., Caius Octavius 
 Rufus, see Rufus. 
 
 Oculus, i, m., the eye. In ocu- 
 lis esse, to be before one's eyes, be 
 presented to one's view. 
 
 Odi d: Osus sum, def. verb, per- 
 fect with the signification of the 
 presmt, I hate, abhor. 
 
 Odium, i, n. {odi), hatred, ani- 
 mosity, ill-will, dissatisfaction, dis- 
 like, aversion. 
 
 Odor dc Odos, oris, m., an odor, 
 scent; an offensive smell, stink, 
 stench. 
 
OFFENIX) 
 
 228 
 
 OPPORTUNrS 
 
 Offendoy ^re, dly sum^ tr. (ob & 
 fendo\ to strike against, hit, 
 strike ; to offend, displease. 
 
 Offensa, ce^f. (offendo), a striking 
 against; dij^pleasure, aversion ; an 
 offence, injury; liability to offence 
 or to a disturbance of friendly re- 
 lations, opportunity for quaiTel- 
 ling. 
 
 Offensus, a, mti, part., see Offen- 
 do. Adj., offended, angry, un- 
 friendly, hostile; disngreajible. 
 
 Offero, ferrc, obtuli, ohldtum, tr. 
 irr. (ob <t fero\ to bring before, 
 present, offer, give. 
 
 OffXciOy ^re, flci, fectunt, intr. 
 {ob ds f<icio\ to act against; to 
 hinder, ob:*truct, stand in way of; 
 to injure, be injurious to. 
 
 Officium, i, n., a service, kind- 
 ness, good turn, kind offices ; a 
 duty, obligation, trust, office, en- 
 gagement, business, employment 
 
 Oleaster, tri, in. (olea), the Ole- 
 aster or wild olive-tree. 
 
 Omifisu.\ see Omitto. 
 
 Omitto, ^re, inisi^ vi'msHm, tr. 
 (ob <£' 7nifto), to lay aside, leave 
 off; to throw down, let go, let 
 alone, forego ; to pass over, say 
 uothing of; to cease. 
 
 Otnnlno, adv. (omnio), wholly, 
 entirely, in general, universally, 
 in all. In the whole. 
 
 Omnis, e, adj., all, every, the 
 whole. As a noun, omnia, n. pL, 
 all things, every thing ; all other 
 thinijjs, every thing else, after 
 loords expressing a comparison. 
 PerfugcK omnes prcBsidium, a gar- 
 rison composed entirely of desert- 
 ers. 
 
 On^ro, dre, dvi, dtiim, tr. (onus), 
 to load, burden ; to fill, glut, gorge. 
 
 Onus, eris, n., a burden, load, 
 weight; a trouble. Oneri esse, 
 to be a burden. 
 
 Onustus, a, uni, adj. (onus), load- 
 ed, laden ; full of, abounding in.. 
 
 OpSra, a, /., work, labor, pains, 
 exertion ; service, aid, assistance. 
 
 Operant dare, to exert one's selfi 
 take care, see to it ; to contrive, 
 effect. Operce prctium est, see 
 Pretium. 
 
 Operio, Ire, erui, ertum, tr., to 
 cover, conceal ; to close. 
 
 Opes, see Ops. 
 
 Op\fex, ids, c. g. (opus dc facio\ 
 a workman, da^'-laborer, maker, 
 artificer ; an artisan, mechanic 
 
 Opimitis, {, m., Lucius Opimius. 
 a jRoman senator, who belonged to 
 tlie high aristocratic parti/, and, in 
 the early part of his career, pos- 
 sessed great influence. He was con- 
 sul B.^C. 121. 
 
 Opinio, Onis, f., opinion, bclieC 
 Amplius opinione viorabatur, de- 
 layed longer than was expected ; 
 opinione asperius ext, is more dif- 
 ficult than is generally imagined. 
 
 Opitutor, dri, atus sum, dep, 
 (ops d' obs tulo\ to help, aid, suc- 
 cor, relieve. 
 
 Oportet, nit, impers., it behooves, 
 it IS proper, it ought, I, you, he, 
 she, <tc. ought 
 
 Opperior, Iri, oppertus do oppe- 
 rltus sutn, dep., to wait for, tarry 
 for. lutr., to wait, tarry. 
 
 Oppiddnus, a, utn, adj. (oppi- 
 dujn), of, or belonging to, a town. 
 As a noun, a townsman, inhabit- 
 ant of a town. 
 
 OppXdutn, i, n., a walled town, 
 a town. 
 
 OpportunXtas, dtis, f. {oppor- 
 tiinus), advantageousness, favora- 
 blenesa, eligibility, convenience, 
 advantageous situation ; a favora- 
 ble opportunity, lucky circum- 
 stance, ii'j; opportunitate, in con- 
 sequence of a convenient oppor- 
 tunity. 
 
 Opportunus, a, um, adj., conven- 
 ient tit, suitable, proper, adapted 
 to the purpose, favorable, oppor- 
 tune ; useful, serviceable ; ex- 
 posed, liable, obnoxious, Oppor- 
 tunus injuricBy a fit subject for 
 injury. 
 
OPPRESSUS 
 
 229 
 
 ORO 
 
 Oppressus, a, um, part., see 
 Opprimo. 
 
 OpprunOy ^re, pressi, pressuniy 
 tr. {ob (t preino\ to weigh down 
 upou, oppress, crush ; to subdue, 
 oveipower, make one's self master 
 of, put down ; to suppress, stifle, 
 hide ; to si a}', kill. 
 
 Oppuqnatio, oniSy f. (oppugno), 
 a fighting against, attack, storm- 
 ing, siege. 
 
 Oppugno, are, dvi, atinn, tr. {ob 
 dcpugno), to fight against, assail, 
 assault, storm ; to prosecute. 
 I Ops, opis, f.y strength, might, 
 power; aid, assistance, succor, 
 support, help, means of aiding; 
 OpeSy pl.y power, influence, re- 
 sources, strength ; wealth, riche:», 
 ' substance, property; aid, assist- 
 ance. Summa ope^ maxima ope^ 
 with all one's might, with might 
 and main. Opem ferre, to give 
 assistance. 
 
 Optandus, a, w/n, part.^ see 
 Opto. Adj., to be wished for, de- 
 sirable. 
 
 Optimey adv., sup. of bene, very 
 well, best of all, best. 
 
 OptimuSy a, w7/i, adj., sup. of 
 bonus, very good, the best, best 
 of all; bravest. Optimus quisque, 
 every one that is best or bravest, 
 the bravest, the best citizens. 
 
 Optioy onis, f. (opto)y option, 
 liberty to choose, choice. 
 
 Opfo, are, dviy dtuift, /r., to wish 
 for, long for, desire. Intr.y to 
 wish, express a wish, request, 
 pray. 
 
 OpulenSy entiSy adj., see Opu- 
 Untus. 
 
 Opidentety adv. {opulentns)y rich- 
 ly, abundantly, splendidly, mag- 
 nificently. 
 
 Opideyttia, cp, f. (opulens)y opu- 
 lence, wealth, riches ; power, 
 greatness. 
 
 OpuleiituSy Oy uttiy ff? OpideuSy tiSy 
 adj. {ops)y opulent, rich, wealthy, 
 fertile ; powerful, great. 
 
 OpnSy ^riSy n., work, labor, toil, 
 hardship ; a work, task ; fortifi- 
 cations, military engines. When 
 opposed to natiiray an artificial 
 work ; hence ofteiiy operey by art. 
 
 Oputy n. indecl.y need, occasion, 
 necer^sity. Adj. indecl.y needful, 
 necessary. Sibi — perdita republica 
 opus essfy that he wished to ruin 
 the stale. 
 
 Oray cpy /., the edge, margin; 
 the coast, shore. 
 
 Oratioy oniSy f. {oro\ speech, 
 discourse, language ; a speech, 
 harangue, address, message; elo- 
 quence. Orationeni haberCy to 
 make or deliver a speech. 
 
 Oratory oriSy m. {oro)y an orator, 
 speaker, ambassador, neejotiator. 
 
 Orbis, isy ?«., a circle, sphere. 
 Orbis terrcVy orbis terraruviy the 
 circle of the earth, the earth, the 
 whole world. Orbcm facerCy to 
 form a circle, draw troops up in 
 the form of a circle, or four-sided 
 figure. 
 
 OrdOy XniSy ?«., order, arrange- 
 ment ; rank, row, file ; a battalion, 
 company, troops; an order, rank. 
 Ordo senatorius^ equesteVy plebeius, 
 the senatorial, equestrian, ple- 
 beian order, or the rank of sena- 
 tor, knight, plebeian. Ordine, in 
 the regular or proper manner, 
 regularly, wisely, justly. Ordines 
 observarCy servare, or haberCy to 
 keej) in ranks, Ordine egrediy to 
 leave the line, break ranks. In 
 hoc ordiney i. e., in ordine senaiorio, 
 in the senate. 
 
 OrienSy entiSy part.y see Orior. 
 
 Orlgo, hiiSy f. (orior), a sou ice, 
 head, origin; parent state, mother 
 country. 
 
 Orior, Iriy ortus sumy dep.y to 
 rise, arise, spring, spring up; to 
 be born ; to begin, appear. 
 
 OrndtuSy us (orno), ornament, 
 decoration, embellishment ; dress, 
 attire. 
 
 OrOy drCy dviy atiwi, tr. (os, oris). 
 
OBTUS 
 
 230 
 
 PAKIO 
 
 to pray for, beg, entreat, ask. 
 Intr.f to make supplication, ask 
 aid. 
 
 OrtuRj us, m, (orior), a rising, 
 origin. Ortus 8oli!<, the rising of 
 the sun. Ab ortu soils, on the 
 east. 
 
 Os, oris, 71., the mouth ; lan- 
 guage, sf)eech ; the face. Per ora 
 vestra, before your faces. Om- 
 nium ora in me conversa sunt^ the 
 eyes of all are turned upon mc. 
 
 Ostendo, Sre, di, sum 6: turn, tr. 
 {ob dc tendo), to show, hold forth ; 
 to bring to light, expose to view ; 
 to point out, indicate, betoken, 
 make known. Ostendere se, to 
 show one's self, appear. 
 
 Ostento, dre, dvi, dtiim, tr. (freq. 
 of ostendo), to show often, make 
 a show of, make an ostentatious 
 display of, p.-irade; to hold out, 
 promise, to show, display. 
 
 Ostentus, us, m. {ostendo), a 
 show, display. Ostentui esse, to 
 exhibit, serve to displa}-, to be a 
 blind or trick, to be intended to 
 deceive. 
 
 Otium, i, n,, ease, leisure, re- 
 tirement, private life, idleness ; 
 inactivity, quiet, repose, tranquil- 
 lity, peace. Per otium, through 
 want of occupation, in l*'i>nrp, in 
 time of peace. 
 
 P. 
 
 P., an abbreviation of Publius. 
 
 Pabulum, i, 7U (pasco), food for 
 cattle, forage, foduer ; pa:iturnge. 
 Humi pabulum, the wild produc- 
 tions of the soil. 
 
 Pacdtus, a, wtL, adj. {paco\ 
 peaceable, quiet, reduced to peace- 
 ful subjection. £x pacafis prce- 
 dam agebant — from those who 
 were at peace with them. 
 
 Paci/lco, are, dvi, dtum, intr. (pa- 
 cijicus), to treat about peace, make 
 proposals of peace, desire peace. 
 
 PaHscor, i, vactus sum, dep., to 
 stipulate for, aemand as a condi- 
 tion. 
 
 Pactio, onis, f. (paciscor\ an 
 agreement, contract, bargain. 
 Pactiones, pi., agreements, the 
 stipulations or conditions of an 
 agreement. 
 
 Pcene or Pene, adv.t nearly, al- 
 most. 
 
 Palam, adv., openly, publicly, 
 manifestly. 
 
 Palans, tis, part., see Palor. 
 
 Palor, dri, dtus sum, dep., to 
 wander to and fro ; ramble up 
 and down, rove about, straggle, 
 be dispersed. 
 
 Pafus, udis, /., a marsh, morass, 
 swamp, fen. 
 
 Panis, is, m., bread. 
 
 Par, paris, adj., equal, like, 
 alike, equally strong or power- 
 ful. Par ac or par atgue, tlie 
 same as. 
 
 Paratio, dnis, f. (paro\ an aim- 
 ing at., striving after, getting. 
 
 Pardtns, a, um, part., see Paro. 
 Adj., ready, in rfadinesa, quick; 
 prepared, fitted. 
 
 Par CO, Sre, peperci d' parci, par- 
 citum d* parsum, intr., to spare, 
 pardon, forijive, to be sparing ot, 
 use sparingly, keep ; to be careful 
 of, be concerned about, regard. 
 
 Parens, a, um, adj., sparing, fru- 
 gal, economical. 
 
 Parens, eniis, c. g. (pario\ a pa- 
 rent, father or mother. Pctrenies^ 
 pi, parents ; kindred. 
 
 Parens, part., see Pareo. Adj., 
 obedient. As a noun, a subject, 
 dependent ; a subject-state 
 
 Pareo, ere, ui, Vum, intr., to 
 obey, subniit ; to yield to, pive 
 way to ; be governed by, follow, 
 gratify ; to depend upon, be sub- 
 ject to. 
 
 Paries, glis, m.. the wall, of a 
 house or other building, 
 
 Pario, ire, pepiri, partwn, tr., to 
 bear or bring forth ; to prodace, 
 
PARITER 
 
 231 
 
 PATRICIUS 
 
 cause, occasion ; to obtain, get, 
 gain, acquire. 
 
 PariteVy adv. (par), equally, in 
 like manner, alike; just as much; 
 at the same time. Par iter aCj 
 atque, dbc, just as i£ Fariiercum 
 occasu soliSy at the going down of 
 the sun, at sunset. 
 
 ParOf drey dviy dtwriy ir.^ to make 
 read}', put in readiness, prepare, 
 provide ; to acquire, procure, get ; 
 to gain over, oribe; to aim at> 
 strive to obtain ; to buy, pur- 
 chase; to furnish, fit out, equip; 
 to prepare for, get ready for. 
 Intr.y to make preparations, to 
 put one's se'f in readiness, get 
 ready for action. Parare iusidias 
 alicuij to lay snares for, to plot 
 against or lie in wait for, any one. 
 Inter hctc parata atqiie drcreta^ in 
 the midst of these preparations 
 and resolves. 
 
 Parriclda, «•, c. g. (pater 6: 
 c(pdo)f a parricide, murderer of 
 parents ; a murderer, assassin ; a 
 miscreant ; a rebel, enemy. 
 
 ParM, tis, /., a part, j>ortion ; a 
 side, the wing of an army. Pars 
 or partes, a party, facti(»n. Pars 
 — pars, pars — alii, alii — pars, 
 some — others. Multi — pars, many 
 — some. Magna pars, a great 
 part, a great many. Maxima 
 pars, the greater part, most. 
 Magna parte, for the most part, 
 to a great degree. Ab omnibus 
 partibus, on all sides. Sticdia pnr- 
 tium, the excesses of party spirit. 
 Invidia partium, party rancor. 
 
 Particeps, Xpis, adj. (pars db ea- 
 pio), participating or snaring in, 
 privy to. As a noun, a sharer, 
 partaker, accomplice. 
 
 Partiin, adv. (pars), partly, in 
 part. As a noun indccl., a part, 
 some. Partim — partim, partim — 
 alii, some — others. 
 
 Parfio, Ire, Ivi, itum, tr. (pars), 
 to part, divide, distribute by lot. 
 
 Partus, a, vm, part., see Pario. 
 
 Painit7i, adv., comp. miiius, sup. 
 minime, little, too little, not 
 enough, not sufficiently, not very. 
 It is sonietiynes equivalent to non, 
 not. Parum valere, to be want- 
 ing in strength, to be feeble. Pa- 
 rum est, it is not enough. 
 
 Parvus, a, um, adj., comp. mi- 
 nor, »up. minimus, little, small, 
 young. 
 
 Passim, adv., here and there, 
 up and down, at random ; in va- 
 rious directions, every where, 
 every way. 
 
 Passus, us, VI, (pando\ a pace, 
 step. The pace, as a measure of 
 distance, was equal to Jive feet. 
 
 Pate/acio, ere, feci, factum, tr. 
 ( pateo d' facto), to open, lay open ; 
 to disclose, make known, declare ; 
 to show, bring to light 
 
 Patefio, eri, factus sum, irreg. 
 pass, of patefacio, see Pio. 
 
 Patens, eyitis, part., see Pateo. 
 Adj., open, clear, wide, broad. 
 
 Pateo, ere, ui, intr., to be or lie 
 open ; to be visible or manifest, 
 appear ; t^j lie open to, or be sub- 
 ject to one's power. 
 
 Pater, tris, m., a father. It was 
 applied also to the Poman senators 
 as a title of respect. 
 
 Patera, ce, f (pateo), a broad 
 bowl, sacrificial goblet. 
 
 Patiens, cutis, part., see Patior. 
 Adj., patient, ready to bear, capa- 
 ble of enduring, patient in bear- 
 ing up under. 
 
 Patientia, ce, f, (patior), pa- 
 tience, endurance, forbearance ; 
 tameness under injuries, submis- 
 siveness. 
 
 Patior, *, passus sum, dep., to 
 bear, undergo, endure, suffer ; to 
 submit to, tolerate ; to let, permit. 
 
 Patria, (e,f (pafrius), one's na- 
 tive country or city, native land. 
 
 Patricius, a, um, adj. (pater), 
 patrician, of patrician rank. As 
 a noun, a patrician, one of the 
 aristocracy. 
 
PATRIMONIUM 
 
 232 
 
 PENDEO 
 
 Patrimoniiim, i, n. (pater\ a 
 patrimony, paternal estate, inher- 
 itance. 
 
 Patrius^ a, um, adj. {pater), of 
 one's father, paternal. Bona pa- 
 iria, property received or inherit- 
 ed from one's father, patrimony, 
 fortune. 
 
 Patro, are, dvi, dtwn, tr., to 
 enfect, perform, accomplish, exe- 
 cute, perpetrate ; to bring to a 
 conclusion, end, finish. 
 
 Patrociniuin, i, n. (patronus\ 
 patronage, protection, support. 
 
 Pauciy «», a, adj. pi., few, a few. 
 As a noun, pauci, m. pL, a few 
 men, a few ; the few. Paucis^ or 
 pauca {with verbis or verba omit- 
 ted), in a few wf»rds, briefly. 
 Paucissimis (so. verbis), in a very 
 few words, very briefly. 
 
 PaucXtan, ati.% f. (pauri), few- 
 ness, smallncss of numbers, pauci- 
 ty ; a small number. 
 
 Paulutiffi, adv. ( paulus), little 
 by little, by degrees, gradually, 
 slowly. 
 
 Paulisper, adv. {paidus\ for a 
 short time, a little while. 
 
 Paulnlnm, adv. (pauhdtis\ a lit- 
 tle, a very little, somewhat; a 
 short time or distance. 
 
 Paulum, adv.f a little, somewhat, 
 a little way. 
 
 Paidus, a, wn, little, small. 
 Paulo, abl. with the coinp., a little, 
 somewhat Paulo post, or post 
 paulo, just after, a little after, 
 after a little while ; the former ex- 
 pression is the more emphatic. 
 Paulo antey a little before, just 
 before. 
 
 Paulus, «, m., L. (oEmilius Le- 
 pidus) Paulus, a Poman senator, 
 who, in the year 52 B. C, held the 
 consulship. In earli/ life he com- 
 menced a prosecution against Cati- 
 line. 
 
 Pauper tas, at is, f, (pauper), 
 poverty. 
 
 PaveOf erCf pavi^ intr,, to be 
 
 alarmed, to tremble. TV., to trem- 
 ble at, be terrified at, fear. 
 
 Pavesco, ere, intr. inc. (paveo\ 
 to begin to be greatly alarmed ; 
 to be much afitiid, tremble. 
 
 Pavidas, or, um, adj. (paveo), 
 timid, afraid, fearful, alarmed, 
 aflf righted. 
 
 Pax, pads, /., peace, tranquil- 
 lity. Pace (or in pace), in peace. 
 Pacem arjitare, to maintain peace, 
 live at peace or in peace. 
 
 Peccatum, i, ri. [pecco), a fault, 
 error, mistake, sin. 
 
 Pecco, are, dvi, dtum, intr., to 
 do wrong, commit a fault; make 
 a mistake, err. 
 
 Pectus, dris, n., the breast. It 
 is oflm used figuratively, like breast 
 in English, for the soul, <tc. 
 
 Peculdtus^ us, m. (pectUor), em- 
 bezzlement, peculation, the fraud- 
 ulent appropriation of public 
 m4»ney or proj>crty to one's own 
 use. 
 
 Pecnnia, (e, f. [pecus), money; 
 a sum of money ; goods, |»roperty. 
 PecuniiE capt(B arcessere,-—<t{ hav- 
 ing taken money — of bribery. 
 
 Pecus, dris, n., cattle, in the ori- 
 ginal sense of the r - ' ■ -^'Hng 
 oxen, horses, swine, }>' and 
 
 in general, alldomest^ .. . .. ...uials, 
 
 used for labor or for food for man ; 
 tame animals; a herd. PecorOy 
 pl„ in distinction from man^ the 
 brute?, brute beasts. 
 
 Pedes^ Vis, m. (pesX on foot, a 
 foot-soldier. Pedites, pL, the foot- 
 soldiers, the foot, infantry. 
 
 Pedester, tris, tre, adj. (pes\ 
 pedestrian, on foot Pedestres 
 copiie, the foot-soldiers, infant- 
 ry. 
 
 Pelignus, a, wn, adj., Pelignian, 
 belonging to the Peligni, who in- 
 habited a small district in Itaiy, 
 
 Pello, ire, pepuli, pulgttm, tr^ 
 to drive or chase away, expel; to 
 discomfit, rout 
 
 PendcOf ere, pependi, uUr^ to 
 
PENDO 
 
 233 
 
 PERGO 
 
 hang upon, depend upon, be de- 
 pendent upon. 
 
 Pendo^ ere, peperidi, pensum^ tr., 
 to weigh, esteem, value; to j%y, 
 discharge, liquidate. Pendere 
 parvi, to value little, care little 
 for. Pendere pcenas, to suffer 
 punishment. 
 
 Pene, adv., {the same as pcene), 
 almost, nearh'. 
 
 Penes, prep, vnth the ace, in the 
 power of, in the hands or posses- 
 sion of, vested in: 
 
 Pe7iS7i.% a, um, part., see Pendo. 
 Adj., esteemed, valued, dear. Ni- 
 hil (or nee) qiddquam pensi habere, 
 to hold nothirg dear, not to care 
 for, or regard, to disregard, to 
 have no consideration for. 
 
 Penuria, ce, f., want, lack, 
 8ca^•cit3^ 
 
 Peperci, see Parco, 
 
 Peperi, see Pario. 
 
 Per, prep, tcith the ace, through, 
 throui^hout, over, in among, about, 
 at; by means of, through, by; 
 with names of persons, by the 
 agency of, by the instrumentality 
 ofj through ; in adjurations ajid 
 prayers, by, in the name of. 
 With an abstract noun, per often 
 expresses the manner in which a 
 thing is donr^ as : per virtutem 
 emori, to die bravely ; per luxum, 
 in luxury or luxuriously ; per su- 
 perbiam, haughtily, proudh'. Per 
 is often cmploi/ed with the ace of 
 the personal pronouns, as : per se, 
 of or in himself, of his own ac- 
 cord; by himself .alone, without 
 assistance; so far as he is con- 
 cerned ; and so with the other per- 
 sons and numbers. In composition 
 per strengthens the meaning. 
 
 Perangustus, a, um {per 6: an- 
 gustus), very narrow or strait. 
 
 Perccllo, ere, culi, culsum^ tr. 
 {per S; cello), to strike down; to 
 cut down, stun, pals}^ strike with 
 consternation, dishearten, discour- 
 age, discomfit. 
 
 Percontor, dri, dtus sum, dep. 
 {per d* contor), to ask, interrogate, 
 inquire. 
 
 Perculsus, a, um, part., see Per- 
 cello. Adj., terror-stricken, dis- 
 heartened. 
 
 Perditus, a, um, part., see Pcrdo. 
 Adj, lost, ruined, desperate. 
 
 Pfrdo, ere, dldl, d\tum, tr. {per 
 d: do), to ruin, destro}^ 
 
 Perduco, ere, xi, ct\im, tr. {per 
 d' duco), to lead, conduct, accom- 
 pany ; to bring or gain over, per- 
 suade. 
 
 Peregrinans, tis, part., see Pere- 
 grinor. As a noun, a traveller in 
 a foreign country. 
 
 Pcrcgrinor, dri, dtus sum, dep. 
 { peregrinus), to be or travel in for- 
 eign countries. 
 
 Perco, ire, ii, irreg. intr. {per d 
 eo), to be lost, ruined or destroyed ; 
 to die. 
 
 Perf^ro, fcrre, tiili, Idtum, irr. 
 tr. {per d fero), to bear, carry, 
 bring, convey; to sufl'er, bear pa- 
 tiently, brook, put up with. Per- 
 ferre legem, or rogationon, to cai*- 
 ry through a law or bill, get it 
 passed. 
 
 Perficioy ere, fUci, fcctum, tr. 
 {per d facio\ to finish, complete, 
 perform, execute, accomplish ; to 
 bring about, cause, effect. 
 
 Perfidia, ce,f. {perjidus), perfidy, 
 treachery, perfidiousness, faithless- 
 ness*. 
 
 Perfuga,*a:, m. {perfugio), a fu- 
 gitive, deserter. 
 
 Perfugio, ere, fugi, fugitum, intr. 
 (per d fugio), to fly or flee for 
 safety, take refuge. 
 
 Perfugium, i, n. { perfugio), a 
 refuge, sanctuary, shelter, asylum. 
 
 Pergo, ere, perrexi, perrectum, 
 intr. {per d rego), to go, come, go 
 forward, advance, continue on 
 one's way. Pergere iter, to pursue 
 or proceed on one's journey; per- 
 gere festinans, to go in haste, 
 hastou. 
 
PERICULOSE 
 
 234 
 
 PERVENIO 
 
 Periculose^ adv. {periculosus\ 
 dangerously, with hazard. 
 
 Periculosus, a, um^ adj. (pericu- 
 lum\ dangerous, perilous, hazard- 
 ous. 
 
 Periculum^ ?, n., a trial ; a dan- 
 ger, hazard, peril. Periculo suo, 
 at his own risk. Facere alicui 
 pericuhim^ to occasion danger to 
 any one, expose any one to danger. 
 
 Perinde, adv. (per do inde\ just 
 as. Perinde ac or atque, just as, 
 just so. Perinde ut, in proportion 
 as, Justin proportion to. Perinde 
 ac si or quasi, as if, as though, 
 just as if. 
 
 Peritia, ce, f. (peritus), skill, ex- 
 pertness, knowledge. 
 
 Perjuriu7?iy 2, 7i. (perjuro), per- 
 juiy, false swearing. 
 
 Perldtus, a, uin, part, see Per- 
 fero. 
 
 Perlego, Sre, legi, ledum, tr. {per 
 <Sc lego), to read through, read over. 
 
 Permaneo, ere, mansi, mansum, 
 intr. (per <t manco), to remain to 
 the last, to remain, endure, hold 
 out, persevere. 
 
 Permisceo, ere, miscui, mixtum, 
 or mistum, tr, (per d' viisceo), to 
 mix, mingle, or blend together, 
 mingle; to confound, throw into 
 confusion. 
 
 Pennitto, ^re, Isi, issum^ tr. 
 (per <jD mitto), to give, grants in- 
 trust, commit ; to permit, allow, 
 Bufifer. His permissum (est), it 
 was permitted them, they were 
 authorized or empowered. 
 
 Permixtlo, onis, f. (permisceo), 
 a mixing or mingling together. 
 Permixtlo terrce, an earthquake. 
 
 Permixtus, a, um, part., see 
 Permisceo. 
 
 Permoveo, ere, movi, motum, tr. 
 (per d; moveo), to move greatly, 
 move, stir up, incite, disturb, 
 throw into commotion; to lead, 
 induce, influence. 
 
 Pernicies, Si, f. (perneco) death, 
 destruction, ruin. 
 
 Perniciosus, a, um, adj. (perni- 
 cies), pernicious, deadly, baneful, 
 destructive, ruinous, dangerous. 
 
 Ferpello, ere, puli, pulsnm, tr. 
 (per d: pello), to move; prevail 
 upon, persuade, influence. 
 
 Per per am, adv. ( perperus ), 
 wrongl3% amiss, incorrectly. 
 
 Perpetior, i, pessus swn, dep. 
 (per dc patior), to suffer, endure, 
 undergo, submit to, bear. 
 
 Persa, ce, m., a Persian. 
 
 Perscrlho, Sre, psi, ptiim, tr. 
 (per (£' scribo), to write out, re- 
 port, record ; to write off, copy 
 to take a sketch of, make a plan ot. 
 
 Pers^q-uor, i, cutus sunt, dep. 
 (per do sequf/r), to follow after, 
 pursue, press upon; to delineate, 
 recount, treat of, perform ; to re- 
 venge, avenge, punish. 
 
 Per sea, «•, d' Per.sett^ i, m.. Per- 
 ses or Pei-seus, the last king of the 
 Macidonians. He was conquered 
 by the Romans under uEmiliu9 
 Paulus, 168 B. C, and died a pris- 
 oner at Alba. 
 
 Persolvo, ire, solvi, soliifuin, tr. 
 (per d' 8>'lvo), to pay, pay off. 
 
 Persuadio, ere, sudsi, sitd^mm, tr. 
 (per d' suadeo), to persuade, in- 
 duce, prevail upon. 
 
 Pert err CO. tre, ui, \tum, tr. {per 
 do terreo\ W frighten greatly, ter- 
 rify, fill with alarm. 
 
 PertimescOy ire, wi, intr. (per do 
 timesco), to be greatly afraid. TV., 
 to fear greath', fear. 
 
 Ptrtinco, ere, tti, intr. (per dt 
 teneo), to extend, stretch, reach 
 to tend. 
 
 Pertingo, ere, intr. (per db tan- 
 go), the same as pertineo. 
 
 Perturbdtus, a, um, part., pec 
 Perturbo. Adj., confuseu, disturb- 
 ed, disquieted. 
 
 Perturbo, are, avi, dtuyn, tr. (per 
 d' turbit), to disturb greath', throw 
 into disorder, confuse, break, trou- 
 ble, disquiet 
 
 Perveiiio, Ird, viniy venium, inir. 
 
PES 
 
 235 
 
 PLACIDE 
 
 {per d' venio\ to come; arrive at, 
 reach. Pervenire ad aliquein, to 
 fall into the hands of, to come to 
 any one. Perventum est, we, you, 
 they, <fcc., have arrived. Li cla- 
 ritadinein pervenire, to come into 
 celebrity, become celebrated. 
 
 Pe\ pedis, m., the foot ; as a 
 measure, a foot. 
 
 Pessvuc, adv., sup. of male, very 
 badly ; worst Quam quisque pes- 
 sime fecit, tarn maxime tutus est, 
 the worse any one has acted, the 
 safer he is. 
 
 Pessunus, a, um; adj., sup. of 
 malus, the worst, most vicious ; 
 most destructive or pernicious. 
 
 Pessum, adv. (pes), foot wards, 
 downwards, to the bottom. Pes- 
 sum do, or as one word, pessumdo, 
 to let go to the bottom, sink ; to 
 ruin, undo. 
 
 Pesiilentia, ce, f {pestilens), a 
 plague, pestilence. 
 
 Pestis, is, f, a pest, plague, 
 scourge ; ruin, destruction, calam- 
 ity ; an infection, pestilence. 
 
 Petitio, onis, f (peto), a peti- 
 tion ; a canvassing for an office, 
 an effort to secure one's elec- 
 tion. 
 
 Peto, ^re, ivi or ii, Itum, tr., to 
 ask, request, entreat ; to seek, be 
 a candidate for, canvass for, stand 
 for; to look for, pick up; to seek 
 after, covet, desire ; to desire to 
 reach, make for, get to; to seek 
 to subdue, attack, assail ; to make 
 a charge against 
 
 Petreius, i, m., M. Petreius, a 
 lieutenant under C. Antonius, in 
 the war against Catiline. 
 
 Petidantia, ce, f. ( petulans), pet- 
 ulance, insolence, wantonness, las- 
 civiousness. 
 
 Phal^rce, drum, f pL, trappings 
 for a horse, ornaments for men or 
 women. 
 
 Philceni, drum (or on), m. pi., 
 the Philaeni, two Carthaginian bro- 
 thers ; see Bell. Jug, ch. Id. 
 
 Phcenix, icis, 7n., a Phoenician, 
 inhabitant of Phoenicia. 
 
 Picenus, a, um, adj., Picene, per- 
 taining to Picenum, a country of 
 Italy, on the Adriatic Sea. 
 
 Pictus, a, um, part., see Pingo. 
 
 Pietas, dtis, f (pius), piet}^ 
 veneration, devotion to the per- 
 formance of one's dnty, duty. 
 
 Piget, uit, \tum est, impers., it 
 srrieves or pains, it is disagreea- 
 ble or irksome. 3Ie piget, I am 
 grieved, ashamed, pained, vex- 
 ed. 
 
 Pilum, i, n., a javelin ; it con- 
 sisted of a wooden shaft 4o\ feet long, 
 and a barbed iron head of the same 
 length ; but the latter extended half 
 way down the shaft, making the en- 
 tire length of the pilum 6f feet. 
 
 Piius, i, m*, a rank of the triarii 
 or pilani, who were armed with 
 X\\e pilum. Primus pilus, the first 
 rank of the triarii, who formed 
 the third line i?i the Roman legion, 
 the hast at i and principes being in 
 front of them ; see Diet. Antiq. s. v. 
 
 Pingo, Sre, pinxi, pictum, tr., 
 to paint Tabula picta, a paint- 
 ing ; {picta is often omitted.) 
 
 Piso, onis, m., I. Calpurnius 
 Piso, who held the consulship 67 
 B. C^ II. Cnceus Piso, a young 
 nobleman who was an associate of 
 Catiline. 
 
 Pistoriensis, e, adj., of or belong- 
 ing to Pistorium, a toum in Etru- 
 ria, now Pistoria in Tuscany. 
 
 Pix, picis, /., pitch. 
 
 Placeo, ere, ui, \tum, intr., to 
 please, give satisfaction, suit the 
 taste, be agreeable. Satis pla- 
 cer e, to satisf3\ Placet, impers., it 
 pleases, seems good. Mihi {tibi, 
 sibi) placet, I, you, he, likes, ap- 
 proves of, chooses, determines; 
 also it is my, your, his opin- 
 ion. 
 
 Placide, adv. {placeo), placidly, 
 softly, gently, mildly, peaceably, 
 calmly. 
 
PLACIDUS 
 
 236 
 
 POLLICITATIO 
 
 Placidus, a, um^ adj. (placeo), 
 placi<1, quiet, gentle, mild. 
 
 Placitua, a, um, part., see Placeo. 
 Adj., pleasing, agreeable, grateful. 
 
 Placo, are, dvi, dbim, tr., to ap- 
 pease, pacify, reconcile, calm. 
 
 Plane, adv. {planus), plainly, 
 clearly ; wholly, altogether, en- 
 tirely. 
 
 Planitie.% ei,f. {planus), n plane, 
 smooth surface ; a plain, level 
 ground. 
 
 Planus, a, urn, adj., plain, flat, 
 level, smooth. As a nomi, pla- 
 num^ i, n.y a plain. 
 
 Plautius, a, tint, adj.^ Plautian, 
 pertaining to the qcns Plautia. 
 Lex Plautia, a law introduced by 
 P. Plautius against occupying pub- 
 lic places. 
 
 Plebs, his, or Plebes, ci, /., the 
 common people, plebeians, in dis- 
 tinction from the nobles ; the pop- 
 ulace, rabble. 
 
 Plenus, a, um, adj. (obs. pUo), 
 full, abounding in. Plena gradu, 
 at quick step. 
 
 Plcrumque, adv. { plerusque),' for 
 the most part, generally, usually, 
 in most cases. 
 
 Plerusque, aquc, innque, adj., 
 most. 7'his adjective is often em- 
 plo^jed, particularly in the neuter, 
 as a noun, and followed by the gen- 
 itive, as : plcrumque noctis, the 
 greater part of the night ; plera- 
 que mortalium, most human affairs. 
 Pltrique, most men, the majority. 
 2'he difference between plerusque 
 and plurimus, which however is not 
 ahonys observed by Latin aitthors 
 is, that the former denotes the great- 
 er part of a whole, ichile the latter 
 refers to the greatest part compared 
 loith other parts. 
 
 Plufunum, adv., sup. of mul- 
 tiun, most, very much, for the 
 most part, principall}', commonh'. 
 
 Plur\mus, a, iim, adj.y sup. of 
 multus, most, the greatest part, 
 very many or much. As a noun^ 
 
 plurimum, i, n., the most, the 
 most of all, very much ; plurimi, 
 the most, the greatest part. Quam 
 plurimum, or quam plurimum po- 
 test, as much as possible. 
 
 Plus, adv.y comp. of multum^ 
 moi-e. 
 
 Plus, pluris, adj., comp. of niuU 
 tus, more. As a noun, plus, n., 
 more, \cith a gen. Plures, more, 
 many, a great number, the major- 
 it}'. Pluris {with pretii omitted), 
 of more value, higher, dearer, a 
 higher price. Facere plurix, to 
 esteem higher, value more. Quam 
 plures, see Quam plures. 
 
 PluviuSy a, um, adj. {pluo), rainy. 
 Pluvia aqua, rain-water. 
 
 Poena, ee, f., ti penalty, punish- 
 ment, sati^faction. Solvere, dare, 
 or reddere, poenas, to render satis- 
 faction, pay the penalty, suffer 
 punishment. Poenas caper e, to 
 take satisfaction, avenge, inflict 
 punishment. Poenas petere, to 
 seek satisfaction, to inflict punish- 
 ment, to take revenge. Poena 
 esse, to serve for punishment, be 
 given up to punishment 
 
 Poeni, orum, m. pi., the Cartha- 
 ginians. 
 
 Paniteo, ^e, ui, tr. (poena), to 
 repent Intr., to repent^ be sorry. 
 
 Pcenitet, imper., it repents. The 
 ace. of the person may be better 
 translated as the subject, as : Pceni- 
 tet fnCy I repent, regret, am sorry 
 for. 
 
 Pollens, tis, part., see Pollen, 
 abounding in strenpith. Adj., 
 strong, potent, powerful, surpass- 
 ing. 
 
 Polleo, ere, intr., to be strong, 
 powerful or great, to have great 
 weight or influence. Magis pfdlere, 
 to be more powerful, be stronger, 
 have greater power. 
 
 Polliceor, vri, "it us sum^ dep., to 
 promise. Intr., to make promises^ 
 
 Pollicitatio, dnis^f, a promising, 
 a promise. 
 
POLLICITOR 
 
 237 
 
 POSSIDO 
 
 Pollicitor, dn\ dtus sum, dep. 
 freq. (polllceor), to make promise 
 after promise. Pollicitandoy by 
 oft-iepeated promises. 
 
 Polluo, ere, ui, utum, tr.y to pol- 
 lute, defile, corrupt, contaminate, 
 dishonor. 
 
 Pollutus, a, tcm, part., see Pol- 
 luo. Adj., polluted, defiled, de- 
 bauched, vile, foul, shameful, de- 
 testable, homeless. 
 
 Pompeius, e, m., (Cn.) Porapey 
 the Great, the opponent of Julius 
 Ccesar. 
 
 Pompeius, i, ???., Pompeius Ru- 
 fus, see Rufus. 
 
 Pomptlnus, i, in., C. Pomptinus, 
 a prcetor during the consulship of 
 Cicero, and one of his most faith- 
 ful coadjutors in suppressing the 
 conspiracy of Catiline. 
 
 Pondo, abl. (pendo), in weight. 
 As an indeclinable noun, a pound. 
 
 Pondus, eris, n. (pendo), weight. 
 
 Pono, ire, posui, positum, tr., to 
 put, y.lace, set ; to lay aside, ter- 
 minate ; to set up, to propose, 
 offer; to apj^oint, constitute; to 
 esteem, to set down. Poyiere ante, 
 to place before, value higher. Po- 
 nere vigilias, to post or station sen- 
 tinels. Poiiere castra, to pitch a 
 camp, encamp. 
 
 Pons, lis, m., a bridge. 
 
 Pontificatus, us, m. {pontifex), 
 the pontificate, or office of the 
 pontifex or high priest. 
 
 Popularis, e, adj. (populus), 
 of or belonging to the people, 
 popular. As a noun, a popular 
 man, a fellow-countryman, fellow- 
 townsman, one's countrj'man or 
 townsman, an associate, accom- 
 plice. 
 
 Populus, i, m., a community 
 united under the same laws, a 
 people, nation, the common peo- 
 ple, commons, in distinction from 
 the nobility. 
 
 Porcius, i, m., Porcius, a Roman 
 family name. 
 
 Porcius, a, urn, adj. Porcia lex, 
 the Poreian law. This law was 
 introduced, as is generally sup- 
 jjosed, by P. Porcius Lceca, tribune 
 of the people, and forbade that any 
 Roman citizen should be fettered, 
 scourged, or put to death ; instead 
 of tJtef^e punishments were substi- 
 tuted banishment, and confiscation 
 of property. 
 
 Porrectus, a, um, part., see Por- 
 rigo. Adj., extended, stretched out. 
 
 Porrigo, ere, rexi, rectum, tr. 
 {porro ct rego), to stretch or spread 
 out, extend, lengtlien. 
 
 Porro, adv., farther onward, 
 afar ofi*, then next; moreover, be- 
 sides. When the proposition in 
 which it stands expresses something 
 opposed to what goes before, porro 
 may be trandated^ on the other 
 hand, but still. 
 
 Porta, CB, /., a gate, door, port. 
 
 Portdtio, onis, f. (porto), a 
 carrying or bearing, conveyance, 
 transportation. 
 
 Portendo, ire, di, turn, tr. (porro 
 <£' tendo), to portend, presage, pre- 
 dict, foreshow, reveal, to be fol- 
 lowed by. 
 
 Portentum, i, n. (portendo), a por- 
 tent, extraordinary appearance. 
 
 Porto, are, dvi, a turn, tr., to 
 cany, bear, bring, transport. 
 
 Portuosus, a, um, adj. (portus), 
 abounding in harbors. Portuosior 
 erat, had more good harbors. 
 
 Posco, ire, poposci, tr^ to ask, 
 demand, pray earnestly ; to re- 
 quire, call for. 
 
 Positus, a, um, part., see Pono. 
 
 Posse ssio, onis, f ( possidco), pos- 
 session, possessions, property, an 
 estate. 
 
 Posscssus, a, 2im, part., see Pos- 
 sideo. 
 
 Possideo, ere, edi, essum, tr., to 
 possess, have possession of; have; 
 to be master of; make a slave of. 
 
 Possido, ere, idi, essum, tr., to 
 take possession of. 
 
POSSUM 
 
 238 
 
 PRJSACUO 
 
 Possum, posse, potui, ititr. irr. 
 (potis <b sum), to be able, have 
 power, to have ability, have 
 weight. Potest, imp., it is possi- 
 ble. Plus 01* amplius posse, to be 
 more powerful, have greater abil- 
 it}^ Plurimum posse, to be most 
 powerful, to be of most avail, be 
 most efficient. Minus posse, to be 
 less powerful, be of less avail. 
 Quantum ijigenio possem, so far 
 as I might be able, so far as I 
 have the ability. Potuit honestius 
 consult, a more reputable course 
 might have been pursued, he 
 might have conducted himself 
 bettei*. Por posse tcifh quam, see 
 Quam. 
 
 Post, adv., hereafter, after this, 
 afterwards. Prep, with the ace, 
 after, since, behind, in the rear of, 
 next in order to. Post fnere, or 
 postfuere, were laid aside. Post 
 eum diem, the day after, the next 
 day. Post tertium annum, the 
 third year after. It sometimes sup- 
 plies t/ie place of a clause, as: qui 
 proximo anno post Bestiam con- 
 sulatum gerehat, who held the 
 office of consul the year after Bes- 
 tia held it. Ducere post, to value 
 less, consider of less importance. 
 Post diem quintum quam — , on the 
 fifth day after. 
 
 Postea, adv. {post <£' is), after- 
 ward, after that, hereafter, subse- 
 quently. 
 
 Pos'eaquam, or Postea quam, 
 adv. (postea d; quam), after, after 
 that. 
 
 Posterior, us, gen. oris, adj., comp. 
 ofposterus, that comes after, poste- 
 rior, later, too late. 
 
 Posterns, a, um, adj. (post), 
 comp. posterior, sup. postremus, the 
 following, next, ensuing. As a 
 noun, posteri, drum, m. pi., de- 
 scendants, posterity. 
 
 Postquam, adv. (post 6: quam), 
 after, after that, when, as soon as. 
 
 PostrSmd, adv. (postremus), last- 
 
 ly, finally, at last, in fine, in short, 
 in a word, in general. 
 
 Postremus, a, um, adj., sup. of 
 posterus, the last, hindmost. As 
 a noun, postrema, n. pi., what hap- 
 pens last, the latest occurrences. 
 Postrema acies, the rear. In pos- 
 tremo or in postremis, in the rear. 
 
 Postulatum, i, n. (postulo), a 
 demand, request. 
 
 Postulo, are, avi, dtum, tr. (pos- 
 co), to demand, ask, desire, im- 
 plore, beg ; to require, call for. ' 
 
 Potens, tis, adj., efficient in the 
 use of oue*s strength, powerful, 
 potent, efficacious, rich, influen- 
 tial ; of great power or influence. 
 
 Potentia, ce, f. (potens), power, 
 force, influence, political influence. 
 
 Potestas, atis,f. (possuyn), abili- 
 ty, powei*, rule, authority; leave, 
 permission, opportunity, liberty. 
 
 Potior, Iri, Itussum, dep. (potis), 
 to get possession of, become mas- 
 ter of, acquire, get, possess, get in 
 one's power. 
 
 Potior, us, gen. dri.% adj., comp. 
 of potis, preferable, dearer, better, 
 more reliable. Specie quam usu 
 potior, better in appearance than 
 m reality. 
 
 Potis, indecl. adj., able, possible. 
 
 Potissimum, a-Jv. (potior), most 
 of all, above all others, chiefly of 
 all others, in preference to others, 
 best, especialh'. 
 
 Potissimus, a, um, adj., S7ip. of 
 potis, most of all, first of all, the 
 best. , 
 
 Potiio.% adv. co?np. (potior), 
 rather, in preference. 
 
 Poto, are, avi, dtum d' potum, tr., 
 to drink. Intr., to drink to e**- 
 cess, be drunken. 
 
 Potui, see Possum. 
 
 Prce, prep, with the abl., before ; 
 for, on account of; in comparison 
 with. In co77iposition prce is ustt^ 
 cdly intensive. 
 
 PrcBocuo, Sre, ui, utum, tr. (pra 
 <t aaio), to make very sharp. 
 
PR^ACUTUS 
 
 239 
 
 PR^MISSUS 
 
 I Prceacutus, a, um, part, see 
 Prceacuo. Adj., sharj), sharp- 
 I pointed. 
 
 I Frcealtics, a, um, adj. (prce dt 
 I altus), very high or lofty, very 
 ; deep. 
 
 i Prcebeo, ere, ui, itum, tr. {prceS 
 \ habeo), to give, supply, furnish, 
 I o£fer, afford. 
 
 ! ProBceps, cipitis, adj. ( prce 62 ca- 
 \ put), headlong, precipitate, rapid, 
 i rash, inconsiderate, hasty ; steep, 
 j precipitous. Pr weeps cadere, to 
 ! fall headlong into ruin, go to ruin, 
 I be ruined. Prcecipitem agere, to 
 drive headlong to desperation. 
 I Ire, or abire prceceps, to go head- 
 long, to plunge headlong into ruin, 
 go to destruction, to take a rash 
 I or desperate course ; to fall into a 
 ruinous condition. Prceceps dari, 
 to be carried headlong. 
 
 PrcEceptum, i, n. (prcecipio), an 
 I order, direction, command ; a pre- 
 ' cept, maxim, rule, instruction, ad- 
 vice, counsel. 
 
 Prceceptus, a, um, part., see 
 ProBcipio. 
 
 ProBcldo, ere, cldi, cisum, tr. 
 {prce (h ccedo), to cut off, shorten, 
 Prcecipio, ere, cepi, cepturn, tr. 
 {prce (^ capio), to instruct, teach, 
 order, enjoin, direct. Alicui prce- 
 ceptum est, instructions have been 
 given to one, one has received in- 
 structions. 
 
 Proecipito, are, avi, dtwn, tr. 
 {prceceps), to precipitates, plunge, 
 thrust, throw headlong, to drive. 
 Se prcecipitare, to ruin one's self, 
 run headlong to destruction. 
 
 PrceclsuSj a, um, part., see Prce- 
 cido. Adj., abrupt, steep, precipi- 
 tous. 
 
 PrcBcldrus, a, um, adj. {prce & 
 clams), very clear or bright, illus- 
 trious, brilliant, conspicuous, dis- 
 tinguished, remarkable, noble, 
 I beautiful. Qui bello scepe prce- 
 , clari fueranty who had often won 
 ' distinction in war. 
 
 Prceda, ce, /., booty, prey, spoil, 
 plundeiing, pillaging ; gain, advan- 
 tage. Be Uicce prcedce, the s][>oih oi 
 war. 
 
 Prcedabundus, a, um, adj. {prce- 
 dor), making an excursion for 
 booty, plundering. 
 
 Prcedator, oris, m. {prcedor), a 
 plunderer, pillager. As an adj., 
 plundering, making booty. Exer- 
 citus predator ex sociis, an army 
 carrying off booty from their al- 
 lies. 
 
 Prcedatorius, a, um, adj. {prceda- 
 tor), booty-making, plundering, 
 predatory. 
 
 Prcedico, are, avi, dtum,, tr. {prce 
 d: dico, are), to proclaim, publish, 
 make known ; to tell, say, relate, 
 report. Be7ie prcedicare, to speak 
 well of. 
 
 Prcedico, ere, xi, ctum, tr. {prce 
 (S: dico, ere), to tell beforehand, to 
 appoint in advance, to give orders 
 in regard to. 
 
 Prceditus, a, um, adj. {prce cb 
 datus), endowed or endued with, 
 po.-^sessed of, having. 
 
 Prcedoceo, ere, cui, ctum, tr. 
 {prce (h doceo), to teach or instruct 
 beforehand. 
 
 Prcedor, dri, dtus sum, dep. 
 {prceda), to make booty, plunder, 
 pillage. Tr.y to plunder, rob, 
 spoil, ravage. 
 
 Prcefectus, a, um, part, see 
 Prceficio. 
 
 Prcefectus, i, m. {prceficio), a prse- 
 fect, superintendent, commander, 
 governor, officer. 
 
 Prcefero, ferre, iuli, Idtum, tr. 
 {prce CO fero), to prefer, give the 
 preference, choose rather. 
 
 Prceficio, ere, feci, fectum, tr. 
 {prce d: facio), to set over, appoint 
 to the command of. 
 
 Prcegredior, edi, gressus sum, 
 dep. {prce <& gradior), to go before, 
 precede. 
 
 Prcetnissiis, a, um, part, see 
 Prcemitto. 
 
PRyEMITTO 
 
 240 
 
 PR A V US 
 
 Prcemitto, ^r<?, mlsi, 7nissum, ir. 
 (prce d' mitto\ to send before. 
 
 Prcemhim, i, 71., money; a re- 
 ward, recompense, adv^antage, pro- 
 fit, a promised reward. 
 
 Pnepedio, Ire, ivi, Umn, tr. 
 {prce (b pes), to impede, hinder, 
 obstruct, to shackle. 
 
 Proeposterus, «, mn, adj. {prm c& 
 posterns), having that fir>t which 
 ought to be last, preposterous, ab- 
 surd, wrong. 
 
 Prceriimpo, ere, riipi, ruptum, tr. 
 ( prce (b r tempo), to break off. 
 
 Prceruptus, a, um, part., see 
 Prcericmpo. Adj., broken, rugged, 
 steep. 
 
 Prcssens, tis, adj. (prce c& ens), 
 present, at hand, personally, ready, 
 prompt, effectual. In prcesens, at 
 present, for the present. Prcesens 
 agere — at once. 
 
 Prcesentia, ce, f. {prcesens\ pres- 
 ence. 
 
 Proiserthn, adv., especially ; 
 chiefly, principally, particularly. 
 Quum prccserthn or prcesertim 
 quum, especially since. 
 
 Prccsideo, ere, edi, essiim, intr. 
 {prce do sedeo), to preside ovei", su- 
 perintend, have the command, 
 keep, watch over. 
 
 Prccsidiuni, i, n. {prceses), a 
 guard, safeguard, protection, de- 
 fence ; a support, refuge, resource, 
 aid, succor, assistance, reinforce- 
 ment ; garrison, stronghold ; an 
 escort, convoy. Prccsidlum. or 
 prcesidia agitare, to act as an 
 escort, to mount or keep guard ; 
 to perform duty in a garrison, 
 
 PrcestabiHs, e, adj. {prcesto, dre\ 
 excellent, noble. 
 
 Prcesto, adv., present, ready, at 
 hand. Prcesto esse, to be present, 
 be ready, be in readiness. 
 
 Prcesto, are, tti, liicm, intr. {prce 
 dc sto), to stand before, to be supe- 
 rior or better than, to excel, uis- 
 tinguish one's self Tr., to do, per- 
 form. Pi'cestat, wipers., it is better. 
 
 Prceswn, esse, fuiy intr, irr. 
 {prce d sum), to be set over, pre- 
 side over, have the charge or com- 
 mand of, direct. 
 
 Prceter, prep, icith ace, before, 
 close by, near, besides, in addition 
 to, except, save. Adv., except, 
 save, only. 
 
 Prceterea, adv. {prceter dc is), be- 
 sides, moreover, in any other in- 
 stance, and also, and other. 
 
 Prcetereo, Ire, it, itum, iyitr. 
 {prceter d eo), to pass by, to say 
 nothing. Tr., to pass over in si- 
 lence, pass over, omit, leave out. 
 
 Prcetergredior, edi, gressus sum, 
 dep. {prceter d gredior), to go past 
 or beyond, pass by. 
 
 Prcetor, oris, m. {prceeo), a prae- 
 tor. 2'he prcetor was a judicial 
 officer, and ranked in dignity next 
 to the consul. Prcetors were some- 
 times sent, after the expiration of 
 their term of service, to administer 
 justice in the provinces, and in that 
 case were called proprcetores or pro- 
 prcetors, a term which icas also 
 applied to one who commanded an 
 army in the absence of the gene- 
 ral. Pro prcetore, as pi-opra}tor, 
 that is, as the acting commander- 
 in-chief 
 
 Prcetorium, i, n. { prcetor ius), the 
 pra3torium, the general's tent. 
 
 Prcetorius, a, um, adj. {prcetor), 
 of or belonging to the praetor, 
 praetorian. Cohors prcetoria, the 
 praitorian cohort, or general's life- 
 guard. 
 
 Prcetura, ce., f {prcetor), the 
 prsetorship, the office of praetor. 
 
 Prccvenio, Ire, veni, ventum, tr. 
 { prce d vcnio), to come before, an- 
 ticipate, prevent. 
 
 Pravitas, cliis, f {pi-avus), de- 
 pravity, perverseness, wickedness. 
 
 Pravus, a, um, adj., perverse, 
 wicked, depraved, vicious, mon- 
 strous. As a noim, pravum, i, n,, 
 depravity, wickedness, vice, vil- 
 lany. 
 
PREMO 
 
 241 
 
 PilOBRUM 
 
 Premo^ ere, pressi, pressum, tr,, 
 to press, press upon, weigh down, 
 oppress, press hard upon. 
 
 Pretium, i, ??., the price, worth, 
 value ; a reward, meed, pay, wages, 
 money. Operce pretium est, or 
 pretium est, the labor has its re- 
 ward, one's labor is repaid, it is 
 worth while. 
 
 Prex, precis,/., prayer, supplica- 
 tion, entreaty. 
 
 Pridem, adv., long since, long ago. 
 
 Primo, adv. (pri/nus), at the 
 first, at first, in the first place. 
 
 Primum, adv. (primus), first, in 
 the first place, for the first time. 
 Primum omnium^ first of all. Qiiani 
 primum, as soon as possible. Uhi 
 primum, or quum primum, as soon 
 as, when first, when once. 
 
 Primus, a, wn, sup, of prior, 
 the first, earhest, the foremost, 
 front ; the most distinguished, most 
 important, most valuable, chief, 
 principal. As a norm, prhiuim, i, 
 n., the first rank, front. Primi, 
 orum, m. pi., the first, those who 
 occupy the first rank. In primis 
 or imprimis, first, in the first place, 
 first of all, above all, in the highest 
 degree, chiefly, especially, peculiar- 
 ly, among the first, in front ; among 
 the most difficult of things. Prima 
 ducere or habere and primum pu- 
 tare, to reckon of the first impor- 
 tance. • 
 
 Princeps, \pis, c. g. {primus d; 
 capio), the first, foremost ; a chief, 
 headman, leader. Princeps sena- 
 tus or princeps in senat?i, tlie head 
 or leader of the senate, the one 
 whose name was placed first on 
 the list of senators. Principes, 
 the principes, the heavy armed soU 
 diers. composing the second line of 
 the Roman legion ; also the leading 
 division, 
 
 Principium, i, n. (principi), a 
 beginning, commencement. Prin- 
 cipia, the front rank of an army in 
 order of battle, the front. 
 11 
 
 Prior, us, gen. oris, sup. pri- 
 mus, prior, previous ; more ad- 
 vanced, superior, first. 
 
 Pristlnus, a, um, adj., pristine, 
 former, wonted, original. 
 
 Prius, adv. {prior), first, before, 
 previously. Prius — quam or prius- 
 quam, before that, sooner than, 
 rather than. 
 
 Priusquam, adv., see Prius. 
 
 Privaiim, adv. {privatus), pri- 
 vately, in a private capacity, as an 
 individual, individually. 
 
 Privatus, a, um, part., see Privo. 
 Adj., belonging to individuals, indi- 
 vidual, private, one's own, personal. 
 As a noun, a private person, one 
 who holds no pubhc office. 
 
 Privignus, i, m., a step-son. 
 
 Privo, are, dvi,dtum, tr. { privus), 
 to take away from, deprive. 
 
 Pro, prep, with the all., before, 
 in front of, in the presence of; for, 
 in reference to, in favor of, to the 
 advantage of, in excuse of; in the 
 place of, instead of, from being, in- 
 stead of being; in the manner of, 
 as becomes, according to, in accord- 
 ance with, in proportion to ; on ac- 
 count of, in consideration of. Pro 
 bono facere, to act in accordance 
 with what is good, to do welL Pro 
 tempore respondet, — as became, or 
 suitably to the occasion. 
 
 Pro! or Prohl inter., 0! ah! 
 Pro Deum atque hominum fidem I 
 I call Gods and men to witness. 
 
 ProbXtas, atis, f. {probus), prob- 
 ity, rectitude, goodness, upright- 
 ness. 
 
 Probo, are, avi, dtum, tr. {pro- 
 bus), to approve, commend, to as- 
 sent to, agree to. 
 
 Probrum, i, n., a shameful or 
 scandalous act, disgraceful conduct, 
 disgrace, shame, infamy. Probro 
 habere, to consider disgraceful 
 Ignavice luxuriceque probra, shame- 
 ful excesses of idleness and luxury. 
 Probri causa^ as a mark of dis- 
 grace. 
 
PR0BU8 
 
 242 
 
 PROFUTUEUS 
 
 Prohus^ a, ?^m, adj.^ good, up- 
 right, worthy, virtuous, chaste, mod- 
 est. 
 
 Procaxy dciSf adj. (proco), bold, 
 proud, impudent, saucy. 
 
 Procedos ere, cessi, cessum, intr., 
 to proceed, go forward or forth, go, 
 advance, to pass, elapse, to go on 
 "well, prosper, succeed, be of ser- 
 vice; work to the advantage of; to 
 turn out, happen, to be advanced. 
 -Eb vecordice procedere, to advance 
 to such a pitch of madness. Ad- 
 herbal ubi intelligit eo proccssutn, — 
 it had come to this. Pnrum proce- 
 dere, not to prosper sufficiently, be 
 attended with too little success. 
 
 Proconsul, is, vi. (pro d' consul), 
 a proconsul, one who discharged in 
 a province the duties which belongs 
 to the consul in Jlomc, or "under- 
 took the conduct of a war in the 
 place of a consul. 
 
 Procul, adv., far, far off, at a dis- 
 tance, aloof, remote. Procul errare, 
 to wander far from the truth, err 
 very much. 
 
 Procuratio, dnis, f. (proairo\ 
 administration, management 
 
 Prodlgium, i, n., a prodigy, mira- 
 cle, omen. 
 
 Proditio, dnis, f. (prodo), a dis- 
 closure, treachery, betn^ing, trea- 
 son, faithlessness. 
 
 Prodo, trc, d"idi, dltuiu, tr. {pro 
 d; do), to disclose, discover, to be- 
 tray, desert, surrender perfidiously. 
 Prodere Jidem, to betray confidence, 
 break one's word. 
 
 Produco, ere, xi, ctu?7i, tr. (pro db 
 duco\ to bring fortli or forward, 
 bring before the people. 
 
 Proelians, tis, part., see Prcelior. 
 As a noun, a combatant, 
 
 Prcelior, Gri, Cttus sum, dep. 
 (prcelium), to fight, join battle, 
 contend in fight. 
 
 Prcelium, t, w., a fight, battle, 
 engagement, combat, a regular or 
 pitched battle. Proelium facere, 
 to join battle. Praliuni manihus, 
 
 or in manibus facere, to engage 
 hand to hand, join in close combat 
 A7ite proelium factum, before the 
 battle was fought, before the en- 
 gagement. Proeliuyn male pugna- 
 tum, an unsuccessful battle. 
 
 Prof anus, a, urn, adj. (pro d: fa- 
 num), profane, not consecrated to 
 any god, not sacred. 
 
 Profectio, dnis, f (proficiseor), a 
 setting out, departure 
 
 Profecto, adv. (pro db f actus), 
 doubtless, certainly, indeed, io 
 truth, surely. 
 
 Profectus, a, um, part,, see Pra- 
 fciscor. 
 
 Profero, ferre, tali, Idtmn ( pro 
 d' fero\ to bring out, to publisli, 
 make known, to postpone. 
 
 Proficiscor, profectus sum, dep, 
 ( pro d: facio), to set out on a jour- 
 ney, go away, depart ; to be on a 
 journey, travel, Q\y ; to proceed. 
 
 Profteor, iri, fessus sum, di^. 
 ( pro db fat^or\ to declare openly, 
 acknowledge freely, avow, to de- 
 clare one's self a candidate. 
 
 Projiigo, are, iivi, dtum, tr. (pro 
 dt figo), to throw to the ground ; 
 to put to flight, beat back, rout 
 
 Proffigio, ert',fugi,fugUum, intr. 
 (pro dcfugio), to flee, fly, run away, 
 escape. 
 
 Prufiigits, a, wwi, adj. (profugio), 
 fleeing, fugitive, put to flight, driven 
 away ; banished, exiled. Profugus 
 di seeder e or abire, to be put to 
 flight, to flee. 
 
 Prof undo, ere, fUdi, fUsutn^ tr. 
 (pro dc fundo\ to pour out, to 
 throw away, squander, waste, con- 
 sume, 
 
 Pixfundus, a, wm, adj.^ deep, 
 profound, boundless, insatiable. 
 
 Profuse, adv. { prifusus), pro- 
 fusely, extravagantly, immoderate- 
 ly, too much. 
 
 Profasus, a, um, part., sec Pro- 
 funda. Adj., immoderate, extrav- 
 agantly lavish, prodigal, wasteful 
 
 Profuturtis, see Pro9um. 
 
PROGEiNlES 
 
 243 
 
 PR0PKJ2T0R 
 
 Progenies^ ei, f. ( progigno)^ pro- 
 geny, an ofFspring. 
 
 Proldheo, ere, ui, itwn, tr. {pro 
 ct habeo), to keep off, back, or away, 
 impede, stop; to hinder, prevent, 
 obstruct, repulse, prohibit, forbid ; 
 to repress, curb, restram ; to keep, 
 defend, protect. 
 
 Proinde, conj. {pro d: hide), 
 therefore, on that account. Adv., 
 just so, equally, the same as, in 
 like manner. Proinde quasi, just 
 as if 
 
 Projectus, a, vm, part., see Pro- 
 jicio. 
 
 Projicio, ere, jeci, jectum, tr. 
 {pro (£* jac'o), to throw away or 
 forth, throw ; to drive out, expel, 
 eject. » III has itiiserias projectus 
 8U7fi, I am plunged into these mise- 
 ries. 
 I Prolato, (Ire, dvi, dtum, tr. {pro- 
 
 I /fro), to prolong, protr \rt, extend, 
 to put off, defer, postpone. 
 
 Projniscu^, adv. (pro?tit8cutts), 
 without distinction, promiscuously, 
 confusedly, indiscriminately. 
 
 Promiscuus, a, lun, adj. {pro d; 
 misceo), promiscuous, without dis- 
 tinction, common. 
 
 Promisiaim, i, n. {promitto), a 
 promise, a proposal, proposition. 
 
 Promissus, a, mn, part., see 
 Promitto. 
 
 Promitto, ere, ini.^i, missum, tr. 
 (pro d: mitto), to promise, engage. 
 
 Promptus, us, m. (promo), ex- 
 posure to view ; readiness^. In 
 promptu esse, to be in readiness; 
 be at hand, to be clear, manifest, 
 evident, to be easy. 
 
 Promptus, a, uin, adj. {protno), 
 clear, manifest, ready, active, 
 prompt, b<^)ld, ardent. 
 
 Promulgo, are, dvi, atiim, tr., to 
 publish, make known, propose. 
 
 Pronus, a, um, adj., bending 
 down or forward, bowed to the 
 earth, grovelling, prone, easy, prac- 
 ticable, without difficulty. 
 
 Prope, adv., comp. propius, sup. 
 
 proxime), near, nigh, close by ; 
 nearly, almost. Prope is often 
 followed by the ace., like a preposi- 
 tion. 
 
 Propediem, adv. ( prope do diem), 
 in a short time, shortly, after a 
 while, very soon. 
 
 Propello, ere, puli, pulsum, tr. 
 {pro d: pello), to drive forward, 
 propel, to drive away, repel, re- 
 move. 
 
 Properans, tis, part., see Pro- 
 pero. Adj., hurrying, in liuste, 
 quick. 
 
 Properanter, adv. { proper o ), 
 hastily, speedily, quickly. Prope- 
 raniius, more speedily, in greater 
 haste, too rashly, too precipitately. 
 
 Properantia, a;, f. {propero), 
 haste, nurry, di^^patch. 
 
 Profiere, adv. ( propertci), ia 
 haste, hastily, speedily, quickly. 
 
 Proptro, (ire, dvi, dtum, tr. {pro- 
 pcrus), to liasten, make with haste, 
 accelerate. Intr., to hasten, make 
 haste, to be eager. Properandum 
 esf^\ere is need of dispatch, haste 
 musi be made. 
 
 Propinguus, a, um, adj. {prope\ 
 near, neighboring ; near of kin, 
 nearly related. As a uoun, a kins- 
 man, relation. Propinqni inter se, 
 near to one another. Oppido pro- 
 pinqua {with loca omitted), the 
 parts near the town, the environs 
 of the town. Affines, aynicos, pro- 
 pinquos ceteros, my relations, rny 
 friends, the rest of tliese near to me. 
 
 Propior, i/.s, gen. oris, sup. frroxi- 
 mus, adj. { prope), nearer, closer ; 
 more nearly related, more like. It 
 is often followed by the ace. 
 
 Propius, adv., comp. of prope, 
 nearer to, more nearly. 
 
 Propono, ire, posui, positum, tr. 
 {pro (V pono), to set forth or out; 
 to ofier, present, to make known, 
 explain, point out, declare, tell. 
 
 Proprator, oris, m. {pro d: prce- 
 tor), a propretor, one invested with 
 the authority of praetor. 
 
PKOPTEB 
 
 244 
 
 PUBLICE 
 
 Propter, prep, with the ace. 
 (prope), near, on account of, by 
 reason of, owing to, through. Prop- 
 ter dlsseiitioneia, to prevent dis- 
 putes. 
 
 Propulso, are. dvi, dtum, tr. freq. 
 {propello), to dri^e back, repel, re- 
 pulse. 
 
 Proripio, ere, rXpui, reptum, tr. 
 (pro <k rapio), to drag forth, snatch 
 away. Se proripere. to hurry away, 
 rush out, escape quickly. 
 
 Prorsus, adv. ( pro 6: vermui), al- 
 together, entirely, utterly, in a word, 
 in short 
 
 Prosapia^ ce, /., race, lineage, 
 fimily. 
 
 ProftcrlbOy ere, psi, ptum, tr. ( pro 
 <L' srriho), to proscribe, outlaw. 
 
 Proscriptio, onis, f. (proscribo), 
 proscription. A sentence of pro- 
 acription doomed tJie object of it to 
 death, and his property was confis- 
 cated. 
 
 Proscriptus, a, urn., part, (pro- 
 scribo), proscribed, outlawed. As 
 a noun, proscriptus, i, in., one Jiro- 
 scribed or outlawed. 
 
 ProspectOt are, dvi, dtum, tr. freg. 
 (proxpicio\ to gaze at from ji dis- 
 tance, view, watch. 
 
 Prospectus, Us, vu (prospicio\ a 
 distant view, view, prospect, sight. 
 
 Prosper tl' Prosper us, a, nni, adj. 
 (pro <£• spero), according to one's 
 hopes or wishes, prosperous, favora- 
 ble, fi)rtunate. 
 
 Prosptre, adf. (prosper\ pros- 
 perously, favorably, fortunately. 
 Prospere cedere, to result favora- 
 bly, be successful. 
 
 Proswn, prodesse, profii, intr. 
 irr. ( pro d: sum), to do good, be of 
 service, be successful or profitable, 
 avail i\7/<// profit ura, things 
 which will be of no service, worth- 
 lesjj. 
 
 Provenio, Jre, vdni, ventum, intr. 
 (pro d: venio), to come forth, spring 
 up, arise, 
 
 ProvXdens, tis, part., see Pro- 
 
 video, Adj^ provident, circum- 
 spect, prudent 
 
 Providenter, adf\ ( providens), 
 with foresight, wisely, prudently. 
 
 Providentia, «?, /. (provideo\ 
 foresight, forecast, providence, pre- 
 caution. 
 
 Protndeo, ere, vldiy visum, tr, 
 {pro d: video), to foresee, perceive, 
 discern ; to provide, prepare be- 
 forehand, to see to, look after, to 
 guard against Intr, to make pro- 
 vision for, have a care f(jr. to pro- 
 vide or guard against, to take care, 
 try to prevent 
 
 ProvinciOy ce, f (pro d: venio\ 
 a province. A province was a con- 
 quered country, ruled by a Roman 
 maffistrate. When provincia is 
 used in the Bell. Jug. witlwut any 
 qualification, the Roman province 
 in Africa is meant. 
 
 Provlsus, a, »«/», part,, see Pro- 
 video. 
 
 Proxime, adv., sup. of prope, 
 nearest, next With the ace, like a 
 preposition, next to. 
 
 Proxlmus, a, um, adj., sttp. of 
 propior, the nearest, the next en- 
 suing ; the la^t, preceding, next of 
 kin ; nearly related, intimate. As 
 a noun, proximus, i, in , one's near- 
 est relative or most intimate ac- 
 quaiutince, a bosom friend, a)nfi- 
 (iant, an associate. The adj. proxi- 
 mus is sometimes limited by the 
 accusative. 
 
 Prudens, tis, adj. (contraction of 
 providens), prudent, having a know- 
 ledge of; saor:\cious, wise, intelli- 
 gent, learned ; skilful, experienced. 
 
 Prudenter, adv, ( prudens), pru- 
 dently, wisely, intelligently. 
 
 Psallo, ere, i, intr., to play upon 
 a stringed instrument, to sing to tlie 
 lyre, to sinaf and \At\y, 
 
 Puber d'Pubes, eris, adj., Rrrived 
 at the age of puberty, grown up, 
 adult As a noun, puberes, tan, 
 7n. /)/., crrowu up p>eople, adults. 
 
 Pubhc^, adv, (publicus), public- 
 
PUBLICO 
 
 245 
 
 QUJBSTOR 
 
 ly, in public; in office, in public 
 authority ; in the name of the state, 
 on the part of the public as a state. 
 
 Publico, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {pub- 
 licus), to make public the property 
 of, confiscate. 
 
 PubllciiHj a, ?(W, adj. (populus), 
 public, belonging to the public or 
 state; general. 
 
 PubliuSj i, ??i., a Roman prceiio- 
 men. 
 
 Pudet, uit, pudXtum est^ imp., is, 
 are, or am ashamed. Ilium pudet, 
 he is ashamed ; 7ti€ pudety I am 
 ashamed. 
 
 Pudicitia, ce,f. (pudicus). chasti- 
 ty, proper behavior, modesty. 
 
 Pudfjr, oTix, 772. (pudeo), shame, 
 modesty, good manners, respect, a 
 sense of honor. 
 
 Piter, eri, m.^ a boy, child. 
 
 Pucritia, a, f. {pu€r\ boyhood, 
 childhood. 
 
 Pugna, cc, f. (pugmix), a battle, 
 fight, combat, encounter. Punnam 
 facere, to join battle, fight Png- 
 nam r emitter e, to relax the fury of 
 tlie engagement, to discontinue the 
 battle. 
 
 Pugjio, are, avi, dtum, intr. 
 ( pxtgnaX to fight, combat, contend, 
 give battle. Male pugnare, to lose 
 a battle. Afale pngnatnm, a battle 
 "was lost, an unsuccessful battle was 
 fought. Pugnatur, we, they fight, 
 a battle is fouglit. Bene pugnatur, 
 a successful battle is fought, a vic- 
 tory is gained. 
 
 Pulcher, chra, chmm, adj., beau- 
 tiful, handsome, fair, noble, glori- 
 ous. 
 
 PidsHS, a, um, part., see Pello. 
 
 Puhnniis, i, ?«., a cushion, pil- 
 low, bolster. 
 
 Pulvls, eris, m., dust 
 
 Pnnicus, a, wn, adj., Punic, Car- 
 thaginian. In consequence of the 
 national bad faith, of which the 
 Jiatnans accused tfie Carthaginians, 
 Punica Jides came to be equivalent 
 to mala Jides^ bad faith, perfidy. 
 
 Puto, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to weigh, 
 ponder, reflect upon ; to think, reck- 
 on, suppose, esteem, place, regard 
 as beinar. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Q., an abbreviation of Quint us. 
 
 Quel, adv. (abl. fern, of qui, with 
 via or parte omitted), where, wherev- 
 er, whence. 
 
 Quacunque, adv. (abl. of quicun- 
 que, with via or parte omitted), 
 wherever, wheresoever, whenceso- 
 ever. 
 
 Qua^jiraginta, num. adj. {quatuor\ 
 forty. 
 
 Quadrdtus, a, um, part, {quadro). 
 Adj., square, four-cornered. Qiiad- 
 ratum agmen^ an army drawn up 
 in a hollow square. Aji army 
 marching, quadrato agmine, had 
 the baggage placed in the ceyitre for 
 security, and was prepared to repel 
 an attack from whatever quarter it 
 might come. * 
 
 Quaro, ere, sivi, sltum, tr., to 
 seek, seek after, look for ; to try to 
 gain or acquire, obtain, procure, at- 
 tain ; to ask, inquire ; to inquire 
 into, investigate ; to prosecute. Do- 
 lum quarere, to seek to find or de- 
 vise some stratagem. Quceritur in 
 aliquem, a prosecution is instituted 
 against some one. 
 
 Qucesitor, oris, m. (qucero), a 
 seeker, an investigator, commission- 
 er, judge. • 
 
 QucEso, ere, Ivi {old form for 
 quccro), to beg, pray, entreat. 
 
 Qua:stio, onis, f. (qucero), a seek- 
 ing, an examination, investigation, 
 trial, prosecution. QuiBstiouem 
 cxercere, to carry on or conduct an 
 investigation. 
 
 Quaestor, oris, m. {quccro), a 
 quaestor. A quastor was a Roman 
 officer, who had the care of the pub- 
 lic money ; at the expiration of his 
 official term^ he usually went with a 
 
QU^STTS 
 
 246 
 
 QUICUMQUE 
 
 consul or prcBtor into a province^ 
 where he so^netirnes, in cases of 
 emergency f performed the functions 
 of a proetor. Quaestor pro prcetore^ 
 a quasstor with pretorian power. 
 
 Qucestus, us, m. (gucero), gain, 
 profit, advantage, acquisition. Quis 
 omnia qucestui simty who are ready 
 to barter away every thing for 
 gain. 
 
 QualiSy e, adj., what sort of, what 
 kind of a, what. 
 
 Quam, adv., how, how much. 
 Co7ij., than, as ; with superlatives, as 
 possible, as : qxiam maxime longa, 
 as long as possible ; quam scepis- 
 sime, as often as possible. Qiuim 
 — quam, so— as; quam — tarn, as 
 — so. 
 
 Quamohrem, conj, (often written 
 separately, quam ob rem), why, 
 wherefore, therefore, for which rea- 
 son. 
 
 Quamplures, adj. pi. (sometimes 
 written separately, quam plurcs\ 
 very many, a great many. 
 
 Quampriitiwn, adv. (or written 
 separately, quam primurn), as soon 
 as jx^ssible. 
 
 Qnamquam, coiij., though, al- 
 though. 
 
 Quam vis, adv. {qtiam cfc vis from 
 volo), as much as you will, ever 
 BO much, ever so, however. Conj., 
 although, though. 
 
 Quando, adv., when. Conj., since. 
 Quantus, a, %im, adj., how great ? 
 how much ? so great, so much. 
 Answering to tantns, it 7neans as. 
 As a noun, quantum, n. (with the 
 gen.), how much, so much, as: quan- 
 tum periculi, how much danger, 
 how great a danger. -45 an adverb, 
 quantum, how much, as. Quanti, 
 gen., how dear, how high, at what 
 price. Verba quanti fecerit, how 
 nnich he has regarded his word. 
 Quanta, abl., by how much. Quan- 
 to — tanto, by how much — by so 
 much, the more — the more, the — 
 the. Quantum temporis in impcrio 
 
 fuit, during as much of the time as 
 he was in command. 
 
 Quapropter, conj.{qua dc propter), 
 wherefore, therefore. 
 
 Quare (qua 6: re), conj., where- 
 fore, for which reason, therefore. 
 
 Quartus, a, um, num. adj. (qua- 
 tuor), the fourth. 
 
 Quasi, conj. (for qiiamsi), as \{^ 
 just as if, just as. Adv., as it were ; 
 about, almost (with n umcrals). Qua- 
 si vero, just as if, as if indeed. 
 
 Quatriduum, i, n. (quatuor db 
 dies), the space of four days, four 
 days. 
 
 Quatuor, indecl. num. adj., four 
 
 Que, enclitic conj., and, also, and 
 therefore. Que — que, que — et, or 
 et — que, and — and. both — and. 
 Que denotes a close connection, and 
 is usually appended to the first word 
 in a clause. 
 
 Queis, for Quibus. 
 
 Queo, Ire, tvi, i/wm, intr. irr., to 
 be able, I, you, he, she, <tc. can. 
 
 Queror, t, questus sum, dep., to 
 complain, complain of 
 
 Questus, a, um, see Queror. 
 
 Qui, qu(t, quod, rel. pro., who, 
 which, that, what Inter, pro., who f 
 which ? what ? The relative at ike 
 beginning of a sentefice is often 
 equivalent to a demonstrative with 
 a connective word, and, in trans- 
 lating, that connective must be sttp- 
 plicd, according to the chain of 
 thought, as : J)e cujus homines mori- 
 bus pauca prius explananda sunt^ 
 but I must describe in a few words 
 the character of this man, etc. Quo. 
 abl. with compar., so much, the 
 Quo—eo, by how much — by ec 
 much, the — the. 
 
 Qui, (old abl. of qui <£* quis) ( 
 how, in what way. 
 
 Quia, conj.^ because. 
 
 Quibuscutn, L e. cutr^g^ibMis. 
 
 Quicmnque, qucecumque, quod- 
 
 cumque, rel. pro. (qui Jb eumgtie)^ 
 
 whoever, wnatever, whosoever, 
 
 whatsoever, every, alL The com- 
 
QUID 
 
 247 
 
 QUISNAM 
 
 ponent parts of this word are some- 
 times separated, as : cujtis hcec cum- 
 que modi. 
 
 Quid, see Quis. 
 
 Quidaifiy quadam, quoddam or 
 qulddam, indef. pro. {qui 6; dam\ 
 a certain one, one. In the plural, 
 some. Quidam with proper name, 
 implies that the person is but little 
 knoicn, as : quidatn Manliiis, a 
 certain Manlius, one Manliiis, 
 
 Quidem, adv., indeed, truly, cer- 
 tainly, at least, even. Ke — qui- 
 dan, see Ke. 
 
 Quies, etiSf /., quiet, rest, repose, 
 sleep, peace. 
 
 Quiesco, ere^ evi, etum, intr. 
 (quies), to r?st, repose, sleep. 
 
 Quietus, a, um, adj. (quiesco), 
 quiet, calm, tranquil, peaceful. 
 
 QuilXbet, qucehbet, quodllbet or 
 quidlibet, indef. pro. (qui d: libet), 
 any one who will, whoever you 
 please, any one, any, no matter 
 what, any person or thing what- 
 ever. 
 
 Quin^ conj. (qui cfr ne), that 
 not, who not ; but that ; without. 
 Quin follows nffjative or interroga- 
 ative clauses, including verbs of 
 doubting, (tc, and is sometimes 
 equivalent to qui non, as : quis 
 est, quin — contcndat, who is tliere 
 who does not seek to vie ; sojne- 
 times to ut non ; in which cases 
 it mag often be translated with- 
 out, with the present participle, 
 as: non fuit consilium, silentio 
 prceterire, quin np rirem, it was 
 not my design to pass over in si- 
 lence, without portraying; neque 
 . illis, qui victoriam adepti, diutius i 
 ea uti licuisset, quin qui plus pos- 
 wset,- iuiperiuin atque libertatem ex- 
 Jorqueret, nor could those who ob- 
 tained tlie victory have enjoyed it 
 long, without some more powerful 
 persons wresting from them the 
 government and liberty. Quin. 
 adv., why not ! but, indeed, really. 
 Quin ergo, why not then ! Kon 
 
 quin^ not that, not as if, not but 
 that. 
 
 Quiiideciin, num. adj. (quinque <t 
 decem), fifteen. 
 
 Quinquaginta, nunu adj. (quin- 
 que), fifty. 
 
 Quinque, num. adj., five. 
 
 Quinquennium, i, n. (quinquen- 
 nis), the space of five years, five 
 years, the last five years. 
 
 Quintus, a, um, num. adj. (quin- 
 qtce), the fifth. 
 
 Quintus, i, m., a Roman prae no- 
 men. 
 
 Quippe, conj., since, for, because, 
 in so much as. Adu.j in fact, in- 
 deed. Quippe qui, quce, quod, 
 since he, she, it. Quippe qui — in- 
 vaserat, since he had seized upon. 
 Quippe quis hostis nidlus, since we 
 had no enemy. Quippe cui (sc 
 plebi) omncs copice in usu quoti- 
 diano erant, since all their riches 
 consisted in (the profits of) their 
 dail}' labor. 
 
 Quirlfe.% ium, m. pi., Romans. 
 The Quirites were properly the in- 
 habitants of the Sabine towji of 
 Cures, but the name was applied 
 also to the whole Sabine 7iation. 
 After the union of the Romans and 
 Sabines binder Romulus, the united 
 communitg called themselves, in a 
 civil capacity, Quirites, while, in a 
 political and military capacity, 
 they retained the name of Romans. 
 
 Quis, dat. (So abl. pi. of Qui. 
 
 Quis, quce, quid, intei: pro., 
 who ? whicli ? what ? Quid, adv., 
 why ? Quid reliqui habemus, what 
 have we left. Quis mortal ium^ 
 what man. After ne, si, yiisi, nam, 
 quis and qui are indefinite pro- 
 nouns, as: ne quis, not anyone; 
 si qui.\ if any one. 
 
 Quisnam or Quinam, qucenam, 
 quidnam or quodnam, inter, pro. 
 [quisov qui d: nam), who? which, 
 what ? The nam gives additional 
 emphasis to the question, and an- 
 swers nearly to the English ""pray." 
 
 -^ 
 
QUISPIAM 
 
 248 
 
 RATIO 
 
 It is often used substantively and 
 followed by the gen.^ as : quidnam 
 consilii. 
 
 Quispiam, qucepiam, guodpiam, 
 quidpiam or quippiam^ indef, pro. 
 {quis), some one, any one. 
 
 Quisqicam^ qucequam^ quidquam 
 or quicquamy indef. pro. (quis c£' 
 qua?n), any one, any thing, some 
 one, something. With the nega- 
 tive words, ne^ neque, dv., which 
 usually accompany it, qiiisquam 
 may generally be translated, no one, 
 nothing, no, as : ne quisquam homi- 
 num or omnium, no man, no one. 
 
 Quisque, quceque, quodque, quid- 
 que or quicque, indef. pro. {quis d; 
 que), every one, each, every, all. 
 With the superlative it is in general 
 equivalent to omnes with the posi- 
 tive ; but in connection with the verb 
 following it conveys the idea of a 
 reciprocal comparison among the 
 persons implied in the statement, 
 as : optimus quisque, all the good 
 or brave, every one in proportion 
 as he is best, the best, the bravest. 
 
 Quisquis, quaiquce, quidquid, or 
 quicquid, rel. pro. (quis dc quis), 
 any one who, whoever, whosoever, 
 whatever, whatsoever. 
 
 Quivi, see Qiieo. 
 
 Quivis, quaivis, quodvis or quid- 
 vis, indef. pro. (qui <h vis from volo), 
 any one you please, any one, who- 
 ever, any whatever. 
 
 Quo, abl., see Qui. 
 
 Quo, adv. (properly abl. of qui), 
 whither, where. Conj., where- 
 fore, on which account^ for which 
 reason, in order that, to the end 
 that, that by this means; equiva- 
 lent, in this sense, to ut eo, or ut 
 ea re. Quo minus (also written 
 quominus) after verbs denotixig 
 Jiindrance, from, followed by the 
 English participle, as : neque su- 
 per bia obstabat, quo minus — imita- 
 rentur, and pride did not hinder 
 them from imitating. Quo minus 
 — eo magis, the less — the more ; 
 
 non quo — sed ut, not that, not as 
 if — ^but that. 
 
 Quoad, conj. (quo <Sc ad), so long 
 as, till, until. 
 
 Quocumque, adv. (quo d: cumque), 
 whithersoever, to whatever place. 
 
 Quod, conj. (qui), because, as, 
 that, in that, in regard to. 
 
 Quodni or Quod ni, but if not, 
 but unless. 
 
 Quodsi or Quod si, conj., but if, 
 if then, and if 
 
 Quominus, see Qui. 
 
 Quomodo, adv. (quo c£' modus), 
 how, in what wa}^ in what man- 
 ner. 
 
 Qu^niam, conj. (quum (b jam\ 
 since, seeing that, as. 
 
 Quoquam, adv. (quisquam), to 
 any place, any where. 
 
 Quoque, conj., also, likewise, too. 
 
 Quoque, pro., see Quisque. 
 
 Quotididnus,' a, um, adj. (quoti- 
 die), dail}'. 
 
 Quotidie, adv. (quot (b dies), 
 daily, every day. 
 
 Quousque, adv. (quo d' usque), 
 how long, how far. 
 
 Quum or Cum, adv., when, 
 while. Conj., though, although, 
 since, as. Quum — tum, both — and 
 especially, as well — as also. 
 
 Pu 
 
 Radix, Ids, f, a root. Sub ra- 
 dicibus montium, at the foot of the 
 mountains. 
 
 Ramus, i, w., a branch, bough. 
 
 Rapina, ce,f (rapio), rapine, rob- 
 bery, pillage, depredation, plunder. 
 
 Rapio, ere, pui, ptum, tr., to car- 
 r}^ off by force, ravish, rob ; take 
 forcible possession of, make plun- 
 der of, to carry away, cany on. 
 
 Ratio, onis, f (reor), reason ; a 
 plan, measure, purpose, a way, 
 means, method ; an advantage, 
 interest, circumstance ; a ground, 
 cause, motive ; an affair, matter. ^ 
 
RATUS 
 
 249 
 
 RELIKQUO 
 
 Alienum sicis rationibuSy inconsist- 
 ent with his interests. Quid tuce 
 rationes postulent, what your cir- 
 cumstances demand. 
 
 Batus, a J wn, part^ see lieor. 
 Adj., fixed, settled, firm. 
 
 lie, inseparable prep., back, 
 again. 
 
 Heceptus, us, m. (recipio), a fall- 
 ing back, retreat ; a place of ref- 
 uge, retreat. 
 
 Receptus, a, um, part., see Re- 
 cipio, 
 
 Mecipio, ere, cepi, ceptum, tr. {re 
 do capio), to retake, get back, re- 
 gain, recover; to take, get posses- 
 sion of, receiye, admit. Se recipere, 
 to retreat, fall back. Recipi moeni- 
 bus, be admitted into the town. 
 
 Recito, are, avi, dtum, tr. (re 60 
 cito), to read aloud. 
 
 Recte, adv. (rectus), in a straight 
 line, rightly, properly, well. 
 
 Rector, oris, m. {rego), a ruler, 
 governor, director. 
 
 Rectus, a, icm, part., see Rego. 
 Adj., straight, right, proper. 
 
 Recupero, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to 
 get again, regain, recover. 
 
 Recuso, are, dvi, dtum, tr, (re <jc 
 causa), to refuse, reject. 
 
 Redditus, a, um, part., see Reddo. 
 
 Reddo, ere, didi, ditum, tr. (red; 
 do), to give back, return, restore ; 
 to give, deliver; to requite, re- 
 pay, recompense. 
 
 RedeOy Ire, ii, itum, irr. intr. (re 
 (b eo), to come back, return. Ad 
 inceptum redeo, I return to my 
 undertaking. 
 
 Rediens, euntis, part., see Redeo. 
 
 Redvmo, ere, emi, empium, tr. 
 [re dc emo), to buy back or again ; 
 to buy, purchase ; to redeem, ran- 
 som. Flagitium aut f acinus redi- 
 mere, to compound for, purchase 
 impunity for, cfec. 
 
 Rediturus, a, %im, part, see Re- 
 deo. 
 
 RedUus, us, m. (redeo), a return. 
 
 RefSrOy ferre, tuli, latum,, irr, tr, 
 11* 
 
 (re db fero), to carry back, bring 
 back ; to put off, postpone ; to re- 
 turn, deliver, give ; to tell, relate. 
 Referre ad senatum, or referre 
 atone (vnth ad senatum implied), 
 to refer to the senate, lay before 
 the senate, ask the opinion of the 
 senate. 
 
 Refert, retulit, imp. (res d; fero), 
 it concerns, profits, is the inter- 
 est of. 
 
 Reficio, ere, feci, fectum, tr. (re 
 d: facio), to make again, make 
 anew; to repair; to recruit, re- 
 fresh; to reanimate, reassure. Sau- 
 cios refcere, to administer to the 
 recovery of the wounded. 
 
 Regio, onis, f (rego), a region, 
 district, country. 
 
 Regius, a, mn, adj. (rex), of a 
 king, royal, regal, kingly. 
 
 Regnmn, i, n. (rex), a kingdom, 
 the regal dignity ; the govern- 
 ment of a king, sovereign power, 
 sovereignty. In regnum perve- 
 nire, to become a successor to the 
 thione. Regnum parare, to aim at 
 the sovereignty, to usurp the su- 
 preme power. Te in regyium meum 
 accepi, I have taken you into my 
 kingdom. . 
 
 Rego, ere, xi, ctum., tr., to lead 
 straight, guide, govern, rule, regu- 
 late. 
 
 Regredior, edi, gressus sum, dep. 
 (re d: gradior), to go back, return, 
 draw back. 
 
 Regressics, a, um, see Regredior. 
 
 Regulus, i, m. (dim. of rex), a 
 petty king, prince. 
 
 Relictus, a, um, part, see Relin- 
 quo. 
 
 Religio, onis, f (religo), the fear 
 of God, religion, religious feel- 
 ings, religious scruples, supersti- 
 tious feeling. 
 
 Religio sus, a, um, adj. (religio), 
 fearing God, religious, pious, de- 
 vout, scrupulous, superstitious. 
 
 Relinquo, ere, llqui, lictum, tr, 
 (re ds linquo), to leave behind, 
 
RELIQUUS 
 
 250 
 
 REQUIES 
 
 leave; to leave as an inheritance; 
 to leave, forsake, abandon. Bigna 
 relinquere, to desert one's standard. 
 
 Heliquus, a, icm, adj. (relinquo), 
 remaining, the rest. As a noun, 
 reliquum, ^, w., and reliqua, drum, 
 n. pi., the rest, remainder. Reli- 
 qui, orum, m. pi., the rest, the 
 others. Reliquum est, it remains. 
 In reliquum., for the future, hence- 
 forward, thereafter. Nihil reliqui, 
 see Nihil. Quid reliqui, see Quid. 
 Reliquum fieri, to be left undone. 
 
 Remaneo, ere, mansi, mansum, 
 intr. {re & maneo), to remain be- 
 hind, remain, continue, abide. 
 
 Remedium, i, n. {re <h medeor), 
 a medicine, remedy, cure, relief. 
 
 Remissus, a, um, part., see Re- 
 mitto. Adj., remiss, careless, neg- 
 ligent, off one's guard. Nihil re- 
 missi, see Nihil. 
 
 Remitto. ere, mlsi, missum, tr. 
 {re <h mitto), to send back, to throw 
 or hurl back; to remit, relax, 
 slacken ; to leave off, cease, inter- 
 mit. Ubi hostes pugnayn remise- 
 rant, when the enemy had relaxed 
 the fury of their attack. Ab utra- 
 que missis remissisque nuntiis, 
 while they were sending: messen- 
 gers to and fro between them. 
 
 Remoror, art, dtus sum, dep. tr. 
 {re <jc moror), to stop, delay, hin- 
 der, detain, retard. Intr., to tar- 
 ry, stay, keep one's ground. 
 
 Remotus, a, um, part., see Re- 
 mo veo. 
 
 Reynoveo, ere, ovi, otum, tr. {re 
 (t moveo), to remove, withdraw, 
 send away. 
 
 Rendvo, are, avi, dtum, tr. (re c£' 
 novo), to renew ; to refresh, revive. 
 
 Reor, reri, ratus sum, dep., to 
 suppose, think, judge, believe. 
 
 Repello, ere, puli, pulsum, tr. 
 {re (t pello), to drive back, repel, 
 repulse ; to reject, refuse. Re- 
 pelli ab amicitia, to be repelled 
 from friendship, that is, to have 
 one's proffered friendship rejected. 
 
 Repens, tis, part., see Repo. 
 Adj., sudden. 
 
 Repente, adv. {repeats), suddenly, 
 on a sudden, unexpectedly. 
 
 Repentlnus, a, um, adj. {repens), 
 sudden, unlooked for, unexpected. 
 
 Reperio, Iri, peri, pertum, tr. {re 
 <k pario), to find, discover, to find 
 out, invent, devise. 
 
 Repeto, ere, Ivi, itum, tr. {re <& 
 peto), to ask again, ask back, de- 
 mand back, ask payment ; to trace 
 back. Supra repetere, to take a 
 review, glance back upon, go far- 
 ther back and examine. Repe- 
 tundce pecunice, or repetu7tdce (with 
 pecuniae omitted), extortion, illegal 
 exactions, damage. Pecuniarum 
 repetundarum reus, standing ac- 
 cused of extortion. Pecunioi repe- 
 tundce, means literally money to be 
 demanded back, that is, because it 
 had been obtained through extor- 
 tion or fraud. 
 
 Repo, ere, psi, ptum, intr.^ to 
 creep, crawl. 
 
 Reprehendo, ere, dl, sum, tr. (re 
 (& prehendo), to catch again ; to 
 blame, reprove, censure, find fault 
 with. 
 
 Repudio, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {re- 
 pudiiim), to repudiate, reject, re- 
 fuse. 
 
 Repugno, are, dvi, dtum, intr. 
 {re (jb pugno), to make resistance, 
 fight against, oppose. 
 
 Repulsa, ce, f. {repello), a re- 
 pulse, a repulse in suing for oflSce, 
 defeat. 
 
 Repulsus, a^ um, part, see Re- 
 pello. Repulsus abire, to go away 
 repulsed, be denied. 
 
 Repiito, are, dvi, dtum, tr. {re db 
 puto), to consider, ponder over, 
 reflect upon. Animo, or cum atii- 
 mo, or secum reputare, to revolve 
 in one's mind, think over, medi- 
 tate upon. Reputando, on reflec- 
 tion, from considering. 
 
 Requies, ei, 6j etis, f. {re d' quies)y j I 
 rest, repose, quiet. ' ' 
 
BEQUIESCO 
 
 251 
 
 REVERTO 
 
 RequiescOy ere, evi, etwn, intr. 
 {re <k quiescojf to rest, take rest^ 
 repose. 
 
 Hequiro, ere, sTvi, situm, tr. {re 
 d; qucero), to seek again ; to seek 
 out, look for ; to ask, demand, in- 
 quire. 
 
 ReSy^rei, f,y a thing, matter, con- 
 cern, affair, purpose, event, cir- 
 cumstance, occurrence, occasion ; 
 a reality, truth, fact ; effects, sub- 
 stance, property ; benefit, profit, 
 advantage; a cause, reason, gi'ound; 
 a state, case, condition, circum- 
 stances, the subject of which one 
 treats; state, community, power. 
 Res militariSy the art of war, mili- 
 tary affairs. Res bellicce, the state 
 of war, war. Res hostiliSy hostili- 
 ties, operations against the enemy. 
 ^^5 familiaris, property, estate, 
 means. Res capitalis, a capital 
 offence. Resgestce, see Gestus. Res 
 bmice, prosperity-, good fortune ; 
 Res jnalce, adversity, ill fortune. 
 Res novce, see Novus. Res tre- 
 pidce, alarming circumstances, con- 
 fusion of affairs, commotion, con- 
 sternation. Res secundcBy prosper- 
 ous circumstances, prosperit3^ Res 
 adversce, adverse circumstances, ad- 
 versity. Res picblica, see Respub- 
 lica. Quibus nomen ex re inditum, 
 to which their name was given on 
 account of their natural character, 
 which took their name from their 
 natural character. Res fidesque, 
 property and credit. In rem esse, 
 to be to one's advantage. Frustra 
 an ob rem, in vain or successfully. 
 In tali re, in such a case. Uti rem 
 sese habere putant, as they suppose 
 the fact to be. Re, in fact, in re- 
 ality, in truth. I?i rem, of advan- 
 tage. Ea res, this or that propo- 
 sition, expectation, plan, scheme, 
 arrangement, detail, appearance, 
 the exact meaning to be gathered 
 from the sentence or sentences go- 
 ing before, for which res stands. 
 
 Rescindo, ere^ scvii, scissum, tr. 
 
 {re d' scindo), to cut off; to re- 
 scind, abrogate, revoke, repeal. 
 
 Resisto, ere, stiti, intr. {re (h sis- 
 to), to stand still, to make a stand, 
 resist, make resistance. I^on po- 
 test resisti, resistance cannot be 
 made. 
 
 Respicio, ere, exi, ectum, intr. {re 
 (b specio), to look back. Tr., to 
 look back upon. 
 
 Respondeo, ere, di, sum, tr. {re ds 
 spondeo), to answer. Intr., to make 
 answer, answer, reply, respond ; 
 to predict. Respondetur, imp., it 
 is replied, the reply is made. 
 
 Respublica or Res publica, rei- 
 publicce or rei publicce, f. {res d; 
 publicus), the commonwealth, 
 state, republic ; the affairs of the 
 state, public affairs, politics ; pub- 
 lic life, government. Contra rem- 
 publicam facere, to act against the 
 state, be guilty of treason. Rem 
 publicam habere, see Habere. Rem 
 publicam tractare, see Tractare. 
 
 Restinguo, ere, inxi, inctum, tr. 
 {re d stingico), to extinguish, put 
 out. 
 
 Restitno, ere, id, utum, tr. {re d 
 statuo), to set up again, replace, to 
 restore, re-establish, to give back, 
 restore. 
 
 Reticeo, ere, ui, intr. {re d iaceo), 
 to hold one's peace, be silent. Tr., 
 to keep secret, conceal. 
 
 Retineo, ere, tinui, tentiim, tr. 
 {re d teneo), to hold or keep back, 
 detain, hinder ; to hold, keep, pre- 
 serve, retain, maintain. 
 
 Retr actus, a, icm, part, see Re- 
 traho. 
 
 Retrdho, ^re, zi, ctu?n, tr. {re dh 
 traho), to draw back, bring back. 
 
 Reus, i, m., a. person accused. 
 Reus may generally be translated 
 as a participle, accused of, charged 
 with. Fieri reus, to be accused, 
 to be put on trial. 
 
 Reverto, ere, ti, sum, tr., and Re- 
 vertor, ti, sus sum-, dep. {re d: verto), 
 to turn back, come back, return. 
 
REVOCO 
 
 252 
 
 s^vrriA 
 
 BevGCOy are, dvi, dtwriy tr. (re d: 
 voce), to call back, recall, call off. 
 
 Jiex, regis, m. {rego\ a king. 
 
 Rex, Regis, m., a cognomen of the 
 Marcian gens, who claimed descent 
 from Ancus Marcius, Q. Marcius 
 Rex was consul with L. Ccecilius 
 Metellus, R C. 68. When Cati- 
 line formed his conspiracy for the 
 overthrow of the government, Q. 
 Marcius Rex teas sent to FcbsuIcb 
 to levy troops and suppress the re- 
 hellion in that quarter. He had, a 
 short tiine before, returned from a 
 7nilitary command and been denied 
 a triumph through the intrigues of 
 a few unprincipled senators. 
 
 Rhegium, i, n., a city in the 
 southern part of Italy, in the terri- 
 tory of the Bruttii, now Reggio. 
 
 Rhodius, a, %im, adj., Rhodian, 
 of Rhodes, an island on the south- 
 ern coast of Asia Minor. As a 
 noun, Rhodius, i, m., a Rhodian, 
 an inhabitant of Rhodes. 
 
 Rogatio, onis, f (rogo), a bill. 
 A proposed enactment icas called 
 rogatio, until it received the appro- 
 bation of the people, when it became 
 a law (lex). 
 
 Rogatus, a, um, part., see Rogo. 
 
 Roflito, are, avi, atum, tr., inten- 
 sive from rogo, to ask often with 
 eagerness. Intr., to make eager 
 inquiries. 
 
 Rogo, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to ask, 
 request, beg; to inquire, require, 
 question, call for. Magistratum 
 rogare, to pi'opose a magistrate to 
 the people for their choice, to hold 
 an election for a magistrate. 
 
 Roma, CE, /., Rome, the capital 
 of the Roman empire. 
 
 Romdnus, a, um, adj. (Roma), 
 Roman. As a noun, Romany^, i, 
 971., a Roman. 
 
 Rudis, e, adj., rude, raw, igno- 
 rant, undisciplined, unpractised, 
 unskilled. 
 
 Rufus, ^, m.j a very common Ro- 
 man surname. C. Octavius Rufus, 
 
 a qucestor sent into Africa during i 
 the Numidian war. Q. Minucius I 
 Rufus, a consul with Sp. Albinus, 
 B. C. 112. Q. Pompeius Rufus, a 
 prcetor sent to Capua to take pos- 
 session of the place, and prevent its 
 falling into the hands of Catiline s 
 partisans. 
 
 Rulna, ce, f. (ruo), i-uin, down- 
 fall, destruction. 
 
 Rumor, oris, m., a rumor, flying 
 report, report. 
 
 Rupes, is, f, a rock, cliff, crag. 
 
 Rursum <£• Rursus, adv. (rever- 
 sus\ again, anew, afresh. 
 
 Rutilius, i, n., P. Rutilius Ru- 
 fus, a lieutenant under Metellus in 
 the Jugurthine war. He also held 
 the consulship with Cn. Manlius, 
 B. C. 167 ; and teas much esteemed 
 for his moral excellence and great 
 acquirements. 
 
 S., an abbreviation of Sextus. 
 
 Sacer, era, crum, adj., conse- 
 crated, sacred, hoi}'. As a noun, 
 sacrum, i, n., a sacred rite, sacri- 
 fice. 
 
 Sacerdos, otis, c. g. (sacer), a 
 priest ; a priestess. 
 
 Sacerdotium, i, n. (sacerdos), the 
 priestly office, priesthood. 
 
 Sacrilegus, a, um, adj. (sacer <jb 
 lego), sacrilegious, that steals sa- 
 cred things. As a noun, sacrile- 
 gus, i, m., one guilty of sacrilege. 
 
 Scenius, i, m. (L.), a Roman .'sen- 
 ator, of ichom nothing is knotcn be- 
 yond the mention made of him by 
 Sallust. 
 
 Scepe, adv., camp, scepius, s^tp. 
 scepissin;ie, oft,, often, oftentimes. 
 
 Scepenumero, adv. (scepe <jb nu- 
 mero), oftentimes, time and again. 
 
 Scevio, Ire, ii, itum, intr. (scevus), 
 to rage, roar ; to rage, to be cruel, 
 be furious. 
 
 Savitia, ce, f. (scevus), cruelty, 
 
is^vus 
 
 263 
 
 SCAURUS 
 
 fierceness, ferocity, inhumanity, 
 rage, severity, rigor. Scevitia tem- 
 poriSj the inclemency of the sea- 
 son. 
 
 Scevus, a, twi, adj.^ raging, furi- 
 ous; cruel, fierce, barbarous, rig- 
 orous, severe. 3Iare scBvum^ a 
 stormy, boisterous, tempestuous 
 sea. Omnia soeva patiehamur, we 
 suffered all manner of cruelties. 
 
 Sagittarius^ i, m. (sagitta), an 
 archer, bowman. 
 
 Sal, salis, m. <k n., sales, pi. 711., 
 salt ; shrewdness, wit, a witti- 
 cism. 
 
 Salto, are, dvi, dtum, intr. {freq. 
 _ from salio, to leap), to dance, 
 u Saltuosus, a, um, adj. (saltus), 
 full of woods or forests, woody. 
 J^ca saltiiosa, woody regions, 
 woods. 
 
 Saluber, bris, hre, adj. {solus), sa- 
 lubrious, healthful, sound, healthy, 
 robust 
 
 Salus, utis, f. (salvus), safety, 
 preservation, deliverance ; life, 
 welfare, weal. Saluti esse, or 
 utilitafi salutique servire, to pro- 
 mote the advantage or welfare. 
 
 Saluto, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (salus), 
 to salute, greet, pay one's respects 
 to ; to call upon, visit. 
 
 Samnis, His, adj., a Samnite, of 
 Samnium, a coicntry of Italy bor- 
 dering on the north-icestern part of 
 Apulia. As a noun, Samnites, 
 um, pi. m.y the Samnites. 
 
 Sancio, Ire, xi, ctum, tr., to ren- 
 der sacred or inviolable. 
 
 Sanctus, a, um, part., see Sancio. 
 Adj., sacred, holy, inviolable ; vir- 
 tuous, upright. Nihil sancti ha- 
 bere, to hold nothing sacred. 
 
 Sane, adv. (sanus), certainly, tru- 
 ly, indeed, forsooth, very. 
 
 Sanga, ce, m. (Q. Fabius), a Ro- 
 man senator, who was the patron 
 of the Allobroges, and to whom, on 
 that account, their deputies at Home 
 revealed the conspiracy of Cati- 
 line. 
 
 Sanguis, mis, m., blood, blood- 
 shed. 
 
 Sapiens, tis, adj. (sapio), wise, 
 learned, discreet. As a noun^ a 
 wise man. 
 
 Sapientia, ce, f. (sapiens), wis- 
 dom, prudence, judgment, know- 
 ledge. 
 
 Sarcina, ce, f (sarcio, to mend), 
 a bundle, baggage. 
 
 Satelles, Itis, c. g., a life-guard, 
 body-guard, attendant. 
 
 Satictas, dtis, f (satis), satiety, 
 fulness ; a glut, disgust. Vos do- 
 minatio7iis eorwn satietas tenet, you 
 are satiated with their tyranny, 
 have had enough of their tyranny. 
 
 Satis, adv., comp. satins, enough, 
 sufficiently, moderately, pretty. 
 Satis eloquenticB, enough of elo- 
 quence. Satis habere, to think it 
 enough, be satisfied. Satius est, it 
 is better. 
 
 Satisfactio, onis, f (satisfacio, 
 to satisfy), satisfaction ; a satisfac- 
 tory explanation ; an explanation. 
 
 Satius, see Satis. 
 
 Satur, lira, urum, adj. (satis), 
 full, sated, plentiful, abundant. 
 
 Satur a, ce, f (satur), a dish of 
 various ingredients. Quasi per 
 saturam, as it were in the lump. 
 
 Saucio, dre, dvi, dtum, tr, (sau- 
 ciiis), to wound, hurt. 
 
 Saucius, a, um, wounded, hurt. 
 
 Saxeus, a, um, adj. (saxum), 
 stony, rocky. 
 
 Saxum, i, n., a stone, rock. 
 
 Scalce, drum, f pi. (scando, to 
 climb), a ladder, scaling-ladder. 
 Scalis aggredi inurum, to attack 
 the wall with scaling-ladders, to 
 try to scale. 
 
 Scaurus, i, m., Marcus ^milius 
 Scaur us, a very learned man and 
 great orator, who held the consul- 
 ship with M. Ccecilius Metellus, 
 B. C. 116. His splendid talenta, 
 according to Sallust, were tarnished 
 icith avarice and other degrading 
 passions. 
 
SCELERATUS 
 
 254 
 
 SECIJS 
 
 4 
 
 SceleratuSy a, i^m, adj. {aceUro, 
 to pollute), polluted with crime, 
 wicked, impious, infamous, flagi- 
 tious, accursed. 
 
 Scelestus, a, uniy adj. (scelus), 
 wicked, infamous, abominable, ac- 
 cursed. 
 
 Scelas, eris, n., a wicked action, 
 crime, guilt, villany. 
 
 Scienn, tis^ part, see Scio. Adj., 
 acquainted with, skilled, versed 
 or expert in. Me sciente, with my 
 knowledge, if I know it. 
 
 Scientia^ cb, f. (sciejis), know- 
 ledge, science, skill. 
 
 Scilicet, adv. (.scire d: licet), may 
 be sure, it is evidently manifest or 
 plain, truly, naturally, certainly, 
 doubtless, indeed, forsooth ; to wit. 
 Scilicet is often used ironically ; it 
 is sometimes followed by an infini- 
 tive and accusative depending on 
 scire in composition. 
 
 Scio, Ire, Ivi, Itutn, tr., to know, 
 to have knowledge of, be aware, 
 understand. 
 
 Scipio, onis, m,, a surname of 
 the Corjielian gens. P. Cornelius 
 Scipio, after wards called Africanu?, 
 from his victory over Hannibal at 
 Zama, and sometimes also Africa- 
 nus Major, to distinguish him from 
 the younger African us, his grand- 
 son by adoption^ P. Cornelius 
 Scipio ^milianus Africanns (Mi- 
 nor), a son of the celebrated ^mi- 
 lius Paul us, a7id the destroyer of 
 Carthage and Kumantia. Sallust 
 refers to him. Jug. 7. 9. P. Cor- 
 nelius Scipio Nasica ivas consul 
 with L. Calpurnius Bestia, B. C. 
 113. 
 
 Scith, adv. (scitus), skilfully, 
 nicely, elegantly, tastefully. 
 
 Scortuf 71, i, n., a harlot, prosti- ; 
 tute, courtesan. i 
 
 Scribo, ^re, psi, ptum, tr., to ' 
 write, to commit to writing, to ; 
 treat of in writing, write the his- 
 tory of, describe ; to appoint, des- | 
 iguate ; to enlist., enrol, levy. Mi- \ 
 
 lites scribere, to levy or enlist sol- 
 di ers. 
 
 Scrinium, i, n., a book, box, let- 
 ter-chest, escritoire. 
 
 Scriptor, oris, m. (scribo), a 
 writer, author, narrator, historian. 
 
 Scriptus, a, um, part., see Scribo. 
 
 Scrutor, dri, alus stun, dep. 
 (scruta), to search carefully, exam- 
 ine, explore. 
 
 Scutum, i, 71., a shield, buckler. 
 
 Scy insep. prep., aside, apart, on 
 one side. With adjectives, with- 
 out, not. 
 
 Se, pro., sec Sui. 
 
 Secede, ire, cessi, cessum^ intr. 
 (se d' cedo), to go apart, withdraw, 
 retire, to secede, separate one's 
 self 
 
 Secessio, dnis, fein, (secedo), a 
 withdmwincT, secession ; with- 
 drawal of tlie plebeians from the 
 patricians. 
 
 Secrcto, adv. (secretus), apart, in 
 secret, secretly, in private. 
 
 Secretus, a, um, part, (from se <t 
 cerno, to separate). Adj., secret, 
 private. 
 
 Seciun, for cum se, see Sui. 
 
 Secundum, prep, with the ace, 
 after, next to. Adv., in the next 
 place, secondly : from the following 
 word 
 
 Seatndus, a, um, adj. (sequor\ 
 following after; the second, next; 
 favorable, propitious, lucky. Se- 
 cundo viari, following the sea- 
 coast. Secunda oratio, a flatter- 
 ing speech. Secundce res, see Res, 
 Secufidus is strictly a participle ; 
 see Andrews' Lex. s. v. 
 
 Secus, adv., otherwise, diflfer- 
 ently ; ill, badly, unfortunately. 
 Haud, non, nee, or negur sccua, not 
 otherwise; followed by ac, atque, 
 or quam, than, as : haudsecu^ atque 
 i7i mari, not otherwise than on the 
 sea, just as on the sea ; neqtie se- 
 cus, at que iter face re, cast r a mn- 
 nire, nor does he fortify his camp 
 otherwise than he had conducted 
 
SECUTUS 
 
 255 
 
 SEQUOR 
 
 his march, he fortifies his camp 
 just as he had conducted his 
 march, that is, with great care. 
 Seciis cedere, or procedere, to turn 
 out otherwise (than one hopes), 
 turn out badly. Haud sccus diffi- 
 cilis, just as, or equally difficult. 
 
 Secutus, a, um, part., see Sequor. 
 
 Sedf adversative co7ij., but, now ; 
 but also. Non modo, or non solum 
 — sed^ not only — but also. Scd 
 usually denotes opposition, hut it 
 sometimes only marks a transition 
 to another part of the subject. 
 
 Sedes, is, f. (sedeo, to sit), a seat, 
 abode, settlement, residence, habi- 
 tation, dwelling-place. 
 
 Seditio, onis, f. {se 6: itio), a sep- 
 aration, a sedition, insurrection, 
 civil commotion. 
 
 Seditiosus, a, um, adj. (seditio), 
 seditious, turbulent, factious. 
 
 Sedo, are, dvi, a turn, tr., to al- 
 lay, assuage, appease, pacify, calm, 
 soothe ; quench, extinguish. 
 
 Segnis, e, adj., dull, slothful, 
 lazv, negligent, inactive. 
 
 i>eg?utcr, adv. (segnis), slothfully, 
 lazily, negligently. Nihilo seg- 
 nius, with none the less activity, 
 with undiminished energy. 
 
 Sella, ce, f. (sedeo), a seat, chair, 
 stool. 
 
 Semet, see Sui, 
 
 Seinisomnus, a, um, adj. (seyni d: 
 iomnus), half-asleep, lialf-awake. 
 
 Semper, adv., alwa^'s, forever. 
 
 Sempronia, ce, f., the wife of 
 Dccimus Brutus, and the mother 
 of D. Junius Brutus, so celebrated 
 for the part he took in the assas- 
 iination of Ccesar. 
 
 Semproniics^ a, um, adj., of or 
 relating to Sempronius, Sempro- 
 nian. Sempronia lex, theSempro- 
 nian law, a law introduced by 
 C. Sempronius Gracchus, A. U. C. 
 6. 31, by which it was enacted, that 
 tl9k senate, previous to the considar 
 election, should assign two provinces 
 to the future consuls. Before the 
 
 passage of this law the provinces 
 were decreed to the consuls after 
 tlicir election. 
 
 Senator, oris, m. (senex), a sena- 
 tor, member of the senate. 
 
 Senatorius, a, um, adj. (senator), 
 senatorial, relating to the senate 
 or senators. 
 
 Sendtus, us, i, m, (senex), a sen- 
 ate, the Roman senate. Senatus 
 ufrisqtie datur, an audience is 
 given to both parties by the sen- 
 ate. 
 
 Senectus, utis, f (senex), old age. 
 
 Seiusco, ere, scyiui, intr., incho. 
 from seneo, to grow or become 
 old, to grow torpid, be settled, 
 to waste awa}", decay. 
 
 Sententia, «;, /. (sentio), an opin- 
 ion, view, judgment, thought, a 
 mind ; proposal, sentence, pur- 
 pose ; a vote, suffrage ; the pur- 
 port., contents. Ex sententia, to 
 one's mind, according to one's 
 wishes, satisfactorily. Mea senten- 
 tia, in my opinion, as I believe. 
 
 Sentlna, ce, f, bilge-water, the 
 bottom of a ship where the bilge- 
 water collects, a sink, filthy re- 
 ceptacle. Sicuti in .^entinam, as 
 into a sink of corruption. 
 
 SentiOy ire, sensi, sensum, tr., to 
 discern by the senses ; to feel, 
 perceive, see, discover, know ; to 
 think, hitr., to entertain an opinT 
 ion or sentiment. Contra rempub- 
 licam sentire, to entertain senti- 
 ments hostile to the welfare of the 
 state, be hostile to the govern- 
 i ment. 
 
 I Seorsum, adv. (se d' verto), apart, 
 j separately. Seorsum a rege, with- 
 I out the presence of the king. 
 
 Separdtim, adv. (separatus), sep- 
 arately, severally, individually. 
 
 Sepiimius, i, m., Septimius, a 
 Camertian, and confederate of Cat- 
 iline. 
 
 Sequor, i, cutus sum, dep., to fol- 
 low, follow after, accompany, take 
 the side of; to be consequent upon, 
 
SERirS 
 
 256 
 
 6IGN0 
 
 connected with ; to seek after, aim 
 at ; to follow after, pursue ; to imi 
 tate, to partake of, accord with. In- 
 ertiam nequi^ to practise or indulge 
 in idleness. Spes sequi, to enter- 
 tain hopes. Hcec sequi decrevistis, 
 you have determined to pursue this 
 course, or adopt these measures. 
 
 SeriuSj a, mn, adj.y serious, earn- 
 est. As a noun, seria, onitn, pi. n., 
 serious matters. 
 
 Senno, Onis^ ttu (sero, to co7ineet\ 
 speech, talk, conversation, dis- 
 course. Sermone modesto uti, to 
 talk or discour;»e with modesty. 
 
 Serpens^ tis, c. g. (serpo), a ser- 
 pent* 
 
 ServlliSf e, adj. (servw), of or 
 pertaining to a slave, slavish, ser- 
 vile. Bellum servile, a servile war, 
 a war of the slaves. 
 
 iScrvio, Ire, ivi, itufn, inir. («er- 
 tutt\ to be a slave, serve, obey ; 
 to be a slave to, be devoted to. 
 
 Servitiwn, i, 71. (servus\ slavery 
 servitude, bondage; service, obe- 
 dience. St^vitia is sometimes used 
 for serviy slaves. 
 
 St'i^XtHS, utisyf. {seri'us), slavery, 
 servitude, bondage, thraldom. 
 
 Scrvius, f*, »/!., a Roman praeno- 
 men. 
 
 Servo, are, avi, atum, tr., to save, 
 preserve ; guard, watch ; to keep, 
 observe. 
 
 Servus, i, »/»., a slave. 
 
 Sestertius, i, m. (semis (k terlius), 
 a sesterce, a Roman silver coin, 
 equivalent in value to about 4 J 
 cents of our vioficf/. 
 
 Stattrtium, i, n., a thousand 
 sesterces, equal to $\2 30 of our 
 vioney. 
 
 Sen, covj., see Siv 
 
 Sev^r^y adv. (sever us), severely, 
 rigorously, gravely. 
 
 SeverXtas, dtis, f. (srverus\ grav- 
 ity, austerity, severity; severity 
 of morals, rigid morality. 
 
 SevcruSj a, urn, adj., grave, se- 
 rious; severe, rigorous, harsh. 
 
 SextiiLS, *, 7/1., the name of a 
 Roman gens. 
 
 SextiuSy i, 7/1., a qucestor under 
 Bestia. 
 
 SextuSj a, um, adj. {sex\ the 
 sixth- 
 
 Sextus, I, tw., a Roman proper 
 name. 
 
 >S'/, conj.y if, provided that, in 
 case, if however, whenever. 
 
 Sibylllnns, a, uni, adj. (9ibylla\ 
 of or pertaining toasi^'^l ciL^ 1. 
 line. Libri sibyllini, t! 
 books ; three books irhi' 
 t}it prophecies of the Cu 
 touching the career ami 
 ttie lioman state, Tfiese books tccre 
 preserved with great care by the 
 Rotnan people, and consulted on im- 
 portant occasions with profound re- 
 spect. 
 
 Sic, adv.y 80, thus, in this man- 
 ner, in such a manner, as follows; 
 hence, sic ut, so that 
 
 SicccL, fc,/., a town of Nurn*^-" 
 now Keif, celebrated on accv> 
 a temple of Venus, situated ti: 
 
 Siccen-seSy iuin, m, pi. (Sicca), llie 
 inhabitants of Sicca, 
 
 Sicilia, a\ f, Sieil}-. 
 
 Sicut do SicHti, conj. (sic ut dt tie 
 uti), so as, just as, like, as well as» 
 as if, a*» It wor«>. 
 
 Phtemifi, M. Ionian, I'liu-nKian. 
 As a noun, Sidtmii, drum, m. pi., 
 Sidunians. 
 
 Signdtor, 6ris^ m. (signo\ one 
 who attests a writing by affixing 
 his signature or soal. Signaior 
 faUus, one who makes and seals 
 false wilK a forger. 
 
 Signiflco, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (ng- 
 num (£' facio), to make a sign, to 
 give information of, declare, an- 
 nounce. Manu signijicare, to 
 make signs with the hand. 
 
 Signo, are, avi, tUum, tr. {I%r- 
 num\ to mark, to seal, affix ones 
 seal. 
 
SIGNUM 
 
 257 
 
 SESEKNA 
 
 Signunij ^, w., a mark, sign ; an 
 image, statue, picture : a seal, sig- 
 nature; a standard, ensign, ban- 
 ner ; a watchword, signal. Dare 
 ffignum, to give the signal. £o 
 signo, on this signal. Signa ca- 
 nere^ see Cano. Reliqua signa 
 artius collocate the rest of his 
 standards (==» troops) he stations in 
 closer order — signa being used by 
 metonomy for copies. 
 
 Sildnii,% i, 7/i., Titus Purpilinii 
 Silanus, the Roman governor of the 
 town of Vacca «i the time, of the 
 Jugurthine war. 
 
 Silanus, i, ??i., Decimus Junius 
 Silanus, who was consul icith Lici- 
 nius Mui'ena, B. C. 64. 
 
 Silanus, i, m., Marcus Junius 
 Silanus, who held the consulship 
 with Metellus, \\\ B. C. 
 
 Sileiitium, i, n, (sileo), silence, 
 inactivity, stillness. Silentio, abl., 
 in silence, in obscurity. Silentium 
 habere, to preserve silence. 
 
 Sileo, ere, ui, intr., to be silent, 
 say nothing. Siletur, /mj9., noth- 
 ing is said, silence is preserved. 
 
 Simllis, e, adj., similar, like, re- 
 sembling. 
 
 Snnilitudo, Xnis,f Uimilis), simil- 
 itude, similarity, resemblance. 
 
 Simidac, see Simul. 
 
 Simul, adv., at the same time, 
 at once, together, likewise, and 
 also. Simul et, and at the same 
 time — and likewise, both — and. 
 Simulac, simul ac, or rarely simul, 
 as soon as, as soon as ever. 
 
 Simulator, oriSy m. (sittiulo), one 
 who feigns that to be which is not 
 a hypocrite. Cujusrei libet simu- 
 lator ac disnmulator, an adept in 
 every species of simulation and 
 dissimulation. 
 
 S'lniulo, are, dvi, Citum, tr. {simi- 
 lis\ to pretend, feign, counterfeit, 
 simulate. Jletum simulare, to 
 pretend to be afraid. Ad simu- 
 landam pacem, for keeping up the 
 appearance of peace. Studium 
 
 vehementer simidare, to feign an 
 ardent zeal for. Bonum pubiicuni 
 simulare, to pretend to have the 
 public good in view. Simulandi 
 gratia, as a feint. Se shmdare, to 
 pretend to be, put on the sem- 
 blance of being. Ad simulanda 
 negotia, in giving a false appear- 
 ance to matters, in the arts of sim- 
 ulation. 
 
 Simultas, dtis, f (similis), a dis- 
 guised hatred, enmit}*, animosity, 
 grudge. 
 
 Sin, conj. (si — 7ie), but if, if how- 
 ever. Si n often follows si i n a pre- 
 ceding clause, and is equivalent to 
 '^ sed si,'' or "s?* autem,'' being both 
 adversative and conditional. 
 
 Sine, prep, with the abl., with- 
 out 
 
 Singulatim, adv. (singvlus), one 
 by one, singly, severall}', individ- 
 ually, separatel}', in detail. Sin- 
 gulatim circumire, to go around to 
 one after another. 
 
 Singuli, ce, a, adj. pi., one by 
 one, one at a time, severally ; each, 
 every one, Singuli — universiy in- 
 dividually — as a body ; one at 
 a time — altogether. Singulos ex 
 senatu ambiendo, by canvassing the 
 members of the senate one by one. 
 
 Sinister, tra, tmm, adj., left, on 
 the left, on the left hand or side. 
 As a noun, sinistra, ce, f (sc. ma- 
 nus), the left hand. Sinistra, on 
 the left hand, on the left. 
 
 Sino, sinere, sivi, situm, tr., to 
 permit, allow, suffer, let. 
 
 Sinus, us, in., the bosom, the 
 lap ; the innermost part, heart ; a 
 gulf, bay. 
 
 Siquis (b Siqui, siqua, siquod <& 
 siquid, or separately, si quis d; si 
 qui, indef pro., if any one, if any, 
 whoever, whatever, 
 
 Sisenna, ce, m. (i.), a historian 
 of the Cornelian gens, who wrote 
 a history of the civil wars of Ma- 
 rius and Sylla. See Note, Jug, 
 
Bins 
 
 258 
 
 SPECTATUS 
 
 Sitif!f is,/., thirst, drought 
 
 Sittius, ij m., see Nucerinus. 
 
 Situs, a, um, part,, see Sino. 
 Adj., situated, situate ; placed, set. 
 Situm esse, to be placed, rest, de- 
 pend ; In oculis sita sunt, are 
 before your eyes, are in full 
 view. 
 
 Sive or Sen, (si d: ve), or if. 
 Sive — sive, or sive — seu, whether 
 — or, be it that — or that, either — 
 or. 
 
 Socia, ce,f. (socius), partner, as- 
 sociate ; a wife. 
 
 Societas, dtis, f. (socius), socie- 
 ty, fellowship, association ; an alli- 
 ance, league ; community, partici- 
 pation. Ad societatein belli, to a 
 participation in the war, to take a 
 part in the war. 
 
 Socius, i, m, a companion, asso- 
 ciate, paitner, sharer, an ally, con- 
 federate. T/te Romans generally 
 meant by socii their Italian allies, 
 or the inhabitants of the provinces 
 of Italy. 
 
 Socius, a, um, adj., associated, 
 sharing in. 
 
 Socordia, a-, /. (socors), careless- 
 ness, negligence, sloth, laziness, 
 indolence. 
 
 Socors, dis^ adj. (se ct cor), care- 
 less, slothful, lazy, indolent, 
 
 Sol, soils, in,, the sun. Magis 
 sub sole, nearer the equator. 
 
 Solemnis, e, adj. (sollus, the 
 whole, (£' annus), celebrated 3'ear- 
 ly ; stated, solemn. As a noun, 
 solemne, is, n., a religious or sol- 
 emn rite, ceremon}', solemnity. 
 
 Soleo, ere, sohtns sum, semidep., 
 to be accustomed, be wont. Ut 
 or quod solct, as is usual. Se au- 
 dire soHtnm, that he was wont to 
 hear, had heard repeatedly. An in- 
 finitive must sometimes be supplied 
 ioith soleo, as: ut agrum animum 
 solct, somnus cepit. Facer e must 
 often be thus supplied. 
 
 Solers, tis, adj. (sollus <£• ars), in- 
 genious, skilful, accomplished. 
 
 Solertia, ce, f (solers), ingenuity, 
 shrewdness, quickness, sagacity. 
 
 Solitude, inis,f. (solu^\ solitude, 
 solitariness, a solitary place, des- 
 ert, wilderness. 
 
 Solitus, a. um, part., see Soleo. 
 
 SollicUo, are, avi, dtum, to en- 
 tice, allure, gain over to one's 
 party or design ; induce to follow r 
 one, to incite or rouse to rebellion. 
 
 Sollicitudo, Inis, f. (sollicitus), 
 solicitude, anxiety, uneasiness of 
 mind, care. 
 
 Sollicltus, a, um, adj., solicitous, 
 anxious, uneas}', troubled. 
 
 Solum, adv. (solus), only, alone. 
 
 Solus, a, um, adj., alone, only, 
 solitary, desert, uninhabited. 
 
 Solutus, a, wn, part., see Solvo. 
 Adj., loose, lax ; independent, un- 
 restrained, disunited, divided. 
 
 Solvo, ire, solvi, solutum, tr., to * 
 loose, unbind ; to loosen, relax, s 
 weaken ; to pay, liquidate, dis- 
 charge. Poenas solvere, see Poena, f 
 
 Somnus, i, m., sleep. S<ytnno { 
 captus, overpowered by sleep ; 
 fallen asleep. Somtius capit, sleep * 
 overcomes, overpowers. » 
 
 Sonltus, us, in. (sono), sound, I 
 noise, din. 
 
 SonK, tis, adj., gnilty, 
 
 Sordldus, a, um, adj. (tordes), 
 filthy, dirt}-; mean, base, low. 
 
 Sors, tis, f. (seTo\ a lot; fate, * 
 destiny, chance. 
 
 Sp., an abbreviature of Spurin*. 
 
 Sparus, i, m., a spear, dart, 
 lance. 
 
 Spalium, i, n., a space, extent, 
 distance; a space of time, time, 
 Brevi spatio, in a short time^ 
 
 Species, ei, f. (specio), an apj^ear- 
 ance ; a pretext, show, ].re'tence. 
 Specie, in appearance, Ager una 
 specie, a country of uniform ap- 
 pearanee. 
 
 Spcctaculum, i, n. (specto\ a 
 public show ; a sight, spectacle. 
 
 Spectatu^ a, um, part., see Spec- 
 to. Adj., proved, known, tried. 
 
SPECTO 
 
 259 
 
 STULTITIA 
 
 Specie, are, dvl, dtum, tr, (freq, 
 from specio), to behold, look upon, 
 see ; to try, examine. 
 
 Speculator^ oris, m. (speculor), a 
 scout, sp3^ 
 
 Speculor, dri, dtus sum, dep. 
 {specula, a watch-tower), to spy 
 out, watch, view, observe, explore, 
 reconnoitre. 
 
 Spero, are, dvi, dtum, tr,, to 
 hope, trust ; to hope for, expect. 
 
 Spes, ei, /., hope, expectation. 
 In spe habere, to hope for ; have a 
 right to hope for. Contra spem, 
 contrary to expectation. 
 
 Spirit her, eris, m. {P. Lentidus), 
 an edile durinq the consulship of 
 Cicero, 65 B. C. 
 
 Spiro, are, dvi, dtum, intr., to 
 breathe. 
 
 Spolio, are, dvi, dtum, tr. (spo- 
 Uum), to strip, rob, plunder, pil- 
 lage ; deprive of. 
 
 Spolium, i, n., the skin stripped 
 from a beast. Spolia, drum, n. pi., 
 spoils, plunder, pillage, booty. 
 
 Spojisio, dnh% f {spondeo, to 
 promise), a promise, engagement, 
 agreement. 
 
 Spurius, i, m., a Roman praeno- 
 men. 
 
 Statilius, i, m., Julius Statilius, 
 a confed^'rate of Catiline. 
 
 Statim, adv. (sto), immediately, 
 on the spot, forthwith. 
 
 Statlvus,, a, urn, adj. (sto), stand- 
 ing. Castra stativa, a permanent 
 camp, a camp in which an army 
 passes a considerable length of 
 time. 
 
 Statuo, ^re, ui, utum, tr. (sto), to 
 set up, raise, erect ; to draw up, 
 post, station; to fix, appoint; to 
 make up one's mind, conclude, de- 
 termine, resolve, decide ; to pass 
 judgment or sentence ; decide, de- 
 termine, decree. 
 
 Status, us, m. (sto), a standing ; 
 a state, condition, situation ; a sta- 
 tion, rank. 
 
 StimuIOf are, dvi, dtum, tr. (sti- 
 
 mulus), to urge on, rouse, incite, 
 impel, instigate, stimulate. 
 
 Stipdtor, oris, m. (stipo), an at- 
 tendant, guard, body-guard. 
 
 Stipejidium, ?, n. {slips d: pendo), 
 a tribute, tax ; the pay of soldiers, 
 stipend ; military service. Sti- 
 pendia facere, to perform military 
 service. Stipendiis faciundis sesj 
 exercere, to occupy one's self with 
 military service, in performing the 
 duties of a soldier. Homo nullius 
 stipendii, a man of no military ex- 
 perience. Emeritis stipendiis, see 
 Emeritus. 
 
 Stirps, pis, c. g., a root, a 
 stem, stalk; the origin, founda- 
 tion, source; a race, family line- 
 age. Ah stirpe, from the very 
 foundation, utterly. Ah stirpe 
 socius, an ally by virtue of my 
 birth. 
 
 Strenuh, adv. {strenuus), active- 
 ly, strenuously, bravely. 
 
 StrcTiuus, a, um, adj., active, 
 stout^ strenuous, prompt, vigor- 
 ous, bold, valiant, courageous. 
 
 StrepUus, us, m. {strepo), a con- 
 fused noise, clashing, clangor, 
 rumbling, uproar, din. 
 
 Strepo, ere, ui, itum, intr., to 
 make a noise, clatter, rattle. Stre- 
 pere vocihus, to shout, yell. 
 
 Studeo, ere, ui, intr., to be eager 
 or zealous for, busy one's self with, 
 apply one's self to, be devoted to ; 
 strive after, to be anxious for, de- 
 sire, aim, wish ; to be attached to, 
 be partial to, favor. 
 
 Studium, i, n. [studeo), zeal, ar- 
 dor, eagerness, fondness, love, in- 
 clination, desire, endeavor, favor, 
 partiality, affection ; pui-suit, pro- 
 fession, employment. Studia ci- 
 vilia, civil dissensions. Studium 
 rei puhlicoe, zeal for the republic, 
 or for the public welfare. Ad stu- 
 dium sui perducerCj to gain over to 
 one's interest. 
 
 Stultitia, ce, f. {stultus), folly, 
 foolishness, silliness. 
 
STULTUS 
 
 260 
 
 SULLA 
 
 StultuSy a, wriy adj., foolish, silly. 
 
 StupruMj i, v., defilement, de- 
 bauchery, lewdness, prostitution. 
 Sluprum corporis, prosiitution. 
 Libido stupri, lust. Siupri consue- 
 iudo, a criminal intimacy. Shtpra 
 facere, to commit acts of lewdness. 
 
 SuadcOy ere, si, sum, intr., to 
 advise, recommend; exhort, per- 
 suade, counsel. 
 
 Sub, prep, with the ace. or ahl., 
 under, beneath, at the foot of; 
 about, under the government of 
 
 Subactus, a, um, part., see Subigo. 
 
 Subdble, adv. (subdolus), craftily, 
 cunnini?lv, slih', subtly. 
 
 Subddlus, rt, ujn, aJj. (sub <b do- 
 lus), cunning, craft}', subtle, sly, 
 deceitful. 
 
 Siibduco, ^re, xi, ctum, tr. {sub <t 
 duco), to draw or raise up ; to 
 withdraw, draw off, lead away. 
 
 Sub^ffo, ^re, erji, actum, tr. {sub 
 d: ago), to lead, impel, incite, in- 
 duce ; to force, compel, constrain ; 
 to subjugate, conquer, subdue. 
 
 Subldtus, a, um, part., see ToUo. 
 
 SubUvo, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {sitb 
 <fc Irvo), to raise up, 8up|>ort ; to 
 help, assist, aid, relieve, protect ; 
 to lighten, case, diminish. 
 
 Subsidium^ i, n. (snbsideo^ to He 
 in wait), a body of reserve, re- 
 serve ; aid, help, succor ; a line of 
 an army. Subsidium primariit/ 
 means the third line in the Roman 
 order of battle or the triarii, trho 
 remained in a stooping posture be- 
 hind the two front lines, till these 
 tpere hard pressed, ajid then came 
 fortcard to their aid. Locare in 
 suhsidiis or in subsidio, to place in 
 reserve, station as a body of re- 
 serve. 
 
 Subvenio, Ire, v^ni, vcntum, intr. 
 (sub tt' venio), to come to one's as- 
 sistance, to help, aid, succor. Sitb- 
 veniendH7n est, succor must or 
 should be «[iven. Priusquam sub- 
 veniretur, before assistance could 
 be brought. 
 
 Subvert 0, ^re, ti, su7n, tr. (sub (t 
 verto), to turn upside down, over- 
 tui-n, overthrow ; to subvert de- 
 molish, destroy, put an end to, 
 annul. 
 
 Succedo, ^re, cessi, cessum, intr. 
 (sub <£• ccdo), to march up, advance, 
 approach, the motion being directed 
 toward .wme higher object. 
 
 Succurro, tre, curri, cur sum, 
 intr. (sub 6c curro), to run to one's 
 assistance, to succor, aid, help. 
 
 Sudes, is, /., a stake. 
 
 Sudor, oris, m., sweat Figura- 
 tivchf, labor, toil, fatigue. 
 
 Suffodio, ire, fodi, fossum, tr. (sub 
 dc ftidio, to dig), to dig under, un- 
 dermine. 
 
 SuJFragatio, onis, f, (suffragor\ 
 a voting for one ; interest, favor, 
 a recommendation to an office. 
 Jlonestissima sufl^ragatione, with a 
 support highly nonorable to him. 
 
 Sni, dat. sibi, ace. se, rejtec. pro, 
 of all genders, of himself herself, 
 itself, themselves. Jn the ace. and 
 abl. the pronoun is often doubled, 
 sese ; when used with eum, the prep- 
 osition is annexed to the pronoun, 
 secum ; the intensit*e tntj^x met w 
 often attached to this pronoun. 
 
 Sulla, a, m., a surname of tho 
 Cornelian gens. Q. Cornelius Sul- 
 la or Sylla, a celebrated Kmnan dic- 
 tator. He served at first under Ma- 
 rius, and contributed greatly to the 
 successful termination of the Ju- 
 gurthine war. Marius became at 
 last jealous of St/lid's merit and 
 popularity ; hence originated that 
 quarrel bctwei^ them which was 
 productive of the most enormous 
 cruelties, and contributed greatly 
 to the final extinction of Romoji 
 liberty. See Note, Jug. xct*. 3. 
 P. Cornelius Sulla, a nephew of the 
 dictator, He leas an accomplice of 
 Catiline, and while consul elect he 
 teas convicted of bribery at his elec' 
 tion, and his nomination set aside, 
 Servius Cornelius Sulla, a brother 
 
SULL.VNUS 
 
 261 
 
 SUPPLEX 
 
 of P. Cornelius Sulla, and also a 
 confederate of C'^tiline's. 
 
 SulldnuSy a, um^ adj.y of Sylla. 
 Victoria Sullana^ Sulla's victory. 
 
 Sum, esse, fui, irr. intr.y to be, 
 exist, live ; to stay, continue, abide ; 
 to come to pass, take place, bap- 
 pen. With the dative, to be, serve, 
 brine:, confer, constitute, be ac- 
 counted, as: quibus ea (sc. victo- 
 ria) prcedcB fuerat, to whom it had 
 brought booty. With a genitive 
 or ablative of character, to be of, 
 possess, as: Malo ingenio esse, to 
 be of or possess a bad disposition. 
 With a genitive of possession, to 
 pertain to, belong to, to be the 
 part, property, character, nature, 
 mark, duty of, as: quod multo- 
 rwn esset, what belonged to ma- 
 ny; stultiticc esse, to be the part 
 of folly, to be foolish. With the 
 genitive of a gerundive, to lend, 
 serve, contribute, as : conservandce 
 libertatis esse, to contribute to, or 
 serve for, the preservation of lib- 
 erty. With the dative of the pos- 
 sessor, to have, as: quibus {quis) 
 opes nullce sunt, those who have 
 no substance. Sunt qui, there are 
 those who, or simply, some, as : 
 fuere qui dicerent, some said. Plu- 
 ris esse, to be worth more. Sum of- 
 ten has an adverb in the predicate, 
 as : alia mala abundis omnia erant 
 — more abundant. Nisus per saxa 
 facilius foret, for facilior foret, 
 
 Summus, a, adj., sup. of super us, 
 the highest, to|)iuost ; the last, 
 greatest, extreme, utmost, supreme, 
 very great. As a noun, summum, 
 », w., the summit, top. Summus 
 vir, a very great, eminent, or ex- 
 cellent man. 
 
 Sumo, ere, sumpsi, sumptum, tr., 
 to take, take up ; to get, receive, 
 
 Srocure ; to take, choose ; to un- 
 ertake, begin. Liberos sumere, 
 to adopt children. Sumere sup- 
 plicium de aliquo, to inflict pun- 
 ishment upon, to punish. 
 
 Sumptus, lis, »??.. (sumo), expense, 
 cost, charge. 
 
 Sumptus, a, urn, part., see Sumo, 
 
 Suosmety see Suus. 
 
 Supellex, lectilis, f, household- 
 furniture, goods, chattels. 
 
 Super, prep, icith the ace. and 
 abl. with the accusative, over, above, 
 OP, upon, beyond. With the abla- 
 tive, of, on, about. As an adv., 
 over, more. Super esse, to surpass, 
 exceed, satis superque, enough and 
 more than enough. 
 
 Su.perbia, ce, f. (superbus), pride, 
 haughtiness, arrogance. Per su- 
 perbiam, haughtily, proudly. 
 
 Superbus, a, wn, adj, proud, 
 haughty, arrogant, vain-glorious. 
 
 Superior, us, adj., comp, of supe- 
 ruK, hii^her, upper ; former, past, 
 preceding, superior. Piscedere su- 
 perior, to come off conqueror. 
 
 Super 0, dre, dvi, dtuni, tr. (su- 
 per), to outreach, exceed, surpass; 
 to overbalance, more than com- 
 pensate for; to overpower, con- 
 quer, vanquish, carry off; to re- 
 fute, disprove. Intr., to remain 
 over, to abound, be abmidant, be 
 in profusion or snperfluit3\ 
 
 Supersto, are, intr. {super (t sto), 
 to stand upon. 
 
 Superus, a, um, comp. superior, 
 sup. supremus or summus, adj. {su- 
 per), that is above, upper. 
 
 Supervacaneus, a, urn, adj. (su- 
 pervaco), needless, superfluous, not 
 necessary. 
 
 Supervado, ire, intr. {super <& 
 vado\ to go or climb over, to sur- 
 mount. 
 
 Suppito, ire, tvi, Itum, intr. {sub 
 & peio), to be at hand, be pres- 
 ent. 
 
 SuppUmentum, i, n. (suppleo), a 
 supply, supplement, recruits, re- 
 inforcements, Supfjlementum scri- 
 bere, to levy or enlist recruits. 
 
 Supplex, \cis, adj. {sub <k plico), 
 suppliant, supplicating, beseech- 
 ing; humble, submissive. As a 
 
SUPPLICIUISI 
 
 262 
 
 6YRTIS 
 
 noun^ a supplicant, humble peti- 
 tioner. 
 
 Supplicium, ^, n. (supplex), a 
 kneeling down, supplicatioD, pray- 
 er, earnest entreaty or petition, a 
 public thanksgiving, sacrifice, wor- 
 ship, the kneeling of a criminal 
 for execution, execution, capital 
 punishment ; severe punishment. 
 Summuin supplicium.y capital pun- 
 ishment. Sitpplicio cogere^io com- 
 pel or di-ive (to the performance 
 of duty) by severity of punish- 
 ment. 
 
 Supplico, are, dvi, atum, intr. 
 (supplex), to kneel before ; to make 
 supplication, supplicate, implore, 
 beseech, beg bumbly. 
 
 Supra, prep, with the ace. {su- 
 perus), above, over, beyond, more 
 than. Adv., above, before, farther 
 back, already. Supra esse, to sur- 
 pass, be too strong for. Supra 
 quam cuique credibile est, more 
 than is credible, to an incredible 
 degree. Supra caput est, is at 
 hand, is at our doors. Intelligo 
 ilium supra, quam ego sum, petere, 
 — that he aims at something high- 
 er than myself, = that my ruin is 
 not his ultimate object. 
 
 Sura, ce, 711., see Lentulus. 
 
 Susceptus, a, um, part., see Sus- 
 cipio. 
 
 Suscipio, ere, cep'i, ceptum, ir, 
 {sub <h capio), to take upon one's 
 self, to undertake, to enter upon. 
 
 Suspectus, a, \im, part., see Sus- 
 picio. Adj., exciting suspicion or 
 distrust ; suspected, mistrusted ; 
 suspicious. 
 
 Suspicio, onis, f. {suspicio), sus- 
 picion, distrust, mistrust. 
 
 Suspicio, ere, pexi, pedum, tr. 
 {sub <jc specio), to look upward ; to 
 suspect, mistrust ; only the partici- 
 ples are found with these last mean- 
 ings. Suspecttcm habere, to suspect. 
 
 Suspicor, dri, dtus sum, d^p. 
 {suspicio), to suspect, apprehend, 
 mistrust. 
 
 Sustento, are, dvi, dtum {freq. 
 from sustinco), tr., to sustain, hold 
 out against; to support, maintain; 
 to keep back, restrain, check, stop. 
 
 Sustineo, ere, tinui, tentmn, ir. 
 {sub <k teneo), to uphold, sustain, 
 support; bear, bear the burden 
 of; to hold, undei'take, fill, admin- 
 ister. 
 
 Sustollo, ere, tr. {sub d" tollo), to 
 raise or lift np, to take away, re- 
 move. 
 
 Suthul, indec. n., a town of Nu- 
 midia. 
 
 Suus, a, um, adj. pro. {siii), his 
 own, her own, its own ; their own, 
 his, her, its; their. As a noun, 
 suum, i, n. or sua, orum, n. pi., 
 one's own property, possessions, or 
 rights. 
 
 Sui, orum, m. pi., one's friends, 
 followers, party, people, country- 
 men, or fellow-soldiers. Suo loco 
 pugnam facere — in the place of 
 his own choosing, in a place favor- 
 able to himself I'he emphatic syl- 
 lables, met and pte, are sometimes 
 suffixed to this word. 
 
 Syphax, dcis, m., a king of the 
 Massisyli in jSumidia. He was at 
 first a friend and ally of the Ro- 
 mans; but on his marrying the beau- 
 tiful Sophonisba, daughter of Has- 
 drubal, he formed an alliance with 
 Carthage. He was conquered by 
 Scipio Africanus, icith the aid of 
 Massijiissa, taken prisoner and 
 sent to Rome. He died in prison 
 at Tibur. 
 
 Syrtis, is, f, a place of shifting 
 sands in the sea ; particularly two 
 sandy gidfs or bays on the African 
 coast of the Mediterranean, called 
 respectively the Greater Syrtis, 7iow 
 the gidf of Sudra or -Seedra, and 
 the Lesser Syrtis, now the gulf of 
 Cabes or Khabs. The word is gen- 
 erally supposed to be derived from 
 the Cheek avpu, to drag, and to have 
 reference to the dragging to and fro 
 of the sands, by the mnds aiid tides. 
 
26? 
 
 TELUM 
 
 7!, an abbreviation of Titus. 
 Tahernaculum, i, n. {taberna), a 
 tent, pavilion. 
 j Tabes, is, f. (tabeo), a poison, in- 
 ' fection, plague, pestilence. 
 
 Tabesco, ere, tabui, intr. (incho. 
 \ from taboo), to melt away by de- 
 ; grees ; to fall to ruin, decay. 
 1 Tabula^ ce, f., a board, table, 
 ' tablet. Tabula picta, or tabula, a 
 ; picture, painting. Tabula;, pi,, 
 . writings, records, accounts. The 
 I a7icients did most of their writing 
 on wooden tablets, with wax spread 
 over them, and their pictures were 
 painted on boards. Tabulce novce, 
 new account-books {and as in sub- 
 stituting the new for the old account 
 tables, the debt was in whole or in 
 part abolished), the abolition of 
 debts. 
 
 Taceo, ere, ui, \tum, intr., to be 
 silent, bold one's peace, say noth- 
 ing. 
 
 Tacitus, a, um, part., see Taceo. 
 Adj., silent, in silence, still, quiet, 
 mute. 
 
 Tceda, ce, /., the pitch-pine tree ; 
 a torch, firebrand. 
 
 Tcedet, duit or tcesum est, imp., 
 it disgusts, offends, or wearies one. 
 Tcedet mc, I am weary of, disgusted 
 with. Imdet te, thou art weary 
 of, <fec, 
 
 Tcedium, ^, n. {tcedet), weariness, 
 irksomeness, tedium. 
 
 Talis, e, adj., such, of such a 
 kind, such little, so ; so distin- 
 guished, great or excellent. Ta- 
 lia, such things, lit in tali nego- 
 tio, as the best that could be done 
 under the circumstances, consider- 
 ing the circumstances. 
 
 T'am, adv., so, so much, so very. 
 Qicam — ta7n, with superlatives, the 
 — the, as — so. Quam quisque pes- 
 sime fecit, tarn maxime tatus est, 
 the worse each one has done, the 
 safer he is. Quod si tarn libertatis \ 
 
 cur am haberetis quam illi ad domi" 
 nationem accensi sunt, but if you 
 had a regard for your liberty as 
 great as is the ardor with which 
 they desire to tyrannize over 3'ou. 
 
 Tamen, conj., notwithstanding, 
 nevertheless, for all that, however, 
 yet, still. It is used in the apo- 
 dosis, and corresponds to tametsi, 
 quamvis, quamquam, si, quam, <kc.y 
 i7i the protasis. 
 
 Tametsi, conj. {tamen d: etsi), 
 though, although, notwithstanding 
 that. 
 
 Tana, ce, m., a river of the Euro- 
 pean Sarmatia, also called TancCis, 
 is, on. 
 
 Ta7idem, adv., at length, at last, 
 in the end, finally. In questioois 
 expressing iiidignation or astonish- 
 ment ; pray, then. 
 
 Tanquam or Tamquam, adv. 
 {tain ct q2iam), as, just as, as it 
 were, as if, so to speak. 
 
 Tantum, adv. {tantus),on\j, alone, 
 but, merely ; so much, so long. 
 
 Tayitummodo or Tantum modo, 
 adv., only, provided only, if only. 
 
 Tantus, a, um, adj., so great, so 
 much, as great, so important. Tan- 
 to, see Quantus. 
 
 Tarde, adv. {tardus), slowly, tar- 
 dily. 
 
 Tardus, a, um, adj., slow, tardy, 
 sluggish. 
 
 Tarquinius, i, m. {L.), a confede- 
 rate of .Catiline's, who, being appre- 
 hended ichile on his way to join that 
 conspirator, and brought back to 
 Rome, disclosed the designs of the 
 conspirators. 
 
 Tectum, i, n. {tego), a roof. 
 
 Tectus, a, um, part., see Tego. 
 
 Tego, ere, texi, tectum, tr., to cov- 
 er, hide, conceal, cloak ; to shelter, 
 protect. 
 
 Telum, i, n., a missile, weapon, 
 dart, javelin, spear, lance ; an of- 
 fensive weapon of any kind, sword, 
 dagger, poniard. Gum telo esse, to 
 carry arms. 
 
TEMERE 
 
 264: 
 
 TERREO 
 
 Temere, adv., inconsiderately, in- 
 discreetly, without cause, rashly, 
 hastily, without order, confusedly, 
 irregularly. Temere mit7iita, hasti- 
 ly or slightly fortified. 
 
 l^emcrXtas, CUis, f. (temere), te- 
 merity, rashness, inconsiderateness, 
 indiscreetness, imprudence, fool- 
 hardiness. 
 
 Temper antia, m, f. {tempera), 
 moderation, temperance, discre- 
 tion. 
 
 Tem'ph'o, are, mi, dtum, irdr. 
 (fempus), to moderate or restrain 
 one's self, to act with moderation ; 
 to set bounds to, be moderate. 
 Tr., to regulate, arrange. Victo- 
 rice temporare, to be moderate or 
 exercise moderation in the use of 
 victory. 
 
 Tcmpestas, aiis, f. {tempus), XimQ, 
 a point or period of time, occa- 
 sion, a season ; a storm, tempest ; a 
 troublous time, perilous occasion. 
 Multis tempestatibus, for a long 
 time. In paucis tempestatibus, in 
 a short time. Qua tempestate, at 
 the time when. Alia in tempes- 
 tate, at another time. 
 
 Templum, i, n., a temple. 
 
 Tempus, oris,n., time; a season, 
 the proper or appointed time, oc- 
 casion; opportunity ; the circum- 
 stances of the time, occasion, exi- 
 gency. Per ca tempora, during 
 that time. Pleraque tempora, the 
 most of this time. In tempore, at 
 the proper time. Ad tempus, at 
 the appointed time. Pro tempore, 
 according to circumstances, pro- 
 portioned to the exigency, suitable 
 to the occasion. Ex tempore, ac- 
 cording to circumstances, at the 
 time, without previous prepara- 
 tion. Ad hoc tempus, up to this 
 time, hitherto. 
 
 Tendo, ere, tetendi, tensum, or 
 tentmn, tr., to stretch out, extend. 
 Intr,, to go, march, travel ; to ex- 
 ert one's self, fight, contend. Cur- 
 sus tenderCy to go in haste, to hast- 
 
 en, run. Insidias tenderer see In- 
 
 
 Tenebrce, arum, f., darkness, ob- ^ 
 scurit}^, gloom ; a dungeon. S 
 
 Teneo, ere, ui, tentum, tr., to ^ 
 hold, holdfast; to hold, possess, 
 occup}^; to detain, keep; to re- 
 strain, refrain from ; to rule, sway, 
 direct; to captivate, charm. In 
 custodia, or in custodiis tenere, to 
 keep in custody, to confine in pris- 
 on. Magna spcs me tenet, I have 
 great hopes. Ambitione teneri, to 
 be seduced or captivated by ambi- 
 tion. Libido aliquem tenet, one is 
 possessed by the desire. 
 
 Tento, are, avi, dtum, tr. (frcq. 
 from tendo), to try, explore, exam- 
 ine, put to the test ; to try to 
 bribe, to sound, tempt, tamper 
 with, entice to revolt or desertion ; 
 to attack, haras.^, assail, practise 
 upon ; to threaten with, to tr}' the 
 effect of. Bello tentare, to make 
 war upon. Lassitudiitem tentare, 
 to try the effects of fatigue. Fru- 
 menti inopla tentari, to be threat- 
 ened with or in danger from. In- 
 sidias tentare, to set snares, lay 
 ambuscades. 
 
 Terentius, i, m., (Cn.), a man of 
 senatorial rank, who held the office 
 ofprcetor, B. C. 66. 
 
 Tergum, i, n., the back. A or 
 ab tergo, from behind, behind, in 
 the rear. 
 
 Terra, ce, /., the earth; a land, 
 countr}^ the land. Terra marique, 
 by land and sea. In terris, in 
 the lands, among men. Orbis ter- 
 rce, or terrarum, the earth, globe, 
 world. 
 
 Terracinensis, is, m., a Terraci- 
 nian, an inhabitant of Terracina, a 
 town in Latium, formerly called 
 Anxur. This city stood on a loftff'^^ 
 rock at the foot of which the mod- 
 ern Terracina is situated 
 
 Terreo, ere, ui, itum, tr., to 
 affright, frighten, terrify, alarm, 
 keep in awe. ' 
 
 I 
 
TERRIBLLLS 
 
 265 
 
 TORQUATUS 
 
 Terribilis, e, adj. {terreo\ terri- 
 ble, dreadful, shocking, horrible. 
 
 Territus, «, um, part., see Ter- 
 reo. 
 
 Terror, oris, m. {terrco), terror, 
 affright, dread, alarm, dismay. 
 
 Tertius, a, urn, num. adj. {ter), 
 the third. 
 
 Testamentum, i, n. [testor), a tes- 
 tament, a last will. 
 
 Testis, i.% c. g., a witness. 
 
 Tesfor, dri, atus sum, dep. (testis), 
 to testify, bear witness ; to call to 
 witness, appeal to. 
 
 Testudo, inis, /., a tortoise; in 
 military language, a testudo. The 
 testudo was a covering or shed re- 
 sembling a tortoise in form, for the 
 protection of besiegers; made gen- 
 erally by joining together their 
 shields over their heads, but some- 
 times also of wood. 
 
 Ttter, tra, triim, adj., foul, hor- 
 rid, hideous. 
 
 Tetfarcha, ce, m., a tetrarch, a 
 king not acknowledged as such by 
 the Roman people. Tetrarch a or i- 
 giytally signified a rider of the fourth 
 part of a country, but it afterwards 
 came to mean the ruler of a division 
 of a country, without reference to 
 the 7iumber of parts into ichich it 
 was divided. 
 
 Thala, ce, f, a town in the south- 
 ern part of Numidia, the exact site 
 of which is unTciiown. It is gener- 
 ally supposed to have been the same 
 with Telepte. 
 
 Thercei, drum <£' on, m. pi., the 
 Thereans, the inhabitants ofThera, 
 a small island near Crete. The 
 modern name is Snntorin. 
 
 Thesaurus, i, m., a treasure, col- 
 lection of money ; treasury, a de- 
 pository, magazine. 
 
 Thermtda, ce, /., a town of iVw- 
 midia, the situation of which is un- 
 known. 
 
 Thrax, d^is, adj., Thraeian. As 
 a nau7i, a Thraeian, an inhabitant 
 of Thrace. 
 12 
 
 Tiberius, i, w., a Roman prae- 
 nomen. Written by abbreviation, 
 Tib. 
 
 Timeo, ere, ui, ir., to fear, be 
 afraid of, dread. Intr. with the 
 dat, to fear for, or on account of, 
 be uneasy about. 
 
 Timidus, a, um, adj. (timeo), 
 timid, afraid, cowardly, fearful, 
 faint-hearted. 
 
 Timor, oris, m. (timeo), fear, 
 dread, apprehension, timidity. 
 
 Tisidium, i, n., a city near Utica 
 in Africa. 
 
 Titus, i, m., a Roman name. 
 
 Togdtus, a, um, adj. (toga), wear- 
 ing the toga. As a noun, a Ro- 
 man citizen, a Roman. The toga 
 was the outer garment worn by Ha- 
 inan citizens in time of peace, and 
 iogatus is consequently used to dis- 
 tinguish Romans from foreigners, 
 and also to distinguish Roman citi- 
 zens from Roman soldiers. 
 
 Tolero, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to 
 bear, bear patiently, endure, brook, 
 submit to, tolerate ; to maintain, 
 support, alleviate. 
 
 Ihllo, ere, sustuli, subldtum, tr., 
 to lift up, raise, elevate ; to take 
 away, remove; to keep back, sup- 
 press. Animum toller e, to take or 
 regain courage. Ad coelum toller e, 
 to extol to the skies, load with 
 praise. 
 
 Toreuma, atis, n., work executed 
 in relief, embossed plate. 
 
 Tormentum, i, n. (torqueo), an 
 engine for hurling missiles. 
 
 Torpesco, ere, pni, intr. (inch, 
 from torpeo), to grow numb or 
 torpid, become languid or dull ; to 
 grow listless, sluggish, inactive, or 
 indolent. 
 
 Torqudtus, i, m., a surname of 
 the Manlian gens. L. Manlius Tor- 
 quatus, a Roman nobleman who held 
 the consulship with L. Cotta, B. C, 
 65. T. Manlius Torquatus, a cele- 
 brated Rofnan dictator who had his 
 son put to death for engaging in 
 
TOTIES 
 
 266 
 
 TREPEDUS 
 
 combat with the enemy, contrary to 
 the orders of his father. He ac- 
 quired for himself and his descend- 
 ants the surname of Torquatus (i. e., 
 adorned with a golden neck-chain^) 
 from the circumstance of putting 
 07i the neck-chain of a Gaul whom 
 he had killed in single combat. 
 
 TotieSj adv., so often. 
 
 Totus, a, U7n, adj., gen. lus, all, 
 all the, the whole, total, entire. 
 
 TractOy are, avi, dtum, tr. (freq. 
 from traho), to touch ; take in 
 hand, manage, exercise ; to treat, 
 conduct one's self toward. Hem- 
 publicam tractare, to manage, gov- 
 ern, direct the state or public af- 
 fairs. 
 
 IVactns, us, m., a drawing or 
 dragging ; a stretch, tract, region ; 
 a direction, course. 
 
 Tractus, a, nm, part., see Traho. 
 
 TradUus, a, ntn, part., see Trado. 
 
 Trado, ^re, dldi, ditwn, tr. {trans 
 d: do), to give over, consign, com- 
 mit, deliver; to give up, surren- 
 der, betray, devote ; to leave, be- 
 queath ; to transmit, hand down. 
 In custodiam tradere, to commit to 
 custody. 
 
 Traduco or Transduco, ^re, xi, 
 ctum, tr. (trans d: duco), to lead or 
 convey across ; to bring or carry 
 over, transfer. 
 
 Traho, ^re, xi, ctum, tr., to draw, 
 drag ; to draw out, protract, pro- 
 long, delay, put off; to draw or 
 lead away, divert ; to ponder up- 
 on, revolve, reflect upon, weigh ; 
 to ascribe, attribute, impute; to 
 take away by force, plunder ; to 
 form, take. Consilinm trahere, to 
 form a decision. Trahere animo, 
 or cum animo, to figure to one's 
 self; to debate with one's self, re- 
 volve within one's self. Pecuyiiam 
 trahere, to commit depredation 
 upon one's money, that is, to 
 squander it With ad supplicium 
 omitted, to drag to execution. 
 
 Tramei^ Ww, m. {trameo, to go 
 
 through), a by-path, cross-way, 
 short-cut. 
 
 Tranquillics, a, um, adj., tran- 
 quil, calm, still, quiet. 
 
 Transduco, see Traduco. 
 
 Transeo, Ire, ii, itum, irr. intr. 
 [trans do eo), to go or cross over, 
 desert. Tr., to pass, pass through. 
 
 Transfero, ferre, tuli, latum, irr. 
 tr. {trans d: fero), to carry or bring 
 over, transfer; to dtfer, postpone, 
 put off. Transfcrri, to be trans- 
 ferred or carried over = to pass. 
 
 Transfuga, ce, ??u {transfugio), a 
 deserter. 
 
 Transfugio, ere, fiigi, fugXtum, 
 intr. {trans dc fugio), to go over to 
 the enemy, desert. 
 
 Transigo, ere, egi, actum^ tr. 
 {trans dc ago), to drive through ; 
 to transact^ settle, adjust ; to pass, 
 spend. 
 
 Transpaddnus^ a, um, adj. {trans 
 d' Padus), beyond the Po. At a 
 noun, one living on the other side 
 of the Po, from Rome. 
 
 Transvcctus^ a, ww, part., see 
 Transvcho. 
 
 Transviho, ire, vexi, vectum^ tr. 
 {trans d: veho), to carry or convey 
 over. Tran.'ivehi, pass.^ to pass 
 over, sail over. 
 
 IVansversus, a, um, part., see 
 Transverto. Adj., transvei*se, 
 oblique, at right angles. Trana- 
 versa proclia, skirmishes on the 
 flank. Transversis itineribus, cross- 
 marches. Transverswn aliguetn 
 agcre, to drive one from the right 
 path, lead one astray. 
 
 Transverto, ere, ti, sum, tr. {tran.t 
 d: verto), to turn round or away. 
 
 Trepido, are, dvi, dtum, intr. 
 {trepidus), to tremble f< ■• ♦'^•^^v ♦«> 
 be in a state of confusio: 
 dation, to run about in tc..-. -.:-d 
 confusion, to run in consternation 
 to. 
 
 Trepldus, a, urn, adj., trembling 
 with fear, agitated, excited, thrown 
 into confusion, in a state of trepi* 
 
TRES 
 
 267 
 
 TULLUS 
 
 dation, struck with consternation, 
 frightened, alarmed, dismayed, full 
 of anxiety ; causing anxietj^ or 
 alarm, alarming. 
 
 Tre8, tria, mmi. adj.^ three. 
 Tribundtus, us, m. {(ribu7ius), the 
 tribuneship, the office of a tribune. 
 Tribuniciu.% a, vjn, adj. {tribu- 
 nus), of or pertaining to the tri- 
 buneship or to the tribunes, tri- 
 bunitiaL 
 
 Tribujiua^ i, m. {(ribus\ a tri- 
 bune. Tribunus plebis, a tribune 
 of the people, one of those popular 
 magistrates whose duty it was to 
 protect the plebeians against the 
 encroachments of the patricians and 
 higher magistrates. To enable them 
 to do this they were invested with 
 power to arrest at any time the pro- 
 ceedings of all other authorities, even 
 those of the senate and cons^uls. 
 Tribunus militaris or militum, a 
 military tribune ; there icere six 
 military tribunes in each legion, 
 who commanded under the consul ; 
 their office corresponding nearly to 
 that of colonel in inodern times. 
 
 Iribuo, Sre, 2ii, utum, tr., to give, 
 impart, grant, attribute, lend. 
 
 Tribus, us, f. {ires), a tribe, a di- 
 vision of the Roman peo|)le. Romu- 
 lus divided the people into three 
 tribes, but at the titne ichen Sallust 
 %orote, the number had been increased 
 to thirty-five. 
 
 Triduum, i, n. (tres d: dies), the 
 
 space of three days, three days. 
 
 Triginta, num. adj. indecl., thirty. 
 
 Triplex, icis, adj. (tres d* plico, 
 
 to fold), threefold, triple. Tri- 
 
 plices, um, pL, three. 
 
 Tristitia, ce, f. (tristis), sadness, 
 sorrow, giief, melancholy, dejec- 
 tion. 
 
 Triumpho, are, avi, atum, intr. 
 (triumplms), to triumph, hold a 
 triumph. 
 
 Triumphus^ i, m., a triumph, a 
 triumphal procession. A Roman 
 commander who had gained an im- 
 
 portant victory was honored with a 
 magnificent triumphal entrance irito 
 the city on his return ; see Smith's 
 Diet. Antiq. s. v. Trinmphus. 
 
 Triumvir, tri, m. [tres <£• vir), a 
 triumvir, one of three men asso- 
 ciated in some public business. 
 Triumviri capitales, the superin- 
 tendents of public prisons, who 
 had the charge of a public prison, 
 attended to the execiUion of crim- 
 inals, and performed many of the 
 duties of modern police officers. 
 Triumvir colcniis deducendis, one 
 of three officer appointed to lead 
 out colonies and distribute the laud 
 among the colonists ; a commis- 
 sioner for planting colonies. 
 
 Trojanus, a, um, adj. (Trcja), 
 Trojan. As a noun, Trojani, drum, 
 m. pi., the Trojans. 
 
 Trucldo, are, avi, dtum, {trux dt 
 ccedo), to cut to pieces, to slay cru- 
 elly, slaughter, murder, massacre, 
 butcher. 
 
 2u, tui, per. pro., c. g., thou, you. 
 Plural, vos, vestrum, you. The 
 emphatic suffixes, met and te (self), 
 are sometimes annexed to this pro- 
 noun, as : tute, thou thyself. 
 Tuba, ce, f, a trumpet. 
 Tubicen, mis, m. (tuba), a trump- 
 eter. 
 
 Tueor, eri, tuitus 6: tutus sum, 
 dep., to look upon, to look to, de- 
 fend, protect. 
 
 Tugurium, i, n., a hut, cottage. 
 Tuti, see Fero. 
 
 Tullidnus, a, um, adj., pertain- 
 ing to Tulliu?. As a noun, Tid- 
 lianum, i, n., theTuUianum, a sub- 
 terranean cell or dungeon added by 
 Servius Tullius to the prison built 
 by Ancus Martius. This dungeon 
 still exists as a gloomy subterranean 
 chapel to the church of San Pittro 
 in Car cere, and was once, accord- 
 ing to popular belief, the place of 
 St. Peter's confinement. 
 
 Tullius, i, m., see Oicero. 
 I Tidlus, i, m.y Lucius Tullus, who 
 
TUH 
 
 268 
 
 ULTERIOR 
 
 held the consulship with M. Lepi- 
 dns, B. a 66. 
 
 Tarn, ado., then, thereupon, here- 
 upon, again ; then, at that time. 
 As a correlative conj. turn — turn, or 
 (to give prominence to the latter 
 clause) quum — turn, not only — but 
 also, as well — as, both — and espe- 
 cially. 2'uni demum, then first, then 
 indeed. Turn veroy then indeed. 
 In animated narration or in the 
 oratio obli(/ua, turn may sometimes 
 he translated^ now, at present 
 
 Tumulo<ius, rt, unij adj. (tumulus), 
 full of hills, hilly. 
 
 7\onnltus, its or t, m., a tumult, 
 commotion, uproar, bustle ; alarm, 
 confusion; a su«lden war, sedition, 
 insurrection. Tumnltum facere, to 
 raise or cause an alarm. A war in 
 Italy or aqainst the Gauls was call- 
 ed tuniultus, a much stronger term 
 th'in helium. 
 
 TumUlus, I, m. (iutneo), a hill, 
 liillock. 
 
 Tunc, adv., then, nt that time. 
 
 Turbo, (e,f., a disturbance, tumult, 
 disorder ; a crowd, thronij. press. 
 
 Turma, <«,/, a troop or squnilron 
 of horse ; the turma was the tenth 
 part of an ala, and consisted of 
 about thirty horsemen, 
 
 Turmdtim, adr, (turma), by troojw 
 or squadrons, in sinn^le squadrons. 
 
 Turpilius, see Silatius. 
 
 Ttirpis, e, adj., ugly, shameful, 
 base, scandalous, disgraceful Tur- 
 pis fama, a bad reputation. 
 
 Turpitudo, \nis, f. (turpis), base- 
 ness, shnmefulness, disgrace, dis- 
 honor, infamy, turpitude. Pertur- 
 pUudine^n, basely, shamefully, dis- 
 gracefully. 
 
 Tur r is, is,/., a tower ; in military 
 la)tguage, a tower, used in besieging 
 cities. For a description of the 
 military tower, see note. Jug. xxi. 3. 
 
 luscus^ a, um, adj., Tuscan, Etrus- 
 Ciiu, Etrurian. As a noun, Tusci, 
 drum, m. pL, the Tuscans, Etrurians, 
 
 TtUe, see Tv. I 
 
 Tute, adv. (tutus), safely, securely. 
 
 Tutor, dri, dtus sum. d^p. (freq. 
 from tueor), to defend, protect, 
 cover. 
 
 Tutus, a, um, part., see Tueor. 
 Adj., safe, secure. 
 
 Tuus, a, wn, adj. pro. (tu), thy, 
 thine, thy own ; your, yours, your 
 own. Tui, your own relative:*, fam- 
 ily or friends. 
 
 U. 
 
 Ubij adv., where, in which place, 
 in what place; when, after, as soon 
 as, in what, by which, with whom. 
 Ubi sometimes takes the place of a 
 relative pronoun with a preposition, 
 as: Apud illos sunt, aut, ubi illi 
 volunt, L e., apud guo.% with whom, 
 or in the hanils of whom, [/hi gen- 
 tium, wliere in the world, in what 
 part of the country, whereabouts. 
 
 Ubicttmf/ue, adv. (ubi d' cumque\ 
 wherever, wheresoever, whenever, 
 as soon as. 
 
 Ublque, adv.. every where, in 
 every place, wheresoever. Also 
 for et ubi, and where. 
 
 Ubivis, adv. (ubi d' vis, from 
 vofo), where you will, any where, 
 in any place, 
 
 Ulciscor, i, tJ/i/« turn, dep., to 
 avenge one's self on, take vengeance 
 on. avenge, punish. Sallust em- 
 ploys vlcisri in one instance, as 
 passive, quidquid — ulcisci nequifur 
 — cannot be avenged. Ultum ire, 
 to proceed to avenge, to avenge, 
 punish. 
 
 Ullus, a, um, gen, ulliuit. Adj., 
 any. any one. Kon ullit.t, no one. 
 
 Ulterior, ns, adj., com p. of niter, 
 farther on the other sida GaUi^ 
 ulterior, farther Gaul, or T: 
 pine Gaul, a large country 
 rope, including somewhat more rvnr>i 
 7nodern France. It teas bounded by 
 tJte Rhine, the Alps, the Afedi terra - 
 neatk, the Pyrenees, and the Ocean, 
 
ULTKA 
 
 269 
 
 UXOR 
 
 Ultra, prep, mth the ace. (ulter), 
 beyond. Adv., beyond that, after 
 this, beyond (the grave). 
 
 Uliro, adv. [ii/ter), of one's own 
 accord, voluntarily, unasked, with- 
 out being sought; without provo- 
 cation, unprovoked. 
 
 Ultus, a, um, part., see Ulciscor. 
 
 l/mbrenu.% i, m., Publius Umbre- 
 nu9, a freednian, to whom was as- 
 signed the tank of persuading the 
 deputies of the Allobroges to take 
 part in the conspiracy of Catiline. 
 
 Unci, adu. (unus), together, to- 
 gether with, along with, conjointly 
 with, at the same time. It is often 
 joined with cum, as : nobiscum una. 
 
 Unde, adv., whence, from which, 
 from whom, by whom. Eo ventum 
 — undc, — they came to that point 
 from which = they came so near 
 that. 
 
 Undiquc, adv. (unde db que), from 
 all quarters, from all sides, every 
 "where. 
 
 Universus, a, it/w, adj. (uims d: 
 versus), all together, all collectively, 
 whole, entire. 
 
 Unquam or Umquam, adv., ever, 
 at any time. 
 
 Unus, a, um, gen. iinlus, num. 
 adj., one, alone, tlie only one, one 
 and the same, uniform. In unum, 
 to the same place, together. Unus 
 et alter, one and another, some, a 
 few. The plural of this adjective is 
 used tn the sense of one, ioith such 
 nouns as have no singular, or are 
 but rarely used in that number, as : 
 una moenia, una castra, unce scalce. 
 
 Unusquisque, nnaqucEque, unum- 
 quodque, or — quidque, adj. pro. 
 (u7ius <jb quisque), each one, every 
 one. every. 
 
 Urbdtius, a, um, adj. (urbs), of or 
 pertaining to a city, of the city 
 (^. e., Roma) ; polished, elegant, re- 
 fined. 
 
 Urbs, bis, f, a city ; the city, i. e., 
 Home. 
 
 Urgeo, ere, ursi, tr., to press up- 
 
 on, to press hard, bear down ; harass, 
 oppress; pursue. 
 
 UsquajR, adv., any where, of or 
 in any place or thing. 
 
 Usque, adv., all the way, as far 
 as, even. Usque eo, to such a de- 
 gree. 
 
 Usus, us, m.{utor), use ; practice, 
 exercise, labor, experience ; useful- 
 ness, utility, benefit, profit, advan- 
 tage ; use, need ; intercourse, inti- 
 macy. Usui esse, to be of use or 
 service, to be useful or profitable. 
 Propter usum belli, on account of 
 its importance in the war. Usu or 
 per usum discere, to learn by expe- 
 rience, to learn practically. 
 
 Usus, a, um, part., see Utor. 
 
 Ut or Uti, adv., in what manner, 
 how, as. Co7ij., that, in order that, 
 so that, since, as, just as, according 
 as ; namely that, to wit that Ut or 
 uti, with the subjunctive, may often 
 be translated by the infinitive, as : 
 Namque, uti paucis verum absol- 
 vam, for, to state the truth in a few 
 words ; im pell it, uti eat, — to go. 
 
 Uter, tra, trum, gen. utrius, adj.y 
 which of the two, which. 
 
 Uter, tris, m., a bag of skin, 
 leathern bag used for holding wine, 
 water, <tc. 
 
 Uterque, utraque, utrujnque, gen. 
 utriusque, adj. (uter d: que), both 
 one and the other, both, either, 
 each. QuiE utraque, both of which. 
 
 Uti, see Ut. 
 
 Utica, ee,f, a city of Africa, situ- 
 ated on the Mediterranean, south- 
 west of Carthage. 
 
 Utllis, e, adj. (utor), useful, bene- 
 ficial, serviceable, salutary ; fit, suit- 
 able. 
 
 Utinam, conj. (uti d: nam), O 
 that ! would that ! I wish that! 
 
 Ut\que, adv. (uti db qiie), in any 
 case, certainly, surely. Also for 
 et uti, and how, and as. 
 
 Utor, i, 2CSUS sum, dep., to use, 
 make use of, to enjoy, have; to 
 practise, exercise, employ ; to treat. 
 
 ii^ 
 
UTPOTE 
 
 270 
 
 VASTUS 
 
 conduct one's self towards. Lege 
 uti, to have the benefit of the law. 
 Libidine uti, to enjoy or indulge in 
 — . Domo uti, to occupy — . Ho- 
 nore uti^ to fill a post of honor. 
 Serrno7ie ictiy to speak. 
 
 Utpute, adv. (ut), namely, as, in- 
 asmuch as. Utpote qui, inasmuch 
 as lie. 
 
 Utrinqiic or Uirirnque, adv. (uter), 
 on both bides, from both sides. 
 
 Uxor, oris, /., a wife, a spouse. 
 
 y. 
 
 Vacca, (p, /., called also Vaga, a 
 town of Num idia ; its modern name 
 is Beja. 
 
 Vaccensea or Vagenses, ium, m, 
 pL, the inhabitanta of Vacca or 
 Vaga. 
 
 Vacuus, a, nm, adj. (vaco), empty, 
 void; free from, devoid or destitute 
 of, clear, free, without JJotnnm 
 vacuum facer e, to make clear, or to 
 clear. In vaaiam remjmblicam, sc. 
 defensoribus, against the unprotect- 
 ed republic Vacuus is construed 
 with the ablative with a or ab, or 
 with the genitive, 
 
 Vadrs, um, see Vas. 
 
 Vado, Ire, si, sum^ <,..,., iw j^\», 
 walk. 
 
 VadOsus, a, um, adj. (vadurn), full 
 of shallows or fords, shallow, shoal 
 
 Vagor, ari^ dfus sum, dcp. {vagus), 
 to go to and fro, wander up and 
 down, rove, ramble, go about. 
 
 Vagus, a, utu, adj., strolling about, 
 wandering, roving, without any set- 
 tled habitation. 
 
 Valens, tis, part., see Valeo, 
 Adj., strong, stout, robust, power- 
 ful, mighty. 
 
 Valeo, ire, ui, iutr., to be well or 
 in good ileal th, be in a healthy con- 
 dititui ; to be strong, powerful, or 
 vigorous ; to be able to do ; to have 
 force, weight or influence ; to be ex- 
 erted, be in force ; to prevail, suc- 
 
 ceed. QucB maxime opibus valent, 
 which are most powerful Fama 
 valet, — prevails, is current 
 
 Valerius, i, m., see Flaccus. 
 
 Valldus, a, urn, adj. {valeo), sound, 
 healthy, strong, mighty, powerful, 
 eflfective. 
 
 Vallum, i, n. {vallus), a rampart, 
 bulwark, fortification. A vallum is 
 properlg the wall, composed of the 
 dirt dug from the ditch {fossa) and 
 set with stakes or palisctdes ; but it 
 is also applied to other kinds of 
 fortifications. 
 
 Van\ta9, dtis, f (vanus), empti- 
 ness, weakness, levity, giddiness, 
 want of judgment, vanity, vain- 
 glory- 
 
 Vanus, a, um, adj., empt}', vain, 
 worthless, idle, futile, false, coward- 
 ly, faithless. 
 
 Vargunteius, i, m., M. Lucius 
 Vargunteius, a Roman of senatorial 
 rank, and an accomplice of Cati- 
 line. 
 
 Varih, adv. (variu*\ variously, 
 in ditferent ways, by different indi- 
 viduals. 
 
 Varius, a, um, adj., various, dif- 
 ferent, diverse, chanj^eful, full of 
 
 vicissitudes, (\ ! • — • ^ i:- 
 
 tingencies; < 
 fickle; un<*-! : . 
 
 fuL .1 V c. 
 
 Vtdtu Co r^j 'J i-'-s ^ ■ ■Ti:- r ^ J 
 
 varius, changing in countenance as 
 he changed in mind, his countenance 
 changing with his varying emotions. 
 
 Vas, vadis, nu, a surety, bail. 
 
 Vas, vasis, n., pi. vai^a, 6rum^ a 
 vessel, dish, vase ; a utensil 
 
 Vast\tas, mis, f. {vastus\ deaoU- 
 tion, devastation. 
 
 Vasto, are, dvi, dtunt, tr. (vattus\ 
 to lay waste, desolate, devastate^ 
 destroy; to harrow up, trouble 
 greatly. 
 
 Vastus, a, um, adj., desert waste ; 
 insatiable, Vasti** ab natura et 
 humano c.dtu, desert and unculti- 
 vated. 
 
VE 
 
 271 
 
 VERSUS 
 
 Ve, insep, prep., dejioting nega- 
 tion Qf deprivation^ as : vecors, 
 senseless, mad, from c&r, the mind, 
 understanding. 
 
 Vecordia, <e, /. {vecoi's), folly, 
 senselessness, madness, frenzy, in- 
 sanity. 
 
 Vectigal, dlis, n. (yeho\ a toll, 
 tax, impost, tribute. 
 
 Vectigdlis, e, adj. (veho), tributa- 
 ry, subject to the payment of taxes. 
 
 VehemejiSj iis, adj., vehement, 
 violent, ardent, impetuous. 
 
 Vehementer, adv. {vehemejis), ve- 
 hemently, ardently, eagerly, earn- 
 estly ; very much, exceedingly. 
 
 Vel, conj., or, even ; vel — vel, 
 either — or. 
 
 VeleSj Uis, in., a light-armed sol- 
 dier, a skirmisher. 7'he velites 
 formed no part of the legion, and 
 aid not fight in the ranks, but in 
 scattered parties, attacking the ene- 
 my, and then falling back to the 
 regular lines. They sometimes 
 fought mingled among the cavalry, 
 and in retreating mounted behind 
 the horsemen. 
 
 Venturis, e, adj., of or f)ertaining 
 to the velites. Arma velitaria, 
 light arms, arms such as the velites 
 i carried. 
 
 VelocXtas, dtis, f. (velox), veloci- 
 ty, swiftness, fleetness. 
 
 Velox, dcis, adj. (volo, to fy), 
 swift, fleet, nimble, quick. 
 
 Vtlut or Veluti, adv. {vel d' ut 
 or nti), as, just as, like, as if, as it 
 were. 
 
 Vendlis, e, adj. {yenxui). to be 
 sold, for sale ; venal, to be pur- 
 chased for money. 
 
 Vendo, ere, d\di, dttum, tr. (venus 
 d' do), to sell, offer for t^ale. Omjiia 
 honesta at que in honest a vender e, to 
 sell all marks of honor or disgrace 
 -= to grant honor or inflict disgrace 
 for pay. 
 
 Venmmn, i, n., a drug, medicine ; 
 veneyiwn malum, or simply vene- 
 num, poison ; venom. 
 
 Venio, Ire, veni, ventum, intr., to 
 come, arrive ; to happen ; to accrue. 
 In periculum venire, to fall into 
 danger. In gratiam venire, to rise 
 into favor. Ventum est, we, they, 
 <fcc. came, or have come. 
 
 Venor, ari, at us sui7i, dep.^ to 
 hunt 
 
 Venter, tris, ?«., the belly, sto- 
 mach. Figuratively, gluttony, ap- 
 petite. 
 
 Venturus, a, nm, part., see Ve- 
 nio. 
 
 Ventus, i, ?«., the wind. 
 
 Venus, us or i, m. {found only in 
 the dat, ace. and abl), sale. Venum 
 dare or venumdare, to offer for sale, 
 to sell. Venum ire, to be sold, to 
 be for sale. 
 
 Verber, tris, n., a whip, scourge ; 
 a lash, blow. Verberibus animad- 
 vertcre, to scourge. 
 
 Verbero, dre, dvi^ dtum, tr, {ver- 
 ber), to beat, scourge, whip. 
 
 Verbum, i, n., a word, remark, 
 speech. Verba facere or habere, to 
 hold a discourse or conversation, to 
 address, speak, say, reply. Man- 
 data verbis dare, to give a verbal 
 message. Verbis populi Romania 
 senati, tiv., iu the name of, on be- 
 half of — . 
 
 Vere, adv. {vcrus), truly, in truth, 
 truthfully, correctly; sincerely, in 
 earnest. 
 
 Vereor, eri, Xtus sum, dep., to fear, 
 be afraid of, apprehend, be appre- 
 hensive. 
 
 VerXtas, atis, f {verus), truth. 
 
 Vero, adv. {verus), in truth, truly, 
 indeed, certainly. Conj., but how- 
 ever. 
 
 Verso, dre, dvi, dtum, tr. {freq. 
 from verto), to turn, wind. 
 
 Versor, ari, dtus sum, pass., to 
 dwell, live, remain, be ; to be oc- 
 cupied with, be engaged in ; be ex- 
 posed to, be harassed by. 
 
 Versus, us, m. {verto), a verse. 
 Versus facere, to compose verses. 
 Versus or Versum, adv. {verto). 
 
VERTO 
 
 272 
 
 VIGIL 
 
 following some noun of place and 
 with the preposition ad or in which 
 precedes the noun^ translatedy to- 
 ward or towards, as : in Galliam 
 versus, towards GauL As a prep, 
 with the acc.y towards, on the side 
 o£ 
 
 VertOy ere^ ti, sum^ tr.^ to turn, 
 turn round ; to change, convert, 
 transfurm ; to attribute, ascribe, im- 
 pute. Intr. {or with se omitted), to 
 change into, terminate in, result in. 
 
 Vtrum, conj. {vcrus\ but, how- 
 ever. Verum enimvero^ but in- 
 deed, but truly. 
 
 Verum, i, n. (vents), the truth, 
 right, rectitude, integrity. Ex vera, 
 in accordance with truth, from a re- 
 gard to truth. Eos a vrro bono<jne 
 impediebat, kept them from adopt- 
 ing the true and proper course. 
 
 Vents, a, nm, adj., true, real, gen- 
 uine, right ; true, sincere, truthful 
 Verum est, it is right, proper, fit. 
 
 Vescor^ i, dcp.^ to Uve upon, feed 
 upon, eat, Vescaidi causa, to grat- 
 ify the palate. 
 
 Vesper, tris dt m. m, the even- 
 ing. 
 
 Vesta, ee, /., Vesta, the daughter 
 of Saturn and Ops^ and tutelary 
 goddess of Rome. The vestal vir- 
 gins, the guardians of the sacred 
 fre, were consecrated to h/r sert'ice. 
 
 Vester, tra, tntm, adj. pro. {vos), 
 your, yours. 
 
 Vest itn en turn, t, n. (vestio), a gar- 
 ment, vestment 
 
 Vestio, \re, Ivi, Uum, tr. (vcstis), 
 to clothe, adorn. 
 
 VetcnlnuSy a, um, adj. (vetus), 
 old, vetoraa 
 
 Veto, (ire, ni, itum, tr., to forbid. 
 
 Vttnx, tris. adj., old, former. Ve- 
 tera, bygone tilings, 
 
 Vetnstas, at is, f {vctus), antiqui- 
 ty, oldness, age. 
 
 Vexiltum, i, n., a flag, streamer. 
 
 Vexo, are, dvi, dtum, tr., to vex, 
 harass, trouble, agitate, disturb; to 
 corrupt, injure, damage. Pecuniam 
 
 vexare '=io lavish one's money in 
 every possible way. 
 
 Via, ce, f, a way, road, path ; a 
 way, manner. 
 
 Viccsimus or Vigesimus, a, wn, 
 num. adj. {viginti), the twentieth- 
 
 Vici, see Vinco. 
 
 Vicin'itas, atis,f (viclnus), neigh- 
 borhood, vicinity ; the people of the 
 neighborhood. 
 
 Victor, oris, m, {vinco\ a con- 
 qticror, victor, vanquisher. Adj., 
 victorious. Libidinis et divitiarutn 
 victor, master of his passions and of 
 the love of money. 
 
 Victoria, re,/, (vinco), a victor}'. 
 
 VictuA, its, m, (vivo\ that upon 
 which one lives, sustenance, victualai 
 Rrgio victu atqne cultu, with regal 
 luxury and splendor. 
 
 Victus, a, M7;i, part.., sec Vinco. 
 
 Vicus, I. m., a row of houses ; a 
 street ; a village. 
 
 Vidfllcet, adv. (vid^e d' !ir,t\ it 
 is easy to see, it is n. r- 
 
 I tainly, »urely, to be sur >^ 
 
 forsooth, to wit Vid' i 
 
 U9ed ironically. The . 
 twecH videlicet and scilicet, is, thai 
 the former generally introduces the 
 true explanation^ and the loiter a 
 wrong one. 
 
 Video, Ire, vidi, vitum, tr,, to see, 
 behold, perceive, obeervo ; under- 
 stand, comprehend. Intr,, to look 
 on, be a spectator. 
 
 Videor, fri, visus 9um, dep. pas*,, 
 to be seen ; to st»em, appciir. 17- 
 detur, imp„ it seems, seems good. 
 Mihi contra ea videtur, the oppo- 
 site of this seems to me proper, 
 seems to me to be the true course. 
 Esse is often to be supplied after 
 videor. 
 
 l^geo, Ire, ui, intr.^ to be strong 
 or vigorous ; to prevail, prosper, be 
 in vogue, bear sway. 
 
 \^gesimus, a, w/n, see Vtcenmns, 
 
 Mgil, I/m, a^. (vigeo), watchful, 
 vigilant As a noun, a watchman, 
 sentinel 
 
VIGILIA 
 
 273 
 
 VISUS 
 
 Vigliia, ic, f, (vigil)y watching ; 
 want of sleep ; a watchman, guard, 
 sentinel ; a watch, i. e., a ^fixed time 
 for keeping watch ; the nighty among 
 the Romans, being divided into four 
 watches. 
 
 Viglhy dre, dvi, dtum, intr., to 
 watch, keep awake ; to be watch- 
 ful or vigilant. 
 
 Vigiiiti, num. adj. indecL, twenty. 
 
 Vilis, e, adj., of small value, 
 li;^htly esteemed ; vile, mean, des- 
 picable. Vile haverey to hold 
 clieap, despise. 
 
 Villa, (c, /., a villa, country-seat, 
 farm. 
 
 Vilticus, t, m. (villa\ the over- 
 seer of a farm, a steward. 
 
 VinciOy Ire, vinri, vincCum^ tr.^ 
 to bind, tie, bind together, fetter ; 
 to fasten, secure. 
 
 Vinco, ere, vici, victnm, tr.j to 
 conquer, vanquish, overcome, to tri- 
 umph over; surpass; to overcome, 
 gain over, win. Intr., to be victo- 
 rious, carry the day, prevail Pe- 
 cuniaa vincere, to exhaust — . Di- 
 vitiax vincere, to conquer one's 
 wealth, tfiat is, to exhaust it 
 
 Vinctns, a, nm, part.^ see Vincio. 
 
 Vinculum, i, n. (viyicio), a band, 
 bond- Vincula, bonds, fetters ; a 
 prison. In vinculis habere, to keep 
 m prison. In vincula ducere, to 
 leaa to prison, to cast in pristm, im- 
 prison. 
 
 Vindex, Icis, c. g. (vindico), an 
 avenger, punisher. Vindex rerum 
 capital inm, an executioner. 
 
 Vindico, dre, dvi, dtum, tr., to 
 avenge; to punish, inflict punish- 
 ment upon ; to assert, vindicate, de- 
 fend, protect Vindicatum est in 
 aliguem, punishment was inflicted 
 upon some one. Vindicnndum est 
 in aliguem, punishment must or 
 should be inflicted upon some one. 
 Aliquem in liber tatem vindicare, to 
 claim freedom for any one, to assert 
 the freedom of any one, to assert 
 the right o£ 
 12* 
 
 Vinea, cc, f, a vineyard ; an ar- 
 bor. In military language, a vinea 
 was a shed, used for the protection 
 of besiegers. For a full description 
 of the vinea, see note. Jug. xxi. 3. 
 
 Vinum, i, n., wine. 
 
 Violenter, adv. {violens), violent- 
 ly, by force, furiously, vehemently, 
 precipitately. 
 
 Violentia, ce, f (violens), violence, 
 force. Violentia fortunie, the buf- 
 fetings of fortune. 
 
 Vir, viri, 7tL, a man ; a husband ; 
 a man of courage or fortitude, a sol- 
 dier. 
 
 Vires, ium, see Vis. 
 
 Virgo, Inis, f {vireo), a maiden, 
 virgin* 
 
 VirgiUtum, i, n. (virgula), shrub- 
 bery, a copse, tliicket, brusliwood, 
 uuclerwood. 
 
 Virllis. e, adj. (vir), pertaining to 
 or becoming a man, manly, manful, 
 of a man, bold, valiant 
 
 Virltim, adv. (vir), man by man, 
 from man to man, individually, 
 singly. 
 
 Virtus, utis, f. (vir), manliness, 
 manhood ; strength, power, energy, 
 mental vigor, talents, courage, val- 
 or, bravery ; merit, excellence, 
 worth ; virtue, goodness. Virtus 
 animi, strength or energy of mind, 
 intellectual vigor; mental qualities, 
 endowments or abilities, talents. 
 Per virtutem emori, see Per. 
 
 Vis, viSyf, strength, power, might, 
 ability ; energy, resolution, vehe- 
 mence, ardor, fury ; force, violence, 
 power, influence ; a number, multi- 
 tude, quantity, abundance. Vires, 
 pi., tiie powers (of the body), bf)dily 
 strength. Vi or per vim, by force, 
 forcibly. Vis pulveris, a cloud of 
 dust. ^ Vis serpent ium et ferarum, 
 the violence, malignity — . 
 
 Visoy ere, vlsi, visum, tr. (freq. 
 from video), to go or come to see, 
 visit ; to see, look at, view, exam- 
 ine. 
 
 Visus, a, um, part., see Vid^o. 
 
VISU8 
 
 274 
 
 7AMA 
 
 Vistcs, Us, m. (video\ vision, sight 
 
 Vita, CB, f. (vivo)y life, a life, way 
 or mode of life. 
 
 VitahunduSy a, wn, adj. (vito), 
 escaping, trying to escape. 
 
 Vitium, i, 7i., a fault, defect; a 
 moral fault, vice, error. 
 
 Vito, 4p^, avi, atum, to shun, 
 avoid ; to escape. 
 
 Vivo, ere, vixi, victinn, intr., to 
 live, i. e., to be alive ; to live (in 
 reference to the manner of life). 
 
 Viims, a, m;/i, adj. (vivo), alive, 
 living. 
 
 Vix, adv., scarcely, hardly, with 
 difficulty, reluctantly. 
 
 Vocabuhn/i, i, n. {voco), a word, 
 term, name. 
 
 Voco, Are, avi, dtnm, tr. (vox), to 
 call, name ; to call, to summon. 
 
 Volens, tis, part., sec Volo. Adj^ 
 willing, voluntary, eager, ready ; 
 wishing well, benevolent Voimti 
 aniino, with willing mind, with feel- 
 ings of satisfaction, gladly. 
 
 Volo, 6re, avi, atnm, inir^ to fly. 
 
 Volo, velU, vol HI, irr. intr^ to 
 will, l)e willini^, wish. Tr., to wish 
 for, desire. Din volentibus, by the 
 will or favor of the gods. 
 
 Voluntaritis, a, inn, a€y.{volunla*\ 
 voluntary. As a nouti^ a volunteer. 
 
 Voluntas, Atis, f. (volo), will, 
 wisK desire^ mind, inclination ; af- 
 fection, good-will, favor. Volun- 
 tate, of one's own will or accord, 
 with one's own consent ; accord- 
 ing to one's wishes. Ex volutUate, 
 according to one's wishes, as one 
 pleases. 
 
 Voluptarius, a, urn, adj. (volufy- 
 tas), pleasant, delightful, voluptuous. 
 
 Voluptas, atis, /., pleasure, joy ; 
 dehght ; sensual pleasure or grati- 
 fication. Voluptas corporis, sensual 
 gratification. Voluptati habere, to 
 regard as a pleasure, take pleasure 
 in. 
 
 Volux, ucis, m., Volux, a son of 
 Bocchns, king of Jfauritania. 
 
 Volvo, ere, volvi, voluiunu, tr., to 
 roll, roll down ; to roll or turn over. 
 Figuratively, to revolve in one's 
 minil, think over, meditate or re- 
 flect upon. Cum aniino or secum 
 volvere, to revolve in one's mind, 
 meditate upon. 
 
 Vos, see Tu. 
 
 Votw/u, I, tu (voveo^ to vote), a 
 vow ; a prayer, wish. 
 
 Vox, vocis,/., a voice. 
 
 Vulgu*, t, m. d: n^ the common 
 people, populace, rabble ; the peo- 
 ple, multitude. 
 
 Vtdnero, are, dvi, dtwn, tr, (vul- 
 nus), to wound. 
 
 Vulnus, eris, tL, a wound. 
 
 Vulturcius, f, m, (T.), a native 
 of Crotona, and one of Catiline's 
 confederates. 
 
 VuUuM, uj, fiL, the coimt«naDce, 
 the ezpretskm of the Cue, oonnta- 
 oaoce, fiMse, look, aspeet* mien. 
 Vultiu 6onu4, a fair countenance or 
 exterior. 
 
 Zaina, rr, f, a strong and popu- 
 lous city in Africa, about Jive days* 
 journey south-vest of Carthage, 
 Its site is now occupied by tlu town 
 of Zowarin, in Algiers. 
 
NOTES ON THE JUGUKTHINE WAR 
 
 Eemabks. — The grammatical references are to the sections of Andrews and Stod- 
 dard's Latin Grammar (designated simply by Gr.), and to Zumpfs Latin Grammar 
 (American ed. by Anthon). 
 
 CHAP. I. de natura sucl, Gr. 208, R. 3*7. — imbecilla . . . regatur 
 
 refers to naturcu — cevi hrevis^ Gr. 211, R. 6. — regaUir, Gr. 266, 3. 
 
 2* Nam conlra^ "for on the contrary." — reputando . , . invenies, "you 
 will discover on reflection." — ynagisgue . . . deesse^ supply invenies. Sal- 
 lust is fond of such double constructions. — hominum depends on natura. 
 
 — vitn aid tanpus stand opposed to imbecilla atque cevi brevix above. 
 
 3« Sed, "But;" for this sentence is a reply to the complaint against 
 nature, in the first ; some incorrectly translate it " now." — dux atque 
 imperator^ "guide and commander." — grassatur^ "proceeds," without 
 any other idea ; see Andrews' Lexicon. — via, Gr. 247. — ** pollens 
 potcfisque ;" pollens, "abounding in strength;" potens, "efficient in 
 the use of one'd strength." " But such nice distinctions are not always 
 observed. The phrase was probably familiar." Merivale. — fortuna, 
 Gr. 250, R. 1. (2).— fort ana egety "is dependent on fortune." — quippe 
 qucB. The relative at the beginning of a clause, must often be trans- 
 lated by a demonstrative or personal pronoun, Gr. 206, R. 19. (17). 
 Thus, quippe ^u^e— -since it. The relative is used because it has a 
 stronger connective force. Quce relates to fortuna ; some editors 
 omic it — eripere cuiquam^ Eripere and other verbs compounded 
 with a, a6, <•, and eXy may be followed by the dative of the remote 
 object, by the ablative of sej>aratiou without a preposition, or by the 
 ablative with the preposition repeated ; all these constructions are 
 quite classical. Compare Gr. 242, R. 3. <fc 251, <fc Andrews' Lexicon, 
 under eripere. — potest. The verb after qui or quippe qui in such a con- 
 struction is generally subjunctive, Gr. 264, 8, 2d clause. 4* Sin, 
 
 captus, <fec. This sentence stands in opposition to ad gloriam . . . gras- 
 satur in the preceding sentence, and has the same subject qui, refer- 
 ring to animus. — pessum dahts est ; pessum is an adverb, probably 
 
276 NOTES ON THE 
 
 from pes^ and means ** footwards, downwards ; " pestum dare (also peg- 
 sum pretnere^ pesswn agere\ " to cast to the bottom, to sink ; " hence, 
 pensum datus est, '*has been 8unk=wholly given up;" see Andrews' 
 Lexicon. — natures infirmitas accusatur, by anacoluthon for accutaty 
 
 Gr. 323, 3, (5). Z. 757, 815. — MC^o^za, " circumstances." 5. Quodsu 
 
 Quod is often used, as here, merely as a connective, and without other 
 significance; qicod s?, "but if." — quanto studio = quantum studium est 
 quo, Gr. 206, (5), (b.). — multum, *' often." — rerjerentur . . : procederent^ 
 Gr. 261, 1. — eo magnitudinis, Gr. 212, R. 4, note 3. — Jiomines is the 
 subject o( regerc7itur and regerent. "Translate, on the one hand, men 
 would not be ruled by, but would themselves rule over chance ; and 
 on the other hand, would arrive at such a pitch of greatness, aa, in- 
 stead of being mere mortals, to become in fame immortal" Merivale. 
 — pro mortalihus may abo mean "so far as mortals may," and pro lias 
 commonly that meaning in such phrases: it is difficult to say which 
 ifl the better translation. 
 
 CHAP. IL genus hominwn, "man." — nostra refers to both res 
 and stadia, Gr. 205, R. 2. Exc. 2. Igitur, " therefore ;" tliat is, be- 
 cause they follow the nature of the body. — praclara facies, "remark- 
 able beauty." S* incomiptus, " imperishable," just as miles invictns 
 
 means "an invincible soldier." — habet^ "controls." — neque ipse habe- 
 
 tur, 8C ab ullo, 4* cum prasertim . . . paratur; prcesrrtim refers to 
 
 magis admirandu — artcs animi, "intellectual pursuits," 
 
 CHAP. III. ex his, sc artibus animu — magistraius et imperiOy 
 "civil and military offices." — hac iempestate ^^ hoc tempore ; though 
 it may mean, "this time of commotion," as it refers to the stormy 
 time after the death of Julius Csesar, b. c 44. — honos, "office." — qui- 
 bus per fraudan is fuit, "who have obtained it" (sc. honos) by fraud. 
 — virtutem and per fraudan are in opposition. — honesti, ** honorable." 
 The whole idea is: "office does not seem to me desirable, because 
 it cannot be obtained honorably ; and when obtained dishonorably, 
 
 is neither a protection nor an honor." 2t parentes, "subject states;" 
 
 participle from pareo. — cum prasertim, "especially since." — omnes . . . 
 portendant, i. e., as the result of yiolent political changes ; portendant 
 — "are followed by." 3* quctrere ^' quarendo consequi, "to at- 
 tain." — dementice est, Gr. 211, R. 8. (3). "These words express the fate 
 of any one who should attempt to be an honest magistrate." Dietsch. 
 — quem ^=^ aliquon, as is often the case, Gr. 187 (c). — gratijicari de- 
 pends on libido, and = gratijicandi. !# fii« forte, <tc, implies 
 
 (" which surely cannot be the case with any sensible man.") Zumpt. 
 
JTJGURTHINE WAR. 277 
 
 Translate, " unless indeed one is possessed by the base and pernicious 
 desire of sacrificing his honor and liberty to the power of a few." 
 The logic of this whole passage, beginning with Nam H, is obscure, 
 and worthy of careful explanation, especially as some excellent edi- 
 tions giv^e it very incorrectly. " In these words Sallust does not ex- 
 plain why civil and military offices are not desirable ; but shows 
 why he has said that they who manage public affairs are neither safe 
 nor honorable. The course of thought is as follows : By what way 
 in the world can you attain safety and honor at this time, when laws 
 have no power, and no dignity is sacred ? You may use force. Sup- 
 pose that, by it, you render yourself safe, and accomplish something 
 useful to the state (delicta corrigas\ and thus obtain honor ; yet it is 
 a dangerous business. But if you effect nothing, and gain nothing 
 but odium, it is the part of extreme folly. Is there any other way ? 
 Yes ; but a most base one ; to sacrifice honor and liberty to a few 
 powerful men." Dietsch. 
 
 CHAP. IV. aliis negotiiSy i. e., other than public office, which he 
 has just discussed. — exerceiUnr^ "are managed." — usul, Gr. 227, with 
 R 2. — inemoria «= manoratio : memoria rerum gestarnm^ ** historj^.'* 
 Sallust, having first vindicated the superiority of intellectual pursuits 
 {artes ani}ni\ now proceeds to show the importance of that one which 
 
 he has chosen, namely, writing history. 2. prcetereimdufn ; supply 
 
 deejus virtiite dicer e, — inRolentiam^ "vanity." 3* procul . . . agere^*^ 
 
 "to take no part in public affairs." — imponanty Gi'. 264, G. — certe 
 "(those) no doubt" The tactics of Roman electioneering are fully 
 developed by Quintus Cicero, brother of the orator, in his treatise 
 de Peiiiione ConsulaUcs ; and are curiously and amusingly like those 
 of English and American candidates at the present day, proving the 
 truth of the remark, that there is a great deal of human nature in 
 man. The dear people were shaken by the hand liberally, and per- 
 sons were even employed, whose business it was to know every body, 
 and, walking with the candidate, to name to him beforehand persons 
 of influence, whom he was about to meet, with other particulars re- 
 lating to them. The candidate could thus grasp them by the hand, 
 call them by name, and manifest an affecting interest in their family 
 and affairs. To this Horace alludes in the well-known lines : 
 
 Mercemur servum qui dictet Domina, laBvum 
 Qui fodicet latus, et cc^at trans pondera dextrani 
 Porrigere; Hie multum in Fabia valet, ille Velina; 
 
278 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Cailibet is fasces dabit, eripietqae corole 
 
 Cai volet importunus ebur. Frater, pater, adde ; 
 
 Ut cuique est aetas, ita quemque facetus adopta. 
 
 Hosace's Epistlss, L 6, 50-65. 
 
 " hire a slave or, if jou -will, a lord, 
 
 To do the honors, and to give the word ; 
 
 Tell at jour levee, as the crowds approach. 
 
 To whom to nod, whom take into yonr coach, 
 
 "Whom honor with your hand; to make remarks, 
 
 Who rules in Cornwall, or who rules in Berks : 
 
 ^This may be troublesome, is near the chair; 
 
 That makes three members, this can choose a mayor/ 
 
 Instructed thus, you bow, embrace, protest, 
 
 Adopt him son, or cousin at the least. 
 
 Then turn about, and langb at your own jeet" 
 
 The raasterly imitation of this passage by Pope, shows how little i 
 change was needed t<:> adapt it to the meridian of Great Britain in 
 his time. "Treating," too, was practised on a raoet extensive scale. 
 Crassus, when a candidate fur the consulship, feasted the whole Roman 
 people at 10,000 tables. Expensive games and shows, also, were 
 
 among the means used to gain popular favor. 4. Qui ti, Ac., Gr. 
 
 206, (17). — reputaverint, Gr. 259, 6. — adeptui tim . . . neqtnverint ... 
 pervenerintf Gr. 266. — posUa modifies tlie last of these verbs. — meriio, 
 "for good reasons." — -judiciuvi animi^ **my opinion," (which formerly 
 led me to politico, but now leads me away from them). — reipMictB 
 venturum^ Gr. 226, IV. last remark. — negotia aiiorum, "what others 
 call business." "Sallust here boasts of having obtained a seat in the 
 senate, and a high magistracy, at a time when it was a matter of diffi- 
 culty, and when even men of great merit were unable to gain either. 
 But he adds the remark, that afterwards many undeserving per5K)n8 
 were introduced into the senate, to co-operate with whom was no 
 honor. — gucB genera hominum refers to the filling up of the senate f 
 from the lower classes, and even with such as were not free-born. 
 This was done by Julius Caesar, and by his successoi's, Mark Antony 
 and Octavianus. In consequence of such things, Sallust says, it will be 
 evident that he was justified in withdrawing from public life." Zumpt. 
 
 5* Q. Maximum, the great dictator Fabius Maximns, who euc- 
 
 oessfuUy checked the triumphant career of Hannibal in the second 
 Punic war (see Livy, Book 22), and restored the Roman affairs by 
 wise delay. — P. Scipionemy maybe either the elder or younger Scipio 
 Africanus, equally illustrious for their victories over the Carthagi- 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 279 
 
 Tiians. — Imagines. It was the right of the nobility to place in their 
 halls, and carry in funeral procession, wax masks, or busts of those 
 deceased ancestors who had borne any of the great offices of state. — 
 intuerentuTj Gr. 266, 2. — sibiy Gr. 211, R. 5. So with egregiis viris 
 
 just below. 6f *' Scilicet ^= scire licet, as in the earlier Latinity of 
 
 Plautus and Terence ; it signifies * one may perceive,* and accord- 
 ingly is followed by the accusative with the infinitive." Zumpt. See 
 also Gr. 272. Merivale's explanation, "for sooth, they said," <fec., is 
 obviously wrong. — non .. . Jiguram, "neither that wax mask nor its 
 likeness (to the original)." — rerum gestanmiy sc. majorum. — virtus, sc. 
 
 sua. — €oru77i = majoruyn. — adcequaverit, Gr. 263, 3. 7. his moribus, 
 
 Zumpt, Dietsch, and Merivale explain these words as ablatives abso- 
 lute, his being equivalent to talibus ; "morals being such (as they 
 are)" = "in the present state of morals." Others make moribus a 
 limiting ablative; see Gr. 211, R. 6. — quin is qui non etymologically, 
 Gr. 262, R. 10. 1. — homines novi, men who were the first of their 
 families to attain any of the great offices of state ; this constituting 
 nobilitas in that age. Such were Cato the Censor, Cicero, and Marius. 
 The great offices had long been monopolized by a certain number#f 
 powerful families. Maiius refers to this contemptuous use of the epi- 
 thet novus homo in his speech. Chap. 85. — latrocinia, i. e., fraud and 
 -tratagera, party-strife and faction. — proinde quasi, "just as if; " see 
 
 Zumpt, 282. 8. sintL. habeantur, Gr. 263, 2; habeantur, "are 
 
 esteemed." — perindeut esC, "just as is"=s= " in proportion to." 9. al- 
 
 tius = in mare altum, "too far out to sea." — me . . . morum piget tcedet- 
 que, Gr. 229, R. 6. <fe 215. Translate, " But I have digressed too freely 
 and too far, in my vexation and disgust at the state of public morals." 
 CHAP. V. The war whose history Sallust now commences, occu- 
 pied the years 111-106 b. c. The ancient kingdom of Xumidia, the 
 theatre of it, corresponded to the modern Algiers. As its peculiar 
 character and vicissitudes arose, in a great degree, from the physical 
 characteristics of the country, a brief account of these is here appro- 
 priate. "Algiers, the ancient Numidia, comprises an extensive and 
 beautiful range of coast, lying between 2° W. and 9° E. longitude, 
 and thus extending 700 English miles in length. The breadth of the 
 inland territory, till it passes, by almost insensible gradations, into 
 the domain of the mountain tribes, or of the wandering Arabs, is 
 much more vague, varying probably from 50 to 150 miles. The south- 
 ern border is traversed by the Atlas mountains in three successive 
 ranges, separated by fine and fertile valleys. The range which faces 
 
280 NOTES ON THE 
 
 the maritime plain is called Jurjura ; and its peaks are of such height, 
 that the snow on their summits melts only in May. The western 
 tracts, traversed by numberless streams of pure water descending 
 from the Atlas, form perhaps the most finely irrigated country in the 
 world. Desfontaines mentions a spot near Tremecen, where, in a 
 circuit of two leagues, about 2,000 springs occur. Yet the surface is 
 too varied to allow this moisture to spread into swamps; it is only 
 diffused so as to maintain a general verdure and fertility. None of 
 these numerous streams, however, attain the character of rivers, ex- 
 cept those which rise in the second range of Atlas, roll through the 
 intermediate valley, and then force their way into the plain of Bar- 
 bary. The territory of Algiers is thus greatly distinguished by natu- 
 ral fertility. With the exception of some arid and rocky plains, it 
 consists of valleys covered with rich pastures, fitted for the best kinds 
 of European grain, blooming with the orange and the myrtle, and 
 producing olives, figs, and grapes, of peculiar excellence and size. 
 Noble forests of pistachio, of cypress, and of oak, cover the sides of 
 the mountains." Encyclopcedia of Geography^ vol. iii. p. 18. In the 
 list sentence Sallust gives two reasons for writing a history of the 
 war with Jugurtha; it was important in itself (*' great, fierce, and 
 uncertain"), and it was the beginning of the great struggle between 
 the aristocratic and popular parties. — varia victoria^ Gr. 211, R. 6. — 
 
 superbice obviam itum est, "opposition was made," <tc. Gr. 228, 1. 
 
 S* eo vecordioE, Gr. 212, R. 4, note 3. — studiis is dative after jinein 
 faceret. Translate, " civil strife resulted in war and the devastation 
 
 of Italy." 3* pauca . .. repetam, "I will trace a few things further 
 
 back = I will take a short review." — quo . . . sint = qvo . . . illustriora 
 
 et apertiora sint. 4* post . . . Romania " since the Roman name had 
 
 become great;" this clause is explanatory of maxime at t river at ; 
 maxime, "most (of all men)." It had been done before by the Gauls 
 and Pyrrhus. — P. Scipioney the elder Africanus (see below). — A/ri- 
 cano, Gr. 204, R. 8 ; Z. 421. — rei . . . facinora = militaria facinora. 
 " P. Cornelius Scipio received the surname Africanus for his victory 
 over Hannibal at Zama, and the triumphant conclusion of the second 
 Punic war, b. c. 201. His sons, Publius and Cnaeus, bore the same 
 surname; the elder of them adopted a younger son of his relative, 
 L. -^milius Paulus, the conqueror of Macedonia, who became known 
 as P. Cornelius Scipio ^milianus Africanus Minor, more commonly 
 called Scipio .^milianus. He was the conqueror of Numantia, in 
 Spain, and opposed the agrarian laws of Tiberius Gracchus." MERTVALii 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 281 
 
 i Thia last is the one mentioned by Sallust below, Chap. 7. — magnum 
 j is an adverb ; magnum atque late^ " far and wide." — guaf^cujiqiie, Gr. 
 
 ' 206, R. 19, 3. — regi dono, Gr. 227, with R. 1. 5. hoiiesta, "true." 
 
 — imperii . , . fuit^ " his sway continued to the end of his life." " At 
 
 j his decease the grants made him by the Romans reverted to them, 
 
 and his son, Micipsa, retained authority only in his patrimonial pos- 
 
 I sessions." Merivale. G« 3IicipsaJilius. "Masinissa issaid tohave 
 
 : had many children, but of these four only are mentioned by Sallust; 
 Micipsa, the father of Adherbal and Hiempsal ; Gulussa, the father of 
 IMassiva ; Manastabal, the father of Jugurtha and Gauda ; and Massu- 
 grada, the father of Dabar." Andrews. — regnum, i. e., his patrimonial 
 
 kingdom merely; see note above from Merivale. 7. orttis ex con- 
 
 cubina, Gr. 246, R. 2. 
 
 CHAP. VI. Qui uhi, Gr. 206, \1,— decora facie, Gr. 211, R. 6.— 
 Inxu iov luxui. "This form of the dative is confined, according to 
 Triscian, to poetry ; Julius Caesar, however, according to Gellius, eon- 
 fcidered it the true form of the termination. In Sallust it occurs fre- 
 quently, but not always." Merivale. See Gr. 89, R. 3; Z. 81. — equi- 
 taj'e, jaculari, <fcc. Sallust is fond of using the histori^cal infinitive 
 instead of the indicative, Gr. 209, R. 5, & 269, 3d clause. Translate, 
 "he practised riding," &c. — et cum, "and although." — anteiret, Gr. 
 
 263, 6.— primus, Gr. 206, R. 15, 2d clause. 2t initio, Gr. 253. — * 
 
 regno suo glorice, Gr. 227. — sua exacta cetate, <tc., " his own life being 
 spent, and his children being small." — magis magisque crescere, be- 
 comes "more and more influentiaL" 3« prceterea opportunitas . . , 
 
 agit, "besides the favorable opportunity arising from his own advanced 
 age, and his children's youth, which (opportunity) drives even men 
 of moderate tempers and abilities from the right path, by the hope 
 of advantage." — z?i Jugurtham accensa, " excited in favor of Jugurtha." 
 — ex qicibus, " from whom," i. e., the Numidians. "I cannot help sus- 
 pecting that Sallust and other Roman writers have departed some- 
 what from the truth. Certainly, if you Avill reflect in what manner 
 P. Scipio ^milianus divided the kingdom of Numidia, after the death 
 of Masinissa, you will recognize that craft, by which the Romans en- 
 deavored to weaken by civil discords and seditions those nations 
 whom they intended to subdue. Can it be supposed that Micipsa 
 treated Jugurtha as one of his own family, merely from pity? Did 
 not the Romans, rather, preserve him, as the seed of future dissen- 
 sion? and did they not leave his rights undetermined, that they them- 
 selves, as arbiters, might settle the quarrel?" Dietsch. It should 
 
282 NOTES ON THE 
 
 be observed that Masinissa has, by will, directed his sons to divide 
 his kingdom according to Scipio's orders. 
 
 CHAP. yil. circumventicSy " embarrassed." — neque per vi?n, neque 
 insidiis, Gr. 247, with R. 4. "Where two different constructions are 
 allowable, Sallust and Tacitus are fond of using both together. — accep- 
 
 turn popularibus, "dear to his countrymen," 2. hello Numantino, 
 
 Gr. 253. " IS^umantia was the capital of the Arevaci, a tribe of the 
 Celtiberians in Spain, and was situated on the Upper Douro (Durius), 
 in the mountainous district, whence the Douro and Tagus flow west- 
 ward, and other rivers eastward into the Ebro (Iberus), and south- 
 ward into the Mediterranean. After a brave resistance of many 
 years, it was taken and destroyed, b. c. 133, by Scipio the younger, 
 the destro^^er of Carthage." Zumpt. The events recorded in this and 
 the three succeeding chapters, occurred about twenty- two ye ars be- 
 fore the breaking out of the war with Jugurtha, which is the subject 
 
 of this history. 4* Romanis^ Gr. 211, R. 5. — moremhostisj "habits 
 
 of the enemy." — Numantinis maximo terrori^ Gr. 227. — esset^ Gr. 262, 
 
 with R. 1. 5* difficilliynum in primis is nearl}'^ equal to a double 
 
 superlative. — proelio . . . consilio, Gr. 250. — alterum . . . alterum^ "the 
 
 latter . . . the former,^' Z. 700, note. 6« quippe . . . erat, " because 
 
 no plan or undertaking of his was unsuccessful ;" erat is for the more 
 
 •common esset^ Gr. 264, 8, 2d clause; Z. 564. (c.) note 1. !• Hue 
 
 accedehat, "To this was added." — queis^ Gr. 136, 2. — ex Romanis^ Gr. 
 212, R. 2, note 4. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. novi atque nohiles ; for noviy see note on it, Chap. 
 4. — g'wi6ws="in whose estimation." — potiores^ "more important." — 
 non mediocremy "not moderate == ambitious," Gr. 324, 9. — si Micipsa 
 . . . esse. This clause depends on dicendo^ implied in pollicitando, a 
 frequent usage, Gr. 270, R. 2, 2d clause. — occidisset, Gr. 266, 2, R. 4. 
 — uti . . . potiretur, Gr. 266, 273. — tjnperii, Gr. 220, 4. — in ipso . . . esse ; 
 enim is implied ; " for in him there was the greatest abilit}', and at 
 Rome all things were for sale." For this omission of e7ii)n, compare 
 
 Catiline, Chap. 39. 2. pro condone^ "before an assembly," i. e., 
 
 publicly: for this use of pro^ compare in Chap. 100, pro castris, and 
 see Z. oil. — prcBtorium, "the general's tent" Rrcetor^ i. e., qui prceit, 
 was the original title of the consuls. — puhlice quam private^ " by act- 
 ing for the general advantage of the republic, rather than by acquiring 
 private friends." Merivale. — neu . . . insuesceret^ " and not become ac- 
 customed to give bribes to any ; " quihus is for aliquibus, Gr. 137, 1, (c.) 
 — coleret ... insuesceret, Gr. 273, 3. — periculose ... emi; the subject 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 283 
 
 c^€tnii3 id understood, Gr. 206, (4.) — multorum, Gr. 211, R. 8, (3.)— 
 esset, Gv. 266, 1. — suis artihus^ "his own (good) practices." — ultro^ 
 "of their own accord." — et gloriam et regnum^ Gr. 278, R. 7. — ventu- 
 rum, Gr. 205, R. 2, (2), with Exc. to R. 2. — sin ... casurimiy "but if 
 he should proceed too rapidly, his own money would prove his ruin." 
 This prediction will be found to have been strikingly verified, and 
 shows the sagacity of the adviser. 
 
 CHAP. IX. redderet, Gr. 264, 6. 2. sententia, "purport."— 
 
 maxima, sc. omnium. — quam rem = quod, the more usual word, Gr. 
 206, (18.) — tihi ... gaitdio, Gr. 227. — idem, "the same," i. e., "dear;" 
 followed by a dat., Gr. 222, R. Y. — summa ope, " with all my power.'* 
 — avo suo, Gr. 208, (7.) 3t vincere heneficiis, "to win by kind- 
 nesses." 1. hujuscemodi verba . . . habuisse, " to have addressed a 
 
 discourse of this kind to Jugurtha." 
 I CHAP. X. in meum regnum. This expression refers to what is 
 said in Chap. 5. — Jugurthamque . . . habuit "Jugurtha had been left 
 a private person, but Micipsa treated him as a king's son ; he received 
 I him in regnum, i. e., he made him a sharer in all those things which 
 I are given only to members of the royal family. Micipsa does not 
 I mention his adoption of Jugurtha after the Numantine war, but 
 I dwells upon his former kindnesses, which had Jugurtha not received, 
 he would have passed his life in obscurity." Dietsch. Andrews re- 
 fers in meum regnum to the adoption of Jugurtha. — liberis, dat. after 
 carum, like tibi. — genuissem, Gr. 266, 2, R. 2 <fe 4. This word implies 
 that Micipsa had no children when he received Jugurtha in regnum, 
 but might still hope to have. Jugurtha is known to have been older 
 than Micipsa's sons, and there is no proof that they were living at the 
 time of the adoption. Translate, " if I should beget any." Many emi- 
 nent critics omit liberis, though found in the manuscript ; in which 
 case it would mean, "if I had begotten (you)." This seems wholly 
 unnecefisary.— f ahum habuit =fefellit, but more emphatic. The 
 student will notice this use of habeo as an auxiliary with the perfect 
 participle, precisely like our use of have ; for examples of the corre- 
 sponding use of €x« in Greek, see the admirable grammar of Prof. 
 
 Crosby, Sec. 637. 2. ut alia . . . omitiam, " to omit," <fec., Gr. 262, 
 
 R. 8. We use the infinitive instead of the Latin subjunctive. Sup- 
 ply facinora with tua. — rediens has not the force of the perfect, but 
 "refers to the honors and distinguished testimonials bestowed on 
 Jugurtha, at his departure, by Scipio." Dietsch. — ex amicis amicissi- 
 miiSf " more friendly than ever." — in Hispania . . . renovatum est, " in 
 
284 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Spain the renown of^our family has been renewed ; " referring to the 
 former exploits of Masinissa, who had greatly distinguished himself 
 in that country, during the second Punic war. — quod difficillimum^ 
 Gr. 206, (13.) — gloria invidiam vicisti. So Horace, 
 
 Comperit invidiam supremo fine domari. 
 " He found that envy is subdued by death only." 
 
 3* Aanc dextram, ** given as the pledge of friendship;" see Virgil, 
 
 JEneid^: 314.— ^c?i?7n regniy "your faith as a king." — caros habeas, 
 Gr. 262. — 7ieu malis . . . retinere, "and not prefer to make friends of 
 
 strangers, rather than keep those bound to you by blood." 4. Non 
 
 exercituSy &q, Tliis passage is imitated by Sallust from Xenophon's 
 
 Cyropaedia, Book 8: 7, 14. 5« tuis, supply cognatis. 6« bo7ti 
 
 . . . mall, i. e., towards each other = "friendly .. . hostile." 7. ante 
 
 hoSy " more than tliese." — aliter, " otherwise (than I advise)." Doubt- 
 less Micipsa spoke as he did, foreseeing the difficulties which would 
 
 arise from the fierce and haughty character of his son Hiempsal. 
 
 8t talemvirum^ "so excellent a man." — sumpsissey " to have adopted." 
 
 CHAP. XI. Jicta refers to Micipsa's professions of attachmeiit, 
 
 and his account of his motives for adopting Jugurtha. — longe aliter 
 
 refers to respondit heiiigne = aliter quam respondit. — pro temporCy 
 
 " suitably to the occasion." 2, justa supply /wwcra. — -fecerant for 
 
 fecissent, sometimes, Gr. 259, R. 1, (2.) — reguli. This word first ap- 
 pears in Sallust, and is not found in Cicero or Caesar ; see Andrews' 
 
 Lexicon. — W7iw?/i, supply locum. 3» ex illis, Gr. 212, R. 2, note 4. — 
 
 mjoar="of lower birth;" see Chap. 5. — dextra agrees with manu, 
 and is governed by a, both understood, Gr. 233, but particularly 
 Zumpt, 386, note. Translate, "seated himself by Adherbal, on liis 
 right hand," leaving the left, the least honorable, for Jugurtha. Tlie 
 Romans had the same custom, as is shown by this passage of Plutarch : 
 " When he was going to have his first interview with Cato, Juba placed 
 his seat between the seats of Scipio and Cato. However, when Cato 
 observed it, he took up his seat and moved it to the other side, so as 
 to leave Scipio in the middle. This, indeed, people make no account 
 of, but they blame Cato that in Sicily he placed Philostratus in the I 
 middle, as he was walking about with him, to do honor to philoso- 
 phy." Plutarch's Cato, Chap. 57. -4. ceiatiy "seniority," i. e., Jugur- 
 
 thsi s.—fatigatuSy "importuned." 5. jacety " throws out (the follow- 
 ing remark)." 6* ipsicm illiimy i. e., Jugurtham^ — tribus proximis 
 
JUGUETHINE WAE. 285 
 
 minis, " within the last three years.". This rude insolence of Hiempsal 
 
 i -was doubtless the cause, in great measure, of all his own and his 
 
 I brother's subsequent calamities. Jugurtha had no reason to expect 
 
 anything but hostility from Hiempsal, and resolved to anticipate him. 
 
 7. verbum, "speech." This use of the word is peculiar to Sallust 
 
 j and the comic poets. — altius . . . descendit, " sunk deeper." 8. moliri 
 
 ».,parare.., habere, Gr. 209, R. 5. — cum miimo habere, " revolves in 
 
 i his mind." 9t if arJ«^^, " too slowly," Gr. 256, R. 9. 
 
 CHAP. XII. flacuerat, sc. regulis. 2. alius alio, Gr. 204, R. 
 
 I 10. 3t lictor. The Roman term lidor is here applied, as the 
 
 I Roman writers were in the habit of applying their names of office, 
 j to an analogous office among the Numidians. — proxitnus lictor, " con- 
 I fidential attendant." — referebantur, Gr. 145, II. 1, ''were always car- 
 , ried." — venturum, Gr. 270, R. 2, 2d clause. — ut doctus erat, " as he had 
 , been instructed." 4. confecit . . . introducit ; perfect with the his- 
 torical present : another example of Sallust's fondness for using mixed 
 
 constructions. 5. diversi, "in different directions." — mulieris an- 
 
 \ cillos. Mulier here is superfluous, as it often is ; so also homo fre- 
 quently. — ignarus loci, "unacquainted with the localities." 
 
 CHAP. XIII. bello meliores, Gr. 250. 2* partim = alius. — 
 
 voluntate, "by their good- will = with their consent." 3* qui,,, 
 
 docerent, Gr. 264, 5. — de ccede, Gr. 231, R. 3. — muUitudine, Gr. 244. 
 — 4. in provinciam, sc. Romanam, the Roman province of Africa, 
 formerly the domain of Carthage. Csesar uses provincia in the same 
 
 I way, meaning the Roman province of Gaul, still called Provence. 
 
 6« queis prcecepit. The antecedent of queis is legatos understood. — 
 I uti , . . expleant . . . acquirant . .. cunctentur, Gr. 273, 2> — veteres ami- 
 I cos, namely, those he had made at Is^umantia, and whose character, as 
 I described above, (see Chap. 8), well suited his present need ; quibus 
 1 divitise bono honestoque potiores erant, factiosi domi . . . sibi fami- 
 j liari amicitia conjunxerat. The whole subsequent history shows how 
 I "well-founded was his present confidence in his money, and how true 
 I the declaration made to him by these men at Numantia, Romae omnia 
 
 ! venalia esse. 7. hospitibus : " Certain Roman citizens who under- 
 
 ! took to entertain visitors from Numidia, and take charge of their 
 i affairs, like the proxenoi of Athens." ^Merivale. Such was the rela- 
 I tion of Q. Fabius Sauga to the Allobroges (see Catiline, Chap. 41). 
 I This relation was hereditary. — misere ; milto is followed indifferently 
 
 I by the 'dative or accusative with ad. — veniret, Gr. 262, R. 1. 
 
 , 8« quorum, Gr. 206, (11). — incessit, "came on." — spe, sc. prcemiorum. 
 
286 NOTES ON THE 
 
 — singulos . . . ambietido, ** canvassiDg the senate individually." — ne . . , 
 cotisuleretuvy ''that too unfavorable a decision might not be given 
 
 against him," Gr. 184-, 2. 9. satis confidunt, i. e., in the success of 
 
 their bribery in securing a majority of the senate. — senatiis, " an 
 audience of the senate." — hoc 7nodo. We may suppose that Sallust 
 gives the substance of Adherbal's speech ; certainly nothing more. 
 For some remarks on the speeches in Sallust, see note on Chap. 31, 
 at the end. 
 
 CHAP. XIY. - Paires conscripti = patres et cotiscripti ; see Livy, 
 2, 1. — procuratione, "in the management = as your manager." — esse 
 depends on existimaron, and habere also ; the subjunctives all depend 
 on prcecepit. — -jus et imperium, "right and authority." — domi militice- 
 gue, Gr. 221, R. 1. For a very satisfactory explanation of the singu- 
 lar anomaly in Latin syntax, by which the case of the noun denoting 
 the place v^here, appears to depend on its declension and number, 
 see Zumpt, 398, Translator's note. The apparent genitives and abla- 
 tives are all really in the dative — the locative or where case. — usui . . . 
 populoy Gr. 227. — vos ducereni, " I should regard you." — -fecissem^ Gr. 
 
 266, R. 4, <fe 270, R. 2, 2d clause. 2. agitarem, "was following," 
 
 Gr. 263, 5, R. %—jam ex stirpe, " by my very descent." — regno for- 
 
 iunisque, Gr. 251. 3* eo miseriarum, "to that degree of misery," 
 
 Gr. 212, R. 4, note Z.^vellem, Gr. 261, 1 ; Z. 528, "I could wish;" 
 more polite than the simple volo^ and corresponding precisely to our 
 English use of could and should, as in the translation given of it. The 
 Greek optative is habitually used in the same way and for the same 
 reason ; see Crosby's Greek Grammar, Sec. 595. Volo is generally 
 followed by the accusative with the infinitive ; sometimes by the sub- 
 junctive ; here by both, after Sallust's fashion. — beneficia, i. e., done 
 to the Roman people. — deberi has benejlcia understood for its subject 
 and the antecedent of quibus. — quibus, Gr. 250, R. 1, (2.) — egerem, Gr. 
 266, 1. — maxime . . . secundum, " in the first place ... in the second 
 place." — ea refers to beneficia. — uti . . . uterer depend on vellern, Gr. 
 
 273, 4. 4. neque . . . fuit, Gr. 211, R. 5, "nor did it depend on 
 
 me ; " literally, " nor was it in my hand."— /ore^, Gr. 265. — quibus . . . 
 
 oneri . . . usui, Gr. 227. 5. bello victi, "after being conquered in 
 
 war." — dubiis rebus, "difficulties." — bello Carthaginiensi. The Car- 
 thaginians being next neighbors to the Numidians, and the Romans 
 far distant, this argument of Adherbal is a very forcible one. — quo 
 tempore . . . petenda erat, " at which time its fidelity was better worth 
 seeking than its fortune." The idea is that, at that time, fidelity 
 
JUGURTHINE AVAR. 287 
 
 might be expected from the Romans, but no selfish advantnge. 
 
 6* Quorum relates to familia, Gr. 206, (11.) T. ad impetrandum^ 
 
 Gr. 275, R. 2, (3.) — qfiod paulo . . . expecto ; all this clause is explana- 
 tory oi miser andam foi'tuna^n. — defonnatuSy "brought low." — exspedo 
 = "I am dependent on." — tamen erat, Gr. 259, R. 4. — majestatis, Gr. 
 
 211, R. 8, (3.) 8. mild erepta smit, Gr. 224, R. 2.—vos ... estis, 
 
 Gr. 211, R. 3, last clause: "in injuring me, contempt is thrown on 
 
 you." 9t Eheu me miserum ! Gr. 238,2. — evasere^ "have come out 
 
 so = have ended in this." — uti quern ... is ... extinctor sit i This 
 position of the relative before the antecedent renders it much more 
 emphatic ; it is the usual arrangement when the relative clause is the 
 more important. — parem cum liberis, Gr. 222, R. 6. Par usually is 
 followed by the dative, sometimes also by the genitive.— /<?rro = 
 
 prcelio ; compare Suetonius, Nero, 12. 10* jure, "as a matter of 
 
 course^' — quippe queis = quippe homines essemus quihus. — quern vos 
 jussissetis ; supply haberi hostem. The Roman senate and people 
 had the right of involving all their allies and dependent nations in 
 
 any war they engaged in themselves. 11. efferens, "swelling." — 
 
 intoleranda audacia, Gr. 211, R. 6; some connect it with scelere and 
 superbia, as ablative of cause. — eodem, Gr. 207, R. 27. — regnum ejus 
 sceleris sui prcedam. Observe the distinction between ejus and sui, 
 the former referring to 7neo patre, the latter to Jugurtha, the leading 
 subject, Gr. 208, R. 37. — in vestro imperio^ is explanatory of me ex- 
 spectantem, "under your sway." — patria^ domo, Gr. 242, last clause; 
 Z. 468. — extorrem is predicate ace. after esse understood, agreeing with 
 me also understood : so Andrews ; and this is the simplest explana- 
 tion. Merivale thinks extorrem is by attraction for extorris, agreeing 
 with ego, the subject oi essem, ("has effected that I, an exile," <fec.) — 
 essem denotes result, " so that I should be," Gr. 262 ; it is equivalent 
 to habitarem, and hence is qualified by the adverb tutius, Of. Z. 365. 
 
 12. 2it . .. meimi, "as I had heard my father declare." — suscipere 
 
 depends on existimarem. This sentence contains the reason for Ad- 
 
 herbal's security, expiessed above, {nihil minus . . . expectantem.) 
 
 13. Quod . .. adessetj " what was in the power of our family it per- 
 formed, so that it aided you," &c. — in mami vestra est, " depends on 
 you," =^ potestis ejfficereut, (fee, and hence followed by subjunctive, Gr. 
 
 273, 1, {b.) 14. tertium Jugurtham . . . fore, "that Jugurtha would 
 
 be a third ; " or, " that Jugurtha, the third, would be," <fec., which is 
 perhaps better. In that case the idea of the whole sentence is, "my 
 father left three of us his heirs ; two of us bound by the ties of 
 
288 NOTES ON THE 
 
 brotherhood, and he thought that Jugurtha would be bound with us 
 
 by his kindnesses." 15. Generis prcesidia, "defences "which were 
 
 mine by birth." — quern minime decuit refers to propinquus. — -fratri, 
 Gr. 224, R. 2. — capti^ " those taken." — acti . . . objecti, Gr. 205, R. 3. — 
 quibus . . . anima, " who were allowed to live." — tenebris, " dungeons." 
 
 — cxiguntj " drag out." — cum . . . htctu, Gr. 24Y, R. 3. 16. uecessa- 
 
 riiSj "favorable." Supply quce with, facta sunty Gr. 209, R. 2, (1.) (6.) 
 — maiierent . . . accidissejit . . . implorarem^ Gr. 261, 1. — pro magnitu- 
 dhie, " as befits the greatness." — jus et injurias omneSy " (to defend) 
 
 the right and (punish) every act of injustice." 17. quo accedam ; 
 
 some editors give accidam, i. e., accidam ad genua^ (" at whose knees 
 shall I throw myself?") contrary to all manuscripts, and certainly 
 without necessity. Translate, "whither shall I have recourse?" — 
 an quoquam . .. licet, "can I go to any place?" — hostilia momimentay 
 "marks of the hostility;" hostility in behalf of the Romans. — aut . . . 
 fuity " or can any one pity me, who ever was an enemy to you." 
 Adherbal's ancestors had been at war, he sajs, with all their neigh- 
 bors, for the sake of the Romans. 18. huic, "this of yours." — 
 
 una,., esse, "we must perish with it," Gr. 225, III. 19. secunda 
 
 et obedientia, "prosperous and favorable." 20. illud vereor ; illud 
 
 often refers, like the Greek roSe, to something following, Gr. 207, R. 
 22. — privata . . . cognitay " the private friendship of Jugurtha (for 
 them), too little understood." Adherbal intimates that Jugurtha's 
 friendship was merely selfish. — transversoSy *' from the right ptith." — 
 
 de absente, sc. Jugurtha. — licuerity Gr. 266, 1. 21. Quod utinam ; 
 
 more animated than utinam alone ; quod may be explained as a lim- 
 iting accusative, Gr. 234:, XL, & 206, (14.) — eadem hac simulantem, 
 " making the same pretences of misfortune (and with the same rea- 
 son)." — apud vos . . . immortales. A high compliment is delicately ex- 
 pressed by the junction of vos and dios : so Livy speaks of Rome as 
 being the "greatest power, next to that of the Gods." The remark 
 also implies that neither the Gods nor the Romans had cared for the 
 rest of the world, or such crimes as those of Jugurtha could not have 
 happened. — ISfce is the Greek vat. — -ferox atque prceclarus est, " exults 
 
 and glories." 22. iinmaturo, "at an unripe age." — unde=^ab eo a 
 
 quOy with fieri understood. — non regnum . . . amisisti ; non = non 
 solum; a7nisisti {" jon have lost") is used with fugam, <fc:c., only by 
 
 zeug7na= effugistiy Gr. 323, 1, (2); Z. 775. 23. ex patrio regnOy 
 
 " from my father's throne." — rerum hwnanarumy i. e., of their mutabil- 
 ity. — persequar, "avenge." — aganiy Gr. 265. — cujus relates to ego un- 
 
JUGUBTHINE WAR. 289 
 
 derstood, the subject of consulam ; it may either limit vitoe necisquc 
 (**of whose life and death)," or potestas^ as Dietsch construes it 
 
 ("whose power over life and death == whose regal authority)." 
 
 alienis = Romanis ; but Zumpt refers it to Jugurtha. Dietsch under- 
 stands regno of Hierapsars kingdom, and that Adherbal represents 
 Hiempsal as requesting of him two things, to avenge his wrongs and 
 to take care of his kingdom. It seems more natural to understand it 
 of Adherbal's kingdom. In either case, Adherbal speaks of himself 
 as in doubt as to both (not as to which he should do) ; as to aveng- 
 ing his brother's wrongs, and as to seeking farther to protect the 
 kingdom ; the latter idea is illustrated by the adjuration n^r the 
 end : nolite pati . . . regnum Is^umidiae tabescere. — consulam, "consult^ 
 
 for == seek the interest of." 24. emori, "to die at once," i. e., by 
 
 suicide. — neu . . . viderer, " and that I might not seem justly contempt- 
 ible." — injur ice ... concessiseniy i. e., by suicide. But Dietsch, Zumpt, 
 and Andrews read vivere for jure, Zumpt says, " Adherbal wishes 
 one of two things : first, for a speedy death to terminate his misfor- 
 tunes ; or, second, not to be obliged to live in contempt, if he should 
 yield to Jugurtha. But neither of these things, he says, can be done. 
 These two wishes are here uttered to move the hearts of senators, 
 
 expressed as they are by a king. 25. per scdus, i. e., of Jugurtha. 
 
 —sangiiinem, " slaughter." " This oration is a splendid specimen of 
 the admirable talent and exquisite art of Sallust. The art is seen in 
 the fact, that the oration frequently returns to the same point, the 
 necessary characteristic of all orations, whose object is to move the 
 hearers to a particular course of conduct; and farther, that nothing 
 is omitted by Adherbal which could move the minds of the Romans 
 to pity, whilst, to excite their anger, tlie greatest pains are taken to 
 show them that they themselves had been injured by Jugurtha. 
 Again, there is the most skilful arrangement of topics, and the un- 
 pleasantness of complaints is relieved by the interposition of suppli- 
 cations ; lastly, Adherbal's weakness and imbecility are admirably 
 shown, in that, unable to resist injury, he had nothing but complaints, 
 and timidly awaited the aid of others." Gerlach in Dietsch. 
 
 CHAR XV. Fostquam .., fecit, Gr. 259, 1. {2.)^largitione . , . 
 causa freii, Gr. 24=4.— paucis, sc. verbis. — superatus sit... nequivissent 
 ... putarent ... cognitu7n esset ... ponerent, Gr. 266, 2; putarent 
 agrees with illi understood, referring to senatu, Gr. 209, K 11, (1.) — 
 alium ... acy " other than." — ante . . . ponerent ; in Cicero these words 
 are alwavs written as one, and always followed by the dative. 
 ! 13 
 
290 NOTES ON THE 
 
 2* gratia^ " personal partiality " to Jugurtha, who had made many 
 warm friends at Numantia, and was known to many only by his 
 great qualities and his exploits ; see Chap. '7, last sentence, and 
 Chap. 8. — contemnerey "express their contempt for." — gratia^ voce^ 
 
 "by personal influence, by speeches." 3* suhvenienduin^ Gr. 225, 
 
 III. R. 1. 4. Scaurus. Cicero gives a very different account of 
 
 Scaurus from that of Sallust, extolling him in the highest terms, as he 
 generally does the leaders of the aristocratic party. In ability, learn- 
 ing, and eloquence, he was one of the very first men in Rome ; and 
 possessing withal great natural gravity and dignity, with the art of 
 concealing his vices, he managed to be always rather popular with 
 the people, and so to escape when his less guilty accomplices were 
 punished. For an example of this, see Chap. 40, near the end ; and 
 
 for a good account of Scaurus, Smith's Dictionaryy vol. 3. 5* famo- 
 
 suirif " notorious." — polluta, " shameless." — cons^ueta lihidine^ " his 
 habitual greediness." " When it is recollected that Scaurus was a 
 poor man when he commenced public life, it is evident that the im- 
 mense wealth that he left to his son could not have been acquired by 
 honest means." Smith's Diet. 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 2* Decretwnfit. This decision, as well as many 
 subsequent events detailed in this histoiy, shows the scandalous 
 corruption, at this period, of the Roman aristocracy, and how lit- 
 tle they merited the extravagant eulogies Cicero lavishes on them. 
 — dividerent, Gr. 273, 2. — L. Opimius, a champion of the nobles, and 
 a vehement opponent of the Agrarian laws of the Gracchi. He was 
 consul B. c. 121, and was the chief agent in the outrageous murder 
 of Caius Gracchus, He was eventually condemned and driven into 
 exile for taking bribes of Jugurtha. Cicero extols him as the savior 
 of the commonwealth. His activity-, boldness, and unscrupulousness, 
 made him very popular with the nobility; such men are always 
 popular with their parties. 3. accuratissiyne, " with studied atten- 
 tion," though he might have presumed on his friendship. — Manreta- 
 
 nia, modern Morocco and Fez. 5. agris viris opuleiitior^ " superior 
 
 in extent and population." — illarn = " that well-known part ; " well- 
 known, because next the Roman province. — specie ... potiorem, i. e., 
 richer, but not so populous or warlike.— possedit, from possido (not 
 possideo), " took possession." 
 
 CHAP. XVII. exponere for ut exponam, Gr. 273, 2.—Afric(f. 
 Egypt was not reckoned a part of Africa. The Romans commonly 
 used the terms Asia and Africa to denote merely their own provinces 
 
JUGURTHINE WAK. 291 
 
 in them ; so Asia is used in the Acts of the Apostles, in many places, 
 
 for example, chap. xix. 31. 3. quce loca ... de his, Gr. 206, 3. (a.) — 
 
 frequentata, Gr. 205, R. 2, (2). — haud . , . narraverim, Gr. 260, 11, 
 R. 4. So we say " I should think," instead of the blunter " I think." 
 Translate, " I could not easily narrate (any thing) as certainly known." 
 
 — absolvam, "I will despatch." 3« pauci . . . esse ; supply dixerunt 
 
 or voluerunt. 4* Ea, i. e., Africa. — -f return, i. e., the Straits of 
 
 Gibraltar. — nostri maris et Oceani, terms always applied to the Medi- 
 terranean and the Atlantic. — declivein latitudinevi, " broad slope." lu 
 lay between Cyrenaica and Egypt. — Catahathmon is merely the Greek 
 Kara^a^fioi', "a descent." 5* arhore, Gr. 250, R. 1. — c€elo ... aqua- 
 rum, " a scarcity of rain; and of springs and streams." 6« saluhri, 
 
 " robust." — dissolvit, " gradually wears away." — nisi qui ; qui is a 
 relative. — super at is an unusual word in this connection, but very 
 forcible, as expressive of a continual struggle with old age, and its 
 
 final victory. 7. hahuerint . . . accesscrint . . . permixti sint, Gr. 265. 
 
 Observe the position of the dependent clause qui ... permixti sint; 
 
 first in the sentence, as the more important clause. — diversum . . . fama, 
 
 it is different (what I am about to relate) from that report. — ohtinet, 
 
 "gets possession of;" in this sense generally intransitive, = prevails. 
 
 Translate the whole, *' Although my account is different from that 
 
 which generally prevails, yet I will narrate as briefly as possible, 
 
 what men possessed Africa in the beginning, and who afterwards 
 
 joined them, or in what way they were mingled, as it was translated 
 
 to me from Punic books, said to have been king Hiempsal's (that is, 
 
 I written by him), and as the inhabitants of the land believe the 'case 
 
 to be." Sallust here refers to the time when he was proconsul of 
 
 Nimiidia. The following account, though drawn from Punic authori- 
 
 j ties, is not worth a farthing. Hiempsal is not the one slain by Jugur- 
 
 I tha, but the son of Gauda, mentioned below (Chap. 65), and conse- 
 
 j quently great-grandson of Masinissa. He was certainly alive when 
 
 I Sallust was 24 years old. — inierpretatum est ; this verb is generally 
 
 1 deponent, here passive ; so enisum, Chap, 25. For a list of deponent 
 
 I verbs whose participles are thus used, see Zumpt, 632, note 2, 2d 
 
 j clause. 
 
 I CHAP. XYin. pabulum, i. e., herbs and roots. — uti pecorihus re- 
 fers only to humi pabulum, not to caroferina.^-^2, vagi . . . palantes, 
 ''^ Err are is to stray from the right way ignorantly; vagari, to roam 
 about purposely ; palari, to roam apart from one's companions. 
 Erramus incerti, vagamur soluti, palamur dispergi. Dodeet-ein*s Syno' 
 
292 NOTES ON THE 
 
 nymSy i. B9.-^coefferat, supply habere. The indicative is used by Sal- 
 lust, as by Cicero and Csesar, when an action is spoken of that was 
 frequently performed, Z. 569 <fe 570. 3. Hercules. *'The Phoeni- 
 cian Hercules (or Melcarth) is the hero of Syrian or Punic legends. 
 His conquests represent the spread of civilization by the commercial 
 establishment of the Phoenician race." Merivale. Cf. Smith's Diet., 
 and Anthon's Class. Diet, article Hercules. — in Hispania . . . interiit. 
 The Greek Hercules was represented as d^'ing in Greece. From the 
 tradition here given came the name " Pillars of Hercules," applied to 
 the Straits of Gibraltar. — sihi quisque, Gr. 328, 3, (5.) Qicoque would 
 have been used, but, if used, it would have been taken for an adverb ; 
 hence there is an anacoluthon, arising from the fact that multis peten- 
 tibus=^cum multi peterent. In Justin, 29, 1, we find a sentence pre- 
 cisely parallel : regibus ... in suorum quisque majorum vestigia niten- 
 
 tibus; see Z. 710. i% intra . .. magis, "more within the ocean = 
 
 farther out into the ocean ; " referring to the part of Africa west of 
 
 the Straits of Gibraltar. Merivale makes intra mean nearer. 
 
 5. materia^ "timber." — mutandi copia, "opportunity of bartering." 
 
 6. mare magnum^ "extent of sea," not "the Mediterranean," 
 
 which this phrase often means. — ignara is used passively for incog- 
 nita, ; so in Chap. 52, regio hostibus ignara. 7. tentantes agroSy 
 
 "whether they Avere fit foi* dwelling and cultivation." — Nomadas, Gr. 
 85. Ex. 2. Z. 74 ; hence Nnmidas^ from the Greek NoyuaSoy, " wander- 
 ing in search of pasture." " These are the words by which the Sicil- 
 ian Greeks and the Romans respectively represented the native 
 
 appellation, Nemoudim (Phoen.) " wanderers." Merivale. 8. ad- 
 
 hue, "to this day." — mapalia ; also called magalia. 9. Libyes^ 
 
 Z. 386, note. " As the PerssB mingled with the Gaetuli in the west, 
 BO the Medes and Armenians coalesced with the Libyans in the east, 
 on the bordei*s of the Mediterranean." Merivale. — agitabanf, supply 
 vita7n ; hiquCy i. e., Medi et Armenii. — -fretOj " by a strait (only)." — 
 
 inter se, i. e., with the Spanish. 10. Mauros . . . appellantes. The 
 
 classic writers show a singular inaptitude for etymology; this, like 
 most others found in them, is worthless. Bochart plausibly derives 
 it from the Phoenician Mauharim, "the forthest people," i. e., farthest 
 from Phoenicia. 11. res Persarum = ^^ih.Q Pei*sian colony." — no- 
 mine NumidcBy "under the name of Numidians." — proxime Carthagi- 
 
 nem, Gr. 235, R. 6. — Numidia appellatur, Gr. 209, R. 9. 12. alteris 
 
 freti, Gr. 244.— joars inferior ^=^ "nearer the sea." — gentenn . . . conces- 
 sere^ "were blended in nation and name with the conquerors." 
 
JUatTRTHINE WAR. 293 
 
 CHAP. XIX. originibm suis, "their mother country." 2. Nam 
 
 . . puto. Like the Greek yap, nam often refers, as here, to some- 
 thing implied. Translate (I do not mention Carthage), for I tliink, 
 (fee. — quoniam refers to something implied in parum dicere "(and 
 that, i. e., speaking too little, would be unavoidable), since," cfec. ; or 
 it may be rendered, " inasmuch as," which would give nearly the 
 
 proper force. 3. Igitur, "well then," or "I say then," a frequent 
 
 meaning. — ad Catabaihinon ... prima, "next to Catabathmon." — se- 
 cundo mari. Secundo flumme literally means "the river (or current) 
 being favorable," = " down the river ; " so secundo mari means " down 
 along the sea-shore." — Titer eon . . . Philcenon are Greek genitives, of 
 the second declension. — Syrtes ; for a description of these, see Chap. 
 
 78. PhilcEnon, see Chap. '79. 5. Super, " above ^ more inland," 
 
 as a country rises from the coast towards tlie interior.— par^im . . . 
 
 alios, for parHm . . . partim, or alios ... alios. 6« uEthiopas, Gr. 
 
 80, I. <fe 85. Ex. 2. 7. Igitur, " well, then." — pleraque . . . oppida 
 
 ^pleraque ex Punicis oppidis. "The Carthaginians were called 
 Poeni (of which Punicus is the adjective), because they were a 
 colony from Phoenicia ;" Greek, (poevi^, " a palm tree." — bello Jugur- 
 thino, " at the time of the Jugurthine war." — quos novissime habuerant, 
 "which they had last held," i. e., when the last Punic war began; 
 habuerant has reference to Carthaginiensium. — ccetera, Gr. 234. II. 
 
 CHAP. XX. Africa, Gr. 251.— r^^no diviso, Gr. 257, R. 5. — cer- 
 turn agrees with id understood, referring to omnia . . . esse ; in full it 
 "Would be, certum id esse ratus, &c. 3* opportunus injurice, "suita- 
 ble to be injured ;" i. e., " who might be injured with impunity." 
 
 4« convertit, sc. c^irsum. — dolore permotum, "stung with indignation ;" 
 per is intensive ; permotum, " thoroughly moved." Jugurtha's plan 
 is very evident ; believing, as just said, that all things could be bought 
 at Rome, he designed to crush Adherbal before he could receive as- 
 sistance, and then buy off the Romans from punishing his crime. 
 How truly he judged is shown by all the subsequent narrative, yet 
 the wisdom of Scipio's warning (see Chap. 8), was ultimately verified 
 by his miserable fate. He, who might have reigned peacefully and 
 prosperously, was hunted like a wild beast, tormented by all the hor- 
 rors of a guilty conscience, without a friend whom he could trust, 
 betrayed by his ally, led captive to grace the triumph of his con- 
 queror, and finally strangled in prison ; a most instructive example 
 
 of the rewards of ambition! 5. question misit, Gr. 2*76. IL — tenta- 
 
 tum . . . cesserat, " when tried before it had turned ou* otherwise 
 
294 NOTES ON THE 
 
 (than he hoped"), that is, unfavorably. 6. animo invaserat, "had 
 
 grasped in thought," S. qua, supply via. — suis . . . axigere, "in- 
 creased the courage of his own men, and the terror of the enemy." 
 Gr. 211, R. 5, 1. — prcedas agere, "di-ive off booty," i. e., flocks and 
 herds. • 
 
 CHAP. XXL processus, supply negotium esse, Gr. 239, R. 3. 
 
 2* Interim, not "in the mean time," but "during the course of these 
 events." — Hand longe. This is a singular remark, when the distance 
 was 40 miles ; it has reference to the vast extent of territory inland, 
 in comparison with which it was " not far." — Cirta, Greek, Kipra, 
 apparently the same as the Phoenician Kartha, "a city." — obscuro . . . 
 lum'ine, \. e., day having hardly dawned. — togatarum, "Roman citi- 
 zens," so called from their national dress, the toga ; so the north of 
 Italy was Gallia logata, because the Gauls who had settled there 
 had assumed the toga. These here mentioned are elsewhere spoken 
 of as Italici and negotiatores. — patraium ("accomplished") is more 
 
 emphatic, because more formal, than per/ectum. 3« vineii, properly 
 
 an adjective with porticibus understood, as is shown by Cesar, Bell. 
 Civil. iL 2 : porticibus integebantur. — vinea turribus et machinis. These 
 terms are so frequent in the Latin writers, and so important to be 
 understood, that a clear account is here subjoined, from Smith's excel- 
 lent Dictionary of Antiquities. Vinea is properly an adjective with 
 portictis understood : " literally it is a bower formed of the branches 
 of vines ; the name was applied by the Romans to a roof under 
 which the besiegers of a town protected themselves against darts, 
 stones, fire, and the like, which were thrown by the besieged upon 
 the assailants. The whole machine formed a roof, resting upon posts 
 eight feet in height The roof itself was generally sixteen feet long 
 and seven broad. The wooden frame was in most cases light, so that 
 it could be carried by the soldiers ; sometimes, however, when the 
 purpose it was to serve required great strength, it was heavy, and 
 then probably the whole fabric was moved by wheels attached to the 
 posts. The roof was formed of planks and wicker-work, and the 
 uppermost layer or layers consisted of raw hides, or wet cloth, as a 
 protection against fire, by which the besieged frequently destroyed 
 the viiiece. The sides were likewise protected by wicker-work. Such 
 machines were constructed at a safe distance, and then carried or 
 wheeled close to the walls. Here several were frequently joined 
 together, so that a great number of soldiers might be employed under 
 them. The soldiers then began their operations, either by under- 
 
JUGUKTHINE WAE. 295 
 
 mining the walls, or by employing the battering-ram to beat them 
 
 down." "The Turris was among the most important engines used 
 
 in storming a fortified place. Some were made so that they could be 
 taken to pieces and carried to the scene of operation. The other 
 sort were constructed on wheels, so as to be driven up to the walls. 
 They were generally made of beams and planks, and covered, at least 
 on the three exposed sides, with iron, both for protection, and to 
 make them steadier. They were also covered with raw hides and 
 quilts moistened, to protect them from fire. Their height was such 
 as to overtop the walls, towers, and all other fortifications of the be- 
 seiged place. The larger sort were 120 cubits high by 23-| wide. 
 They were divided into stories, from 10 to 20, decreasing in height 
 from the bottom. The sides were pierced with windows, several to 
 each story. The towers contained the engines of war, the ballistae 
 and catapults ; and slingers and archers were stationed in them and 
 on top of the towers. In the lowest story was a battering-ram, and 
 in the middle one or more bridges, and also scaling-ladders ; when 
 the missiles had cleared the walls, these bridges and ladders enabled 
 the besiegers within the tower, to rush upon them. They were 
 placed upon wheels, which, for security, were within the tower. 
 The besieged opposed them by fire, undermining, pushing them off 
 by iron-shod beams, breaking or overturning them by stones and 
 
 rams, or by raising the height of the city walls." The Machinal 
 
 were ballistce and catapidtce, for throwing stones and darts respectively. 
 Some of them could throw stones of three hundredweight, and small 
 stones the distance of a quarter of a mile. — tempus legatorwn, sup- 
 ply reditus. — prcelhon factum ; so urhem conditam^ and many other 
 
 phrases, Gr. 274, 2. R. 5, and especially Z. 637. 4. senatus.., ac- 
 
 cepit, sc. nuntium^ Gr. 229, R. 4, 2. — qui . . . adeant . . . nuncient^ Gr. 
 264, 5. — velle et censere ; velle is used of a decree of the people, ceii- 
 sere of one of the donate ; hence both are appropriately used here ; 
 " the people and senate (just mentioned) will and decree." — de contro- 
 versiis ... disceptare, "prosecute their disputes." — ita . . . esse ; esse 
 depends on dicere, implied in velle et censere : " that such a course 
 was most respectful to the Romans (as their masters and patrons)^ 
 and most worthy of Adherbal and Jngurtha (as under their guard- 
 ianship, and subject to their will)." 
 
 CHAP. XXII. eo magis refers to maturantes. — audiebaturj sc. 
 
 fama. — clemenSy "softened == not so bad as the truth." 2* ob easdem 
 
 artes refers to virtiitem, the general term which included all bonce 
 
296 NOTES ON THE 
 
 artes. — penuria Uherorum, i. e., Micipsa's children. 3t qv^ ... eo .,, 
 
 tolerare, " the more deeds he had done, the less," <fec. ; for quo and eo, 
 
 see Gr. 256, R. 16. — pro bono = bene. 4. ab jure ... prohibuerit^ 
 
 "shall restrain him from (exercising) aright (belonging to all) na- 
 tions," viz., that of self-defence. 5. copiay " opportunity." They 
 
 were prevented from approaching by Jugurtha, who was blockading 
 the city in which he was shut up. 
 
 CHAP. XXIII. Africa, Gr. 242, 261.— ratus est ... potest . . . cir- 
 cumdat . . . tentare, &q. Three different constructions, all allowable 
 and equivalent, are here used together, Sallust-fashion ; so below, 
 aut per vim, aut dolis. Both Sallust and Tacitus carry this mixture 
 ofconstructions to excess. — tentare, sc. Cirtam. — -formidijiem, "threats.'* 
 
 — prorsus intentus, " wholly bent upon (his object)." 2. inextrerno 
 
 sitas, "reduced to extremity." — miserando, "by bewailing." — perge- 
 rent, Gr. 258, 2, R. 1. — proximmn mare, "the nearest (part of the) 
 sea;'* Cf. Gr. 206, R. 17. 
 
 CHAP. XXIV. in anirno habeat, *•' regards." — omnia, sa. alia. 
 
 2* urgear, Gr. 265. — fortuna mea, "my (previous ill) success," i. e., 
 in his previous appeals to the senate, in which he had found Ju- 
 gurtha's gold and influence more powerful than simple truth and 
 justice; or it may well be translated, "my misfortunes," which 
 agrees well with the next clause. — parum . . . esse, " too little credit 
 is given to the (complaints of the) unfortunate." — nisi tamen, " but 
 
 yet." 4. nisi implies an ellipsis, which may be supplied from the 
 
 first clause of the sentence, thus : " unless (I shall say this much) 
 nevertheless; I am well aware, tfec." — supra = superiorem, "he aims 
 at a higher than I," i. e., the Roman authority. — gravius, " more im- 
 portant." 5. QucB sane . . . vos, " well, grant that these were merely 
 
 injuries to me, and nothing to you," Gr. 260, R. 3. 6« posuistis for 
 
 prceposiiisiis ; so Cicero, pro Flacco, 19: custos frumento positus. — 
 clausum obsidet === clausit and obsidet. — quanti, Gr. 214. — -fecerit, Gr. 
 
 265. 8. antea . . . qucestus sum ; see Chap. 14. — -forent . . . faceret, 
 
 with w^ omitted, after vellem, Gr. 262, R. 4. 9. ut . . . ostentui essejn, 
 
 "that I might serve to exhibit the crimes of Jugurtha." — non jam, 
 "no longer." — cruciatus corporis; the dreadful fate which Adherbal 
 here so humbly deprecates actually befel him ; see Chap. 26, last sen- 
 tence. 10. per majestatcm, supply obsecro ; this verb and the cor- 
 responding ones in Greek are often omitted in adjurations. — per ami- 
 citioefidem, "by the fidelity due to the friendship (of my grandfather 
 Masinissae)." 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 297 
 
 CHAP. XXV. faere qui . . . censer ent, Gr. 264, 6. — subveniendzcm 
 is used impersonally, Gr. 209, R. 3, (3) ; 239, R. 3; ceiiserent is here fol- 
 lowed by two constructions, the ace. with the infinitive, and the sub- 
 junctive with w^; see Z. 617, at the end. — consuleretur^ impersonal = 
 
 i-enatusi consuleretur. — pamissety Gr. 266, 3. S« enisum summa ope, 
 
 "the greatest exertion was made ; " enmimh impersonal. 3. de- 
 
 victum; the cZe is intensive, and expresses completeuess. 4. majores 
 
 naiUj " persons of greater age (i. e., of higher distinction) than on the 
 foi-mer occasion, when only adolescentes had been sent." Merivale. — 
 honorihus, Gr. 211, R. 6. — M. Scaurus ; see note to Chap. 15. — hisenatu 
 princeps. The office of princeps senatus was one of no power, but of 
 the highest honor. "It was given by the censors, at first always to 
 the eldest among the ex-censors ; afterwards to any other senator 
 whom they thought most worthy, and, unless there was any charge 
 to be made against him, he wos re-elected at the next lustrum. This 
 distinction, however, great as it was, afforded neither power nor ad- 
 vantages, and it did not even confer the privilege of presiding at the 
 meetings of the senate." Smith's Diet, of Antiq. ; see Livy, xxvii. 11. 
 
 5* in invidia, i. e., was exciting great odium among the people. — 
 
 Kumidis, those who had brought Adherbal's letters. — accedat depends 
 on Utteras mittunt, which implies command ; nt is omitted, Gr. 262, 
 
 R. 4. 6. diversas agitahatur, "he was distracted." 7t ad,,, 
 
 scelus, " to (complete) the crime he had begun." 9. diducta, "being 
 
 divided," because the city was attacked on all sides, which is implied 
 
 in exercitu circumdato. 10« AdherbaliSy Gr. 245, R. 1, last clause. 
 
 It. desisteret, Gr. 266, 3. — mult a ... consumpta, "after much 
 
 talking to no purpose ; " this is the force of consumere in such 
 phrases." Merivale.— yVws^ra =frustrati. 
 
 CHAP. XXYI. Italiciy mentioned in Chap. 21 as togatorum. — 
 defensahantur = defendehantur ; Sallust is fond of using frequentatives 
 instead of their primitives. — de ceteris . , . forCy " the senate would take 
 
 care of the rest." 2. omnia potiora, i. e., "that nothing could be 
 
 less reliable." — eosdem = Italicos. 3« necat ... interfecit Interfi- 
 
 cere is simply " to put to death ; " necare, " to kill in a shocking man- 
 ner," generally used in connection with tormentiSy cruciatibus, <fec. 
 Doderlein's SynonymSy iii. 86. 
 
 CHAP. XXVn. interpellandoy gratiay and jurgiis, are ablatives 
 of means depending on trahendo ; they may be taken with trahendoy 
 as depending on leniebant. All these devices of unprincipled politi- 
 cians to obstruct public business and prevent justice, find many par- 
 13* 
 
298 NOTES ON THE 
 
 allels every year, in our own legislative halls. — leniebanty " strove to 
 extenuate," a meaning of the imperfect not uncommon in Latin and 
 
 Greek; Cf Kuhner's School Greek Gram. 256, 4. 2. vir acer, "a 
 
 man of spirit." — id agi^ "that the plan was." — condonaretur^ Gr. 273, 
 1. — omnis . . . dilapsa erat^ Gr. 259, R. 4, and compare our expression, 
 "I had perished," for "I would have perished." Translate, "By pro- 
 tracting the deliberations, all the odium would have passed away 
 (before the decision)." The sagacity of this course is daily seen in 
 the case of our wholesale railroad and steamboat murders ; odium 
 prolatando dilabitur. 3. lege Sempronia. All laws were desig- 
 nated by the name of the proposer; this law, proposed by C. Sem- 
 pronius Gracchus, b. c. 124, provided that the future provinces of the 
 consuls should be fixed before the election ; the choice of the two, 
 
 the consuls determined by agreement or lot. 4* L. Bestia Calpur- 
 
 nius for L. Calp. Bestia ; such transpositions are not uncommon in 
 the other historians. — Italia ohvenity " fell to the lot." " Whenever 
 Italy is called a province, it is implied that the consul to whom it 
 fell was to remain at Rome, and be ready for any other war that 
 might break out. There were now no wars in Ital}', and Italy was 
 not a province in the usual sense of the term. These consuls entered 
 
 upon office Jan. 1, 111 B.C." Zumpt. 5. portaretur^ Gi\ 264, 5. 
 
 CHAP. XXVIII. cuij relative for demonstrative, and dative for 
 genitive, Gr. 211, R. 5. 1. — venum ire = venalia esse ; vendo is not used 
 in the passive, Z. 187. — cwi ... in aiiimo= "he had been firmly per- 
 suaded." — IIie7npsale interfecto. The varied meanings of the ablative 
 absolute as denoting tiine^ cause, concomitant or condition, should be 
 carefully noted by the pupil and discriminated in translating ; here 
 it denotes both time and cause^ Gr. 257 & R. 1. — aggrediantur^ Gr. 
 
 262, R. 4. 2* adventahat is followed by the dat. and by the accus. 
 
 with and without the preposition ad, Z. 489. — contra spem explains 
 nuntio. Translate, "intelligence contrary to what he had hoped." — 
 Romce is gen. of place, limiting omnia. — placeret, Gr. 265. — ii refer- 
 ring to senatuSy Gr. 206, 11. (a.) — deditum, Gr. 276, 1 <fe 11. — in diebus, 
 
 Z. 479. 3« infectis rebus, "without accomplishing their business." 
 
 4* legal sibi ; legare is to appoint some one to act as deputy, and 
 
 so represent another, either as ambassador, or lieutenant. The legates 
 were appointed by the senate, but usually at the consul's instance 
 hence here, legat sibi, "appoints as his legate." — gu(E deligidssset, 
 "the faults he might be guilty of," Gr. 266. 5* xVa7?i has refer- 
 ence to legat sibi . . . factiosos, and introduces the reason for it. — acri 
 
JUaURTHINE WAR. 299 
 
 ingenioy "of a penetrating mind," Gr. 211, R. 6. 6. Sidliam^ Gr. 
 
 237, R. 5. Z. 398, note 1. 
 
 CHAP. XXIX. cBger, "corrupted." 2. a principio ; see Chap. 
 
 15. — plerisque . . . corruptis, " while many of his party were bribed." 
 
 3. redimehaty "endeavored to buy;" see Chap. 27, note on lenie- 
 
 bant. — cum eis, i. e., Bestia and Scaurus. — proeseiis^ "at once." 
 
 4* fidei causuy "as a pledge of good faith (to Jugurtha)." Sextius was 
 thus sent into a town of Jugurtha, as a pledge of the latter's safe re- 
 tura from the Roman camp. — palam^ " publicly, in the hearing of 
 
 others." — mora, i. e., during the protraction of these negotiations. 
 
 5. eo7icilio, the military council of the commander, consisting of the 
 legates, military tribunes, and the oldest centurion of each legion. — 
 uti acciperetur depends on precatus, implied in locutus. — secreta for 
 secreto, Gr. 205, R. 15. — quasi per saturam, "as it were in the lump," 
 i. e., the different points not being presented separately, discussed 
 and decided, but all at once ; a sort of Roman "omnibus bill." Sa- 
 tura is explained b}' the ancient grammarians to have been a dish of 
 
 various ingredients, like the Spanish olla podrida. 6« uti,,, im- 
 
 peratum, " as had been commanded (to Jugurtha) in presence of the 
 council." — pecus for perudes, as iniles often for milites. — cum . . . pon- 
 dere, to be put into the public treasury — the small amount showed 
 the fraudulent character of the transaction. — Calpurnius . . . proficis- 
 citur, his colleague Scipio being dead. — ad magistratus rogandos, to 
 preside at the election of magistrates. "He who proposed a law was 
 said rogare legem, i. e., to ask the people's decision about a law; 
 hence, rogare magistratwn is to propose the election of a magis- 
 trate." Merivale. 
 
 CHAP. XXX. forent, Gr. 265. — agitari, " there was discussion." 
 — parum constahat, " it was not clear (to the Fathers.)" — decretmn con- 
 
 sulis, "the action (i. e., the treaty) of the consul." 3* C, Mem- 
 
 mills ; see Chap. 27. 4* perscribere. The style of this speech is 
 
 60 entirely Sallustian, that we cannot suppose it Memmius's in any 
 thing but the ideas, which are undoubtedly those Memmius would 
 present under the circumstances ; theg are true to nature and to the 
 occasion. Dietsch well remarks that Sallust would not have employed 
 the word dicam of a genuine speech : verbis hujuscemodi implies the 
 same. Cicero (Brutus, Chap. 35) calls Memmius, orator mediocris, 
 accusator acris atque acerbus. He had the surname Mordax, the rea- 
 sons for which are easily seen in the speech. 
 
 CHAP. XXXI. dehor tantur . . . superet ; dehortantur fov dehorta- 
 
SOO NOTES ON THE 
 
 rentur. This substitution is veiy common in the preterite tenses, Gr. 
 260, R. 4 ; the use of superet for snperaret indicates that the supposi- 
 tion is a fact. — a vobis, L e., "from advocating your interests." Trans- 
 late, "many things dissuade me from advocating your interests (and 
 would prevent me), did not my zeal for the republic overcome all 
 (other considerations)." — Multa refers to the things immediately fol- 
 lowing, opes factionis, ifec, including the clause qrwd . . . honori% est. 
 This exordium is imitated from a speech of Cato the Censor. — patten- 
 iia^ "submissiveness." — -jus nullum, = quod jus nullum esty "the im- 
 possibility of obtaining justice." — e/, maxime^ quod, "and especially 
 
 the fact, that." — innocentice is dative after ^5^ "innocence has." 
 
 2* ilia, "the following things." — annisxY. "The number xv., whicli 
 is found in all good manuscripts, points to the yeaf b. c. 125, in which 
 the aristocrac}' gained a decisive victory, through the praetor, L. Opi- 
 mius, who destroyed the town of Fregilla?, and thereby crushed the 
 first attempts of the Italian allies to obtain the Roman franchise. It 
 may be supposed that even then this attempt of the allies was sup- 
 ported by the Roman plebs, as was the case afterwards, in the time 
 of Marius." Zumpt. Dietsch thinks the murder of Tiberius Gracchus 
 (b. c. 133) is undoubtedly referred to, and that if Sallust wrote xv., it 
 was by mistake, of which there are several instances in him and other 
 writers. — ludibrio . . . superbiie^ Gr. 221 .—fuerint . . . perierint . . . cor- 
 ruptus sity Gr. 265. — intUti defensores perierint refers to the atrocious 
 murders of the Gracchi, those clciir-sighted and patriotic reformerf, 
 who would have saved their country, had it been permitted, by tlie 
 only means possible. That the illustrious Cicero speaks of them as 
 he always does, is a melancholy instance of the depraving influence 
 of party spirit. Indeed, Cicero's accounts of the men and measures 
 of both parties, and even of his own acts, are often as little reliable as 
 
 those of our American *^ organ-grinders,'' 3. vobis anitnt^s, dat for 
 
 gen. — ab ... socordia, Gr. 248, II., 2d clause. — obnoxiis inijuicis, "when 
 your foes have fallen into your hand," i. e., "their guilt is detected, 
 and they are unable to palliate it" Merfvalk. — decet ; supply vos as 
 
 object. 4f animus subigity "ray feelings compel (me)." 5. ex- 
 
 periar, "will exercise." — ob rem, "to the purpose —successfully." 
 
 6* quod relates, not to ego hortor, but to the last clause, uii . . . eati*. 
 — vi ... seces.sio7i€ opuSj Gr. 243. — suomet more, "their own wicked- 
 ness." — necesse est . . . prcecipites eatit, Gr. 262, R, 4, "the}' will inevi- 
 tably go to destruction." 7. Tiberio Graecho. No names in his- 
 tory have suffered greater injustice than those of the Gracchi ; but 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 301 
 
 modern research is at last doing them justice. Their biographies, by 
 Dr. L. Schmitz, in Smith's Dictionary of Class. Biog^ are worthy of a 
 careful reading : the following extract gives a just summary of their 
 character. " Both brothers had staked their lives for the noblest ob- 
 ject that a statesman can propose to himself — the rights of the people ; 
 and so long as these rights are preferred to the privileges of a few, 
 whom birth or wealth enables to oppress and tyrannize over the 
 man}", so long will the names of the Gracchi be hallowed in history. 
 There are, as we have already observed, one or two points in their 
 conduct and legislation, in which we might wish they had acted with 
 more wisdom and circumspection, but errare humanum esty and the 
 blame falls not so much on the Gracchi, as upon those who irritated 
 and provoked them with a bitterness and an insolence, in the face of 
 which it would have required an angel's forbearance to remain calm 
 and prudent." — qucBStioiies, i. e^ qucestiones capitis, prosecutions for a 
 capital offence. — multi mortales ; 3,000 were butchered without trial 
 
 by the consul Opimius. — libido eonn/iy '* their own good pleasure." 
 
 8. Sed . . . restituere. '* But grant that restoring the people their 
 rights was an attempt at regal usurpation." — sanguine civiuin^ " with- 
 out bloodshed of citizens;" i. e., "without putting to death the 
 criminals." — ulcisci has here a passive sense, of which there are four 
 known examples only : there is 07ie example of the active /onw, in an 
 old writer, Ennius. — nequititr ; a very uncommon form, probably used 
 by Sallust to give an antique coloring to the oration, Z. 216, last remark. 
 The moderation of this remark agrees with the character of Mem- 
 mius, who, though a man of ardent temperament, was also a man of 
 signal moderation, fidelity, and justice, and most observant of law 
 and equity, as is strikingly shown below. Chap. ZZ.—jure factum sit, 
 
 "giant that was done rightfully." 9« Superiorihus annis. 
 
 The speaker now proceeds to fresh grievances, from injuries to the 
 plebs to crimes against the state. — taciti indipiabainini '= '' ye were 
 indignant, but durst not speak." — pai-um habicere, " they thought it 
 
 not enough." — tradita sunt, "have been betrayed." 10. pudet aut 
 
 poenitet, sc. facti, Gr. 215, (1.) <fe 229, R. ^.^incedunt magnifici, "they 
 strut haughtily." — ostentantes, " parading." — perinde . . . habeant, 
 "just as if they have gained them honorably and not by violence;" 
 
 Iiabeant does not here mean "consider or esteem." 11* cBquo, lit., 
 
 "even, unruffled," hence ''patient" 12. occupavere, "have seized 
 
 upon." — manibusy Gr. 211, R. 6. — iidemque, "and yet." 13. occi- 
 
 disse . . . qucEStioneSy Gr. 229, R. 6, 2d part— ;)ro . . . habent, i. e., these 
 
302 NOTES ON THE 
 
 things make them more andaciouSj the natural effect of impunity in 
 
 crime. 14. pessime ... maxhne, "the worse ... the more;" the 
 
 superlative where we use the comparative degree. — metum transtu- 
 lere, i. e., "they have made you fear them, on account of your cow- 
 ardice, when they ought to fear you on account of their crimes." — 
 eadem . .. inetuere^ " a unity of desires, hatreds, and fears." 15* in- 
 ter bonos, " among the good (only)." — hcec refers to eadem . . . metuere, 
 and so would be neuter, (Gr. 205, R. 8.) but agrees with the predi- 
 cate arnicitia^ Gr. 206, (10.) 16. Quod si . , , accensi sunt; the 
 
 regular construction would require either ad lihertatis curam^ omitting 
 haheretis ; or dominationiSy depending on curam, with accensi sunt 
 omitted : it is an anacoluthon. — heneficia vestra^ " your favors," i. e., 
 
 "the public offices which you have to bestow." 17. majestatis 
 
 constituendce^ "establishing their majesty." "The plehs are rightly 
 said to have acquired their rights by secession, since before, the patri- 
 cians had treated them as they pleased (see Livy, 2d &, 3d Books). 
 For the rights conceded them by King Servius, and those received 
 by the Valerian law de provocatione, availed nothing against the 
 power of the patricians. Wherefore tribunes of the jo^eJs were ap- 
 pointed, to give aid against the consuls and protect their rights. 
 Majestas, Cicero says, is in the power and dignity of the people ; and 
 certainly, by secession the first beginnings were made, and the foun- 
 dations laid, of the popular power." Dietsch. — his per secessionem. 
 "The people seceded from the city in all three times: first, b. c. 494 ; 
 the second, b. c. 449, was made against the tyranny of the decemvirs; 
 third and last, b. c. 286, which is not referred to by the orator ; it 
 was merely for an abolition of debts." Dietsch. See Livy, 2, 32. <fe 
 
 3, 50. — parta = **what we possess." 18. Editions vary as to the 
 
 punctuation after rernpublicam, some giving an interrogation point, 
 others a period. As the manuscripts give no points, it is a matter for 
 the judgment of the editor. I have given, with Dietsch, Zumpt, and 
 Merivale, the interrogation point, which assigns the sentence to the 
 imaginary inquirer (Dicet aliquis) as more spirited than the period, 
 which would make it the opinion of Memmius. Supply censesne esse 
 with vindicandum, and translate, " Do you think punishment should 
 be inflicted," <fec. — non ... vi ; supply censeo vindicandum esse from 
 the preceding, which are omitted just as in English; "not by force, 
 nor violence." — quod magis . . . fecisse ; the subject of /<?mse is vos un- 
 derstood ; the sense is, " which they deserve, but which it would not 
 become you to inflict." — quoistionibus, "prosecutions." 1^. dediti- 
 
JUaUETHINE WAR. 303 
 
 tius est = " has (really) surrendered himself," implying that it was 
 
 doubtful. — ea refers to jussis vestris. — pervenerint, Gr. 266, 1. 
 
 20. Nisi forte is strongly ironical, Z. 526; nisi depends on an ellipsis. 
 "(And this you will do) unless perhaps." — nondum . . . tenet = "you 
 have not even yet had enough of their tyranny." — ilia refers to the 
 following description of the "good old times," looked back to by the 
 Roman aristocracy with infinite longing, when the plehs had no 
 rights and were completely at their mercy. — satis habebatiSy " were 
 satisfied." 21. impune is here active in meaning; "without tak- 
 ing veugeance." — viro . . . accepisse. The most exalted heathen moral- 
 ity never dreamed of rising to the height of the divine precept 
 "Love your enemies." So Xenophon, the worthy pupil of Socrates, 
 yet speaks of it, as an honorable trait of character in Cyrus the 
 Younger, that "he strove to surpass his enemies in doing injuries." 
 Anabasis^ B. I. Ch. 9. 11 — hominibus sceleratissimis, supply his; i. e., 
 " the men who have committed all the crimes I have named." — quo' 
 niam cives sunt, "since they are our fellow-citizens." "This passage 
 illustrates the feelings and ideas of the ancients. So far is Memmius 
 from inculcating forgiveness of injuries, or the punishment of tliem 
 only because they are against the divine law, that he declares nothing 
 more unworthy of a man than not to take vengeance. Yet he will 
 allow the nobility to be forgiven only because they are fellow-citi- 
 zens; which harmonizes with the opinion of the ancients, that those 
 who were not fellow-citizens had no rights, and were not bound to 
 them by any tie of afifection or humanity." Dietsch. Contrast this 
 with the all-embracing humanity of the Gospel, or even with the ten- 
 der humanity of the Mosaic laws in favor of strangers ! — in perniciem 
 
 casura esset, "would result in (your) destruction." 22. quantwii 
 
 importunitatis habent for pro tanta importunitate quantain habent, Gr. 
 206, (3,) 3d clause ; Z. 705 : "so great is their insolence." — parum est, 
 "it is not enough." — deinde, "henceforth." — deinde ... eripitur, "a 
 license to do them henceforth is forcibly obtained." The course of 
 thought is this : " You cannot have peace ; you must fight sometime ; 
 though you shouldioYgiYQ their past misdeeds, they will not be satisfied 
 without repeating them ; one day you will be made to feel that you 
 must either defend yourselves or be slaves, and you had better defend 
 
 yourselves now, for you may never have so good an opportunity." 
 
 25. Nonpeculatus . . . habentur. There is great tact in thus mentioning 
 
 such grievous crimes as too common to deserve notice. 26. obedien- 
 
 tes vivamus "expresses more than obedientes simus, and denotes perpe- 
 
304 NOTES ON THE 
 
 tuity." CoRTius. — id est regem esse; id is used for emphasis, Gr. 207, 
 K. 22: the subject of esse is hominem understood, Gr. 239, R. 5, <fe 
 209, R. 3. (5.) Translate, "for, to do with impunity what one 
 pleases; that is, to be a king, (i. e., tyrant)." The name of king was 
 extremely offensive to the Roman people, and hence is artfully em- 
 ployed by the orator to excite their indignation. 27t uti ... 
 
 fecisse, i. e., "to prefer to find them guilty, rather than innocent." — 
 
 ne ... perditum eatis = ne perdatis, Gr. 216, 11. R. 2 ; Z. 669. 
 
 28. heneficii ... immemoreni, "unmindful of (rewarding) well-doing, 
 and (punishing) ill-doing." — bo7iiis . . . improhioty " the good man 
 merely becomes less active, when you neglect (to reward him), but 
 the wicked more audacious, when you neglect (to punish him)." — 
 
 auxilii, sc. honorum. 29. Ad hoc ... egeas, "if you can prevent 
 
 crimes by the fear of punishment, you will seldom need the aid of 
 the good for defence." This is a ver}^ effective popular harangue, 
 and though not genuine, gives a much more lively idea of the feel- 
 ings and views of the popular party, than the historian could have 
 furnished in any other way: the same is true of the oration of Ma- 
 rius, Chap. 85 ; of the admirable harangue of Canuleius, in Livy's 4th 
 Book, and of the speeches generally, which the ancient historians put 
 into the mouths of leading personages on momentous occasions. An 
 illustrious instance in modern times, familiar to every American 
 school-bo}^, is the famous harangue, beginning "Sink or swim, live or 
 die," which Mr. "Webster imagines to have been spoken by John 
 Adams. The slight sacrifice of historical verity, by which no one 
 was deceived, was more than compensated by the additional spirit 
 and vigor. We subjoin the excellent criticism of Dietsch. " This ora- 
 tion is a remarkable exhibition of Sallust's genius, sense, and skill. He 
 has admirably exhibited the talent of Memmius, whose fervent tem- 
 per is shown by the impetuous rush of the style ; the thoughts not 
 closely linked together, nor fully developed, but uttered with the 
 greatest force and brevity ; words weighty and keen, which Cicero 
 shows to have been the virtues not of Memmius onlj^, but of his con- 
 temporaries. The whole is marked by a rude and unpolished style, 
 and a simplicity, which show the anxiet}^ of the writer to give it an 
 antique coloring. Sallust's design, in writing history, was to hold 
 up to his contemporaries a mirror in which they might behold their 
 vices and the remedies of them ; for which reason he has often re- 
 peated the same ideas. In this history he seems to have wished to 
 stigmatize the character of those who ruled the state in his times ; 
 
JUGURTHINE WAK. 6{)0 
 
 hence, lie has given no speech from any of the nobles, but only from 
 their bitterest enemies, Memmius and Marius. By understanding the 
 condition of the state at the time of writing (after the formation of 
 the triumvirate of Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus), we shall better 
 understand the design of this whole oration, and the application of 
 each of its parts. Who of his contemporaries, reading it, would fail 
 to perceive that affairs were come to such a point, that resistance or 
 servitude was the only alternative ? "Who, reading of the times of 
 Gracchus, would not be reminded of the most atrocious proscriptions 
 of his own day?" 
 
 CHAP. XXXII. mitteretur, Gr. 273, 2. — interposita fide jjuhlica^ 
 ''having pledged the faith of the government" ==" having given him 
 a safe conduct." — quo, usually considered an adverb, and translated 
 "in order that," in which connection, always an ablative of means, 
 " by which," Gr. 247. — pecwiice captcB, Gr. 274, R. 5. — patefierent, Gr. 
 
 262. — arcessebant, "they summoned (to trial) = accused." 2t re- 
 
 licti a Besticiy Chap. 27, fit the end. 3* elepjhantos ; Jugurtha had 
 
 delivered up thirt}', Chap. 29, at the end. — traderent, Gr. 264, 6. — 
 perfugas, i. e., from Jugurtha, whom he naturally was most eager to 
 get hold of, and punish, as a terror to his other subjects. — vendere . . . 
 agehant ; another mixture of constructions, Gr. 209, R. 5 <fe 11. 
 
 4. tanta vis avaritice = tarn violenter avaritia. — tahes^ "a plague." 
 
 5. perlata, "carried through." — perculsay "struck with consterna- 
 tion," at the investigation, and from dread of what Jugurtha could 
 reveal. — co7iscieniia, sc. delicti. — diffidenti. This verb usually governs 
 the dat., rarely the abl., like^c?o and confido. — dedidisset, Gr. 266, 3. — 
 71071 minoriSj Gr. 214 =pluris, Gr. 324, 9. — -fama de Cassio =fama 
 Cassii^ " the reputation of Cassius." 
 
 CHAP. XXXni. contra dectis regium, " in a manner unworthy 
 
 of a king." 2. tametsi ... confirmatus ... parat. The connection 
 
 is obscure. " Being encouraged by all, by whose power or wicked- 
 Bess he had performed those things which we have already nar- 
 rated, though (he had no need of this encouragement, for) he was 
 
 naturally very resolute, he gains over." — -foret, Gr. 264, 5. 3. more 
 
 majorum explains suppllcium sitmi. — hoste = rege ut haste. — sirmi, Gr. 
 268, R. 3. — dignitati .. . consulen.% "regarding the dignity rather than 
 the passion (of the people)," l e., what became them, more than what 
 they wished. — confirinarey "declares." — per se, " so far as he was con- 
 cerned." 4. Numidice^ gen. for abl., apparently by attraction, Gr. 
 
 221, R. 1 ; and especially Z. 398, note 1, for a full discussion of these 
 
306 NOTES ON THE 
 
 irregularities. — Quibus juvantibus, Gr. 229, R. ^.-—egerit, Gr. 265, de- 
 pends on intelligat — Quamquam . . . intelligat, Gr. 266,3, "though 
 the Roman people is aware by whose assistance, and by what tools 
 he accomplished those things. — velle^ sc. populum Romanum, — mani- 
 festa agrees with ea understood, referring to quibus . . . egerit — 7nag- 
 na7n . . . sitam^ " there was great hope for him." — non sociis . . . cor- 
 rupturum, "he would not save his allies (thereby), and would ruin 
 himself and his hopes." Memmius implies thatj even if Jugurtha re- 
 fused to testify, or testified falsely, they would get at his guilty 
 allies in some other way (this is clearly intimated in intelligat popur 
 lus Ro7nanu,% just above) ; hence it was not worth his while to injure 
 himself, in the vain hope of screening them. Dietsch explains non 
 . . . sed as = non tantum . . . sed etiayn, " he would not save his friends 
 only, but destroy himself." The other seems much better. 
 
 CHAP. XXXIV. corncptum, sc. esse. A proper understanding 
 of the tribuneship is indispensable for reading Roman history: there 
 is a good summary in Bojesen's and Anthon's Manuals of Roman 
 Antiquities, and Smith's Abridgment ; and a full and excellent ac- 
 count in Smith's Dictionary of Antiquities. The veto power was its 
 peculiar characteristic, a source of great power, and often of great 
 mischief. A good example of its gross abuses is here exhibited. The 
 power here exercised by a single tribune, of nullifying the acts of all 
 his colleagues, had been established about 394 b. c. — terrebat^ "strove 
 to terrify." — impetu^ " by making a rush at him." — quce . , . amat ; 
 quce is the subject oi fieri, " which anger loves to do." Compare the 
 Greek phrase (piXei yiypca^ai. S» animi, "the spirits." 
 
 CHAP. XXXV. Gulussce . . . nepos ; hence nephew of Micipsa, 
 
 and cousin to Jugurtha, Hiempsal and AdherbaL 2* quoniam . . . 
 
 sit ,,, urgeatj Gr. 266, 3. — i?ividia aim metu, "public odium with his 
 own personal fear ;" so Anthon, Andrews, and Merivale ; but Dietsch 
 and Zumpt much more reasonably explain it, " the hatred and fear 
 (of the Romans) was hard pressing Jugurtha." The fear felt by Ju- 
 gurtha would have been no argument to Massiva that the Roman 
 people would be likely to give him the kingdom ; but the feaVy as 
 well as h:ite, felt by the people, towards a man so able, active, and 
 unscrupulous as Jugurtha, who had already given them so much 
 trouble, and might do so again, and whose tact and impudence had 
 just foiled them in their own midst, was certainly a most powerful 
 argument to convince Massiva that the Roman people would be dis- 
 posed to depose Jugurtha, and give himself the throne. — petaty Gr. 
 
JUaURTHINE WAK. 307 
 
 262, R. 4, & 21 Sf 2. 3* Avidus ... gerendi, i. e., that he might 
 
 have an opportunity of distinguishing himself. — moveri . . . senescere^ 
 
 " to be disturbed ... to be settled." — evenerat, that is, by lot. 
 
 4. agitare, " to prosecute." — alium ... alium = alios ... alios; so in 
 English, "one . . . another " = "some .. . otners." — coriscientia, so. de- 
 licti^ malafama et timor, "the infamy (of such a deed as killing Mas- 
 siva) and fear (of the consequences) : " or it may mean, " their gene- 
 ral bad repute and fear of getting into trouble." — maxime =potissi- 
 mtcm, "if possible;" maxime occulte connects not with parety but 
 interjiciat. — id partem procedat, " that should not succeed," i. e., killing 
 
 secretly. 5. artijices = peritif "skilled in such business, making 
 
 it their trade." — egressus, "movements." — res postidabat, "occasion 
 
 required." G* eo numero qui for e&rum numero qui, Gr. 207, R. 20, 
 
 <fe 206. (11.) — indicium profitetury "voluntarily makes a confession." 
 7. Fit reus, "is put on trial." — magis .. . gentium^ "more equita- 
 bly than legally;" why not legally is explained in the next clause, 
 
 because he had come in Jugurtha's train, nnder a safe conduct. 
 
 8. supra^ "too strong for." 9. prior e actione, "in the first pro- 
 ceedings." " In the first actio or pleading, the charges were re- 
 hearsed, and the witnesses were examined. The defendant was then 
 called upon to give bail for his appearance on a future day, when the 
 accuser should proceed to comment on the charges." Merivale. — 
 quinquaginta vades ; these sureties for Bomilcar's appearance to stand 
 trial were, of course, Roman citizens. The money which they had to 
 pay for his non-appearance, was no doubt furnished by Jugurtha. — 
 regno . . . considens^ " having regard to his royal authority,** which 
 of course would have been greatly impaired among his subjects, if 
 he had allowed one of them to be punished for obeying his ordei*?. 
 
 — de illo su?npiu7ii, " punishment should be inflicted on him." 
 
 10. urhein . . . invenerit^ Gr. 238, 2, last clause. This remark is to be 
 translated as the exclamation of Jugurtha. It was signally verified 
 not many years afterwards. 
 
 CHAP. XXXYI. quod tempus, Gr. 206. (8) ; usually in the mid- 
 dle of the 3^ear, but sometimes in the autumn. 2* instanti^ sc. 
 
 Albino. — sui diffiderent, sc. sids rebus, "his men should be discour- 
 aged." — pacis7nora alludes to deditionem polliceri. 3. existhnarenty 
 
 Gr. 264, 6. — ex tanta properantia, "after so much haste," i. e., in getting 
 
 ready and beginning the war. 4« pro prcetore. The prcetors were 
 
 appointed to the government of provinces, after the expiration of 
 their term of prsetorship, with the title of proprcetory just as the con- 
 
308 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Buls were similarly appointed, with the title of proconsul. But those 
 who commanded an army in the absence of the general were also, as 
 in this instance, called proprcetor ; see Bojesen's Manual of Roman 
 Antiquities, 206, 207. 
 
 CHAP. XXXVII. 2. continuare magistratum, "to prolong their 
 term of service," i. e., to be re-elected. " Though the bill of Carbo, 
 B. c. 131, permitting this, had not been passed, owing to the opposi- 
 tion of Scipio and Lselius, yet it was sometimes done, as is shown by 
 the case of Caius Gracchus, who not only held the office two succes- 
 sive years, but was candidate for a third year, and being forbidden by 
 his colleagues, hindered the elections of all the magistrates, by his 
 Veto ; as Lucullus and Annius are here said to have done." Dietsch. — 
 totius anni ; these words show that a whole year elapsed before these 
 
 disturbances were quieted. 4« opportunitate lociy "advantage of 
 
 position." — i7i extremo, "at the foot," Z. 435. 
 
 CHAP. XXXVIII. oppidi potiundi, Gr. 162, 20. — vitahundus, 
 
 Gr. 3 29, 1; Z. 248. — ahditas, "unknown." 2. ita,..fore; supply 
 
 putantem, or some such word. — delicta, sc. Auli, or sua ; it has refer- 
 ence to pactionis, the corrupt bargain which Aulus hoped to make, 
 
 as Bestia and Scaurus had done. 3* corrumperey being hist, inf, 
 
 for corrumpebat, is followed by the imperfect of the subjunctive. — 
 
 partim for alii. 4. ex sententia, "to4iis mind." 5* trepidare, 
 
 " they run about in terror and confusion." — anceps, "twofold," from 
 
 the darkness and the enemy, whether they fled or not. C. ex 7iu- 
 
 mero qiios ; see note. Chap. 35. — Ligunim; the Ligurians, a warlike 
 race, and inhabiting a rugged country, were subdued, after a warfare 
 of 84 years, in the year b. c. 154 ; they became Socii, and of course, 
 had to furnish quotas of troops for the Roman armies. The Thracians 
 were in the same condition. — cokors, the tenth part of a legion, hence 
 varying, at different times, from 300 to 600 men. — iurmis, " squad- 
 rons of horse," consisting of 30 or 82 men each ; ten turmce constituted 
 the ala which was attached to each legion. Sometimes an ala of the 
 allies contained 400 men. — primi pili. "The Roman legion before 
 the time of Marius was arranged in three lines, called hastatiy prin- 
 cipes, and triarii or pilani. In each of these lines were ten ranks 
 {ordines\ and ten centurions. The centurion of the first rank of 
 hastati was called primus hastatus ; of the first of the principes, pri- 
 7nus princeps ; and of the first of the pilani, who ranked above all the 
 rest, centurio primi pili, or primus pilus. See a remarkable passage in 
 Livy, xlii. 84, about the rise of a common soldier through these stages of 
 
JCGURTHINE WAR. 309 
 
 promotion." Mehivale. — eaque ; supply ^;^«. 8» quominus . , , ute- 
 
 reiur, "from using." Gr. 262. — remorata sunt, Gr. 205, R. 2, (2.) 
 
 9» fame ferro, clau^um ; clausum properly applies, and that by a very 
 harsh use of the word, to ferro only, and is used vf ii\\ fame only by a 
 very bold zeugma, Z. 775. — teytet ; according to the rule for the oratio 
 ohligua (Gr. 266, 2 ; Z. 603), this should be teneat. But Dietsch, 
 who discusses the point fully, says that the one form is as com.mon in 
 Sail ust as the other. Andre v/s says : " In the ora^/o o6/^gwa the indi- 
 cative is used to denote the certainty of the thing in the mind of 
 the author, in distinction from a fact resting upon the assertion or 
 opinion of another." — memorem ... rerumy "mindful of (the uncer- 
 tainty of) human affairs," how soon his prosperity might be changed, 
 and he himself need the mercy he was now willing to show. — sub 
 jugum ; thejugum was made by planting two spears in the ground, 
 and laying p, third across them, forming assort of yoke, through which 
 the conquered army marched in token of subjection, without their 
 weapons. — decederet depends on a verb of commanding, implied in 
 
 verba facit, Gr. 273, 2. lOt mortis ... mutabantur, "they were 
 
 received in exchange for the fear of death." Muto has here just the 
 opposite meaning to the corresponding English word; it means "to 
 receive in exchange;" and our to exchange signifies "to ^iv^ in ex- 
 change." The Latin usage is imitated in a celebrated song by Ben 
 Jonson : 
 
 But might I of Jove's nectar sip, 
 I would not change for thine. 
 
 CHAP. XXXIX. gloria imperii, " which had been so disgraced." 
 — prceclari fuerant, "had gained distinction." — armatus, "though 
 
 armed." 2. timens, i. e., for himself. — interim, while the senate 
 
 was deliberating. — nomine Latino. " The cities which enjoyed the 
 Latin franchise {jus Latii, or Latinitas), a certain portion of the 
 rights of Roman citizenship. This franchise was first imparted to 
 the cities of Latium ; afterwards it was extended to many communi- 
 ties throughout the dominions of the republic. It consisted in the 
 jus connubii et commercii. The jus suffragii was not conceded until 
 the year b. c. 90. In return the Latins were bound to serve as aux- 
 iliaries by the side of the Roman legions." Merivale. The Socii are 
 so often mentioned by Sallust, and their relationship to Rome so 
 necessary to be understood (see, for example. Chap. 69, last sentence), 
 that the following account of their position will be found very useful 
 
310 NOTES ON THE 
 
 to the student; (Cf. also Bojesen's Manual^ 65-69.) ** Among the 
 duties which the Italian socii had to perform towards Rome, the fol- 
 lowing are the principal ones: they had to send subsidies of troops, 
 money, corn, ships, and other things, whenever Rome demanded 
 them. The number of troops requisite for completing or increasing 
 the Roman armies, was decreed every year by the senate, and the 
 consuls fixed the amount which each allied nation had to send, in 
 proportion to its population capable of bearing arms. The infantry 
 of the allies in a consular army was usually equal in numbers to that 
 of the Romans; the cavalry wa,3 generally three times the number 
 of the Romans. The consuls appointed twelve prsefects as command- 
 ers of the socii, and their power answered to that of the twelve mili- 
 tary tribunes in the consular legions. The main body of the socii 
 was divided into right and left wings ; the infantry in cohorts and the 
 cavalry in turmse. Pay and clothing were furnished by the states or 
 towns to which they belonged ; but Rome furnished them provisions. 
 In the distribution of spoil and conquered lands they frequently re- 
 ceived the same as the Romans, and were sometimes sent out as colo- 
 nists with them. They were never allowed to take up arms of their 
 own accord; and disputes among them were settled by the senate. 
 They gradually fell under the arbitrary rule of the senate and magis- 
 trates of Rome; and after B.C. 173, it became customary for magis- 
 trates, when they travelled through Italy, to demand of the authori- 
 ties of the allied towns to pay homage to them, to provide them with 
 a residence, and furnish tfiem with beasts of burden. The only way 
 to obtain protection was to enter into a kind of clientship with some 
 powerful Roman. All foreign socii were obliged to send subsidies of 
 troops, when Rome demanded them ; they, unlike the Italian socii, 
 did not serve in the line, but as light-armed soldiers." Smith's Diet. 
 
 of Antiq. 3. fuerat denotes that it not only was right, but always 
 
 had been, under such circumstances. " It was the custom of the Ro- 
 mans, when they were unwilling to ratify such a treaty, to deliver 
 those who made it to the enemy, that they themselves might not be 
 bound by it. So, after the Caudine defeat, they had delivered Yetu- 
 rius and Portumius bound to the Samnites, and in the Numantine 
 war, Mancinus. According to this usage, then, it might have been 
 enacted that Aulus should be delivered to Jugurtha; of which no 
 mention is made." Dietsch. In disavowing these treaties, for exam- 
 ple that after the Caudine defeat, the Romans often manifested that 
 "Punic faith," with which they were so fond of reproaching the Car- 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 311 
 
 thaginians. When they disavowed a treaty, they surrendered, to be 
 sure, the general that made it, to the enemy, but were very careful 
 not to surrender the armies that had thus been saved from destruc- 
 tion ; this is forcibly put by Pontius the Samnite, and is evidently 
 felt by Livy: see Livy, J3. 9, Chap. 11, especially the last remark. 
 
 4* conveneraty i. e., by Aulus. 5* soluto imperio, "in the 
 
 relaxation of discipline." — ex copia rerum == ** under the circum- 
 stances." 
 
 CHAP. XL. queer eretur, " a prosecution should be instituted." — 
 in legationihus aut imperiis^ " whilst holding embassies or commands." 
 — neglexissent . . . accepissent . . . tradidissent . . . fecissent, Gr. 266, 1. 
 This law was aimed at Aulus, Scaurus, Bestia, and others, their 
 
 accomplices. 2* partim ... metuentes; this clause contains the 
 
 reason oiimpedimenta parahant. — conscii, sc. scelevis. — quoniam refers 
 to occulte. — quin faterentur, "without confessing," Z. 539. — ilia etalia 
 talia, sc. scelera. — per hmnines . . . Italicos. In what way they were 
 gained over by the nobles, or how they impedlmeyita parahanty is 
 not clear. That the Italian allies sometimes crowded into the city, 
 raised disturbances, and interfered with public affairs, even to the 
 extent of attempting to vote as citizens, is certain. — parahanty " en- 
 deavored to prepare." 3. vi, "ardor." — ilia mala, i. e., the penal- 
 ties that would be inflicted on those found guilty : those aimed at 
 
 were all nobles. 4. ceteris^ " the other (guilty ones)." — metu per- 
 
 culsis = too much frightened to exert themselves. — -fugam, "dismay." 
 — trepida^ " excited." It was this excitement and general confusion 
 that enabled Scaurus to secure his end of being elected one of the 
 
 qucesitores. 5t aspere violenterque^ "mercilessly and precipitately." 
 
 — ex rumore ... plehis ; plebis limits both nouns; ex rumore plebis^ 
 i. e., those whom the talk of the plebs charged with crime, without 
 investigation ; ex lihidine plehis, in obedience to the passions of the 
 populace, w^hom the commissioners feared to oppose. Hence men 
 were condemned without a fair trial, and without regard to justice. 
 ex secundis . . . ceperat. "The passage of the Mamilian bill was the 
 first victory gained by the popular party, since it had been pros- 
 trated by the slaughter of C. Gracchus and his friends ; by this it 
 seemed to have regained power. Cicero names C. Galba, a priest, 
 and four consulars, Bestia, C. Cato, Albinus, and 'that most excellent 
 citizen, L. Opimius the slayer of Gracchus,' as having been punished 
 under this law. The impartiality of Sallust is seen in his censuring 
 with equal severity the crimes of the nobles and the insolence of the 
 
312 KOTES ON THE 
 
 plebs, while Cicero, blinded by party feeling, dares to call L. Opimius 
 a most excellent citizen." Djetsch. 
 
 CHAP. XLI. mos . . . factionum, i. e., of the state being divided 
 into the two parties, that of the senate, and that of the people ; factio 
 is applied to the party of the few. — deinde . . . artium, *' and thence 
 
 (the practice) of all bad arts." — quce prima, Gr. 206. (11). 2. metus 
 
 hostilis = metus hof>tium, Gr. 211, 11.4. 3t scilicet^ "naturally'." 
 
 This account of the origin of Roman degeneracy is given elsewhere 
 by Sallust in one of the fragments that have reached us of his other 
 works. " After the Punic war was ended, and there was room for 
 the exercise of enmities, very many disturbances, seditions, and finally 
 civil wars, arose ; whilst a few powerful men, to whose parties most 
 persons attached themselves, under the mask of zeal for the senate 
 or the people, aimed at the possession of power ; and men were called 
 good or bad citizens, without regard to their public conduct, but ac- 
 cording to their wealth and power. From which time national mor- 
 als were corrupted, not by degrees, as formerly, but as with the 
 violence of a torrent ; and the youth were so corrupted by luxury 
 and avarice, that it was truly said they could neither keep their own 
 property, nor allow others to keep theirs." Fragmenta, 183, 18. 
 From a dread of this result, Scipio Nasica always opposed the de- 
 struction of Carthage. 4* asperius acerbiusque^ sc. ipsis rebus ad- 
 
 versis. Dietsch explains it by supplying quam quo gauderent, "too 
 
 rough and bitter to enjoy." 5. in libidinem vertere, "to abuse." — 
 
 sibi . . . rapere, " to cheat, to rob, to plunder, each for himself." 
 
 6* fadione, "party discipline," contrasted with plebis vis soluta. 
 
 7. popidus . . . diripicbant. The people were poor, and being con- 
 stantly engaged in war, were obliged to neglect their farms and were 
 plunged into debt ; the booty obtained by their victories was seized 
 by a few nobles, who also gradually monopolized the land, and got 
 possession of their little farms, taking advantage of their absence, to 
 expel their families by every species of knavery and oppression. " In 
 the course of time, their rich neighbors contrived to transfer their 
 holdings to themselves, in the names of other persons, and at last 
 openly got possession of the greater part of the public lands in their 
 own names, and the poor, being expelled, were not willing to take 
 military service, and were careless about bringing up families ; in 
 consequence of which there was speedily a diminution of freeman all 
 through Italy, and the country was filled with ergastula of barbarian 
 slaves, with whom the rich cultivated the lands, from which they 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 313 
 
 liad expelled the citizens." Plutarch's Life of T. Gracchics, Chap. 8 
 (Long's Translation). Of all the causes that led to the downfall 
 of Rome, probably no one had as much influence as this land- 
 monopoly above described. 9. nihil pensiy Sanctis Gr. 214, "to 
 
 hold nothing dear or sacred." — quoad se prcecipitavit, "until it 
 
 ruined itself." 10. qui . . . anteponerent^ i. e., the Gracchi and Ful- 
 
 vius Flaccus. — permixtio terrce, "an earthquake;" Zumpt says, "a 
 chaos." 
 
 CHAP. XLII. maojres, their father and their maternal grand- 
 father Scipio Africanus the Elder. — vindicare . . . lihertateiny " to claim 
 freedom for the people." — noxia^ atque eo perculsa^ "guilty and there- 
 fore terror-stricken." — spes societatiSy the hope of an equality of privi- 
 leges with the senate : they were thus bribed to desert the popular 
 party, to which they naturally belonged. — modo . . . interdum = modo 
 . . . modo. — Tiberiicm . . . Caium. Plutarch's Lives of these noble broth- 
 ers is well worth reading ; as also those by Dr. Schmidt in Smith's 
 Diet, of Classical Biog.- — eadem ingredientenif "entering upon the 
 same course (of public policy)." " Cicero says that Caius declined all 
 offices, and had determined to live in retirement^ but that his brother 
 appeared to him in a dream, and said, 'Caius, why do you linger? 
 There is no escape ; one life for both of us, and one death in defence 
 of the people is our fate.' " Plutarch's C. Gracchus^ Chap. 1. — tri- 
 mnvirum . . . deducendi.% " one of three commissioners for planting col- 
 onies of Roman citizens on the public domain." — coloniis deducendis, 
 Gr. 2*75, R. 2, (2.); Z. eQo.—Fuhio Flacco, "a noble, but always of 
 the popular party. Such was the cruelty of the nobility, that even 
 his children were slain, his house was razed, and the ground confis- 
 cated." DiETscH. 2, JSt sancy *'It must be allowed indeed." — 
 
 GracchiSy Gr. 211, R. 6, 1. 3* bono ... esty "a good man should 
 
 prefer." This is a censure on the nobles for their violence towards 
 
 the Gracchi. i« ex libidiiie suay i. e., without regard to justice 
 
 or mercy.— /<?rro . . . exstinxity " put to death or banished." " The 
 zeugma of exstinxit with faga, would be very harsh, but for the fact 
 that the Romans considered exile equal to death : hence C. Cotta 
 called himself bis genitumy when restored to his country after exile." 
 DiETSCH. — plusque ... addidity "made themselves more feared, but 
 not really more powerful." Others understand timoris of fear felt 
 by the nobility (lest their cruelty should one day be avenged) ; the 
 former is better. — duiriy "when." — ulcisciy "avenge themselves on ; " 
 an example of the middle voice in Latin.— oc^riiw^, Gr. 256, K. 9*««^*-*- 
 14 
 
314 NOTES ON THE 
 
 5. stvdiis partiumy " party conflicts." — parem discerere, Gr. 261, R. 3. — 
 res, "matter, materials," 
 
 CHAP. XLIII. partiverant. The deponent form is more com- 
 mon. — adverso is used as a noun, and hence is followed by the gen. 
 fama . .. inviolata, Gr. 211, R. 6. Sallust's whole account of Metel- 
 lus, a zealous member of the aristocratic party, is marked by great 
 
 candor and fairness. 2* alia ... ratus, i. e., taking his share of the 
 
 ordinary duties, he yet did not give them his chief attention, but, <fec. 
 
 3* prcesidia = auxilia. — bello ... cgenti, "a war which would 
 
 require a variety of action" (such as sieges, battles, foraging, <fec.); 
 "and for which," therefore, "resources of many kinds would be 
 necessary." Merivale. 
 
 CHAP. XLIV. prcedator ex sociis == prcsdator sociorum, but more 
 distinct. — imperio et modestia ; imperio refers to the officers, modesiia 
 
 to the soldiers ; " authority . . . obedience." 3* cestivorum, sc. cas- 
 
 ironunj " the summer campaigns." — comitiorwn ^nora, see Chap. 3Y. — 
 eventuSy i. e., some decisive stroke. — laborare, "to endure toil and 
 hardship, digging, bearing burdens, marching, fortifying camps," <fec. 
 
 4t stativis, sc. castris, "permanent camps," as in winter, opposed 
 
 to cBstivis, temporary ones, as in summer. 5f certantes agere, 
 
 " rival each other in driving." — vino, Z. 456. — frumentum . . . datum, 
 " the ration of grain ; " rather more than a bushel each month, to be 
 cooked by themselves. — prohra, " disgraceful acts." This strong lan- 
 guage serves to exalt the merit of Metellus, by showing the difficul- 
 ties he had to encounter. 
 
 CHAP. XLY. tanta . . . moderaiam ; tanta refers to the epithets 
 magnum et sapientem, "so great" (that he may be justly called great 
 and wise) : translate, " with so greiit discretion did he guide himself 
 between," <fec. — amhitionem, "popularity-seeking;" properly it 
 means "going round, i. e., canvassing for votes:" here "indulgence 
 of the soldiers for the sake of popularity." — sa^vitiam, "too great se- 
 verity." 2. sitstulisse depends on comperior above. — ne quisqnam, 
 
 <fec., depends on edicens, implied in edicto, Gr. 2Y3, 2, Sd paragraph. — 
 venderet, Gr. 273, 2. — ceteris, i. e., things that needed not to be wholly 
 abolished, as those just named, but to be strictly regulated. — arte ; 
 some take this as the abl. of ars, " by tact and management, not 
 (edicto) by positive orders ; " it is better to take it as an adverb =» 
 arete : some things he abolished, others he set bounds to, strictly. — 
 statuisse depends on coniperior.—juxta ac si, "just as if." — adessent, 
 Gr> 268, 2. — circumire, "goes the rounds (of the sentinels)."— /rej««»- 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 315 
 
 tes, "in close array." — miles ... portaret. "How great the labor of 
 warfare ; how great of marching ! to carry food for more than half 
 a month ; to carry whatever else is needed ; to carry the rampart 
 (i. e., the stakes to form it). I do not mention shield, sword, helmet ; 
 for soldiers no more reckon these among their burden than they do 
 their shoulders, arms, and hands." Cicero, Tusc. Disp, ii. 16. Some- 
 times the soldiers carried a month's provision (Livy, xliv. 2); it con- 
 sisted of wheat or barley unground. The ordinary burden is usually 
 estimated at 60 pounds, exclusive of armor ! 3* confirmavit, "ren- 
 dered efficient." Compare the conduct of Julius Agricola in Britain, 
 under similar circumstances. Tacitus, Vita Agricolce. 
 
 CHAP. XLVI. Roma, Gr. 255, "from Rome." All the manu- 
 scripts have Romce, but I have followed Dietsch and Andrews in giv- 
 ing Roma, on the authority of Xonius, who so quotes it, and because 
 required by the sense. Merivale explains certior Romoe f actus, "hav- 
 ing ascertained during his residence at Rome." — diffidere suis rebus, 
 "is discouraged." 2, suppliciis, "earnest entreaties;" some ex- 
 plain it, " ensigns of supplication." — qui , . . petereiit, Gr. 264, 5. — 
 
 ipsi for sibi, Gr. 208. (4.) 3, experimentis, sc. aliorum, "by the 
 
 experience of others " (his predecessors). 4« alium ab alio diversos, 
 
 "separately." — maxime, " if possible." — tentando depends on cognovit^ 
 not on persuadet. — ex voluntate, sc. Jugurthce, "according to the wish 
 
 (of Jugurtha)." — forent, Gr. 266, 1. — nuntiari, sc. ab legatis. 
 
 5* iniento atque infesto, " ready for fight, and in hostile array," as 
 when passing through a hostile country. — contra ... faciem, "with 
 an appearance the reverse of warlike." — commeatum portare, i. e., for 
 
 the Romans. 6. ostentui, " a blind." — tentari, sc. ab Jugurtha. 
 
 1. curubat, "commanded." — C. Marius. The student should 
 
 read carefully Plutarch's Lives of Marius and Sulla, a work in the 
 reach of almost every one. A much improved version of these and 
 most of the other Roman lives, by that eminent scholar. Prof Long, 
 has been published in a very cheap form in London (5 vols., 18mo.), 
 under the title. Civil "Wars in Rome ; from this our quotations are 
 made. "Marius was of an obscure family at Aspinum; he grew up 
 with the distinguishing virtues and vices of the old Sabine character. 
 He was characterized at first by great integrity and industry ; he had 
 a perfect command over his passions and desires, and was moderate 
 in all his expenses ; he possessed the stern and severe virtues of an 
 ancient Roman, and had he lived in earlier times, would have re- 
 fused, like Fabricius, the gold of Pyrrhus, or have sacrificed his life, 
 
316 NOTES ON THE 
 
 like Deciiis, to save his country. But cast as he was in an age of 
 growing licentiousness and corruption, the old Roman virtues degen- 
 erated into vices; love of country became love of self; patriotism, 
 ambition ; sternness of character produced cruelty ; and personal in- 
 tegrity, unmitigated contempt for the corruption of his contempora- 
 ries. The character of Marius needed, above that of most men, the 
 humanizing influences of literature and art; and there is much truth 
 in the remark of Plutarch (Chap. 2), that 'if Marius could have been 
 persuaded to sacrifice to the Grecian muses and graces, he would 
 never have terminated a most illustrious career in an old age of cru- 
 elty and ferocity.'" Smith's jDic^. of Class. Biog. — propulsarent, sc. 
 
 equitatum hostium. 8f militicCy "the art of war." — in incerto'^^ 
 
 incertum. — pacem gerens^ a zeugma. 
 
 CHAP. XLVII. forum rerumvenalium, "a mart of commerce." — 
 celehratum^ "frequented," the primary meaning of this word; "cele- 
 brated" is a secondary one. 2. teiitandi. "Metellus places a gar- 
 rison in Vaga on two accounts; first, in order to try and seduce the 
 inhabitants from their fidelity to Jugartha ; secondly, because of the 
 eligibility of the position for a Roman station, if they should consent 
 to be seduced." Merivale. — ratus^ id quod, Gr. 207, R. 22; 206, (13.) 
 —frequentiam ... fore; a very vexed passage, both as to the true 
 text, and the meaning. Translated, " he believed that the gieat 
 number of merchants (in the town) would aid the army (by the sup- 
 plies they would furnish), and serve to protect what were already 
 
 provided." 3. impensius modo, " now more eagerly = more eagerly 
 
 than ever:" ov modo may be taken as an ablative, and impensius 
 97iodo = supra modum, "beyond measure." — dedere, "he surrenders, 
 i. e., offers to surrender." 4« dlmittehat ; the imp. denotes fre- 
 quency, Gr. 145, II. 1. — proinissa legatorum exspectare, "awaits (the 
 fulfilment of) the promises of the ambassadors;" those whom he had 
 bribed to betray Jugurtha. 
 
 CHAP. XL VIII. tentari, "was tried," i. e., " attacked."— r^, "in 
 
 fact." — urbs, i. e., Vaga. 2. iramites, "by-paths, short cuts." — 
 
 antevenit, Z. 386, note. 3t possederat ; see Chap. 16. — tractu pari, 
 
 " of similar course," i. e., parallel to the river. — vastus . . . cultu, " des- 
 olate naturally, and destitute of human culture." — quasi collis, "a 
 sort of hill." — immensurn, " to an immense distance." — humi . . . are- 
 noso «=— humo . . . arenoso, Gr. 205, R. 9 ; so in Tacitus, humido palu- 
 dum, andsecreto loci. 4t pecore atque cultoribus, Gr. 249, I. 
 
 CHAP. XLIX. transverso itinere, "at right angles (with the 
 
JUaUETHINE WAK. 317 
 
 monntaiji)." — extenuata acie^ " drawn out into a thin line," with the 
 front much extended, but not deep ; the opposite of a column. — 
 agerety Gr. 265. — propior montem, Gr. 222, R. 5, and 235, R. 5. — suos^ 
 
 i, e., the division under his own immediate command. 2. turmas 
 
 atque inanipulos, squadrons of horse and lines of infantry ; see Chap. 
 12, note on lictor. — nionet atque ohtestatur ; monere may be followed 
 by either a subjunctive, or an ace. with inf. ; ohtestari only by the 
 former: hence in the following sentence the infinitive clauses depend 
 on monet, and only the others on ohtestatur, as also appears from the 
 sense : ohtestatur . . . uti . . . defendant . . . proinde . . . essent ; monet . . . 
 fore . . . provisa . . . initium fore. — miserint . , . decuerint, Gr. 266, 2 ; 
 see Chap. 38 ; decuerint, sc. provideri ; for decuerit. — locum super iore7n 
 is the subject ace. of provisian esse, understood. — uti . . . consererent 
 depends on provisum est undei-stood — prudentes . . . imperiti are both 
 
 limited by helli understood. 4« pecunia aut honore extulerat ; ex- 
 
 tnlerat is joined with pecunia by zeugma = pecunia locupletaverat, <fec. 
 — euin . . . ostentare, as an example of what they might attain by good 
 
 conduct. — conspicatur, sc. hostis. 5« incerti . . . esset ; esset agrees 
 
 with quidnam, Gr. 209, R. 9, "they were not clearly distinguished, 
 
 what it was they were." — ohscurati, Gr. 205, R. 2. (3.) 6. commu- 
 
 talis ordinihics, " facing right about" Jugurtha occupied the hill on 
 the right of the Roman army as it descended the mountain. The 
 right wing, which, as Metellus was descending the mountain towards 
 the river, was next the hill occupied by Jugurtha, now became the 
 rear. — triplicihus subsidiis : "In three lines supporting each other," 
 the usual Roman order of battle. — pro tempore, "suitable to the occa- 
 sion." — transversis principiis, " with the front at right angles to its 
 previgus position." The army having wheeled right about, continues 
 to descend, in three columns, instead of three lines, as before. What 
 had been the left wing in descending, had, by this wheeling to the 
 right, become the front. 
 
 CHAP. L. ne .. . exercitus, L e., during the battle and afterwards. 
 '—€xpeditis==impedimentis relictis. — crehro ... prceliis, "by frequent 
 attacks, and skirmishes on the flank." — d'ffiderent, Gr. 266, 3. — las- 
 
 situdineni ... militum = lassatos et sitientes milites. 2$ pro re 
 
 et loco, "suitably to the circumstances and the place." — principia, 
 "the fii-st rank," "which, in the movement which Metellus was exe- 
 cuting, became the right wing of the army, and was immediately 
 opposed to the flank attacks of the Xumidians. On the other hand, 
 the left wing had become the first rank of the advancing columns. 
 
318 NOTES ON THE 
 
 who are here called principes." Merivale. 3« primos, those to 
 
 whom the Romans first came. — quasi =^cii'citer. — Duuniy Gr. 118, 1. 
 
 4. animis, Gr. 211, R. 6. — incerto proelioy "a desultory mode of 
 
 fighting." — ipsi modo = ipsi soli, — numero priores, i. e., the Nnmidians. 
 
 5. uhicunque . . . diversi ; the object was to scatter the Romans as 
 
 much as possible in pursuit of them, and then, return to attack 
 
 them thus scattered (disjectos) either on the flank op rear. 6* ea, 
 
 sc. via^ " in that direction." — consueti, " accustomed (to the hills and 
 bushes)." — evadere, " to ascend." 
 
 CHAP. LI. varia; the Numidians here flying, there pursuing. 
 — incerta, that is, as to the result. — dispersi, sc. Romani. — ohservare^ 
 
 *' regard" 2* Itaque=^que ita, "and so." 3. quum ... erat. 
 
 "The imp. and pKip. indicative after quum are rare in Sallust." An- 
 drews' lociSy Gr. 254, R. 3, 2d clause. — eorum, sc. Romanorum. 
 
 4* ne deficerenty Gr. 273, 2. — illisi, sc. Romanis. 5* dubiis, "wherever 
 
 they wavered." — retinere, "detains." 
 
 CHAP. LH. opibus, Gr. 211. R. 6. 3. die, Gr. 90, Exc— aJ- 
 
 verso colle . . . evadunt, " charge up the opposite hill," Gr. 254, R. 3. 
 
 2d clause. 4* hostibus =Romanis. — tutata sunt, neuter, though 
 
 both subjects are feminine, Gr. 205, R. 2,(2.) note; Z. 377. 
 
 5* prcefectum ; supply esse. — quietus = quiete. — uti . . . postulabat re- 
 fers to quietus. — iibique, " every where," Z. 110; or "and where," 
 
 {queubi). 6. aniino, Gr. 250. — vacuum, "free (of care)." — Jugtirthce 
 
 pra^lio, = " the battle which Jugurtha was fighting." — quo . . . objice- 
 ret depends on porrigit. 
 
 CHAP. LIII. pvlveris vim, "a power of dust." It is amusing to 
 find in this Latin expression the exact equivalent of a familiar Amer- 
 icanism. — nam refers to ex improviso, and introduces an explanation 
 of it: "they saw it suddenly, for," <fcc. — prospectum, "a distant 
 view." — cequabilem, sc. pulverem, " steady," not irregular and tempo- 
 rary, as a dust-cloud would have been. — sicuti . . . movebatur, " as the 
 army moved ; " another example of the middle voice in Latin ; see 
 
 Z. 146. 3. auxilium, sc. esse sibi, "that they had assistance." — 
 
 fugam'facer€=fugere ; it is generally =/M^ar5. 5* opinimie, 
 
 "their expectation." 6t nihil . . . remissi, Gr. 212, R. 3, with note 3. 
 
 T. admissum, sc. erat, Gr. 259, R. 4. Translate, "was almost 
 
 committed, (and would have been) unless," <fec. 
 
 CHAP. LIV. quatriduo ; the abl. for duration of time is rare, 
 Gr. 236 ; Z. 396. — cum cura, Gr. 247, R. 3. — meritos, sc. dona. — moi-e, 
 Gr. 249, 11. — levia sunt. Andrews says sunt is used, because the 
 
JUGURTHIISrE WAR. 319 
 
 writer adopts the idea of the speaker as his own, Gr. 266, 3, 2d clause, 
 Dietsch says it is merely a neglect of the general rule, of which he 
 adduces many examples from other authors ; with this view Zumpt (in 
 his note on the passage) seems to agree. It seems to be the correct 
 one, as the rest of the history shows that the cetera were not levia. 
 — gerant, Gr. 262, E. 4. — pngiiatwn esf^ sc. ab illis. — pi'o prceda=^ 
 
 caitsa prcedce faciendce. 2. Tamen^ "nevertheless," although Metel- 
 
 lus had spoken of the war as virtually finished. — uhinam gentium^ 
 sc. essetj " where in the world Jugurtha was." — uti . . . gereret ; uti == 
 
 quomodo.- 3* hebetem infirmum^ " dull (i. e., raw), and weak." — 
 
 cultorein =peritum. • 4t Id refers to cogebat exercitum^ and assigns 
 
 the reason ; ea gratia, " for the following reason." — ex fitga, in his 
 flight; so ex itinere frequently = on his journey: or it may mean, 
 
 "after the rout." — -flagitium militice, "a military offence." 5i ex 
 
 illius libidlne, i. e., Jugurtha's. He fought only when he chose, and 
 could never be forced to an engagement. — posset^ Gr. 266, 3. — ini- 
 quum sibiy " unfavorable to himself = not on equal terms," — acie^ 
 
 •* regular warfare." 6« Ba fonnidine ; ea = ejus rei. 8. quippe 
 
 cui spes ; cui relates to is understood, the subject of cogebatur. — sua 
 
 loco, " places of his own choosing." 9. nocturnis . . . ignoratus, 
 
 "eluding observation by marches," &c. 
 
 CHAP. LV. rebus, "the deeds;" the following clauses are in 
 apposition with rebus. — ut . . . gereret, " how he bore himself." — niag^ 
 nificum, " exulting." 2. supplicia = supplicationes, " a thanksgiv- 
 ing ; " called lectisternium. The ceremony was continued several days, 
 sometimes as many as fifty, according to the importance of the occa- 
 sion. The images of the gods were laid on couches, and a banquet 
 served up to them suitable to their dignity ; an inexpressibly ludi- 
 crous ceremony, recalling the apocryphal story of Bel and his priests. 
 What was left by the gods, of course fell to the share of the priests. 
 This public thanksinving, as well as the words immediately follow- 
 ing {trepida . . . evcntu), shows the importance, disproportionate it 
 would appear to us, which was attached to this war. — agere Iceta ; 
 80 Livy's agere joca atque seria. — Iceta, ace. plural neuter. Kritz makes 
 it agree with clvitas, like trepida and sollicita, which gives a good 
 
 sense. 3« opportuuus, "exposed." 4. quo ... eo, Gr. 256, R. 16. 
 
 0* prcedx=prcedatio7ie. 6. locis, Gr. 254, R. 3, last clause. 
 
 8. otiu7n pati, i. e., on the part of the Romans. 
 
 CHAR LVI. arce?n . . . Zamam, " the citadel of the realm (in that 
 part)." It is not the Zama at which Scipio conquered Hannibal ; that 
 
320 KOTES ON THE 
 
 was farther west. — id quod, Gr. 206, (13), 2d clause. 2. mcenia 
 
 defendant, Gr. 262, R. 4:.—fallere^ i. e., "desert;" they could not join 
 the Romans, by whom they would have been put to death as desert- 
 ers. — in temporej "in time," i. e., "the proper time," Z. 4*75, note. 
 
 3* ex itinere, see Chap. 54, note on ex fuga, — malam pugnam, 
 
 at the river Muthul, Chap. 49. i» fortunam ... dare, "that for- 
 tune was giving them the chance of (performing) a noble deed." — 
 regno, " kingly authority." 
 
 CHAP. LVII. ad Zamam, Gr. 237, R. 2. 2. cuncta moBnia; 
 
 cuncta is pleonastic, being implied in circumvenit. 4* manibus, 
 
 "hand to hand." 5* tcedam, like glande above, sing, for plur. — 
 
 mixtam= "smeared with." 6* pericuJo .. . fama, Gr. 245, III. 
 
 CHAP. LYHI. remissis, sc. militibus. — poriam irrmnpit, a poetic 
 
 usage employed by Sallust and Tacitus for iii portam ir. 2. pro 
 
 morihus, "according to his character." — vulnerati ... occisiy Gr. 205, 
 
 R. 8. 3* quadraginta memores, Gr. 256, R. 6. — pauci . . . frustrati, 
 
 "being few (and therefore sparsely arrayed), among (the enemy) 
 being more numerous (and therefore more thickly arrayed) they 
 missed their aim the seldomer." 4* rem gereret, i. e., " the siege." 
 
 CHAP. LIX. proxima, "next (the gates)." Z% facerent, "had 
 
 made and continued to make." — quibus illi freti ; quibus refers to 
 pedites, illi to equitibus. — adversis . . . concurrere, " charge straight for- 
 ward." — peditibus is a dat. depending on dare. — Iiostes dare vicios, 
 "hand over the enemy (i. e., the Romans), almost conquered." 
 Merivale and Andrews explain dare victos = vincere ; then peditibus 
 is abl. of means, Gr. 247, R. 4. 
 
 CHAP. LX. niti, i. e., Romani militcs. — oppugnare, aut parare ; 
 scholars differ greatly as to these words ; some refer the former to the 
 besiegers and the latter to the besieged ; some, as Merivale and Kritz, 
 refer both to the besieged ; others, among them Dietsch, refer both 
 to each, as the following verbs sauciare and tegere are undoubtedly 
 
 applied to each. 3f hostes. sc. Romani. — proelium equestre, i. e., 
 
 the attack of Jugurtha on the Roman camp, narrated above. 
 
 4. uti . . . erant = according to the success of Jugurtha. — animadver- 
 teres, Gr. 260, H. ; Z. 528, note 2. — sicuti = velut, "just as if " — 7iiti 
 corporibus, "make motions with their bodies "from sympathv, as 
 they saw their friends doing ; it is explained by what follows. — ea 
 refers to corporibus. — vitabundl, Gr. 233, note ; Z. 248, note. 
 
 5. Quod ... cognitum est, i. e., how intent the townsmen were in 
 watching Jugurtha's battle at the camp. 6* studio . . . adstrictis. 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 321 
 
 *' engrossed with anxiety for their friends," Gr. 211, R. 12. 7, tmce 
 
 atque alter ce scalce^ Gr. 118, 2, 2d clause ; Z. 115, note. 
 
 CHAP. LXI. suo loco, " a place of his own (choosing)." — ab Zama, 
 the preposition is used because he withdrew, not out of, but from the 
 
 neighborhood of the town. — ad se, Gr. 208, (6) ; Z. 550. 2. cete- 
 
 rum exercitum, "the rest of the army." — in provinciam, "into (that 
 part of) the (Roman) province: " the ace. is required bj the idea of 
 
 motion implied in collocat = ducit et collocat. 4t maximam amici- 
 
 tiam, i, e., with Jugurtha. 5« cuyn . . . metuenti ; ingenio is abl., 
 
 Gr. 211, R. 6. Translate, "who was both naturally of a treacherous 
 disposition, and in particular was afraid." — per conditiones, sc. feeder is, 
 
 CHAP. LXII. opportunum, sc. tempus. — mo7iet atque ohtestatur ; 
 see note on these words. Chap. 49 ; the infinitive clauses following 
 therefore depend on monet ; the sense requires that the others de- 
 pend on ohtestatur, except the last, which may depend on either and 
 make a good sense. — optime merenti, " best deserving = having served 
 him most faithfully." — sese vicfos, the party of Jugurtha, including the 
 speaker; in the oratio recta it would be nos. — caveat in the oratio 
 ohliqua for the imperative cave, Gr. 266, R. 1. — illo, sc. Jugurtha. — 
 sihi consulant, "take care of themselves," an expression implying that 
 
 affairs are desperate. 3* qui . . . dicerent, Gr. 264, 5. — irnperata 
 
 facturum, sc. Romanorum, the regular formula of surrender = " would 
 be an obedient subject." — in illius jidem, " the language of one who 
 voluntarily submits, and therefore hopes to be safe." Dietsch. — tra- 
 
 dere, "hereby surrenders." 4* arcessiri, Gr. 172. 5* wiore 
 
 majorum refers to Metellus making his decision ex consilii decreto. 
 This military council of the general consisted of the legates, military 
 tribunes, quaestor, the centurions primi pili, and the praefects of the 
 allies. 8. armis . . . pecunia, Gr. 251. — ad imperandurn, " for com- 
 manding," i. e., for Metellus to give him his orders : the gerund is not 
 
 passive here, and probably never is. — digna, "his deserts." 0. mul- 
 
 Us magisque prcesidiis, i. e., the money, elephants, deserters, <fee., just 
 
 surrendered. 10. Numidiam Metello deer ever at. This was at the 
 
 beginning of the year 108 b. c. Metellus' consulship had expired, but 
 he was to govern the province and conduct the war 2A proconsul ; see 
 Bojesen's Roman Antiq., sec. 206, 207. 
 
 CHAP. LXIII. Per ... supplicanti, "seeking to learn the mind 
 of the Gods towards him by sacrificing victims, and inspecting their 
 entrails." Corteus. — agitahat would regularly be agitaret, Gr. 266; 
 
 but see 266, R. 5, last part. 2, alia omnia ahunde erant. Marius 
 
 14* 
 
322 NOTES ON THE 
 
 was of an equestrian family of the country town of Arpinum, of the 
 same rank and town as the illustrious Cicero. A Roman eques an- 
 swers pretty nearly to an (English) country gentleman ; see Bojesen, 
 Sec. 63-57, for a good condensed account of this important order, and 
 of the constitution of the nobility as then existing. — belli . . . domi^ 
 Gr. 221, R. 3. 3. altus for alitus, from alo. i, a populo ; un- 
 til 362 B. c. the military tribunes were appointed by the commander, 
 afterwards, by the people, at least in part ; see Livy, vii. b.— facile 
 notus, since it was only necessary to make known his name ; his fame 
 was already familiar. — per omnes . . . dcclaraiur, sc. tribunus, "he has 
 
 a majority in every tribe." 6. ad id locorum, "up to that time" 
 
 (Gr. 217, R. 3 ; Z. 434), in opposition to postea ; locoi-um in this phrase 
 means literally, "circumstances." — prceceps datus est, "he was carried 
 headlong." — Etiam turn . . . tradcbat, " even then, though the plebs 
 controlled the other magistracies, the nobility kept the consulship in 
 their own hands, and passed it from one to another ; " gerebat is im- 
 plied in tradebatf which is used with magistratua by zeugma. 
 
 T. novus, one whose family did not belong to the official nobility, by 
 having held any of the great offices, which gave admission ex officio 
 to the aemxte.—factis, Gr. 211, R. 6. — quasi poUutus ; the same feel- 
 ing was exhibited in later times towards Cicero, and is manifested in 
 aristocratic countries at the present day by those 
 
 ■ whose ancient but ignoble blood 
 
 Has crept through scoundrels ever since the flood ; 
 
 in England, for example, towards such a man as Sir Robert Peel, 
 " the son of a cotton-spinner." The ludicrous absurdity of it is keenly 
 exposed in the speech of Marius, Chap. So. 
 
 CHAR LXIV. eodem ititendere, " pointed the same way." — horta- 
 batiir, sc. ewn ire. — petendi, sc. co7isidatwn, " of canvassing for the con- 
 sulship," which required the pei'sonal presence and active exertions of 
 the candidate, more especially in the case of a 7iovus hoyno. — mis$io7ie?n, 
 " dismissal " from his office of legate ; not " leave of absence," which 
 would have been "commeatum." He was confident of success. — 
 bonis, Gr. 225, III. — contemptor is used as an adj., Gr. 205, R. 11, 
 
 "a disdainful spirit." 2. insolita re, "the novelty of the thing." 
 
 — prava, "monstrous." — fortunam, "condition, rank in life." — omni- 
 bus, Gr. 225, III. — res suas, " his present circumstances." — caveret^ Gv. 
 266, 2, R. 1, last clause; caveret petere, for caveret ne peter et, the usual 
 construction, Z. 534, — negaretur, Gr. 266, 2.— jure negarctur=contra 
 
 f 
 
JUGURTHIKE WAR. 323 
 
 jus esset ; not " what might be," but " what must be denied him ac- 
 cording to law." The aristocracy dignified by the name of law what 
 was simply their own usurpation, as in the case also of the monopoly 
 of the public lands (see Smith's Diet of Antiq., art. Novi Homines), 
 
 3« dixit . . . flectitur ; the present here being used for the inde£ 
 
 perfect, is joined with it.— potidsset, Gr. 266, R. 4:,—uhi . , . publica, 
 
 •'as soon as public business would permit." i» postulanti, sc. 
 
 Mario.— ne festinaret . . . peteret, Gr. 266, 2, R. l.—suo refers to Me- 
 tellus, Gr. 208, (1). — contuhernio is governed by in understood ; see 
 Zurapt, 481 & 482, on the omission of prepositions. The young men 
 who made their first campaign in the immediate service of the com- 
 mander were called his contuhernales ("occupying the same tent"), 
 as if they dwelt in the same taberna with him. — natus , , . xx. A man 
 could not be a candidate for the consulship until he was 43 years old ; 
 hence it would be 23 years before Metellus' son would be old enough. 
 Marius was born b. c. 157, and was now 48 years of age. — accenderet 
 
 for the perf. is used with reference to grassari = grassabatur. 
 
 5. cupidine atque ira^ ablatives of cause. — grassari^ "goes forward 
 violently."— -/ac^o . . . dido, Gr. 'Ibl.—foret after modo, Gr. 263, 2. — 
 ambitiositniy "popular," from the original meaning of aw6e7eo, "going 
 lound to solicit votes." — criminose et magnificej i. e., criininose contra 
 Metdlum, et magnifice de se. — peniiitteretur depends on si omitted ; as 
 we say in English, "were I permitted." — habiturum, sc. se esse. — trahi, 
 BC. bellum. — homo . . . superbics, " being a vain man, and of royal 
 haughtiness." — imperio^ Gr. 245, II. — gauderet, Gr. 266, 8. 
 
 CHAP. LXV. secundum heredem, i. e., heir in case the first 
 legatee died or refused the inheritance ; see Smith's Diet of Antiq. 
 
 art. Jleres (Roman). — mente, Gr. 211, R. 6. 2. juxta^ sc. Metellum, 
 
 — turmam^ ace. after petentL— eorum, Gr. 211, R. 8, (3). — foret^ Gr. 
 266, 3. — appellavissety Gr. 266, 1. — in eos is retained by Zumpt, Meri- 
 vale, and others, referring to equites Romani ; it is better to omit it, 
 
 in which case the sentence has a general meaning. 3. anxium^ 
 
 "vexed." — secunda, "following his own views = flattering." 
 
 4. equites ... negotiatores, "knights, both those who were soldiers 
 
 and those who were traders," Gr. 204, R. 10. 5. ilU, i. e., Mario. 
 
 — Mamiliarn ; see Chap. 40. — extollebat, " was raising to ofiice." — pro- 
 cedere, " were favorable." 
 
 CHAP. LXYI. cum magna cura, Gr. 247, E. Z.—affectare, " tries 
 to gain over." — eos ipsos, sc. Rmnanos. — voluntate, "of their own 
 ^vill." 2, Vacceiises ... civitatis =^ principes civitatis Vaccensium 
 
324 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Vaccenses is nom. absolute, by anacoluthon. — quo . . . initio: quo ==* qui* 
 hu8y Gr. 224; 323, 3, (5), — co7istituunt, "make an appointment." — lasci- 
 vianif " recreation." This word is far from meaning as mucb as the 
 
 English " lasciviousnes?," derived from it. 3* domos^ Gr. 23Y, R. 4, 
 
 2d clause. 4. tumultus ipse^ i. e., ** disturbance for its own sake." 
 
 acta . . . ignorantibuSj " though ignorant of what had been done ; and 
 of the plan." 
 
 CHAP. LXVII. improviso metu^ "the suddenness of the fear." 
 
 — prcesidium, sc. erat. — pro tectis, " from the edge of the roof." 
 
 S« anceps malum, i. e., from these women and children on the roofs, 
 and from the Numidian soldiery. — resisti posse is used impersonally 
 
 '^^ nequ£ fortes resistere poterant, Gr. 209, R. 3, (6.) 3t scevissimis 
 
 NumidiSj Gr. 257, R. 7. — profugit, not merely " survived," but " got 
 away from the city." — misera^ordiane . . . an pactione, Gr. 265, K 2. — 
 nis% "except that" = "I only know that" — intestabilis, "one who 
 cannot by law make or witness a will = accursed." 
 
 CHAP. LXVin. e conspectu ahit, i. e., into the privacy of his 
 tent. — uhi . . . perinixta sunt, " when wrath became mingled with his 
 
 distress." 2* Legionem . . . hiemabat ; the legions were distributed 
 
 among different winter-quarters, and but one was with Metellus. 
 
 3« abnuentes omnia = "refusing to obey orders" from exhaustion. — 
 mille passuum ; " mille is ace, Gr. 236 «fe 256, R. 6." Andrews. SoAe 
 
 supply intervallo, making mille an adj. — ostentat = " promises." 
 
 4f in primo, sc. loco, "in front." — late, "spread out." 
 
 CHAP. LXIX. 2« amplius posse, sc. facere »— " are more power- 
 ful" 3« ex perfidia, "after their perfidy." — pounce fuit; urbs pceius 
 
 fuit could not be said alone, but is allowable, by a sort of attraction, 
 
 in connection with the common expression prcedce fuit. 4« parum 
 
 expurgat, "fails to clear himself." — capite ... solvit, literally, "pays 
 the penalty with his head = is executed." — civis . . . erat ; had he been 
 a Roman citizen, the scourging would have been unlawful, by tha 
 Lex Porcia; the Roman franchise, with all its privileges, was subse- 
 quently given to the Latin towns, b. c. 91. 
 
 CHAP. LXX. suspectus regi, Gr. 222. — suspiciens, by a sort of 
 attraction from suspectus, is used with the same meaning, instead of 
 
 SHspectans, the proper word. 2. opibus, Gr. 211, R. 6. — fnajoribus 
 
 adstricto, " occupied with (lit, fastened to) more important matters.** 
 — siiperaverant, "had remained over = had been left undone (by Ju- 
 
 gurtha)." 3. utriusque, i. e., Bomilcar and Xabdalsa. — posceret, Gr. 
 
 266, 2. 4* inultis hostibus, Gr. 257, R. 7. 5« tiynore socii, "his 
 
JUGUBTHINE WAE. 325 
 
 associate's fear ; " socii is the subjective genitive. — juravisset, Gr. 
 266, 2. — ne . . . converteret, i. e., lest he should be punished instead of 
 rewarded by Metellus. — adesse depends on dicere understood. — sua, 
 "their;" so Dietsch and Zumpt; Andrews and others refer it to 
 Nabdalsa only. — reputaret, Gr. 266, 2, R. 1. 
 
 LXXI. allatcBj sc. essenty an unusual ellipsis after a conjunction 
 that governs the subjunctive. — exercito corpore = exercitatione corpo- 
 ris ; like ab urhe condlta. 2« cegrumy " ill at ease." — cepit, sc. eiim. 
 
 5« paravisset, Gr. 266, 2. — super . . . scelere = de scelere, ** very rare 
 
 use of super in writers of the golden age ; found twice only in Cicero, 
 once in Sallust, once in Nepos." Dietsch, 
 
 CHAP. LXXII. aliter atque (" otherwise than") refers to placide 
 
 respondit 2« id locorum, Gr. 212, R. 3. Here follows a most vivid 
 
 and powerful description of a man tormented by suspicion and con- 
 scious guilt, and who feels that he can trust no one: it compares 
 favorably with the many similar ones in Tacitus. — contra decus re- 
 giurrif " unworthy of the dignity of a king." — iumultam facere^ as if 
 fighting with enemies. 
 
 CHAP. LXXIII. indicio patefacto ; patefacto = facto^ by a sort 
 of pleonasm. 2, et invitum et offensum sibij "both because (he re- 
 mained) against his will and because he was disagreeable to him ; " 
 the legate necessarily was intimately associated with the commander, 
 and needed to be one who possessed his confidence and good-will. — 
 
 parum idoneitm, for the reason contained in the preceding words. 
 
 3* litteris ; see Chap. 65. — volenti . . . acceperant^ " had received with 
 willing belief (what was written) concerning each," i. e., the praise 
 of Marius and abuse of Metellus. Metellus was a haughty noble, and 
 Marius one of themselves, by whom they hoped to humble the pride 
 
 of the nobility; acceperant, Gr. 209, R. 11. 4* in utroque, "with 
 
 respect to each." — studia . . . moderata sunt, " party-spirit more influ- 
 enced (the people) than their own merits or demerits." — sua refers 
 not to the leading subject plehes, but to Marius and Metellus ; see 
 
 Z. 550. 5* seditiosi magislratus^ i. e., the tribunes. — arcessere capi- 
 
 tiSy "accuse of a capital offence." — in majus, "far greater (than the 
 
 truth)." 6f res Jldesqice, " cash and credit." — inmanihus, i. e., "their 
 
 daily labor." — post^ "less important than." 7« perculsa^ i. e., com- 
 pelled to bow and submit, too much frightened to make any opposi- 
 tion. — post ... tempestatesque, "after many seasons," referring to the 
 elections annually recurring : there had been no law against it since 
 B. c. 866, but the aristocracy had, by combination, monopolized the 
 
326 NOTES ON THE 
 
 consulship. — ea res refers to the preceding part of the sentence.— /n««- 
 trafuity " was done in vain." "The assignment of the provinces be- 
 longed of right to the people, but the senate generally recommended, 
 and gradually usurped the prerogative, in ordinary cases." Merivale. 
 
 CHAP. LXXIV. This chapter is a continuation of Chap. 72, and 
 forces us to pity Jugurtha in spite of his crimes : he had sowed the 
 wind and was beginning to reap the whirlwind, — Bocchum, king of 
 Mauretania, now Morocco and Fez, bordering on Jugurtha's kingdom 
 on the west. — in tanta ... veterum, "when the old ones had proved 
 so perfidious." — agitahat^ sc. vitam. — varius incertusque^ as to his 
 plans. — neqice ... placehat, "neither did any result or plan or man 
 satisfy him."— ^c?(?, Gr. 90, Exc. — intenderaty sc. anirnuniy " whatever 
 
 he had thought of (or resolved upon)." %, numero . . , paucorumy 
 
 Gr. 245, I. ; Z. 465 & 466. — tuta sunt, perf. from tueor, 
 
 CHAP. LXXV. Eafuga is abl. of cause ; the flight of his army 
 just mentioned. — impensitis modo ; see note on this phrase, Chap. 47. 
 — -filiorwnque ... eraty "much provision for bringing up his children," 
 
 i. e., women, slaves, attendants, <fcc. Merivale. i. eoquey adv. for 
 
 Usque. 7. quo ... prceceperaty sc. convenire. 8. cwmneatus, 
 
 what was brought by the Numidians. — in nova dedlHoTie ^= '* ^ho 
 have recently surrendered." — ojicia intenderanty " had stretched their 
 
 duties," i. e., had done more than was required. 9. religioney 
 
 " from a superetitious feeling." 
 
 CHAP. LXXVI. infeciuSy literally, "not done "=-= not possible 
 to be done ; just as invictus means " unconquerable," and many others, 
 the perfect part having the force of the verbal in bilis. — locos 
 " places," in which sense loca is almost always used. — ceteruniy " but 
 
 (in reality)." 3. ex copiay "out of the abundance (of those that 
 
 ofifered)." 4« reliquum fieriy " is left undone." 5t corruptd, 
 
 "destroyed." 6. arietibics ; these were large beams, with metal 
 
 heads resembling that of a ram ; they derived their name from the 
 similarity of the mode of using them to the butting of a ram. They 
 were either pushed by men's hands directly, or swung from a beam 
 above. They were extremely powerful, and no wall could resist 
 them, if applied long enough ; see Smith's Diet, of Antiq.y art Aries. 
 — oneratiy " gorged." — semet is used by zeugma with corrumpunt in- 
 stead oi interficiunt. — victiy "if conquered." 
 
 CHAP. LXXVII. capta Thaloy Gr. 274, R. 5.—Ramilcarem quern- 
 dam; for the transition here from the subjunctive construction, see 
 Gr. 273, 3, last clause. — novis reh^iSy "a revolt" — valerenfy Gr. 266, 2. 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 327 
 
 — suam, i. e., Leptitanorum. — illorum refers to the Romans, Gr. 323, 
 o, (4) ; " the meaning is : their own safety, and the advantages which 
 
 the Romans derived from their alliance." Dietsch. 3» ea, "those 
 
 things," viz., alliance and friendship, Gr. 205, R. 2, (2). 
 
 CHAP. LXXVIIL Syrtes, " The greater and the lesser Syrtes, 
 now the gulf of Sidra and that of Khabs ; deep bays in the northern 
 coast of Africa, in which the tide has some influence. They are ob- 
 structed by shifting sand-banks, accumulated by the currents of the 
 outer sea, some of which are uncovered at low water. Sallust de- 
 scribes them as having deep water near the land, but shallow farther 
 
 out, from the sand-banks." Merivale. 2* extrema Africa, Gr. 205, 
 
 R. Vly "the extreme part of Africa" eastward towards Egypt, which 
 was not included in Africa, but in Asia. — pari natura, Gr. 211, R. 6. 
 — alta . . . vadosa, "at one time deep, at another time shallow." — alia 
 in tempestate refers to both clauses, and is supplied in the first from 
 
 the second. 3* magnum, "swollen." — ah tractu, i. e., from the 
 
 Greek trvpoo, "to drag;" others derive it from the Arabic sert, "a 
 desert." 5* frequentem, "thickly settled.". 
 
 CHAP. LXXIX. in has regiones ... i;^nimws= "we have been 
 led to speak of these regions." — earn rent, Gr. 218, R. 1, last clause, and 
 
 231, R. 5. 3. una specie, "of a uniform appearance." — discerneret, 
 
 Gr. 264,7. — habicity "kept." 5* Carthagine missi = Carthaginien' 
 
 ses merely. — PhilceniSy Gr. 204, R. 8. — iter is governed by pergere, 
 
 an intrans. verb, Z. 384. 6* retinere, " detain, delay," sc. viatores. 
 
 This sentence is added to explain how the Cyreneans may have been 
 delayed. — 7iuda, generally followed by abl. Gr. 213, R. 5, (4), takes 
 the gen. sometimes according to poetic usage ; so frugmn vacuus. — 
 gignentium, "those things which have the power to reproduce them- 
 selves, which bear seeds;" translate, "devoid of vegetable life." — 
 
 humo excitavit, Gr. 251. — morari depends on solet. T. aliquanto 
 
 posteriores, Gr. 256, R. 16. — ob rem corruptam, "for ruining the busi- 
 ness." — domiy " when they returned home." — criimnari . . . digresses : 
 the clause ante . . . digresses is the genitive of the crime (Gr. 217, R. 
 2, last clause) ; eos, the subject of digressos, is omitted because the 
 same as the object of criminari, Gr. 239, R. 1, 2d clause. — coniurbare 
 retn, i. e., "by accusations and denials, make it impossible to discern 
 what is right and just." Dietsch. The infinitive being used for the 
 injiperf indie, has the tentative meaning which that tense sometimes 
 has (see note on leniebant, Chap. 27), "strove to throw the thing into 
 confusion." 8« aliam . . . cequam, " any other proposition, if only a 
 
328 NOTES ON THE 
 
 fair one." — Grceci; Cyrene was a Greek colony. — optionem . . . faciwU, 
 " make it the choice of the Carthaginians = allow the Carthaginians" 
 
 to choose." — illiy sc. Carthaginienses. — ihi = in Us finihus. 10. in 
 
 eo loco. "As this place, now called Ericab, is at least eight days' 
 journey from Carthage, it is clear that each party commenced their 
 day's journey from the border of their dominion ; the Cyrenians from 
 Hesperides, the Carthaginians from Leptis Magna." Dietsch. 
 
 CHAP. LXXX. Gcetulos, the wandering tribes of the Sahara. 
 
 5» cceci avaritia ; they had demanded money of Bocchus for granting 
 his request, "though it would have been very advantageous for the 
 
 war already begun." 6* eo amplius^ "by so much the more (as 
 
 they exceeded other men in wealth and power)." 
 
 CHAP. LXXXI. adversa is used passively = " an object of hos- 
 tility ; " so hostem below = " treated as an enemy." — sint^ Gr. 266. — 
 
 ita refers to what follows. 3t capta urbe denotes the condition on 
 
 which the following clause depends; "if the city should be taken, it 
 
 would reward his labor." — Homanus, sc. imperator. 4« id modo ; 
 
 id refers to the followiijg clause. — Bocchi . . . imminuerey i. e., "to in- 
 volve Bocchus in hostilities with the Romans.'* 
 
 CHAP, LXXXn. copiam facit^ sc. regibus. — omnibus locis^ " any 
 where," whether favorable or not ; so much did he despise the de- 
 feated Numidians. — cognitis Mauris^ " after becoming acquainted with 
 the Moors," i. e., their mode of figliting, valor, (fee. So in Chap. 7, 
 moremhostium cognovit. — ex coDunodo, "at an advantage, on a favor- 
 able occasion." 2t provinciam is predicate ace. Although Metel- 
 
 lus had known before of Marius's election as consul, yet it had not 
 been certain that he would have Numidia assigned him : Metellus 
 might have continued there as proconsul, which was the appointment 
 of the Senate, but annulled by the people; see Chap. 73. — moderari 
 
 lingtiain; Cicero would have used linguce, Z. 414. 3* vertebanfy 
 
 " attributed," literally " transformed " (from what it really was). — 
 accensum esse depends on dicebant implied in vertebant. — multiy supply 
 dicebant accensum esse. — eriperetuVy Gr. 266, 3. — laturumy sc. injuriam 
 suamy Gr. 268, R. 5. — traderetur for traditum essety Gr. 260, II. R, 2. 
 
 CHAP. LXXXIII. impeditus = quia impedlebatur. — eo dolore im- 
 pedltus, "both because he was prevented by this indignation" (from 
 vigorously prosecuting the war). — stultitice, Gr. 211, R. 8, (3). — alienam 
 remy another's interest, i. e., Marius's. As he could not hope to end 
 the war before Marius would arrive and take the command, all he could 
 do towards ending it would go to increase the glory of the other. 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 329 
 
 The cases of Pompey superseding Lucullus in the Mithradatic war, 
 and of General Gates succeeding General Schuyler in our own Revo- 
 lutionary war, are in point. — populo Romano^ Gr. 211, R. 5. — magnam 
 eopiarriy "a great opportunity." — opibus, Gr. 245, 11. — mutare^ "to 
 take in exchange." — incipere is the subject of licere, and has for its 
 object helium understood, which is also the subject of deponi. — consu- 
 lerat with ut understood, depends on monet implied in postulatu7n, Gr. 
 
 262, R. 4. 2. copitty sc. societatis amiciticeque conjungeiidcB. 
 
 %* contra, " in reply to." — ille,, sc. Bocchus. — partim is to be supplied 
 also with the preceding clause. — helium, " the state of war," the nomi- 
 nal war. — intactum = without doing any thing. 
 
 CHAP. LXXXIV. cupientissima = maxime cupiente. — jussit=' 
 decrevity and so takes the same construction after it. — antea jam. . . . 
 turn vera, " though previously . . . now more than ever." — multus atqite 
 ferox = multum atque ferociter, Gr. 205, R. 15. — spolia = quasi spo- 
 
 lia, sc. victoricB. 2. opus, Gr. 243, R. 2. — prima habere, "considers 
 
 of the fii'st importance." — a populis et regihus, sc. externis, not Italian. 
 — sociiSy i. e., the Italian states ; see Chap. 39, note from Smithes Diet. 
 Antiq. ; also Bojesen's Manual, Sec. 65-69. — 7nilitice, i. e., by having 
 served with him, Gr. 221, I. R. S.—famay "by report merely," not 
 personally. — amhiendo cogere, " constrains by personal solicitation ; " 
 cogere is expressively used of that solicitation which will take no de- 
 nial. — emeritis siipendiis, Gr. 211, R. 6, "having served their full 
 time," i. e., 20 years for infantry, or 10 for cavalry. The Roman sol- 
 dier first received pay 405 b. c. (Livy, iv. 59.) Xiebuhr, however, 
 
 thinks it must have been earlier. 3* Icetits for Icete, Gr. 205, R. 15. — 
 
 plebi volenti = accepta plehi ; an imitation of a very common Greek 
 idiom. — Marius, sc. pictahatiir. — belli usum, " the requisites of war," 
 i. e., a numerous army. The senate believed that Marius would be 
 obliged either to go without a sufficient army, and thereby fail, or 
 
 offend the plebs by making a large levy. 4« animis trahebant, 
 
 "they continually thought." — non paulum, i. e., plurimum. 
 
 CHAP. LXXXV. non ... gerere, "do not manifest the same 
 character after they have obtained office, as when they were seek- 
 ing it ; " a characteristic of politicians not unknown even in this 
 
 country. 2» mild ... videtury "the contrary course seems to me 
 
 proper." — quo ... eo, "in proportion as ... with so much," Gr. 
 256, R. 16. — pluriSy sc. pretii, Gr. 214, n. 4. — debere depends on 
 
 videtur. 3* Neque me fallif, "nor does it escape me = I am well 
 
 aware." — cum ... benejicli, "in connection with the highest office 
 
330 NOTES ON THE 
 
 in your gift" — sustineam, Gr. 265. — nolis, Gr. 264, 1. — et . . . agere, 
 " and to do these too." — domi forisque ; these words, as Kritz re- 
 marks, are opposed to each other in three different ways ; they de- 
 note either our own private affairs, and those of others ; or city 
 affairs, and those in the provinces; or lastly, peace and war. — 
 
 opinione^ "than is commonly supposed." 4. multce clientelce== 
 
 multi clientes. — omnia hcec is given for emphasis. — alia, sc. tutamina 
 
 mea, 5. ^/^^/</ refers to what follows, Gr. 207, R. 22. 6. capia- 
 
 mi7ii, sc. ah illis. — ■fru8tra sint =frustrati sint, 7. ad hoc cetatiSy 
 
 Gr. 212, R. 3. — -fuij sc. talis. — consueta habearriy "Ihave familiar to 
 me = I am familiar with." — 8t heneficiay the honors bestowed on Ma- 
 rius. — gratuito, i. e., before receiving any reward. — deseram, Gr. 273, 
 
 2. 9t in potestatibu.% "in office," i. e., after they have obtained 
 
 their object. — temperare, sc. sibi. — vertity sc. se, "has changed to a 
 
 second nature." 10. gloho, "that faction;" globus is a military 
 
 term denoting a small number in dense array. — mittatiSj "you can. 
 send." — prosapice ; Cicero calls this an old word, and in QuintiHan's 
 time (about a. d. 90) it was obsolete. — stipendii, "military experience." 
 
 — sui is emphatic. 11. imperatorem, sc. esse. 12. coeperint, Gr. 
 
 264, 1, last clause. — prceposteri ; Marius rightly calls those who began 
 to study military science after they were appointed consuls, pra:pos- 
 teriy men who reversed the natural order of things, which requires 
 that a man should be qualified for an office before he is appointed to 
 it. Some have charged Marius with speaking slanderously, because 
 no such case is on record. But only a part of Roman history is mi- 
 nutely known by us, and modern historj', even the most recent, affords 
 numberless parallels. — 7ia7n . . . prius est, a difficult passage to express 
 clearly ; " the meaning is : with reference to time, no one can per- 
 form the duties of a magistrate before he has been appointed, but as 
 far as a knowledge of the subject itself, and practical experience in 
 it are concerned, they must exist before appointment. In the first 
 part of the sentence gerere {magistratuni) signifies the discharge of an 
 office ; in the last part gerere {rem) signifies a knowledge of its duties 
 and ability to discharge them." Dietsch. Compare Andrews' note. 
 
 13. Comparate nunc. The paragraphs that follow are full of 
 
 spirit and point, in the best style of effective popular eloquence ; 
 every stroke tells. It will interest and profit the student to compare 
 this whole address minutely with the noble one of Canuleius the tri- 
 bune on a kindred occasion ; Livy, B. 4, Chaps. 3-5. 14. Nunc vos 
 
 existimate, "Now judge for yourselves." — nieam novitateniy "me as a 
 
JUGUETHINE WAR. 331 
 
 new man, L e., not of a noble family." The readers of **My Novel" 
 will remember that this phrase is applied there in a similar manner, 
 by some of the British aristocracy, and they will recall the indignant 
 comments of "the new man" thereon. — -fortuna, *'the rank in which 
 
 I was born, my low birtli." 15. Quamquam . . . generoaissiynum. 
 
 The connection indicated by quanqicam seems to be this : " on their 
 own principles I can be reproached only with my low birth, and on 
 those principles I am not afraid of a comparison ; although for my 
 part I consider that no reproach at all, but believe that the nature of 
 
 all men is one and the same, and that the bravest is the noblest." 
 
 19. quasi ... contemnant^ i, e., in such a way as to forbid your elect- 
 ing them. 20. NcB = vai in Greek. — -falsi has its regular passive 
 
 meaning, "deceived." 23. neque ... 7nala^ sc. posterorum. 
 
 24. hujusce reiy i. e., majorum glorice,-r—id quod, Gr. 206, (13), 2d clause. 
 
 — multo is really an abl. (Gr. 256, 16), and not an adverb. 25. pepe- 
 
 risse, i. e., by my own virtue, as their ancestors did. — acceptarriy "re- 
 ceived (from one's ancestors)" = "inherited." 26. ahunde . . .fore ; 
 
 compare Antony's remark, made from the same motive : 
 
 " I am no orator as Brutv^ is. 
 But as yoQ know me all, a plain, blunt man." 
 
 — Sed, " but yet (though they are eloquent and I am not)." — in maximo 
 . . . beneficio, " when you have bestowed upon me your highest honor." 
 — modestiam . . . duceret, should impute my modesty (i. e., what arose 
 
 from modesty) to a consciousness (of incapacity)." 27. Nam has 
 
 reference to maximo vestro benefcio ; (I speak only out of regard to 
 you, and to justify your choice) for, <fec. — ex .. . sententia, "it is my 
 solemn belief;" a solemn formula in bearing witness. — prcedicet with 
 
 w^ omitted, Gr. 262, R. 4. — superant, "refute." 28. vestra... qui: 
 
 qui relates to the genitive implied in the possessive vestra, Gr. 207, 
 
 (12). — eorum refers to consilia. 29« causa fdei, "for the purpose 
 
 of (gaining your) confidence." — alia . . . dono ; this hasta was called 
 pura, as having no iron head ; the alia dona were chains, bracelets, 
 clasps, and chaplets of various kinds, according to the nature of the 
 
 deed done. 30. Hce ... imagines, haec nobilitas, Gr. 206, (10). — 
 
 ilia, i. e., images, statues, the glory of ancestors. 31. parum id 
 
 facio, " I make that of small account." Zumpt says pai'U7n here is an 
 
 indecl. noun, but Andrews' Lexicon makes it always an adverb. 
 
 32. Neque . . . didici. As has been observed (see note. Chap. 46), 
 Marius belonged to the old Roman party, who looked with suspicion 
 
332 NOTES ON THE 
 
 and dislike on the Greek language and literature then becoming fash- 
 ionable at Rome. — quippe . . . profueruiiL This sneer expressed the 
 feeling of this old Roman party, who were as bitterly opposed to 
 learning Greek as the monks in Reuchlin's time. " Marius said it was 
 ridiculous to learn a language whose teachers were slaves to others ; " 
 (Plutarch's Marius^ Chap. 2.) Cicero testifies that his father, a con- 
 temporary and townsman of Marius, had the same feelings. Marius 
 and his party were strong advocates of "the wisdom of our ances- 
 tors,'' and had the same contempt for the refined and polished Greek 
 that a genuine John Bull has for a " frog-eating Frenchman." Like 
 Goldsmith's Dutch professor, they did not know Greek themselves, 
 and did not see any use in it. But their opposition, fortunately, 
 availed little. " Conquered Greece took captive her savage conquer- 
 ors, and introduced the arts into rude Latium." (Horace, Epist. 2 : 1, 
 
 156.) 33* illOy Gr. 234, I. 31« meain gloriam ... faciam, i. e., 
 
 "take all the credit of it;" meam gloriam is predicate ace, but placed 
 first for emphasis. — lahorem eorum, L e., labor which I have not 
 shared. Marius declares he will share their labor and danger, and 
 
 make them share his glory. — civile, "befitting citizens." 35* cogere, 
 
 "to compel (to the performance of duty)." — id est, Gr. 209, R. 3, (5\ 
 
 last clause. — dominum ... esse, sc. te. 37. quis and illommhoih 
 
 refer to majores. — repetit is the proper word for demanding a debt^ 
 
 38* procul errant, sc. a vero, — quce licehat, se. relinqttere. 
 
 39, coquum, . . . villicum ; as the villicus was the principal servant^ 
 and one of great trust, the luxury of the nobles is stigmatized by 
 the intimation that they paid more for a cook than for a steward. 
 DiETSCH. On the contrary, Merivale makes pluris pretii quatn villi" 
 cum = " of much value ; " inasmuch, he says, as the villicus was usu- 
 ally rough and uneducated, and hence of low price. — haheo, "I pos- 
 sess." 41* Quin ergo, "Why not, then ? = truly, then;" quinis 
 
 qui (old ablative), and nc, " why not," and this is its regular mean- 
 ing when used interrogatively. — sudorem . . . sunt, " the Romans, liv- 
 ing in a warm climate, generally describe active endurance as the 
 power of bearing heat and dust ; a lazy drone they described as wm- 
 
 bratilis (* one who seeks the shade')." Merivale. 42. ereptum eunt, 
 
 " the}^ endeavor to snatch." — ^ — 45. avaritiam, imperitiam, superhiam 
 = avaros, imperitos, superhos imperatores, i. e., Bestia, Albinus, and 
 
 Metellus respectively. 47. 7)iilitaris cetas, i. e., from 17 to 46 years. 
 
 •—ceperit, Gr. 260, R. 6, 2d & 3d clauses ; Z. 527 ; idem, Z. 697. 
 
 48. qucs si '^ quodsi luxe. — decehat fov deceret, Gr. 259, R. 4; Z. 518. 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 333 
 
 » 49. magis, sc. optavit. "This speech is another signal instance 
 
 of Sallust's skill as a historian. In no other way could he better have 
 portrayed Marius as he was, than by such a speech. We see the man 
 before us, not trained in Grecian eloquence, but of a penetrating in- 
 tellect and natural acuteness. The sentences are unpolished and in- 
 harmonious ; no long and swelling periods, but a succession of short 
 sentences. In the words neither is elegance sought, nor is there an 
 affectation of negligence and obsolete diction. Ail are such as a right 
 thinker would choose, clear, apt, and weighty. The sentences are 
 not artificially arranged, but have an internal order and connection. 
 We see a man who has gained glory by military success, urging others 
 to obtain honors in the same way ; free from vice, and therefore not 
 only sharply reproaching the vices of others, but fiercely reprehend- 
 ing all who delight in elegance and refinement ; boastful of his own 
 deeds almost to excess ; inflamed with the greatest hatred to the un- 
 just domination of the nobility, but abusing his victory by reproach- 
 ing and reviling them when conquered ; dexterously using that very 
 ancestral glory which was really an honor, to censure and revile 
 them ; and seeking every way the favor of the people. It is the 
 speech of a man, ambitious, but honest ; a violent party man, rough 
 and uncultivated, but of great abilities. And remembering that Sal- 
 lust was induced to write this history, chiefly by the fact that then 
 was the first successful opposition made to the tyranny of the nobil- 
 ity, and that from that dissension afterwards arose the bloodiest civil 
 wars, you will perceive how admirable a picture of that contest, of 
 the impotent haughtiness of the nobles, and, provoked by it, the im- 
 moderate license of the plebs, is expressed in the orations of Mem- 
 mius and Marius. And as he wrote to instruct his own age, and teach 
 the remedy for present intolerable evils, he undeniably meant to show 
 that such men were needed then, men of simplicity, purity, and vir- 
 tue, who preferred the good of their country to all things else, and 
 dared to speak the truth and oppose unjust authorit}^" Dietsch. 
 
 CHAP. LXXXVI. 2. non more majorum. Marius introduced 
 Iwo important innovations ; he made up his army of volunteers only, 
 instead of selecting from a general muster ; and he enrolled the low- 
 est class of citizens (the proletarii), who had been carefully kept out 
 of the army hitherto, except in the greatest emergencies. This was 
 the first great step to the mobocracy which soon ensued, for the Ro- 
 man rabble were utterly unfit to be trusted, and being thus trained 
 to arms, and familiarized with the license and excitement of camps, 
 
334 NOTES ON THE 
 
 became the ready instruments of Sulla and Caesar. 3« et homini 
 
 . . . videniur is a farther explanation of memoraha^it, — (nii . . . curce, sc. 
 sunt, Gr. 227. — cu7n pretio, " well paid." 
 
 CHAP. LXXXYII. expletis , . . auxiliariis, i. e., by the reinforce- 
 ments he had brought. 2. Interim . . . quceri ; these words convey 
 
 a covert reproach to the writer's own age. 4i reges, Jugurtha and 
 
 Bocchus. — laxiufi for laxiores ; compave friistr a erat and other similar 
 uses of the adverb for the adj. 
 
 CHAP. LXXXVIII. Icetissimis = amicissitnis. The people had 
 triumphed and could afford to be generous. "Metellus received the 
 honor of a triumph and the surname of Xumidicus. At a later period 
 he was driven into exile by the influence of the tribune Saturninus, 
 and once more restored to his country, notwithstanding the opposi- 
 tion of Marius." MERn^\LE. 3. in itinere, " on their way." — armi& 
 
 exuerat (Gr. 251), i e., had compelled him to fly, leaving his arms be- 
 hind him. 4. belli patrandi, Gr. 275, IH. K. 1, (5); Z. 662. — nuda- 
 
 tum, sc. iri ov fore, 5. Nam introduces the reason why only Jugur- 
 tha is mentioned in the preceding sentence; "For, as to Bocchus, he had 
 
 sent," <fec. — timeret ; for the change of mood here, see Gr. 273, 3. 
 
 6* solitus, supply est, or, as some do, fecerit, making solitus a participle. 
 
 CHAP. LXXXIX. 2. iyi manus, " to a battle." 3* aggredi 
 
 tempus, Gr. 270, R. 1. 4. Capsa ; Strabo says this was a treasure 
 
 city of Jugurtha. It appears to be the same with the modern Kafsa. 
 — habebantur is connected with immunes and levi imperio, as well as 
 with Jidelissimi^ but with a diff'erent meaning ; with the last it means 
 
 "were considered." 6t potiundi, Gr. 162, 20. — cetera may be abl., 
 
 agreeing with aqua, or ace. of definition, Gr. 234, H. T« Id refers 
 
 to the want of water. — agebat agrees with Africa, but refers to the 
 inhabitants of it. — irritamenta gulce, " seasonings and sauces." 
 
 CHAP. XC. consulis nom. to exornat. — arvo, i. e., "agriculture." 
 
 2* prcedcefuerat = caption fuerat. — prcedabundum = in the course 
 
 of a predatory expedition. 
 
 CHAP. XCI. cequaliter = pro rata, "in proportion to numbers." 
 -^distribuerat . . . curabat : the plup. is used because he had distrib- 
 uted the skins before the making of the bags began. — sexto die . . 
 
 ventum est, "by the sixth day, on which they arrived," &c. 
 
 3* proxima . . . tertia, sc. node. — tumulosum ; the onl^^ passage of any 
 author where this word is found. — amplius intervallo, Gr. 256, R. 6, 
 
 last clause. 5* res trepidoi, "the confusion of affairs." 7. faci- 
 
 mis , . . belli. It was contrary to the law of war to kill or enslave 
 
JUGUIiTIlINE WAR. 335 
 
 those who Yoluntarily surrendered. Sallnst does not defend the 
 bloody butcher}-, but simply states that it was not done from crueUy, 
 but necessity; "the t3-rant's plea." Bad as it is, it has often been 
 paralleled in recent Christian warfare. — aditu difficilis, Gr. 276, III. 
 — coercitum == qitod coerceri potest. 
 
 CHAP. XCII. 2. in virtutem trahebantur, " were perverted into 
 merit" — locupleies, i. e., by booty. — socii has not its political sense 
 here, but means all who were not hostes. — divinain^ '* inspired." — por- 
 tendi, "revealed," so that he knew what would be the result of every 
 
 undertaking. 1, exercitu incnientOy "without losing a man." — 
 
 non eadem asperitate, Gr. 211, R. 6, '^ not of equal perils — qua Capsen- 
 sium, " as (the affair) of the Capsians ; " qua is governed like asperi- 
 
 tate. — haicd secus difficilein, "equally difficult (to accomplish)." 
 
 5. inter . . . planitiemj " in the midst of the surrounding plain ; " cete- 
 ram implies that all else was level, but the 7nons saxeus. — castello, dat. 
 
 after patens. Ot surmna vi explains intendit. — ea res . . . gesta ; this 
 
 statement implies that it was an ill-advised attempt ; and the reason 
 
 is given in the following sentences. 7. Nam refers to non bene 
 
 gesta consilio, implied above. — castello, dat. after erat understood — 
 iter castellanorum^ i. e., "the path used by the people of the place." 
 
 9* pro opere^ i. e., vineis. — inter = intraj "inside of;" butDietsch 
 
 says, " between or among." 
 
 CHAP. XCIII. qua . . . fiierat, " which had often favored him." 
 
 2* Ligus. The Ligurians inhabited a rugged mountain region 
 
 (now Sardinia and Piedmont), and were therefore familiar with such 
 feats as this. — aversum prcelimUy "on the opposite side from where 
 
 they were fighting." 3. solitudinem intellexit^ " he perceived he 
 
 was alone." — animum vertit, "turns his mind" from gathering snails 
 
 to capturing the fortress. 4. paululum ... fei't^ "now a little 
 
 downwards, then bending and growing upwards, whither nature cai'- 
 ries all plants." — ramis . . . saxis nisus, Gr. 245, II. — in castelli . . . 
 pervenit, " he arrives upon the level of the castle." I give the read- 
 ing of Kritz and Andrews, supported by a few manuscripts, which 
 makes a perfect sense and accords well with the context. The read- 
 ing of most manuscripts and editions is Ligus castelli planitiem per- 
 scribitf which last word some translate "reconnoitres" (for which 
 meaning there is no authority), and others, "makes a sketch of," 
 
 which seems ridiculous. Dietsch conjectures joerscrw^a^. 5. eadein^ 
 
 80. via. 7» ex prcesentibuSy sc. quosdam. — quorum ... erat'^qui 
 
 uti cujusquej &c. 8« eenturioneSy with their companies. 
 
336 NOTKS ON THE 
 
 CHAP. XCIV. ex prcecepto, sc. Marii. — pergit agrees with Ligus 
 understood.— /aciVews for facilior ; adverb for adjective in the predi 
 cate with svjn^ of which we have had many examples. — ea, sc. scuta 
 eranl ; "these latter (the shields) were Numidian." — ex coriis, sc 
 
 facta. — ponderiSj sc. minoris = levitatis. 3* vinciehat^ sc. radices^ 
 
 Gv. 206, (6), (6.) — potissimus, "first of all." The skill of a moun- 
 taineer is visible throughout. — digrediens, " stepping aside." 3* toto 
 
 die, Gr. 236; Z. 896. — sagittariisque et funditoribus, Gr. 247, R. 4, last 
 
 sentence. 5« signa canere, sc. cornicines. 7. ex culpa, i. e., from 
 
 his rash undertaking. — invfiiit, sc. Marius. 
 
 CHAP. XCY. quos, Gr. 206, R. W.—ex Latio, i. e., sociis Latinis, 
 
 3* alio loco; Sallust subsequently wrote Uistoi'iarmn Quinque 
 
 Zibri, in the first of which he treated of Sulla at length ; of this woik 
 we have only fragments. — L. Sisenna, " of the Cornelian gens, and 
 therefore, perhaps, partial to Sulla, wrote a history of the Social 
 War, and of the civil wars of Sulla and Marius. He was born about 
 118 b. c, and was praetor b. c. 18, when Sulla died. About 150 frag- 
 ments of his great work are preserved, but very short and unconnect- 
 ed." Merivale. — omnium, Gr. 212, R. 4, n. 7. — persecutus, sc. resSullce, 
 "having fully treated." — parum ... lihero ore, "with too little inde- 
 pendence." 3. Igitur Sulla, " Well, then, Sulla ; " L. Cornelius 
 
 Sulla was of the Cornelia gens^ a very distinguished one, divided into 
 manj fainilice, of which that of Sulla was one. Sulla introduced, in 
 the height of his subsequent power as Dictator, a vast number of his 
 clients and dependants into th\5 gens, so that it became the most exten- 
 sive of all. The founder of thefamilia was P. Cornelius Rufinus, who 
 held the dictatorship in the 333d year of the city ; the cognomen Sulla 
 was first assumed by P. Rufinus, who was praetor 121 years after. — 
 gentis patricice, nohilis ; nohilis is to be undei'stood of the official 
 nobility, as it existed in Sulla's day ; in this sense many patrician 
 familice, and even gentes, were not nohiles ; i. e., none of their mem- 
 bers had gained the senate by having held any of the great offices of 
 state.— /ami^za, Gr. 211, R. 6. — prope extincta, " almost wholly ob- 
 scured;" it had lost its influence and fame; none of its members 
 having distinguished themselves for a long time, and the father of 
 Sulla being sunk in poverty. "Like most other great men, Sulla 
 was the architect of his own fortunes. He possessed neither of the 
 two great advantages, which secured for the Roman nobles easy access 
 to the honora of the commonwealth, an illustrious ancestry and hered- 
 itary wealth. His father had left him so small a property, that he 
 
JUGURTHINE WAE. 837 
 
 paid for his lodgings Tery little more than a freedman who lived in 
 the same house with him. But still his means were sufficient to 
 secure for him a good education. He studied the Greek and Roman 
 literature with diligence and success, and appears to have imbibed 
 early that love for literature and art by which he was distinguished 
 throughout his life." Smith's Diet. Biog. — animo ingenli, "of vast 
 ambition."— o^io luxurioso esse, Gv. 211, R. 6, "debauched in his in- 
 tervals of leisure ; " see Plutarch's Life of Sulla. *' He possessed all 
 the accomplishments and all the vices which the old Cato (and Ma- 
 rins) had been accustomed to denounce, and was one of those pat- 
 terns of Greek literature, and of Greek profligacy, who had begun to 
 make their appearance at Rome, in Cato's time, and had since be- 
 come more and more common among the Roman nobles." — tamen . , . 
 remorata. "But Sulla's love of pleasure did not absorb all his time, 
 nor did it enervate his mind, for no Roman, during the latter days 
 of the republic, with the exception of Julius Csesar, had a clearer 
 judgment, a keener discrimination of character, or a firmer will." 
 Smith's Diet. — nisi quod refer, not to the preceding clause, tamen . . . 
 remorata, but to what is implied in it ; ("for he regarded reputation 
 more than pleasure,) except that," <fec. — de uxore, sing, for plural, 
 " his (treatment of his) wife for the time being," for he married five, 
 and was faithful to none ; see Plutarch's Sulla, Chap. 35. — potuit . . . 
 consuli, " he might have behaved more honorably," a very soft ex- 
 pression for such profligacy; potuit is impers. and = potuisset, Gr. 
 259, R. Z.—faeundus, this talent was shown in all his intercourse with 
 Bocchus; so also in Chap. 102, it is said of him eujus faeundice . .. 
 coneessnm, <fec. — amieitia facilis, " ready in (forming) friendships." — 
 ad . . . negotia, i. e., " lor appearing other than he was." — altitudo, 
 
 "unfathomableness." 4. illi depends on fuit, Gr. 22Q.—felicissimo 
 
 . . . vietoriam, " though most fortunate of all men before his victory 
 over his fellow-citizens" (i. e., Marius and his party in the civil war), 
 which, the author implies, should be considered a misfortune. But 
 Bietsch punctuates differently, connecting ayite civilem vietoriam with 
 the following clause, so that the meaning would be, " though the 
 most fortunate of all men, his activity was never inferior to his good 
 fortune before his victory, (fee. — nam refers to ante . . . vietoriam, "(I 
 say, 'before his victory,' etc.) for as to what he did afterwards," <fec. 
 — ^MOB refers to ea understood, the object of disserere^-fecerit, Gr 266. 
 —pudeat . . . pigeat, Gr. 265 ; supply me, Gr. 229, R. 6 ; disserere 
 postea qucefecerit is instead of the gen. of the object, Gr, 216, (1), Re- 
 15 • 
 
338 NOTES ON THE 
 
 mark, 2d sentence. There is a full account of what Sallust here 
 passes over, in Plltarch's L'^fe. The life in Smith's Bid. is very full 
 and valuable, especially as to Sulla's legislation. 
 
 CHAP. XCVI. Igitur^ " well, then," or, " to return to our narra- 
 tive," == the Greek /if i/ ow. — ut . . . dictum depends on the following 
 clause, postquam . . . venit. — ricdis . . . belli, " though unskilled," <tc. — 
 in paucis tempestatihus, " in a short time ; " tempestas properly means 
 *'a point or period of time;" it may be days, weeks, months, or 
 
 years. 2* multis . . . benejicia, " he confers favors on many at 
 
 their request, to others of his own accord." — aliis=^alii» non rogan- 
 tibus. — eay i. e., benejicia accepta, implied in beneficia accipere. — c€9 
 mutuuiit, " borrowed money : translate, "he repays them more quickly 
 than he does borrowed money — = he repays them quickl}', except bor- 
 rowed money." — repetere, "demands repayment of," sc cbs mutuum. — 
 id laborarCy "he strives after this;" id refers to what follows, Gr. 207, 
 R. 22 ; Z. SS5.—ilii for sibi, Gr. 208, 7 ; Z. bbO.-^deberent, "should be 
 in debt."— ;;oca . . . agere^ " he converses seriously and sportively with 
 the humblest." — Joca ; after Cicero, the Latin writers prefer the regu- 
 lar masculine plural, jocos, 3* rnultus for multum. — tolet, sc facere. 
 
 CHAP. XCVIL magnafn pecuniain, i. e., in the fortress taken 
 by Marius, Chap. 92. — adduceret ; for the use of the imperfect, see 
 Gr. 258, R. 1 ; for the omission of ut, Gr. 262, R. 4 ; for the mood, Gr. 
 
 273, 2. 2* rationes trahere, "was deliberating on the arguments." 
 
 — integris . . . finibus, " without sacrificing any of his territory." 
 
 3* victiSj " if conquered." — sibi munimento ... impedimento, Gr. 227. 
 — nullo, old dat for nulli, Gr. 107, R. 2 ; Z. 1-40; but Dietsch makes 
 it ablative, citing two apt examples as authorit}'. — uirumque casum, 
 
 i. e., defeat or victory. 4. simul ... aderanty "at the same time 
 
 the consul heard, <fec., and they themselves arrived." — aut tarcinas 
 colligerCy as was usual before fighting. — signutn, both the watchword 
 
 and the signal by trumpet for the onset. — acie, " battle array." 
 
 5* capientea alios, "others who were taking arms." — c(mere ... ob- 
 truncare, " cut down . . . maim." — veteres, " being veterans." — si — 
 " wherever." 
 
 CHAP. XCVni. demisso anitno, Gr. 211, R. 6. — )nanH==^pug- 
 
 nando. 2« nihil reinittere, "do not slacken (their attack)," 
 
 3* quctrebat = egebat. !• neque minus ^= etiam non minus; an 
 
 absolute clause is sometimes connected to another by a conjunction 
 (LrvY, XXX. 35); with qnamquain and qnamvis it is frequent in the 
 later writers, e. g., Tacitus. 5. effusi, i. e., r^nfi 6. tWru^^t 
 
 f 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 339 
 
 fugerent, "exulting because they were not fugitives;" so an English 
 traveller tells us of a great rejoicing at the Persian court over a de- 
 feat bv the Pwussians, in which they had lost several hundreds ; *' be- 
 cause their men had never before stood their ground long enough 
 for any to be killed."— joro . . . agere, "act the victor." 
 
 CHAP. XCIX. cancre is intrans.— p^r vigilias is usually ex- 
 plained " on account of the watches, referring to the changes of the 
 watches, indicated by a horn." Dietsch translates it " by the senti- 
 nels," making vigilias = vigiles, for which there is abundant author- 
 ity : this would refer it to the signals given from post to post by the 
 sentinels to keep them awake, and show that they were awake, and 
 appears to be the better explanation. The night was divided into 
 four watches, measured by a water-clock. — portis erumpere. The 
 Romans never spent the night near an enemy without fortifying their 
 
 camp. 2. providere = cavere. 3* nullo subveniente, nostris in- 
 
 stantibus ; these ablatives absolute denote cause, like the nouns with 
 which they are joined ; " the want of any aid and the fierce attack 
 of our men." 
 
 CHAP. C. uti coeperat ; he had been attacked on his way to 
 winter-quarters. — propter commeaturrij "for (convenience of) sup- 
 plies." — quadrato agmine, "in a hollow square," the baggage being in 
 
 the middle. 2. dextimoSy "the extreme right." — c?ira6a^ is intrans. 
 
 except with cohortes Ligurum^ where cohortes is the ace. after it. — 
 
 primos et extremos^ "in the front and rear." 3* Qninime cari^ 
 
 " least valued." — quasi nullo imposito^ sc. exercitni, "as if no other 
 
 (officer) was placed over the (army)," Gr. 257, R. 10. 4. Hem ... 
 
 cogebat, sc. armatos intentosque esse. — neque secus atque, "not other- 
 wise than "= just as, i. e., with the same care. — in porta ; "the sing. 
 is used, because the author is speaking especially of that gate which 
 faced the enemy {porta prcetoria). At this gate a strong body of out- 
 posts was stationed, consisting of the most trusty soldiers." Zumpt. — 
 futurum is used indeclinably, Gr. 162, 13, last clause; supply ea esse ; 
 " not so much from doubt that those things would be done, which he 
 liad commanded." — imperavisset^ Gr. 266, 1. — volentibus ; see note on 
 plebi volenti^ Chap. 84. — uti . . . essent = itti milites excequatum cum 
 
 imperatore labor ein f err e vellent. 5* pudore, i. e., by shaming them 
 
 into imitation by his example. — malo=pcena — consuetam, sc. sibi. — 
 hnbuisset, Gr. 266, 3: translate, "because he had counted as pleasure 
 hardship, familiar to him from boyhood, and other things," (fee. — nisi ta- 
 men, "but yet" (whatever his motive). — respnblica, " public businesB." 
 
340 NOTES ON THE 
 
 CHAP. CI. citij "at full speed." 2» adversum ... paratus, 
 
 because he was marching quadrato agmine, presenting a front in every 
 direction against attack. 3* ceque^ "having an equal chance," lim- 
 iting omnibus. 4. in manuSy "to close quarters." 5* Bocchus 
 
 cwn peditihus . . . invadunt, Gr. 209, R. 12, (6). — neque ... adfuerant 
 = et qui non adfuerant, Gr. 206, (5), last clause, Z. 806. — priore pugna ; 
 
 see Chap. 97-99. 6t ad pedites; " Jugurtha turns to the troops 
 
 which Volux had just brought up. He addresses them in Latin, in 
 order that the Romans with whom they were engaged might hear 
 what he said ; for it was the Romans rather than his own men that 
 
 he wished to deceive." Merivale. — convertit, sc. se. 7# magis ... 
 
 terrentur ; "not because they thought Jugurtha worthy of credit, 
 but the thing was so terrible, and they were so much shocked by 
 it, that they did not think who it was that announced it." Dietsch. — 
 barbari iollere animos, " regain courage," not because they under- 
 stood what Jugurtha said in Latin, but because they saw the Romans 
 struck with consternation." Kritz. — tollere animos is used here in 
 rather an antiquated fashion, not sanctioned by the later writers ; 
 see Andrews' Lexicon : it is often used of that which raises the cour- 
 age of others. 8. paulwn ab fuga aberant, sc. Romania " were not 
 
 far from flight, i. e., were almost ready to flee." — profligatis^ sc. iis. 
 
 — quos adversum, a very unusual transposition, Z. 324. 9. equiti- 
 
 bus, sc. Romanis. — omnibus, sc. militibus. — vitabundus, "dodging." 
 
 10. auxilio suis, Gr. 227. — qu^s . . . acceperat, "of whose route he 
 
 had just heard." II* niti, sc. surgere. — qua visus erat, "us far as 
 
 one could see." 
 
 CHAP. Cn. Poslea loci=postea, Gr. 212, R. 4, n. A.—intende- 
 
 rat, sc. curs^im. 2* diem quintum, Gr. 253, R. l.= qiiinto die post- 
 
 quam. — mitteret, Gr. 262, R. 4, — velle, Gr. 273, 3, last paragraph. 
 
 3* placuit, sc. iis. The sentence might have been, Quibus quamquam 
 
 ... placuit. — aversum ... cupidam, "if averse ... if desirous." 
 
 4. cujus . . . concessum, Manlius being the elder ; concessum refers to 
 
 verba ... facere. 5. Rex Bocche. "This commencement of a 
 
 speech with the name of the person addressed, and the prefix of 
 *king,' neither of which is usual, implies peculiar respectfulness." 
 Merivale. — nobis ... Icetitia, Gr. 227, with R. 3 cfe 4. — quwn, "ever 
 
 since." — persequl == persequendi, Gr. 270, R. 1. 6. rati^ sc. sunt ; 
 
 rati refers to popido Romano, Gr. 209, R. 11. 7. offensoe ... ades- 
 
 semus, " little opportunity for quarelling, and as much favor and esti- 
 mation as if we were your near neighbors." — parenteit, part, from 
 
JUGURTHESrE WAR. 341 
 
 pareo, " subjects."— /wiV, " there has been (and is) ; " the ideli of con- 
 tinuance to the present time is often contained in the perfect, e. g., 
 
 novi, "I know." 9. scilicet = scire licet, "whom we may know it 
 
 has pleased." — per illam licet, "she permits." 10. 7)uclfa . . . oppor- 
 
 tuna, "many opportunities." — quo... superes, "for surpassing (i. e., 
 atoning for)." 11, nam refers to something implied ; " (I say ' sur- 
 passed in kindness') for, d'c." 12. pro, "in excuse of." 13. ?:c- 
 
 pulerit, Gr. 266, 3. — missis legatis ; see Chap. 80. — repuhum, sc. se 
 
 esse. 14, omittere and missurum depend on verba facit. 15. co- 
 
 pia facta, "permission being given (to send ambassadors)."— ;/?ca:i«, 
 from the intention to send ambassadors. 
 
 CHAP. cm. perfugas omnes prcesidium, " a garrison consisting 
 
 wholly of desertei-s." It does not mean "all the deserters." 
 
 2. sibi for ipsi, Z. 725. — venerant = evenerant. 3. si placeat, sc. 
 
 Mario. — licentiam, "full power." 4, sine decore, "without any 
 
 badge of office." — proprcetore, "as proprcetor," i. e., "commander in 
 
 the general's absence," one of the uses of the word. 5. vanis, 
 
 "pretending to be what they were not" (i. e., ambassadors). — meriti 
 sunt, i. e. apparently ; being sine decore. — habuit is used with a double 
 meaning, of which we have already had an example : with the former 
 clause, it means " considered ; " with the latter, " treated."— /<27/ia7n 
 . . . avaritice, a double gen. both depending on faniam, "the reputation 
 
 of the Romans for avarice." 6. volens = benevolens ; in benig7iitat€ 
 
 habebantur, sc. esse donata, "were considered (to be given) in kind- 
 ness," and not from any ulterior motives. 7. utilia, sc. Momanis, 
 
 — benevolentice esse, " tend to produce good will (on the part of the 
 Romans)." 
 
 CHAP. CIV. quo intenderat, sc. cursum, "in the place to which 
 he had gone." — illosque . . . ordinis. The readings here vary greatly, 
 and of course the interpretation ; we give Zumpt's reading, and his 
 note on the passage. " Sulla undoubtedly had his quarters near the 
 Mauretanian frontier (that is, in the extreme west), as the am- 
 bassadors of Bocchus fled to him. Marius summoned him to his 
 headquarters, Cirta, whither he also summoned the praetor Bellienus 
 from Utica. This man was no doubt proprcetor of the province of 
 Africa, sent thither from Rome to undertake the regular administra- 
 tion, but placed at the disposal of the consul Marius ; as the pro- 
 prcetor had the jus prcctorium in his province, he was sometimes 
 called prcetor simply. All the other military commanders who hap- 
 pened to be in the province, and were of senatorial rank, were like- 
 
342 NOTES ON THE 
 
 wise summoned, to give weight and dignity to the negotiations." 
 
 2* quis . . . postulahantur. There is the same perplexing variety of 
 readings and interpretations here. We have given the reading 
 adopted by Andrews, which (omitting fit after Roinam) gives an 
 easy and good sense, and is the only one that does so; quis is abl. 
 limiting postulahantur. — legatis, dat. after postulahantur^ " for the 
 ambassadors." — Ea refers to legatis ... inducice. — ferociuSy "for se- 
 verer measures," i. e., refusing the requests. — decernuntj "give their 
 
 opinion." 3« omnihus rehus, i. e., "all they asked for." 4« de- 
 
 precati sunt = deprecantes dixerunt^ "had said in apology." 5* de- 
 licti . . .facitf "grants pardon of his fault." 
 
 CHAP. CV. consuleretur, " a decision might be made." 3. £a- 
 
 learum ; the Balearic isles are the present Majorca, Minorca and 
 Ivica, off the eastern coast of Spain. The inhabitants were renowned 
 slingers, and the name Baleares comes from the Greek /8aAAa', " to 
 throw." — Peligna. "This people, sprung from the Samnites, and 
 dwelling in Samnium, after fighting most bravely against the Romans 
 for their liberty, at length made peace, b. c. 311, and subsequently 
 (b. c. 304) an alliance. Their valor is often extolled subsequently 
 (LivY, XXV. 14 • xliv. 40)." Dietsch. — velitarihus armis, " the arms of 
 the velites" i. e., a buckler, seven javelins and a Spanish sword. — 
 
 secus atque = minus quam. 3* Sullce ... efficiehant, "caused their 
 
 number (to appear) greater than it really was, to Sulla and to all 
 
 the rest, and produced a fear of them as enemies." 4, intendere^ 
 
 "present," i. e., "hold in readiness." — timor ... amplior, so. est illis ; 
 with illis agrees victor ibus. — adversum eos, sc. pugnaturi sunt. 
 
 CHAP. CVI. ohviam illis, i. e., "to be their guides." 2. in- 
 
 ccrto vultu, " with a troubled countenance," seeming at a loss what 
 
 to do. 3f negat = dicit non, and hence is followed by mansurum 
 
 and credere, depending on dicit. — proditis, so. militibus. 4« eodeni^ 
 
 Voluce. — ccenatos esse depends on jubet, "to have done supper," that 
 is, " to eat it immediately," which is the force of the perfect here ; see 
 
 Z. 590 & 611. 6t /were qui dicereiit, Gr. 264, 6. — maitu vindican- 
 
 dum, i. e., in Yolux. — apicd ilium = in illo, 
 
 CHAP. CVII. eadem existimahat, i. e., that they were betrayed 
 by Volux. — hortatur being used for the perf. indef. is therefore fol- 
 lowed by the imperfect subjunctive. — paucis strenuis, Gr. 225, II. — 
 pepercissety Gr. 266, 2, R. 4, middle clause. — amaverit, Gr. 266, 2. — 
 nudum et ccecum corpus, " an undefended and blind (part of the) body," 
 i. e., the back ; nudus in Latin, and yvjj.vof in Greek are often used to 
 
JUGIJRTHINE WAR. 343 
 
 mean "unarmed," and also, "without the usual clothing," i. e., with- 
 out the upper garment : the word naked in our English Bible very 
 often means only this latter. — ad hostes vertere, i. e., by running away. 
 
 ^* facerety Gr. 266,3. 3. videlicet speculayitiy "doubtless on 
 
 the watch." — cogniticm esset, "had become known," Gr. 266, 2. 
 
 4. quoniam . . . adesset . . . haberet . . . ejiis and ilhtm all refer to Jugur- 
 tha. — ipse Jiliics is used with reference to suo patre, and == " Bocchus* 
 
 own son." — suo refers to Volux the speaker. 5« optimum factum, 
 
 "the best coui^e." — cum Sulla, "with Sulla (and his guards)." 
 
 6. ut hi tali 7iegotiOy "under such circumstances," i. e., "since there 
 was no better plan." — acciderent, sa. illi, i. e., Jugurthce, " they had 
 come upon him : " it was impossible for Jugurtha to anticipate such 
 a course. 
 
 CHAP. CVIII. multum ... agehaty "had much intercourse and 
 was on familiar terms." — orator = legatus ; a frequent usage. — orator 
 et speculatum ; both denote the purpose of proemissuSy Gr. 204, R. 1, 
 & 276, II., and hence are connected by ety Gr. 278." Andrews. — 
 Dabar ; probably Dabar had fled to Bocchus and Massiva to Rome 
 for the same reason, that they had been opposed to Jugurtha in his 
 contest with Adherbal, (see Chap. 35) : with Dabar supply multum 
 
 . . . agebat from the preceding sentence. 2* ipsCy sc. Sulla. — dilige- 
 
 rety Gr. 266, 2, R. 1. — tempicSy "the time (of day) = the hour." — con- 
 sulia cmnia cum illoy " all things determined upon (in consultation) 
 with him," i. e., at Sulla's previous visit; see Chap. 102. — integra ha- 
 bercy "had kept unbroken = had faithfully observed : " he means that 
 he still wished for peace and friendship with the Romany. — per times- 
 cerety Gr. 266, 2, R. 1. — 7ieu . . . nequivisse. The idea must be that 
 the presence of Jugurtha's legate at the court of Bocchus and at his 
 k7iown conferences with Sulla was necessary, to satisfy Jugurtha, 
 while the real negotiations might be conducted unknown to Aspar. 
 It is necessary, wi^h Dietsch, to supply by conjecture admissum esse 
 before quo res, which implies the idea just given, or with Kritz, to 
 supply remoto with quOy which gives the same idea more directly. 
 This last is simpler and easier, but that of Dietsch is better. Zumpt's 
 explanation of the passage as it stands is plausible, but will not bear 
 examination. — insidiis are the stratagems and tricks by which Jugur- 
 tha would have interrupted the negotiations. — caveri is impers., and 
 refei-s to Sulla as well as to Jugurtha : " they could not guard them- 
 selves." 3« magis Punica fidcy "with worse than Punic (bad) 
 
 faith." 
 
344 NOTES ON THE 
 
 CHAP, CIX. 2. sicuti voluerat^ ** as (Sulla) had appointed," for 
 it had been left to him to appoint the time and place. — congressi^ i. e., 
 
 Bocchus and Sulla. 3« etmm nunc for etiam tunc, required by the 
 
 oratio ohliqua. i* ex sente7ttia, *• according to the mind = in the 
 
 confidence." — ambobu.% Gr. 211,' K. 6. 
 
 CHAP. ex. Nunquam ... fore, "I never thought it would be 
 
 the case." — -fore ut ... deherem=me debiturum, Gr. 268, R. 4. 
 
 3« mxdtis . . . ultrOy "many at their own request, and others of my 
 
 own accord;" ultro = non orantibus. — nullius, Gr. 220, 3. 3* Id 
 
 imminutujn, "at the loss of this (independence);" id is subject of 
 imminutum {esse), and refers to the preceding sentence. — fuerit mihi, 
 "let it be mine," Gr. 260, R. 6, 2d clause. — aliquando, "at last," i. e., 
 "after having been so long independent." The general idea is that 
 he values Sulla's friendship so highly as to rejoice at the misfortunes 
 
 which made him need it. 4. licety so. tibi. — tibi . . . redditam, 
 
 "that the favor has been repaid to you." — integra, lit, "unbroken 
 
 = as great as ever." — putaveris ; see fuerit, above. 6* fnes meos ; 
 
 Bocchus here recurs to his pretended claim to part of Jugurtha's 
 territory, which he falsely alleged he had conquered from him ; see 
 
 Chap. 102. 7. Id omittOy "that I forego," i. e., the defence of my 
 
 territory. 8. Proeterea, "(in addition)," refers to joe^zt^m*. 
 
 CHAP. CXI. quod polliceatur, "as to what he promises;" the 
 antecedent of quod is id understood, which would be ace. of defini- 
 tion, Gr. 234, n. — quoniam ... valuissent, "since they had been the 
 conquerors in war." — non . . . habituros, " would not count it for a 
 ieiYOvy— faciendum, sc. Boccho. — illorum ... sua retulisse, Gr. 219, 
 with R. 1 ; 2. 449, note 1 ; sua, Gr. 208, (3). — quam . . . adventuram ; 
 the relative here, as well as the participle, agrees with the nearest 
 of the three nouns to which it relates, viz., amicitiam, fcedus and pat'- 
 tejn. 2. negitare, "denies repeatedly," urging the excuses follow- 
 ing. — affinitatem ; Jugurtha was his son-in-law. — cognatioiiem ; per- 
 haps this means only that they were of the same nation ; nothing is 
 known of any other cognatio, though it is very likely to have ex- 
 isted. — -Jluxafide, " treachery." 
 
 CHAP. CXir. 2. frustrafuisset, i. e., had been annulled by the 
 
 senate, as in the case of Aulus, Chap. 39. 3t ab omnibus . . . veni- 
 
 retur=omnes venirent. — in potestatem habuisset, Z. 316. — 7ion . . . rein- 
 publicam, " (having been taken) by no fault of his own, but in the 
 service of the republic." 
 
 CHAP. CXnr. ips(B . . . adversoe, " contradictory." 3« quoi . . . 
 
JUGURTHINE WAR. 345 
 
 patefecisse, that is, the conduct just described; joa^e/eassc depends on 
 
 scilicet = scire licet, "one may be sure." 5. obvius, sc. Jumirthce. 
 
 0* dictum erat, " had been agreed." 
 
 CHAP. CXIV. Per idem tempus, "■ during the same time = while 
 these things were doing.'* The capture of Jiigurtha is placed by- 
 most authorities in the year b. c. 106. But the defeat of the consuls 
 Caepio and Manlius took place u. c. 105, and it is hard to see how 
 per idem tempus can be made to mean "the next year." Dietsch puts 
 the capture of Jugurtha in the middle of summer (probably) b. c. 105, 
 which would remove the difficulty. His reasons appear quite satisfac- 
 tory. "Marius enjoyed the triumph for the capture of Jugurtha, but 
 the honor of the success was given to Sulla, through dislike of Marius, 
 which caused Marius some uneasiness; for Sulla was naturally of an 
 arrogant disposition, and as this was the first occasion on which he 
 had been raised from a mean condition and obscurity, to be of some 
 note among his fellow-citizens, and had tasted the sweets of distinc- 
 tion, he carried his pride so far as to have a seal ring cut, on which 
 the occurrence was represented, and he wore it constantly. The 
 subject represented was Bocchus surrendering, and Sulla receiving 
 the surrender of, Jugurtha. Plutarch's ^i^/^a, Chap. 3. — Gallos ; they 
 were the Cimbri, a German tribe, not Gauls. The confounding of 
 the two is quite common in the Latin writers. — qiio metu, " conster- 
 nation at which," Gr. 207, R. 20. Of 80,000 men in the Roman army, 
 
 but two are said to have survived. 2. illique . . . Romania "both 
 
 the Romans of that day, and since, down to our times.'* illi = qui 
 in illis teynporihus vizerunt, a very unusual and harsh construction ; 
 Kritz corrects to ibiqiie, "both in those days ;" but we need not sup- 
 pose that Sallust never made a slip, and Dietsch observes, after Ger- 
 lach, that Sallust's style in these last chapters is more unpolished 
 than usual. — habuere, "have held = believed." — prona = facilia. — 
 certare, sc. se. Cicero says, "War with the Cimbri was carried on 
 
 to decide which should exist, not which should rule." 3. bellum 
 
 . . . confectiun. " Marius made a division of the kingdom of Numidia 
 before leaving it. Bocchus received the western part as far as the 
 river Ampsaga ; the rest was divided between Hiempsal and Hiarbas, 
 two princes of the family of Masinissa." Zumpt. — Marius . . . ahsens, 
 Tliis was contrary to law and all precedent ; it shows the greatness 
 of the terror, and the standing Marius had acquired. By law a gen- 
 eral who demanded a triumph could not enter the cit}^ and thus 
 could not be a candidate. Long after, the great Csesar, claiming a 
 15* 
 
34:6 NOTES ON THE JUOUKTHINE WAR. 
 
 triumph for his victories, when prsetor in Spain, and wishing also to 
 be chosen consul, had to forego the former, to secure the latter. 
 Marius was chosen consul seven times, the last time just before his 
 death. — triumphavit^ for his conquest of Numidia. Jugurtha, having, 
 with his two sons, graced the triumph of the conqueror, was thrown 
 into a dungeon and starved to death. The usual course was to 
 
 strangle such captives. 4# Ea . . . sitce. Marius did not actually 
 
 encounter the Cimbri until b. c. 102, they having diverged into 
 Spain. He then amply justified this confidence by routing and 
 utterly annihilating the whole nation. His subsequent career was 
 bloody enough, and may be seen in Plutarch. 
 
NOTES ON THE CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 
 
 CHAP. I. sese, Gr. 2Yl, R. 3, last part; sese stands before student 
 for the sake of emphasis — it being an unusual position ; " sticdeo, when 
 the verb following has the same subject, may be construed in three 
 ways: with the infinitive {studeo prcestare) ; with the ace. and infin. 
 {f^tudeo me prcestare), as in the present case ; or with ut and the sub- 
 junctive {studeo ut prcestemy Zumpt. — ne ... transeanty Gr. 273, 1. 
 — veluti pecora, Gr. 278, R. l.^prona, "grovelling, unable to look up." 
 — ventri, " to appetite," not to reason. Compare the description of 
 Ovid, 
 
 Pronaque cum spectent animalia cetera terrain, 
 Os homini sublime dedit coelumque tueri, 
 Jussit et erectos ad sidera toilers vultos. 
 
 MeianiorphoseSj I. 84 
 
 2* Sed expresses the opposition between the character of the 
 
 pecora, just described, and that of man, which it introduces. — 07nnis 
 vis, "all our powers, our whole nature." — aninii ... utimur, *'the 
 mind is our ruler, the body our servant;" so in Jug. Chap. 1, Sed 
 dux atque imperator vitae mortalium animus est. — Quo, "on which 
 
 account," i. e., because the mind is our god-like part. 3* 7nihi rec- 
 
 tlics ... qucerere, "it seems to me more proper to seek glory by the 
 powers of the mind than by bodily strength," i. e., more proper to 
 seek glory by our godlike than by our animal nature. Prof. An- 
 drews explains Quo, "by so much" (Gr. 256, R. 16), i. e., in propor- 
 tion as the nature of gods excels that of beasts: it seems to us a 
 strained explanation. — memoriam nostri, "the remembrance of us;" 
 mem. nosiram might have meant " our remembrance (of other things)." 
 
 4* divitiarum . . . gloria, " the glory derived from riches and 
 
 heautj"—Jluxa, " transitory," from its nsiiure.—fraffilis, "easily de- 
 stroyed" by accident, the sport of chance. — clara ... ceterna ; clara 
 stands opposed to Jluxa (fleeting, and hence incap&ble of becoming 
 clara), and ceterna io fragilis. — habetur, "is possessed," not "is es- 
 
348 NOTES ON THE 
 
 teemed:" translate, ** virtue is an illustrious and eternal possession." 
 
 5* Sed introduces an appai'ent exception (military fame may be 
 
 thought to depend more on strength of body than of intellect), which 
 the writer goes on to show is only an apparent one. — inter mortales 
 is more emphatic than inter homines. — magnum certamen, "a great 
 dispute." — magis procederet, "more succeeded," i. e., depended more 
 
 for success. 6. incipias, Gr. 263, 3, & 209, R. 1. — consulto ... 
 
 facto opus, Gr. 243, R. 1 ; consulto belongs to the department of mind, 
 and /ac^o to that of body ("deliberation — action.") Hence the con- 
 clusion drawn in the next sentence. 7. utrumque refers to vis 
 
 corporis^ and virtus animi (Gr. 205, R. 7, (2), and is nom. to est un- 
 derstood. — indigenSy " a helpless thing." Others make utrumque nom. 
 to eget, with alteram, Gr. 204, R. 10. — auxilio, Gr. 250, R. 1. (2). 
 
 CHAP. II. Igitur, *' Well then," Z. 357. — nomen imperii prlmum 
 = "the first title given to rulers." — diversi, "pursuing different 
 courses." — pars . . . alii = alii . . . alii. — pars . . . exei'cehant, " some 
 addicted themselves to intellectual, others to bodily pursuits." — 
 etiamtum "still." — agitahatur = agehatur. Sallust is fond of using 
 frequentatives, and has a special affection for this one. — sua . . . place- 
 bant, Gr. 208, (7), & 279, 14: "each was satisfied with what he had." 
 The idea here is, that in these primitive ages there was no greed- 
 iness, and hence no wars; so that the magnum certamen could not be 
 decided, whether military success depended more on mind or body. 
 2* in Asia Cyrus. Sallust passes over earlier conquerors, appa- 
 rently as fabulous : on what grounds it is hard to see. — habere, " to 
 
 consider." — negotiis, "difficulties." 3* Quod si, "and if," Z. 807. — 
 
 imperatorum ... animi virtus, Gr. 211, R. 10. — valeret ... haberety 
 Gr. 261, 1. — ita valeret, "had as much influence." — cequabilius . . . sese 
 ... haberent = csquabiliores ... essent. The use of ex« with an ad- 
 verb in Greek = ufxi with an adj. is precisely similar (Crosby's 
 Gram, Sec. 555, a), except that the reflexive ace. is omitted. — cernc' 
 res, Gr. 209, R. 7, <fe 211, l.—aliud alio, Gr. 207, R. 33 ; Z. 714, "in 
 different directions." — aliud alio ferri stands opposed to constantius 
 
 ... haberent, and mutari ... omnia to cequabilius ... haberent. 
 
 5* Verum ... immutatur ; this sentence expresses the contrast be- 
 tween the conduct of kings and commanders in war and peace. 
 Hence labore, contineniia et cequitate, denotes the virtus animi exhib- 
 ited in war ; desidia, libido atque superbia, the contrary vices indulged 
 in time of peace. — invasere, sc. eos. — fortuna, sc. regum atque impera' 
 tomm; their authority could have been retained by practising the 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 349 
 
 same virtues which had enabled them to acquire it. {Nam imperium 
 . . . partum est) ; but indulgence in the vices named induced rivals to 
 
 attempt their overthrow, and enabled them to effect it. (J. ad 
 
 optimum quemque, "to every one in proportion as he is best," Z. 710: 
 
 this refers to both individual rulers and nations. 7. Qace . . . cedi- 
 
 ficant ; a singular expression == negotia homimim in arando^ navi- 
 gandoj cedi/ica7ido, or aratioy navigation cedijicatio, i. e., artes pads. — 
 parent = "depend on." In this sentence Sallust passes from his illus- 
 tration of the importance of animi virtus to rulers, in peace, as well 
 as war; and proceeds to show that private affairs also depend upon 
 this same virtus; thus further establishing what he had laid down in 
 
 the first Chapter {Quo mihi rectius^ cfec). 8» indocti incultique ; 
 
 the former refers to learning, the latter to manners and morals. — 
 qicasi peregrifiantes, i. e., taking not their proper part in the duties 
 of life ; hence it is said, transiere vitam^ not egere vitam. — quibus . . . 
 voluptati . . . oneriy Gr. 227. — anima = animus. — juxta, " of equal im- 
 portance," i. e., of none. 9. Verum enimvero denotes emphatic 
 
 opposition, Z. 348, note. The sentence it introduces stands opposed 
 to inulti mortales . . . transiere. — anima = vita. — -frui anima is added 
 to define vivere, — negotio abl. of means limiting qucerit. — intentus^ 
 "fully occupied : " so Dietsch ; but Andrew^s and Zumpt make negotio 
 
 abl. dSiev intentus : " fully occupied with some business." 10. in 
 
 magna copia, "in the great variety" of illustrious deeds, and honor- 
 able pursuits. — aliud alii iter^ "different ways (to fame) to different 
 persons." Sallust now passes, by a natural transition, to the eulogy 
 of his own chosen " way to fame," writing history. 
 
 CHAP. III. bene facere reipublicce, i. e., in a public capacity. — 
 haud absurdum est, Gr. 269, R. 2 ; a strong litotes == magnce laudi est, 
 Gr. 324, 9, "is not without use = very useful."— ?;eZ pace vel bello, 
 Gr. 253. — licet, sc. alicui.— fieri, sc. 55, Gr. 239, R. l.— et qui ... et qui 
 
 both relate to multi ; multi is emphatic by its unusual position. 
 
 Z» Ac mihi quidem. " Quidein here, like the Greek jx^v in e^o: /tev, 
 without a Se following, introduces one opinion in contradistinction 
 from another, though the latter is not mentioned, but merely sug- 
 gested by quidem. * And to me indeed it seems (whatever others may 
 think).' " ZuMPT. — rerum limits both scriptorem and auctorem. — aucto- 
 rem = actorem ; auctor rerum often = scriptor. — sequltur is indie, after 
 tametsi because it is expressed as certain, Gr. 259, 2d sentence. — in 
 primis arduum = superlative, " arduous in the highest degree." — dlctis 
 . . excequanda =« " must be worthily described ; " great deeds of course 
 
350 NOTES ON THE 
 
 in a style of corresponding eloquence : dictis is abl. of means. — dehinc 
 for deinde is rarely used in enumeration, but often when denoting 
 succession of time. — quoe delicta = ea delicta quce ; ea understood is 
 the subject of dicta. — reprehenderis, Gr. 266, 1. — dicta, sc. esse, "are 
 BO called," i. e., " called faults." — de . . . gloria, instead of an ace. after 
 memores, of which change there are many examples. — sibi depends 
 on facilia. — cequo animo accipit= "believes." — supra ea, i. e., " above 
 what he thinks he can do;" supply quce putat esse ; so in Jug. 85, 
 
 mihi contra ea videtur. 3* Sed ego, Sallust now passes to his 
 
 own experience. adolescentulus ; this term was applied to those 
 
 between 15 and 45 years old: e. g., Caesar is called below (Chap. 49), 
 adolescentulus, though 33 years of age. — plerique refers to adolescen- 
 tuli understood. — studio . . . latus sum, *' was hurried by strong incli- 
 nation into politics." — ibique = et in ea. " Roman writers, for the sake 
 of brevity, very often use adverbs of place, where we require a more 
 exact expression." Dietsch. — JVa?« pro,., vigehant ; here are three 
 pairs of opposed words : pro pudore, audacia ; pro absti?ientia, largitio ; 
 pro virtute, avaritia vigebant. — largitio, "bribery" to obtain office. 
 
 4* Quoi, sc. vitia. — animus asperiiabatur ; unfortunately this 
 
 declaration of Sallust respecting his own virtuous conduct has found 
 few believers. He was himself a painful instance of the corruptions 
 he describes. And thousands of similar examples are found in our 
 own times : a truly great statesman, a Kossuth, a Mazzini, 
 
 Who noble ends by noble means obtains, 
 Or failing smiles in exile or in chains, 
 
 appears but here and there amidst an ocean of corruption : 
 
 Apparent ran nantes in gurgite vasto. 
 
 — insolens . . . artium, Z. 436. — imbecilla (referring to adolescentulus), 
 "not yet matured and independent." — corrupta, "misled," not fixed 
 
 on worthy objects. 5« me is greatly emphasized by its position ; 
 
 it is a good example of this power of arrangement which the Latin 
 possesses. — ab reliquis . . . moribus, i. e., all but ambition. — dissentireni, 
 Gr. 263, 5, with R. 1. — nihilo, Gr. 256, R. 16. — eademque, i. e., as a 
 result of his cupido honoris. — -fama, sc. mala, fama atque itividia, 
 " abuse and envy." — eadem, fama, and invidia, are abl. after vexabat. 
 — vexabat =« " caused me to be harassed." 
 
 CHAP. IV. ex ... pericidis ; for the force of ex in such phrases, 
 see Z. 309 ; it denotes that something has ceased and something else 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 351 
 
 come into its place. — republica, *' public life." — habendam, so. esse, 
 
 non fwit . . . conterere ; the subject of fuit is socordia . . . contercre. 
 
 conterere, "to waste." — honum otium, "delightful leisure."-— coZe7icfo 
 and venando are dat. depending on intentus, Gr. 275, III. R. 2, (1), 
 though they might be abl., of which we have had an example in 
 Chap. 2 (aliquo negotio intentus). — agrwn colendo = agriculturcp. ; 
 
 venando =^ venationi, and hence they have officiis in apposition. 
 
 intentum agrees with me understood, the subject of agere ; omitted 
 according to Gr. 239, R. 1. Sallust's estimate of agriculture differs 
 widely from that of the earlier fathers of the Republic, to whom the 
 poet especially refers : 
 
 In ancient times the sacred plough employed 
 
 The kings and awful fathers of mankind ; 
 
 And some, with whom compared, your insect tribes 
 
 Are but the beings of a summer's day, 
 
 Have held the scales of empire, ruled the storm 
 
 Of mighty war ; then with unwearied hand. 
 
 Disdaining little delicacies, seized 
 
 The plough, and greatly independent lived. 
 
 Thomson's Seasons.— ;S;pW«^. 
 
 The instances of Cincinnatus, Curius, and Cato the Censor, are familiar 
 to every reader of Roman history. Cicero has set forth his opinion, 
 in the person of Cato, in his golden little book, de Senectute, contain- 
 ing one of the most eloquent eulogies on rural life ever written. But 
 Sallust's mind, still ambitione tenebatur, and relished nothing which 
 
 did not bring fame.- 2* mala, because it subjected him to abuse 
 
 and envy. — eodem = ad idem incepttim stvdiumqae ; see note on 
 ibiqucy above. Chap. 3. — eo, abl. of cause, refers to what follows. — 
 partibus reipubliccB, " the party feelings which prevailed in politics." 
 This impartiality is justly claimed by Sallust, as has been already 
 seen in his character of Metellus, and his severe censure of the vio- 
 lence of the plebs. It is manifested hereafter in his account of Cato. 
 3« Igitur refers to his determination to treat of the Roman his- 
 tory carptim. " Therefore (I have selected Catiline's conspiracy, and) 
 will relate it," (fee. — de . . . conjuratione . . . absolvam ; on the force of 
 
 de, see above. Chap. 3, note on c?e . . . virtute.' 4. periculiy se. reipub- 
 
 licce. 5i faciam is subj., Gr. 263, 3, last clause. 
 
 CHAP. V. genere, Gr. 246. — vi ... ingenio, Gr. 211, R. 6. Sal- 
 lust has omitted Catiline's gentile name, Sergius ; he was of the gens 
 Sergia^ claiming their descent from Sergestus, a companion of ^neas 
 
352 NOTES ON THE 
 
 (Sergestusque, domiis tenet a quo Sergia nomen, Virg. ^n. V. 121). 
 He was born b. c. 107. — malo pravoque; malum is the opposite of 
 
 honum ; pravum of rectum. 2« ihique = in Us. — ibique . . . exercuit. 
 
 " He first appears in history as a zealous partisan of Sulla. During 
 the horrors of the great proscription, among many other victims, he 
 killed with his own hand his brother-in-law, Q. Csecilius, described 
 as a quiet, inoffensive man ; and having seized and tortured the well- 
 known and popular M. Marius Gratidianus, the kinsman and fellow- 
 townsman of Cicero, cut off his head, and bore it in triumph through 
 
 the city." Smith's Diet. Biog. Zt patiens ... supra quam = pa- 
 
 tientior quam. — inedlce . . . alieni, Z. 438. 4* variicSy "versatile." — 
 
 cujus rei lihet = cujuslibet rei. — simulator and dissimulator are used 
 adjectively, like contemptor^ (J^g* 64.) = simulandi ac dissimulandi 
 
 capax. — satis . . . parum^ sc. illi erat. 5* Vast^cs^ "insatiable." 
 
 6t post ... SullcB^ "after the dictatorship of Sull^;" an example 
 which m^ny no doubt burned to follow. — id refers to reipuhliccB 
 capiendce. — assequeretur, Gr. 265. — du7n for dummodo. — pararety Gr. 
 
 263, 2. 7. quce utraquey^owQvty, and sense of guilt : the pronouns 
 
 are neut, though referring to two feminine antecedents, Gr. 206, 11. 
 
 8. mci7a6an^ = " encouraged.'' 9. hortari ... admonuity sc. 
 
 me. — tempuSy "the occasion." — supra repeterCy sc. rerriy "to take a re- 
 view." — instituta is the object of disserere. — hahuerinfy "managed." — 
 habuerint . . . reliquerint . . . sity Gr. 265. — ut = quomodo. — disserere = 
 disserere (sc. instituta . . . militiceque) et explicare (sc. quomodo = facta 
 sit). 
 
 CHAP. VI. sicuti . . . accepi implies that he does not vouch for 
 the truth of the story ; the eqo implies that this was not the current ac- 
 count. " The story about the descent of the Romans from the Trojans 
 through ^neas, was generally received at Rome at an early period, 
 and probably arose from the fact that the inhabitants of Latiuni and 
 of all the places said to have been founded by ^neas, were of the 
 same stock — Pelasgians." Dr. Schmitz in Smith's Diet. Biog. — cum his 
 AborigineSy sc. condidere atque habuere. — agreste, "rude;" it may 
 mean merely "dwelling in the fields." — imperioy "regular govern- 
 ment" 2. una moeniay Gr. 118, 2, 2d clause. — generCy linguay Gr. 
 
 211, R. 6, "though of different race and language." 3. res eoruniy 
 
 "their state." — civibus ... auctay "having become more populous, 
 civilized, and extended." — invidia, i. e., of the kings and nations against 
 the Romans ; invidia here has its passive meaning. — ex opuientioy sc. 
 Romanorum. 4» auxilio esse, sc. illiSy Gr. 22*7, with R. 2. — ceteris 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 353 
 
 BC. ainicorwn. — aberant, "kept aloof." 5. portabant . . . parabant ; 
 
 the imperf. denotes custom, "they always brought," &c. — auxilla = 
 auxilium, "aid," not "auxiliaries;" the plural indicates the fre- 
 quency of it. 6* nomen ... habebant = ^' iheiv chief ruler was 
 
 called kiny'^ — consultabant for considebant ; no other classic writer 
 uses it thus. But we have remarked Sallust's fondness for frequenta- 
 tives. — curce si?niliticdine, i. e., of their care of the state to a father's 
 
 care of his children. 7. conservandce ... reipubUcce^ "had tended 
 
 to preserve," &c., Gr. 275, III, R. 1, (5); Z. 662, 663, <fe 764. Com- 
 pare note on Jug. 88 {yieque belli patrandi). — binos imperatore.% i. e., 
 consuls. — animum humanum used for animos^ implies that it was the 
 tendency of the human mind and \s = ut animus hwnanus plerumque 
 solet. The account of the institution of consuls is found in Livy, i., at 
 the end. 
 
 CHAP. VII. se .. . extollere, " to strive to rise." — iyi promptu ha- 
 herCy " exhibited publicly." The reason why this was not done under 
 the kings is given in the next sentence. 3* adepta is used pas- 
 sively; see Z. 632. — tanta . .. incesserat, leading men to exert them- 
 selves in serving the state. 4. simulac . . . patienSj " as soon as 
 
 they were able to endure," i. e., were old enough. — discebat . . . habe- 
 bant ; juveniles being a collective noun, may have verbs, adjectives, 
 and pronouns either in the sing, or plur. — libidinem habebant = de- 
 lectabantur ; libido sometimes, as here, is merely equivalent to volup- 
 
 tas. 5. talibus, i. e., so trained. — viris ; this term was applied to 
 
 all over 16 years old, at which age they assumed the toga virilism or 
 manly gown, corresponding in this respect to the modern boots and 
 tail coat. — ullus belongs to labos and hostis as well as to locus. — do- 
 
 mufrat= " had made easy." 6» glorice magnum certamen . . . eraty 
 
 " there was also the greatest emulation among themselves : " he had 
 just spoken of their bearing towards the enemy. — sic, "therefore." — 
 se ; this use of an accusative before the inf. after properare is the 
 only known example : it is very emphatic, and used for that purpose ; 
 "he himself (before any other)."— properabat = cupiebat. — eas and 
 earn agree with the predicate noun (Gr. 206, (10); Z. 3*72), instead 
 of being neuter referring to the preceding clauses; this is the regular 
 usage when they refer to clauses, according to Andrews. — putabant, sc. 
 
 esse. — honestas, "honorably acquired." 7. possem ... ni traheret, 
 
 Gr. 261, 1, "I could tell (and I would), unless," &c.—longius . . . tra- 
 heret, " would be too great a digression." It is easy to see that Sal- 
 lust, like Tacitus in, his Germania, is covertly lashing his degenerate 
 
354: NOTES ON THE 
 
 contemporaries in all this description of their brave and virtuous 
 ancestors. 
 
 CHAP. VIII. Sed, "but" (although the ancient Romans were 
 so deserving, they have not received the fame they deserve for, <fec.). 
 
 2. aliquanto, Gr. 256, R. 16 ; Z, 488. The Athenians were far 
 
 more civilized than the early Romans, and hence the greater fame 
 
 their deeds received. 3« scriptorum magna ingenia is a Grecisra 
 
 = scriptores mapiis ingeniiSy Gr. 324, 2 ; so ingenia in the next sen- 
 tence. 4* eorum .-. . fecere, i. e., the Athenians. 5» eacopia^ sc. 
 
 scriptorum magnis ingeniis. — prvdentissimuSy and hence best qualified 
 to write. — ingenium . . . exercehat^ i. e., gave himself up to literary 
 pursuits, so as to excel in them. — sua . . . laudare == " to do deeds 
 worthy of narration by others." 
 
 CHAP. IX. natura, i. e., because they loved them. 3« Jurgia^ 
 
 discordias, simultates, all apply properly to civil or domestic dissen- 
 sions. — cum hostibus . . , de virtute^ supply tantmUy "only," with each 
 
 clause. — in amicis^ "in the case of friends " = z7i amicos. 3* ubi 
 
 pax evenerat = in pace. 4« maxima . . . habeo, "I consider the fol- 
 lowing to be the strongest proofs." — hcec refers to the following 
 clauses, to the end. — tardius, sc. propria, " too late," Gr. 256, R. 9. — 
 qui = in eos qui. — loco, "their post," depends on cedere, not on pulsi. 
 
 CHAP. X. labore . , . justitia, sc. majorum nostrum. — nationes . . . 
 populi ; the former has reference to birthplace, the latter to govern- 
 ment. — scBvire, to grow cruel. — miscere omnia, "produce universal 
 
 confusion." 2% Qui ... his. Observe the emphasis given to the 
 
 relative clause by putting it fii'st. 3« ea, i. e., pecunice cupido, and 
 
 imperii cupido.- 4» edocuit ; verbs of teaching take two accusa- 
 tives, one of a person and the other of a thing ; but the first is often 
 omitted, as homines is here, and the second may be changed into an 
 infinitive clause, which is partially done in this sentence, leaving one 
 
 of those mixed constructions in which Sallust delights. 5* falsos, 
 
 "deceitful." — ex re, "according to what they really were;" the idea 
 is that in commencing and ending friendships and enmities they re- 
 garded interest only. 6. Hcec, sc. vitia. — contagio, sc. vitiorum. — 
 
 invasit, sc. homines. — crudele intolerandamque ; for ample proofs of 
 this, though at a later da}^, see Cicero's Speeches agninst Yerres ; 
 they show at its height the state of things here referred to. 
 
 CHAP. XI. propius virtiUem ; it might have also been virtuti, 
 
 Z. 411. 2. bonus et ignavns . . . ceque. i. e., " the good as well as the 
 
 bad." — vera via = via virtntis. — huic ; we would expect hie in con- 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 355 
 
 traat with. ille. 3* hab^t, "implies, consists in." — studlum, "earn- 
 est desire." — venenis includes, like the Greek cpapfxaKou, drugs and 
 dyes, as well as poisons : like many other similar words, however, it 
 usually has a bad sense when standing iinqnalified. — virilem, i. e., 
 previously manly. — neque . . . minuitur = " is the same in wealth and 
 
 poverty." 4. Sed refers to the declaration in the first sentence 
 
 that ambition first prevailed. — recepta alludes to Sulla's driving out 
 Marius and his party, who were tyrannizing over the state : it docs 
 not mean " having regarded," but " having got possession of." — bonis 
 initiiSf Gr. 257, R. 7, "though his beginning was good;" this remark 
 is illustrated by the passage in Jug. 95, beginning, Atgue illi felicis- 
 simo, &Q. — rapere . . . trahere, " all began to rob and plunder.'* — mo- 
 dum^ modestiam ; the latter denotes the inward feeling, the former 
 the outward result of it ; " have no moderation in feeling or act." — 
 fmda crudeliaque facinora^ "foul cruelties." — in civibus = in civeSy 
 
 like in amicis above, Chap. 9. 5» Hue accedebat, "to this was 
 
 added (the fact);" the verb agrees with what follows; Gr. 273, 6, 
 hue = ad hoc ; see Chap. 3, note on ibique. — Asia^ i. e., Asia Minor. — 
 ductaverat ; Sallust and Tacitus are the only prose writers who use 
 this word; it is used appropriately here of Sulla's long-continued 
 command. — quo^ usually considered a conjunction in this connection, 
 is really the abl. of means. — -facereiy Gr. 262. — luxuriose . . . habuerat 
 . s="had indulged (the army) in luxury and too great freedom." — 
 Loca . . . molliverant ; referring to the delicious climate, the abun- 
 dance, and the luxury of Asia Minor; et quod ("and that") should 
 
 be prefixed to connect this sentence with what precedes. 6t amarc 
 
 . . . pofarCy " to be licentious and drunken ; " so in Marius's speech, 
 Jug. Chap. 85 (amenty potent). — ^neVaW =" to admire and covet." — 
 privatim ac publice, " for private use and for the state," i. e., for pub- 
 lic buildings at Rome. Thousands of the most precious works of art 
 were thus seized, in Greece and elsewhere ; see again Cicero contra 
 
 Verrem, de signis. — polluere^ " to stain with crime." 7. Igitur, 
 
 " therefore," i. e., being governed by such feelings. — nihil reliqui . . . 
 
 feeere = nihil reliquerunt. 8« sapieiitiuMy " (even) of the wise." — 
 
 animos fatigant, "tries the souls." — moribus, Gr. 211, R. 6. — ieinpera- 
 rent, Gr. 261, 1, with R. 4. 
 
 CHAP. XII. innocentiam, "disinterestedness." — pro malevolentiay 
 
 i. e., to be intended to cast odium on the rich. 2. promiscuoy 
 
 " without distinction." — nihil pensi habere, "they utterly disregard." 
 — neque moderati habere, "nor have they any mo'deration (in violating 
 
356 NOTES ON THE 
 
 them)." 3* OpercB pretiwn est^ "it is a reward of labor = it will 
 
 reward the labor," i. e., it is worth while. — domos . . . villas, i. e^ of 
 the rich men of Sallust's day. — in terbium modum, like cities. *' The 
 house of Publiiis Clodius cost about 131,000 pounds; and the Tuscu- 
 lan villa of Scaurus was fitted up with such magnificence that, when 
 it was burned by his slaves, he lost upwards of 885,000 pounds." 
 Smith's Diet of Antiq., art. House, LucuUus spent such vast sums 
 in building and improving his grounds, that Pompey in derision 
 called him the Roman Xerxes. — religiosissimi mortales^ ** though the 
 most religious of men ; " the idea is, that their temples were so small 
 compared with the dwellings of the rich in Sallust's day. The epithet 
 
 religiosissimi is very justly applied to the early Romans. 4. Ve- 
 
 rum . . . decorahanty i. e., they thought piety the best ornament of a 
 temple, and glory, of a private house. — injurice licentiamj " liberty to 
 
 injure," i. e., the Romans. 5t sociis and hostibus are in strong 
 
 opposition : allies are worse treated now than enemies formerly. — 
 fortissimi viri, i. e., major es nostri. — hostibus, sc. victis. — proinde . . . 
 uti, "just as if exercising authority consisted, in short, in doing in- 
 jury." — id refers to iiijuriam facer e, and is expressed for emphasis. — 
 esset, Gr. 268, 3. 
 
 CHAP. XIIT. memorem, Gr. 260, 11., R. 5. — ea refers to what fol- 
 lows, Gr. 207, R. 22. — maria constructa refei*s to the immense fish- 
 ponds formed by digging, and then letting in the sea by canals, which 
 
 were made by Lucullus and others. 3* honeste habere = honeste 
 
 uti, in opposition to abuti. 3» cultus, "luxury." The clauses fol- 
 lowing incesserat are an illustration of the vices mentioned in the first 
 clause ; the one corresponding to libido stupri\ however, we omit for 
 the sake of decency. Ample details of the luxury and vice of the 
 period may be found in contemporary and succeeding authoi*3, in 
 Cicero's Orations, Horace's Satires, the Comedies of Plautus and 
 Terence, and the biographies of Plutarch, especially those of Lucullus 
 and Antony. — terra marique, Gr. 254, R. 3. — vescendi . . . antecapere ; 
 this whole passage is closely imitated from one in the famous allegory 
 of Hercules' Choice, in Xenophon's Memorabilia. — es&et, Gr. 263, 3. — 
 nonfamem . . . antecapere^ i. e., they do not wait till the want is ex- 
 perienced before satisf^dng it, but eat before they are hungry, <fec., 
 and use provocatives to hunger and thirst, even to the extent of 
 
 taking emetics for the purpose. 4. Hcec, these habits of luxury. 
 
 5* carebat, "cduld do without^ bear to be deprived of" 
 
 CHAP. XIV. The author, having given a very appropriate and 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE, 357 
 
 instructive account of the corruption of public morals, which pre- 
 pared the way lor Catiline's conspiracy, and^ rendered it possible, now 
 proceeds to give an account of hira and his associates. — tanta has 
 reference to what had been said in Chap. 10 of the extension of the 
 Roman state. — id quod; id is given only for distinctness, Gr. 206, 
 (13) ; without it quod would relate to the rest of the sentence after 
 erat. — -Jlagitiorimi . . . facinomrn^ '* vices and crimes;" by a common 
 
 figure crimes are mentioned instead of the criminals, Z, 675. 
 
 2« ces alienum, " lit, " other people's mone}" = debt." — grande belongs 
 to both words taken as one, Gr. 205, R. 16, 2d Y>arag.—Jlagifiu7n . . . 
 redimeret, ''might compound for, buy himself off from the punish- 
 ment of, vice or crime ; " nothing was more common at that period 
 than for the greatest criminals to escape by bribing their judges, as 
 
 Catiline himself once did. 3. civili = civiwn. — quos ... alebat == 
 
 "false witnesses and assassins." — '^perjurio refers to lingica, and sail- 
 guine civili to mamis, by the figure Chiasmus, which consists in such 
 an arrangement of four words, that the third corresponds to the sec- 
 ond, and the fourth to the first ; like the extremities of the (Greek) 
 letter Chi, X." Andrews. With this vigorous description compare 
 the language of Cicero's second oration against Catiline, Chap. 4: 
 "What poisoner, what gladiator, what robber, what assassin, what 
 parricide, what forger of wills, what swindler, what debauchee, what 
 spendthrift, what adulterer, what infamous woman, what corrupter 
 of youth, what corrupt and ruined person can be found in all Italy, 
 who does not confess that he has lived with Catiline on the most in- 
 timate terms? " It is hardly necessary to remark that a careful com- 
 parison of Sallust's and Cicero's remarks against Catiline throughout 
 will well repay the student; they throw great light upon, as well as 
 
 confirm each other. 4« a cidpa vacuus = innocens. — inciderat is 
 
 used only of evil things ; = " had been so unfortunate as to fall" 
 
 5. fiuxi, "unfixed, easily influenced."— c?2^cw7^er, Z. 267, n. 2 
 
 6. ex cetate, " arising from his (youthful) age."— moc?^s^zog parcere = 
 " is not ashamed to do any thing."— /acere/, Gr. 263, 2. — ohnoxios, 
 
 "in his power, dependent on him." 7. existimarent, Gr. 266, 1.— 
 
 frequentahat ; for the use of the indicative, see Gr. 266, 2, R. 5 ; 
 
 I Z. bl&.—parum honeste hahuisse = " basely disregarded." — compertum 
 
 I foret, "could be certainly proved" (if examined into), Gr. 261, 1, 
 
 I wiih R. 4. 
 
 ! CHAP. XV. The subject of Catiline's vices, opened in Chap 5, 
 
 I is now resumed.— /am indicates that the author is going to descend 
 
358 NOTES ON THE 
 
 from generals to particulars. — prirnum^ i. e., "to begin with the be- 
 ginning." — sacerdote Vestce ; her name was Fabia, the sister of Teren- 
 tia, Cicero's wife. She was tried for the crime and acquitted, prob- 
 ably by Cicero's influence, but Sallust speaks as if she was guilty. 
 The vestals were persons of great dignity and importance ; and bound 
 by a vow of chastity for thirty years. If convicted of violating this 
 vow, the vestal was solemnly buried alive, and her paramour was 
 scourged to death in the Forum ; see Smith's Diet. Antiq. ; Bojesen's 
 
 Rom. A7itiq.,se(i. 278, 2ld.—jusfasque, "human and divine law." 
 
 2« Postremo, i. e., just before the conspiracy. — nihil . . . laudavit^ "no 
 good man ever praised any thing." — quod . . . dubitahat depends on 
 vacuam ,^. fecisse. — nuhere ; the student will observe that this word 
 can bo'-'-ised of marriage, only with reference to the female; it prop- 
 erly means "to veil," and derives its secondary sense, "to marry" 
 {se being understood), from t^e custom of the bride wearing a veil: 
 ducere is the term when the bridegroom is spoken of, because he led 
 the bride to his home. — privignum^ i. e., the son immediately to be 
 mentioned (necato filio), and who would have become her privignus 
 when she married Catiline. — cetate^ Gr. 211, R. 6. — creditur, "it is 
 believed," not "he is believed," which would not be grammatical; 
 credo^ in the sense of " I believe," being intransitive. — necato filio, 
 " by slaying his son." — nuptiis is dat., limiting vacuam. — -fecisse would 
 regularly have been fecit, agreeing with Catilina understood, as is 
 seen from the part, captus ; but by the interposition of pro certo ere- 
 ditur, an anacoluthon was produced, and fecit changed to fecisse, de- 
 pending on creditur. Cicero charges him with murdering his fii'^t 
 
 wife too, for the same cause, viz., to marry Orestilla. 3* facinoris, 
 
 i. e., the conspiracy. •!• dis . . . infesius, " at war with both gods 
 
 and men." — vigiliis neque quietibus, "waking or asleep;" for con- 
 science tormented him when awake, and filled his sleep with direful 
 
 visions. — ita, "to such a degree." — vastabat, "harrowed up." 
 
 5« Igiticr, "hence (arose)." — foedi, "ghastly." — prorsus . . . inerat, "in 
 short, madness was stamped on his appearance and looks." 
 
 CHAP. XVI. 2. commodare, "he furnished," i. e., to those who 
 needed i\\Qm.—fidem . . . habere, " to despise character, fortune (i. e., 
 to sacrifice them readily), and dangers." — attriverat, "had worn away," 
 by these means. — imperabat is followed both by an infinitive clause 
 (Jidem . . . habere), and by an ace. majora alia, Gr. 229, R. 5 : we 
 have another mixed construction in the use together of the historical 
 inf. commodare, and the imp. ind. imperabat. 3« minus suppetebat. 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 359 
 
 **was not in readiness." — sontes^ *' tliose who had given him oftenee." 
 — insontes^ " those who had not." — jugulare, *' cut their thi'oats." — 
 scilicet, "it is easy to perceive;" supply hoc facer e. — grahiito, "wan- 
 tonl}'." — potius=potius quam per otium torpescerent maims aut ani- 
 mus atnicis sociisque, Gr. 245, II. 4* confisus = quod confidebat, 
 
 and so connecting with what follows. — ces alienum . . . erat : " to un- 
 derstand this we need only remember how the Roman magistrates 
 plundered all the provinces, and what usurious interest was exacted 
 by the publicans and traders. The Allobroges mentioned below are 
 an example. Catiline trusted that all whom Roman avarice had 
 stripped would join him." Dietsch. — largius suo usi, "having spent 
 their property too lavishly." — rapinarum, i. e., under Sulla, and espe- 
 cially during the proscription. — victorice, over their fellow-c'^^'zens of 
 the party of Marius. — veteris belongs to rapinarum also. Cicero says 
 of these soldiers of Sulla (in Cat. II. 9, 20), " These are men from the 
 colonies which Sulla founded; these are colonists who have spent 
 with too much extravagance and ostentation their sudden and unex- 
 pected wealth. In building expensive houses, in purchasing farms, 
 litters, and large families of slaves, and providing sumptuous ban- 
 quets, they have incurred so much debt, that Sulla would need to be 
 raised from the dead, to release them." — opprimendce reipublicce, i. e., 
 
 by renewing the dictatorship and the proscriptions of Sulla. 
 
 5« In Italia. "The republic never maintained a standing army in 
 Italy ; its legions were ali occupied in the provinces. The police of 
 Borne and the large towns was kept by the citizens themselves, and 
 the consuls and chief magistrates had only a few lictors and archers 
 in attendance upon them." Merivale. — Pompeius . . . gerebat, i. e., in 
 Asia Minor, conducting the Mithradatic war. He overran Armenia, 
 Albania and Iberia, called extremis terris, because all beyond was 
 unknown to the Romans. — ipsi, sc. Catilince. — consulatuyn petenti . . . 
 spes = consulatum adipiscendi . . . spes ; he had failed once, but still 
 hoped to succeed at another trial ; and with good reason. — nihil^ 
 Z. 677. — intentus, "watchful." "The senate had cast away all care, 
 and having subdued the popular party, thought they had nothing 
 more to fear." Dietsch. 
 
 CHAP. XVII. L. Ccesare, a distant relative of Julius Csesar, and 
 uncle of Mark Antony. This was b. c. 64 — imparatam rempublicam, 
 
 "the unprepared condition of the republic." 3. quibus . . . inerat, 
 
 " who were the most audacious and the most completely ruined ; " 
 inerat is used with neeessitudo by zeugma. Later writers always use 
 
360 NOTES ON THE 
 
 necessitas to express this idea instead of necessitudo. 3* '*In the 
 
 names that follow the gentile name is mostly omitted, as is often the 
 case when the cognomen is expressed, and in some families always. 
 For example, Lentulus, Cethegus and the SuUas belonged to the Corne- 
 lian gens. Neither the gentile name nor cognomen was used without 
 the prsBnomen, before the times of Augustus ; they said C. Julius or 
 C. Csesar, but never Julius Caesar." Dietsch. P. Sulla was subse- 
 quently accused of sharing in the conspiracy, and 'tried for it. He 
 was defended by Cicero in a well-known oration, and acquitted ; 
 though certainly guilty, he had taken no prominent or active part, 
 4« coloniis et municipiis. "Of the municipia there were three 
 kinds ; Jirsty those whose citizens emigrating to Rome, became after 
 some years citizens there ; this right was called isopolity by the 
 Greeks ; second, those to whom Roman citizenship had been given 
 with the right of suffrage ; third, those to whom it had been given 
 without that right. At this time all the inhabitants of Italy had 
 received Roman citizenship. The colonists were either from Rome 
 or Latium, and retained their right of citizenship, as a matter of 
 
 right." Dietsch. 6* juventus pleraque, " most young men." — Quibus 
 
 has reference not to juventutem, but to maxime nohilium ; supply ii, 
 which is seldom omitted unless when of the same case as the rela- 
 tive, Gr. 206, (3), {a). — magnijice vel molliter ; molliter has reference 
 to luxurious living only ; magnijice includes also a public ostentation 
 
 of it. — vivere for vivendi, depending on cqpia, Gr. 270, R. 1. 
 
 T« Fuere . . . qui crederent, Gr. 264, 6. — ea tempestate ; Sallust is fond 
 of this word instead of teinpus ; except Livy, no later writer uses it 
 in this sense. — L. Crassum, surnamed i)/?;c5, proverbial for his wealth. 
 — quia Cn. Pompeius, supply nam before this sentence. — cujusvis, 
 **of any one," even of a Catiline. — voluisse, supply crederent eum 
 (i. e., Crassum). — illius, sc. Pompeii. — illos refers to conjuratos, im- 
 plied in conjuratio, Gr. 206, (11). '' Crassus was very hostile to 
 Pompey, both because Pompey had deprived him of the glory of fin- 
 ishing the Servile War, and because he felt himself obscured by him. 
 In this mention of Crassus, the sobriety and circumspection of Sallust 
 as a historian, are very observable." Dietsch. 
 
 CHAP. XVIII. 2. L. Tidlo ... co7isulibus, b. c. 66. — designati ; 
 they were elected in July usually, and entered on office the first of 
 January following. — legibus, "according to the laws," Gr. 249, II. — ajn- 
 bihis literally means "canvassing for votes ;" secondarily, "bribery." 
 There were many laws against it, from b. c. 182 or earlier, down. 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 361 
 
 "The Lex Acilia Calpumia, passed b. c. 67 (only the year before this 
 transaction), imposed a fine on. the offending part}^ with exclusion 
 from the senate and all public offices," Smith's i>2c^, of Aniiq. s. v. 
 
 Ambitus. — interrogaii, "brought to trial." 3. pecuniarum repctun- 
 
 darum, " of extortion," i. e., during his praetorship in Africa.— joroAi- 
 bitus erat, by a decree of the senate, as Dietsch says, until he cleared 
 himself of the charge, which he subsequently did by bribing the 
 judges to acquit him. — quod . . . iiequiveret. Every candidate's name 
 had to be announced 17 days before the election ; and no one could 
 be a candidate unless he was free of accusation. Dietsch omits this 
 whole clause for historical reasons which seem weighty, if not 
 
 conclusive. — profitere^ supply se esse candidatum. 5. no7ias J)e- 
 
 cembres. The nones fell on the fifth day, in all the months, except 
 March, May, July, and October, in which they fell on the seventh ; 
 for a full explanation of the Roman calendar, see Gr. 326 ; Z. 867-70. 
 — conailio communicatOy *' having united their counsels," = making 
 common cause. — calendis Januariis, the day that the new consuls 
 (who liad been chosen instead of the two who had been condemned 
 for bribery) were to take the oath of office, and offer solemn sacri- 
 fices and prayers for the safety of the republic— /asc26?^5, i. e., the 
 consulship, of which the Fasces, carried by the lictors before the con- 
 suls, were the emblem, — duas Bispaniis, i. e., Citerior Hispania, or 
 Tarraconensis (named from Tarraco, the capital), and Ulterior, or 
 
 Bsetica (from the river Bsetis). Q, in nonas ... trayistulerant, no 
 
 doubt, till suspicion would be lulled. 7. Jam turn, "already at 
 
 that time," (the nones of Feb.) 8. niaturdssef, "had been too 
 
 hasty," Gr. 261, 1. — post . . . Romanmn limits pesshnum. — -forety Gr. 
 261, 1. — ea res, i e., giving the signal before the armed men had gen- 
 erally arrived, who were to perpetrate the murders. 
 
 CHAP. XIX. Piso . . . misms est. " Inasmuch as he had joined 
 the conspiracy from debt, the senate, having no clear proofs, and being 
 cowardly, find anxious to quiet so desperate a man, gave him the 
 province which Catiline and Autronius had promised him." Dietsch. 
 — qucestor pro prcetore, " with prsetorial power," a most unusual thing; 
 ^e, for the duties of each, Bojesen, 108-10, <fe 118-20; SMrrn's Diet., 
 s. Y.-^adnitente Crasso, out of hatred to Pompey, — infestuminimicicm ; 
 the latter adj. is used as a noun, yet is followed by the dat., Gr. 211, 
 
 R. 5. 2. invitus, Gr. 205, R. lo.—respublica, "from the republic," 
 
 i. e., from all participation in the management of it, which was centred 
 at Rome.— 60722, '' of the aristocracy," a frequent meaning of the word, 
 16 
 
362 NOTES ON THE 
 
 like the Greek ap^rroi ("the best"), from which aristocracy '\^ derived. 
 — prcesidium in eOy '* that he would be a defence" against the power of 
 Pompey. — -jam turn, '* even then." " Spain, too, was full of the clients 
 and warm friends of Pompey, whom, it was doubtless hoped, Piso 
 
 would either gain over or repress." Dietsch. i. Sunt qui ita 
 
 dicunt ; for the unusual indie, here, see Gr. 264, 6, 5th parag. ; Z. 563. 
 It is because the persons who said it were known to the writer. But 
 
 Dietsch reads dicant/ vtith. a very few manuscripts;-c 5. voluntate 
 
 ejuSy not "at his request," but "in accordance with his known feel- 
 ings." — imperia = ijnperatores. 6* in medio = " undetermined." 
 
 CHAP. XX. The author returns to what he had been narrating, 
 Chap. 17, of the meeting of conspirators whom Catiline had con- 
 vened. — egeraty " had discussed." — cum singulis^ *' with them individ- 
 ually." — in rem^ " to the purpose = advantageous." — universos, " in 
 
 a body," opposed to singulis. 2* forent . . . cecidisset^ Gr. 261, 1. — 
 
 in manihus, " in our reach." — per = " relying on." — ignava . . . ingenia 
 = ignavos aut vanos homiiies, " men whom I did not know to be 
 brave and reliable." — incerta . . . captarein^ i. e., "run so great risk." 
 
 — pro certiSf i. e., my present rank and influence. 3* tempestati- 
 
 bus, "occasions." — eo, "for this reason," referring to the preceding 
 
 clause quia . . . mihi — simulj "and also." 4* ea refers to idem . . . 
 
 nolle, but for that reason agrees with the predicate amicitia ; see 
 Chap. 1, note on eas divitias, cam, <tc. Compare with this sentence 
 
 the similar one in Jug. 31, beginning, Qicos omnes eadem cupere. 
 
 5* ja7n anteoy "before now." — diversi, "singly." 6. 7nlhi, Gr. 211, 
 
 R. 5. — in dies magis, " day after day, more and more." — sit, Gr. 265. 
 It* jus atque ditionem, "under the supreme authority and con- 
 trol;" the two joined express the highest authority. — tetrarchce, 
 kings, but not acknowledged as such by the Romans ; the word is 
 familiar to the readers of the Xew Testament, and had early lost its 
 original meaning of "ruler of a fourth part." — ceteri omnes, "all the 
 rest (of us)." — strenui, honi, "though men of energy and merit" — 
 vulgus, "a mere rabble," in their estimation. — his ohnoxii, " dependent 
 on those." — valeret, " were in a healthy state." — valeret . . . essemus, 
 
 Gr. 261, 1. 8. volunt, sc. eas esse. 9« quosque= usque quo, 
 
 "even to what point." — tandem in interrogations expresses impatience ; 
 e. g., Quis tandem, "who in the world?" — per virtutem =z fortiter. — 
 
 per dedecus = indecore. — uhi . . . fueris, " after you have been." 
 
 10. Verum enim vera; there is an ellipsis after vei-miuf to be thus sup- 
 plied ; " But (there is no danger of this) for in truth," <fec. — pro is an 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 363 
 
 interjection.— /cfe^/i, supply tesior or invoco, Z. ^^l.^vicjet . . . valet, 
 supply woiis; "we are in the prime of body and min^r—dlvitiis, 
 i. e., luxurious habits resulting from Avealth. — omnia, i. e.. "bodily 
 
 and mental powers." — consenuerunty "have grown weak." inceptoy 
 
 Gr. 243.— cetera, ace. pi. neut.— cetera . . . expediet, " the thing itself 
 (i. e., the revolution) will disentangle the rest," i. e., bring to a happy 
 conclusion. The idea is : we need only to set it going; it will then 
 
 require no fartl er impulse, but go on of itself. II. superare = 
 
 ahunde esse. — exstruendo mari refers to the vast moles which wealthy 
 Romans extended out into the sea ; to which Horace alludes when he 
 says: "The fish perceive that the seas have become more contracted 
 by moles extended into the deep," Od. III. 1, 33 ; and in another place 
 where he speaks of "filling all the Tyrrhenian and Apulian sea with 
 building materials," Od. III. 24, 3. — montibus cocequandis ; see Chap. 
 13, note on snbversos monies. — larem ; the Lar was the tutelary house- 
 hold god, the god of the family-hearth, and hence, secondly, "the 
 home." — larem familiarem, "a home we can call our own," in dis- 
 tinction from a naere lodging. 12. tahulas, sc. pictas. — nova^ "just 
 
 built," supply cedificia. — postremo, " in short." — trahunt, vexant , . . 
 vincere, are all terms of war = "they treat their money like an ene- 
 my." — summa libidine, " the greatest extravagance." 13« res, "the 
 
 actual state of things." — spes, " what we have to expect." 14. Quin 
 
 = qui (old abl.) ne, "why not?" — in oculis, " before your eyes." — 
 
 prcBmia, "as reward," Gr. 230, R. 2. — posuit, "has set up." 15. hor- 
 
 tentur is here imperative. 17. agam, "I will effect." — consul, 
 
 "when consul." — animus fallit, "my mind deceives me," i. e., in the 
 opinion I have formed of your spirit and courage. The feelings of 
 the outs who long to be in office, have never been more forcibly ex- 
 pressed : mutatis mutandis (and not much, either), it would answer 
 for a large part of our own patriots, who are so anxious to serve their 
 country. Catiline's remarks are characterized by intense patriotism, 
 and a stern determination to rescue his country by getting into office, 
 or die in the attempt. Many- readers will doubtless recognize, a. 
 little changed, the eloquent language they have often heard from the 
 stump. 
 
 CHAP. XXL quieta movere videbatur, " to make a disturbance 
 (for its own sake), seemed a great gratification." — movere ^ turbare. 
 — conditio belli, " the conditions of (their engaging in) the war," which 
 is explained by xie next clause. — ubique = et ubi, as it generally is in 
 Sallust, though not always, as has been rashly asserted. 3. tabu- 
 
364 NOTES ON THE 
 
 las novas, literally, "new accounts = an abolition of debts," a meas- 
 ure of special interest to them. John Randolph has well remarked, 
 ** I defy you to show me a desperately indebted people any where, 
 wlio can bear a regular, sober government." See, in the notes to 
 Chap. 16, the quotation from Cicero, on the desperate indebtedness 
 of the milites t^idlani ; this was the cause that had led Piso to join 
 with Catiline; see Chap. 18, — proscriptionem locupletium ; ^'pi'oscrip- 
 tio properly signifies an advertisement of sale of any thing ; Sulla 
 applied it to a measure of his own invention, the sale of the property 
 of those who were put to death at his command. He drew up a list 
 of the persons whom he wished to be killed, and this list was exhib- 
 ited in the Forum to public inspection. Every person contained in 
 it was an outlaw, who might be killed with impunity by any one who 
 met him, even by his slaves and his nearest relatives. All his prop- 
 erty was publicly sold at a very low price, and was in most cases 
 purchased by the friends and favorites of Sulla. The property of 
 tlios^ who had fallen in the ranks of his enemies was sold in the same 
 manner. Those who killed a proscribed person, or gave notice of his 
 place of concealment, received two talents as a reward ; and whoever 
 concealed or gave shelter to a proscribed, was punished with death. 
 The sons and grandsons of proscribed persons were for ever excluded 
 from all public offices. This example was readily adopted during the 
 civil commotions of subsequent years." Smith's JJicf. of Antiq., art. 
 Proscriptio. Catiline i^j)»d been an active participator in these scenes 
 of blood and plunder,'* and tbe.ir renewal would be very acceptable to 
 his followers. — -ferty "bring (with them)." 3* Prceterea; what fol- 
 lows is an answer to the demand above, quid uhique . . . haherent. — 
 esse ; this infin. and those following depend on dicere, which is implied 
 in polliceri. — cum exercitu ; it was a band of mercenaries. — petere . . . 
 C. Antoniuiriy "was a candidate for the consulship." Antony was 
 elected consul, but Cicero, who was chosen with him, bought him off 
 from the party of the conspirators. He was uncle and father-in-law 
 to Mark Antony the triumvir ; fully as abandoned as Catiline, but of 
 less ability. — spcraret^ Gr. 266, 2. — omnihus . . . circumventus, over- 
 whelmed with difficulties of every kind. — consulem, " when consul." 
 
 —^pericidij of punishment for their crimes. i, ignomince^ L e., 
 
 from punishments already received. — ea . . . fuerat, " it had brouglit 
 
 booty." 5* petitionem sua7n, "his canvassing (for the consulship)." 
 
 — cures haherent = "should promote." 
 
 CHAP, XXII. oratione hahita, "after making his speech," tho 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 365 
 
 one given in Chap. 20. — populares= socios ; a meaning found only in 
 Salhist and Terence, of the classic period of the language. — vino, Gr. 
 
 245, XL — pa(cri% " sacrificial goblets." 2t hide =^ deinde. — exsecra- 
 
 tionem, "an imprecation of dire curses on themselves and all others 
 who should betray the conspiracy." Kritz. — consuevit is impers., 
 which is very rare. — eo ... quo, "for this reason, that;" both are 
 really ahl.— die tit are refers to the same persons as qui dicerent above : 
 " these persons frequently asserted ; " as this implies frequency, it 
 seems to preclude Zumpt's explanation of dictitare as abbreviated for 
 dictitavere. — alius alii . . . conscii, " mutually conscious ; " alii is dat. 
 after conscii, which is also followed by the gen. facinoris, Gr. 222, R. 
 3; for the plural conscii, see Gr. 204, R. 10. — tanti facinoris refers to 
 
 the drinking of human blood. 3* Ciceronis invidiam, "the odium 
 
 against Cicero;" the senate, having used Cicero as much as they 
 wished, lefu him without support to the vengeance of his enemies, 
 who got him banished for having had the conspirators put to death 
 without appeal to the people, an act which, though ordered by the 
 senate, was in palpable violation of the constitution. — atrocitate, by 
 (magnifying) the atrocity ; though related by Dion Cassius and Plu- 
 tarch, the charge can hardly have been true, or Cicero would not 
 have failed to mention it, minutely informed as he was of all the 
 
 proceedings of the conspirators. 4, Nobis r= "to my mind." — pro 
 
 magnitudine, " considering its importance : " i. e., so atrocious a 
 crime requires better proof. Another instance of Sallust's cautious 
 impartiality. 
 
 CHAP. XXIII. Sed indicates that, after the digression in Chap. 
 22, the writer returns to the narrative. — haud obscuro = illustri, by 
 litotes. — probri gratia, "as a punishment;" this is the usual inter- 
 pretation, but Dietsch translates it, " on account of his scandalous 
 life," which is better. — senatu . . . mover ant, is the regular formula, 
 " had expelled from the senate ;" see Bojesen, sec. 113 ; Smith's Diet,, 
 
 art. Censor. 2. va?iitas here is "levity, giddiness." — neqiie dicere 
 
 neque facere = neque in dicendo neque in faciendo. — quidquam pensi, 
 "any consideration:" he was imprudent enough to speak or to do 
 any thing. 3t repente, "of a sudden," i. e., after having been desti- 
 tute. — maria Qnontes polliceri, a strong expression for hyperbolical 
 promises. — minari . . . ferro, " threatens tliat she should be put to 
 death," i. e., in the proscription to ensue when Catiline had suc- 
 ceeded. — obnoxia, " dependent on," hence ** favorable, kind;" it re- 
 fers to the intimation above, that she had not smiled on him as 
 
366 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 formerly, since he had become too poor to be liberal.— ferocius agi- 
 tare, "behaves more insolently." 4* occultum habuit, "kept con- 
 cealed." — sublato, lit., "taken out of" the narrative = "concealed." 
 
 — quoque modo= et quo modo. 5f studia . . . accendit, " made men 
 
 very eager." 6« invidia, "prejudice" against Cicero, as a novus 
 
 homo, from the obscure town of Arpinum. Compare Jug. 63, last 
 
 two Ihies. — pollui = pollutmn iri. — quainvis, "however." 7. post 
 
 fuere, " were postponed," not forgotten. 
 
 CHAP. XXIY. declarantur, " are proclaimed," as the result of 
 the election {comitiis habitis). — C. Anto7iius had a small majority 
 over Catiline. — concusserat ; the pluperf. is used with reference to 
 their subsequent perseverance: it had confounded them, but they 
 
 afterward rallied. 2. plura agitare, " adopts more plans." — anna 
 
 . . . parare, "stores up arms; " the prep, in is omitted, Gr. 254, R. 3, 
 last parag. — ynutuum, "on loan;" sumptam mutuam, "borrowed." — 
 MaQilium ; he was an old soldier of Sulla, one of a colony of veterans 
 planted by him at Fesulae (now Fiesole, near Florence). — princeps 
 
 . . . faciendij "the first to begin the war." 3* sibi adscivisse, "to 
 
 have gained over." — toleraveranty "had supported." — cetaSy "age," 
 and consequent loss of charms. — tantummodo luxurice, " to their gains 
 (by prostitution) only, but not to their luxurious living." — inodum 
 fecerat^ " had set bounds." 4* servitice = servos. 
 
 CHAP. XXV. ySe<f is a particle indicating transition ; "now." — 
 Sempronia was the wife of D. Junius Brutus, and mother of that 
 Decimus Brutus who became one of the slayers of Julius Caesar. 
 Her husband was absent from Rome, and ignorant of the conspiracy. 
 
 2* genere . . . foinna . . . viro . . . llberis . . . litteriSy Gr. 250. — lit- 
 
 terisy "literature;" as we say, "a man of letters." — psallere and sal- 
 tare depend on docta. — psallei'e^ "to play and sing." — elegantiuSy 
 "with more taste and skill." — probce, " a woman of character: " such 
 skill was thought to indicate an immodest anxiety to attract the 
 other sex. The earlier Romans regarded singing and dancing with 
 the same feeling that was expressed by a modern Chinese, who, 
 after witnessing an English ball, inquired very gravely, why the bar- 
 barians did not make their servants do that? Nepos mentions this 
 in his FrcefatiOj as one point of difference between Greek and Roman 
 manners. — niulta allay ace. after docta, Gr. 234, instead of being abl. 
 
 like litteris, as it might have been. — instrumentay "means." 3* ei 
 
 cariora . . . fuit - " there was nothing she valued so little as," <fec. — 
 pecunicB . . . parceret, " whether she was more prodigal of her money 
 
 I 
 
CONSPIKACY OF CATILINE. 367 
 
 or her reputation."— d^eseerneres, Gr. 261, 1, with R. 4.— acmisa, sc. 
 
 eat. — Bed; see note above in this chapter. 4. creditum abjurave- 
 
 rat, "had foresworn a trust." *' Among the Romans the absence of 
 facilities for barter and exchange rendered it necessary to keep hoards 
 of gold and silver, and these it was often necessary to intrust to the 
 care of friends." Merivale. Of course it was often easy to deny 
 such a trust, and being easy was often done ; so that Juvenal ao a 
 later day says that fideli<"y under such circumstances was something 
 wonderful. — conscia, "privy to." — ahieraty "had gone off (from the 
 right path)." — prceceps ahierat, "had plunged headlong (into ruin).'* 
 
 5. hand ahsurdum^ "by no means contemptible;" trans., "she 
 
 possessed considerable talent."— ;/ace^^0B . . . lepos, " wit and grace." 
 An instructive sketch of a Roman "leader of the fashion," of that 
 period. 
 
 CHAP. XXVI, His rebus comparatis refers to nihilominus, i. e., 
 " notwithstanding his defeat ; " see Chap. 24, first sentence ; or bet- 
 ter, notwithstanding these preparations for seizing the government 
 by force, he still attempted to obtain it in the regular way, by elec- 
 tion. This is the explanation of Gerlach and Dietsch, and is much 
 preferable, as it refers nihilornimis to the clause immediately preced- 
 ing. " Catiline as consul would have much influence with Antonius, 
 one of the consuls, because the consuls were in great measure de- 
 pendent on their successors for the salary, retinue, and military force 
 with which they were sent to their provinces as proconsuls, after 
 the expiration of their year of consulship." Merivale, — proximum 
 
 annurriy B.C. 62. — exvoluntafe, "as he pleased."- 4. pactione provin- 
 
 cice, "by a bargain respecting his province." The senate, according 
 to the Sempronian law, had appointed Cisalpine Gaul (the north of 
 Italy so called), and Macedonia, as the provinces to be governed by 
 Cicero and Antony, as proconsuls, after their consulship expired. Of 
 these Macedonia l)nd fallen by lot to Cicero, which being the richer 
 and, from its greater distance, more exposed to plunder by a gov- 
 ernor, as well as affording more opportunities for military distinction 
 at that time, Cicero exchanged with Antony, on condition that he 
 should not aid the conspiracy. 5. Postquayn , . . venit. The elec- 
 tion had been postponed to October, by the senate, in the hope that 
 Catiline's plot would meanwhile be exposed. And a more severe law 
 against bribery had been passed, at Cicero's instance. On the day 
 of election Manlius, with his band of Sulla's veterans, had come up, 
 not only to vote, but to murder Cicero in the field. This was 
 
368 NOTES ON THE 
 
 frustrated by his going armed and surrounded by a strong guard. 
 The nobles all opposing Catiline, and most of the people fearing him, 
 he was again defeated. — in campo ; the Campus Martius, where the 
 elections were held. — extrema omniaj '* every extremity." 
 
 CHAP. XX VII. in earn partem, " the adjacent part." — Camer- 
 tem; Camerinum is near Picenum, and he probably had many ac- 
 quaintances in the latter region. — que7n uhique = quern et uhi, " whom- 
 soever and wheresoever;" or better, "wherever he believed any 
 
 one,"<fec. 2* ohsidere, "occupies." — cumteloessCy " carries arms." — 
 
 alios jubetf sc. cum telo esse. 3« multa agitanti^ sc. illi. — intempesta 
 
 node, "midnight." — per ... Lcecam^ at whose house they met; see 
 Cicero in Cat. i. 4, 8. 4. ihique ; ibi here =in ea conventione, im- 
 plied in convocat — par aver at ; the use of the indie, here is very re- 
 markable; see Gr. 266, R. 5, last sentence. — qui ...facerent, Gr. 264, 
 5. We learn from Cicero (in Cat., i. 4, 9), that during this meeting 
 much other important business was transacted, persons were selected 
 to accompany Catiline to the army, arrangements were made for 
 burning the city, (fee. 
 
 CHAP. XXYHL perterritis ac dubitantibus, at such an under- 
 taking as killing Cicero. — paulo post, i. e., about daylight, at which 
 time great men were usually visited by their clients and friends. — 
 salutatum, "to pay their respects." — domi suae, Gr. 221, R. 3, (1); 
 
 Z. 400.~ 3* prohibiti, "repulsed." "Cicero says he was warned 
 
 of their coming by many most distinguished men ; these were proba- 
 bly M. Crassus, M. Marcellus, and Metellus, who had brought him 
 anonymous letters, received by them, in which they were warned to 
 leave the city, as the nobles were to be slaughtered ; this we learn 
 
 from Plutarch, Appian, and Dion Cassius." Dietsch. 4* dolore in- 
 
 jurice, "indignation at the injury (done them)," which had produced 
 the egestas. — Sullce dominatione, " by the tyrrany of Sulla ; " the abl. 
 here indicates the cause and not the time. — agros . , . amiserat ; " Sulla 
 had disfranchised all those municipia that had sided with his oppo- 
 nents, and confiscated all their possessions. These were assigned to 
 120,000 of his soldiers (this is the least number), to be occupied-(as 
 colonists), and the wretched inhabitants expelled from all their prop- 
 erty with the greatest cruelty. Besides the other parts of Italy, Lu- 
 cania, Samnium and Etruria were especially oppressed and almost 
 ruined." Drumann's Hist, of Home. — ex Sulla7us colonis ; see Chap 
 16, the passage beginning Siillani milites, and the note thereon from 
 Cicero. — quibics depends on reliquL 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 369 
 
 CHAP. XXIX. In this chapter, Sallust, writing many years 
 after (certainly more than sixteen), has confused the dates, as Dietsch 
 has clearly shown. The senatus consultiim, which he gives below 
 {darent, caperet) as then passed, was passed twenty days before, if we 
 may believe Cicero speaking the day after the meeting at Lsca's 
 (m Cat. i. 2, 4). Sallust seldom sins in this way. — ancipHi malo, i. e., 
 from the conspirators remaining within the city, and the army gath- 
 ering without. Cicero's own language shows how much more he 
 dreaded the former; he uses every argument and threat to drive 
 them from the city into open TehQWiou.—privato consilio, by his per- 
 sonal prudence and activity, without such a senatus consultum as that 
 given below.— 5'?^o consilio, Gr. 211, R. 6; "what might be its pur- 
 pose." — compertum hahebat, " had ascertained ; " the student will ob- 
 serve the use of haheo here, as an auxiliary, and the similarity of 
 such use to our English auxiliary have ; " I have it ascertained " being 
 equivalent to "I have ascertained it." — exagitatam refers to rem, 
 
 "much noised abroad." 2. quod relates to senatus decrevit, <fec. — 
 
 atroci negotio, " an occasion of great emergency." — darenty with ut 
 omitted, Gr. 264, R. 4 ; Z. 624. This was the regular formula ; such 
 a decree invested the consuls with unlimited powers, and was equiv- 
 alent to proclaiming martial law in the city. This is clearly seen 
 from the following sentence, in which the writer defines the opera- 
 tion of such a decree. 3. Ea potestas ... maxima permittitur =^ 
 
 Ea potestas est maxima quce perinittituTy (fee. " This power, committed 
 (to them) by means of the senate, according to Roman usage (i. e., it 
 was the usage for it to be done by the senate), is the greatest which is 
 ever committed to a magistrate." What follows is a definition of 
 ea potestas : " to wit, the power to get ready an army," &c. ; the in- 
 finitives are used instead of gerunds in the genitive, parandi, gerendi, 
 (fee, Z. 598 (fe 659, note. — coercere, sc. a peccando. — doini ; ordinarily 
 the consul did not possess the imperium within the city. — imperium 
 atqtie judicium summiim, "supreme military and judicial power," 
 without appeal to the tribunes or the people. It was a convenient 
 way (more convenient than appointing a dictator) the aristocracy 
 had of dispensing with all law for the time being, depriving the peo- 
 ple meanwhile of every protection; the way it might be abused had 
 been exemplified in the case of the Gracchi, in which it was simply 
 legalizing murder. — mdli earum rerum ... jus, "the right of (doing) 
 these things belongs to no consul." 
 
 CHAP. XXX. Fesulis, Gr. 255 ; the place to which Manlius had 
 16* 
 
370 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 been sent by Catiline ; see Chap. 27, first line. — ante diem . . . calen- 
 
 das, i. e., October 27 ; see Gr. 326, 1, 2; Z. 868. 2. in tali re, "on 
 
 such an occasion." — portenta atque prodigia, " are not easily distin- 
 guishable." DiETscH. — portari, sc. ab hominibus, "men were wearing 
 arms. — servile = servorum ; C. Julius had been sent out for this pur- 
 pose (Chap. 27). 3* Q. Marcius Rex and Q. Metellus Creticus 
 
 were proconsuls, just returned, the one from Cilicia, the other from 
 Crete. — circum loca refers to both Fesiilas and Apuliam, '* the neigh- 
 boring regions." 4. imperatores (in apposition with hi utrique), 
 
 denotes that they still possessed the imperiwn, which they would 
 have vacated by entering the city. Hence they were ad urbem ("at, 
 but not in, the city"), waiting until the triumph each claimed for his 
 victories as proconsul, had been decreed. Therefore, being generals 
 in actual service, they were thus despatched. — calumnia, "the in- 
 trigues." — vender e for vendendi, Z. 598&659, note ; so also in Jug. 80, 
 we find the same expression. Those here stigmatized as acting from 
 venal motives, were following the instigation of Pompey, who strove 
 to prevent the triumph of the two generals, because, as he pretended, 
 they had been acting under him, and not in independent commands. 
 
 5* Sed prcBtores ; supply missi sunt from the preceding sentence. 
 
 — pro tempore . . . compararent, i. e., as great as might be needed. 
 
 6. indicavisset, " should make a confession." — facta erat^ Gr. 266, R. 5, 
 last clause. — servo . . . libero = "if a slave ... if a freeman." — sestertia 
 centum ; this (according to Smith's Diet. Antiq.) would amount to 
 $4,250, and the sestertia ducenta to $8,500 ; for the Roman mode of 
 reckoning money, see Gr. 327 ; Z. 871-73. The clauses libertatem . . . 
 centum, and impunitatem . . . ducenta are in apposition vr'ith prcemiutn, 
 Gr. 230, R. 2. — ejus rei, i. e., for his participation in the conspiracy. 
 — gladiatorice familice. The gladiators were either captive slaves, or 
 freemen who fought for hire. They were carefully trained for com- 
 bat under teachers {lanista^) ; familia was used to denote all under 
 one lanista. The Romans were extremely fond of shows of gladia- 
 tors, and immense numbers were often exhibited by candidates for 
 popular favor. The number throughout Italy was very great, and 
 being trained to the use of arms, the}- were very dangerous in case 
 of an outbreak, as was shown in the Servile War, which was led by a 
 gladiator. — Capuatn ... distribuerentur ; distribuerentur implies mo- 
 tion (should be sent to be distributed), and hence is followed by 
 Capuam in the ace. without a preposition, Gr. 237. — cnjusque sc. 
 municipii. — pro . . . opibus, i. e^ according to ^he ability of f ncli Q\{y 
 
CONSPmACY OF CATrLINE. 371 
 
 to maintain and to watch and restrain them : Cicero says (in Cat. ii. 
 12, 26), "The gladiators, on whom Catiline had reckoned, as his 
 
 greatest and surest resource, were restrained by my power." minores 
 
 magistratuSy i. e., the sediles, tribunes, quaestors, &q. 
 
 CHAP. XXXL permota . . . immutata . . . erat ; these are not 
 pluperfects, but are perfect participles, used with erat, to denote con- 
 tinuance, "was moved ... was changed (and continued to be).' — 
 quce, Gr. 206, (15). — diviurna, i.e., about twenty yeai-s ; since the 
 
 proscriptions of Sulla. 2. neqice . . . credere = they dread them as 
 
 dangerous. 3. quihus ... timor insolitus incesserat = quibus ... 
 
 ti7nor qui inceperat insolitus erat. — magnitttdi7ie explains insolitus, 
 war had hitherto been kept at a distance from the city : the usual 
 
 construction would be the ace. with propter. 4. eadem ilia, i. e., 
 
 the same designs as before. — diffidere, "they are anxious." — interro- 
 gatus= accusatus, lege Plautia, passed b. c. 89, "against occupying 
 public places and wearing arms." SMrrn's Diet. Ant. — ah L. Paulo ; 
 this was done, no doubt, merely to distinguish himself as was very 
 
 common at Rome. 5. et ut, "and as if." — sicuti, "as though." — 
 
 furgio, "an accusation from private enmity."— jwrprzo lacessitus foret, 
 "he was attacked through malice." — in senatum venit ; this was Nov. 
 8, B. c. 63. We learn from Cicero that when he entered, no one 
 saluted him, and that the part of the house where he seated himself 
 
 was immediately abandoned by all the other senators. 6. prcesen- 
 
 tiam ... verens ; doubtless on account of his ability and powers of 
 persuasion, especially as many of the senate were known to be in 
 tlie conspiracy. — orationem ; this is the first of Cicero's four orations 
 against Catiline ; it contains a complete exposure of all his plans and 
 acts. Although Catiline doubtless suspected that his plots were 
 partly known, he must have been astounded by such a complete 
 revelation of them. — luculentam ("splendid, distinguished") is far 
 from being a cold term of praise, as some represent. Besides, Sal- 
 lust does not deal in superlatives. — scriptam edidit = scripsit et edidlt. 
 
 7, ea = tali, as it often is. — omnia bona, " all honors." — in spe 
 
 haberet, "had a right to hope for." — sibi limits opus esse. — plebetn Ro- 
 inanam. Dietsch, following Krits and Faber, gives populum Roma- 
 num, for reasons which seem conclusive. But the other is the read- 
 ing of most editions. — perdita republica, "the destruction of there- 
 public," Gr. 274, R. 5 ; Z. 464, note 1. — inquilinus, "a mere sojourner.'' 
 Though Cicero was a genuine citizen of Rome, the proud patrician 
 stigmatizes him thus, because not born there. It is instructive to 
 
372 
 
 JOTES ON THE 
 
 notice the air of dignity and conscious innocence with which this 
 eminent "friend of the people" vindicates himself, and the scorn 
 with which he refers to the low-born Cicero in comparison with a 
 man of such illustrious descent as himself. — servaret , . . adderet, " was 
 trying to preserve . . . was trying to add ; " see Jug. Chap. 27, note 
 
 on Zeniebant. 9. circurnventus agor = circumvenior el agor. — in- 
 
 cendium meum, "the flame that consumes me." — ruina, "universal 
 ruin." The expression seems derived from the pulling down of a house 
 to stop a fire. Sallust differs in this chapter from the statement of 
 Cicero, who says Catiline did not utter a word in reply to him, and 
 who quotes Catiline's remark above given (Quoniam . . . restinguam), 
 as having been previously made in reply to an attack by Cato. It 
 is one of the discrepancies occasionally to be found in the best 
 authorities. 
 
 CHAP. XXXII. consuli^ dat. after insidicey Gr. 211, R. 6. — multa 
 ... volvens = ^'heing greatly at a loss what course to take." — opti- 
 mum factum = " the best course ; " the participle being used as a 
 noun ; i. e., optimum factum is predicate after esse understood. — scribe- 
 rentuTy Gr. 263, Z.—forent^ Gr. 266, 1. — cum paucis ; he had already 
 sent forward armed men to await him on the road (Cic. in Cat i.). 
 — in . . . profectus est ; the reader of Cicero's orations against Catiline 
 will perceive how anxiously the great orator had striven to bring 
 
 about this result. 2* conflrment . . . parent depend on ut omitted, 
 
 Gr. 262, R. 4. — accessurum depends on dicit implied in mandat. 
 
 CHAP. XXXIII. qui relates to nostra, Gr. 206, I'l.—expertes ; 
 this adjective is commonly followed by the gen. (Gr. 213, with R. 5, 
 (21), but often by the abl. in the older writers ; in no late one but 
 Sallust (Gr. 250, with R. 1); here, Sallustii more, by hoih.—foenera- 
 iorum ; the Laws of the Twelve Tables forbade taking higher than 
 ten per cent. ; this had been repeatedly re-enacted and as often 
 trampled on. — lege uti^ " to enjoy the benefit of the law ; " the fol- 
 lowing clause, neque . . . habere, is explanatory of this, so that neque 
 = videlicet; the law referred to (passed b. c. 315) expressly forbade 
 imprisonment for debt. The expressions scevitia . . . prcetoris, and 
 iniquitas prcetoris below (referring to the prcetor urbanu.% who was 
 the supreme judge), indicate that in this case, legal technicalities and 
 chicane had been employed to set aside the safeguards of pei^sonal 
 libert}', as has been done in modern times, with reference to the Ha- 
 beas Corpus and Jury Trial. 2, majm'es ves^iri ... opitu^ati sunt. 
 
 The early Roman law of debt was very cruel ; many popular agita- 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 373 
 
 lions arose from it, and many modifications were reluctantly made 
 by the ruling class, under the pressure of necessity. — novissime, i. e., 
 B. c. 86. — omnibus bonis. Here again, boni means the aristocracy. 
 This declaration of Manlius, as to the unanimous assent of the boni 
 to the law, was not true ; he is making out his case the best way he 
 . can. — argenium cere solutum est, i. e., the lowest silver coin (the 
 sestertius), by the brass as ; the sestertius was then worth 4 asses ; 
 
 so that only one fourth of the debt was paid. 3. Scepe ipsa plebes 
 
 ... secessit. "There were three secessions of the plebs ; first, b. c. 495, 
 on account of the cruelty of their creditors ; second, b. c. 449, on ac- 
 count of the tyranny of the decemvirs ; third, b. o. 286, on account 
 
 of the burden of debt." Dietsch. 4. amittit, *' relinquishes." 
 
 5. necessitudinem ; see Chap. 11 ^ 2, note on Quibus . . . inerat. 
 
 CHAP. XXXIV. discedant ; this use of a present subj. after the 
 perf. indef respondit, is very unusual. Dietsch says : " Sometimes 
 the Romans, when they give the words of another in the oratio 
 obliqua, use that tense which they would use in the oratio recta ; " 
 and quotes two examples from Cicero and Tacitus. — ea = tali ; and 
 hence followed by ut with the subj. Gr. 264, 1. — mansuetvdine et 
 misericordia, Gr. 211, R. 6. — eo refers to both senatum and populum, 
 
 as one body. — petiverit, Z. 504. 2. litteras mittit = scribit, and so 
 
 is followed by the ace. with the inf., Gr. 272. — nequiverit, Gr. 266, 3. 
 — non quoj "not as if:" non quo ... esset, Gr. 262, R. 9 ; Z. 536. — 
 tanti sceleris, "of so great a crime (as I am accused of)." — sua refers 
 
 to Catiline. 3» Q. Catulus; this was the son of the Q. Catulus 
 
 who was colleague with Marius in his fourth consulship, b. c. 102, 
 and ailerwards proscribed by him. Of the few great and virtuous 
 men remaining to Rome amid the general corruption so well de- 
 scribed by Sallust in the introductory chapters of this work, he was 
 one of the most illustrious. "Throughout life he was distinguished 
 as one of the prominent leaders of the aristocracy, but rose iav supe- 
 rior to the great body of his class in purity and singleness of pur- 
 pose, and received from the whole community marks of esteem and 
 confidence, seldom bestowed with unanimity, in periods of excite- 
 ment, upon an active political leader. Cicero records the tribute paid 
 by the populace to his character and talents. When, in the course 
 of an argument against the extravagant powers, which the Manilian 
 Law proposed to bestow upon a single individual (Pompey), Catulus 
 asked the jnultitude, to whom they would look, should any misfor- 
 tune befall their favorite, the crowd, almost with one voice, shouted 
 
374 NOTES ON THE 
 
 back the reply, that they -woMd look to himself. He died b. c. 60 
 (two years after this conspiracy); happy, says Cicero, both in the 
 splendor of his life, and in having been spared the spectacle of his 
 country's ruin." Smith's Diet. Biog. — earum exeniplum ; this language 
 implies, what is confirmed by internal evidence, that the letter is 
 given verbatim. 
 
 CHAP. XXXV. re cognita, "known (to me) by experience." 
 Catulus had defended Catiline successfully, ,when accused of a capi- 
 tal offence, an intrigue with the Vestal Fabia ; see Chap. 16, and 
 note there. — gratam, . . . tribuitj " gives, in the midst of my great 
 perils, a pleasing confidence to my commendation (of my wife to you) 
 = makes me glad that I can do it with confidence." We have given 
 the reading adopted by Kritz. Others read grata, and connect in .., 
 
 fiduciam with it 2« defensionemy "a regular judicial defence" 
 
 against the charges made by Cicero. — satisf actionem, "a private ex- 
 planation." — in novo consilio, "in my new undertaking," on which 
 he was going. — non siatui parare = statni non parare. — de cidpa = 
 culpce. — proponere, sc. tihi. — me dius fidiits, sc. sic juvet. — dius == diviis. 
 — -fidius (from fides), is an epithet of Jupiter, Jupiter Fidius, trans- 
 lated by Dionysius Halicarnasseus Zeus liia-rios. — me dius fidius is an 
 imprecation, "so help me the god of truth" = " as sure as heaven ; " 
 others make it, dius {i. e., Jovis) filius = mehercules, Z. 361. The 
 whole may be rendered, " Wherefore, though I have determined to 
 make no public defence, engaged as I am in a new enterprise, yet 
 though conscious of no crime, I have decided to give an explanation 
 of my conduct to you (a tried friend), which, so help me the god of 
 truth, you may easily satisf}' yourself^ is true." 3* statum digni- 
 tatis fructu . .. non ohtineham, "I could not maintain" (lit. "was not 
 maintaining ") " my position of dignity, after having been deprived of 
 the reward of my labor and industry," i. e., the consulship. An- 
 drews explains statum dignitatis non obtineham, "I did not obtain 
 the consulship," but this seems inadmissible. — no7i quin=.non quod 
 non. — meis nominibus, sc. perscriptum, "charged in my name;" the 
 plural is used, because Catiline was indebted to many persons. — 
 quum etj " since even." — alienis nominibus, supply ces alienum per- 
 scriptum, the whole being equivalent to alionun debita. — persolveret, 
 probably those for which Catiline was surety. The argument is, 
 " much more would she pay mine." — non dignos homines refers to 
 Cicero, a novus homo. — alienatum, " estranged (from the people)" = 
 "the people estranged from me." 4. Hoc nomine, "for this rea- 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 375 
 
 son." — satis . . . casu^ *' honorable enough, considering my unfortunate 
 condition." — spe5="plan;" referring to his present undertaking. 
 
 5. Plura . . . parari ; this was a mere pretext, to excuse himself 
 
 from further explanation, which would have been embarrassing. 
 
 6. defendas, Gr. 260, XL, K. 6. 
 
 CHAP. XXXYI. 3t sine fraude, " with impunity." — liceret, sc. 
 
 illis. — condeinnatis limits non liceret^ understood. 4« fuere . . . qui 
 
 ... ireiit, Gr. 264, 6. 5. duobus senati decretis, Gr. 257, R. 7, "not- 
 withstanding two decrees of the senate ; " for the former decree, see 
 Chap. 30. — tanta vis morbi, ''so violent a disease," i. e., so violent a 
 desire for a change of government. 
 
 CHAP. XXXVII. aliena = ^' hostile"— fuerant ; the pluperf. is 
 rightly used, because the conspiracy had now changed to open re- 
 bellion. — plebes here, as in other places, means " the rabble," which is 
 
 far different from its earlier signification, "plebeian." 3* sine 
 
 curaj "free from anxiety." — aluntur, "support themselves." — habetur, 
 
 "is kept;" the idea is, poverty has nothing to lose. i» ea veto is 
 
 very emphatic, and serves to distinguish the urbana plebes from the 
 plebes elsewhere. — prceceps ierat, i. e., into Catiline's measures. — hi is 
 
 pleonastic, and used for emphasis. 5. Primum omniuin ; there are 
 
 five classes named, and the descriptions are introduced by primum 
 
 omnium, deinde, proeterea^ prceterea and ad hoc. 6* ex , . . militibus 
 
 = gregariorum militum. — alios senatores . . . alios ita diviies ; supply 
 
 factos (" become") with each clause. 7. 7nanuum = laboris. — tole- 
 
 raverat, i. e., formerly. — privatis ... largitiojiibus ; five bushels of 
 grain were distributed monthly to each citizen, by the state; besides 
 liberal presents of various kinds from candidates for office. — alios 
 omnes refers to the first two classes mentioned. — malum publicitm^ 
 "the evil state of public affairs." They sold their votes, they were 
 hired bullies at elections, and could be bought for any other vile use 
 
 by any one. 8. moribus . . . spe, Gr. 211, R. 6. — maxima spe, "of 
 
 the greatest ambition."— /wa^if a ac, "just as = as little as." They had 
 
 ruined themselves and were ready to ruin it. 9. quorum, se. ii. — 
 
 jus ... imminuturn erat ; the descendants of those proscribed by 
 Sulla had been made incapable of holding office ; and this disability, 
 odious as it was, still continued, an attempt to repeal it this very year 
 having been defeated by the influence of Cicero, who was afraid to 
 grant what was right, lest something else that was wrong should 
 next be demanded (Cicero, in Pisonem, 2, 4:).— alio animo, i. e., other 
 than that of those before mentioned. 10. aliarum ... crant = 
 
376 NOTES ON THE 
 
 "opposed to the senate." — valere, sc. se. 11. Id ... malum, L e, 
 
 the old struggle between the senate and the popular party. — multos 
 annos ; it had been eleven 3'ears only. Sulla's measures had com- 
 pletely established the ascendency of the aristocracy up to this time. 
 
 CHAP. XXXYIir. tribunicia ... restituta est, b. c. 70; it had 
 been greatly restricted by Sulla. — adolescentes ; the tribunes were 
 usually under thirty years of age. — summum, not "the highest/* which 
 it was not, but " very high," enabling ihem to dare almost any thing. 
 — -feroxy "impetuous." — pollicitando ; the frequentative here is very 
 
 appropriate. 2. senati specie, " under the pretext of (zeal for) the 
 
 senate." — modestia ... modus ; see Chap. 11, note on these words. 
 
 CHAP. XXXIX. helium maritimnm, against the pirates who had 
 become dangerous beyond all precedent; see Cic, Pro Lege Manil. — 
 pofttgua?n . . . crevit ; when the powerful protection of Ponipey was 
 withdrawn, there was no other able to defend them against the en- 
 croachments of the* nobles. — ijinoxii, "beyond reach, irresponsible." 
 
 2. in magistratu, "when magistrates." — -placiditis, "too mildly," 
 
 in their estimation. — tractarent, Gr. 266, 3. The general meaning is 
 that they frightened by prosecutions those who were disposed to 
 befriend the people, when magistrates. But most editions have quo 
 ("in order that"), instead of qui; which some explain by making 
 the subject of tractarent and terrere the same, i. e., hi, explain- 
 ing placidius =^ placidiorem, and placidlus ... /rar/ar«4^ =" might 
 govern with less disturbance on the part of the people." But 
 Dietsch makes tractarent refer to ceteros, meaning the tribunes par- 
 ticularly, and explains plehem . . . placidius . . . tractarent, " might 
 manage the people in a more friendly spirit towards themselves, i. e., 
 the nobles" = "might not stir up the people to hostility against 
 
 them." 3« dubiis rebus, " by the dangerous state of affairs ; " rebus 
 
 is abl. — novandi, sc. rrs = " making a revolution." — vetus certamen, 
 
 "the old part^'-spirit." — eorum, i. e., the plebs. !• neqite = neque 
 
 tamen. — illis is dat after licuisset. — discessisset . . . oppressisset . . . 
 licuissri, Gr. 261, 1. — -forenf, Gr. 266, 1. — defessis et exsanguibus, i. e., 
 with the contest. — qui plus posset, i. e., more than they in their ex- 
 hausted state. — posset, Gr. 266, 1. — tamcn, i. e , though their hold on 
 power, if they succeeded, would be so uncertain, nevertheless, <tc. 
 
 5. Fuere . . . complures, qui . . . profecti sunt, "many who joined 
 
 Catiline at the first were not privy to the conspirac\\" — parens 
 
 jussit ; the patria potestas {see that article in Smith's Diet. Antiq.) 
 among the Romans was almost without limit : the position of the 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 377 
 
 son, though grown, father of a faraily, and even chief magistrate of 
 the state, towards his father, was, in strict law, very nearly that of a 
 slave; he could acquire nothing for himself; his wife and children 
 came under the same authority ; his father could sell or kill him. 
 The last power had practically become obsolete, and would not have 
 been tolerated, except in such a case as this. It is hardly possible for 
 
 "Young America" to conceive of such a state of things. 6» ciijus- 
 
 que . . . hominum = cujusque generis homines. — modo = dummodo. 
 
 CHAP. XL. A full account of all the transactions with the 
 AUobroges is given by Cicero (in Cat. iii.). — P. Umhreno ; Cicero 
 says he was a freedman. — negotium dat = mandate and so is followed 
 by ut with the subj., Gr. 273, 2. — Allobroguni. They were sub- 
 dued B. c. 121. "They had been conquered with difficulty, and had 
 more than once revolted. Cicero says they were the only nation re- 
 maining in Southern Gaul, who seemed able and not unwilling to 
 make war on the Romans (in Cat. iii. 6). These ambassadors had 
 been sent to Rome to complain of the exactions of the provincial 
 government, and to sue for a remission of their public debt." Meri- 
 VALE. — publice privatimquej ** as a state and individually." — essetj Gr. 
 
 266, 3. 2. negotiatus erat. "There were but two respectable 
 
 ways of making money at Rome, money-lending and farming. But 
 since all could not lend money at Rome, or have farms in Italy, many 
 knights and plebeians employed their money in the provinces. The 
 principal business of the negotiator was to lend money at interest to 
 the provincials, which was the more profitable, because the rate of 
 interest was not limite4 in the provinces. Therefore money was 
 often loaned there at two, three, and four per cent, a month, unless 
 indeed the praetor restrained the rapacity of the negotiator T Ernesti, 
 Clavis Cic. — ejus casum, "its sad condition." — 7nalis, Gr. 211, R. 5. 
 
 3. remedium, "the only remedy." — expectare, sc. se diceiites. — 
 
 virihQTe= fortes ; for the case, see Gr. 210, R. 6. 4. dixit for 
 
 dixerat, Gr. 259, (2). — facturi essent, Gr. 266, 2. — ea res iov id ; they 
 
 are u?ed interchangeably, Z. 678. 5. aliena consilii, "unsuitedfor 
 
 consultation ; " for the construction see Z. 468 & 470. — propter Sem- 
 proniam ; see Chap. 25. — Brutus, her husband. — ah Roma aberat, Gr. 
 
 255, R. 2; Z. 398, n. 1. G. quo ... inesset, " to add authority to 
 
 what he should sa}'," Gabinius being one of the most active of the 
 conspirators. — cujusque generis, "of every rank." — legatis ... esset, 
 ** the legates might be more encouraged." The extreme rashness of 
 the conspirators in this business need hardly be pointed out. Cicero 
 
378 NOTES ON THE 
 
 was right in believing that, if Catiline could be got out of the city, 
 he could easily manage the rest. "We learn from his account that 
 there was more than one conference, and that what the Allobrogcs 
 promised w^aa to send cavalry into Italy as soon as possible. 
 
 CHAP. XLI. in incerto habuere = incerli fuere. %% In. altera 
 
 parte . . . in altera, i. e., " in favor of joining Catiline ... in favor of 
 adhering to the Republic." — studlnm belli refers to what was inti- 
 mated in the preceding chapter, that the}'^ were a warlike nation. — 
 in spe victoricB =; *' hoped for in case of victory." The two clauses 
 stand opposed to each other in each point: to ces alienum^ is opposed 
 majores opes, which thc}^ and their nation would get by adhering to 
 the Republic, their debt would be forgiven either wholly or in part; 
 to stndiii/n belli ('* their nation's fondness for war"), is opposed hUa 
 consilia, war was uncertain, and peace was safer; to magna mercet ... 
 victorice, is opposed certa pr<^ni<L, which the senate would bestow on 
 them and their nation, for the important service of detecting such a 
 
 conspiracy. 3* fortima reipMiccB ; ** the Romans were accustomed 
 
 to ascribe to the Fortune of Rome whatever had brought unhoped- 
 for safety in a time of great peril." J. F. Gronovius. i. patro- 
 
 cinio. Foreign nations, reduced to subjection by the Roman^ trans- 
 acted business with the senate through some noble Roman (usually 
 
 of the gens of their conqueror) whose patronage they employed. 
 
 5* studium covjurationis, " great zeal for the conspiracy." — simtUent ; 
 this pres. subj. after the perf. indef. is very unusual, Gr. 258, 2, (2). 
 — ceteros adeant, " have conference with others of the conspirators." 
 — beyie polliceanlur, " make fair promi-^' -? " — 'juavi maxime manifesto*, 
 "detected as completely as possible. 
 
 CHAP. XLH. mottts, "uneasiness, disturbance of the public 
 
 mind." 2* cimcta . . . agebant, •* were doing every thing at once." — 
 
 armorum ... por tat ionibus = ''^o'lng armed." 3« ex smati con- 
 sul to ; see Chap. 86. — causa coguita, "having tried them," they not 
 having laid down their arms by the day specified in the senatu^- 
 consultum. 
 
 CHAP. XLHI. ut videhantur explains magnis, "apparently 
 groat." — Lentul us cum ceteris ... constituerant, Gr. 209, R. 12,(0). — 
 irgrum Fiesulanum ; this cannot refer to FafsulaB near Florence, 
 which is more than 100 miles from Rome: Dietseh, after Manuert 
 the geographer, thinks there was another Fa^ulro near to Rome. — 
 actiones, " official acts." — imponeret, " should endeavor to cast upon.** 
 — coujurationis, "concerned in the conspii-ucy." — suwn . .. exuquert- 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 879 
 
 tur ; these had been assigned by Catiline^ the night of the meeting 
 
 at Laeca's house. 2. ea, bc negotia. — hoc =^ tali, and so followed 
 
 by lit with the subj., Gr. 264, 1. — quo tmnultu, " the tumult arising 
 from which." — -facilior aditus . . . ficrety " they might more easily get 
 at." — alius . , . alium, so. aggrederetiir.—Jilii familiarum is the corre- 
 sponding expression to pater familias. 3* corrumpere, "were 
 
 spoiling = losing. "—/ac^o ... consulto ; see Chap. 1, near the end. — 
 languentibus aliis, "though the rest were spiritless." 
 
 CHAP. XLIV. ex prcecepto Ciceroni s ; see Chap. 41 {ceteros 
 
 adeanty <fec.). — perferant, Gr. 264, 5. 3« dant, sc. ju,yurandum 
 
 signatwn. — fo, i. e., into the country of the Allobroges, which was 
 
 that around modern Geneva, in Switzerland. 3. mittity historical 
 
 present for minty and hence followed by imperf. subj. 5« Fac {ut) 
 
 cogites (Gr. 262, R. 4) = cogita, Gr. 267, R. 3. — cogites . . . considered 
 ... peta^y Gr. 260, R. 6. — tuce rationes, "your interests." — ab infimis, 
 
 i. e., the slaves. 6* mandata verbis, "verbal message." — -jicsseritf 
 
 Gr. 266, 2. Cicero, who had the letter in his possession, gives it (in 
 Cat iii. 12) a little differently, but the same in substance. 
 
 CHAP. XLV. cunctOy Gr. 234, 1. — ita agant, supply w^. — uti ... 
 sity " as circumstances may require." 2, Illi, sc. prcet^res. — homi- 
 nes militares is added to explain the skill with which they managed 
 the business, such things being common in war. — prcesidiis collocatis ; 
 
 all this is narrated by Cicero (in Cat. iii.). 3* id loci, Gr. 212, R. 
 
 8. — et si7nul = €t s:imulac. 4* niulta prius ... obtestatus, "have 
 
 tirst made many prayers for safety ; " thereby betraying his conscious- 
 ness of treasonable designs. 
 
 CHAP. XLVI. Quibus rebus confectis, in the night of Dec. 2. 
 
 2* quid ... csset ; quid opus est and facto opus est, being both 
 
 allowable expressions, are here blended together. — perdendce . . .fore, 
 "would tend to destroy," Gr. 276, III, R. 1, (6); Z. 662. — reipubliccp. 
 Ys not dat. as might be inferred from oneri. " This passage shows 
 how far Sallust is from being unjust to Cicero. He represents him, 
 not as driven by blind fury to the infliction of the most cruel pun- 
 ishment, but as mindful of the danger he would incur, and yet re- 
 garding the interests of the state more than his own." Dietsch. 
 
 3. coiifirmato animo, "his mind being made up," "no longer hesitat- 
 ing." 4. indicio cognito, "having heard of the detection (of the 
 
 conspiracy)." 5* (^deyn Concordice ; this temple had been dedicated 
 
 by Camillus. 6« Flaccum . . , jubet ; Cicero had never touched it» 
 
 until it was now opened. 
 
380 NOTES ON THE 
 
 CHAP. XLVII. quid... consilii habnisset, "what had been his 
 object." — alia, '* other (than the truth)." — -Jide puhlica, "on promise 
 of pardon." — docet, "explains," as a reason fur not knowing more. — 
 nihil . . . legator, " that he knew nothing more than the legates did : " 
 this is the best explanation ; others interpret it, " that he knew no 
 
 other conspirators except the legates." 2, Eadem ... fatcntur. 
 
 Tliey were no doubt examined after, and separately from, Volturcius, 
 as Cicero declares, contrary to what Sallust incorrectly says above, 
 (Chap. 46), Volturcium cum legatis introducit. — librU Sibyllinit, 
 These books were said to have been purchased by king Tarquinius 
 Priscus of a Sibyl or prophetic woman, under very singular circum- 
 stances. They were kept with great care in a stone chest under- 
 ground in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, in the charge of officers 
 appointed for the purpose ; they were consulted by them only, and 
 at the special command of the senate, given in cuses of prodigies and 
 calamities. Wlien burned with the temple, b. a 83, ambassadors 
 were sent through Italy, Greece, and Asia Minor, to collect them 
 afresh, and when the temple had been rebuilt, they were placed and 
 kept as before. See Smith's Diet. Antig. for a full account — Cinna 
 cUque Sulla, i. e., Corneliu* Cinna and Cornelius Sulla, both members 
 of the Cornelia gens, as was Lentulus, P. Cornelius Lentulus being 
 his full name; supply urbis antea potitos esse from the following 
 clause. — urbis potiri. Or. 245, R. 1, last clause; Z. 466. ** JIarwtpiees 
 •were brought to Rome from Etruria, but never acquired a political 
 importance like the Augurs. Tlieir art consisted in explaining and 
 interpreting the will of the gods, from the appearances of the entrails 
 of animals offered in sacrifice ; and also from lightning, earthquakes, 
 and all extraordinnr}' phenomena in nature. This art was considered 
 by the earlier Romans of the hit^hest importance, but by this time 
 had fallen into such disrepute among the educated, that Cato the 
 Younger (whose speech is given below. Chap. 52) said, he wondered 
 one haruspex did not laugh when he saw another." — Smith's IHct. 
 Antiq. — respondisaent, "had predicted;" it is the formal expression 
 for the responses of oracles and haruspiccs to those who consulted 
 them. Z% qutun ... cogjiovisscnt, "after all of them had acknow- 
 ledged their seals:" this clause is connected with the preceding. The 
 letters were written, as was the custom, on wooden tablets covered 
 with wax, and were fastened by a string, the end of which was sealed. 
 The seal bore the image of the owner or one of his ancestors ; thus 
 that of Lentulus bore the head of his great-grandfather, to which 
 
COJS'SPUiACY OF CATILLN'E. 381 
 
 Cicero referred on this occasion (in Cat. iii. 5, 10). — abdicato magis- 
 tratu; this is ihe earliest example of this constiiiction ; the regular 
 construction had been, abdicare se magutratu^ which would have re- 
 quired here postqicani se abdicasset magistratu. — liberis custodiis, i. e., 
 
 not in prison, but in some dwelling, in custody of the owner. 
 
 4. C. Ccesariy better known to us as Julius Ccesar, a form, however, 
 which the Romans never used ; see note Chap. 17. — P. Lentulo 
 Spiiitheri ... Q. Cornificio ; these are known to have been warm 
 supporters of Cicero. Doubtless Caesar and Crassus were included in 
 this honorable responsibilit}', to clear them, in the public mind, of all 
 suspicion of connection with the conspirac3\ 
 
 CHAP. XLVIII. After the transactions just related, Cicero, 
 towards evening, delivered his third Catilinarian oration to the mul- 
 titude waiting around the senate-house, and was conducted by them 
 
 in triumph to bis lodgings. 2. facinora^ "deeds." — prcedce^ sc. sibi, 
 
 — incendium ; Ihey had not been previously aware that this was in- 
 tended. — maxime calamitosuin^ i. e., more than the other tilings 
 threatened, which would not have affected them, for the reason 
 following. — tisu guotidiajio, "daily labor." — cultu corporis^ "their 
 
 food and clothing." 4. de itinere fiostiuin, i. e., against Rome. — 
 
 a M. Crasso ; see Chap. 17. — qui . . . nuntiaret = ut ille . . . nuntiaret^ 
 Gr. 204, 5. — Lentulus et Cethegus aliique . .. deprehensi = Lentulo, <tc. — 
 deprehensis, Gr. 274, R. 5. — exitn, sc. Catilinam. — ceterorum^ i. e., those 
 
 not arrested. — illi, i. e., those arrested. 5* tania ... videbatur = 
 
 tanta vis hominein . . . leiiiendum. — magis qtiam exagitandum (esse) 
 videbatur. — Crasso objtoxii, " in the power of Crassus," i. e., in debt 
 to him. " At one time of his life there was scarcely a senator who 
 was not under some private obligation to him." — Siimi's Diet. Biog. 
 — rcferatuTy sc. ad senatum^ " that (the matter) be referred to the 
 senate," by proposing a resolution, which Cicero accordingly did. 
 
 ,^ Ct consulenie^ sc. sejiatum. — potcstatetn^ sc. indicandi, "power of 
 
 making farther discoveries." — -faciendam, sc. illi, "should he given 
 
 (him)." 7. appeflato^ "being named (among the conspirators)." — 
 
 per socieiatein periculi = quod socius periculi erat, " being a sharer of 
 
 the danger.^' 8« immissum^ "was suborned." — more suo connects 
 
 I with suscepto ,, . patrocinio, not "with rem. conturbaret. Crassus often 
 I sought popularity, as many a popularity-hunter has done since, by 
 ! befriending the vilest criminals, who would thus become serviceable 
 
 tools. 
 ! CHAP. XLIX. Q. Catulus. It is hard to believe that this story 
 
382 NOTES ON THE 
 
 can be true of so pure and exalted a character. Csesar was at this 
 time an object of great hatred and dread to the senate, and the story, 
 if true (which cannot well be denied), is only another example of 
 the corrupting influence of party spirit, even on the noblest minds : 
 a truth which Americans do not need to learn from Roman history. 
 — G. Piso is C. Calpurnius Piso, who had been consul b. c. 67. — gra- 
 tia^ i. e., promises of support and favors. 2. Nam refers to what 
 
 is implied : *' they strove to effect this (i. e., to have Caesar falsely 
 accused) for, <fec." — oppugnatuSy sc. a OcBsare, he being patron of 
 that people. — judicio . . . re2)etundaru7n, *' an action for damages," for 
 res repetundcB has this comprehensive meaning, and does not always 
 denote an action for the recovery of money extorted. — ex petitiotie, 
 *' from what befell him when a candidate." — adolescentulo ; Caesar was 
 then 3*7. — discesseret, sc. comitiis ; as we say, "he had come off con- 
 quered." 3« Res, "the occasion." — opportuna, i. e., for accusing 
 
 Caesar of participation in the conspiracy, it would be readily believed 
 on account of his enormous indebtedness. — egregia, "extraordinary;" 
 it is not necessarily a term of praise. — privatim, " as an individual" — 
 publice, " in office," i. e., when sediles. The aediles were accustomed 
 to seek popularity and prepare their way to higher office, by exhibit- 
 ing extraordinary munificence in their public games and shows. 
 Caesar had spent immense sums in this way. — grandem . . . debehat ; 
 "Plutarch says he owed 1300 talents (about a million and a quarter 
 of dollars), before he obtained any public office ; and when he went 
 to Spain as propraetor, b. c. 61, he is reported to have said that he 
 wanted one hundred million of sesterces (nearly $4,000,000), to be 
 
 worth nothing. Merivalk 4* tantum f acinus, i. e., having Caesar 
 
 unjustly accused. — nequeunt^ sc. Piso and Catulus. — dicerent, for dice- 
 bantf Gr. 266, 3, last clause; Z. 551. — illiy sc. Ccesari. — erant = st(u 
 bant. — animi 7nobilitate, " want of discretion." — quo . . . esset explains 
 the clause following. With regard to the question of Caesar's guilt or 
 innocence, which has been much disputed, the following remarks of 
 Dr. "William Smith appear decisive. "There is no satisfactory evi- 
 dence of his guilt, and we think it unlikely that he would have em- 
 barked in such a rash scheme. For though he would probably have 
 had little scruple, as to the means he emplo^-ed to obtain his ends, 
 he was still no rash, reckless adventurer, who could only hope to rise 
 in a general scramble for power ; he now possessed unbounded influ- 
 ence with the people, and was sure of obtaining the consulship ; and 
 if his ambition had already formed loftier plans, he would have had 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 383 
 
 greater reason to feai- a loss than an increase of his power, in univer- 
 sal anarchy." Smith's Diet. Biog. 
 
 CHAP. L. liberti; /26er/MS is always used when the former mas- 
 ter and present patron is mentioned, otherwise Uhertimis.—itinerihus, 
 " directions."— opz^cc5, "the day-laborers." — eum eripiendum, sc. custo- 
 dia. — duces mtdtitudinum, " mob leaders, professional bullies." 
 
 3. grege facto, "in a body." 3. dUpositis prcssidiis, i. e., in the 
 
 Capital and Forum.— cori^ra . . . fecisse, i. e., they had been guilty of 
 treason : the senate had so voted after Cicero's second speech against 
 Catiline. These occurrences took place Dec. 5. A full account of 
 what follows is found in Cicero's Lettei"s (ad Atticum, XIL, 21). 
 
 4. suppHcium, " capital punishment."— jDfc?/6?f5 . . . ituriim, " would go 
 over." Senators expressed assent to a proposition by seating them- 
 selves beside him who made it, and vice versa. — Tib. Neronis ; this 
 was the grandfather of the emperor Tiberius. — prcesidiis additis, to 
 prevent the rescue threatened by the friends of the criminals. — de ea 
 re ... referendum =** that the subject should be postponed;" no 
 
 doubt, until after the contest with Catiline should be decided. 
 
 5* ad eiim ventum. *' There was much irregularity in the order in 
 which opinions were demanded in the senate. The consul (or in his 
 absence the praetor) usually called first upon one of the consuls-elect ; 
 next upon the consulars, the praetors, and other high magistrates. 
 But he was not bound to any particular order." Merivale — hujusce- 
 modi . . . locutus est. There can be no doubt that this speech is the 
 composition of Sallust, and as little that we have in it many of the 
 arguments used by Csesar, who, most probably, took care to have 
 his speech published, as Cicero did his. However this may be, it is a 
 speech eminently characteristic of Csesar, and entirely worthy of him. 
 The skill of the argument, the weight and point of the sentences, the 
 calmness and freedom from all perturbation, and the exquisite tact 
 and subtilty with which he maintains, on his opponent's own princi- 
 ples, the view he proposes, are all worthy of the greatest man Rome 
 ever produced. We cannot wonder that Cicero found it so difficult 
 to answer, and that so many of those most attached to him, including 
 his own brother Quintus, were convinced by it. 
 
 CHAP. LI. Omnes homines; so Demosthenes begins one of his 
 orations by the remark : "It becomes all men, Athenians, who ad- 
 dress you, to speak nothing from personal enmity or friendship." It 
 is not necessary to suppose that Caesar borrowed so obvious a remark 
 from the Athenian orator. — ab odio ... v actios ; vacuus, and several 
 
384 NOTES ON THE 
 
 other kindred adjectives, are followed by the abl. either with or with- 
 out ah, Z. 462 <fe 468. 2. Haud facile ; nam is to be supplied. 
 
 The want of connectives adds greatly to the gravity and dignity of 
 the style. — providet is aptly used with reference to future good will. 
 — ilia refers to adio, amicitia, <fec., in the preceding sentence. — lihidini 
 
 et Usui, "passion and prudence." 3. intenderis, " have exerted." — 
 
 valet takes its subject {ingeniuni) from the object of the preceding 
 verb, Gr. 209, R. 2, (1), (6). — animus is used here instead oi ingenium 
 
 to avoid repetition. 4* qui reges atque populi = reges atque popu- 
 
 los qui. — male consuluerint, sc. sibiy " pursued a course injurious to 
 
 themselves." — ordine^ Gr. 249, 11. 5» Perse; the usual form would 
 
 be Ferseo. — populi . . . creverat ; the Romans had given Ihem a terri- 
 tory in Asia Minor, for their services in the wars against Philip and 
 Antiochus. — consultum est, sc. a senatu. — divitiarum, sc. JRhodiorumy 
 i. e., for the sake of plunder. — iiijurice, i. e., done by the Rhodians to 
 the Romans. — iinpunitos . . . dimisere. This is far from being a fair 
 statement, which would not have served Caesar's purpose. The Rho- 
 dians were treated with great injustice and cruelty, and only by the 
 exertions of Cato the Censor, escaped utter destruction ; see Poh'bius 
 
 and Livy. 0. ipsi refers to majores nostri. — per occasioneyn = 
 
 " when the}^ had an opportunity." — i7i illis, '' in (the case of) them." 
 The claim made in this sentence is as far as possible from the truth. 
 The frequent observations of the Roman writers about Roman good 
 faith and Punic bad faith, coupled with the fact that we have only the 
 Roman side of the story, reminds one irresistibly- of the fable of the 
 statue representing a man striding over a prostrate lion ; the lion well 
 remarked that, if a lion had made the statue, he would have -exhibited 
 
 a lion striding over a prostrate man. 7. providendum est, "must 
 
 b3 seen to." — ne plus . . . valeat, *' that you do not think more of." — 
 neu magis . . . considatis, "and that 3'ou do not rather obey your pas- 
 sion than consult your reputation ; " considatis is used with tree by 
 
 zeugma. 8. pro factis eoriim, "in comparison with their deeds." 
 
 Tlie author might have written digna factis merely, but the idea of 
 proportion between crime and punishment would not have been so 
 fully expressed. — nov2cm consilium is the plan of putting the con- 
 spirators to death. — ingenia exsuperat, " surpasses the imagination," 
 i. e., is ^-reater than could be conceived. — lis, sc. pocnis. — utendum, sc. 
 nchis esse. — comparata sunt, " have been furnished," i. e., established. 
 
 He means the punishments of exile, fine, disfranchisement, <fec. 
 
 9. composite atque magnifice, " with studied eloquence." — scevitia h 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 385 
 
 used with enumeravere by zeugma ; " they have described the horrors 
 of war, they have enumerated the evils which would happen to the 
 vanquished." — collibuissent is an old word, frequent in Plautu?, but 
 
 seldom found in any later writer. 10. quo . , . pertinuit, "to what 
 
 end was that strain of remark ? " — Scilicet, " no doubt ; " it is gener- 
 ally ironical, as here. 11. Non ifa est, that is, men do not need 
 
 oratory to inflame them to a proper sense of their own injuries; on 
 the contrary, they generally exaggerate them. — sum, *' his own," re- 
 fers to cuiqiuDn. — injurice is objective here. — gravius cequo . . . habuere, 
 "have felt them too deeply " = " have over-estimated them," Gr. 256, 
 R. 9. — hahuere = solent habere. The idea is, " many have done so, 
 and hence we may suppose it to be natural to men." — graviter habere 
 is an expression found only in Sallust ; ceque habere is used by Livy. 
 
 12. alia aliis licentia est The idea is, " though individuals may 
 
 thus indulge their resentment, it is not proper for you." — si . . . deli- 
 quere, sc. ii, " if they have done any wrong through anger : " the con- 
 struction is, si {ii) qui . . . habent, quid . . . deliquere, pauci sciunt. — 
 pares sunt, i. e., equally contemptible. — qui . . . agunt ; observe the 
 emphasis given to the relative clause by placing it fii*st ; so in the 
 preceding sentence. — imperio, Gr. 244. — prcediti ; this word generally 
 indicates something intrinsic and natural, but not always. — in excelso 
 . . . agunt ; this recalls the Scripture expression, " Ye are a city set 
 
 on a hill, that cannot be hid." 13. /icm^ia =" liberty to do as 
 
 we please." — decet, sc. magna imperio prceditos. — studere is used as the 
 
 opposite of odisse. 14. i7i imperio, "in a ruler." 15. minorea 
 
 quam = "inadequate to." — postrema, "what happened last," i. e., the 
 punishment. — in . . . impiis, " in the case of," <fec. — de poena =poenam. 
 
 ^•^severior, sc. solito, Gr. 256, R. 9. 16. dixerit, Gr. 266, 1. — exer- 
 
 cere = " is influenced by." — eos . . . earn = tales . . . talem ; " such I 
 
 know to be," <fec. 17. non crudelis, "I do not say cruel." — aliena 
 
 a republica, foreign to the republic, i. e., not used in it. 18. Nam 
 
 profecto, Caesar now uses a dilemma, to convict Silauus of error: 
 he argues thus ; You are either moved by fear ; but there is no rea- 
 son to fear : or by the magnitude of the crime {injuria) ; but in that 
 case, you propose inadequate punishments, or rather what is no pun- 
 ishment at alL 20. possumus equidem dicere, "we may surely 
 
 say." — id . . . habet = '* which results from the nature of the case." — 
 tdtra, sc. mortem. The scepticism here expressed by Caesar had be- 
 come very common among the Romans, especially the more intelli- 
 gent, who could not fail to see the folly of the popular religion, and 
 IT 
 
386 NOTES ON THE 
 
 had nothing better to substitute for it. Cicero, in his reply to this 
 speech (in Cat. iv. 4 ; 7 & 8 ; 6, 11), and in other orations (pro Clu- 
 entio, 61, 171 ; pro Milone, 37, 101), expresses the same opinion. But 
 in his philosophical writings, written in his last years, he decidedly 
 advocates the other opinion, though it is painful to observe how " all 
 his mind is clouded with a doubt." The wisest and best of the 
 heathen, Socrates, Plato, and others, were in this melancholy uncer- 
 tainty ; so true is it, that life and immortality are brought to light in 
 the gospel. The influence on public morals exerted by such opinions 
 as those expressed by Csesar, and which come with great appropri- 
 ateness from the lips of such a debauchee, need not be set forth. It is 
 conspicuous in every page of the history of the period, and may be seen 
 
 in the streets of every large city in our own midst. 31* aniniad- 
 
 verteretur^ "punishment should be inflicted." 22. Auy quia; sup- 
 ply non addidistiy &c., from the preceding. — lex Porcia; it is uncer- 
 tain from what Porcius this law took its name. — alice leges . . . juhent 
 There were no laws expressly to this effect, so far as is known. But 
 as a person accused of a capital offence was left at liberty until con- 
 demned, he could go into exile, if he chose ; and we learn that the 
 same was afterwards r.llowed after condemnation. One accused of a 
 capital crime could always appeal to the people ; and of this appeal 
 Cicero, Cato, and others, wished to deprive the conspirators, under 
 the plea that, by their conduct, they had become hosteSy and were no 
 
 longer cives. 24. Sin, quia levius est; supply after sin^ in senten- 
 
 Ham non addidistiy <fec., as was done above with An. — levius refers to 
 verherarij **if, because it was too light (a penalty to be added to one 
 so much heavier, viz., death)," i. e., because it was not important 
 enough to break the law for it — qui convenit, " how is it proper ? '' 
 
 25. At enim, "But (why do you find fault), for who," <fec. — tern- 
 
 puSf "time" in general. — dies, "some particular occasion." — repre- 
 hendent is to be supplied, agreeing with tenipus, dies, and fortuna. 
 The argument is that it will furnish a bad precedent, which hereafter 
 
 will be used for evil. — illis, i. e., the conspirators. 26. in alios 
 
 statuatis, " what you are deciding (by this decision) against others 
 
 (than the conspirators)." 27. ex bonis, sc. exemplis. The idea is, 
 
 that a bad precedent is usually set under circumstances which lead 
 men to excuse it, as in this case the violation of law, in putting tb 
 conspirators to death without appeal, would be excused, on accouL s 
 of their guilt. What in their case would be honum exemplwn, be- 
 <jause well deserved by them, might admit of very bad imitation in 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 387 
 
 other cases. The thought is fully illustrated below, and is a com- 
 plete condemnation of all mob-law also. — ah dignis, L e., of such a 
 
 punishment. 28. qui ... traclarent, Gr. 264, 5. 29. ea ,., 
 
 Icetari, Z. 385 ; Icetor is usually followed by the abl. with or without 
 
 a preposition. 30. licentiat i. e., of punishing without trial. 
 
 lihidinose, *' at their pleasure." 32. Bamasippum ; Marcus Junius 
 
 Damasippus had, at the order of the younger Marius, most brutally 
 
 murdered a number of senators of Sulla's party. 33. is refers to 
 
 alicujus. Ccesar here speaks from personal experience ; he had nar- 
 rowly escaped death in this proscription. 34. trahebantur, sc. 
 
 €ul mppliciwn, 35. hcec non in M. Tullio . . . vereor^ i. e., "I do not 
 
 fear that Cicero will follow Sulla's example." 36. in manu = un- 
 der his command."— /a^SMW aliquid, i. e., '* a false charge of this kind." 
 
 37. consilii neque audacice unquam eguere^ "never were deficient 
 
 in \\dsdom or boldness." 38. pleraque refers to arma atque tela as 
 
 well as to insignia. — cum summo studio ; for the preposition see Z. 
 472. — invidere bonis; some supply instituiis, as Corte and Kritz; 
 
 othere, hominibuSj as Gerlach and Herzog. 39* Grcecice morem 
 
 imitati. No authority can be found for this statement ; it is there- 
 fore either a slip of the historian, or an artifice of the orator, who 
 represents the death penalty as something foreign and unknown; 
 
 perhaps the phrase means only, "like the Greeks." 40. multitu- 
 
 dine civiu7n, i. e., bad citizens ; see Jug. Ch. 41. — circumveniri = " to 
 be unjustly condemned.'* — quibus legibus may include lex Porcia, as 
 
 well as alice leges, but probably not. 41. Hanc causam . . . in primis 
 
 magnam, "this a most important reason," — quo minus capiamus, "for 
 
 not adopting." 42. beneparta, sc. ab illis. 43. Placet^ sc. mihi. 
 
 — auger e . . . Catilinoe, L e., by joining it. — pecunias = bona. — qucB . . . 
 valenty and so are best able to guard them safely. These municipia 
 were not bound to receive them, unless they chose. — de iis, i. e., in 
 their behalf In what difficulty this masterly speech of CsBsar in- 
 volved his opponents is clearly seen in Cicero's fourth Catilinarian ora- 
 tion. Its tendency, too, was to increase greatly his own popularity. 
 The people were extremely tenacious of the right of appeal, and would 
 proportionally honor its defender, and be enraged at those who abol- 
 ^hed it. Cicero deeply felt the danger he would incur, but not too 
 '^eply, as events showed. The warnings Caesar addressed to the senate 
 rfgainst setting so bad an example, derived a sharper edge from the gen- 
 eral fear entertained by them, that Pompey would prove another Sulla, 
 and that then their own devices might return to plague the inventors. 
 
388 NOTES ON THE 
 
 CHAP. LII. verhoy " verbally," not by rising and sitting beside 
 the one whose opinion they espoused ; see Chap. 60, note on j^edihus 
 iturum, — alius ali% i. e., either to Silanus or Csesar. — varie refers to 
 alius alii, not to assentiehantur, Csesar was very near carrying the 
 point. — M. Porcius Cato, commonly called Cato the Younger, to dis- 
 tinguish him from Cato the Censor, his great-grandfather. Both 
 their lives are in Long's Plutarch. — orationem hahuit. Plutarch 
 {Cato Minor, Ch. 23) says that Cicero had the speech taken down 
 by short-hand writers, and that it existed at the time he wrote, at 
 least 180 years after. It was certainly much to Cicero's interest to 
 
 have it published. 2« Longe mihi, &c. ; the sense is, mihi alia mens 
 
 est, quum res, &q., et longe alia quum sententias, <fec. — nostra, Gr. 205, 
 
 R. 2, Exc. 3« de poena, <fec. ; that is, as if their punishment was 
 
 the only question. — aris atque focis. " Especially were altars erected 
 in the courts of houses for the family gods (penates) ; while the 
 house gods (lares) received offerings upon a small hearth (focus), in 
 the family hall (atrium) ; hence arm et foci, by metonomy, for Ao7?ie, 
 or house and hearth, and pro aris et focis pugnare, * to contend for 
 house and home.' " Andrews' Lexicon, under Ara, I. — cavere, " to de- 
 fend ourselves." 4. provideris is perf. subj. — nihil fit reliqui = 
 
 nihil reliquum est. 5. fecistis, "have valued." — aliquando, "at 
 
 last." — capessite= "give all your attention and labor to." 6« A^on 
 
 agitur, " the question is not," — vectigalibus, sc, subrepiis, a very com- 
 mon occurrence. -T-c/e ... injuriis, "injuries done to our allies," by 
 
 Romans, a subject of constant complaint to the senate. 7« in hoc 
 
 ordine = in senatu. — adversos, sc. mihi. 8. Qui ... fecissem, "(I) 
 
 who never would have granted the indulgence of any fault to myself 
 and my own mind." — condonaham, " was not used to pardon ; " the 
 sense is, " I was not in the habit of pardoning the lusts of others for 
 the crimes they led to." — r^9« ea = mea verba. — opulentia . . . tolera- 
 
 bat = tolerare poterat : opulentidy sc. reipublicce. 10. bonisne ... 
 
 moribu^, " well or ill." — sed hcec . . . futura &int ; " but (the question 
 is), whether these things, of whatever nature they are, are to be ours, 
 
 or with ourselves, to belong to our enemies." 11. quisquatn, i. e., 
 
 Ccesar ; this example, with others, shows the incorrectness of the 
 declaration, that quisquam is used pnly in negative sentences ; yet 
 undoubtedly that is generally its use. — quia bona ... vocaiur ; this 
 passage strikes directly at Caesar, who, as has been said, was in- 
 debted some three or four millions of dollars. — in extremo sita est, " is 
 reduced to extremity."— Si7i^, "let them," 1, e., "those who so speak." 
 
CONSPIEACT OF CATILINE. 389 
 
 —. 13« qvoniam ... Aaiew^, "since such is the fashion." — dum ... , 
 
 parcunt = parcendo. — perditum eant = perdant. 1 3. diverso itinere^ 
 
 " in a different direction." — habere = incolere. The opinions here re- 
 ferred to by Cato, as disbelieved by Caesar, were thosC; not only of 
 the vulgar, but also of the Stoics, of whom Cato was a follower. As 
 Csesar was now high-priest, there seemed a peculiar impropriety in 
 his thus attacking the popular religion, of which he was the chief 
 
 minister. \U popularibus = sociis ; so in Chap. 22. — multitudine 
 
 conducta, *' a hired mob." 15. ibi ... ubiy i. e., in the municipia, 
 
 16* intanto ... metu^ "when all are so much afraid." — eo.., 
 
 referty "it the more concerns me," "because it shows that he is con- 
 cerned in the plot," is the inference which Cato's hearers could not 
 
 fail to draw. 18t Quanta ... attentius, "the more carefully." — ea, 
 
 the decision concerning the conspirators. — illis refers to exercitu and 
 conjuratiSy as viderint does also.— ;;V/n . . . aderunty " immediately they 
 
 all will attack us fiercely." 19. armiSy "by arms (only)." 
 
 20. pulcherrimarriy i. e., more so than formerly. — nos haberemuSy i. e., 
 
 at the present time it would be. — quam illiSy sc. erat. 21* quoe . . . 
 
 nulla = quorum nulla. — delicto = delicti conscientia. — obnoxiuSy " in 
 
 the power of, influenced by." 22* publice egestatemy privatim opu- 
 
 lentoSy " the state beggared, individuals wealthy." — nullum discrimeny 
 sc. esfy " we make no distinctions." — virtutis prcemiay " rewards which 
 ought to belong to virtue only." — possidet being the word used of 
 possession only, without ownership, is used here with great felicity. 
 
 23« hie = in senatu, — eo, "by this (course of conduct)." — vacuaniy 
 
 i. e., "having no defenders." 24. Conjuravere ... incenderCy for 
 
 ut i?icenda7ity by Graecism, Z. 616. — Gallorum genterriy the Allobroges. — 
 
 supra caput = " hovering over us, threatening to fall upon us." 
 
 25. cunctamini = dubitatiSy which is also added here by Dietsch and 
 
 others, on the authority of most manuscripts. 26* Misereamini 
 
 censeo; supply ut before misereaminiy Gr. 262, R. 4. This is severely 
 ironical in Cato's mouth, though no doubt it was seriously urged by 
 
 some. — etia7n armatoSy "even those (taken) in arms." 27. arma 
 
 ceperinty i. e., after their dismissal. Cato had previously spoken of 
 Caesar's proposition, to keep them in the municipiay as utterly ridicu- 
 lous. 28. Scilicet . . . esty "To be sure, the affair, viewed by itself, 
 
 is perilous." — Immo verOy " Yes, indeed." — maximey sc. earn timetis. — 
 alius . . . exspectanteSy " waiting for one another (to act)." — disy Gr. 
 
 245, n. 29. cedu7it prosperay "turn out well," Gr. 210, K 1. 
 
 30* hello Gallico ; this is an error of Sallust for Latino ; see Livr, 
 
390 NOTES ON THE 
 
 viii. 7. It was in a Gallic war that T. Manlius, the father, distin- 
 guished himself, and obtained his surname, Torquatus ; hence arose 
 
 probably the error of the writer. 3 It Videlicet^ &c. The idea is, 
 
 " it must be because," <fec. The remark is bitterly ironical. 33* nisi 
 
 iterum . . . fecit, " if this is not the second time that he has made," &c. 
 
 He had been concerned in the civil wars. 34. I^am quid, <fec. 
 
 The connection is, "(I mention these only), for why," &c. — non ea = 
 
 alia. 35* Postremo, "in a word, not to say more." — si peccato 
 
 locus essetj = " if we could afford to do wrong," i. e., by letting the 
 conspirators go. — ipsa re= "the course of events." — re and verba are 
 strongly antithetic. Dietsch aptly compares the German proverb, 
 "They who will not hear must feeV^—faucibus urget, "is at our 
 
 throats," Gr. 250 ; Z. 457. — parari neqv£ consult, sc. a nobis. 
 
 36* more majorum, i. e., without appeal, which was a later usage, 
 and unknown to the earlier Romans. They were accordingly stran- 
 gled in prison. Though Sallust preferred making a speech himself 
 for Cato, rather than using the genuine one, which was then extant, 
 and long afterwards, yet it is eminently characteristic, and doubtless 
 embodies the arguments actually used. " Every one will recognize 
 the impetuosity, the stern morality, the bitterness towards those 
 whom he considered depraved, which characterized Cato ; and not 
 less the magnanimity with which he defends his opinion, though 
 aware of the danger he incurs, and reproaches so severely the cow- 
 ardice and sloth of those who differ from him. The whole style of 
 the speech, suited rather for moving than persuading, agrees well 
 with Cato's manner of speaking, as we learn it from others." Dietsch. 
 CHAP. LHI. item = prcBter eos. — senati decretum ... censuerat. 
 At the instance of Cato, the highest praises of Cicero were inserted 
 in the same decree. Sallust cannot be wholly excused for omitting 
 all notice of this and all the other extraordinary honors bestowed on 
 
 Cicero. 2* multa legenti, multa audienti ; midta agi'ees with faci- 
 
 nora below. — mihi . . . forte libuit, " it accidentally pleased me " = 
 "it came into my mind." — sustinuisset, "could have caused to suc- 
 ceed." 3. Sciebam, "I was aware" (at the time when I began to 
 
 consider this question). — contendisse, sc. populum Romanum. — fortunce 
 violentiam, such as the capture of the city by the Gauls, the many 
 defeats by Hannibal, &c. — facundia . . . fuisse, " in eloquence the 
 Greeks, in the glory of war the Gauls, had surpassed the Romans" 
 
 (yet both Greeks and Gauls had been subdued by them). 4. eoque 
 
 factum^ for per earn factum^ as eo refers to virtutetn. 5* rursies. 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 391 
 
 " on the contrary." — sicut effeta parente, in multis. This reading of 
 the text is by conjecture, supported by one manuscript, which how- 
 ever omits the preposition in. The reading of all the manuscripts, 
 effeta parentitm, which cannot be explained, came, it is conjectured, 
 from parente, in. Dietsch thinks mtate has been dropped out, which 
 seems the best suggestion ; *'as when the parents are worn out with 
 age, (children are no longer born) ; " if we read parente, it will be 
 "the mother," instead of "the parents." 6t Sedy "now (the great- 
 ness of Rome having come from its great men), there have been, <fec." 
 -^ingenti virtute^ "of great merit." — ohtulerat ... non fuit ; these 
 tenses, used instead of eU and obtulit, are employed, as is common in 
 epistles, with reference not to the time of writing, but to the time 
 when what was written would be read, Z. 603. — quantum ingenio 
 possem^ " as far as my ability would permit." 
 
 CHAP. LIV. Igitur, "well, then ; " see Jug. 95, {Igitur Sulla, <fec.) 
 — cetas. Cato was 33, and Caesar 38. — item gloria, (sc. par fuit) sed 
 alia aliiy " also their glory was equal, but not the same : ** lit, " one 
 
 glory to one, another glory to the other." 3* largiendo here is 
 
 opposed alike to dando, sublevando, and ignoscendo, and = gratifi- 
 
 cando. 4* negligere is the hist, inf., and does not depend on e/i- 
 
 duxerat. — dono dignum, "worth giving," a very unusual expression. 
 — novum, i. e., either new in kind, or against a new enemy, or one in 
 which he was the first to command. — exoptahat, " was always wish- 
 ing for." — uhi . . . posset; Caesar's wars with the Gauls, Germans, and 
 Britons, all appear to have been begun by him with this motive ; 
 human life with him was of no account. 5« abstinentia, " disinter- 
 estedness." — quo minus ,,, eo tnagis, the less . . . the more, Gr. 256, 
 R. 16. 
 
 CHAP. LV. optimum factum, sc. esse, "that it was the best 
 course." — noctein . . . antecapere, i. e., to finish the executions before 
 night. — triumviros ; these were the triumviri capitales appointed 
 annually by the people, whose duty it was to see to the infliction of 
 punishments, and keep in custody those detected in the commission 
 of crime ; to inquire into capital crimes, to preserve the peace, <fec. ; 
 they generally acted by deputies. — quae supplicium postulabat, " which 
 
 were needful for (capital) punishment." 3* locus quod Tullianum, 
 
 sc. robur, Gr. 206, (10). It was called Tullianum robur, because 
 originally built of oak by King Servius TuUius. It was the " state 
 prison" of Rome. The upper part was called the Mamertine prison, 
 and is now a church ; the Tullianum being converted into a subter- 
 
392 NOTES ON THE 
 
 ranean chapel. '* It has still," says Eustace, ** a most appalling ap- 
 pearance." — descenderis ; many editions and the best manuscripts 
 have ascenderis, which suits better with the topography. In either 
 case, the ascent or descent to the entrance of the Tullianurn was 
 within the prison. — humi depressus, " sunk into the earth," Gr. 221, 
 
 R. 3. 4« cameray "a vaulted roof." — vmcta^ "bound together by 
 
 = composed of " 5* vindices rerum capitalium : "these were not 
 
 the triumviri^ just mentioned, but the executioners, who were public 
 slaves, a class so abject and despised, that they were not even allowed 
 to live in the city." Dietsch. — laqueo . . . fregere ; this kind of pun- 
 ishment was always inflicted in prisons : public hangings are a bar- 
 barism of modern times. 6* consulare imperiwn ; he had been 
 
 consul B. c. 71, but having been expelled from the senate for his in- 
 famous life, he had got himself elected praetor, in order to regain his 
 senatorship. Dietsch incorrectly explains consulare, of his praetor- 
 ship. — exitium is not for exitwriy but means "destruction, extinction." 
 " Immediately after these executions, Cicero announced them in the 
 Forum by the single word vixerunt ; the rest of the conspirators im- 
 mediately took to flight, and the people escorted him to his lodgings 
 with the greatest joy and acclamation." Dietsch. 
 
 CHAP. LVI. habueratf i. e., at Catiline's arrival. — pro nwnero 
 militum, " as far as the number of his soldiers would permit : " he 
 formed skeleton maniples, as many as were usually in each legion ; 
 which were subsequently filled up to the regular number by fresh 
 
 arrivals. 3* sociis, sc. conjurationis. — venerat ... distrihuerat ... 
 
 expleverat . . . hahuisset ; these pluperfects are all used with reference 
 to the subsequent approach of Antonius ; he had done all these things 
 before Antonius drew near. — cequaliterf " equally among the skeleton 
 companies." — numero, sc. justo. — amplius is usually followed by the 
 same case as precedes it : Sallust uses both constructions indifferently ; 
 
 see Gr. 256, R. 6 ; Z. 485. 5* servitia = servorum genus ; hence it 
 
 has aijus relating to it =atjus generis: the Greek use of a singular 
 verb with a neuter plural subject resembles this, Gr. 206, (11). — ser- 
 vitia repudiahat ; it will be recollected that Lentulus remonstrated 
 with Catiline on this pointy in the letter gfven to the Allobroges for 
 him, and intercepted by Cicero ; see Chap. 44. — alienum suis rationi- 
 bus, "inconsistent with his interests," Gr. 222, R. 2 <fe 6 ; Z. 468, 470; 
 alienum qualifies the last clause videri . . . communicavisse, 
 
 CHAP. LVII. nuntius pervenit = nuntiatum est, and therefore is 
 followed by the inf. with an ace, Gr. 272. — Galliam, sc. TransaU 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 393 
 
 pinanij which is expressed in most manuscripts ; no doubt he wished 
 
 to get to the AUobroges. 2 proesidehat ; Dietsch gives this word 
 
 here its original meaning, "was sitting (i. e., encamped before him,) 
 = was in full view and could not be eluded." But others explain it 
 in its usual meaning, "was commanding;" of this, however, when 
 used absolutely without an object, Andrews' Lexicon cites but one 
 example, and that from as late a writer as Pliny the Younger. — ex 
 difficultate rerum^ "from the difficulties he (Catiline) was in." — existi- 
 mans (*' suspecting") is limited hj ex ... rerum. — eadem ilia . . . dixi- 
 
 muSf i. e., a retreat into Gaul. 3. illi . . . e^-aty " he had to descend." 
 
 4* utpote qui, "inasmuch as he." — magno exercitu, "though with 
 
 a large army," Gr. 249, III., 2d clause. — locis ... expeditiis, "being 
 helped along by following a more level route." — infuga, sc. CatilincBy 
 "on the track of Catiline." — sequeretuVy Gr. 264, 8, last clause, Z. 271. 
 The whole is a reason why Antonius, though with a large army, was 
 not far behind ; he was following the fleeing Catiline with the advan- 
 tage of a more level route. Others read expedites; expedites in fuga 
 then = " unencumbered with baggage, and running away ; " the whole 
 would then be the reason why Antony, though not far behind, yet 
 was behind, because he with a large army, and of course encumbered 
 with baggage, and by a more level (and therefore longer) route, was 
 following an enemy, who were fleeing as fast as possible, and were 
 without baggage. The latter reading makes the best sense, and is 
 
 preferred by Zumpt. 5. adversas, sc. sibi. — prcesidii, "succor." — 
 
 cum Antonio . . . projligere ; no doubt he chose to fight with him, be- 
 cause he knew him to be secretly favorable to his cause, and hoped for 
 a feeble resistance. In fact, Antony remained in his tent, on the plea 
 of lameness, leaving his lieutenant, M. Petreius, to command (see be- 
 low, Chap. 59). He was subsequently (b. c. 59) accused of having been 
 one of Catiline's conspirators, was condemned and went into exile. 
 CHAP. LVIII. Gompertum habeo, "I have (it) discovered ;" see 
 
 note, Chap. 29. 2. auribus officit, " obstructs his ears = prevents 
 
 his hearing." 3. mei consilii, i. e., of fighting with Antonius. 
 
 4. quoque mode = et quomodo. 5. quo . . . sint^ " what is the state 
 
 of our affairs." -6. ab ... a, "on the side of, towards." — obstante 
 
 sc. nobis.— ferat, sc. ad id. — si . . . ferat, "if we were ever so anxious." 
 
 7. a7iimo, Gr. 211, R. 6, & R. 8, (2). — vosdivitias ... portare, i. e., 
 
 that by success you will secure, and by defeat you will lose, all these 
 things, 8* commeatuSy sc. erunt. 9. super vacaneum stands op- 
 posed to necessitudo above, and= "not necessary,. a mere matter of 
 17* 
 
394 NOTES ON THE 
 
 choice." 10. alienas . . . exspectare = " to be dependants on others." 
 
 11« viris^ "to those who were really men." — hoec = "your pres- 
 ent course." 12* hcec relinquere, i. e., to run away, abandon your 
 
 cause. — audacia .. . est^ i. e., you cannot do it without fighting. — -pace 
 ... mutavitj Z. 456, note. 13t ea vero ; ea agrees with the predi- 
 cate noun, Gr. 206, (13), last clause; Z. 372. ll. hortantur^ sc. ut 
 
 magnam speyn hnbeam, "encourage me." 15f circumvenire, sc fios, 
 
 16* si virtuti ... inviderity and so give you defeat — cavete^ sup 
 
 ply ne, Gr. 262, R. 6. — capti^ "after being taken." 
 
 CHAP. LIX. sifffia canere ; canere is intransitive, with signa for 
 its subject. — periculo, i. e., the danger of cavalry and infantry. — pedes 
 ("a footsoldier") is in apposition with ipse. — pro, "suitably to, ac- 
 cording to." 3t rtipes aspera is used, by anacoluthon, for rupem 
 
 asperam governed by inter, — signa here = "divisions," each having 
 a standard. — in subsidio, "as a reserve," — artiuSf L e., without the 
 
 usual intervals. 3* Ab his, i. e., from the reserve." — centuriones 
 
 omnes lectos, " the centurions, all picked men," having been appointed 
 by Catiline from his knowledge of their valor. — evocatos, veterans 
 who had served their time, but being invited (evoca/i) by the general, 
 had volunteered ; they enjoyed special privileges. Under a popular 
 general, such as Pompey, their number was often considerable. — 
 armatufHf " if well armed ; " the author had previously stated (Chap. 
 
 6t)) that only one fourth were regularly armed. 4« curare = im- 
 
 perare. — libertia, (" his own,") freedmen ; otherwise the word would be 
 libertinis. — colonis, sc Sitlianis ; many of Sulla's colonies were in this 
 region. — aquilam ; this is the one to which Cicero alludes (in Cat L 
 9) as cherished by Catiline with superstitious reverence. Each legion 
 had one as a standard, made of silver or bronze. Hence " the Roman 
 eagles" is frequently said for "the Roman legions." — bello Cimbrico ; 
 see notes on Jug. Chap. 114. 5. pedibus ceger, he had, or pre- 
 tended to have the gout, Gr. 250. — tumulti is applied to this civil 
 war, as it was to a Gallic war, on account of its peculiarly dangerous 
 character. Like senatus, this noun is sometimes of the 2d, but gener- 
 ally of the 4th declension. — nominans appellat, " addresses by name." 
 — ceniere for decernere. — »— €• miiitaris, "of much military experi- 
 ence." — cum magna gloria connects with the following words, in exer- 
 citu fuerat, and refei-s to the whole of Petreius' military career. — 
 ipsos, "personally." — noverat, "he knew;" the perfect of this verb 
 having a present meaning, like the preteritive verbe, the plaper£ is 
 equivalent to an imper£ 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 395 
 
 CHAP. LX. 2* cum infestis signis = " with standards turned 
 
 against each other." — res geritur= " the battle is fought." 3. Ve- 
 
 terani, sc. Petrcii, — instare^ sc. hostibus, — illij the troops of Catiline. 
 
 — hand tirnidi == fortissuni, by litotes, Gr. 324, 9. 4. Interea 
 
 Catilina, <fec. Observe the animated effect of so many historical in- 
 finitives, and the dignified close with the imperf. exsequebatur. 
 
 5* contra ac, " otherwise than." Petreius had not expected so vigor- 
 ous a resistance. — cohortem prcBtoriam^ "the general's body-guard," 
 composed, of course, of the flower of the army. The term prcetor 
 (prce-itor, "one who leads") was originally applied to the consuls; 
 hence the epithet prcetoria. — alios alibi, i. e., no longer in regular 
 
 array. 6* in primis ... cadunt, "are among the first to fall in 
 
 combat." 
 
 CHAP. LXI. cernereSy i. e., if you were present, Gr. 261, R. 4; 
 Z. 628, note 2. We do not think the protasis is contained in con/ecto 
 proelio, as Andrews explains it ; for con/ecto proelio does not mean 
 "if the battle were finished," but, "after it was finished." — vis animi, 
 
 ** determination." 2. guem . . . tegebat ; the order is, quisque, 
 
 amissa anima^ corpore tegebat eum (locum), que>n locum vivus pugnando 
 
 ceperat. 3« medios disjecerat ; and so had forced from their first 
 
 position. — diversius, "more scattered," — adversis, "in front," i. e., 
 
 none having turned their backs, so as to be wounded in them. 
 
 6t ita, "to such a degree." — juxta, "alike," i. e., not at all. 7. dis- 
 
 cesserat, sc proelio, 8« Icetitia ... moeror ; both these words express 
 
 the inward feelings, of which gaudium and luctus respectively are the 
 outward manifestations. 
 
 As the accounts of this conspiracy which have come down to us, 
 of which this history by Sallust is the chief, have been attacked by 
 some in recent times, as improbable and false, the following remarks 
 on the subject will be found interesting and valuable. They are by 
 Prof. Ramsay, of Glasgow University, Scotland. 
 
 " Although we possess only a one-sided history of this famous 
 conspiracy ; although much that has been recorded seems so marvel- 
 lous and incredible, that many have regarded the whole narrative as 
 little better than a fabric of misrepresentation and falsehood, built 
 up by violent political animosity, and resting on a very slender basis 
 of truth ; although it cannot be denied that some of the particulars 
 set down by Dion Cassius, and alluded to by others (Sallust, Cat,, 
 Ch. 32), of the revolting rites by which the compact between the asso- 
 
396 NOTES ON THE 
 
 ciates was ratified, are evidently vulgar exaggerations ; although little 
 reliance can be placed on the self-panegyrics of Cicero, who would 
 studiously seek to magnify the danger in order to enhance the merits 
 of his own exertions ; yet upon a careful and dispassionate investiga- 
 tion, we shall discover no reasonable ground for entertaining any 
 doubts respecting the general accuracy of the facts, as presented to 
 us by Sallust, whose account throughout is clear and consistent, and 
 is corroborated in all the most important details by the information 
 transmitted from other sources. Nor, upon a close examination into 
 the circumstances of the individuals concerned, of the times, and of 
 the state of public feeling and public morals, shall we have much 
 difficulty in forming a distinct idea of the character of Catiline him- 
 self, of the motives by which he was stimulated, and of the calcula- 
 tions by which he was encouraged to expect success. 
 
 "Trained in the wars of Sulla, he was made familiar from his earliest 
 youth with civil strife, acquired an indifference to human suffering, 
 and imbibed an utter contempt for the constitutional forms and gov- 
 ernment of his country, which had been so freely neglected or vio- 
 lated by his patron. The wealth quickly acquired having been 
 recklessly squandered his necessities soon became press- 
 ing. The remorse, too, produced by his frightful vices and crimes, 
 must have given rise to a frame of mind that would eagerly desire to 
 escape from reflection, and seek relief in fierce excitement On the 
 other hand, the consciousness of those great mental and physical 
 powers, from which even his most bitter enemies could not withhold 
 a tribute of admiration, combined with the extensive popularity he 
 had acquired among the young, must have tended to stimulate his 
 ambition. "We can readily believe that the career of Sulla was ever 
 present to his imagination, and that his grand aim was to become 
 what the dictator had been 
 
 " The moment seemed most propitious for the advancement of a 
 man of daring and powerful intellect, uncontrolled by principle. The 
 leading statesmen were divided into factions, which eyed each other 
 with bitter jealousy: the younger nobility were thoroughly demor- 
 alized, for the most part bankrupts in fortune as well as in fame, eager 
 for any change which might relieve them from embarrassment 
 The rabble were restless and discontented, filled with envy and 
 hatred against the rich and powerful. Thus, at home, the dominant 
 party in the senate, and the equites or capitalists alone felt a deep 
 interest in the stability of the government Moreover a wide-spread 
 
CONSPIRACY OF CATILINE. 397 
 
 feeling of disaffection extended over the whole of Italy. Never was 
 the executive weaker. The senate and magistrates were wasting 
 their energies in petty disputes : Pompey, at the head of all the best 
 troops of the republic, was prosecuting a long-protracted and doubt- 
 ful war in the East ; there was no army in Italy. If, then, Catiline, 
 surrounded as he was by a large body of retainers, all devotedly 
 attached to his person, and detached from society at large by the 
 crimes which he had suggested or promoted, had succeeded in strik- 
 ing his first great blow, had he assassinated the consuls and the most 
 able of the senators, the chances were, that the waverers among the 
 higher ranks would have at once espoused his cause, that the popu- 
 lace would have been intimidated or gained over, and that thousands 
 of ruined and desperate men would have rushed from all quarters to 
 his support, enabling him to bid defiance to any force which could 
 have been brought to bear on the city until the return of Pompey 
 from the East. But Pompey might never return, or might not return 
 victorious, or at all events, a long period must elapse, and ample 
 time would be given for negotiation or resistance. But the Fortune 
 of Rome prevailed, the gambler was ruined and the state saved." 
 Smith's Diet Biog, 
 
 THE END. 
 
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 nd pains on the part of the teacher, equal progress cannot be made without, as can be 
 With them. And they nicceed admirably in awakening an interest in the pupil, and in 
 making a lasting improfidr* upon his memory. It is an application of Baoon's prindplt 
 fcr fomalng an aecurat*" iran." 
 
 80 
 
D. APPLE TON §r CO^ Pn^^^^gfiS. 
 
 CICERO DE of; 
 
 CHIEFLY SELECTED AND TRANS LA TEm^^^^^^T AND 
 BONNE LL, ENGLISH NOTE 
 BY THOMAS A. THACHEE, op Yale Col 
 1 Vol. 12mo. 194 pages. Price 90 
 
 In this edition, a few historical notes have been introduced in cagei 
 irliere the Dictionaries in common use have not been found to contain 
 the desired information ; the design of which being to aid the learner 
 in understanding the contents of the treatises, the thoughts and con- 
 nections of thought of the author, and to explain the grap[imatical dif- 
 ficulties, and inculcate a knowledge of grammatical principles. The 
 Editor has aimed throughout to guide rather than to carry tfie learner 
 through difficulties; requiring of him more study, in consequence of 
 his help, than he would have devoted to the book without it. 
 
 '•The text is beautifally and correctly printed. The notes are neat, well arranged, 
 and appropriate." — Presbyterian. 
 
 "A very elegant edition of this well-known work." — The Wisconsin. 
 
 SELECT ORATIONS OF M. TULLIUS CICERO. 
 
 WITH NOTES, FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 
 
 BY E. A. JOHNSON, 
 
 Pro/esaor of Latin in the University qf New York. 
 
 1 Vol 12mo. Price $1. 
 
 This edition of Cicero's Select Orations possesses some special advan 
 tages for the student which are both new and important. It is the 
 only edition which contains the improved text that has been prepared 
 by a recent careful collation and correct deciphering of the best manu- 
 scripts of Cicero's writings. It is the work of the celebrated Orelli, 
 together with that of Madvig and Klotz, and has been done since the 
 appearance of Orelli's complete edition. The Notes, by Prof. Johnson, 
 of the New York Univei'sity, have been chiefly selected, with great care, 
 from the best German authors, as well as the English edition of Arnold. 
 From TuoMAS Chase, Tutor in Latin in Harvard University. 
 "An edition of Cicero like Johnson's has long been wanted; and the excellepco ol 
 the text, the Illustrations of words, particles, and pronouns, and the explanation of vm+ 
 0U9 points of construction and interpretation, bear witness to the Editor s familiarity 
 with some of the most important results of modern scholarship, and entitle his work U 
 ^rge share of public favor.** 
 
 
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