't!l«* A -cT 'o. . , .** ^ "°\<^' ... %. ••^' o'^" ..., % "^^ kV •* ,\^^ ^. ^bv" .■J^^ .0* A 'bV'^ ^"•n*.. 4> '^^ '■ ' > •> " <^ "^o. ♦.,■.• ,0-^ <> • ■^•i. m\ 'V- -v "^-v % 4 o V* \ . . . o .*^% O, ' .. ' - •»• o " T ^o\> V. ^^o^ •''oV^ ,0 <^''' -u. t-~ .^^ •-^.■ °o .<^ ^^9 -.^-\ ,•«- lV ,b^^^.. o:^"* /^^^:, '^, ^^■^^, ,'9''' <^o ■1 o .V' .V^ %,*^- ,^^-^/.. A3 '?' V... ''*%'• --y ...\-- ,0" ^^ °. .*^ .^^^ '> -i^. .V. «>'" ,0"^ % -A -A .^.-C A^^ V^^ v"?-'^ < o ■ '*b V* ^> -5 °*. o > ^0 ■"•v>j^' ,.^'^-.. ^^^^ '^' / THE / HISTORY '/ a f OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. WISCONSIN, CONTAINING A HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY, ITS EARLY SETTLEMENT, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, RESOURCES, ETC., ETC., AN EXTENSIVE AND MINUTE SKETCH OF ITS CITIES, THEIR IMPROVEMENTS, INDUSTRIES, MANUFACTORIES, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, SOCIETIES, ETC., ETC., WAR RECORD, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, PORTRAITS OF PROMINENT MEN AND EARLY SETTLERS, ETC., ETC., ETC.; ALSO HISTORY OF WISCONSIN, CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES AND OF WISCONSIN, CONDENSED ABSTRACT OF LAWS OF WISCONSIN, MISCELLA- NEOUS, ETC., ETC. IX-LTTSTiaj^TEnD. C H I C A a O : WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY. MDCCCL.XXI.X. r. V CONTENTS. HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Page. Antifiuities 19 Indian Tribes 21 Pre-Territoriiil Annals 29 Wisconsin Terrirory 41 Wisconsin iisaState 52 First Administration 52 Second Administration 57 Tliird Administration 59 Fourtli Administration 62 Fifth Administration 64 Sixth Administration 66 Seventh Administration 67 War of Secession Commenced 69 Eighth Administration 76 Ninth Administration 85 Statistics of Volunteers 90 Tenth Administration 92 , Eleventh Administration 93' Twelfth Administration 9i Thirteenth Administration 97 Fourteentli Administration 99 Fifteenth Admioistralion in4 Sixteenth Admiaistration 1U9 Topography and Geology 110 The Archaean Age 112 Paleozoic Time — Silurian Age 115 Devonian Age 119 Glacial Period 120 Climatology 121 Trees, Shrubs and Vines 128 Fauna 134 Fish and Fish Cultnre 134 Large Animals — Time of their Disap- pearance 138 Peculiarities of the Bird Fauna 139 Educational 140 Original School Code 140 Agitcition for Free Schools 141 School System under State Govern- ments 141 School Fund Income 142 State University 143 Agricultural College 144 Normal Schools 144 Teachers' Institutes 146 Graded Schools 146 Page. Educational : Township System 146 Free High Schools 147 School Offices. 147 State Teachers' Certificates 147 Teachers' Associations 148 Libraries 148 State Superintendents 148 College Sketches 149 Female Colleges 150 Academies and Seminaries 151 Commercial Schools 151 Agriculture 151 Mineral Resources 162 Lead and Zinc 162 Iron 165 Copper ; 168 Gold and Silver 168 Brick Clays 168 Cement Kock 170 Limestone— Glass Sand 171 Peat— Building Stones 172 Railroads 173 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 173 Chicago & Northwestern 176 Wisconsin Central 178 Western Union. .^ 179 W^est Wisconsin 180 Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western 180 Green Bay *fe Blinuesota 181 Wisconsin Valley 181 Sheboygan & Fooddu Lac 181 Mineral Point 182 Madison & Portage 182 North Wisconsin 183 Prairie du Chien & McGregor 183 Chippewa Falls A >ye8tern 183 Narrow Gauge 183 Conclusion 184 Lumber 185 Banking 191 Commerce and Manufactures 198 Furs 199 Lead and Zinc — Iron 200 Lumber 201 Grain 202 Pa(je. Commerce and Manufactures : Dairy Products 203 Pork and Beef. 203 Hops 204 Tobacco — Cranberries 205 Liquors 205 Miscellaneous 206 Water Powers 206 Manufactures 208 Conclusion 208 The PublicDomain 210 Health 230 Geographical Position 230 Physical Features 230 Geology 231 Drainage 232 Climatology 232 Rain Character 233 Isotlierms 234 Barometrical 234 Winds 235 Climatological Changes from Settling in the State 235 Influence of Nationalities 237 Occupations— Food — Education, etc 238 History of Disease 238 Ratio of Sickness, Ft. Howard and Win- nebago 239- Education of the Blind 241 Institute of Deaf and Dumb 241 Industrial School for Boys 242" State Prison " 242 State Hospital for the Insane 2-12 Northern Hospital for the Insane 24a City of Milwaukee 243 Health Resorts 244 Change of Diseases 24& Pulmonary Diseases 248 Statistics 249 Population, 1875, of Townships, Alpha- betically Arranged by Counties 24& Population by Counties 258 Nativity by Counties 259 Valuation of Property 260 Acreage of Principal Crops 261, 262" ABf^TRACT OF l%ISCOKSlM STATE TAWS. Page. Actions 283 Arrest 283 Attachment 284 Adoption of Children 276 Assignment of Mortgage 274 Assessment and Collection of Taxes 267 Assessment of Taxes 268 Bills of Exchange or Promissory Notes 272 Borrowed Money 267 Capital Punishment 278 Collection of Taxes * 270 Commercial Terms 28t Common Schools 266 Damages for Trespass 279 Page. Elections and General Elections 263 Estrays 279 Exemptions 284 Fences 280 Forms of Conveyances 273 Forms of Mortgages 274 Garnishment 284 Highways and Bridges 270 Hours of Labor 273 Interest 277 Intoxicating Liquors 271 Judgments 284 Jurisdiction of Courts 277 Jurors 278 Page Landlord and Tenant 2Sl Limitation of Actions 285 Marks !lnd Brands 281 Married Women 28;i Stay Law 284 Surveyors and Surveys 282 Support of Poor 282 Suggestions to Persons Purchasing Books by Subscription 285 Title of Real Property by Descent 275 Weights and Measures 278 Wills 276 Wolf Scalps 278 Page. I Wisconsin Sta*e Constitution 287 V. S. Constitution 297 KISCICl.LANEOUS. Page. | Vote of Wisconsin for Governor and Presi- dent 306-307 Population of the State,. Page. ....30& IV C0XTEXT8. HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COIJIVTV. Page. Topography 309 Elevations 310 Water-Power of Rock River 312 Spiingfl 312 Artesian Wells 313 Geological 315 Climatology 31g Political (ieogiaphy 318 County as Represented on Early Maps 319 Mouiid-Builderg 319 Indian Occupancy 321 Black Hawk War. 324 United .States Surveys and Land Sales 331 Gein*ral History 333 Early Settlement 333 ^ ■' The Ancient City " 335 Hebron 335 Johnson's Migrations, etc 336 Fort Atkinson 339 Aztalan 342 Lake Mills 346 Jefferson 347 Ixonia 348 incidents of Pioneer Life 349 Wolves, Indians and Trials 349 Historical Facts 351 County Roster 35I County Buildings 353 Criuiinal Causes 355 The Tempest's Track 36O The Fighting Finch Family .464 Schools, Resources, Population, etc 466 Teachers 357 Dairymen's Association 369 Agricultural Society 369 Agricultural Productions 376 Agricultural Statistics, 1865-77 376 War Reciird 377 PolitiL-al History '.""!! '.r.!!!396 Waterttiwn ...400 Timothy Johnson 401 A Difficult Voyixg" 401 Page. Luther A. Cole... 402 A Mild Revenge 4o3 An Unequal Struggle ^403 An Ancient Mariner 404 First Death and First Birth 405 First Deed 405 Growth of Watertown 405 First Settlers 40$ Schools 407 Pr<^ss ".410 Churches 41s 'Manufactories 424 Gas Company 429 Grain Elevators 409 Water- Power 430 Banks 430 Hotels 431 Fire Department 432 Post Office 435 Public Halls 436 "Der Vlehmarkt" 437 Secret and Other Societies 4;J7 Musical and Singing Societies— Band. ...440 Local Militia 441 Government 441 Town Government 441 The Village 445 Incorporation 440 Location 454 City's Indebtedness 454 Railroads 458 Water 4^4 Landmarks 4o'4 Historical Items 404 Cemeteries 455 Jefferson 450 j Original Settlement 466 Growth and Improvements 466 I Location of County Seat 468 ' Official Roster and TownT>rganization..47I ' Village Charter 472 Fire Department 475 ! Page. Water-Power 47^ Manufactories 477 Banks .'.^gs Societies 434 Religious .Z." '.'.'.. 4S5 Cemetery 491 Press "!"""...4U2 Schools 495 Institute 496 Post Oflice .......497 Fort Atkinson 49^ Early History ..!!!!"498 Bridge 501 The City's Progress .502 The Mormons 502 Horse-Thieves 502 The First Training 502 Items of Interest 502 Town Meetings 504 Village Roster 507 City Roster 507 Banks 508 Manufacturing 508 Societies 510 Schools 512 Press '..'.'.'.".""514 Post Office 5i,j Churches 517 Cemetery 519 Town of Sullivan !..!!!519 Town of Farmington 527 Palmyra ."!!."]529 Town and Village of Cold Spring 536 Lake Mills 535 Hebron and its Surroundings 543 Aztalan ^57 Waterloo 551 Town of Milford "."".'.566 Town of Ixonia 566 Town of Oakland 567 Town uf Sumner §67 Relics of the Red Race .567 PORTRAITS. Blomenfeld D 415 Cole, J. W Buchheit, William 433 Caswell. L. B. .. Coiun.us Henry 437 Ernst, Aug F J;'*PP- -^ ^-i 523 I Green, Walt. S Curia, D. W 505 : Hake, W. H ^"i;^'%*»- S 361 Jones, Thomas C Cody, James 45j Cole, Luther A *V.""*307 I Pahe. , 397 379 695 631 649 613 Ostrander, J. W R"»gaii, Patrick Rogan, James Smith, Adams Stoppenbach, Charlei Winslow, Joseph WillarJ. H. B White, k. S Pace. Ml 326 343 469 7a3 659 685 669 BIOGRAPHICAL SKKTC'HES. Aztalan ('old Sprine.. Concord Farmington . Hebron Ixonia Page. 724 r 678 674 721 727 717 Jetferson Koshkonnng Lake Mills Milford Oakland PAfiE. 637 687 7111 726 7114 Palmyra Sullivan Sumuer Waterloo Watertown City Watertown Township.. Page. 553 664 711 682 597 633 <\ JEF r^ JO O Tf G^ U Of ON CO. ^ffZAJj rr^fjze tt-jht rr a. B Bu. Col Cla Cui Cm Cot Co' HISTORY OF WISCOl^SIN. BY C. W. BUTTERFIELD. - I.— WISCONSIN ANTIQUITIES. The first explorers of the valleys of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi and its tributaries, seem not to have noticed, to any considerable extent, the existence within these vast areas of monuments of an extinct race. Gradually, however, as the tide of emigration broke through the barriers of the Alleghanies and spread in a widely extended flow over what are now the States of the Northwest, these prehistoric vestiges attracted more and more the attention of the curious and the learned, until, at the present time, almost every person is presumed to have some general knowledge, not only of their existence, but of some of their striking peculiarities. Unfortunately, these signs of a long since departed people are fast disappearing by the never ceasing operations of the elements, and the constant encroachments of civilization. The earliest notices of the animal and vegetable kingdom of this region are to be found in its rocks ; but Wisconsin's earli- est records of men can only be traced in here and there a crumbling earth-work, in the fragment of a skeleton, or in a few stone and copper implements — dim and shadowy relics of their handicraft. The ancient dwellers in these valleys, whose history is lost in the lapse of ages, are desig- nated, usually, as the Mound-Builders ; not thnt building mounds was probably their distinctive employment, but that such artificial elevations of the earth are, to a great extent, the only evi- dences remaining of their actual occupation of the country. As to the origin of these people, all knowledge must, possibly, continue to rest upon conjecture alone. Nor were the habitations of this race confined to the territory of which Wisconsin now forms a part. At one time, they must have been located in many ulterior regions. The earth- works, tumuli, or "mounds," as they are generally designated, are usually symmetrically raised and often inclosed in mathematical figures, such as the square, the octagon, and the circle, with long lines of circumvallation. Besides these earth-works, there are pits dug in the solid rock ; rubbish heaps formed in the prosecution of mining operations ; and a variety of iipplements and utensils, wrought in copper or stone, or moulded in clay. Whence came the inhabitants who left these evidences to succeed- ing generations .' In other words, who were the Mound-Builders .'' Did they migrate from the Old World, or is their origin to be sought for elsewhere? And as to their manners and customs and civilization — what of these things.? Was the race finally swept from the New World to give place to Red men, or was it the one from which the latter descended .' These momentous ques- tions are left for the ethnologist, the archsologist, and the antiquarian of the future to answer — if they can. 20 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Inclosures and mounds of the prehistoric people, it is generally believed, constituted but parts of one system; the former being, in the main, intended for purposes of defense or religion; the latter, for sacrifice, for temple sites, for burial places, or for observatories. In selecting sites for many of these earth-works, the Mound-Builders appear to have been influenced by motives which prompt civilized men to choose localities for their great marts; hence, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, Milwaukee and other cities of the West are founded on ruins of pre-existing structures. River terraces and river bottoms seem to have been the favorite places for these earth-works. In such localities, the natural advantages of the country could be made available with much less trouble than in portions of the country lying at a distance from water-courses. In Wisconsin, therefore, as in other parts, the same general idea of selecting points contiguous to the principal natural thoroughfares is found to have prevailed with the Mound-Builders ; for their works are seen in the basin of the Fox river of the Illinois, in that of Rock river and its branches, in the valley of Fox river of Green bay, in that of the Wisconsin, as well as near the waters of the Mississippi. While a few circumvallations and immense mounds, such as are common to certain other portions of the United States, are discoverable in Wisconsin, yet by far the largest number of earthworks have one peculiarity not observable, except in a few instances, outside the State. This characteristic is a very striking one The fact is revealed that they are imitative in form — resembling beasts, reptiles, birds, fish, man. All these, for convenience, are usually classed under the general name of "animal mounds," although some are in the similitude of trees, some of war clubs, others of tobacco pipes. Generally, these figures are in groups, though sometimes they are seen alone. For what purpose these earth-works were heaped up — they rise above the surface two, four, and sometimes six feet — or what particular uses they were intended to subserve, is unknown. It is, however, safe to affirm that they had some significance. A number resemble the bear; a few, the buffalo; others, the raccoon. Lizards, turtles, and even tadpoles, are out- lined in the forms of some. The war eagle, and the war club has each its representative. All this, of course, could not have been a mere happening — the work of chance. The sizes of these mounds are as various as their forms. One near Cassville, in Grant county, very complete in its representation of an animal, supposed to be of the elephant species, was found, upon measure- ment, to have a total length of one hundred and thirty-five feet. Another in Sauk county, quite perfect in its resemblance to the form of a man, was of equal length — a veritable colossus ; prone, it is true, and soon to disappear, if it has not already been destroyed, by ravages of a superior civilization. In portions of Wisconsin, as well as in a few places outside the State, are found earth-works of another kind, but quite as remarkable as the "animal mounds," which, from their supposed use, have been styled "garden beds." They are ridges, or beds, about six inches in height and four feet in width, ranged, with much apparent method, in parallel rows, sometimes rectangular in shape, sometimes of various but regular and symmetrical curves, and occupying fields of from ten to a hundred acres. The Mound-Builders have left many relics, besides their earthworks, to attest their presence in Wisconsin in ages past. Scattered widely are found stone and copper axes, spear-heads, and arrow-heads, also various other implements — evidently their handiwork. As these articles are frequently discovered many feet beneath the surface, it argues a high antiquity for the artificers. Whether they had the skill to mould their copper implements is doubtful. Such as plainly show the work of hammering, indicate an art beyond that possessed by the Red men who peopled America upon its first discovery by Europeans. In a few instances, fragments of human skulls have been found so well preserved as to enable a comparison to be drawn between the crania of THE IXDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. 21 this ancient race and those of modern ones ; the results, however, of these comparisons throw little, if any, light upon "the dark backward and abysm " of mound-building times. The evidences of an extinct people of superior intelligence is very strikingly exhibited in the ancient copper mines of the Lake Superior region. Here are to be found excavations in the solid rock; heaps of rubble and dirt ; copper utensils fashioned into knives, chisels, and spear and arrow-heads; stone hammers; wooden bowls and shovels; props and levers for raising and supporting the mass copper; and ladders for ascending and descending the pits. These mines were probably worked by people not only inhabiting what Is now the State of Wisconsin, but territory farther to the southward. The copper was here obtained, it is believed, which has been found in many places, even as far away as the northern shore of the Gulf of Mexico, wrought into various implements and utensils. But there are no traces in Wisconsin of a " copper age " succeeding a " stone age," discernadle in any prehistoric relics. They all refer alike to one age — the indefinite past; to one people — the Mound-Builders. II.— THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. When, as early, it is believed, as 1634, civilized man first set foot upon the territory now included within the boundaries of Wisconsin, he discovered, to his surprise, that upon this wide area met and mingled clans of two distinct and wide-spread families — the Algonquins and Sioux. The tribes of the former, moving westward, checkec^the advance of the latter in their excursions eastward. As yet there had been no representatives of the Huron-Iroquois seen west of Lake Michigan — the members of this great family, at that date dwelling in safety in the extensive regions northward and southward of the Erie and Ontario lakes. Already had the French secured a foot-hold in the extensive valley of the St. Lawrence ; and, naturally enough, the chain of the Great Lakes led their explorers to the mouth of Green bay, and up that water- course and its principal tributary. Fox river, to the Wisconsin, an affluent of the Mississippi. On the right, in ascending this bay, was seen, for the first time, a nation of Indians, lighter in complexion than neighboring tribes, and remarkably well formed, now well known as the Menomonees. This nation is of Algonquin stock, but their dialect differed so much from the surrounding tribes of the same family, it having strange guttural sounds and accents, as well as peculiar inflec- tions of verbs and other parts of speech, that, for a long time, they were supposed to have a distinct language. Their traditions point to an emigration from the East at some remote period. When first visited by the French missionaries, these Indians subsisted largely upon wild rice, from which they t'ook their name. The harvest time of this grain was in the month of September. It grew spontaneously in little streams with slimy bottoms, and in marshy places. The harvesters went in their canoes across these watery fields, shaking the ears right and left as they advanced, the grain falling easily, if ripe, into the bark receptacle beneath. To clear it from chaff and strip it of a pellicle inclosing it, they put it to dry on a wooden lattice above a small fire, which was kept up for several days. When the rice was well dried, it was placed in a skin of the form of a bag, which was then forced into a hole, made on purpose, in the ground. They then tread it out so long and so well, that the grain being freed from the chaff, was easily winnowed. After this, it was pounded to meal, or left unpounded, and boiled in water seasoned with grease. It thus became a very palatable diet. It must not be inferred that this was the only food of the Menomonees; they were adepts in fishing, and hunted with skill the game which abounded in the forests. For many years after their discovery, the Menomonees had their homes and hunting •22 HISTORY OF -WISCONSIN. grounds upon, or adjacent to, the Menomonee river. Finally, after the lapse of a century and a quarter, down to 1760, when the French yielded to the English all claims to the country, the territory of the Menomonees had shifted somewhat to the westward and southward, and their principal village was found at the head of Green bay, while a smaller one was still in existence at the mouth of their favorite stream. So slight, however, had been this change, that the country of no other of the surrounding tribes had been encroached upon by the movement. In 1634, the Menomonees probably took part in a treaty with a representative of the French, who had thus early ventured so far into the wilds of the lake regions. More than a score of years elapsed before the tribe was again visited by white men,— that is to say, there are no authentic accounts of earlier visitations. In i66p, Father Ren6 Menard had penetrated the Lake Superior country as far, at least, as Kewenaw, in what is now the northern part of Michigan, whence some of his French companions probably passed down the Menomonee river to the waters of Green bay the following year ; but no record of the Indians, through whose territory they passed, was made by these voyagers. Ten years more — 1670 — brought to the Menomonees (who doubtless had already been visited by French fur-traders) Father Claudius AUouez, to win tiiemto Christianity. He had previously founded a mission upon the bay of Chegoimegon, now Chaquamegon, or Ashland bay, an arm of Lake Superior, within the present State of Wisconsin, in charge of which, at that date, was Father James Marquette. Proceeding from the " Sault" on the third of November, Allouez, early in December, 1669, reached the mouth of Green bay, where, on the third, in an Indian village of Sacs, Pottawattamies, Foxes and Winnebagoes, containing about six hundred souls, he celebrated the holy mass for the first time upon this new field of his labors, — eight Frenchmen, traders with the Indians, whom the missionary found there upon his arrival, taking part in the devotions. His first Christian work with the Menomonees was performed in May of the next year. Allouez found this tribe a feeble one, almost exterminated by war. He spent but little time with them, embarking, on the twentieth of that month, after a visit to some Pottawattamies and Winnebagoes, '' with a Frenchman and a savage to go to Sainte Mary of the Sault." His place was filled by Father Louis Andre, who, not long after, erected a cabin upon the Menomonee river, which, with one at a village where his predecessor had already raised the standard of the cross, was soon burned by the savages; but the missionary, living almost con- stantly in his canoe, continued for some time to labor with the Menomonees and surrounding tribes. The efforts of Andre were rewarded with some conversions among the former ; for Mar- quette, who visited them in 1673, found many good Christians among them. The record of ninety years of French domination in Wisconsin — beginning in June, 1671, and ending in October, 1761 — brings to light but little of interest so far as the Menomonees are concerned. Gradually they extended their intercourse with the white fur traders. Gradually and with few interruptions (one in 1728, and one in 1747 of a serious character) they were drawn under the banner of France, joining with that government in its wars with the Iroquois; in its contests, in 1712, 1729, 1730, and 1751, with the Foxes; and, subsequently, in its conflicts with the English. The French post, at what is now Green Bay, Brown county, Wisconsin, was, along with the residue of the western forts, surrendered to the British in 1760, although actual possession of the former was not taken until the Fall of the next year. The land on which the fort stood was claimed by the Menomonees. Here, at that date, was their upper and principal village, the lower one being at the mouth of the Menomonee river. These Indians soon became reconciled to the English occupation of their territory, notwithstanding the machinations of French traders who endeavored to prejudice them against the new comers. The Menomonees, at this time, were very much reduced, having, but a short time previous, lost three hundred of their warriors THE INDIAN TRIBES OF. WISCONSIN. 23 by the small pox, and most of their chiefs in the late war in which they had been engaged by the then French commander there, against the English. They were glad to substitute English for French traders ; as they could purchase supplies of them at one half the price they had previously paid. It was not long before the sincerity of the Menomonees was put to the test. Pontiac's War of 1763 broke out', and thejiost of Mackinaw was captured. The garrison, however, at Green bay was not only not attacked by the savages, but, escorted by the Menomonees and other tribes, crossed Lake Michigan in safety to the village of L'Arbre Croche ; thence making their way to Montreal. The Menomonees continued their friendship to the English, joining with them against the Colonies during the Revolution, and fighting on the same side during the war of '812-15. When, in July, 1816, an American force arrived at Green bay to take possession of the country, the Menomonees were found in their village near by, very peaceably inclined. The commander of the troops asked permission of their chief to build a fort. " My Brother!" was the response, " how can we oppose your locating a council-fire among us .' You are too stron^ for us. Even if we wanted to oppose you we have scarcely got powder and ball to make the attempt: One favor we ask is, that our French brothers shall not be disturbed. You can choose any place you please for your fort, and we shall not object." No trouble had been anticipated from the Menomonees, and the expectations of the government of the United States in that regard were fully realized. What added much to the friendship now springing up between the Menomonees and the Americans was the fact that the next year — 1817 — the annual contribution, which for many years had been made by the British, consisting of a shirt, leggins, breech-clout, and blanket for each member or the tribe, and for each family a copper kettle, knives, axes, guns and ammunition, was withheld by them. If was found by the Americans, upon their occupation of the Menomonee territory, that some of the women of that tribe were married to traders and boatmen who had settled at t'-e head of the bay, there being no white women in that region. Many of these were Canadians of French extraction ; hence the anxiety that they should be well treated, which was expressed by the Menomonees upon the arrival of the American force. At this period there was a consider- able trade carried on with these Indians at Prairie du Chien, as many of them frequently win- tered on the Mississippi. The first regular treaty with this tribe was " made and concluded" on the thirtieth day of March, 1817, "by and between William Clark, Ninian Edwards, and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners on the part and behalf of the United States of America, of the one part," and the chiefs and warriors, deputed by the Menomonees, of the other part. By the terms of this compact all injuries were to be forgiven and forgotten ; perpetual peace established; lands, heretofore ceded to other governments, confirmed to the United States ; all prisoners to be delivered up ; and the tribe placed under the protection of the United States, " and of no other nation, power, or sovereign, whatsoever." The Menomonees were now fully and fairly, and for the first time, entitled to be known as " American Indians," in contradistinction to the term which had been so long used as descriptive of their former allegiance — " British Indians." The territory of the Menomonees, when the tribe was taken fully under the wini, of the Gen- eral Government, had become greatly extended. It was bounded on the north by the dividing' ridge between the waters flowing into Lake Superior and those flowing south into Green bay and the Mississippi; on the east, by Lake Michigan; on the south, by the Milwaukee river, and on the west by the Mississippi and Black rivers. This was their territory; though they were prac- tically restricted to the occupation of the western shore of Lake Michigan, lying between the mouth of Green bay on the north and the Milwaukee river on the south, and to a somewhat indefinite area west. Their general claim, as late as 1825, was north to the Chippewa country: 24 HISTOEY OF WISCONSIN. east to Green bay and Lake Michigan ; south to the Milwaukee river, and west to Black river. And what is most surprising is that the feeble tribe of 1761 had now, in less than three quarters of a century, become a powerful nation, numbering between three and four thousand. The Menomonee territory, as late as 1831, still preserved its large proportions. Its eastern division was bounded by the Milwaukee river, the shore of Lake Michigan, Green bay, Fox river, and Winnebago lake ; its western division, by the Wisconsin and Chippewa rivers on the west; Fox river on the south; Green bay on the east, and the high lands whence flow the streams into Lake Superior, on the north. This year, however, it was shorn of a valuable and large part by the tribe ceding to the United States all the eastern division, estimated at two and one half million acres. The following year, the Menomonees aided the General Government in the Black Hawk war. That the Menomonees might, as much as possible, be weaned from thefr wandering habits, their permanent home was designated to be a large tract lying north of Fox river and east of Wolf river. Their territory farther west, was reserved for their hunting grounds until such time as the General Government should desire to purchase it. In 1836, another portion, amounting to four million acres, lying between Green bay on the east and Wolf river on the west, was dis- posed of to the United States, besides a strip three miles in width from near the portage north, on each side of the Wisconsin river and forty-eight miles long — still leaving them in peace- able possession of a country about one hundred and twenty miles long, and about eighty broad. Finally, in 184S, the Menomonees sold all their lands in Wisconsin to the General Govern- ment, preparatory to their movement to a reservation beyond the Mississippi of six hundred thousand acres ; but the latter tract was afterward re-ceded to the United States ; for, notwith- standing there were treaty stipulations for the removal of the tribe to that tract, there were obstacles in the way of their speedy migration, resulting, finally, in their being permitted to remain in Wisconsin. Lands, to the amount of twelve townships, were granted them for their permanent homes, on the upper Wolf river, in what is now Shawano and Oconto counties — a portion, but a very small one, of what was once their extensive possessions. To this reservation they removed in October, 1852. Thus are the Menomonees, the only one of the original tribes of Wisconsin who, as a whole, have a local habitation within its limits. This tribe refused to join the Sioux in their outbreak in 1861, and several of their warriors served as volunteers in the United States army during the late civil war. It is now over two centuries since the civilized world began to gain knowledge of the exist- ence, in the far West, of a tribe of Indians known as the Winnebagoes — that is, men of the sea; pointing, possibly, to their early migration from the shores of the Mexican gulf, or the Pacific. The territory now included within the limits of Wisconsin, and so much of the State of Michigan as lies north of Green bay. Lake Michigan, the Straits of Mackinaw and Lake Huron were, in early times, inhabited by several tribes of the Algonquin race, forming a barrier to the Dakotas, or Sioux, who had advanced eastward to the Mississippi. But the Winnebagoes, although one of the tribes belonging to the family of the latter, had passed the great river, at some unknown, period, and settled upon the head waters of Green bay. Here, this "sea-tribe," as early, it is believed, as 1634, was visited by an agent of France and a treaty concluded with them. The tribe afterward called themselves Hochungara, or Ochunkoraw, but were styled by the Sioux, Hotanke, or Sturgeon. Nothing more is heard of the Ouenibigoutz, or Winnebegouk (as the Winnebagoes were early called by the Jesuit missionaries, and the .Algonquin tribes, meaning men from the fetid or salt water, translated by the French, Puants) for the next thirty-five years, although there is no doubt that the tribe had been visited meanwhile by adventurous Frenchmen, when on the second of December, 1669, some of that nation were noted at a Sac (Sauk or Saukis) village on Green bay, by Father .\llouez. THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. 25 As early at least as 1670, the French were actively engaged among the Winnebagoes trading. " We found affairs," says one of the Jesuit missionaries, who arrived among them in September of that year, " we found affairs there in a pretty bad posture, and the minds of the savages much soured against the French, who were there trading ; ill-treating them in deeds and words, pillag- ing and carrying away their merchandise in spite of them, and conducting themselves toward them with insupportable insolences and indignities. The cause of this disorder," adds the mis- sionary, " is that they had received some bad treatment from the French, to whom they had this year come to trade, and particularly from the soldiers, from whom they pretended to have received many wrongs and injuries." It is thus made certain that the arms of France were carried into the territory of the Winnebagoes over two hundred years ago. The Fox river of Green bay was found at that date a difficult stream to navigate. Two lesuits who ascended the river in 1670, had "three or four leagues of rapids to contend with," when they had advanced " one day's journey " from the head of the bay, " more difficult than those •which are common in other rivers, in this, that the flints, over which" they had to walk with naked feet to drag their canoes, were so " sharp and so cutting, that one has all the trouble in the world to hold one's self steady against the great rushing of the waters." At the falls they found an idol that the savages honored ; " never failing, in passing, to make him some sacrifice of tobacco, or arrows, or paintings, or other things, to thank him that, by his assistance, they had, in ascending, avoided the dangers of the waterfalls which are in this stream ; or else, if they had to ascend, to pray him to aid them in this perilous navigation." The devout missionaries caused the idol " to be lifted up by the strength of arm, and cast into the depths of the river, to appear no more " to the idolatrous savages. The mission of St. Francis Xavier, founded in December, 1669, by Allouez, was a roving one among the tribes inhabiting the shores of Green bay and the interior country watered by the Fox river and its tributaries, for about two years, when its first mission-house was erected at what is now Depere, Brown county. This chapel was soon after destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt in 1676. The Winnebagoes, by this time, had not only received considerable spiritual instruction from the Jesuit fathers, but had obtained quite an insight into the mysteries of trading and trafficking with white men; for, following the footsteps of the missionaries, and sometimes preceding them, were the ubiquitous French fur traders. It is impossible to determine precisely what territory was occupied by the Winnebagoes at this early date, farther than that they lived near the head of Green bay. A direct trade with the French upon the St. Lawrence was not carried on by the Winne- bagoes to any great extent until the beginning of the eighteenth century. As early as 1679, an advance party of La Salle had collected a large store of furs at the mouth of Green bay, doubtless in a traffic with this tribe and others contiguous to them; generally, however, the surrounding nations sold their peltries to the Ottawas, who disposed of them, in turn, to the French. The commencement of the eighteenth century found the Winnebagoes firmly in alliance with France, and in peace with the dreaded Iroquios. In 1718, the nation numbered six hundred. They were afterward found to have moved up Fox river, locating upon Winne- bago lake, which stream and lake were their ancient seat, and from which they had been driven either by fear or the prowess of more powerful tribes of the West or Southwest. Their inter- course with the French was gradually extended and generally peaceful, though not always so, joining with them, as did the Menomonees, in their wars with the Iroquois, and subsequently in their conflicts with the English, which finally ended in 1760. When the British, in October, 1761, took possession of the French post, at the head of 26 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. Green bay, the Winnebagoes were found to number one hundred and fifty warriors only ; their nearest village being at the lower end of Winnebago lake. They had in all not less than three towns. Their country, at this period, included not only that lake, but all the streams flowing into it, especially Fox river; afterward e.xtended to the Wisconsin and Rock rivers. They readily changed their course of trade — asking now of the commandant at the fort for English traders to be sent among them. In the Indian outbreak under Pontiac in 1763, they joined with the Menomonees and other tribes to befriend the Britisli garrison at the head of the bay, assisting in conducting them to a place of safety. They continued their friendship to the English during the Revolution, by joining with them against the colonies, and were active in the Indian war of 1790-4, taking part in the attack on Fort Recovery, upon the Maumee, in the present State of Ohio, in 1793. They fought also on the side of the British in the war of 1812-15, aiding, in 1S14, to reduce Prairie du Chien. They were then estimated at 4,500. When, in 1816, the government of the United States sent troops to take possession of the Green bay country, by establishing a garrison there, some trouble was anticipated from these Indians, who, at that date, had the reputation of being a bold and warlike tribe. A deputation from the nation came down Fox river and remonstrated with the American commandant at what was thought to be an intrusion. They were desirous of knowing why a fort was to be established so near them. The reply was that, although the troops were armed for war if necessary, their purpose was peace. Their response was an old one : " If your object is peace, you have too many men ; if war, you have too few." However, the display of a number of cannon which had not yet been mounted, satisfied the Winnebagoes that the Americans were masters of the situation, and the deputation gave the garrison no farther trouble. On the 3d of June, 1816, at St. Louis, the tribe made a treaty of peace and friendship with the General Government; but they continued to levy' tribute on all white people who passed up Fox river. English annuities also kept up a bad feeling. At this time, a portion of the tribe was living upon the Wisconsin river, away from the rest of the nation, which was still seated upon the waters flowing into Green bay. In 1820^ they had five villages on Winnebago lake and fourteen on Rock river. In 1825, the claim of the Winnebagoes was an extensive one, so far as territory was concerned. Its southeast boundary stretched away from the source of Rock river to within forty miles of its mouth, in Illinois, where they had a village. On the west it extended to the heads of the small streams flowing into the Mississippi. To the northward, it reached Black river and the upper Wis- consin, in other words, to the Chippewa territory, but did not extend across Fox river, although they contended for the whole of Winnebago lake. In 1829, a large part of their territory in southwest Wisconsin, lying between Sugar river and the Mississippi, and extending to the ^Vis- consin river, was sold to the General Government ; and, three years later all the residue lying south and east of the Wisconsin and the Fox river of Green bay ; the Winnebago prophet having before t'lat date supported the Sacs in their hostility. Finally, in the brief language of the treaty between this tribe (which had become unsettled and wasteful) and the United States, of the first of November, 1837, "The Winnebago Nation of Indians " ceded to the General Government " all their lands east of the Mississippi." Not an acre was reserved. And the Indians agreed that, within eight months from that date, they would move west of " the great river." This arrangenient, however, was not carried out fully. In 1842, there were only 756 at Turkey river, Iowa, their new home, with as many in Wisconsin, and smaller bands e' ewhere. All had become lawless, and roving. Some removed in 184S; while a party to the number of over eight hun- dred left the State as late as 1873. The present home of the tribe is in Nebraska, where they have a reservation north of and adjacent to the Omahas, containing over one hundred thousand acres. However, since their first removal beyond the Mississippi, they have several times THE IXDIAX TEIBES OF WISCONSIN. 27 changed their place of abode. Their number, all told, is less than twenty-five hundred. When the territory, now. constituting the northern portion of Wisconsin, becai..e very generally known to the civilized inhabitants of the eastern part of the United States, it was found to be occupied by Indians called the Chippewas. Their hunting-grounds extended south from Lake Superior to the heads of the Menomonee, the Wisconsin and Chippewa rivers ; also farther eastward and westward. At an early day they were engaged in a war with the Sioux — a war indeed, which was long continued. The Chippewas, however, persistently maintained their position — still occupying the same region when the General Government extended its jurisdiction over the whole country south of the Great Lakes and west to the Mississippi. By treaties with the Chippewas at different periods, down to the year 1827, the General Gov- ernment had recognized them as the owners of about one quarter of which is now the entire State. The same policy was pursued toward this tribe as with neighboring ones, in the purchase of their lands by the United States. Gradually they parted with their extensive possessions, until, in 1842, the last acre within what is now Wisconsin was disposed of. It was the intention of the General Government to remove the several bands of the Chippewas who had thus ceded their lands to a tract reserved for them beyond the Mississippi ; but this determination was afterward changed so as to allow them to remain upon certain reservations within the limits of their old- time hunting grounds. These reservations they continue to occupy. They are located in Bay- field, Ashland, Chippewa and Lincoln counties. The clans are known, respectively, as the Red Cliff band, the Bad River band, the Lac Courte Oreille band, and the Lac de Flambeau band. Of all the tribes inhabiting what is now Wisconsin when its territory was first visited by white men, the Sacs (Sauks or Saukies) and Foxes (Outagamies) are, in history, the most noted. They are of the Algonquin family, and are first mentioned in 1665, by Father Allouez, but as separate tribes. Afterward, however, because of the identity of their language, and their asso- ciations, they were and still are considered as one nation. In December, 1669, Allouez found upon the shores of Green bay a village of Sacs, occupied also by members of other tribes; and early in 1670 he visited a village of the same Indians located upon the Fox river of Green bay, at a distance of four leagues from its mouth. Here a device of these Indians for catching fish arrested the attention of the missionary. "From one side of the river to the other," he writes, "they made a barricade, planting great stakes, two fathoms from the water, in such a manner that there is, as it were, a bridge above for the fishes, who by the aid of a little bow-net, easily take sturgeons and all other kinds of fish which this pier stops, although the water does not cease to flow between the stakes." When the Jesuit father first obtained, five years previous, a knowledge of this tribe, they were represented as savage above all others, great in numbers, and witliout any permanent dwelling place. The Foxes were of two stocks: one calling themselves Outagamies or Foxes, whence our English name ; the other, Musqnakink, or men of red clay, the name now used by the tribe. They lived in early times with their kindred the Sacs east of Detroit, and as some say near the St. Lawrence. They were driven west, and settled at Saginaw, a name derived from the Sacs. Thence they were forced by the Iroquois to Green bay; but were compelled to leave that place and settle on Fox river. Allouez, on the twenty-fourth of .April, 1670, arrived at a village of the Foxes, situated on Wolf river, a northern tributary of the Fox. "The nation," he declares, "is renowned for being numerous ; they have more than four hundred men bearing arms ; the number of women and children is greater, on account of polygamy which exists among them — each man having commonly four wives, some of them six, and others as high as ten." The missionary found that the Foxes had retreated to those parts to escape the persecutions of the Iroquois. Allouez established among these Indians his mission of St. Mark, rejoicing in the fact that in less than 28 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. two years he had baptized "sixty children and some adults." The Foxes, at the summons of De la Barre, in 1684, sent warriors against the Five Nations. They also took part in Denonville's more serious campaign ; but soon after became hostile to the French. As early as 169.3, they had plundered several on their way to trade with the Sioux, alleging that they were carrying arms and ammunition to their ancient enemies — frequently causing them to make portages to the southward in crossing from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi. Afterward they became recon- ciled to the French; but the reconciliation was of short duration. In 1712, Fort Detroit, then defended by only a handful of men, was attacked by them in conjunction with the Mascou- tens and Kickapoos. However, in the end, by calling in friendly Indians, the garrison not only protected themselves but were enabled to act on the offensive, destroying the greater part of the besieging force. The nation continued their ill will to the French. The consequence was that their territory in 1 7 16 had been invaded and they were reduced to sue for peace. But their friendship was not of long continuance. In 17 18, the Foxes numbered five hundred men and "abounded in women and children." They are spoken of at that date as being very industrious, raising large quantities of Indian corn. In 17 28, another expedition was sent against them by the French. Meanwhile the Menomonees had also become hostile ; so, too, the Sacs, who were now the allies of the Foxes. The result of the enterprise was, an attack upon and the defeat of a number of Menomonees ; the burning of the wigwams of the Winnebagos (after passing the deserted village of the Sacs upon the Fox river), that tribe, also, at this date being hostile ; and the destruction of the fields of the Foxes. They were again attacked in their own country by the French, in 1730, and defeated. In 1734, both the Sacs and Foxes came in conflict with the same foe; but this time the French were not as successful as on previous expeditions. In 1736, the Sacs and Foxes were "connected with the government of Canada; " but it is certain they were far from being friendly to the French. The conflict between France and Great Britain commencing in 1754, found the Sacs and Foxes allied with the former power, against the English, although not long previous to this time they were the bitter enemies of the French. At the close of that contest so disastrous to the interests of France in North America, these tribes readily gave in their adhesion to the con- querors, asking that English traders might be sent them. The two nations, then about equally divided, numbered, in 1761, about seven hundred warriors. Neither of the tribes took part in Pontiac's war, but they befriended the English. The Sacs had migrated farther to the west- ward ; but the Foxes — at least a portion of them^still remained upon the waters of the river of Green bay, which perpetuates their name. A few years later, however, and the former were occupants of the upper Wisconsin ; also, to a considerable distance below the portage, where their chief town was located. Further down the same stream was the upper village of the Foxes, while their lower one was situated near its month at the site of the present city of Prairie du Chien. At this date, 1766, the northern portion of what is now Wisconsin, including all that part watered by the streams flowing north into Lake Superior, was the home of the Chippewas. The country around nearly the whole of Green bay was the hunting ground of the Menomonees. The territory of Winnebago lake and Fox river was the seat of the Winnebagoes. The region of the Wisconsin river was the dwelling place of the Sacs and Foxes. During the war of the Revolution, the Sacs and Foxes continued the firm friends of the English. At the commencement of the nineteenth century, only a small part of their territory was included in what is now Wisconsin, and that was in the extreme southwest. In 1804, they ceded this to the United States ; so that they no longer were owners of any lands within this State. From that date, therefore, these allied tribes can not be considered as belonging to the PRE-TEEEITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 29 Indian nations of AV'isconsin. A striking episode in their subsequent history — the Black Hawk War — comes in, notwithstanding, as a part, incidentally, of the annals of the State. Deserving a place in a notice of the Indian tribes of Wisconsin is the nation known as the PoTTAWATTAMiES. As early as 1639, they were the neighbors of the Winnebagoes upon Green bay. They were still upon its southern shore, in two villages, in 1670 ; and ten years subsequent to that date they occupied, at least in one village the same region. At the e.xpiration of the first quarter of the eighteenth century, a part only of the nation were in that vicinity — upon the islands at the mouth of tlie bay. These islands were then known as the Pottawattamie islands, and considered as the ancient abode of these Indians. Already had a large portion of this tribe emigrated southward, one band resting on the St. Joseph of Lake Michigan, the other near Detroit. One peculiarity of this tribe — at least of such as resided in what is now Wisconsin — was their intimate association with neighboring bands. When, in 1669, a village of the Pottawattamies, located upon the southeast shore of Green bay, was visited by Allouez, he found with them Sacs and Foxes and Winnebagoes. So, also, when, many years subsequent to that date, a band of these Indians were located at Milwaukee, with them were Ottawas and Chippewas. These "united tribes" claimed all the lands of their respective tribes and of other nations, giving the United States, when possession was taken of the western country by the General Government, no little trouble. Finally, by a treaty, held at Chicago in 1833, their claims, such as they were, to lands along the western shore of Lake Michigan, within the present State of Wisconsin, extending westward to Rock river, were purchased by the United States, with permission to retain possession three years longer of their ceded lands, after which time this " united nation of Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawattamies " began to disappear, and soon were no longer seen in southeastern Wisconsin or in other portions of the State. Besides the five tribes — Menomonees, Winnebagoes, Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, and Pottawattamies — many others, whole or in part, have, since the territory now constituting the State was first visited by white men, been occupants of its territory. Of these, some are only known as having once lived in what is now Wisconsin; others — such as the Hurons, Illinois, Kickapoos, Mascoutens, Miamis, Noquets, Ottawas and Sioux, are recognized as Indians once dwelling in this region ; yet so transitory has been their occupation, or so little is known of their history, that they scarcely can be claimed as belonging to the State. Commencing in 1822, and continuing at intervals through some of the following years, was the migration to Wisconsm from the State of New York of the remains or portions of four tribes : the Oneidas, Stockbridges, Munsees and Brothertowns. The Oneidas finally located west of Green Bay, where they still reside. Their reservation contains over 60,000 acres, and lies wholly within the present counties of Brown and Outagamie. The Stockbridges and Munsees, who first located above Green Bay, on the east side of Fox river, afterward moved to the east side of Winnebago lake. They now occupy a reservation joining the southwest township of the Menomenee reservation, in Shawano county, and are fast becoming citizens. The Brothertowns first located on the east side of Fox river, but subsequently moved to the east side of Winnebago lake, where, in 1839, they broke up their tribal relations and became citizens of Wisconsin territory. III.— PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. When, in 1634, the first white man set foot upon any portion of the territory now consti- tuting the State of Wisconsin, the whole country was, of course, a wildei-ness. Its inhabitants, the aboriginal Red men, were thinly but widely scattered over all the country. Jean Nicolet, a Frenchman, who had been in Canada since 161 8, and had spent several years among the 30 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Indians, was the first of civilized men to unlock the mystery of its situation and people. French authorities upon the St. Lawrence sent him as an ambassador to the Winnebagoes, of whom he had heard strange stories. On his outward voyage he visited the Hurons — allies of the French — a tribe seated upon the eastern side of the lake which bears their name, and Nicolet was empowered to negotiate a peace with them. '' When he approached the Winnebago town, he sent some of his Indian attendants to announce his coming, put on a robe of damask, and advanced to meet the expectant crowd with a pistol in each hand. The squaws and children fled, scream- ing that it was a manito, or spirit, armed with thunder and lightning ; but the chiefs and warriors regaled him with so bountiful a hospitality, that a hundred and twenty beavers were devoured at a single feast." Such was the advent of the daring Frenchman into what is now the State of Wisconsin. • " Upon the borders of Green bay," wrote the Jesuit, Paul le Jeune, in 1640, " are the Meno- monees; still farther on, the Winnebagoes, a sedentary people, and very numerous. Some Frenchmen," he continues, " call them the ' Nation of the Stinkards,' because the Algonquin word Winipeg signifies ' stinking water.' Now they thus call the water of the sea ; therefore, these people call themselves ' Winnebagoes,' because they came from the shores of a sea of which we have no knowledge ; consequently we must not call them the ' Nation of Stinkards,' but the ' Nation of the Sea.' " From these Men of the Sea, Nicolet passed westward, ascended Fox river of Green Bay, until nigh the portage to the Wisconsin, down which stream he could have floated easily to the Mississippi, the "great water" of his guides, which he mistook for the sea. This adventurous Frenchman, when so near re-discovering the river which has given immortality to De Soto, turned his face to the eastward ; retraced his steps to Green bay, and finally returned in safety to Quebec. This was the first exploration of what is now Wisconsin — only fourteen years after the landing of the Pilgrims upon the wild shores of New England. Wisconsin, for twenty-four years after its discovery, was left to its savage inhabitants. At length, in 1658, two daring fur traders penetrated to Lake Superior, and wintered there. They probably set foot upon what is now Wisconsin soil, as they made several trips among the sur- rounding tribes. They saw, among other things, at six days' journey beyond the lake, toward the southwest, Indians that the Iroquois had driven from their homes upon the eastern shores of Lake Huron. These Frenchmen heard of the ferocious Sioux, and of a great river — not the sea, as Nicolet had supposed — on which they dwelt. This was the Mississippi ; and to these traders is the world indebted for a knowledge of its exist..nce ; as De Soto's discovery was never used, and soon became well-nigh, if not entirely, forgotten. From these upper countries, in the Sum- mer of 1660, the two returned to Quebec, with three hundred Indians in sixty canoes, laden with peltry. This was, indeed, the dawn — though exceedingly faint — of what is now the commerce of the great Northwest. Nineteen years after flashed a more brilliant light; for, in 1679, the "Griffin," laden with furs, left one of the islands at the mouth of Green bay, on its return — spreading her sails for Niagara, but never more to be heard of. Following in the footsteps of the fur traders came the Jesuit missionaries to Lake Superior • one of them. Father Menard, as early as 1660, reaching its southern shore as far to the westward, probably, as Kewenaw, in the present State of Michigan. There is no positive evidence, however that he or his French companions, visited any portion of what is now Wisconsin; although the next year, 1661, some of his associates probably passed down the Menomonee river to Green bay. Following Menard came Father Claude AUouez, arriving on the first day of October, 1665, at " Chagowamigong," or " Chegoimegon," now Chequamegon, or Ashland Bay, " at the bottom of which," wrote the missionary, " is situated the great villages of the savages, who there plant their fields of Indian corn, and lead a stationary life." Near by he erected a small chapel of bark — the PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 31 first structure erected by civilized man in Wisconsin. At La Pointe, in the present Ashland county, he established the mission of the Holy Ghost. The next Catholic mission in what is now Wisconsin was that of St. Francis Xavier, founded also by AUouez. Upon the second of December, 1669, he first attended to his priestly devotions upon the waters of Green bay. This mission, for the first two years of its existence, was a migratory one. The surrounding tribes were all visited, including the Pottawattamies, Menom- onees, Winnebagoes, and Sacs and Foxes. However, in i67i,one hundred and five years before the Declaration of Independence, there was erected, at what is now Depere, Brown county, a chapel for the mission of St. Francis Xavier. Thus early did the Jesuit Fathers, in their plain garbs and unarmed, carry the cross to many of the benighted heathen occupying the country circumscribed by Lakes Michigan, Huron and Superior, and the "great river" — the Mississippi. French domination in Wisconsin dates from the year 167 1, the very year in which it seems the indomitable LaSalle, upon his first expedition, passed the mouth of Green bay, but did not enter it. France then took formal possession of the whole of the country of the upper lakes. By this time, the commerce with the western tribes had so attached them to her interests that she determined to extend her power to the utmost limits— vague and indeterminate as they were — of Canada. An agent — Daumont de St. Lusson — was dispatched to the distant tribes, proposing a congress of Indian nations at the Falls of Ste. Mary, between Lake Huron and Lake Superior. The invitation was extended far and near. The principal chiefs of Wisconsin tribes, gathered by Nicolas Perrot in Green bay, were present at the meeting. Then and there, with due ceremony, it was announced that the great Northwest was placed under the protection of the French government. And why not .' She had discovered it — had to a certain extent explored it — had to a limited extent established commerce with it — and her missionaries had proclaimed the faith to the wondering savages. But none of her agents — none of the fur- traders — none of the missionaries — had yet reached the Mississippi, the " great river," concerning which so many marvels had been heard, although it is claimed that, in 1669, it had been seen by the intrepid La Salle. But the time for its discovery, or properly re-discovery, was at hand, if, indeed, it can be called, with propriety, a re-discovery, since its existence to the westward was already known to every white man particularly interested in matters appertaining to the North- west. Now, however, for the first time, its upper half was to be, to a certain extent, explored. For the first time, a white man was to behold its vast tribute, above the Illinois river, rolling onward toward the Mexican gulf. Who was that man ? His name was Louis Joliet ; with him was Father James Marquette. Born at Quebec, in 1645, educated by the Jesuits, and first resolving to be a priest, then turning fur-trader, Joliet had, finally, been sent with an associate to explore the copper mines of Lake Superior. He was a man of close and intelligent observation, and possessed considerable mathematical acquirements. At this time, 1673, he was a merchant, courageous, hardy, enter- prising. He was appointed by French authorities at Quebec to " discover " the Mississippi. He passed up the lakes to Mackinaw, and found at Point St. Ignace, on the north side of the strait, Father James Marquette, who readily agreed to accompany him. Their outfit was very simple : two birch-bark canoes and a supply of smoked meat and Indian corn. They had a company of five men with them, beginning their voyage on the seventeenth of May, 1673. Passing the straits, they coasted the northern shores of Lake Michigan, moved up Green bay and Fox river to the portage. They crossed to the Wisconsin, down which they paddled their frail canoes, until, on the seventeenth of June, they entered — "discovered" — the Mississippi. So the northern, the eastern and the western boundary of what is now Wisconsin had been reached at this date ; therefore, it may be said that its territory had been explored sufficiently for the forming of a 32 HISTORY OF WI8C0XSIX. pretty correct idea of its general features as well as of its savage inhabitants. After dropping down the Mississippi many miles, Joliet and Marquette returned to Green bay, where the latter remained to recruit his exhausted strength, while Joliet descended to Quebec, to report his "discoveries" to his superiors. Then followed the expedition of LaSalle to the west, from the St. Lawrence, when, in 1679, he and Father Louis Hennepin coasted along the western shore of Lake Michigan, frequently landing ; then, the return of Henri de Tonty, one of LaSalle's party down the same coast to Green bay, in 1680, from the Illinois; the return, also, the same year, of Hennepin, from up the Mis- sissippi, whither he had made his way from the Illinois, across what is now Wisconsin, by the Wisconsin and Fox rivers to Green bay, in company with DuLhut, or DuLuth, who, on his way down the " great river " from Lake Superior, had met the friar ; and then, the voyage, in 1683, from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river, by the same route, of LeSueur, and his subsequent establishment at La Pointe, in what is now Ashland county, Wisconsin, followed several years after by a trip up the Mississippi. The act of Daumont de St. Lusson, at the Sault Sainte Mary, in 167 1, in taking possession of the country beyond Lake Michigan, not being regarded as suffi- ciently definite, Nicolas Perrot, in 1689, at Green bay, again took possession of that territory, as well as of the valleys of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, and extending the dominion of New France over the country on the Upper Mississippi, and "to other places more remote." The voyage of St. Cosme, in 1699, when he and his companions frequently landed on the west coast of Lake Michigan, upon what is now territory of Wisconsin, completed the explorations in the west for the seventeenth century. Following in the footsteps of early explorations, of self sacrificing attempts of the Jesuits to carry the cross to the wild tribes of the West, of the first visits of the lawless cotircurs de bois, was the military occupation — if such it can be called — of what is now Wisconsin by the French. The ninety years of domination by France in tiiis region were years of only nominal possession. The record of this occupation is made u[) of facts concerning the Indian policy of the French rulers; their contests with the Sacs and Foxes; their treaties, at various times, with different tribes ; their interest m, and protection of, the fur trade , and kindred subjects. The Indian tribes were, at most, only the allies of France. Posts — mere stockades without cannon, more for protection to fur-traders than for any other purpose — were erected upon the Mississippi at two points at least, upon what is now territory of Wisconsin. On the west side of Fox river of Green bay, "half a league from its mouth," was a French post, as early as 1721, where resided, besides the commandant and an uncouth squad of soldiers, a Jesuit missionary ; and near by were collected Indians of different tribes. Of course, the omnipresent fur-trader helped to augment the sum-total of its occupants. This post was, not long after, destroyed, but another was established there. When, however, France yielded her inchoate rights in the West to Great Britain — when, in 1761, the latter took possession of the country — there was not a French post within wliat is now Wisconsin. The " fort " near the head of' Green bay, had been vacated for some years; it was found "rotten, the stockade ready to fall, and the houses without cover;" emblematic of the decay — the fast-crumbling and perishing state — of French supremacy, at that date, in America. Wisconsin, when England's control began, was little better than a howling wilderness. There was not within the broad limits of what is now the State, a single /wm fide settler, at the time the French Government yielded up its possession to the English; that is to say, there were none according to the present acceptation of the term "settler." The military occupation of Wisconsin by the British, after the Seven Years' War, was a brief one. La Bay — as the post at what is now the city of Fort Howard, Brown county, was called — was, on the twelfth of October, 1761, taken possession of by English troops, under Captain Belfour, of the Eightieth regiment. Two days after, that officer departed, leaving Lieutenant PRE-TEKRITORIAL AXXALS OF WISCONSIN. 33 James Gorrell, in command, with one sergeant, one corporal and fifteen privates. There also remained at the post a French interpreter and two English traders. The name of the fortifica- tion was changed to Fort Edward Augustus. This post was abandoned by the commandant on the twenty-first of June, 1763, on account of the breaking out of Pontiac's A\'ar and the capture of the fort at Mackinaw by the savages. The cause of this war was this : The Indian tribes saw the danger which the downfall of the French interests in Canada was sure to bring to them. They banded together under Pontiac to avert their ruin. The struggle was short but fierce — full of " scenes of tragic interest, with marvels of suffering and vicissitude, of heroism and endur- ance;" but tlie white man conquered. The moving incidents in this bloody drama were enacted to the eastward of what is now Wisconsin, coming no nearer than Mackinaw, which, as just mentioned, the -savages captured; but it resulted in the evacuation of its territory by British troops, who never after took posses?ion of it, though they continued until 1796 a nominal military rule over it, after Mackinaw was again occupied by them. An early French Canadian trading station at the head of Green bay assumed finally the tbrm of a permanent settlement — the first one in Wisconsin. To claim, however that any French Canadian is entitled to the honor of being the first permanent white settler is assuming for him more than the facts seem to warrant. The title of " The Father and Founder of Wis- consin " belongs to no man. After Pontiac's War, one of the noted events in this region was the journey of Jonathan Carver, who, in 1766, passed up Fo.\ river to the portage, and descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi. He noticed the tumbling-down post at what is now Green Bay, Brown county. He saw a few families living in the fort, and some French settlers, who cultivated the land opposite, and appeared to live very comfortably. That was the whole extent of improvements in what is now Wisconsin. The organization of the Northwest. Fur Company ; the passage of an act by the British Parliament by wJiich the whole Northwest was included in the Province of Quebec ; the joining of the Indians in this region with the British, against the Americans, in the War of the Revolution; the exploration of the lead region of the Upper Mississippi by Julian Dubuque; the passage of the ordinance of 1787 ; the first settlement of the territory northwest of the River Ohio; and the Indian war which followed, are all incidents, during British occu- pation, of more or less interest for the student of Wisconsin history. He will find that, by the treaty of 1783 and of 1795, ^^'tli Great Britain, all the inhabitants residing in this region were to be protected by the United States in the full and peaceable possession of their i:)roperty, with the right to remain in, or to withdraw from it, with their effects, within one year. All who did not leave were to be deemed American citizens, allowed to enjoy all the privileges of citizenship, and to be under the protection of the General Government. He will also find that less than two years was the whole time of actual military occupation of what is now Wisconsin by British soldiers, and that English domination, which should have ended at the close of the Revolu- tion, was arbitrarily continued until the Summer of 1796, when the western posts, none of which were upon territory circumscribed by Lakes Michigan and Superior and the Mississippi river, were delivered into the keeping of the United States. Thus the supremacy of Great Britain ovej the Northwest was, after an actual continuance of thirty-five years, at an end. Although the General Government did not get possession of the region northwest of the Ohio, throughout its full extent, for thirteen years subsequent to its acquirement by the treaty of peace of 1783 with Great Britain, nevertheless, steps were taken, very soon, to obtain concessions from such of the colonies as had declared an ownership in any portion of it. None of the claimants, seemingly, had better rights than Virginia, who, by virtue of conquests, largely her own, of the Illinois settlements and posts, extended her jurisdiction over that country, erecting into a county 84 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. so much of the region northwest of the Ohio, as had been settled by Virginians or might after- ward be settled by them. But as, previous to her yielding all rights to territory beyond that river, she had not carried her arms into the region north of the Illinois or made settlements upon what is now the soil of Wisconsin, nor included any portion of it within the bounds of an organ- ized county, it follows that her dominion was not actually extended over any part of the area included within the present boundaries of this State ; nor did she then claim jurisdiction north of the Illinois river, but on the other hand expressly disclaimed it. Virginia and all the other claimants finally ceded to the United States their rights, such as they were, beyond the Ohio, except two reservations of limited extent ; and the General Govern- ment became the undisputed owner of the "Great West," without any internal claims to posses- sion save those of the Indians. Meanwhile, the United States took measures to extend its juris- diction over the whole country by the passage of the famous ordinance of 1787, which established a government over "the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio." But this organic law was, of course, nugatory over that portion of the region occupied by the British, until their yielding possession in 1796, when, for tlje first time, Anglo-American rule commenced, though nominally, in what is now Wisconsin. By the ordinance just mentioned, "the United States, in congress assembled," declared that the territory northwest of the Ohio should, for the purposes of temporary government, be one district , subject, however, to be divided into districts, as future circumstances might, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient. It was ordained that a governor, secretary and three judges should be appointed for the Territory; a general assembly was also provided for; and it was declared that religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education should forever be encouraged. It was also ordained that there should be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, " otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Thus was established the first Magna Charta for the five great States since that time formed out of " the territory northwest of the River Ohio," and the first rules and regulations for their government. Under this act of Congress, Arthur St. Clair was appointed governor of the Northwestern Territory, as it was called, and Samuel H. Parsons, James M. Varnum, and John Armstrong, judges, — the latter not accepting the office, John Cleves Syraraes was appointed in his place. Winthrop Sargeant was appointed secretary. At different periods, counties were erected to include various portions of the Territory. By the governor's proclamation of the 15th of August, 1796, one was formed to include the whole of the present area of Northern Ohio, west of Cleveland ; also, all of what is now the State of Indiana, north of a line drawn from Fort Wayne " west-northerly to the southern part of Lake Michigan ; " the whole of the present State of Michigan, except its extreme northwest corner on Lake Superior ; a small corner in the north- east, part of what is now Illinois, including Chicago ; and so much of the present State of Wis- consin as is watered by the streams flowing into Lake Michigan, which of course included an extensive portion, taking in many of its eastern and interior counties as now constituted. This vast county was named Wayne. So the few settlers then at the head of Green bay had their local habitations, constructively at least, in "Wayne county. Northwestern Territory." It was just at that date that Great Britain vacated the western posts, and the United States took quiet possession of them. But the western portion of what is now Wisconsin, including all its territory watered by streams flowing northward into Lake Superior, and westward and southwestward into the Mississippi, was as yet without any county organization ; as the county of St. Clair, including the Illinois country to the southward, reached no farther north than the mouth of Little Macki- naw creek, where it empties into the River Illinois, in what is now the State of Illinois. The PRE-TERRITORIAL ANXALS OF WISCONSIN. 35 " law of Paris," which was in force under French domination in Canada, and which by the British Parliament in 1774, had been continued in force under English supremacy, was still " the law of the land " west of Lake Michigan, practically at least. From and after the fourth day of July, 1800, all that part of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio river, which lay to the westward of a line beginning upon that stream opposite to the mouth of Kentucky river and running thence to what is now Fort Recovery in Mercer county, Ohio ; thence north until it intersected the territorial line between the United States and Canada, was, for the purposes of temporary government, constituted a separate territory called Indiana. It included not only the whole of the present State of Illinois and nearly all of what is now Indiana, but more than half of the State of Michigan as now defined, also a considerable part of the present Minnesota, and the whole of what is now Wis- consin. The seat of government was established at "Saint Vincennes on the Wabash," now the city of Vincennes, Indiana. To this extensive area was added "from and after" the admission of Ohio into the Union, all the territory west of that State, and east of the eastern boundary line of the Territory of Indiana as originally established ; so that now all " the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio," was, excepting the State of Ohio, included in Indiana Ter- ritory. On the thirtieth day of June, 1805, so much of Indiana Territory as lay to the north of a line drawn east from the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan to Lake Erie, and east of a line drawn from the same bend through the middle of the first mentioned lake to its north- ern extremity, and thence due north to the northern boundary of the United States, was, for the purpose of temporary government, constituted a separate Territory called Michigan. Of course no part of the present State of Wisconsin was included therein ; but the whole remained in the Territory of Indiana until the second day of March, 1809, when all that part of the last men- tioned Territory which lay west of the Wabash river, and a direct line drawn from that stream and " Post Vincennes," due north to the territorial line between the United States and Canada, was, by an act approved on the third of February previous, constituted a separate Territory, called Illinois. Meanwhile jurisdiction had been extended by the authorities of Indiana Territory over the country lying west of Lake Michigan, to the extent, at least, of appointing a justice of the peace for each of the settlements of Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. All of what is now Wisconsin was transferred to the Territory of Illinois, upon the organization of the latter, except a small portion lying east of the meridian line drawn through Vincennes, which remained a part of Indiana Territory. This fraction included nearly the whole area between Green bay and Lake Michigan. When, in 1816, Indiana became a State, "the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio," contained, besides Ohio and Indiana, the Territories of Illinois and Michigan, only ; so the narrow strip, formerly a part of Indiana Territory, lying east of a line drawn due north from Vincennes, and west of the western boundary line of Michigan Territory, belonged to nei- ther, and was left without any organization. However, upon the admission of Illinois into the Union, in 1818, all "the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio," lying west of Michigan Territory and north of the States of Indiana and Illinois, was attached to and made a part of Michigan Territory ; by which act the whole of the present State of Wisconsin came under the jurisdiction of the latter. During the existence of the Territory of Illinois, a kind of jurisdiction was had over the two settlements in what is now Wisconsin — rather more ideal than real, however. In 1834, Congress greatly increased the limits of the Territory of Michigan, by adding to it, for judicial purposes, a large extent of country west of the Mississippi — reaching south as far as 86 IIISTOKY (1F WISCOXSIX. the present liounil.iry line between tlie present States of Iowa and Missouri; north, to the terri- torial line between the I'nited States and Canada; and west, to the Missouri and White Earth rivers. It so continued down to the fourth of Jul)', 1836. A retrospective glance at the history of this region for forty years previous to the last men- tioned year, including the time which elapsed after the surrender of the western posts, in 1796, by the British, discloses many facts of interest and importance. The Anglo-Americans, not long after the region of country west of Lake Michigan became a part of Indiana Territory, began now and then to cast an eye, either through the opening of the Great Lakes or the Mississippi, upon its rolling rivers, its outspread prairies, and its dense forests, and to covet the goodly land ; but the settlers at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien were mostly French Can,idians at this date, although a few were Americans. The General Govern- ment, however, began to take measures preparatory to its occupation, by purch.asing, in 1S04, a tract in what is now the southwest portion of the State, of the Indians, and by holding the various tribes to a strict account for any murders committed by them on American citizens passing through their territories or trading with them. Comparative peace reigned in the incipient settle- ments at the head of Green b.iy and at the mouth of the Wisconsin, which was changed by the breaking out of the war of iSia, with Great Britain. The English early succeeded in securing the Wisconsin Indian tribes as their allies in this war; and the taking of Mackinaw by the British in July, iSi;, virtually put the latter in posses- sion of what is now the eastern portion of the State. Early in 1S14, the government authorities of the United States caused to be fitted out at St. Louis a large boat, having on board all the men that could be mustered and spared from the lower countryVand sent up the Mississippi to protect the upper region and the few settlers therein. The troo^is landed at Prairie du Chien, and immediately proceeded to fortify. Not long after, Colonel McKay, of the British army, cro.'ssing the country by course of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers, with over five hundred British and Indians, received the surrender of the whole force. The officers and men were paroled and sent down the river. This was the only battle fought upon Wisconsin soil during the last war with England. The pdst at Prairie du Chien was left in command of a captain with two compa- nies from NLtckinaw. He remained there until after the peace of 1815, when the place was evacuatet.1 by the British. When it became generally known to the Indian tribes in what is now Wisconsin, that the contest l^tween the United St.ues and Great Britain was at an end, they generally expressed themselves as ready and willing to make treaties with the General Government — eager, in tact, to establish friendly relations with the power they had so recently been hostile to. This was, therefore, a tavorable moment for t.xking actual possession of the country between the Missis- sippi and L;ike Michigan ; and United States troops were soon ordered to occupy the two prom- inent points between Green Bay .and Prairie du Chien. At the former place was erected Fort Howard; at the Litter Fort Crawford. At Green Bay, half a hundred (or less) French Cana- dians cultivated the soil; at Prairie du Chien, there were not more than thirty houses, mostly occupied by traders, while on the pr.xirie outside the village, a number of forms were cultivated. Such was Wisconsin when, at the close of the List war with Great Britain, it began in earnest to be occupied by Americans. The latter were few in number, but in iStS, they began to feel, now th.it the countr>- was att.iched to Michigan Territory and the laws of the L'nited States were extended over them, that they were not altogether beyond the prvJteciion of a government of their own, notwithstanding they were surrounded by savage tribes. Their happiness was increased upon the erection, by proclamation of Lewis Cass, governor of the Territor\- of Michigan, of three Territorial counties: Michilimackin.ic Brown .ind Crawford. Their establishment dates PRE-TERUITORIAL AXXALS OF AVISCOXSIN. 37 the twenty-sixth of October, 1818. The county of Michiliniackinac not only included all of tlie present State of Wisconsin lying north of a line drawn due west from near the head of the Little Noquet bay, but territory east and west of it, so as to reach from Lake Huron to the Missis- sippi river. Its county seat was established "at the Borough of Michiiimackinac." The whole area in Michigan Territory south of the county of Michiiimackinac and west of Lake Michigan formed the two counties of lirown and Crawford: the former to include the area east of a line drawn due north and south through the middle of the portage between the Fox river of Green bay and the Wisconsin ; the latti'r to include the whole region west of that line. Prairie du Chien was designated as the county seat of Crawford; Green Bay, of Brown county. On the 22(1 of December, 1826, a county named Chippewa was formed from the northern portions of Michiiimackinac, including the southern shores of Lake Superior throughout its entire length, and extending from the straits leading from that lake into Lake Huron, west to the western boundary line of Michigan Territory, with the county seat "at such point in the vicinity of the Sault de Ste. Marie, as a majority of the county commissioners to be appointed shall designate." Embraced within this county, — its southern boundary being the parallel 46^31' north latitude, — was all the territory of the present State of Wisconsin now bordering on Lake Superior. Immediately upon the erection of Brown and Crawford counties, they were organized, and their offices filled liy appointment of the governor. County courts were established, consisting of one chief and two associate justices, either of whom formed a quorum. They were required to hold one term of court annually in their respective counties. These county courts had origi- nal and exclusive jurisdiction in all civil cases, both in law and equity, where the matter in dis- pute exceeded the jurisdiction of a justice of the peace, and did not exceed tlie value of one thousand dollars. They had, however, no jurisdiction in ejectment. They had exclusive cog- nizance of all offenses the punishment whereof was not capital, and the same power to issue remedial and other process, writs of error and mandamus excepted, that the supreme court had at Detroit. Appeals from justices of the peace were made to the county courts. The establishing of Indian agencies by the General Government ; the holding of treaties with some of the Indian tribes; the adjustment of land claims at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien ; the appointment of postmasters at these two points, were all indications of a proper interest being taken by the United States in the affairs of the country. But a drawback to this region, was the fact that, in all civil cases of over a thousand dollars, and in criminal cases that were capital, as well as in actions of ejectment, and in the allowance of writs of error, and man- damus, recourse must be had to the supreme court at Detroit; the latter place being the seat of government of Michigan Territory. However, in January, 1823, an act of congress provided for a district court, and for the appointment of a judge, for the counties of Brown, Crawford, and Michiiimackinac. This court had concurrent jurisdiction, civil and criminal, with the supreme court of the Territory, in most cases, subject, however, to have its decisions taken to the latter tribunal by a writ of error. The law provided for holding one term of court in each year, in each of the counties named in the act ; so, at last, there was to be an administration of justice at home, and the people were to be relieved from all military arbitrations, which frequently had been imposed upon them. James Duane Doty was appointed judge of this court at its organiza- tion. A May term of the court was held in Prairie du Chien; a June term in Green Bay; a July term in " the Borough of Michiiimackinac," in each year. In 1824, Henry S. Baird, of Brown county, was appointed district attorney. Doty held the office of judge until May, 1832, when he was succeeded by David Irvin. This court continued until 1S36, when it was abrogated by the organization of the Territory of Wisconsin. For a long time it had been known that there were lead mines in what is now the south- 38 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIN. western portion of the State; but it was not until the year 1825, and the two following years, that very general attention was attracted to them, which eventuated in the settlement of different places in that region, by Americans, who came to dig for lead ore. This rapid increase of settlers awakened the jealousy of the Winnebago Indians, at what they deemed an unauthorized intrusion upon their lands, which, with other causes operating unfavorably upon their minds, aroused them in June, 1S27, to open acts of hostility. Murders became frequent. Finally, the militia of Prairie du Chien were called out. On the twenty-ninth of August, Brigadier-General Henry Atkinson, of the United States army, with a strong force of regulars, ascended the Wis- consin river to put an end to any further spread of Winnebago disturbances. He was joined on the first of September, by one hundred and thirty Galena volunteers, mounted, and under com- mand of General Henry Dodge. The Winnebagoes were awed into submission. Thus ended the " Winnebago War." It was followed by the erection at the portage of Fort Winnebago, by the United States. .A.fter the restoration of tranquillity, the United States proceeded by treaty with the Indians, to secure the right to occupy the lead regions. This was in 1828. The next year, the General Government purchased of the Winnebagoes, Southwestern Wisconsin, which put an end to all trouble on account of mining operations. On the ninth of October, 1829, a county was formed, by the legislative council of the Territory of Michigan, comprising all that part of Crawford county lying south of the Wisconsin river. This new county was called Iowa. The county seat was temporarily established at Mineral Point. Following this was a treaty in 1831, with the Menomonees, for all their lands east of Green bay, Winnebago lake, and the Fox and Milwaukee rivers. There was now a crisis at hand. The most prominent event to be recorded in the pre-Ter- ritorial annals of Wisconsin is known as the Black Hawk War. This conflict of arms between the Sacs and Foxes and the United States arose from a controversy in regard to lands. By a treaty made at Fort Harmar, just across the River Muskingum from Marietta, Ohio, in January, 1789, the Pottawattamie and Sac tribes of Indians, among others, were received into the friend- ship of the General Government, and a league of peace and unity established between the con- tracting parties On the third of November, 1804, a treaty at St. Louis stipulated that the united Sac and Fox tribes should be received into the friendship of the United States, and also be placed under their protection. These tribes also agreed to consider themselves under the pro- tection of the General Government and of no other power whatsoever. .\t this treaty lands were ceded which were circumscribed by a boundary beginning at a point on the Missouri river opposite the mouth of the Gasconade, and running thence in a direct course so as to strike the River Jefferson at the distance of thirty miles from its mouth, and down that stream to the Missis- sippi. It then ran up the latter river to the mouth of the Wisconsin, and up that stream to a point thirty-six miles in a direct line from its mouth ; thence by a straight ' course to a point where the Fox river of the Illinois leaves the small lake then called Sakaegan, and from that point down the Fox to the Illinois, and down the latter to the Mississippi. The consideration for this cession was the payment of goods to the value of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars and fifty cents, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars — -six hundred to be paid to the Sacs and four hundred to the Foxes — to be liquidated in goods valued at first cost. After- ward, Fort Madison was erected just above the Des Moines rapids in the Mississippi, on the ter- ritory ceded at the last mentioned treaty. Then followed the war with Great Britain, and the Sacs and Foxes agreed to take no part therein. However, a portion afterward joined the English against the Americans along with other Western tribes. At the restoration of peace the Sacs and Foxes held treaties with the United States. There was a renewal of the treaty of 1804. PRE-TERRITOEIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 39 Such in brief is a general outline of affairs, so far as those two tribes were concerned, down to the close of the last war with England. From this time, to the year 1830, several additional treaties were made with the Sacs and Foxes by the General Government: one in i822,by which they relin- quished their right to have the United States establish a trading house or factory at a convenient point at which the Indians could trade and save themselves from the imposition of traders, for which they were paid the sum of one thousand dollars in merchandise. Again, in 1824, they sold to the General Government all their lands in Missouri, north of Missouri river, for which they received one thousand dollars the same year, and an annuity of one thousand dollars for ten years. In 1830, they ceded to the United States a strip of land twenty miles wide from the Mis- sissippi to the Des Moines, on the north side of their territory. The time had now come for the two tribes to leave the eastern shore of the Mississippi and retire across the " great water." Keokuk, the Watchful Fox, erected his wigwam on the west side of the river, and was followed by a large part of the two tribes. But a band headed by Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or the Black Sparrow Hawk, commonly called Black Hawk, refused to leave their village near Rock Island. They contended that they had not sold their town to the United States ; and, upon their return early in 183 1, from a hunt across the Mississippi, finding their village and fields in possession of the whites, they determined to repossess their homes at all hazards. This was looked upon, or called, an encroachment by the settlers ; so the governor of Illinois took the responsibility of declaring the State invaded, and asked the United States to drive the refractory Indians beyond the Mississippi. The result was, the Indian village was destroyed by Illinois volunteers. This and the threatened advance across the river by the United States commander, brought Black Hawk and his followers to terms. They sued for peace — agreeing to remain forever on the west side of the Mississippi. But this truce was of short duration. Early in the Spring of 1832, Black Hawk having assembled his forces on the Mississippi, in the vicinity of the locality where Fort Madison had stood, crossed that stream and ascended Rock river.' This was the signal for war. The governor of Illinois made a call for volunteers; and, in a brief space of time, eighteen hundred had assembled at Beardstown, Cass county. They marched for the mouth of Rock river, where a council of war was held by their officers and Brigadier-General Henry Atkinson, of the regular forces. The Indians were sent word by General Atkinson that they must return and recross the Mississippi, or they would be driven back by force. " If you wish to fight us, come on," was the laconic but defiant reply of the Sac chief. When the attempt was made to compel these Indians to go back across the "great river," a collision occurred between the Illinois militia and Black Hawk's braves, resulting in the dis- comfiture of the former with the loss of eleven men. Soon afterward the volunteers were dis- charged, and the first campaign of Black Hawk's War was at an. end. This was in May, 1832. In June following, a new force had been raised and put under the command of General Atkinson, who commenced his march up Rock river. Before this, there had been a general "forting" in the lead region, including the whole country in Southwest Wisconsin, notwithstand- ing which, a number of settlers had been killed by the savages, mostly in Illinois. Squads of volunteers, in two or three instances, had encountered the Indians; and in one with entire suc- cess — upon the Pecatonica, in what is now Lafayette county, Wisconsin — every savage (and there were seventeen of them) being killed. The loss of the volunteers was three killed and wounded. Atkinson's march up Rock river was attended with some skirmishing; when, being informed that Black Hawk and his force were at Lake Koshkonong, in the southwest corner of what is now Jefferson county, Wisconsin, he immediately moved thither with a portion of his army, where the whole force was ordered to concentrate. But the Sac chief with his people had flown. Colonels Henry Dodge and James D. Henry, with the forces under them, discovered the 40 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. trail of the savages, leading in the direction of the Wisconsin river. It was evident that the retreating force was large, and that it had but recently passed. The pursuing troops hastened their march. On the twenty-first of July, 1832, they arrived at the hills which skirt the left bank of that stream, in what is now Roxbury town (township), Dane county. Here was Black Hawk's whole force, including women and children, the aged and infirm, hastening by every effort to escape across the river. But that this might now be effected, it became necessary for that chief to make a firm stand, to cover the retreat. The Indians were in the bottom lands when the pursuing whites made their appearance upon the heights in their rear. Colonel Dodge occupied the front and sustained the first attack of the Indians. He was soon joined by Henry with his force, when they obtained a complete victory. The action commenced about five o'clock in the afternoon and ended at sunset. The enemy, numbering not less than five hundred, sustained a loss of about sixty killed and a large number wounded. The loss of the Americans was one killed and eight wounded. This conflict has since been known as the battle of Wis- consin Heights. During the night following the battle, Black Hawk made his escape with his remaining force and people down the Wisconsin river. The women and children made their way down stream in canoes, while the warriors marched on foot along the shore. The Indians were pursued in their flight, and were finally brought to a stand on the Mississippi river, near the mouth of the Bad Axe, on the west boundary of what is now Vernon county, Wisconsin. About two o'clock on the morning of the second of August, the line of march began to the scene of the last con- flict in the Black Hawk War. Dodge's command formed the advance, supported by regular troops, under Colonel Zachary Taylor, afterward president of the United States. Meanwhile an armed steamboat had moved up the Mississippi and lay in front of the savages ; so they were attacked on all sides by the exasperated Americans. The battle lasted about two hours, and was a complete victory for the whites. Black Hawk fled, but was soon after captured. This ended the war. The survey of public lands by the General Government; the locating and opening of land ofiices at Mineral Point and Green Bay; the erection of Milwaukee county from a part of Brown, to include all the territory bounded on the east and south by the east and south lines of the present State, on the north by what is non- the north boundary of Washington and Ozaukee counties and farther westward on the north line of township numbered twelve, and on the west by the dividing line between ranges eight and nine ; and the changing of the eastern boundary of Iowa county to correspond with the western one of Milwaukee county; — are some of the important events following the close of the Black Hawk war. There was an immediate and rapid increase of immigration, not only in the mining region but in various other parts of what is now Wisconsin, more especially in that portion bordering on Lake Michigan. The interior was yet sparsely settled. By the act of June 28, 1834, congress having attached to the Territory of Michigan, for judicial purposes, all the country "west of the Mississippi river, and north of the State of Missouri," comprising the whole of what is now the State of Iowa, all of the present State of Minnesota west of the Mississippi river, and more than half of what is now the Terri- tory of Dakota, the legislative council of Michigan Territory extended her laws over the whole area, dividing it on the 6th of September, 1834, by a line drawn due west from the lower end of Rock island to the Missouri river into two counties : the country south of that line constituting the county of Des Moines; north of the line, to be known as the county of' Dubuque. This whole region west of the Mississippi was known as the Iowa district. Immediately after the treaty of 1832 with the Sacs and Foxes, the United States having come into ownership of a large tract in this district, several families crossed the Mississippi, and settled on the purchase, but as WISCOXSIK TEREITORY. 41 the time provided for the Indians to give possession was the first of June, 1833, these settlers were dispossessed by order of the General Government. So soon, however, as the Indians yielded possession, settlements began, but, from the date just mentioned until September, 1S34, after the district was attached, for judicial purposes, to Michigan Territory, it was without any municijial law whatever. The organization of the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines on the sixtli of that month, secured, of course a regular administration of justice. In 1835, in order to facili- tate intercourse between the two remote military posts of Fort Howard at Green Bay, and Fort Crawford at Prairie du Chien, a military road was commenced to connect the two points ; so, one improvement followed another. On the 9th of January, 1836, a session (the first one) of the seventh legislative council of Michigan Territory — that is, of so much of it as lay to the westward of Lake Michigan — was held at Green Bay, and a memorial adopted, asking Congress for the formation of a new Territory west of that lake ; to include all of Michigan Territory not embraced in the proposed State of Michigan. Congress, as will now be shown, very soon com- plied with the request of the memorialists. IV.— WISCONSIN TERRITORY. The establishing of a separate and distinct Territory west of Lake Michigan, was the result of the prospective admission of Michigan into the Union (an event which took place not until the twenty-sixth of January, 1837), as the population, in all the region outside of the boundaries determined upon by the people for that State, would otherwise be left without a government, or, at least, it would be necessary to change the capital of the old Michigan Territory farther to the westward ; so it was thought best to erect a new territory, to be called Wisconsin (an Indian word signifying wild rushing water, or channel, so called from the principal eastern tributary of the Mississippi within its borders), which was done by an act of congress, approved April 20, 1836, to take effect from and after the third day of July following. The Territory was made to include all that is now embraced within the States of Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and a part of the Territory of Dakota, more particularly described within boundaries commencing at the north- east corner of the State of Illinois, running thence through the middle of Lake Michigan to a point opposite the main channel of Green bay ; thence through that channel and the bay to the mouth of the Menomonee river ; thence up that stream to its head, which is nearest the lake of the Desert ; thence to the middle of that lake ; thence down the Montreal river to its mouth ; thence ivith a direct line across Lake Superior to where the territorial line of the United States last touches :he lake northwest; thence on the north, with the territorial line, to the White Earth river; on the (vest by a line drawn down the middle of the main channel of that stream to the Missouri river, ind down the middle of the main channel of the last mentioned stream to the northwest corner of ;he State of Missouri ; and thence with the boundaries of the States of Missouri and Illinois, as ilready fixed by act of congress, to the place or point of beginning. Its counties were Brown, Milwaukee, Iowa, Crawford, Dubuque, and Des Moines, with a portion of Chippewa and Michili- mackihac left unorganized. Although, at this time, the State of Michigan was only engaged, so lO speak, to the Union, to include the two peninsulas (many of its citizens preferring in lieu thereof the lower one only, with a small slice off the northern boundary of the State of Ohio as now constituted), yet the marriage ceremony was performed, as has been stated, a few months ifterward. The act of congress establishing the Territorial government of Wisconsin was very full and complete. It first determined its boundaries ; then it declared that all authority of the govern- ment of Michigan over the new Territory should cease on the fourth day of July, 1S36, with a 42 HISTORY OF WISCOXSII^. proper reservation of rights in favor of the Indians. It provided for subsequently dividing tne Territory into one or more, should congress deem it wise so to do. It also declared that the executive power and authority i.n and over the Territory should be vested in a governor, at the same time defining his powers. It provided for the appointment of a secretary, stating what his duties should be. The legislative power was vested in the governor and legislative assembly, the latter to consist of a council and house of representatives, answering respectively to the senate and assembly, as states are usually organized. There was a provision for taking the census of the several counties, and one giving the governor power to name the time, place, and manner of holding the first election, and to declare the number of members of the council and house of representatives to which each county should be entitled. He was also to determine where the first legislative assembly should meet, and a wise provision was that the latter should not be in session in any one year more than seventy-five days. One section of the act declared who should be entitled to vote and hold office ; another defined the extent of the powers of the legislature, and a third provided that all laws should be submitted to congress for their approval or rejection. There was a section designating what offices should be elective and what ones should be filled by the governor. There were others regulating the judiciary for the Territory and declaring what offices should be appointed by the Ignited States, providing for their taking the proper oaths of office and regulating their salaries. One, perhaps the most important of all, declared that the Territory should be entitled to and enjoy all the rights, privileges, and advantages granted by the celebrated ordinance of 1787. There was also a provision for the election of a delegate to the house of representatives of the United States ; and a declaration that all suits and indictments pending in the old courts should be con- tinued in the new ones. Five thousand dollars were appropriated for a library for the accommo- dation of the legislative assembly of the Territory and of its supreme court. For the new Territory, Henry Dodge was, on the 30th of April, 1836, by Andrew Jackson, then President of the United States, commissioned governor. John S. Horner was commissioned secretary; Charles Dunn, chief justice; David Irvin and William C. Frazer, associate judges; W. W. Chapman, attorney, and Francis Gehon, marshal. The machinery of a territorial gov- ernment was thus formed, which was set in motion by these officers taking the prescribed oath of office. The next important step to be taken was to organize the Territorial legislature. The provisions of the organic act relative to the enumeration of the population of the Territory were that previously to the first election, the governor should cause the ceusus of the inhabitants of the several counties to be taken by the several sheriffs, and that the latter should make returns of the same to the Executive. These figures gave to Des Moines county, 6,257 ; Iowa county, 5,234; Dubuque county, 4,274; Milwaukee county, 2,893; Brown county, 2,706; Crawford county, 850. The entire population, therefore, of Wisconsin Territory in the summer of 1836, as given by the first census was, in precise numbers, twenty-two thousand two hundred and four- teen, of which the two counties west of the Mississippi furnished nearly one half. The apportion- ment, after the census had been taken, made by the governor, gave to the different counties thir- teen councilraen and twenty-six representatives. Brown county got two councilmen and three representatives ; Crawford, two representatives, but no councilmen; Milwaukee, two councilmen and three representatives ; Iowa, Dubuque and Des Moines, each three councilmen ; but of repre- sentatives, Iowa got six; Dubuque, five, and Des Moines, seven. The election was held on the tenth of October, 1836, exciting considerable interest, growing out, chiefly, of local considera- tions. The permanent location of the capital, the^division of counties, and the location of county seats, were the principal questions influencing the voters. There were elected from the county of Brown, Henry S. Baird and John P. Arndt, members of the council; Ebenezer Childs, Albert WISCONSIN TEERITORY. 43 G. Ellis and Alexander J. Irwin, members of the house of representatives ; from MilwaukSe, the councilmen were Gilbert Knapp and Alanson Sweet ; representatives, William B. Sheldon, Madison W. Cornwall and Charles Durkee : from Iowa, coimcilmen, EbenezerBrigham, John B. Terry and James R. Vineyard ; representatives, William Boyles, G. F. Smith, D. M. Parkinson, Thomas McKnight, T. Shanley and J. P. Cox : from Dubuque, councilmen, John Foley, Thomas McCraney and Thomas McKnight; representatives, Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlin, Hosea T. Camp, P. H. Engle and Patrick Quigley : from Des Moines, councilmen, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas and Arthur B. Inghram ; representatives, Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins, John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds and David R. Chance : from Crawford, repre- sentatives, James H. Lockwood and James B. Dallam. Belmont, in the present county of LaFayette, then in Iowa county, was, by the governor, appointed the place for the meeting of the legislature ; he also fixed the time — the twenty-fifth of October. A quorum was in attendance in both branches at the time decided upon for their assembling, and the two houses were speedily organized by the election of Peter Hill Fngle, of Dubuque, speaker of the house, and Henry S. Baird, of Brown, president of the council. Each of the separate divisions of the government — the executive, the judicial, and the legislative — was now in working order, except that it remained for the legislature to divide the Territory into judicial districts, and make an assignment of the judges ; and for the governor to appoint a Ter- ritorial treasurer, auditor and attorney general. The act of congress establishing the Terri- tory required that it should be divided into three judicial districts. The counties of Crawford and Iowa were constitued by the legislature the first district, to which was assigned Chief Justice Dunn. The second district was composed of the counties of Des Moines and Dubuque ; to it was assigned Associate Judge Irvin. The third district was formed of the counties of Brown and Milwaukee, to which was assigned Associate Judge Frazer. Governor Dodge, in his first message to the Territorial legislature, directed attention to the necessity for defining the jurisdiction and powers of the several courts, and recommended that congress should be memorialized to extend the right of pre-emption to actual settlers upon the public lands and to miners on mineral lands; also, to remove the obstructions in the rapids of the Upper Mississippi, to construct harbors and light-houses on Lake Michigan, to improve the navigation of Fox river and to survey the same from its mouth to Fort Winnebago, to increase the amount of lands granted to the Territory for school purposes, and to organize and arm the militia for the protection of the frontier settlements. The first act passed by the legis- lature was one privileging members from arrest in certain cases and conferring on themselves power to punish parties for contempt. The second one established the three judicial districts and assigned the judges thereto. One was passed to borrow money to defray the expenses of the session; others protecting aj lands donated to the Territory by the United States in aid of schools, and creating a common school fund. A memorial to congress was adopted request- ing authorization to sell the school-section in each township, and appropriate the money arising therefrom for increasing the fund for schools. During this session, five counties were "set off" west of the Mississippi river: Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Louisa, Muscatine, and Cook ; and fifteen east of that stream : Walworth, Racine, Jefferson, Dane, Portage, Dodge, Washington, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Calumet, Manitowoc, Marquette, Rock, Grant and Green. The principal question agitating the legislature at its first session was the location of the capital. Already the people west of the Mississippi were speculating upon the establishment of a Territory on that side the river, prospects for which would be enhanced evidently, by placing the seat of government somewhat in a central position east of that stream, for Wisconsin 44 HISTORY OF WISCONSIX. • Territory. Now, as Madison was a point answering such requirements she triumphed over all competitors; and the latter numbered a dozen or more — including, among others. Fond du Lac, Milwaukee, Racine, Belmont, Mineral Point, Green Bay, and Cassville. The struggle over this question was one of the most exciting ever witnessed in the Territorial legislature. Madison was fixed upon as the seat of government, but it was provided that sessions of the legislature should be held at Burlington, in Des Moines county, until the fourth of March, 1839, unless the public buildings in the new capital should be sooner completed. After an enactment that the legislature should thereafter meet on the first Monday of November of each year, both houses, on the ninth day of December, 1836, adjourned sine die. In the act of congress establishing the Territory of Wisconsin it was provided that a delegate to the house of representatives of the United States, to serve for the term of two years, should be elected by the voters qualified tp elect members of the legislative assembly-, and that the first election should be held at such time and place or places, and be conducted in such manner as the governor of the Territory should appoint and direct. In pursuance of this enactment. Governor Dodge directed that the election for delegate should be at the time and places appointed for the election of members of the legislative assembly — the loth of October, 1836. The successful candidate for that office was George W. Jones, of Sinsinawa Mound, Iowa county — in that portion which was afterward "set off" as Grant county. Jones, under the act of 1819, had been elected a delegate for Michigan Territory, in October, 1835, and took his seat at the ensuing session, in December of that year. By the act of June 15, 1S36, the consti- tution and State government which the people of Michigan had formed for themselves was accepted, ratified and confirmed, and she was declared to be one of the United States of America, so that the term of two years for which Jones had been elected was cut short, as, in the nature of the case, his term could not survive the existence of the Territory he represented. But, as he was a candidate for election to represeiit the new Territory of Wisconsin in congress as a delegate, and was successful, he took his seat at the commencement of the second session of the twenty-fourth congress — December 12, 1836, notwithstanding he had been elected only a little over two months. The first term of the supreme court of the Territory was held at Belmont on the 8th day of December. There were present, Charles Dunn, chief justice, and David Irvin, associate judge. John Catlin was appointed clerk, and Henry S. Baird having previously been commissioned attorney general for the Territory by Governor Dodge, appeared before the court and took the oath of office. .Causes in which the United States was party or interested were looked after by the United States attorney, who received his appointment from the president; while all cases in which the Territory was interested was attended to by the attorney general, whose commission was signed by the governor. The appointing of a crier and reporter and the admission of several attorneys to practice, completed the business for the term. The annual term appointed for the third Monday of July of the following year, at Madison, was not held; as no business for the action of the court had matured. At the time of the complete organization of the Territory of Wisconsin, when the whole machinery had been put fairly in motion; when its first legislature at its first session had, after passing forty-two lavvs and three joint resolutions, in forty-six days, adjourned; — -at this time, the entire portion west of the Mississippi had, in round numbers, a population of only eleven thousand; while the sparsely settled mineral region, the military establishments — Fort Craw- ford, Fort Winnebago, and Fort Howard — and the settlements at or near them, with the village of Milwaukee, constituted about all there was of the Territory east of that river, aggregating about twelve thousand inhabitants. There was no land in market, except a narrow strip along WISCONSIN TERRITOET. 45 the shore of Lake Michigan, and in the vicinity of Green bay. The residue of tlie country south and east of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers was open only to preemption by actual settlers. The Indian tribes still claimed a large portion of the lands. On the north and as far west as the Red river of the north were located the Chippewas. The southern limits of their posses- sions were defined by a line drawn from a point on that stream in about latitude 46° 30' in a southeasterly direction to the head of Lake St. Croix; thence in the same general direction to what is now Stevens Point, in the present Portage county, Wisconsin ; thence nearly east to Wolf river; and thence in a direction nearly northeast to the Menomonee river. The whole country bounded by the Red river and Mississippi on the east ; the parallel of about 43" of latitude on the south; the Missouri and White Earth river on the west; and the Territorial line on the north, was occupied by the Sioux. In the southwest part of the Territory, lying mostly south of latitude 43° — in the country reaching to the Missouri State boundary line south, and to the Missouri river west — were the homes of the Pottawattamies, the lowas, and the Sacs and Foxes. Between the Wisconsin river and the Mississippi, and extending, north to the south line of the Chippewas was the territory of the Winnebagoes. East of the Winnebagoes in the country north of the Fox river of Green bay were located the Menomonees, their lands extending to Wolf river. Such was the general outline of Indian occupancy in Wisconsin Territory at its organization. A portion of the country 'east of Wolf river and north of Green bay and the Fox river; the whole of the area lying south of Green bay. Fox river and the Wisconsin ; and a strip of territory immediately west of the Mississippi, about fifty miles in width, and extending from the Missouri State line as far north as the northern boundary of the present State of Iowa, constituted the whole extent of country over which the Indians had no claim. The second session of the first legislative assembly of the Territory began at Burlington, now the county seat of Des Moines county, Iowa, on the 6th of November, 1837. The governor, in his message, recommended a codification of the laws, the organization of the militia, and other measures of interest to the people. An act was passed providing for taking another census, and one abolishing imprisonment for debt. By a joint resolution, congress was urged to make an appropriation of twenty thousand dollars in money, and two townships of land for a " University of the Territory of Wisconsin." The money was not appropriated, but the land was granted — forty-six thousand and eighty acres. This was the fundamental endowment of the present State university, at Madison. A bill was also passed to regulate the sale of school lands, and to prepare for organizing, regulating and perfecting schools. Another act, which passed the legislature at this session, proved an apple of discord to the people of the Territory. The measure was intended to provide ways and means whereby to connect, by canals and slack- water, the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Mississippi, by way of Rock river, the Catfish, the four-lakes and the Wisconsin, by the incorporation of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company. This company was given authority to apply to congress for an appro- priation in money or lands to aid in the construction of the work, which was to have its eastern outlet in the Milwaukee river, and to unite at its western terminus with Rock river, near the present village of Jefferson, in Jefferson county. The result was that a grant of land of odd- numbered sections in a strip of territory five miles on each side of the line of the proposed canal was secured, and in July, 1839, over forty thousand acres were sold at the minimum price of two dollars and fifty cents per acre. However, owing mainly to the fact that purchasers were compelled to pay double the government price for their lands — owing also to the circumstance o£ an antagonism growing up between the officers of the canal company and the Territorial oflicers intrusted with the disposition of the lands, and to conflicts between'the beneficiaries of 46 HISTORY OF WISCOjSTSIX. the grant and some of the leading politicians of the time — the whole scheme proved a curse and a blight rather than a blessing, and eventuating, of course, in the total failure of the project. There had been much Territorial and State legislation concerning the matter ; but very little work, meanwhile, was done on the canal. It is only within the year 1S75 that an apparent quietus has been given to the subject, and legislative enactments forever put at rest. Fourteen counties were set off during this session of the legislature at Burlington — all west of the Mississippi. They were Benton, Buchanan, Cedar, Clinton, Delaware, Fayette, Jackson, Johnson, Jones, Keokuk, Linn, Slaughter, Scott and Clayton. One hundred and five acts and twenty joint resolutions were passed. On the 20th of January, 1S38, both houses adjourned until the second Monday of June following. The census of the Territory having been taken in May, the special session of the first legis- lature commenced on the eleventh of June, 1838, at Burlington, pursuant to adjournment, mainly for the purpose of making a new apportionment of members of the house. This was effected by giving twelve members to the counties east of the Mississippi, and fourteen to those west of that stream, to be contingent, however, upon the division of the Territory, which measure was not only then before congress, but had been actually passed by that body, though unknown to the Territorial legislature. The law made it incumbent on the governor, in the event of the Terri- tory being divided before the next general election, to make an apportionment for the part remaining, — enacting that the one made by the act of the legislature should, in that case, have no effect. Having provided that the next session should be held at Madison, the legislative body adjourned sine die on the twenty-fifth of June, 1S38, the public buildings at the new capital having been put under contract in April, previous. Up to this time, the officers of the Territory at large, appointed by the president of the United States at its organization, had remained unchanged, except that the secretary, John S. Horner, had been removed and his place given to William B. Slaughter, by appointment, dated February 16, 1837. Now there were two other changes made. On the nineteenth of June, Edward James was commissioned marshal, and on the fifth of July, Moses M. Strong was commissioned attorney of the United States for the Ter- ritory. By an act of congress, approved June 12, 1838, to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to establish a Territorial government west of the Mississippi, it was provided that from and after the third day of July following, all that part of Wisconsin Territory lying west of that river and west of a line drawn due north from its headwaters or sources to the Territorial line, for the purposes of a Territorial government should be set apart and known by the name of Iowa. It was further enacted that the Territory of Wisconsin should thereafter extend westward only to the Mississippi. It will be seen therefore that all that portion of the present State of Minnesota, extending eastward from the Mississippi to the St. Croix and northward to the United States boundary line, was then a part of Wisconsin Territory, even after the organization of the Terri- tory of Iowa. The census taken in May, just previous to the passage of this act, gave a total population to the several counties of the Territory, east of the Mississippi, of 18,149. On the third Monday of July, 1838, the annual terms of the supreme court — the first one after the re-organization of the Territory of Wisconsin — was held at Madison. There were present Chief Justice Dunn and Associate Judge Frazer. After admitting five attorneys to practice, hearing several motions, and granting several rules, the court adjourned. All the terms of the Supreme Court thereafter were held at Madison. At an election held in the Territory on the tenth day of September, 1S38, James Duane Doty received the highest number of votes for the office of delegate to congress, and was declared by Governor Dodge duly elected, by a certificate of election, issued. on the twenty-seventh day of October following. Upon the commencement of the third session of the twenty- fifth congress WISCOXSIX TERRITORY. 47 on Monday, December lo, 1838, Isaac E. Crary, member from Michigan, announced to the chair of the house of representatives that Doty was in attendance as delegate from Wisconsin Terri- tory, and moved that he be qualified. Jones, the former delegate, then rose and [jrotested against Doty's right to the seat, claiming that his (Jones') term had not expired. The basis for his claim was that under the act of 1817, a delegate must be elected only for one congress, and not for parts of tavo congressional terms; that his term as a delegate from Wisconsin did not commence until the fourth of March, 1837, and consequently would not e.xpire until the fourth of March, 1839. The subject was finally referred to the committee of elections. This com- mittee, on the fourteenth of January, 1839, reported in favor of Doty's right to his seat as dele- gate, submitting a resolution to that effect which passed the house by a vote of one hundred and sixty-five to twenty-five. Whereupon Doty was qualified as delegate from Wisconsin Territorv, and took his seat at the date last mentioned. On the Sth of November, Andrew G. Miller was appointed by Martin Van Buren, then president of the United States, associate judge of the supreme court, to succeed Judge Frazer, who died at Milwaukee, on the i8th of October. During this year, Moses M. Strong succeeded W. W. Chapman as United States attorney for the Territory. On the 26th day of November, 1838, the legislature of the re-organized Territory of Wis- consin — being the first session of the second legislative assembly — met at Madison. Governor Dodge, in his message, recommended an investigation of the banks then in operation, memorial- izing congress for a grant of lands for the improvement of the Fox river of Green bay and the Wisconsin; the revision of the laws; the division of the Territory into judicial districts; the justice of granting to all miners who have obtained the ownership of mineral grounds under the regulations of the superintendent of the United States lead mines, either by discovery or pur- chase, the right of pre-emption; and the improvement of the harbors on Lake Michigan. The attention of this Legislature was directed to the mode in which the commissioners of public buildings had discharged their duties There was an investigation of the three banks then in operation in the Territory — one at Green Bay, one at Mineral Point, and the other at Milwaukee. A plan, also, for the revision of the laws of the Territory was considered. A new assignment was made for the holding of district courts. Chief Justice Dunn was assigned to the first district, composed of the counties of Iowa, Grant and Crawford; Judge Irvin to the second, composed of the counties of Dane, Jefferson, Rock, Walworth and Green; while Judge Miller was assigned to the third district, composed of Milwaukee, Brown and Racine counties- — includ- ing therein the unorganized counties of Washington and Dodge, which, for judicial purposes, were, when constituted by name and boundary, attached to Milwaukee county, and had so remained since that date. The legislature adjourned on the 22d of December, to meet again on the 2 1 St of the following month. ".■Although, " said the president of the council, upon the occasion of the adjournment, '' but few acts of a general character have been passed, as the discussions and action of this body have been chiefly confined to bills of a local nature, and to the passage of memorials to the parent government in behalf of the great interests of the Territory; yet it is believed that the concurrent resolutions of the two houses authorizing a revision of the laws, is a measure of infinite importance to the true interests of the people, and to the credit and charac- ter of the Territory." Tbe census of the Territory having been taken during the year 1838, showed a population of 18,130, an increase in two years of 6,447. The second session of the .'-econd legislative assembly commenced on the twenty-first day of January, 1839, agreeable to adjournment. The most important work was the revision of the laws which had been perfected during the recess, by the committee to whom the work was intrusted. 48 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIIN". « consisting of tiiree members from each house : from tlie council, M. L. Martin, Marshall M. Strong, and James Collins ; from the house of representatives, Edward V. Whiton, Augustus Story, and Barlow Shackleford. The act legalizing the revision, took effect on the fourth day of July following. The laws as revised, composed the principal part of those forming the Revised Statutes of 1839, a valuable volume for all classes in the territory — and especially so for the courts and lawyers— during the next ten years. The sine die adjournment of this legislature took place on the nth of March, 1839. On the 8th of March of this year, Henry Dodge, whose term for three years as governor was about to expire, was again commissioned by the president of the United States, as governor of the Territory of Wisconsin. At the July term of the supreme court, all the judges were pre- sent, and several cases were heard and decided. A seal for the court was also adopted. The attorney general of the Territory at this time was H. N. Wells, who had been commissioned by Governor Dodge, on the 30th of March previous, in place of H. S. Baird, resigned. Wells not being in attendance at this term of the court, Franklin J. Munger was appointed by the judge attorney general for that session. The clerk, John Collin having resigned, Simeon Mills was selected by the court to fill his place. From this time, the supreme court met annually, as pro- vided by law, until Wisconsin became a State. The next legislature assembled at Madison, on the second of December, 1839. This was the third session of the second legislative assembly of the Territory. The term for which mem- bers of the house were elected, would soon expire ; it was therefore desirable that a new appor- tionment should be made. As the census would be taken ihe ensuing June, by the United States, it would be unnecessary for the Territory to make an additional enumeration. A short session was resolved upon, and then an adjournment until after the completion of the census. One of the subjects occupying largely the attention of the members, was the condition of the capitol, and the conduct of the commissioners intrusted with the money appropriated by. congress to defray the cost of its construction. The legislature adjourned on the thirteenth of January, 1840, to meet again on the third of the ensuing August. The completion of the census showed a population for the Territory of thirty thousand seven hundred and forty-four, against eighteen thousand one hundred and thirty, two years previous. Upon the re-assembling of the legisla- ture — which is known as the extra session of the second legi"lative assembly — at the time agreed upon, some changes were made in the apportionment of members to the house of representa- tives ; the session lasted but a few days, a final adjournment taking place on the fourteenth of August, 1840. At the July term of the supreme court, Simeon Mills resigned the office of clerk, and La Fayette Kellogg was appointed in his place. Kellogg continued to hold the posi- tion until the state judiciary was organized. At the ensuing election, James Duane Doty was re-elected Territorial delegate, taking his seat for the first time under his second term, on the eighth day of December, 1840, at the commencement of the second session of the twenty-sixth congress. The first session of the third legislative assembly commence^, on the seventh of December, 1840, with all new members in the house except three. .\11 had recently been elected under the new apportionment. Most of the session was devoted to the ordinary routine of legislation. There was, however, a departure, in the passage of two acts granting divorces, from the usual current of legislative proceedings in the Territory. There was, also, a very interesting contested election case between two members from Brown county. Such was the backwardness in regard to the building of the capitol, at this date, that a large majority of the members stood ready to remove the seat of government to some other place. However, as no particular point could be agreed upon, it remained at Madison. The legislature adjourned on the nineteenth of February, I 4 WISCOKSIX TERRITORY. 4[> 1841, having continued a term of seventy-five days, the maximum time limited by the organic act. Francis J. I>unn, appointed by Martin Van Buren, was commissioned in place of William B. Slaughter, as secretary of the Territory, on the 25th of January, 1841, but was himself super- ceded by the appointment of A. P. Field, on the 23d day of April following. On the 15th of March, Daniel Hugunin was commissioned as marshal in place of Edward James, and on the 27th of April, Thomas W. Sutherland succeeded Moses M. Strong as United States attorney for the Territory. On the 26th of June, Governor Dodge commissioned as attorney general of the Territory, M. M. Jackson. On the 13th of September following. Dodge was removed from office by John Tyler, then president of the United States, and James Duane Doty appointed in his place. The appointment of Doty, then the delegate of the Territory in congress, by the president of the United States as governor, and the consequent resignation of the latter of his seat in the house of representatives, caused a vacancy which was filled by the election of Henry Dodge to that office, on the 27th of September, 1841; so that Doty and Dodge changed places. Dodge took his seat for the first tiine, at the commencement of the second session of the twenty- fifth congress — Monday, December 7, 1841. About this time, the Milwaukee and Rock river canal imbroglio broke out afresh. The loan agent appointed by the governor to negotiate a loan of one hundred thousand dollars for the work, reported that he had negotiated fifty-six thousand dollars of bonds, which had been issued ; but he did not report what kind of money was to be received for them. Now, the canal commissioners claimed that it was their right and duty not to recognize any loan which was to be paid in such currency as they disapproved of. This dispute defeated the loan, and stopped all work on the canal. During the year 1841, Thomas W. Sutherland succeeded Moses M. Strong as United States attorney. The second session of the third legislative assembly began at Madison, on the sixth of December, 1841. Governor Doty, in his message to that body, boldly avowed the doctrine that no law of the Territory was effective, until expressly approved by congress. "The act," said he, "establishing the government of Wisconsin, in the third sec- tion, requires the secretary of the Territory to transmit annually, on or before the first Monday in December, ' two copies of the laws to the speaker of the house of representatives, for the use of congress.' The sixth section provides that 'all laws of the governor and legislative assembly shall be submitted to, and, if disapproved by the congress of the United States, the same shall be null and of no effect.' " "These provisions," he added, "it seems to me, require the laws to be actually submitted to congress before they take effect. They change the law by which this country was governed while it was a part of Michigan. That law provided that the laws should be reported to congress, and that they should ' be in force in the district until the organization of the general assembly therein, unless disapproved of by congress.' " The governor concluded in these words: "The opinion of my predecessor, which was expressed to the first legislature assembled after the organization of this government, in his message delivered at Belmont on the twenty-sixth day of October, 1836, fully sustains this view of the subject which I have presented. He said: 'We have convened under an act of congress of the United States establishing the Territorial government of Wisconsin, for the purpose of enacting such laws as may be required for the government of the people of this Territory, after their approval by con- gress.'" This construction of the organic act resulted in a lengthy warfare between the gov- ernor and the legislative assembly. At this session, the Milwaukee and Rock river canal again raised a tumult. " Congress had made a valuable grant of land to the Territory in trust. The Territory was the trustee ; the canal company the as/ui que trust. The trust had been accepted, and a large portion of the lands hid been sold, one tenth of the purchase money received, and ample securities held 50 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. for the balance." The Territory now, by its legislature, repealed all the laws authorizing a loan, and all which contemplated the expenditure of any money on its part in constructing the canal. The legislature resolved that all connection ought to be dissolved, and the work on liie canal by the Territory abandoned, and that the latter ought not further to execute the trust. They resolved also that the congress be requested to divert the grant to such other internal improvements as should be designated by the Territory, subject to the approval of congress; and that, if the latter should decline to make this diversion, it was requested to take back the grant, and dispose of the unsold lands. On the eleventh of February, 1842, a tragedy was enacted in the legislative council, causing great excitement over the whole Territory. On that day, Charles C. P. Arndt, a member from Brown county, was, while that body was in session, shot dead by James R. Vineyard, a member from Grant county. The difficulty grew out of a debate on motion to lay on the table the nomination of Enos S. Baker to the office of sheriff of Grant county. Immediately before adjournment of the council, the parties who had come together, after loud and angry words had been spoken, were separated by the by-standers. When an adjournment had been announced, they met again; whereupon Arndt struck at Vine- yard. The latter then drew a pistol and shot Arndt. He died in a few moments. Vineyard immediately surrendered himself to the sheriff of the county, waived an examination, and was committed to jail. After a short confinement, he was brought before the chief justice of the Territory, on a writ of habeas corpus, and admitted to bail. He was afterward indicted for man- slaughter, was tried and acquitted. Three days after shooting Arndt, Vineyard sent in his resignation as member of the council. That body refused to receive it, or to have it read even; but at once expelled him. The second and last session of the third legislative assembly came to a close on the eighteenth of February, 1842. The first session of the fourth legislative assembly commenced on the fifth day of Decem- ber, 1842. The members had been elected under a new apportionment based upon a census taken in the previous June, which showed a total population for the Territory of forty-six thou- sand six hundred and seventy-eight — an increase of nearly ten thousand in two years. A politi- cal count showed a decided democratic majority in each house. Governor Doty's political proclivities were with the whig party. The contest between him and the legislature now assumed a serious character. He refused to "hold converse " with it, for the reason that, in his opinion, no appropriation had been made by congress to defray the expenses of the session, and, as a consequence, none could be held. The legislature made a representation to congress, then in session, of the objections of the governor, and adjourned on the tenth of December, to meet again on the thirteenth of January, 1843. It was not until the fourth of February following that a quorum in both houses had assembled, when the legislature, through a joint committee, waited on the governor, and informed him that they had again met according to adjournment, and were then ready to pioceed to business. Previous to this time, congress had made an appropriation to cover the expenses of the legislature now in session, which it was supposed would remove all conflict about its legality. But "the governor had, on the thirtieth day of January previous, issued a proclamation, convening a special session of the legislature on the sixth of March, and still refused to recognize the present one as legal. Both houses then adjourned to the day fixed by the executive. A final adjournment took place on the seventeenth of .\pril following. The term of two years for which Henry Dodge was elected as cfelegate, having expired at the close of the third session of the twenty-seventh congress, he was, on the twenty-fifth of Sep- tember, 1843, re-elected, taking his seat for the first time on his second term at the commence- ment of the first session of the twenty-eighth congress, Monday, December 4, 1843. On the thirtieth of October of this year, George Floyd was commissioned by President Tyler as I WISCOXSIX TERRITORY. fll secretary of the Territory, in place of A. P. Field. The second session of the fourth legislative assembly of the Territory, commencing on the fourth of December, 1843, and terminating on the thirty-first of January, 1844 — a period of filty- nine days — accomplished but little worthy of especial mention, except the submission of the question of the formation of a State government to a vote of the people, to be taken at the gene- ral election to be held in September following. The proposition did not succeed at the ballot- box. The third session of the fourth legislative assembly did not commence until the sixth of January, 1845, as the time had been changed to the first Monday in that month for annual meet- ings. Governor Doty having persisted in spelling Wisconsin with a "k" and an "a" — AVis- /('onsrt:n — and some of the people having adopted his method, it was thought by this legislature a matter of sufficient importance to be checked. So, by a joint resolution, the orthography — Wisrons/n — employed in the organic act, was adopted as tlie true one for the Territory, and has ever since been used. Before the commencement of this session Doty's term of office had expired. He was superseded as governor of the Territory by N. P. Tallmadge, the latter having been appointed on the twenty-first of June, 1844. On the thirly-first of August, Charles M. Prevost was appointed marshal of the Territory, in place of Daniel Hugunin. There was the utmost harmony between Governor Tallmadge and the legislature of the Territory at its session in 1845. His message, which was delivered to the two houses in person, on the seventeenth of January, was well received. Among other items of interest to which he called the attentioh of the legis- lative assembly, was one concerning the construction of a railroad to connect Lake Michigan with the Mississippi. "The interests of the Territory," said he, " seem inperiously to demand the con- struction of a railroad, or other communication, from some suitable point on Lake Michigan to the Mississippi river. Much difference of opinion seems to exist as to what it shall be, and how it is to be accomplished. There is a general impression," continued the governor, " that the con- struction of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal, which was intended to connect those waters, is abandoned. It remains to be seen what shall be substituted for it." The session terminated on the twenty-fourth of February, 1S45. James K. Polk having been inaugurated president of the United States on the fourth of March, 1845, Henry Dodge was again put into the gubernatorial chair of the Territory, receiving his appointment on the eighth of April, 1845. Other changes were made by the president during the same year, John B. Rockwell being, on the fourteenth of March, appointed marshal, and W. P. Lynde, on the fourteenth of July, United States attorney for the Territory, Governor Tall- madge, on the twenty-second of January of this year, having commissioned the latter also as attorney general. On the twenty-second of September, Morgan L. Martin was elected delegate to the twenty-ninth congress, as the successor of Henry Dodge. The fourth and last session of the fourth legislative assembly was organized on the fifth of January, 1846. This session, although a short one, proved very important. Preliminary steps were taken for the formation of a State government The first Tuesday in April next succeeding was the day fixed upon for the people to vote for or against the proposition. When taken it resulted in a large majority voting in favor of the measure. An act was passed providing for taking the census of the Territory, and for the apportionment by the governor of delegates to form a State constitution, based upon the new enumeration. The delegates were to be elected on the first Monday in September, and the convention was to assemble on the first Monday in October, 1846. The constitution when formed was to be submitted to the vote of the people for adoption or rejection, as, at the close of the session, the terms of members of the council who had been elected for lour years, and of the house, who had been elected for two years, all ended. The legislature 52 HISTORY OF "WISCONSIN. re-organized the election districts, and conferred on the governor the power and duty of making an apportionment, based on the census to be taken, for the next legislative assembly, when, on the third of February, 1846, both houses adjourned sine die. On the twenty-second of January, Governor Dodge appointed A. Hyatt Smith attorney general of the Territory. On the twenty- fourth of February, John Catlin was appointed Territorial secretary by the president. The census taken in the following June showed a population for the Territory of one hun- dred and fifty-five thousand two hundred and seventy-seven. Delegates having been elected to form a constitution for the proposed new State, met at Madison on the fifth day of October. After completing their labors, they adjourned. This event took place on the sixteenth of December, 1846. The constitution thus formed was submitted to a popular vote on the first Tuesday of April, 1847, and rejected. The first session of the fifth legislative assembly com- menced on the fourth of January of that year. But little was done. Both houses finally adjourned on the eleventh of February, 1847. John H. Tweedy was elected as the successor of Morgan L. Martin, delegate to the thirtieth congress, on the sixth of September following. On the twenty-seventh of that month. Governor Dodge issued a proclamation for a special session of the legislature, to commence on the eighteenth of the ensuing month, to take action concern- ing the admission of Wisconsin into the Union. The two houses assembled on the day named in the proclamation, and a law was passed for the holding of another convention to frame a constitution ; when, after nine days' labor, they adjourned. Delegates to the new convention were elected on the last Monday of November, and that body met at Madison on the fifteenth of December, 1847. A census of the Territory was taken this year, which showed a population of two hundred and ten thousand five hundred and forty-six. The result of the labors of the second constitutional convention was the formation of a constitution, which, being submitted to the people on the second Monday of March, 1848, was duly ratified. The second and last session of the fifth legislative assembly — the last legislative assembly of Wisconsin Territory — commenced on the seventh of February, 1S48, and adjourned sine die on the thirteenth of March following. On the twentieth of the same month, J. H. Tweedy, delegate from Wisconsin, introduced a bill in congress for its admission into the Union. The bill was finally passed; and on the twenty-ninth of May, 1848, Wisconsin became a State. There had been seventeen sessions of the legislative assembly of the Territory, of an average duration of forty days each : the longest one lasted seventy-six days ; the shortest, ten days. So long as the Territory had an existence, the apportionment of thirteen members for the council, and twenty-six for the house of representatives, was continued, as provided in the organic act. There had been, besides those previously mentioned, nine additional counties " set off " by the legislative assembly of the Territory, so that they now numbered in all twenty-eight : Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Walworth, Rock, Green, Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Calu- met, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, La Fayette, Grant, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix, and La Pointe. v.— WISCONSIN AS A STATE. First Administration. — Nelson Dewev, Governor — 1848, 1849. The boundaries prescribed in the act of congress, entitled "An Act to enable the people of Wisconsin Territory to form a Constitution and State Government, and for the admission of such State into the Union," approved August 6, 1846, were accepted by the convention which formed the constitution of Wisconsin, and are described in that instrument as " beginning at the north- east corner of the State of Illinois — that is to say, at a point in the center of Lake Michigan WISco^^SI^^ as a state. 53 where the line of forty-two degrees and thirty minutes of north latitude crosses the same ; thence running with the boundary line of the State of Michigan, through Lake Micliigan [and] Green bay to the mouth of the Menomonee river ; thence up the channel of the said river to the Brule river ; thence up said last mentioned river to Lake Brule ; thence along the southern shore of Lake Brule, in a direct line to the center of the channel between Middle and South islands, in the Lake of the Desert ; thence in a direct line to the head waters of the Montreal river, as marked upon the survey made by Captain Cram ; thence down the main channel of the Mon- treal river to the middle of Lake Superior ; thence through the center of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Louis river ; thence up the main channel of said river to the first rapids in the same, above the Indian village, according to Nicollett's map ; thence due south to the main branch of the River St. Croix ; thence down the main channel of said river to the Mississippi ; thence down the center of the main channel of that river to the northwest corner of the State of Illinois ; thence due east with the northern boundary of the State of Illinois to the place of beginning " The territory included within these lines constitutes the State of Wisconsin, familiarly known as the "Badger State." All that portion of Wisconsin Territory, as formerly constituted, lying west of so much of the above mentioned boundary as extends from the middle of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Croix river, not being included in Wisconsin, the limits of the State are, of course, not identical with those of the Territory as they previously existed. The State of Wisconsin, thus bounded, is situated between the parallel of forty-two degrees thirty minutes and that of forty-seven degrees, north latitude, and between the eighty-seventh and ninety-third degrees west longitude, nearly. For a portion of its northern border it has Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water in the world ; for a part of its eastern boundary it has Lake Michigan, almost equal in size to Lake Superior ; while the Mississippi, the largest river in the world but one, forms a large portion of its western boundary. The State of Michi- gan lies on the east ; Illinois on the south ; Iowa and Minnesota on the west. Wisconsin has an average length of about two hundred and sixty miles; an average breadth of two hundred and fifteen miles. The constitution of Wisconsin, adopted by the people on the second Monday of March, 184S, provided for the election of a governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, treasurer, attorney general, members of the State legislature, and members of congress, on the second Monday of the ensuing May. On that day — the 8th of the month — the election was held, which resulted in the choice of Nelson Dewey, for governor ; John E. Holmes, for lieutenant governor ; Thomas McHugh, for secretary of state ; Jairus C. Fairchild, for state treasurer ; and James S. Brown, for attorney general. The State was divided into nineteen senatorial, and sixty-six assembly districts, in each of which one member was elected ; it was also divided into two congressional districts, in each of which one member of congress was elected- -William Pitt Lynde in the first district, composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Walworth, Rock, and Green ; Mason C. Darling, in the second district, composed of the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Calumet, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, La Fayette, Grant, Richland, Craw- ford, Chippewa, St. Croix, and La Pointe — the counties of Richland, Chippewa and La Pointe being unorganized. The first session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced at Madison, the seat of govern- ment for the State, on Monday, the 5th day of June, 1848. Ninean E. Whiteside was elected speaker of the assembly, and Henry Billings president of the senate, //v tempore. The democrats were largely in the majority in both houses. The legislature, in joint convention, on the 7lh of June, canvassed, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution, the votes given on the 8th of May previous, for the State officers and the two representatives in congress. On the same 54 HISTORY OF WISCO]>fSIN. day, the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary ot state, treasurer, and attorney general, were sworn into office in presence of both houses. All these officers, as well as the representatives in congress, were democrats. Dewey's majority over John H. Tweedy, whig, was five thousand and eighty-nine. William P. Lynde's majority in the first district, fisr congress, over Edward V. Whiton, whig, was two thousand four hundred and forty-seven. Mason C. Darling's majority in the second district, over Alexander L. Collins, whig, was two thousand eight hundred and forty- six. .\s the thirtieth congress, to which Lynde and Darling were elected would expire on the 4th of March, 1S49, tlieir terms of office would, of course, end on that day. The former took his seat on the sth of June, the latter on the 9th of June, 1848. The constitution vested the judicial power of the State in a supreme court, circuit courts, courts of probate, and. in justices of the peace, giving the legislature power to vest such juris- diction as should be deemed necessary in municipal courts ; also, conferring upon it the power to establish inferior courts in the several counties, with limited civil and criminal jurisdiction. The State was divided into five judicial circuits; and judges were to be elected at a time to be provided for by the legislature at its first session. It was provided that there should be no election for a judge or judges, at any general election for State or county officers, nor within thirty days either before or after such election. On the Sth of June, 1848, Governor Dewey delivered his first message to a joint convention of the two houses. It was clear, concise, and definite upon such subjects as, in his opinion demanded immediate attention. His views were generally regarded as sound and statesmanlike by the people of the State. " You have convened," said he, " under the provisions of the con- stitution of the State of Wisconsin, to perform as representatives of the people, the important duties contemplated by that instrument." " The first session of the legislature of a free people," continued the governor, " after assuming the political identity of a sovereign State, is an event of no ordinary character in its history, and will be fraught with consequences of the highest importance to its future welfare and prosperity. Wisconsin possesses the natural elements, fostered by the judicious system of legislation," the governor added, " to become one of the most populous and prosperous States of the American Union. With a soil unequaled in fertility, and productive of all the necessary comforts of life, rich in mineral wealth, with commercial advantages unsurpassed by any inland State, possessing extensive manufacturing facilities, with a salubrious climate, and peopled with a population enterprising, industrious, and intelligent, the course of the State of Wisconsin must be onward, until she ranks among the first of the States of the Great West. It is," concluded the speaker, "under the most favorable auspices that the State of Wisconsin has taken her position among the families of States. With a population numbering nearly one quarter of a million, and rapidly increasing, free from the incubus of a State debt, and rich in the return yielded as the reward of labor in all the branches of industrial pursuits, our State occupies an enviable position abroad, that is highly gratifying to the pride of our people." Governor Dewey then recommended a number of measures necessary, in his judgment, to be made upon changing from a Territorial to a State government. The first important business of the legislature, was the election of two United States senators. The successful candidates were Henry Dodge and Isaac P. Walker, both democrats. Their election took place on the 8th of June, 1848, Dodge taking his seat in the senate on the 23d of June, and Walker on the 26th of June, 1848. The latter drew the short term ; so that his office would expire on the 4th day of March, 1849, at the end of the thirtieth congress : Dodge drew the long term, his office to expire on the 4th day of March, 1851, at the end of the thirty-first congress. The residue of the session was taken up in passing such acts as were deemed necessary to put the machinery of the new State government, in all its branches, in fair WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 55 running order. One was passed providing for the annual meeting of the legislature, on the second Wednesday of January of each year ; another prescribing the duties of State officers ; one dividing the State into three congressional districts. The first district was composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth, and Racine ; the second, of the counties of Rock, Green, La Fayette, Grant, Dane, Iowa, Sauk, Richland, Crawford, Adams, Portage, Chippewa, La Pointe, and St. Croix ; the third, of the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Brown, Winnebago, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Dodge, Jefferson, and Columbia. Another act provided for the election of judges of the circuit courts, on the first Monday of August, 184S. By the same act, it was provided that the first term of the supreme court should be held in Madison on the second Monday of January, 1849, and thereafter at the same place on the same day, yearly ; afterward changed so as to hold a January and June term in each year. An act was also passed providing for the election, and defining the duties of State superintendent of public instruction. That officer was to be elected at the general election to be holden in each year, his term of office to commence on the first Monday of January succeeding his election. .\nother act established a State university ; another exempted a homestead from a forced sale ; another provided for a revision df the statutes. The legislature, after a session of eighty-five days, adjourned sine die on the twenty-first of August, 1848. The State, as previously stated, was divided into five judicial circuits : Edward V. Whiton being chosen judge at the election on the first Monday in August, 1848, of the first circuit, com- posed of the counties of Racine, ^Valworth, Rock, and Green, as then constituted; Levi Hubbell of the second, composed of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, and Dane ; Charles H. Larrabee, of the third, composed of Washington, Dodge, Columbia, Marquette, Sauk, and Portage, as then formed; Alexander W. Stow, of the fourth, composed of Brown, Manitowoc, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Winnebago, and Calumet; and Mortimer M. Jackson, of the fifth circuit, composed of the counties of Iowa, LaFayette, Grant, Crawford and St. Croix, as then organized; the county of Richland being attached to Iowa county ; the county of Chippewa to the county of Craw- ford ; and the county of LaPointe to the county of St. Croix, for judicial purposes. In the ensuing Fall there was a presidential election. There were then three organized political parties in the State : whig, democratic, and free-soil — each of which had a ticket in the field. The democrats were in the majority, and their four electors cast their votes for Lewis Cass and William O. Butler. At this election, Eleazer Root was the successful candidate for State superintendent of public instruction. In his election party politics were not considered. There were also three members for the thirty-first congress chosen : Charles Durkee, to represent the first district; Orsamus Cole, the second; and James D. Dotv, the third district. Durkee was a free-soiler; Cole, a whig; Doty, a democrat — with somewhat decided Doty proclivities. The act of the legislature, exempting a homestead from forced sale of any debt or liability . contracted after January i, 1849, approved the twenty-ninth of July previous, and another act for a like exemption of certain personal property, approved August 10, 1848, were laws the most liberal in their nature passed by any State of the Union previous to those dates. It was prophe- sied that they would work wonderful changes in the business transactions of the new State — for the worse; but time passed, and their utility were soon evident: it was soon very generally acknowledged that proper exemiition laws were highly beneficial — a real good to the greatest number of the citizens of a State. So much of Wisconsin Territory as lay west of the St. Croix and the State boundary north of it, was, upon the admission of Wisconsin into the Union, left, for the time being, without a government — unless it was still "Wisconsin Territory." Henry Dodge, upon being elected to the United States senate from Wisconsin, vacated, of course, the office of governor of this fraction. John H. Tweedy, delegate in congress at the time Wisconsin became a State, made a formal 56 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. resignation of his office, thus leaving the fractional Territory unrepresented. Thereupon John Catlin, secretary of the Territory of Wisconsin as a whole, and now claiming, by virtue of that office, to be acting governor of the fractional part, issued a proclamation as such officer for an election on the thirtieth of October, 1848, of a delegate in congress. Nearly four hundred votes were polled in the district, showing "Wisconsin Territory" still to have a population of not less than two thousand. H. H. Sibley was elected to that office. On the fifteenth of January, 1849, he was admitted to a seat as "delegate from Wisconsin Territory." This hastened the formation of the Territory of Minnesota — a bill for that purpose having become a law on the third of March, when " Wisconsin Territory" ceased finally to exist, being included in the new Territory. The year 1848 — the first year of the existence of Wisconsin as a State — was one of general prosperity to its rapidly increasing population. The National Government effected a treaty with the Menomoneee Indians, by which their title was extinguished to the country north of the Fox river of Green bay, embracing all their lands in the State. This was an important acquisition, as it opened a large tract of country to civilization and settlement, which had been for a consid- erable time greatly desired by the people. The State government at the close of the year hac been in existence long enough to demonstrate its successful operation. The electric telegraph had already reached the capital ; and Wisconsin entered its second year upon a flood tide of prosperity. Under the constitution, the circuit judges were also judges of the supreme court. An act of the legislature, approved June 29, 1848, providing for the election of judges, and for the classification and organization of the judiciary of the State, authorized the election, by the judges, of one of their number as chief justice. Judge Alexander W. Stow was chosen to that office, and, as chief justice, held, in conjunction with Associate Judges Whiton, Jackson, Larrabee, and Hubbell, the first session of the supreme court at Madison, commencing on the eighth day of January, 1849. The second session of the State legislature commenced, according to law, on the tenth of January, 1849, Harrison C. Hobart being elected speaker of the assembly. Governor Dewey, in his message, sent to both houses on the nth, referred to the rapidly increasing population of the State, and the indomitable energy displayed in the development of its productive capacity. He recommended the sale of the university lands on a long credit, the erection of a State prison, and the modification of certain laws. On the seventeenth of January, the two houses met in joint convention to elect an United States senator in place of Isaac P Walker, who had drawn the short term. The democrats had a small majority on joint ballot. Walker was re-elected; this time, for a full term of six years, from the 4th of March, 1849. The legislature at this session passed many acts of public utility ; some relating to the boundaries of counties ; others, to the laying out of roads; eighteen, to the organization of towns. The courts were cared for; school districts were organized; special tax:: were authorized, and an act passed relative to the sale and superintendence of the school and university lands, prescribing the powers and duties of the commissioners who were to have charge of the same. These commissioners, consisting of the secretary of state, treasurer of state, and attorney general, were not only put in charge of the school and university lands held by the State, but also of funds arising from the sale of them. This law has been many times amended and portions of it repealed. The lands at present subject to sale are classified as school lands, university lands, agricultural college lands, Marathon county lands, normal school lands, and drainage lands, and are subject to sale at private entry on terms fixed by law. Regulations concerning the apportionment and investment of trust funds are made by the commissioners in pursuance of law. All lands now the property of the State subject to sale, or that have been State lands and sold, were derived from the Gen- WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 67 eral Government. Lands owned by the State amount, at the present time, to about one and one half million acres. A joint resolution passed the legislature on the 31st of March, 1849, instructing Isaac P. Walker to resign his seat as United States senator, for " presenting and voting for an amend- ment to the general appropriation bill, providing for a government in California and New Mexico, west of the Rio Grande, which did not contain a provision forever prohibiting the introduction of slavery or involuntary servitude " in those Territories. The senator refused to regard these instructions. The legislature adjourned on the second of April, 1849, after a session of eighty- three days. In July, 1848, the legislature of Wisconsin elected M. Frank, Charles C. Jordan, and A. W. Randall, commissioners to collate and revise all the public acts of the State, of a general and permanent nature in force at the close of the session. Randall declining to act, Charles M. Baker was appointed by the governor in his place. The commissioners commenced their labors in August, 1848, and were engaged in the revision the greater part of the time until the close of the session of the legislature of 1849. It was found impossible for the revisers to conclude their labors within the time contemplated by the act authorizing their appointment; so a joint select committee of the two houses at their second session was appointed to assist in the work. The laws revised by this committee and by the commissioners, were submitted to, and approved by, the legislature. These laws, with a few passed by that body, which were introduced by individual members, formed the Revised Statutes of Wisconsin of 1849 — a volume of over nine hundred pages. At the general election held in November of this year, Dewey was re-elected governor. S. W. Beall was elected lieutenant governor; William A. Barstow, secretary of state; Jairus C. Fairchild was re-elected treasurer ; S. Park Coon was elected attorney general ; and Eleazer Root, re-elected superintendent of public instruction. All these officers were chosen as dem- ocrats, except Root, who ran as an independent candidate, the term of his office having been changed so as to continue two years from the first day of January next succeeding his election. By the revised statutes of 1849, all State officers elected for a full term went into office on the first of January next succeeding their election. ■The year 1849 developed in an increased ratio the productive capacity of the State in every department of labor. The agriculturist, the artisan, the miner, reaped the well-earned reward of his honest labor. The commercial and manufacturing interests were extended in a manner highly creditable to the enterprise of the people. The educational interest of the State began to assume a more systematic organization. The tide of immigration suffered no decrease during the year. Within the limits of Wisconsin, the oppressed of other climes continued to find welcome and happy homes. Second Administration. — Nelson Dewey, Governor (Second Term) — 1850, 1851. On the first day of January, 1850, Nelson Dewey took the oath of office, and quietly entered upon his duties as governor, for the second term. The third legislature convened on the ninth. Moses M. Strong was elected speaker of the assembly. Both houses had democratic majorities. Most of the business transacted was of a local character. By an act approved the fifth of Feb- ruary, the " January term " of the supreme court was changed to December. The legislature adjourned after a session of only thirty-four days. An act was passed organizing a sixth judicial circuit, from and after the first Monday in July, 1850, consisting of the counties of Crawford, Chippewa, Bad Axe, St. Croix and La Pointe, an election for judge to be holden on the same day. Wiram Knowlton was elected judge of that circuit. 58 HISTORY OF ArrscoxsiN. The first charitable institution in Wisconsin, incorporated by the State, was the " Wisconsin Institute for the Education of the Blind." A school for that unfortunate class had been opened in Janesville, in the latter part of 1S59, receiving its support from the citizens of that place and vicinity. By an act of the legislature, approved February 9, 1850, this school was taken under the care of the Institute, to continue and maintain it, at Janesville, and to qualify, as far as might he, the blind of the State for the enjoyment of the blessings of a free government; for obtaining' the means of subsistence; and for the discharge of those duties, social and political, devolving upon American citizens. It has since been supported from the treasury of the State. On the seventh of October, 1850, it was opened for the reception of pupils, under the direction of a board of trustees, appointed by the governor. The Institute, at the present time, has three departments: in one is given instruction such as is usually taught in common schools; in another, musical training is imparted ; in a third, broom-making is taught to the boys, — -sewing, Icnitting and various kinds of fancy work to the girls, and seating cane-bottomed chairs to both boys and girls. On the thirteenth of April, 1874, the building of the Institute was destroyed by fire. A new building has since been erected. The taking of the census by the United States, this year, showed a population for Wisconsin of over three hundred and five thousand — the astonishing increase in two years of nearly ninety- five thousand! In 1840, the population of Wisconsin Territory was only thirty thousand. This addition, in ten years, of two hundred and seventy-five thousand transcended all previous experience in the settlement of any portion of the New World, of the same extent of territory. It was the result of a steady and persistent flow of men and their families, seeking permanent homes in the young and rising State. Many were German, Scandinavian and Irish ; but the larger proportion were, of course, from the Eastern and Middle States of the Union. The principal attractions of Wisconsin were the excellency and cheapness of its lands, its valuable mines of lead, its extensive forests of pine, and the unlimited wa'er- power of its numerous streams. By the Revised Statutes of 1849, Wisconsin was divided into three congressional districts — the second congressional apportionment — each of which was entitled to elect one representative in the congress of the United States. The counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth and Racine constituted the first district ; the counties of Rock, Green, La Fayette, Grant, Iowa, Dane, Sauk, Adams, Portage, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix and La Pointe, the second district; the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Brown, Winnebago, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Columbia, Dodge and Jefferson, the third district. .\t the general election in the Autumn of this year, Charles Durkee, of the first district ; Benjamin C. Eastman, of the second ; and John B. Macy, of the third district, were elected to represent the State in the thirty-second congress of the United States. Durkee, it will be remembered, represented the same district in the previous congress: he ran the second time as an independent candidate. Eastman and Mucy were elected upon democratic tickets. The General Government this year donated to the State all the swamp and overflowed lands within its boundaries. The year 1S50 to the agriculturist of Wisconsin was not one of unbounded prosperity, owing to the partial failure of the wheat crop. In the other branches of agriculture there were fair returns. The State was visited during the year by cholera; not, however, to a very alarming extent. The fourth session of the legislature of the State commenced on the 8th of January, 1851. P'rederick W. Horn was elected speaker of the assembly. The majority in the legisla- ture was democratic. Governor Deweyi in his message, referred to the death of the president of the United States, Zachary Taylor; said that the treasury and finances of the State were in a I WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 69 sound condition ; and then adverted to many topics of interest and importance to the people of Wisconsin. It was an able document. One of the important measures of the session was the election of an United States senator, in the place of Henry Dodge, whose term of office would expire on the 4th of March, next ensuing. In joint convention of the legislature held on the 20th of January, Dodge was re-elected for a full term of six years. On the 2 2d, the governor approved a joint resolution of the legislature, rescinding not only so much of the joint resolu- tion of the legislative assembly of Wisconsin, passed March 31, 1849, as censured Isaac J. Walker, but also the instructions in those resolutions relative to his resigning his seat in the senate of the United States. Among the important bills passed at this session of the legislature was one providing for the location and erection of a State prison. Another one — the apportionment bill — was vetoed by the governor, and having been passed on the last day of the session, failed to become a law. The legislature adjourned on the eighteenth of March, 185 1, after a session of seventy days. On the ist day of January, 1851, Timothy O. Howe took his seat as one of the associate judges of the supreme court, he having been elected judge of the fourth circuit in place of Alex- ander W. Stow. The office of chief justice of the supreme court, which had been filled by Judge Stow, therefore became vacant, and so remained until the commencement of the next term — June 18, 185 1 — when Levi Hubbell, judge of the second circuit, was, by the judges present, pursuant to the statute, elected to that office. By an act of the legislature approved March 14, 1851, the location and erection of a State prison for Wisconsin was provided for — the point afterward determined upon as a suitable place for its establishment being Waupun, Dodge county. By a subsequent act, the prison was declared to be the general penitentiary and prison of the State for the reformation as well as for the punishment of offenders, in which were to be confined, employed at hard labor, and governed as provided for by the legislature, all offenders who might be committed and sentenced accord- ing to law, to the punishment of solitary imprisonment, or imprisonment therein at hard labor. The organization and management of this the first reformatory and penal State institution in Wisconsin, commenced and has been continued in accordance with the demands of an advanced civilization and an enlightened humanity. On the 29th of September, 185 1, Judge Hubbell was re-elected for the full term of six years as judge of the second judicial circuit, to commence January i, 1852. At the general election in November, 1851, Leonard J. Farwell was chosen governor; Timothy Burns, lieutenant governor; Charles D. Robinson, secretary of State ; E. H. Janssen, State treasurer; E. Estabrook, attorney general; and Azel P. Ladd, superintendent of public instruction. All these officers were elected as democrats except Farwell, who ran as a whig ; his majority over D. A. J. Upham, democrat, was a little rising of five hundred. Third Administration. — L. J. Farwell, Governor — 1 852-1853. Governor Farwell's administration commenced on the fifth day of January, 1852. Previous to this — on the third day of the month — Edward V. Whiton was chosen by the judges of the supreme court, chief justice, to succeed Judge Hubbell. On the fourteenth of that month, the legislature assembled at Madison. This was the beginning of the fifth annual session. James McM. Shafter was elected speaker of the assembly. In the senate, the democrats had a majority ; in the assembly, the whigs. The governor, in his message, recommended the memorial- izing of congress to cause the agricultural lands within the State to be surveyed and brought into market; to cause, also, the mineral lands to be surveyed and geologically examined, and offered for sale ; and to make liberal appropriations for the improvement of rivers and harbors. The question of "bank or no bank " having been submitted to the people in November previous, 60 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. and decided in favor of banks, under the constitution, the power was thereby given to the legis- lature then in session to grant bank charters, or to pass a general banking law. Farwell recom- mended that necessary measures be taken to carry into effect this constitutional provision. A larger number of laws was passed at this session than at any previous one. By a provision of the constitution, the legislature was given power to provide by law, if they should think it expe- dient and necessary, for the organization of a separate supreme court, to consist of one chief justice and two associate justices, to be elected by the qualified electors of the State, at such time and in such manner as the legislature might provide. Under this authority, an act was passed at this session providing for the election of a chief justice and two associates, on the last Monday of the September following, to form a supreme court of the State, to supplant the old one, provision for the change being inserted in the constitution. There was also an act passed to apportion and district anew the members of the senate and assembly, by which the number was increased from eighty-five to one hundred and seven: twenty-five for the senate; eighty- two for the assembly. An act authorizing the business of banking passed the legislature and was approved by the governor, on the 19th of April. By this law, the office of bank-comptroller was created — the officer to be first appointed by the governor, and to hold his office until the first Monday in January, 1854. At the general election in the Fall of 1853, and every two years thereafter, the office was to be filled by vote of the people. Governor Farwell afterward, on the 20th of November, appointed James S. Baker to that office. The legislature adjourned on the nineteenth of April, 1852. The second charitable institution incorporated by the State was the " Wisconsin Institute for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb." It was originally a private school for deaf mutes, near, and subsequently in, the village of Delavan, Walworth county. By an act of the legislature approved April 19, 1852, it was made the object and duty of the corporation to establish, con- tinue and maintain this school for the education of the deaf and dumb, "at or near the village of Delavan, to qualify, as near as might be, that unfortunate class of persons for the enjoyment of the blessings of a free government, obtaining the means of subsistence, and the discharge of those duties, social and political, devolving upon American citizens." It has since been sup- ported by annual appropriations made by the legislature. A complete organization of the school was effected in June, 1852, under the direction of a board of trustees appointed by the governor of the State. The institute has for its design the education of such children of the State as, on account of deafness, can not be instructed in common schools. Instruction is given by signs, by the manual alphabet, by written language, and to one class by articulation. Two trades are taught: cabinet-making and shoe-making. During this year, considerable interest was manifested in the projecting of railroads. At the September election, E. V. Whiton was elected chief justice of the new supreme court and Samud Crawford and Abram D. Smith associate justices. Under the law, the chief justice was to serve a term of four years from the first day of June next ensuing; while the two associates were to cast lots — one to serve for six years, the other for two years, from June i, 1853. Craw- ford drew the short term — Smith the long term. At the subsequent general election for mem- bers to the thirty-third congress, Daniel Wells, Jr., was chosen from the first district , B. C Eastman from the second.- and J. B. Macy from the third district. All were democrats. A democratic electoral ticket was chosen at the same time. The electors cast their votes for Pierce and Butler. During 1S52, the citizens of Wisconsin enjoyed unusual prosperity in the ample products and remuneration of their industry and enterprise. Abundant harvests and high markets; an increase in moneyed circulation, and the downward tendency of the rates of interest; a prevail- ing confidence among business men and in business enterprises; a continual accession to the WISCOJ^SI?^ AS A STATE. 61 population of the State by immigration ; the energetic prosecution of internal improvements under the skillful management of companies; the extension of permanent agricultural improve- ments; and the rapid growth of the various cities and villages; were among the encouraging prospects of the year. The sixth session of the Wisconsin legislature commenced on the twelfth of January, 1853. On the twenty-sixth of the same month, William K. Wilson, of Milwaukee, preferred charges in the assembly against Levi Hubbell, judge of the second judicial circuit of the State, of divers acts of corruption and malfeasance in the discharge of the duties of his office. A resolu- tion followed appointing a committee to report articles of impeachment, directing the members thereof to go to the senate and impeach Hubbell. Upon the trial of the judge before the senate, he was acquitted. An act was passed to provide for the election of a State prison commis- sioner by the legislature at that session — to hold his office until the first day of the ensuing January. The office was then to be filled by popular vote at the general election in November, 1853 — and afterwards biennially — the term of office to be two years from the first day of Jan- uary next succeeding the election by the people. On the 28th of March, the legislature, in joint convention, elected John Taylor to that office. The legislature adjourned on the fourth day of April until the sixth of the following June, when it again met, and adjourned sine die on the thirteenth of July, both sessions aggregating one hundred and thirty-one days. By an act of the legislature approved February 9, 1853, the "Wisconsin State Agricultural Society," which had been organized in March, 1851, was incorporated, its object being to promote and improve the condition of agriculture, horticulture, and the mechanical, manufacturing and household arts. It was soon after taken under the fostering care of the State by an appropria- tion made by the legislature, to be expended by the society in such manner as it might deem best calculated to promote the objects of its incorporation; State aid was continued down to the commencement of the rebellion. No help was extended during the war nor until 1873 ; since which time there has been realized annually from the State a sum commensurate with its most pressing needs. The society has printed seventeen volumes of transactions and has held annually a State fair, except during the civil war. Besides these fairs, its most important work is the holding annually, at the capital of the State, a convention for the promotion of agriculture gen- erally. The meetings are largely participated in by men representing the educational and industrial interests of Wisconsin. By an act of the legislature approved March 4, 1853, the "State Historical Society of Wisconsin " was incorporated — having been previously organized — the object being to collect, embody, arrange and preserve in authentic form, a library of books, pamphlets, maps, charts, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary and other materials illustrative of the history of the State; to rescue from oblivion the memory of its early pioneers., and to obtain and preserve narratives of their exploits, perils, and hardy adventures; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities, and the past and present condition, and resources of Wisconsin. The society was also author- ized to take proper steps to promote the study of history by lectures, and to diffuse and publish information relating to the description and history of the State. The legislature soon after took the society under its fostering care by voting a respectable sum for its benefit. Liberal State aid has been continued to the present time. The society, besides collecting a library of historical books and pamphlets the largest in the West, has published eight volumes of collections and a catalogue of four volumes. Its rooms are in the capitol at Madison, and none of its property can be alienated without the consent of the State. It has a valuable collection of painted por- traits and bound newspaperfiles; and in its cabinet are to be found many prehistoric relics. On the first day of June, 1853, the justices of the new supreme court went into office: Associate 62 HISTORY OF WISCOXSI>r. Justice Crawford, for two years; Chief Justice Whiton, for four years, Associate Justice Smith for six years as previously mentioned. The first (June) term was held at Madison. La Fayette Kellogg was appointed and qualified as clerk. On the 21st of September, Timothy Burns, lieu- tenant governor of Wisconsin, died at La Crosse. As a -testimonial of respect for the deceased the several State departments, in accordance with a proclamation of the governor, were closed for one day — October 3, 1853. In the Fall of this year, democrats, whigs and free-soilers, each called a convention to nominate candidates for the various State offices to be supported by them at the ensuing election in November. The successful ticket was, for governor, William A. Bars- tow ; for lieutenant governor, James T. Lewis , for secretary of State, Ale.xander T. Gray, for State treasurer, Edward H. Janssen ; for attorney general, George B. Smith ; for superintendent of public instruction, Hiram A. Wright; for State prison commissioner, A. W. Starks; and for bank comptroller, William M. Dennis. They were all democrats. The year 1853 was, to the agriculturists of the State, one of prosperity. Every branch of industry prospered. The increase of commerce and manufactures more than realized the expec- tations of the most sanguine. Fourth Administration. — Willi.am A. Barstow, Governor— 1854-1855. On Monday, the second of January, 1S54, William A. Barstow took the oath of office as governor of Wisconsin. The legislature commenced its seventh regular session on the eleventh of January. Fred- erick W. Horn was elected speaker of the assembly. Both houses were democratic. The legislature adjourned on the 3d of April following, after a session of eighty-three days. In the early part of March, a fugitive slave case greatly excited the people of Wisconsin. A slave named Joshua Glover, belonging to B. S. Garland of Missouri, had escaped from his master and made his way to the vicinity of Racine. Garland, learning the whereabouts of his personal chattel, came to the State, obtained, on the 9th of March, 1S54, from the judges of the district court of the United States for the district of Wisconsin, a warrant for the apprehension of Glover, which was put into the hands of the deputy marshal of the United States. Glover was secured and lodged in jail in Jvlilwaukee. A number of persons afterward assembled and rescued the fugitive. Among those who took an active part in this proceeding was Sherman M. Booth, who was arrested therefor and committed by a United States commissioner, but was released from custody by Abram D. Smith, one of the associate justices of the supreme court of Wisconsin, upon a writ of habeas corpus. The record of the proceedings was thereupon taken to that court in full bench by a writ of certiorari to correct any error that might have been committed before the associate justice. At the June term, 1854, the justices held that Booth was entitled to be discharged, because the commitment set forth no cause for detention. Booth was afterward indicted in the L^nited States district court and a warrant issued for his arrest. He was again imprisoned; and again he applied to the supreme court — then, in term time — for a writ of habeas corpus. This was in July, 1854. In his petition to the supreme court, Booth set forth that he was in confinement upon a warrant issued by the district court of the United States and that the object of the imprisonment was to compel him to answer an indictment then pending against him therein. The supreme court of the State held that these facts showed that the district court of the United States had obtained jurisdiction of the case and that it was apparent that the indictment was for an offense of which the federal courts had exclusive jurisdiction. They could nut therefore interfere ; and his application for a discharge was denied. Upon the indictment. Booth was tried and convicted, fined and imprisoned, for a violation of th- fugitive slave law. Again the prisoner applied to the supreme court of Wisconsin, — his ■WISCOXSIX AS A STATE. 63 last application bearing date January 26, 1S55. He claimed discharge on the ground of tiie unconstitutionality of the law under which he had been indicted. The supreme court held that the indictment upon which he had been tried and convicted contained three counts, the first of which was to be considered as properly charging an offense within the act of congress of Septem- ber 18, 1850, known as the "fugitive slave law," while the second and third counts did not set forth or charge an offense punishable by any statute of the United States; and as, upon these last- mentioned counts he was found guilty and not upon the first, he must be discharged. The action of the supreme court of Wisconsin in a second time discharging Booth, was afterward reversed by the supreme court of the United States ; and, its decision being respected by the State court, Booth was re-arrested in 1S60, and the sentence of the district court of the United States executed in part upon him, when he was pardoned by the president. By an act of the legislature, approved March 30, 1854, a " State Lunatic Asylum " was directed to be built at or in the vicinity of Madison, the capital of the State, upon land to be donated or purchased for that purpose. By a subsequent act, the name of the asylum was changed to the " Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane. This was the third charitable institution established by the State. The hospital was opened for patients in July, i860, under the direction of a board of trustees appointed by the governor. All insane persons, residents of Wisconsin, who, under the law providing for admission of patients into the hospital for treatment, become resi- dents therein, are maintained at the expense of the State, provided the county in which such patient resided before being brought to the hospital pays the sum of one dollar and fifty cents a week for his or her support. Any patient can be supported by relatives, friends or guardians, if the latter desire to relieve the county and State from the burden, and can have special care and be provided with a special attendant, if the expense of the same be borne by parties interested. The hospital is beautifully located on the north shore of Lake Mendota, in Dane county, about four miles from Madison. At the general election in the Fall of 1854, for members from Wisconsin to the thirty-fourth congress, Daniel Wells, Jr. was chosen from the first district ; C. C. Washburn, from the second, and Charles Billinghurst from the third district. Billinghurst and Washburn were elected as republicans — that party having been organized in the Summer previous. Wells was a democrat. The year 1854 was one of prosperity forjWisconsin, to all its industrial occupations. Abund- ant crops and increased prices were generally realized by the agriculturist. It was a year also of general health. It was ascertained that the amount of exports during the year, including lumber and mineral, exceeded thirteen millions of dollars. The eighth regular session of the State legislature commenced on the loth of January, 1855. C. C. Sholes was elected speaker of the assembly. The senate was democratic ; the assembly, republican. On joint ballot, the republicans had but one majority. On the istof February, Charles Durkee, a republican, was elected United States senator for a full term of six years from the 4th of March next ensuing, to fill the place of Isaac P. Walker whose term would expire on that day. Among the bills passed of a general nature, was one relative to the rights of married women, providing that any married woman, whose husband, either from drunkenness or profligacy, should neglect or refuse to provide for her support, should have the right, in her own name, to transact business, receive and collect her own earnings, and apply the same for her own support, and education of her children, free from the control and interference of her husband. The legislature adjourned sine die on the second of April, after a session of eighty-three days. Orsamus Cole having been elected in this month an associate justice of the supreme court in place of Judge Samuel Crawford, whose term, of office would expire on the thirty-first of May of that year, went into office on the first day of June following, for a term of six years. His office would therefore end on the thirty-first of May, i86i. 64 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. On the 27th of May, 1855, Hiram A. Wright, superintendent of public instruction, died at Prairie du Chien. On the i8th of June following, the governor appointed A. Constantine Barry to fill his place. On the 5th of July, Garland, the owner of the rescued fugitive slave Glover, having brought suit in the United States district court for the loss of his slave, against Booth, the trial came on at Madison, resulting in the jury bringing in a verdict under instructions from the judge, of one thousand dollars, the value of a negro slave as fixed by act of congress of 1850. The constitution of the State requiring the legislature to provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants in the year 1855, an act was passed by that body, approved March 31, of this year, for that purpose. The result showed a population for Wisconsin of over five hundred and fifty-two thousand. In November, at the general election, the deniocratic ticket for State offi- cers was declared elected: William A. Barstow, for governor; Arthur McArthur, for lieutenant governor; David W. Jones, for secretary of State; Charles Kuehn, for State treasurer ; Wil- liam R. Smith, for attorney general; A. C. Barry, for superintendent of public instruction; William M. Dennis, for bank comptroller; and Edward McGarry for State prison commissioner Tae vote for governor was very close; but the State canvassers declared Barstow elected by a s ;iall majority. The opposing candidate for that office was Coles Bashford, who ran as a republican The year 1855 was a prosperous one to the farmers of Wisconsin as well as to all industrial occupations. There were abundant crops and unexampled prices were realized. Fifth Administration. — Coles Bashford, Governor — 1856-185 7. On the seventh day of January, 1856, William A. Barstow took and subscribed an oath of office as governor of Wisconsin, while Coles Bashford, who had determined to contest the right of Barstow to the governorship, went, on the same day, to the supreme court room, in Madison, and had the oath of office administered to him by Chief Justice Whiton. Bashford afterward called at the executive office and made a formal demand of Barstow that he should vacate the gubernatorial chair; but the latter respectfully declined the invitation. These were the initiatory steps of " Bashford 'c's. Barstow," for the office of governor of Wisconsin. The fight now commenced in earnest. Oil the eleventh, the co.insel for Bashford called upon the attorney general and requested him to file an information in the nature of a gui? %varraiito against Barstow. On the fifteenth that officer complied with the request. Thereupon a summons was issued to Barstow to appear and answer. On the twenty-second, Bashford, by his attorney, asxed the court that the information filed by the attorney general be discontinued and that he be allowed to file one, which request was denied by the court. While the motion was being argued, Barstow, by his attorneys, entered his appearance in the case. On the second of February, Barstow moved to quash all proceedings for the reason that the court had no jurisdiction in the matter. This motion was denied by the court ; that tribunal at the same time deciding that the filing of the motion was an admission by Barstow that the alle- gations contained in the information filed by the attorney general were true. On the twenty-first of Febiuary, the time appointed for pleading to the information, Bar- stow, by his attorneys, presented to the court a stipulation signed by all the parties in the case, to the effect that the board of canvassers had determined Barstow elected governor; that the secre- tary of State had certified to his election ; and that he had taken the oath of office. They submit- ted to the court whether it had jurisdiction, beyond the certificates, of those facts and the canvass so made to inquire as to the number of votes actually given for Barstow, — Bashford offering to prove that the certificates were made and issued through mistake and fraud, and tliat he, instead of Barstow, received the greatest number of votes. This stipulation the court declined to enter- tain or to pass upon the questions suggested ; as they were not presented in legal form. Barstow WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 65 was thereupon given until the twenty-fifth of February to answer the information that had been filed against him by the attorney general. On the day appointed, Barstow filed his plea to the effect that, by the laws of Wisconsin regulating the conducting of general election for State officers, it was the duty of the board of canvassers to determine who was elected to the office of governor; and that the board had found that he was duly elected to that office. It was a plea to the jurisdiction of the court. A demurrer was interposed to this plea, setting forth that the matters therein contained were not sufficient in law to take the case out of court ; asking, also, for a judgment against Barstow, or that he answer further the information filed against him. The demurrer was sustained ; and Barstow was required to answer over within four days; at the expiration of which time the counsel for Barstow withdrew from the case, on the ground, as they alleged, that they had appeared at the bar of the court to object to the jurisdiction of that tribunal in the matter, and the court had determined to proceed with the case, holding and exercising full and final jurisdiction over it; and that the) could take no further steps without conceding the right of that tribunal so to hold. Thereupon, on the eighth of March, Barstow entered a protest, by a communication to the supreme court, against any further interference with the department under his charge by that tribunal, " either by attempting to transfer its powers to another or direct the course of executive action." The counsel for Bashford then moved for judgment upon the default of Barstow. A further hearing of the case was postponed until March i8, when the attorney general filed a motion to dismiss the proceedings ; against which Bashford, by his counsel, protested as being prejudicial to his rights. It was the opinion of the court that the attorney general could not dismiss the case, that every thing which was well pleaded for Bashford in his information was confessed by the default of Barstow. By strict usage, a final judgment ought then to have fol- lowed ; but the court came to the conclusion to call uponBashford to bring forward proof, showing his right to the office. Testimony was then adduced at length, touching the character of the returns made to the State canvassers; after hearing of which it was the opinion of the court that Bashford had received a plurality of votes for governor and that there must be a judgment in his favor and one of ouster against Barstow ; which were rendered accordingly. The ninth regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced on the ninth of January, 1856. William Hull was elected speaker of the assembly. The senate had a repub- lican majority, but the assembly was democratic. On the eleventh Barstow sent in a message to a joint convention of the two houses. On the twenty-first of March he tendered to the legisla- ture his resignation as governor, giving for reasons the action of the supreme court in " Bashford vs. Barstow," which tribunal was then hearing testimony in the case. On the same day Arthur McArthur, lieutenant governor, took and subscribed an oath of office as governor of the State, afterwards sending a message to the legislature, announcing that the resignation of Barstow made it his duty to take the reins of government. On the twenty-fifth, Bashford called on McArthur, then occupying the executive office, and demanded possession — at the same time intimating that he preferred peaceable measures to force, but that the latter would be employed if necessary. The lieutenant governor thereupon vacated the chair, when the former took the gubernatorial seat, exercising thereafter the functions of the office until his successor was elected and qualified. His right to the seat was recognized by the senate on the twenty-fifth, and by liie assembly on the twenty-seventh of March, 1856. This ended the famous case of " Bashford t'S. Barstow," the first and only " war of succession " ever indulged in by Wisconsin. The legislature, on the thirty-first of March, adjourned over to the third of September^ to dispose of a congressional land grant to the State. Upon re-assembling, an important measure was taken up — that of a new apportionment for the legislature. It was determined to increase the 66 HISTORY OF WISCOJiTSIX. number of members from one hundred and seven to one hundred and twenty-seven. The session closed on the thirteenth of October. The general election for members to the thirty-fifth congress, held in November, resulted in the choice of John H. Potter, from the first district ; C. C. Washburn from the second ; and Charles Billinghurst, from the third district. They were all elected as republicans. The presidential canvass of this year was an exciting one in the State. The republicans were successful. Electors of that party cast their five votes for Fremont and Dayton. The year 1S56 was not an unprosperous one, agriculturally speaking, although in some respects decidedly unfavorable. In many districts the earlier jwrt of the season was exceedingly dry, which materially diminished the wheat crop. Other industrial interests were every where in a flourishing condition. The legislature commenced its tenth regular session at Madison, on the fourteenth day of January, 1857, with a republican majority in both houses. Wyman Spooner was elected speaker of the assembly. For the first time since the admission of the State into the Union, a majority of the members of both houses, together with the governor, were opposed to the democratic par'y. On the twenty-third the senate and assembly met in joint convention, for the purpose of electing a United States senator in place of Henry Dodge, whose term of office would expire on the fourth of March next ensuing. James R. Doolittle, republican, was the successful candidate for that office, for a full term of six years, from the fourth of March, 1857. The legislature adjourned on the ninth of March, 1857. At the Spring election. Judge Whiton was re-elected chief justice of the supreme court for a term of six years. The second reformatory State institution established in Wisconsin, was, by an act of the legislature, approved March 7, 1857, denominated a House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents, afterward called the State Reform School, now known as the Wisconsin Industrial School for Boys, and is located at Waukesha, the county seat of Waukesha county. The courts and several magistrates in any county in Wisconsin may, in their discretion, sentence to this school any male child between the ages of ten and sixteen years, convicted of vagrancy, petit larceny, or any misdemeanor; also of any offense which would otherwise be punishable by imprisonment in the State prison ; or, of incorrigible or vicious conduct in certam cases. The term of commit- ment must be to the age of twenty-one years. At the State election held in November of this year, the republicans elected A. W. Randall governor; S. D. Hastings, State treasurer, and Edward M. McGraw, State prison commis- sioner. The deinocrats elected E. D. Campbell, lieutenant governor; D. W. Jones, secretary of State ; Gabriel Bouck, attorney general ; L. C. Draper, superintendent of public instruc- tion, and J. C. Squires, bank comptroller. The year 1857 was a disastrous one to Wisconsin, as well as to the whole country, in a finan- cial point of view. Early in the Fall a monetary panic swept over the land. A number of prominent operators in the leading industrial pursuits were obliged to succumb. Agriculturally the year was a fair one for the State. Sixth Administration. — Alexander W. Randall, Governor — 1858-1859. Randall's administration began on the fourth day of January, 1S58, when for the first time he was inaugurated governor of the State. On the eleventh of January the legislature commenced its eleventh regular session, with a republican majority in both houses. Frederick S. Lovell was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature adjourned sine die on the seventeenth of March, after an unusually long session of one hundred and twenty-five days. " That a large majority of the members were men of integrity, and disposed for the public weal, can not WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 67 be doubted ; but they were nearly all new members, and without former legislative experience. They set out to accomplish a great good, by holding up to public scorn and execration the whole- sale briberies and iniquities of the immediate past ; but they lacked concentration of effort, and. for want of union and preconcerted action, they failed to achieve the great triumph they sought, by providing a ' sovereign remedy ' for the evils they exposed." At the regular session of the legislature of 1856, an act was passed for a general revisi-n of the laws of the State. Under this, and a subsequent act of the adjourned session of that year, three commissioners — David Taylor, Samuel J. Todd, and F. S. Lovell — were appointed "to collect, compile and digest the general laws " of Wisconsin. Their report was submitted to the legislature of 1858, and acted upon at a late day of the session. The laws revised, which received the sanction of the legislature, were published in one volume, and constitute what is know as the Revised Statutes of i8j8. At the Fall election, John F. Potter from the first district, and C. C. Washburn from the second district, both republicans, were elected to the thirty-sixth congress ; while C. H. Larrabee, democrat, was elected to represent the third district. The twelfth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature commenced on the twelfth of January, 1859, with a republican majority in both houses. William P. Lyon was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature adjourned sine die on the twenty-first of March, 1859, after a session of sixty-nine days. At the regular spring election, Byron Paine was chosen associate justice of the supreme court, for a full term of six years, as the successor of Associate Justice Smith. As it was a question when the term of the latter ended — ^ whether on the 31st day of May, 1859, or on the first Monday in January, i860 — he went through with the formality of resigning his office, and the governor of appointing Paine as his successor, on the 20th of June, 1859. On the twelfth of April, 1859, Edward V. \\'hiton, chief justice of the supreme court, died at his residence in Janesville. The office was filled by executive appointment on the 19th of the same month — the successor of Judge \V hiton being Luther S. Dixon. Late in the Sum- mer both political parties put into the field a full state ticket. The republicans were successful — electing for governor, Alexander W. Randall; for lieutenant governor, B. G. Noble; for secretary of state, L. P. Harvey ; for state treasurer, S. D. Hastings, for attorney general, James H. Howe; for bank comptroller, G. Van Steenwyck ; for superintendent of public instruction, J. L. Pickard; for state prison commissioner, H. C. Heg. • Seventh Administration. — i\LE.\ANDER W. Randall, Governor (second term), 1860-1861. Alexander W. Randall was inaugurated the second time as governor of Wisconsin, on Monday, January 2, i860. One week subsequent, the thirteenth regular session of the legis- lature commenced at Madison. For the first time the republicans had control, not only of all the State offices, but also of both branches of the legislature. William P. Lyon was elected speaker of the assembly. A new assessment law was among the most important of the acts passed at this session. The legislature adjourned on the second of April. At the spring elec- tion, Luther S. Di.xon, as an independent candidate, was elected chief justice of the supreme court for the unexpired term of the late Chief Justice Whiton. In the presidential election which followed, republican electors were chosen — casting their five votes, in the electoral college, for Lincoln and Hamlin. At the same election, John F. Potter, from the first district ; Luther Hanchett, from the second, and A. Scott Sloan, from the third district, were elected members of the thirty-seventh congress. Hanchett died on the twenty-fourth of November, 1862, when, on the twentieth of December following, W. D. Mclndoe was elected to fill the vacancy. .\11 these congressional representatives were republicans. Wisconsin, in 1S60, was a strong repub- 68 HISTORY OF AVISCONSIX. lican State. According to the census of this yea-, it had a population of over seven hundred and seventy-seven thousand. On the ninth of January, 1861, the fourteenth regular session of the State legislature com- menced at Madison. Both branches were republican. Amasa Cobb was elected speaker of the assembly. On the tenth, both houses met in joint convention to hear the governor read his annual message. It was a remarkable document. Besides giving an e.xcellent synopsis of the operations of the State government for i860, the governor entered largely into a discussion of the question of secession and disunion, as then proposed by some of the southern states of the Union. These are his closing words : " The right of a State to secede from the Union can never be admitted. The National Government can not treat with a State while it is in the Union, and particularly while it stands in an attitude hostile to the Union. So long as any State assumes a position foreign, inde- pendent and hostile to the government, there can be no reconciliation. The government of the United States can not treat with one of its own States as a foreign power. The constitutional laws extend over every Stat^ alike. They are to be enforced in every State alike. A State can not come into the Union as it pleases, and go out when it pleases. Once in, it must stay until the Union is destroyed. There is no coercion of a State. But where a faction of a people arrays itself, not against one act, but against all laws, and against all government, there is but one answer to be made : ' Tlu Government must be sustained ; the laius shall he enforced ! ' " On the twenty-third of January the legislature met in joint convention to elect a United States senator to fill the place of Charles Durkee, whose term of office would expire on the fourth of Ma;ch next ensuing. The successful candidate was Timothy O. Howe, republican, who was elected for a full term of six years from the 4th of March, 1861. One of the important acts passed at this session of the legislature apportioned the State into senate and assembly districts, by which the whole number of members in both houses was increased from one hun- dred and twenty-seven to one hundred and thirty-three. Another act apportioned the State into six congressional districts instead of three. By this — the third congressional apportionment — each district was to elect one representative. The first district was composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth, Racine, and Kenosha ; the second, of the counties of Rock, Jefferson, Dane, and Columbia; the tliird, of Green, La Fayette, Iowa, Grant, Crawford, Rich- land, and Sauk; the fourth, of Ozaukee, Washington, Dodge, Fond du Lac, and Sheboygan; the fifth, Manitowoc, Calumet, Winnebago, Green Lake, Marquette, Waushara, Waupaca, Outa- gamie, Brown, Kewaunee, Door, Oconto, and Shawano; and the sixth, of the counties of Bad Axe, La Crosse, M nroe, Juneau, Adams, Portage, Wood, Jackson, Trempealeau, Buffalo, Pepin, Pierce, St. Croix, Dunn, Eau Claire, Clark, Marathon, Chippewa, Dallas, Polk, Burnett, Douglas, La Pointe, and Ashland. The legislature adjourned on the seventeenth of April, 1861. At the spring elections of this year, Orsamus Cole was re-elected as associate justice of the siipreme court. On the ninth of May following. Governor Randall issued a proclamation convening the legislature in extra session on the fifteenth of the same month. " The extraordinary condition of the country," said he, " growing out of the rebellion against the government of the United States, makes it necessary that the legislature of this State be convened in special session, to provide more completely for making the power of the State useful to the government and to other loyal States." The fifteenth or extra session began on the fifteenth of May, as designated in the governor's proclamation. The message of the governor was devoted entirely to the war. '' At the close of the last annual session of the legislature," said he, " to meet a sudden emer- gency, an act was passed authorizing me to respond to the call of the president of the United States, ' for aid in maintaining the Union and the suj^remacy of the laws, or to suppress rebellion WTSCO^fSIN AS A STATE. 69 or insurrection, or lo repel inva ion within the United States,' and I was authorized, and it was made my duty, to take such measures as, in my judgment, should provide in the speediest and most efficient manner for responding to such call : and to this end I was authorized to accept the services of volunteers for active service, to be enrolled in companies of not less than seventy-five men each, rank and file, and in regiments of ten companies each. I was also authorized to provide for uniforming and equipping such companies as were not provided with uniforms and equipments." " The first call of the president for immediate active service," con- tinued the governor, " was for one regi;nent of men. My proclamation, issued immediately after the passage of the act of the legislature, was answered within less than ten days, by companies enough, each containing the requisite number of men, to make up at least five regiments instead of o e. I then issued another proclamation, announcing the offers that had been made, and advising that thereafter companies might be enrolled to stand as minute men, ready to answer further calls, as they might be made, but without expense to the State, except as they were mustered into service. In less than one month from the date of my first proclamation, at least five thou- sand men, either as individuals or enrolled companies, have offered their services for the war, and all appear anxious for active service in the field." " The time for deliberation," concludes the governor, " must give way to the lime for action. The constitution of the United States must be sustained in all its first intent and wholeness. The right of the people of every State to go into every other State and engage in any lawful pursuit, without unlawful interference or molestation; the freedom of speech and of the press; the right of trial by jury; security from unjustifiable seizure of persons or papers, and all constitutional privileges and immunities, must receive new guarantees of safety." The extra session of the legislature passed, wtih a single exception, no acts except such as appertained to the military exigencies of the times. Both houses adjourned sine die on the twenty-seventh of May, iS6i. As the administration of Governor Randall would close with the year, and as he was not a candidate for re-election, there was much interest felt throughout the State as to who his successor should be. Three State tickets were put in nomination : union, republican, and democratic. The republican ticket was successful, electing Louis P. Harvey, governor; Edward Salomon, lieutenant governor; James T. Lewis, secretary of state; S. D. Hastings, state treasurer; James H. Howe, attorney general; W. H. Ramsey, bank comp- troller; J. L. Pickard, superintendent of public instruction; and A. P. Hodges, state prison commissioner. The War of Secession — Last Year of Randall's Administration. When Wisconsin was first called upon to aid the General Government in its efforts to sustain itself against the designs of the secession conspirators, the commercial affairs of the State were embarrassed to a considerable degree by the depreciation of the currency. The designs of the secessionists were so far developed at the ending of the year i860 as to show that resistance to the national authority had been fully determined on. It is not a matter of wonder, then, that Governor Randall in his message to the legislature, early in January, 1861, should have set forth the dangers which threatened the Union, or should have denied the right of a State to secede from it. "Secession," said he, "is revolution; revolution is war ; war against the government of the United States is treason." " It is time," he continued, "now, to know whether we have any government, and if so, whether it has any strength. Is our written constitution more than a sheet of parchment.' The nation must be lost or preserved by its own strength. Its strength is in the patriotism of the people. It is time now that politicians became Datriots; that men show their love of country by every sacrifice, but that of principle, and by 70 iriSTOEY OF TVTSCOXSIX. unwavering devotion to its interests and integrity." "The hopes," added the governor, most eloquently, " of civilization and Christianity are suspended now upon the answer to this question of dissolution. The capacity for, as well as the ngiit of, self-government is to pass its ordeal, and speculation to become certainty. Other systems have been tried, and have failed ; and all along, the skeletons of nations have been strewn, as warnings and land-marks, upon the great highway of historic overnment. Wisconsin is true, and her people steadfast. She will not destroy the Union, nor consent that it shall be done. Devised by great, and wise, and good men, in days of sore trial, it must stand. Like some bold mountain, at whose base the great seas break their angry floods, and around whose summit the thunders of a thousand hurricanes have rattled — strong, unmoved, immovable — so may our Union be, while treason surges at its base, and passions rage around it, unmoved, immovable — here let it stand forever." These are the words of an exalted and genuine patriotism. But the governor did not content himself with eloquence alone. He came down to matters of business as well. He urged the necessity of legislation that would give more efficient organization to the militia of the State. He warned the legislators to make preparations also for the coming time that should try the souls of men. "The signs of the times," said he, " indicate that there may arise a contingency in the condition of the government, when it will become necessary to respond to a call of the National Government for men and means to maintain the integrity of the Union, and to thwart the designs of men engaged in organized treason. While no unnecessary expense should be incurred, yet it is the part of wisdom, both for individuals and States, in revolutionary times, to be prepared to defend our institutions to the last extremity." It was thus the patriotic governor gave evidence to the members of both houses that he " scented the battle afar off." On the 1 6th of January, a joint resolution of the legislature was passed, declaring that the people of Wisconsin are ready to co-operate with the friends of the Union every where for its preservation, to yield a cheerful obedience to its requirements, and to demand a like obedience from all others ; that the legislature of Wisconsin, profoundly impressed with the value of the Union, and determined to preserve it unimpaired, hail with joy the recent firm, dignified and patriotic special message of the president of the United States; that they tender to him, through the chief magistrate of their own State, whatever aid, in men and money, may be required to enable him to enforce the laws and uphold the authority of the Federal Government, and in defense of the more perfect Union, which has conferred prosperity and happiness on the American people. " Renewing," said they, "the pledge given and redeemed by our fathers, we are ready to devote our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honors in upholding the Union and the constitution." The legislature, in order to put the State upon a kind of " war footing," passed an act for its defense, and to aid in enforcing the laws and maintaining the authority of the General Government. It was under this act that Governor Randall was enabled to organize the earlier regiments of Wisconsin. By it, in case of a call from the president of the United States to aid in maintaining the Union and the supremacy of the laws to suppress rebellion or insurrection, or to repel invasion within the United States, the governor was authorized to provide, in the most efficient manner, for responding to such call — to accept the services of volunteers for service, in corhpanies of seventy-five men each, rank and file, and in regiments of ten companies each, and to commission officers for them. The governor was also authorized to contract for uniforms and equipments necessary .for putting such companies into active service. One hundred thousand dollars were appropriated for war purposes; and bonds were authorized to be issued for that amount, to be negotiated by the governor, for raising funds. It will be seen, therefore, that the exigencies of the times — for Fort Su.nter had not yet been surrendered — WISCOJS'SIN AS A STATE. 71 were fully met by the people's representatives, they doing their whole duty, as they tlien under- stood it, in aid of the perpetuity of the Union. Having defended Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the quarters were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed, the gorge-wall seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, and its door closed from the effects of the heat, four barrels and three cartridges of powder only being available, and no provisions but pork remaining, Robert Anderson, major of the first artillery, United States army, accepted terms of evacuation offered by General Beauregard, marched out of the fort on Sunday afternoon, the fourteenth of April, 1861, with colors flying and drums beating, bringing away company and private property, and saluting his flag with fifty guns. This, in brief, is the story of the fall of Sumter and the opening act of the War of the Rebellion. " Whereas," said Abraham Lincoln, president, in his proclamation of the next day, " the laws of the United States have been for some time past, and now are, opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed, in the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshals by law." Now, in view of that fact, he called forth the militia of the several States of the Union, to the aggregate number of seventy-five thousand, in order to suppress those combinations, and to cause the laws to be duly executed. " A call is made on you by to-night's mail for one regiment of militia for immediate service," telegraphed the secretary of war to Randall, on the same day. In Wisconsin, as elsewhere, the public pulse quickened under the excitement of the fall of Sumter. "The dangers which surrounded the nation awakened the liveliest sentiments of patriotism and devotion. For the time, party fealty was forgotten in the general desire to save the nation. The minds of the people soon settled into the conviction that a bloody war was at hand, and that the glorious fabric of our National Government, and the principles upon which it is founded, were in jeopardy, and with a determination unparalleled in the history of any country, they rushed to its defense. On every hand the National flag could be seen displayed, and the public enthusiasm knew no bounds; in city, town, and hamlet, the burden on every tongue was war." "We have never been accustomed," said Governor Randall, " to consider the military arm as essential to the maintenance of our government, but an exigency has arisen that demands its employment." "The time has come," he continued, " when parties and plat- forms must be forgotten, and all good citizens and patriots unite together in putting down rebels and traitors." "What is money,'' he asked, "what is life, in the presence of such a crisis ? " Such utterances and such enthusiasm coulc} but have their effect upon the legislature, which, it will be remembered, was still in session ; so, although that body had already voted to adjourn, sine die, on the fifteenth of April, yet, when the moment arrived, and a message from the governor was received, announcing that, owing to the extraordinary exigencies which had arisen, an amend- ment of the law of the thirteenth instant was necessary, the resolution to adjourn was at once rescinded. The two houses thereupon not only increased the amount of bonds to be issued to two hundred thousand dollars, but they also passed a law exempting from civil process, during the time of service, all persons enlisting and mustering into the United States army from Wis- consin. When, on the seventeenth, the legislature did adjourn, the scene was a remarkable one. Nine cheers were given for the star spangled banner and three for the Governor's Guard, who had just then tendered their services — the first in the State — under the call for a regiment of men for three months' duty. " For the first time in the history of this federal government," are the words of the gover- nor, in a proclamation issued on the sixteenth of .Vpril, "organized treason has manifested itself within several States of the Union, and armed rebels are making war against it." "The treasuries of the country," .said he, " must no longer be plundered; the public property must be 72 HISTORY OF "VTISCOXSIX protected from aggressive violence ; that already seized must be retaken, and the laws must be executed in every State of the Union alike." "A demand," he added, " made upon Wiscon- sin by the president of the United States, for aid to sustain the federal arm, must meet with a prompt response." The patriotism of the State was abundantly exhibited in their filling up a regiment before some of the remote settlements had any knowledge of the call. On the twenty- second. Governor Randall reported to the secretary of war that the First regiment was ready to go into rendezvous. The place designated was "Camp Scott," at Milwaukee; the day, the twenty-seventh of April. Then and there the several companies assembled— the regiment after- ward completing its organization. With a wise foresight. Governor Randall ordered, as a reserve force and in advance of another call for troops by the president, the formation of two more regiments — the Second and Third, and, eventually, the Fourth. Camps at Madison, Fond du Lac, and Racine, were formed for their reception, where suitable buildings were erected for their accommodation. Companies assigned to the Second regiment were ordered to commence moving into "Camp Randall," at Madison, on the first day of May. On the seventh, the secretary of war, under call of the presi- dent of the United States for forty-two thousand additional volunteers — this time for three years, or during the war — telegraphed Governor Randall that no more three months' volunteers were wanted; that such companies as were recruited must re-enlist for the new term or be disbanded. At the extra session of the legislature of Wisconsin, which, as already mentioned, com- menced on the fifteenth of May, called by Governor Randall immediately upon his being notified of the second call of the president for troops, on the third of May, the law hurriedly passed at the close of the regular session, and under which the governor had organized the First regi- ment, was found inadequate to meet the second call for troops. " A bill was introduced, and became a law, authorizing the governor to raise six regiments of infantry, inclusive of those he had organ- ized or placed at quarters. When the six regiments were mustered into the United States service, he was authorized to raise two additional regiments, and thus to keep two regiments continually in reserve to meet any future call of the General Government. He was authorized to quarter and subsist volunteers at rendezvous — to transport, clothe, subsist and quarter them in camp at tlie expense of the State. Arms and munitions were to be furnished by the United States. Recruits were to be mustered into State service, and into United States service, for three years. Two assistant surgeons to each regiment were to be appointed, and paid by the State. The regi- ments, as they came into camp, were to be instructed in drill and various camp duties, to secure efficiency in the field. The troops, so called in, were to be paid monthly by the State, the same pay and emoluments as the soldiers in the United States army, from the date of enlistment. The paymaster general was authorized to draw funds from the State treasury for the payment of the State troops, and the expense incurred in subsisting, transporting and clothing them. The governor was authorized to i>urchase military stores, subsistence, clothing, medicine, field and camp equipage, and the sum of one million dollars was appropriated to enable the governor to carry out the law." Other laws were passed relating to military matters. One authorized the governor to pur- chase two thousand stand of arms; and fifty thousand dollars were appropriated to pay lor the same. Another authorized counties, towns, cities and incorjxirated villages to levy taxes for the purpose of providing for the support of families of volunteers residing in their respective limits. The one passed at the previous session, exempting volunteers from civil process vhile in the service, was amended so as to include all who might thereafter enlist. One granted five dollars per month as extra pay to enlisted volunteers having families dependent upon them for support, payable to their families. Another authorized the governor to employ such aids, clerks and WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 73 messengers, as he deemed necessary for the public interests. Still another authorized the pay- ment of those who had enlisted for three months, but had declined to go in for three years. The expenses of the extra session were ordered to be paid out of the " war fund." One million dollars in bonds were authorized to be issued for war purposes to form that fund. The governor, secretary of state and state treasurer were empowered to negotiate them. By a joint resolu- tion approved the twenty-first of May, the consent of the legislature was given to the governor to be absent from the State during the war, for as long a time as in his discretion he might think proper or advisable, in connection with the military forces of the State. For liberality, zeal and genuine patriotism, the members of the Wisconsin legislature, for the year 1861, deserve a high commendation. All that was necessary upon their final adjourninent at the close of the extra session to place the State upon a " war footing," was the organization by the governor of the various military departments. These he effected by appointing Brigadier General William L. Utley, adjutant general ; Brigadier General W. W. Tredway, quartermaster general ; Colonel Edwin R. Wadsworth, commissary general ; Brigadier General Simeon Mills, paymaster gen- eral; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; Major E. L. Buttrick, judge advocate; and Colonel William H. Watson, military secretary. On the seventeenth of May, the First regiment, at "Camp Scott," was mustered into the United States service, and the war department informed that it awaited marching orders. The regimental officers were not all in accordance with the law and mode adopted afterwards. On the seventh of the month Governor Randall had appointed Rufus King a brigadier general, and assigned the First, Second, Third and Fourth regiments to his command as the Wisconsin brigade ; although at that date only the First and Second had been called into camp. This brigade organization was not recognized by the General Government. The secretary of war telegraphed the governor of Wisconsin that the quota of the State, under the second call ol the president, was two regiments — so that the whole number under both calls was only three — one (the First) for three months, two (the Second and Third) for three years. Notwithstanding this. Governor Randall proceeded to organize the Fourth. As a number of the companies ordered into " Camp Randall " on the first day of May to form the Second regiment had only enlisted for three months, the order of the secretary of war of the seventh of that month making it imperative that all such companies must re-enlist for three years or during the war, or be disbanded, the question of extending their term of enlist- ment was submitted to the companies of the regiment, when about five hundred consented to the change. The quota of the regiment was afterward made r.p, and the whole mustered into the service of the United States for three years or during the war, under the president's second call for troops. This was on the eleventh of June, 1861. The Third regiment having had its companies assigned early in May, they were ordered in June into "Camp Hamilton" at Fond du Lac, where the regiment was organized, and, on the twenty-ninth of June, mustered into the United States' service as a three years regiment. This filled Wisconsin's quota under the second call of President Lincoln. By this time war matters in the State began to assume a systematic course of procedure — thanks to the patriotism of the people, the wisdom of the legislature, and the untiring energy and exertions of the governor and his subordinates. The determination of the secretary of war to accept from W'isconsin only two three-years regiments under the second call for troops was soon changed, and three more were authorized, making it necessary to organize the Fourth, Fifth and Sixth. The Fourth was called into "Camp Utley " at Racine on the sixth of June, and was mustered into the service of the United States on the ninth of the foUo-.'ing month. By the twenty-eighth of June, all the comjianies of the Fifth had assembled at " Camp Randall," and on the thirteenth of July were mustered in as '•* HISTORY OF WISCO^TSIX. United States troops. By the first of July, at the same place, the complement for the Sixth regiment had been made up, and the companies were mustered for three Vi-'^rs into the service of the General Government, on the sixteenth of the same month. Governor Randall did not stop the good work when six regiments had been accepted, but assigned the necessary companies to form two more regiments — the Seventh and Eighth; however, he wisely concluded not to call them into camp until after harvest, unless specially required to do so. " If they are needed sooner," said the governor, in a letter to the president on the first of July, " a call will be imme- diately responded to, and we shall have their uniforms and equipments ready for them." " By the authority of our legislature," added the writer, 'I shall, after the rjiiddle of August, keep two regiments ecjuipped and in camp ready for a call to service, and will have them ready at an earlier day if needed." .A.bout the latter part of June, W. P. Alexander, of Beloit, a good marksman, was commis- sioned captain to raise a company of sharpsiiooters for Berdan's regiment. He at once engaged in the work. The company was filled to one hundred and three privates and three officers. It left the State about the middle of September under Captain .\lcxander, and was mustered into the service at Wehawken on the twenty-third da}' of that month, as Company "G " of Berdan's regiment of sharpshooters. On the twenty-sixth of July, a commission was issued to G. Van Deutsch of Milwaukee, to raise a company of cavalry. He succeeded in filling his companj' to eighty-four men.' He left the State in September, joining Fremont. The company was after- ward attached to the fifth cavalry regiment of Missouri. About the 20th of August, Governor Randall was authorized to organize and equip as rapidly as possible five regiments of infantry and five batteries of artillery, and procure for them necessary clothing and equipments according to United States regulations and prices, subject to the inspec- tion of officers of the General Government. The five regiments were to be additional to the eight already raised. One regiment was to be German. During the last week of August the comjjanies of the Seventh regiment were ordered into "Camp Randall," at Madison. They were mustered into the service soon after arrival. On the 28th of August orders were issued for the reorganization of the First regiment for three years, its term of three months having expired. The secretary of war having signified his acceptance of the regiment for the new term, its mus- tering into the service was completed on the nineteenth of October. This made six infantry regi- ments in addition to the eight already accepted, or fourteen in all. On the same day orders were issued assigning companies to the Eighth regiment, — the whole moving to " Camp Randall," at Madison, tlie first week in September, where their mustering in was finished on the thirteentli. The Ninth, a German reginent, was recruited in squads, and sent into camp, where they were formed into companies, and the whole mustered in on the 26th of October, i86i,at " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee. Companies were assigned the Tenth regiment on the i8th of September, and ordered into camp at Milwaukee, where it was fully organized about the first of October, being mustered into the service on the fourteenth of that month. The Tenth infantry was enlisted in September, 1S61, and mustered in on the fourteenth of October, 1861, at "Camp Holton," Mil- waukee. The Eleventh regiment was called by companies into " Camp Randall " the latter pari of September and first of October, 1861, and mustered in on the eighteenth. The Twelfth was called in to the same camp and mustered in by companies between the twenty-eighth of October and the fifth of November, 1861. The Thirteenth rendezvoused at "Camp Treadway," Janes- viUe, being mustered into the United States service on the seventeenth of October, 1S61. These thirteen regiments were all that had been accepted and mustered into the United States serv'^e while Randall was governor. From the commencement of the rebellion a great desire had been manifested for the orpan- "wiscoisrsi^r as a state. 75 ization of artillery companies in Wisconsin, and this desire was finally gratified. Each battery was to number one hundred and fifty men, and, as has been shown, five had been authorized by the General Government to be raised in Wisconsin. The First battery was recruited at La Crosse, under the superintendence of Captain Jacob T. Foster, and was known as the " La Crosse Artillery." It rendezvoused at Racine^early in October, 1861, where on tlie tenth of that month, it was mustered into the United States service. The Second battery. Captain Ernest Herzberg, assembled at '' Camp Utley," Racine, and was mustered in with the First battery on the tenth. The Third, known as the " Badger Battery," was organized by Captain L. H. Drury, at Madison and Berlin, and was mustered into the service on the same day and at the same place as the First and Second. The Fourth battery, recruited and organized at Beloit, under the supervision of Captain John F. Vallee, was mustered in on the first of October, 1861, at Racine. The Fifth battery was recruited at Monroe, Green county, under the superintendence of Captain Oscar F- Pinney, moving afterward to " Camp Utley," Racine, where, on the first of October, it was mus- tered in, along with the Fourth. So brisk had been the recruiting, it was ascertained by the governor that seven companies had been raised instead of five, when the secretary of war was telegraphed to, and the extra companies — the Sixth and Seventh accepted ; the Sixth, known as the " Buena Vista Artillery," being recruited at Lone Rock, Richland county, in September, Captain Henry Dillon, and mustered in on the second of October, 1861, at Racine; the Seventh, known as the "Badger State Flying Artillery," having organized at Milwaukee, Captain Richard R. Griffiths, and mustered in on the fourth of the same month, going into camp at Racine on the eighth. This completed the mustering in of the first seven batteries, during Governor Randall's administration; the whole mustered force being thirteen regiments of infantry; one company of cavalry; one of sharpshooters ; and these seven artillery companies. "Wisconsin," said the go\- ernor, in response to a request as to the number of regiments organized, " sent one regiment for three months, — officers and men eight hundred and ten. The other regiments f )r the war up to the Thirteenth (including the First, re-organized), will average one thousand men each; one company of sharpshooters for Berdan's regiment, one hundred and three men ; and seven companies of light artillery." Of cavalry from Wisconsin, only Deutsch's company had been mustered into the United States, although three regiments had been authorized by the General Government before the close of Randall's administration. The governor, before the expiration of his office, was empowered to organize more artillery companies — ten in all ; and five additional regiments of infantry — making the whole number eighteen. On the tenth of December, he wrote : " Our Fourteenth infantry is full and in camp. * * * Fifteenth has five companies in camp, and filling up. Sixteenth has eight companies in camp, and will be full by the 2Sth ot December. Seventeenth has some four hundred men enlisted. Eighteenth will be in camp, full, by January i. Seven maximum companies of artillery in camp. * * * Three regiments ol cavalry — two full above the maximum; the third, about eight hundred men in camp." It will be seen, therefore, that a considerable number of men in the three branches of the service was then in camp that had not been mustered into the service ; and this number was considerably increased by the 6th of January, 1862, the day that Randall's official term expired; but no more men were mustered in, until his successor came into office, than those previously mentioned. The First regiment— three months'— left " Camp Scott," Milwaukee, on the ninth of June, 1861, for Harrisburg, Pennsylvania — eight hundred and ten in number; John C. Starkweather, colonel. The regiment returned to Milwaukee on the seventeenth of August, 1861, and was mustered out on the twenty-second. The First regiment re-organized at "Camp Scott," Milwaukee. Its mustering into the service, as previously mentioned, was completed on the nineteenth of October. On the twenty- 76 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. eighth, it started for Louisville, Kentucky — nine hundred and forty-five strong — under command of its former colonel, John C. Starkweather. The Second regiment, with S. Park Coon as colonel, left "Camp Randall," Madison, for Washington city, on the eleventh of June, 1861 — numbering, in all, one thousand and fifty-one. The Third regiment started from " Camp Hamilton," Fond du Lac, for Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, under command of Charles S. Hamilton, as colonel, on the twelfth of July, 1861, with a numerical strength of nine hundred and seventy- nine. The Fourth regiment — Colonel Halbert E. Payne — with a numerical strength of one thousand and fifty-three, departed on the fifteenth of July, 1861, from "Camp Utley," Racine, for Baltimore, Maryland. The Fifth regiment left " Camp Randall," Madison, one thousand and fifty-eight strong, commanded by Colonel Amasa Cobb, on the twenty-fourth of July, 1861, for Washington city. On the twenty-eighth of July, 1861, the Sixth regiment, numbering one thousand and eighty-four, moved from Madison, having been ordered to Washington city. It was commanded by Colonel Lysander Cutter. The Seventh regiment — Joseph Van Dor, Colonel — with a numerical strength of one thousand and sixteen men — officers and privates, received orders, as did the Fifth and Sixth, to move forward to Washington. They started from Madison on the morning of the twenty-first of September, 1861, for active service. The Eighth infantry, nine hundred and seventy-three strong, commanded by Colonel Robert C. Murphy, left Madison, en route for St. Louis, Missouri, on the morning of the twelfth of October, 1861. The Ninth, or German regiment, with Frederick Salomon in command as colonel, did not leave "Camp Sigel," for active service, while Randall was governor. The Tenth infantry moved from " Camp Holton," Milwaukee, commanded by Colonel Alfred R. Chapin, on the ninth uf November, i86i, destined for Louisville, Kentucky, with a total number of nine hundred and sixteen officers and privates. On the twentieth of November, 1861, the Eleventh regiment "broke camp" at Madison, starting for St. Louis, under command of Charles L. Harris, as colonel. Its whole number of men was nine hundred and sixteen. The Twelfth regiment, at " Camp Randall," Madison — Colonel George E. Bryant, and the Thirteenth, at " Camp Tredway," Janesville — Colonel Maurice Maloney — were still in camp at the expiration of the administration of Governor Randall : these, with the Ninth, were all that had not moved out of the State for active service, of those mustered in previous to January 6, 1861,— making a grand total of infantry sent from Wisconsin, up to that date, by the governor, to answer calls of the General Government, for three years' service or during the war, of nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-one men, in ten regiments, averaging very nearly one thousand to each regiment. Besides these ten regiments of infantry for three years' service, Wisconsin had also sent into the field the First regiment, for three months' service, numbering eight hundred and ten men ; Alexander's company of sharp- shooters, one hundred and six; and Deutsch's company of cavalry, eighty-four: in all, one thousand. Adding these to the three years' reginients, and the whole force, in round numbers, was eleven thousand men, furnished by the State in 1861. Eighth Ad.ministration. — Louis P. H.vrvey and EnvvARD Salomon, Governors — 1862-1863. Louis P. Harvey was inaugurated governor of Wisconsin on the sixth of January', 1862. The fifteenth regular session of the legislature of the State began on the eighth of the same month. In the senate, the republicans were in the majority; but in the assembly they had only a plurality of members, there being a number of " Union " men in that branch — enough, indeed, to elect, by outside aid, J. W. Beardsley, who ran for the assembly, upon the " Union " ticket, as speaker. Governor Harvey, on the tentli, read his message to the legislature in joint convention. " No previous legislature," are his opening words, " has convened under equal incentives to a disinterested zeal in the public service The occasion," he adds, " pleads WISCONSIN" AS A STATE. 77 with you in rebuke of all the meaner passions, admonishing to the exercise of a conscientious patriotism, becoming the representatives of a Christian people, called in God's providence to pass through the furnace of a great trial of their virtue, and of the strength of the Government." On the seventh of April following, the legislature adjourned until the third of June next ensuing. Before it again assembled, an event occurred, casting a gloom over the whole State. The occasion was the accidental drowning of Governor Harvey. Soon after the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, on the seventh of April, 1862, the certainty that some of the Wisconsin regiments had suffered severely, induced the governor to orcanize a reli .'f party, to aid the wounded and suffering soldiers from the State. On the tenth, Harvey and others started on their tour of benevolence. Arriving at Chicago, they found a large num- ber of boxes had been forwarded there from different points in the State, containing supplies of various kinds. At Mound City, Paducah, and Savannah, the governor and his party adminis- tered to the wants of the sick and wounded \\'isconsin soldiers. Having completed their mission of mercy, they repaired to a boat in the harbor of Savannah, to await the arrival of the Minne- haha, which was to convey them to Cairo, on their homeward trip. It was late in the evening of the nineteenth of Apr'l> 1862, and very dark when the boat arrived which was to take the governor and his friends on board ; and as she rounded to, the bow touching the Dunlcith, on which was congregated the party ready to depart. Governor Harvey, by a misstep, fell overboard between the two boats, into the Tennessee river. The current was strong, and the water more than thirty feet deep. Every thing was done that could be, to save his life, but all to no purpose. His body was subsequently found and brought to Madison for interment. Edward Salomon, lieutenant governor, by virtue of a provision of the constitution of the State, upon the death of Harvey, succeeded to the office of governor of Wisconsin. On the third day of June, the legislature re-assembled in accordance with adjournment on the seventh of April previous, Governor Salomon, in his message of that day, to the senate and assembly, after announcing the sad event of the death of the late governor, said : " The last among the governors elected by the people of this State, he is the first who has been removed by death from our midst. The circumstances leading to and surrounding the tragic and melancholy end of the honored and lamented deceased, are well known to the people, and are, with his memory, treasured up in their hearts." He died," added Salomon, " while in the exercise of the highest duties of philan- thropy and humanity, that a noble impulse had imposed upon him." >The legislature, on the thirteenth of June, by a joint resolution, declared that in the death of Governor Harvey, the State had " lost an honest, faithful, and efficient public officer, a high-toned gentleman, a warm- hearted philanthropist, and a sincere friend." Both houses adjourned siiie die, on the seventeuth of June, 1S62. Business of great public importance, in the judgment of the governor, rendering a special session of the legislature necessary, he issued, on the twenty-ninth of August, 1862, his proc- lamation to that effect, convening both houses on the tenth of September following. On that day he sent in his message, relating wholly to war matters. He referred to the fact that since the adjournment of the previous session, six hundred thousand more men had been called for by the president of the United States, to suppress the rebellion. " It is evident," said he, " that to meet further calls, it is necessary to rely upon a system of drafting or conscription, in Wisconsin.' The governor then proceeded to recommend such measures as he deemed necessary to meet the exigencies of the times. The legislature levied a tax to aid volunteering, and passed a law giving the right of suffrage to soldiers in the military service. They also authorized the raising of money for payment of bounties to volunteers. The legislature adjourned on the twenty- sixth of September, 1S62, after a session of sixteen days, and the enacting of seventeen laws. 78 HTSTOKY OF "Vl'ISCOXSIN. On the 7th of October, James H. Howe, attorney general, resigned his office to enter the army. On the 14th of that month, Winfield Smith was appointed by the governor to fill the vacancy. At the general election in the Fall of this year, si.\ congressmen were elected to the thirty- eighth congress: James S. Brown from the first district; I. C. Sloan, from the second; Amasa Cobb, from the third ; Charles A. Eldredge, from the fourth ; Ezra Wheeler, from the fifth ; and W. D. Mclndoe, from the sixth district. Sloan, Cobb, and Mclndoe, were elected as republi-. cans ; Brown, Eldridge, and Wheeler, as democrats. The sixteenth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature, commenced on the fourteenth of January, 1863. J. Allen Barber was elected speaker of the assembly. The majority in both houses was republican. Governor Salomon read his message on the fifteenth, to the joint convention, referring, at length, to matters connected with the war of the rebellion: A large number of bills were passed by the legislature for the benefit of soldiers and their families. On the twenty-second, the legislature re-elected James R. Doolittle. to the United States senate for six years, from the fourth of March next ensuing. The legislature adjourned si/ic die on the second of April following. In the Spring of this year, Luther S. Dixon was re-elected c hief justice of the supreme court, running as an independent candidate. By a provision of the Revised Statutes of 1858, as amended by an act passed in 1S62, and interpreted by another act passed in 1S75, the terms of the justices of the supreme court, elected for a full term, commence on the first Monday in January next succeeding their election. At the Fall election there were two tickets in the field: democratic and union republican. The latter w-as successful, electing James T. Lewis, governor ; Wyman Spooncr, lieutenant governor; Lucius Fairchild, secretary of state; S. D. Hastings, state treasurer; Winfield Suiith, attorney general; J. L. Pickard, state superintendent; W. H. Ramsay, bank comp- troller; and Henry Cordier, state prison commissioner. War of Secession — Harvey and Salomon's Administration. When Governor Randall turned over to his successor in the gubernatorial chair, the military matters of Wisconsin, he had remaining in the State, either already organized or in process of formation, the Ninth infantry, also the Twelfth up to the Nineteenth inclusive ; three regiments of cavalry ; and ten batteries — First to Tenth inclusive. Colonel Edward Daniels, in the Summer of 1861, was authorized by the war de])artment to recruit and organize one battalion of cavalry in Wisconsin. He was subsequently authorized to raise two more companies. Kjovernor Ran- dall, in October, was authorized to complete the regiment — the First cavalry — by the organiza- tion of six additional companies. The organization of the Second cavalry regiment was author- ized in the Fall of 1861, as an "independent acceptance," but wa>i finally turned over to the State authorities. Early in November, 1861, the war department issued an order discontinuing enlistments for the cavalry service, and circulars were sent to the different State executives to consolidate all incomplete regiments. Ex-Governor Barstow, by authority of General Fremont, which authority was confirmed by the General Government, had commenced the organization of a cavalry regiment — the Third Wisconsin' — when Governor Randall received information that the authority of Barstow had been revoked. The latter, how^ever, soon had his authority restored. In October, Governor Randall was authorized by the war department to raise three additional companies of artillery — Eighth to Tenth inclusive. These three batteries were all filled and went into camp by the close of 1861. Governor Randall, therefore, besides sending out of the State eleven thousand men, had in process of formation, or fully organized, nine regiments of infantry, three regiments of cavalry, and ten companies of artillery, left behind in WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 79 various camps in the State, to be turned over to his successor. The military officers of Wisconsin were the governor, Louis P. Harvey, commander-in- chief; Brigadier General Augustus Gaylord, adjutant general; Brigadier General W. W. Tred- way, quartermaster general ; Colonel Edwin R. Wadsworth, commissary general ; Brigadier Gen- eral Simeon Mills, paymaster general; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; Major M. H. Carpenter, judge advocate ; and Colonel William H. Watson, military secretary. As the General Government had taken the recruiting service out of the hands of the executives of the States, and appointed superintendents in their place, the offices of commissary general and paymaster general were no longer necessary; and their time, after the commencement of the administration, in Wisconsin of 1862, was employed, so long as they continued their respective offices, in settling up the business of each. The office of commissary general was closed about the first of June, 1S62 ; that of paymaster general on the tenth of July following. On the last of August, iS62r, Brigadier General Tredway resigned the position of quartermaster general, and Nathaniel F. Lund was appointed to fill his place. Upon the convening of the legislature of the State in its regular January session of tins year — 1862, Governor Harvey gave, in his message to that body, a full statement of what had been done by Wisconsin in matters appertaining to the war, under the administration of his predecessor. He stated that the State furnished to the service of the General Government under the call for volunteers for three months, one regiment — First Wisconsin ; under the call for volunteers for three years, or the war, ten regiments, numbering from the First re-organized to the Eleventh, excluding the Ninth or German regiment. He gave as the whole number of officers, musicians and privates, in these ten three-year regiments, ten thousand one hundred and seventeen. He further stated that there were then organized and awaiting orders, the Ninth, in "Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, numbering nine hundred and forty men, under Colonel Frederick Salomon ; the Twelfth, in " Camp Randall," one thousand and thirty-nine men, under Colonel George E. Bryant; the Thirteenth, in "Camp Tredway," Janesville, having nine hundred and nineteen men, commanded by Colonel M. Maloney ; and the Fourteenth, at " Camp Wood," Fond du Lac, eight hundred and fifty men, under Colonel D. E. Wood. The Fifteenth or Scandinavian regiment. Colonel H. C. Heg, seven hundred men, and tlie Sixteenth, Colonel Benjamin Allen, nine hundred men, were at that time at "Camp Randall," in near readiness for marching orders. The Seventeenth (Irish) regiment. Colonel J. L. Doran, and the Eighteenth, Colonel James S. Alban, had their full number of companies in readiness, lacking one, and had been notified to go into camp — the former at Madison, the latter at Milwaukee. Seven companies of artillery, numbering together one thousand and fifty men, had remained for a considerable time in " Camp Utley," Racine, impatient of the delays of the General Govern- ment in calling them to move forward. Three additional companies of artillery were about going into camp, numbering three hundred and thirty-four men. Besides these, the State had furnished, as already mentioned, an independent company of cavalry, then in Missouri, raised bv Captain Von Deutsch, of eighty-one men ; a company of one hundred and four men for Ber- dan's sharpshooters; and an additional company for the Second regiment, of about eighty men. Three regiments of cavalry — the First, Colonel E. Daniels; the Second, Colonel C. C. Washburn; and the Third, Colonel W. A. Barstow; were being organized. They numbered together, two thou- sand four hundred and fifty men. The Nineteenth (independent) regiment was rapidly organ- izing under the direction of the General Government, by Colonel H. T. Sanders, Racine. Not bringing this last regiment into view, the State had, at the commencement of Governor Harvey's administration, including the First, three-months' regiment, either in the service of the United States or organizing for it, a total of twenty-one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three men. 80 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The legislature at its regular session of 1862, passed a law making it necessary to present all claims which were made payable out of the war fund, within twelve months from the time they accrued ; a law was also passed authorizing the investment of the principal of the school fund in the bonds of the state issued for war purposes ; another, amendatory of the act of the extra session of 1 861, granting exemption to persons enrolled in the military service, so as to except persons acting as fiduciary agents, either as executors or administrators, or guardians or trustees, or persons defrauding the State, or any school district of moneys belonging to the same ; also author- izing a stay of proceedings in foreclosures of mortgages, by advertisements. " The State Aid Law" was amended so as to apply to all regiments of infantry, cavalry, artillery and sharpshooters, defining the rights of families, fixing penalties for the issue of false papers, and imposing duties on military officers in the field to make certain reports. These amendments only included regi- ments and companies organized up to and including the Twentieth, which was in process of organization before the close of the session. A law was also passed suspending the sale of lands mortgaged to the State, or held by volunteers ; another defining the duties of the allotment com- missioners appointed by the president of the United States, and fixing their compensation. One authorized the issuing of bonds for two hundred thousand dollars for war purposes ; one author- ized a temporary loan from the general fund to pay State aid to volunteers ; and one, the appoint- ment of a joint committee to investigate the sale of war bonds; while another authorized the governor to appoint surgeons to batteries, and assistant surgeons to cavalry regiments. The legislature, it will be remembered, took a recess from the seventh of April to the third of June, 1862. Upon its re-assembling, -.. ict was passed providing 1 jr the discontinuance of the active services of the paymaster general, quartermaster general and commissary general. Another act appropriated twenty thousand dollars to enable the governor to care for the sick and wounded soldiers of the State. There was also another act passed authorizing the auditing, by the quartermaster general, of bills for subsistence and transportation of the Wisconsin cavalry regiments. .\t the extra session called by Governor Salomon, for the tenth of September, 1862, an amendment was made to the law granting aid to families of volunteers, by including all regi- ments of cavalry, infantry, or batteries of artillery before that time raised in the State, or that might afterward be raised and mustered into the United States service. It also authorized the levying of a State tax of two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars to be placed to the credit of the war fund and used in the payment of warrants for " State Aid" to families of volunteers. Another law authorized commissioned officers out of the State to administer oaths and take acknowledgments of deeds and other papers. One act authorized soldiers in the field, although out of the State, to exercise the right of suffrage ; and another gave towns, cities, incorporated villages and counties the authority to raise money to pay bounties to volunteers. On the fifth of August, 1862, Governor Salomon received from the war department a dispatch stating that orders had been issued for a draft of three hundred thousand men to be immediately called into the service of the United States, to serve for nine months unless sooner discharged ; that if the State quota under a call made July 2, of that year, for three hundred thousand vol- unteers, was not filled by the fifteenth of .\ugust, the deficiency would be made up by draft ; and that the secretary of war would assign the quotas to the States and establish regulations for the draft. On the eighth of that month, the governor of the State was ordered to immediately cause an enrollment of all able-bodied citizens between eighteen and forty-five years of age, by counties. Governor Salomon was authorized to appoint proper officers, and the United Slates promised to pay all reasonable expenses. The quota for Wisconsin, under the call for nine months' men, was eleven thousand nine hundred and four. The draft was made by the governor in obedience to the order he had received from Washington ; but such had been the volunteering under the slim- WISCOXSIN" AS A STATE. 81 ulus caused by a fear of it, that only four thousand five hundred and tlurty-seven men were drafted. This was the first and only draft made in Wisconsin by the State authorities. Subsequent ones were made under the direction of the provost marshal general at Wash- ington. The enlisting, organization and mustering into the United States service during Randal.'s administration of thirteen regiments of infantry — the First to the Thirteenth inclusive, and the marching of ten of them out of the State before the close of 1861, also, of one company of cavalry under Captain Von Deutsch and one company of sharpshooters under Captain Alexander, con- stituted the effective aid abroad of Wisconsin during that year to suppress the rebellion. But for the year 1862, this aid, as to number of organizations, was more than doubled, as will now be shown. The Ninth regiment left " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, under command of Colonel Freder ck Salomon, on the twenty-second of January, 1862, numbering thirty-nine officers and eight hun dred and eighty-four men, to report at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. The Twelfth infantry left Wisconsin under command of Colonel George E. Bryant, ten hundred and forty-five strong, the eleventh of January, 1S62, with orders to report at Weston, Missouri. The Thirteenth regiment — Colonel Maurice Maloney — left "Camp Tredway," Janesville, on the eighteenth of January, 1S62, nine hundred and seventy strong, under orders to report at Leavenworth, Kansas, where it arrived on the twenty-third. The Fourteenth regiment of infantry departed from " Camp Wood," Fond du Lac, under command of Colonel David E. Wood, for St. Loui-;, Missouri, on the eighth of March, 1862, it having been mustered into the United States service on the thirtieth of January previous. Its total strength was nine hundred and seventy officers and men. It arrived at its destination on the tenth of March, and went into quarters at " Benton Barracks." The Fifteenth regiment, mostly recruited from the Scandinavian population of Wisconsin, was organized at "Camp Randall," Madison — Hans C. Heg as colonel. Its muster into the LTnited States service was completed on the fourteenth of February, 1S62, it leaving the State for St. Louis, Missouri, on the second of March following, with a total strength of eight hundred and one officers and men. The Sixteenth regiment was organized at "Camp Randall," and was mustered into the service on the last day of January, 1862, leaving the State, with Benjamin Allen as colonel, for St. Louis on the thirteenth of March ensuing, having a total strength of one thousand and sixty-six. The reg. mental organization of the Seventeenth infantry (Irish), Colonel John L. Doran, was effected at " Camp Randall," and the mustering in of the men completed on the fifteenth of March, 1862, the regiment leaving the State on the twenty-third for St. Louis The Eighteenth regiment organized at " Camp Trowbridge," Milwaukee — James S. Alban, colonel — completed its muster into the United States service on the fifteenth of March, 1S62, and left the State for St. Louis on the thirtieth, reaching their point of destination on the thirty- first. The Nineteenth infantry rendezvoused at Racine as an independent regiment, its colonel, Horace T. Sanders, being commissioned by the war department. The men were mUstered into the service as fast as they were enlisted. Independent organizations being abolished, by an order from Washington, the Nineteenth was placed on the same footing as other regiments in the State. On the twentieth of .\pril, 1862, the regiment was ordered to " Camp Randall " to guard rebel prisoners. Here the mustering in was completed, numbering in all nine hundred and seventy-three. They left the State for W^ashington on the second of June. 82 HISTORV OF ^NISCONSIN". The muster into the United States service of the Twentieth regiment — Bertine Pinckney, colonel — was completed on the twenty-third of August, i86?, at "Camp Randall," the original strength being nine hundred and ninety. On the thirtieth of August the regiment left the State for St. Louis. The Twenty-first infantry was organized at Oshkosh, being mustered in on the fifth of Sep- tember, 1862, with a force of one thousand and two, all told — Benjamin J. Sweet, colonel- leaving the State for Cincinnati on the eleventh. The Twenty-second regiment — Colonel William L. Utley — was organized at "Camp Utley, ' Racine, and mustered in on the second of September, 1S62. Its original strength was one thou- sand and nine. It left the State for Cincinnati on the si.xteenth. On the thirtieth of August, 1862, the Twenty-third regiment — Colonel Joshua J. Guppey — was mustered in at "Camp Randall," leaving Madison for Cincinnati on the fifteenth. The Twenty-fourth infantry rendezvoused at "Camp Sigel," Milwaukee. Its muster in was completed on the twenty-first of August, 1862, the regiment leaving the State under Colonel Charles H. Larrabee, for Kentucky, on the fifth of September, one thousand strong. On the fourteenth of September, 1862, at " Camp Salomon," LaCrosse, the Twenty-fifth regiment was mustered into the service — Milton Montgomery, colonel. They left the State on the nineteenth with orders to report to General Pope, at St. Paul, Minnesota, to aid in suppress- ing the Indian difficulties in that State. Their entire strength was one thousand and eighteen. The regiment, after contributing to the preservation of tranquillity among the settlers, and deterring the Indians from hostilities, returned to Wisconsin, arriving at " Camp Randall " on the eighteenth of December, 1862. The Twenty-sixth — almost wholly a German regiment — was mustered into the service at "Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, on the seventeenth of September, 1862. The regiment, under com- mand of Colonel William H. Jacobs, left the State for Washington city on the sixth of October, one thousand strong. The Twenty-seventh infantry was ordered to rendezvous at "Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, on the seventeenth of September, 1862 ; but the discontinuance of recruiting for new regiments in August left the Twenty-seventh with only seven companies full. An order authorizing the recruiting of three more companies was received, and under the supervision of Colonel Conrad Krez the organization was completed, but the regiment at the close of the year had not been mustered into the service. On the twenty-fourth of October, 1862, the Twenty-eighth regiment — James M. Lewis, of Oconomowoc, colonel — was mustered into the United States service at "Camp Washburn," Mil- waukee. Its strength was nine hundred and sixty-one. In November, the regiment was employed in arresting and guarding the draft rioters in Ozaukee county. It left the State for Columbus, Kentucky, on the twentieth of December, where they arrived on the twenty-second ; remaining there until the fifth of January, 1863. The Twenty-ninth infantrj — Colonel Charles R. Gill — was organized at " Camp Randall," where its muster into the United States service was completed on the twenty-seventh of Sep- tember, 1862, the regiment leaving the State for Cairo, Illinois, on the second of November. The Thirtieth regiment, organized at "Camp Randall" under the supervision of Colonel Daniel J. Dill, completed its muster into the United States service on the twenty-first of October, 1862, with a strength of nine hundred and six. On the sixteenth of November, one company of the Thirtieth was sent to Green Bay to protect the draft commissioner, remaining several weeks. On the eighteenth, seven companies moved to Milwaukee to assist in enforcing the draft in Mil- waukee county, while two companies remained in " Camp Randall " to guard Ozaukee rioters. WISCONSIN" AS A STATE. 83 On the twenty-second, six companies from Milwaukee went to West Bend, Washington county, one company returning to "Camp Randall." After the completion of the draft in Washington county, four companies returned to camp, while two companies were engaged in gathering up the drafted men. The final and complete organization of the Thirty-first infantry — Colonel Isaac E. Mess- more — was not concluded during the year 1862. The Thirty-second regiment, organized at " Camp Bragg," Oshkosh, with James H. Howe as colonel, was mustered into the service on the twenty-fifth of September, 1862; and, on the thirtieth of October, leaving the State, it proceeded by way of Chicago and Cairo to Memphis, Tennessee, going into camp on the third of November. The original strength of the Thirty- second was nine hundred and ninety-three. The Thirty-third infantry — Colonel Jonathan B. Moore — mustered in on the eighteenth of October, 1862, at "Camp Utley," Racine, left the State, eight hundred and ninety-two strong, moving by way of Chicago to Cairo. The Thirty-fourth regiment, drafted men, original strength nine hundred and sixty-one — Colonel Fritz Anneke — had its fnuster into service for nine months completed at "Camp Wash- burn," Milwaukee, on the last day of the year 1862. Of the twenty-four infantry regiments, numbered from the Twelfth to the Thirty-fourth inclusive, and including also the Ninth, three — the Ninth, Twelfth, and Thirteenth — were mus- tered into the United States service in 1861. The whole of the residue were mustered in during the year 1862, except the Twenty-seventh and the Thirty-first. All were sent out of the State during 1862, except the last two mentioned and the Twenty-fifth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-fourth. The First regiment of cavalry — Colonel Edward Daniels — perfected its organization at " Camp Harvey," Kenosha. Its muster into the United States service was completed on the eighth of March, 1862, the regiment leaving the State for St. Louis on the seventeenth, with a strength of eleven hundred and twenty-four. The muster of the Second Wisconsin cavalry was completed on the twelfth of March, 1862, at "Camp Washburn," Milwaukee, the regiment leaving the State for St. Louis on the twenty- fourth, eleven hundred and twenty-seven strong. It was under the command of Cadwallader C. Washburn as colonel. The Third Wisconsin cavalry — Colonel William A. Barstow — was mustered in at " Camp Barstow," Janesville. The muster was completed on the 31st of January, 1S62, the regiment leaving the State on the 26th of March for St. Louis, with a strength of eleven hundred and eighty- six. The original project of forming a regiment of light artillery in Wisconsin was overruled by the war department, and the several batteries were sent from the State as independent organizations. The First battery — Captain Jacob T. Foster — perfected its organization at "Camp Utley," where the company was mustered in, it leaving the State with a strength of one hundred and fifty-five, on the 23d of January, 1862, for Louisville, where the battery went into "Camp Irvine," near that city. The Second battery — Captain Ernest F. Herzberg — was mustered into the service at "Camp Utley," October 10, 1861, the company numbering one hundred and fifty- three. It left the State for Baltimore, on the 21st of January, 1862. The Third battery — Cap- tain L. H. Drury — completed its organization of one hundred and seventy at " Camp Utley," and was mustered in October 10, 1861, leaving the State for Louisville, on the 23d of January, 1862. The Fourth battery— Captain John F. Vallee — rendezvoused at "Camp Utley." Its muster in was completed on the istof October, 1861, its whole force being one hundred and fifty one. The company left the State for Baltimore on the 21st of January, 1862. The Fifth bat- 84 HISTOBY OF WISCONSIN. ter)', commanded by Captain Oscar F. Pinney, was mustered in on thu ist of October, i86i, at "Camp Utiey," leaving the State for St. Louis, on the 15th of March, 1862, one hundred and fifty-five strong. The Sixth battery — Captain Henry Dillon — was mustered in on the 2d of October, 1861, at " Camp Utley," leaving the State for St. Louis, March 15, 1S62, with a numer- ical strength of one hundred and fifty-seven. The Seventh battery — Captain Richard R. Grif- fiths — was mustered in on the 4th of October, 1861, at "Camp Utley," and proceeded on the 15th of March, 1862, with the Fifth and Sixth batteries to St. Louis. The Eighth battery, com- manded by Captain Stephen J. Carpenter, was mustered in on the 8th of January, 1862, at "Camp Utley," and left the State on the i8th of March following, for St. Louis, one hundred and sixty-one strong. The Ninth battery, under command of Captain Cyrus H. Johnson, was organ- ized at Burlington, Racine county. It was mustered in on the 7th of January, 1862, leaving " Camp Utley " for St. Louis, on the i8th of March. .\t St. Louis, their complement of men — one hundred and fifty-five — was made up by the transfer of forty-five from another battery. The Tenth battery — Captain Yates Y. Bebee— after being mustered in at Milwaukee, on the loth of February, 1862, left "Camp Utley," Racine, on the i8th of March for St. Louis, one hundred and seventeen strong The Eleventh battery — Captain John O'Rourke — was made up of the "'Oconto Irish Guards " and a detachment of Illinois recruits. The company was organized at " Camp Douglas," Chicago, in the Spring of 1862. Early in 1862, William A. Pile succeeded in enlisting ninety-nine men as a company to be known as the Twelfth battery. The men were mustered in and sent forward in squads to St. Louis. Captain Pile's commission was revoked on the i8th of July. His place was filled by William Zickrick. These twelve batteries were all that left the State in 1862. To these are to be added the three regiments of cavalry and the nineteen regi- ments of infantry, as the effective force sent out during the year by Wisconsin. The military officers of the State, at the commencement of 1S63, were Edward Salomon, governor and commander-in-chief; Brigadier General .\ugustus Gaylord, adjutant general; Colonel S. Nye Gibbs, assistant adjutant general ; Brigadier General Nathaniel F. Lund, quartermaster general; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; and Colonel W. H. Watson, military secretary. The two incomjjlete regiments of 1862 — the Twenty-seventh and Thirty-first volunteers — were completed and in the field in March, 1863. The former wais mustered in at "Camp Sigel " — Colonel Conrad Krez — on the 7th of March, and left the State, eight hundred and sixty-five strong, on the i6th for Columbus, Kentucky; the latter, under command of Colonel Isaac E. Messmore, with a strength of eight hundred and seventy-eight, left Wisconsin on the ist of March, for Cairo, Illinois. The Thirty-fourth (drafted) regiment left "Camp Washburn," Milwaukee, on the 31st of January, 1863, for Columbus, Kentucky, numbering nine hundred and sixty-one, commanded by Colonel Fritz .\nneke. On the 17th of February, 1863, the Twenty-fifth regiment left "Camp Randall" for Cairo, Illinois. The Thirtieth regiment remained in Wisconsin during the whole of 1863, performing various duties — the only one of the whole thirty-four that, at the end of that year, had not left the State. On the 14th of January, 1863, the legislature of Wisconsin, as before stated, convened at Madison. Governor Salomon, in his message to that body, gave a summary of the transac- tions of the war fund during the calendar year; also of what was done in 1862, in the recruiting of military forces, and the manner in which the calls of the president were responded to. There were a number of military laws passed at this session. A multitude of special acts authorizing towns to raise bounties for volunteers, were also passed. No additional regiments of infantry besides tliose already mentioned were organized in 1863, although recruiting for old regiments continued. On the 3d of March, 1863, the congress of the United States passed the "Conscription Act." Under this act, Wisconsin was divided WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 85 into six districts. In the first district, I. M. Bean was appointed jirovost marshal; C. M. Baker, commissioner; and J. B. Dousman, examining surgeon. Headquarters of this district was at Milwaukee. In the second district, S. J. M. Putnam was appointed provost marshal; L. B. Caswell, commissioner; and Dr. C. R. Head, examining surgeon. Headquarters of this district was at Janesville. In the third district, J. G. Clark was appointed provost marshal; E. E. Byant, commissioner ; and John H. Vivian, examining surgeon. Headquarters at Prairie du Chien. In the fourth district, E. L. Phillips was appointed provost marshal ; Charles Burchard, commissioner; and L. H. Gary, examining surgeon. Headquarters at Fond du Lac. In the fifth district, C. R. Merrill was appointed provost marshal ; William A. Bugh, commissioner ; and H. O. Crane, examining surgeon. Headquarters at Green Bay. In the sixth district, B. F. Cooper was appointed provost marshal; L. S. Fisher, commissioner ; and D. D. Cameron, examining surgeon. Headquarters at LaCrosse. The task of enrolling the State was commenced in the month of May, and was proceeded with to iis completion. The nine months' term of service of the Thirty-fourth regiment, drafted militia, having expired, the regiment was mustered out of service on the 8th of September. The enrollment in Wisconsin of all persons liable to the "Conscription" amounted to 121,202. A draft was ordered to take place in November. Nearly fifteen thousand were drafted, only six hundred and twenty-eight of whom were mustered in ; the residue either furnished substitutes, were discharged, failed to report, or paid commutation. In the Summer of 1861, Company " K," Captain Langworthy, of the Second Wisconsin infantry, was detached and placed on duty as heavy artillery. His company was designated as ".'\," First Regiment Heavy Artillery. This was the only one organized until the Summer of 1863; but its organization was effected outside the State. Three companies were necessary to add to company "A" to complete the battalion. Batteries "B," "C" and " D " were, therefore, organized in Wisconsin, all leaving the State in October and November, 1S63. Ninth Administration' — James T. Lewis, Governor — 1864-1865. James T. Lewis, of Columbia county, was inaugurated governor of Wisconsi.i on the fourth of January, 1S64. In an inaugural address, the incoming governor pledged himself to use no executive patronage for a re-election; declared he would administer the government without prejudice or partiality ; and committed himself to an economical administration of affairs con- nected with the State. On the thirteenth the legislature met in its seventeenth regular session. W. W. Field was elected speaker of the assembly. The republican and union men were in the majority in this legislature. A number of acts were passed relative to military matters. On the I St day of October, J. L. Pickard having resigned as superintendent of public instruction, J. G. McMynn was, by the governor, appointed to fill the vacancy. On the fif- teenth of November, Governor Lewis appointed Jason Downer an associate justice of the supreme court, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge Byron Paine, who had resigned his position to take effect on that day, in order to accept the position of lieutenant colonel of one of the regiments of Wisconsin, to wliich he had been commissioned on the tenth of August previous. The November elections of this year were entered into with great zeal by the two parties, owing to the fact that a president and vice president of the United States were to be chosen. The republicans were victorious. Electors of that party cast their eight votes for Lincoln and Johnson. The members elected to the thirty - ninth congress from Wisconsin at this election were : from the first district, H. E. Paine ; from the second, I. C. Sloan ; from the third, .\masa Cobb; from tlie fourth, C. .\. Eldredge; from the fifth, Philetus Sawyer; and 86 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIN. from the sixth district, W. D. Mclndoe. All were republicans except Eldredge, who was elected as a democrat. The Eighteenth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature began in Madison on the elev- enth of January, 1865. W. W. Field was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature was, as to its political complexion, " Republican Union." On the tenth of April, the last day of the session, Governor Lewis informed the legislature that General Lee and his array had sur- rendered. " Four years ago," said he, "on the day fixed for adjournment, the sad news of the fall of Fort Sumter was transmitted to the legislature. To-day, thank God! and next to Him the brave officers and soldiers of our army and navy, I am permitted to transmit to you the official intelligence, just received, of the surrender of General Lee and his army, the last prop of the rebellion. Let us rejoice, and thank the Ruler of the Universe for victory and the pros- pects of an honorable peace." In February preceding, both houses ratified the constitutional amendment abolishing slavery in the United States. At the Spring election, Jason Downer was chosen associate justice of the supreme court for a full term of six years. The twentieth of April was set apart by the governor as a day of thanksgiving for the overthrow of the rebellion and restoration of peace. At the Fall election both parties, , republican and democratic, had tickets in the field. The republicans were victorious, electing Lucius Fairchild, governor; Wyman Spooner, lieutenant governor; Thomas S. Allen, secretary of state; William E. Smith, state treasurer; Charles R. Gill, attorney general; John G. McMynn, superintendent of public instruction; J. M.Rusk, bank comptroller; and Henry Cordier, state prison commis- sioner. W.4R OF Secession — Lewis' Administration. The military officers for 1864 were besides the governor (who was commander-in-chief) Brigadier General Augustus Gaylord, adjutant general ; Colonel S. Nye Gibbs, assistant adju- tant general; Brigadier General Nathaniel F. Lund, quartermaster and commissary general, and chief of ordnance ; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general ; and Colonel F'rank H. Firmin, military secretary. The legislature met at Madison on the 13th of January, 1864. "In response to the call of the General Government," said the governor, in his message to that body, " Wisconsin had sent to the field on the first day of November last, exclusive of three months' men, thirty - four regiments of infantry, three regiments and one company of cavalry, twelve batteries of light artillerj-, three batteries of heavy artillery, and one company of sharp- shooters, making an aggregate of forty-one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five men." Quite a number of laws were passed at this session of the legislature relative to military matters : three were acts to authorize towns, cities and villages to raise money by tax for the payment of bounties to volunteers ; one revised, amended and consolidated all laws relative to extra pay to Wisconsin soldiers in the service of the United States ; one provided for the proper reception by the State, of Wisconsin volunteers returning from the field of service; another repealed the law relative to allotment commissioners. One was passed authorizing the gov- ernor to purchase flags for regiments or batteries whose flags were lost or destroyed inthe service: another was passed amending the law suspending the sale of lands mortgaged to the State or held by volunteers, so as to apply to drafted men; another provided for levying a State tax of $200,000 for the support of families of volunteers. A law was passed authorizing the governor to take care of the sick and wounded soldiers of Wisconsin, and appropriated ten thousand dollars for that purpose. Two other acts authorized the borrowing of money for repel- ling invasion, sujjpressing insurrection, and defending the State in time of war. One act pro- hibited the taking of fees for procuring volunteers' extra bounty ; another one defined the resi- dence of certain soldiers from this St^te in the service of the United States, who had received WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 87 local bounties from towns other than their proper places of residence. At the commencement of 1864, there were recruiting in the State the Thirty-fifth regiment of infanto' and the Thirteenth battery. The latter was mustered in on the 29th of December, 1863, and left the State for New Orleans on the 28th of January, 1S64. In February, authority was given by the war department to organize the Thirty-si.\th regiment of infantry. On the 27th of that month, the mustering in of the Thirty-fifth was completed at "Camp Washburn " — Colonel Henry Orff— the regiment, one thousand and si.\ty-si.\ strong, leaving the State on the 18th of April, 1864, for Alexandria, Louisiana. The other regiments, recruited and mustered into the service of the United States during the year 1864, were: the Thirty-sixth— Colonel Frank A. Haskell ; the Thirty-seventh — Colonel Sam Harriman ; the Thirty-eighth — Colonel James Bintlifif; the Thirty -nintlr— Colonel Edwin L. Buttrick ; the Fortieth — Colonel W, Augustus Ray; the Forty-first — Lieutenant Colonel George B. Goodwin; the Forty-second — Colonel Ezra T. Sprague; the Forty-third — Colonel Amasa Cobb. The regiments mustered into the service of the United States during the year 1865 were: the Forty-fourth — Colonel George C. Symes ; the Forty-fifth — Colonel Henry F. Belitz; Forty- sixth — Colonel Frederick S. Lovell ; Forty-seventh — Colonel George C. Ginty ; Forty-eighth — Colonel Uri B. Pearsall; Forty-ninth — Colonel Samuel Fallows; Fiftieth — Colonel John G. Clark; Fifty-first — Colonel Leonard ISLtrtin; Fifty-second — Lieutenant Colonel Hiram J. Lewis ; and Fifty-third — Lieutenant Colonel Robert T. Piigh. All of the fifty-three regiments of infantry raised in Wisconsin during the war, sooner or later moved to the South and were engaged there in one way or other, in aiding to suppress the rebellion. Twelve of these regiments were assigned to duty in the eastern division, which con- stituted the territory on both sides of the Potomac and upon the seaboard from Baltimore to Savannah. These twelve regiments were: the First (three months). Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Nineteenth, Twenty-sixth, Thirty-sixth, Thirty-seventh, and Thirty-eighth. Ten regiments were assigned to the central division, including Kentucky, Tennessee, Northern Alabama, and Georgia. These ten were: the Tenth, Twenty-first, Twenty-second, Twenty- fourth, Thirtieth, Forty-third, Forty-fourth, Forty-fifth, Forty-sixth, and Forty-seventh. Added to these was the First (re-organized). Thirty-one regiments were ordered to the western division, embracing the country west and northwest of the central division. These were : the Eighth, Ninth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-third, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, Thirty-first, Thirty-second, Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, Thirty-fifth, Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, Forty-first, Forty- second, Forty-eighth, Forty-ninth, Fiftieth, Fifty-first, Fifty-second, and Fifty-third. During the war several transfers were made from one district to another. There were taken from the eastern division, the Third and Twenty-sixth, and sent to the central division; also the Fourth, which was sent to the department of the gulf. The Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seven- teenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-fifth, Thirtieth, Thirty-first and Thirty-second were transferred from the western to the central department. The four regiments of cavelry were assigned to the western division — the First regiment being afterward transferred to the central division. Of the thirteen batteries of light artillery, the Second, Fourth, and Eleventh, were assigned to the eastern division ; the First and Third, to the central division ; the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Twelfth, and Thirteenth, to the western division. During the war, the First was transferred to the western division ; while the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth, were transferred to the central division. Of the twelve batteries of the First regiment of heavy artillery — "A," "E," "F," "G," ''H," "I," "K," "L," and "M," were assigned to duty in the eastern division ; "B" and "C," to the central 88 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. division; and "D," to the western division. Company "G," First regiment Berdan's sharp- shooters, was assigned to the eastern division. The military officers of the State for 1865 were the same as the previous year, except that Brigadier General Lund resigned his position as quartermaster general, James M. Lynch being appointed in his place. The legislature of this year met in Madison on the nth of January. "To the calls of the Government for troops," said Governor Lewis, in his message, " no State has responded with greater alacrity than has Wisconsin. She has sent to the field, since the commencement of the war, forty-four regiments of infantry, four regiments and one company of cavalry, one regim.ent of heavy artillery, thirteen batteries of light artillery, and one company of sharpshooters, making an aggregate (e.\clusive of hundred day men) of seventy-five thousand one hundred and thirty-three men." Several military laws were passed at this session: one authorizing cities, towns, and villages to pay bounties to volunteers; another, incorporating the Wisconsin Soldiers' Home; two others, amending the act relative "to the commencement and prosecution of civil actions against persons in the military service of the country." One was passed authorizing the payment of salaries, clerk hire, and expenses, of the offices of the adjutant general and quartermaster general from the war fund ; another, amending the act authorizing commissioned officers to take acknowledg- ment of deeds, affidavits and depositions; another, amending the act extending the right of suffrage to soldiers in the field. One act provides for correcting and completing the records of the adjutant general's office, relative to the military history of the individual members of the several military organizations of this State; another fixes the salary of the adjutant general and the quartermaster general, and their clerks and assistants; another prohibits volunteer or sub- stitute brokerage. One act was passed supplementary and explanatory of a previous one of the same session, authorizing towns, cities, or villages, to raise money to pay bounties to volunteers; another, amending a law of 1864, relating to the relief of soldiers' families; and another, pro- viding for the establishment of State agencies for the relief and care of sick, wounded, and disabled Wisconsin soldiers. There was an act also passed, authorizing the borrowing of money for a period not exceeding seven months, to repel invasion, suppress insurrection, and defend the State in time of war, — the amount not to exceed §850,000. On the 13th of April, 1865, orders were received to discontinue recruiting in Wisconsin, and to discharge all drafted men who had not been mustered in. About the first of May, orders were issued for the muster out of all organizations whose term of service would expire on or before the first of the ensuing October. As a consequence, many Wisconsin soldiers were soon on their way home. State military officers devoted their time to the reception of returning regiments, to their payment by the United States, and to settling with those who were entitled to extra pay from the State. Finally, their employment ceased — the last soldier was mustered out — the War of the Rebellion was at an end. Wisconsin had furnished to the federal army during the conflict over ninety thousand men, a considerable number more than the several requisitions of the General Government called for. Nearly eleven thousand of these were killed or died of wounds received in battle, or fell victims to diseases contracted in the militarj' service, to say nothing of those who died after their discharge, and whose deaths do not appear upon the mili- tary records. Nearly twelve million dollars were expended by the State authorities, and the people of the several counties and towns throughout the State, in their efforts to sustain the National Government. Wisconsin feels, as well she may, proud of her record made in defense of national existence. Shoulder to shoulder with the other loyal States of the Union, she stood — always ranking among the foremost. From her workshops, her farms, her extensive pineries, she poured forth stalwart WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 89 men, to fill up the organizations which she sent to the field. The blood of these brave men drenched almost every battle-field from Pennsylvania to the Rio Grande, from Missouri to Georgia. To chronicle the deeds and exploits — the heroic achievements — the noble enthusiasm — of the various regiments and military organizations sent by her to do battle against the hydra- headed monster secession — would be a lengthy but pleasant task ; but these stirring annals belong to the history of our whole country. Therein will be told the story which, to the latest time in the existence of this republic, will be read with wonder and astonishment. But an out- line of the action of the State authorities and their labors, and of the origin of the various military organizations, in Wisconsin, to aid in the suppression of the rebellion, must needs contain a reference to other helps employed — mostly incidental, in many cases wholly charitable but none the less effective : the sanitary operations of the State during the rebellion. Foremost among the sanitary operations of Wisconsin during the war of the rebellion was the organization of the surgeon general's department — to the end that the troops sent to the field from the State should have a complete and adequate supply of medicine and instruments as well as an efficient medical staff. In 1861, Governor Randall introduced the practice of appoint- ing agents to travel with the regiments to the field, who were to lake charge of the sick. The practice was not continued by Governor Harvey. On the 17th of June, 1862, an act of the legislature became a law authorizing the governor to take care of the sick and wounded soldiers of Wisconsin, and appropriated twenty thousand dollars for that purpose. Under this law- several expeditions were sent out of the State to look after the unfortunate sons who were suffering from disease or wounds. Soldiers' aid societies were formed throughout the State soon after the opening scenes of the rebellion. When temporary sanitary operations were no longer a necessity in Wisconsin, there followed two military benevolent institutions intended to be of a permanent character : the Soldiers' Home at Milwaukee, and the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Madison. The latter, however, has been discontinued. The former, started as a State institu- tion, is now wholly under the direction and support of the General Government. Whether in the promptitude of her responses to the calls made on her by the General Govern- ment, in the courage or constancy of her soldiery in the field, or in the wisdom and efficiency with which her civil administration was conducted during the trying period covered by the war of the rebellion, Wisconsin proved herself the peer of any loyal State. TABULAR STATEMENT. We publish on the following pages the report of the Adjutant General at the close of the war, but before all the Wisconsin organizations had been mustered out. It shows that 85,000 brave men were ready to forsake home, friends and the comforts of peaceful avocations, and offer their lives in defense of their country's honor. Twenty-two out of every hundred either died, were killed or wounded. Thirteen out of every hundred found a soldier's grave, while only 60 per cent of them marched home at the end of the war. Monuments may crumble, cities fall into decay, the tooth of time leave its impress on all the works of man, but the memory of the gallant deeds of the army of the Union in the great war of the rebellion, in which the sons of Wisconsin bore so conspicuous a part, will live in the minds of men so long as time and civilized governments endure. 90 I s •c eSjvqasjQ *a0t)Jd99Q »o lO ic o r- ^ to c^ c-1 c^i w r- c. rr <— >" o ' ^ ^ t— C^l m -aaiSBiK CO lO -^ I— o tc — : : : 'T : : : ^1 . *^ 'ipTOa co»o^t-Of-->-"0»ac;X'^ccr— ^-•^^— ■oor-xoc:coc■^-7'^»-^iCc;-s• X Ci N c; CO w c; X -r ^ X t< : o • B ;^ X O X X ^ -* -^ o : 2; : rnox OXO<:C';ococicccN'> *^ t-> S e a ca >» o o cj >> >. o S t = >>S s a)t-«cj^t-?^^ . £ o X f. r _. ju JJ — a> >% C I ! C e! =! — - -S - ' CI ■— fc. ^ « « « „ » t< fc. "^ « -^ C) « © J- t. 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XjODcOQD ■I TO 'fl ■?] CC 1-1 lO o CD r^ »-< lO eo c^ 3oc^ocoiocococoO"^-^ccTrc:ooi"^c^(»io-«iOi— •ocococD-'jfcoir-'uC'^'^uoco-^'^ f^OOCOOO■«T'I-HOO^--tO^--•C^OC:0'^^~050l^■^C^Or--cO"*QOC^OOO^-COOlC»-t>u'rOuOu'r■uOCSrHCO"^^ 60sQ0005COiOCO 30 O OD CC CO C^ CO -* CO -^ t 3 00 ■* CO O ^J O CI OO ■* d O O so rHrH C^ OO-— tCO'^ I- O CO o OS CO O ^ O CD O 30 >i^r-"^csii-— o oicoc^eo --H CO ^-^ xi X W rt CO CI — CC '^ -N CO t— rf <— I l-H i-i o I i* *;: .- a I X) s „ ■» .2 = d a c r t^ "3 ? s'ia 'ill's c- X --D ^1 --■ -^ O >! 7^ X ■-*' -f X X 5i X Ol C5 X "^ CO Tj* t— CI) r- C3 o CO o --I »-o t— X i— « o I— i^ CI o 'Mcsx^xiooi— O'oootoio-^xriic 1-H.— .1— lO r- bo S I » .Sr-- I X . § £"-2 o6 >; 5.>.-2 fc, I- 1- t- t- t- tH t- t, t. t. tjUJ ._ J bO M-J •:: .- .i^ ^ — • • u ;~ u u u t^ ^ b« t. t, t. = ^^^^^ &M Ez^ b^ b^ Ui C^ t. >^ t, =4 i S . > c8 >■ aj d > £3 OJ ■rt ^ j= = §•= 1 = O -S O M W Eh Ct^rf >>>,;?■ 5 § !«»- J MM^^g-* t4 ^ t* t- U e a; Ml 92 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. Tenth Administration. — Lucius Fairchild, Governor — 1866-1867. The inauguration of the newly elected State officers took place on Monday, January r, 1866. The legislature, in its nineteenth regular session, convened on the tenth. H. D. Barron was elected speaker of the assembly. The " Union " and " Republican " members were in a majority in both branches of the legislature. "Our first duty," said Governor Fairchild in his message, "is to give thanks to Almighty God for all His mercies during the year that is past." " The people of no nation on earth," he continued, " have greater cause to be thankful than have our people. The enemies of the country have been overthrown in battle. The war has settled finally great questions at issue between ourselves." Among the joint resolutions passed at this session was one submitting the question of a constitutional convention to frame a new constitution for the State, to the people. The legislature adjourned on the twelfth of April, having been in session ninety-three days. At the general election in November of this year, there were elected t j the Fortieth congress : H. E. Paine, from the first district; JB. F. Hopkins, from the second ; Amasa Cobb, from the third ; C. A. Eldredge, from the fourth ; Philetus Sawyer, from the fifth, and C. C. Washburn, from the si.xth district. All were republicans except Eldredge, who was elected as a democrat. The proposition for a constitutional conven- tion was voted upon by the people at this election, but was defeated. The twentieth session of the legislature commenced on the ninth of January, 1867. Angus Cameron was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature was strongly " Repub- lican-Union." The message of Governor Fairchild was read by him in person, on the tenth. On the twenty-third, the two houses, in joint convention, elected Timothy O. Howe United States senator for the term of six years, commencing on the fourth of March next ensuing. This legislature pjssed an act submitting to the people at the next Fall election an amendment to section twenty-one of article four of the constitution of the State, providing for paying a salary of three hundred and fifty dollars to each member of the legislature, instead of a per diem allowance, as previously given. \. sine die adjournment took place on the eleventh of April, after a service of ninety-three days. To provide for the more efficient collection of license fees due the State, an act, approved on the day of adjournment, authorized the governor to appoint an agent of the treasury, to superintend and enforce the collection of fees due for licenses fixed by law. This law is still in force, the agent holding his office at the pleasure of the executive of the State. On the 27th of March, Chief Justice Di.xon resigned his office but was immediately appointed by the governor to the same position. At the election in April following, associate Justice Cole was re-elected, without opposition, for six years from the first Monday in January following. On the i6th of August, Associate Justice Downer having resigned, Byron Paine was ajjpointed by the governor in his place. The republican State ticket, in the Fall, was elected over the democratic — resulting in the choice of Lucius Fairchild for governor ; Wyman Spooner, for lieutenant governor; Thomas S. .-X.llen, Jr., secretary of state; William E. Smith, for state treasurer; Charles R. Gill, for attorney general ; A. J. Craig, for superintendent of public instruction ; Jeremiah M. Rusk, for bank comptroller, and Henr)' Cordier, for state prison commissioner. Except Craig, all these officers were the former incumbents. The amendment to section 21 of article 4 of the constitution of the State, giving the members a salary instead of a per diem allowance, was adopted at this election. As it now stands, each member of the legislature receives, for his services, three hundred and fifty dollars per annum, and ten cents for every mile he travels in going to and returning from the place of the meetings of the legislature, on the most WISCONSIX AS A STATE. 93 usual route. In case of any extra session of the legislature, no additional compensation shall ■be allowed to any member thereof, either directly or indirectly. Eleventh Administration. — Lucius Fairchild, Governor (second term) — 1868-1869. The Eleventh Administration in Wisconsin commenced at noon on the 6th day of January, 1868. This was the commencement of Governor Fairchild's second term. On the eighth of January, 1868, began the twenty-first regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin. A. M. Thomson was elected speaker of the assemlily. Of the laws of a general nature passed by this legislature, was one abolishing the office of bank comptroller, transferring his duties to the state treasurer, and another providing for the establishing of libraries in the various townships of the State. A visible effect was produced by the constitutional amendment allowing members a salary, in abreviating this session, though not materially diminishing the amount of business transacted. A sine die adjournment took place on the si.xth of March. .At the election in April, 1868, Chief Justice Dixon was chosen for the unexpired balance of his own term, ending on the first Monday of January, 1870. At the same election, Byron Paine was chosen associate justice for the unexpired balance of Associate Justice Downer's term, ending the ist day of January, 1872. At the Fall election in this year, republican electors were chosen over those upon the democratic ticket, for president and vice president; and, as a consequence, Grant and Colfax received the vote of Wisconsin. Of the members elected at the same time, to the forty-first congress, all but one were republicans — Eldredge being a democrat. The successful ticket was: H. E. Paine, from the first district; B. F. Hopkins, from the second; Amasa Cobb, from the third ; C. A. Eldredge, from the fourth; Philetus Sawyer, from the fifth, and C. C. Washburn, from the sixth district. These were all members, form their respective districts, in the previous congress — the only instance since Wisconsin became a State of a re-election of all the incum- bents. On the thirteenth of January, 1869, began the twenty-second regular session of the State legislature. A. M. Thomson was elected speaker of the assembly. A very important duty imposed upon both houses was the election of a United States senator in the place of James R. Doolittle. The republicans having a majority in the legislature on joint ballot, the excitement among the members belonging to that party rose to a high pitch. The candidates for nomina- tion were Matthew H. Carpenter and C. C. Washburn. The contest was, up to that time, unparalleled in Wisconsin for the amount of personal interest manifested. Both gentlemen had a large lobby influence assembled at Madison. Carpenter was successful before the republican nominating convention, on the sixth ballot. On the twenty-seventh of January, the two houses proceeded to ratify the nomination by electing him United States senator for six years, from the fourth of March following. One of the most important transactions entered into by the legis- lature of 1869 was the ratification of the suffrage amendment to the constitution of the United States. Both houses adjourned sine die on the eleventh of March — a very short session. At the spring election, on the 6th of April, Luther S. Dixon was re-elected without opposition, chief justice of the supreme court, for a term of six years, from the first Monday in January next ensuing. In the Fall, both democrats and republicans put a State ticket in the field for the ensuing election : the republicans were successful, electing Lucius Fairchild, governor ; Thad- deus C. Pound, lieutenant governor; Llywelyn Breese, secretary of state ; Henry Baetz, state treasurer ; S. S. Barlow, attorney general ; george F. Wheeler, state prison commissioner ; and A. L. Craig, superintendent of public instruction. The office of bank comptroller expired on the 31st day of December, 1869, the duties of the office being transferred to the state 94 HISTORY OF WIsrOXSIX. treasurer. At this election, an amendment to sections 5 and 9 of article five of the constitution of the State was ratified and adopted by the people. Under this amendment, the governor receives, during his continuance in office, an annual compensation of five thousand dollars, which is in full for all traveling or other expenses incident to his duties. The lieutenant governor receives, during his continuance in office, an annual compensation of one thousand dollars. Twelfth Administration. — I^ucius Fairchild, Governor (third term) — 1870-187 1. On the third of January, 1870, commenced the twelfth admini.stration in Wisconsin, Gov- ernor Fairchild thus entering upon his third term as chief executive of the State; the only instance since the admission of Wisconsin into the Union, of the same person being twice re-elected to that office. It was an emphatic recognition of the value of his services in the gubernatorial chair. On the twelfth of January, the twenty-third regular session of the legis- lature of the State commenced at Madison. James M. Bingham was elected speaker of the assembly. Before the expiration of the month, Governor Fairchild received official information that over two hundred thousand dollars of the war claim of Wisconsin upon the General Govern- ment had been audited, considerable more than one hundred thousand having the previous year been allowed. In the month of March, an energetic efifort was made in the legislature, by members from Milwaukee, to remove the seat of government from Madison to their city ; but the project was defeated by a considerable majority in the assembly voting to- postpone the matter indefinitely, .\ccording to section eight of article one of the constitution, as originally adopted, no person could be held to answer for a criminal offense unless on the presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in certain cases therein specified. The legislature of 1869 proposed an amendment against the " grand jury systeVn " of the constitution, and referred it to the legislature of 1870 for their approval or rejection. The latter took up the proposition and agreed to it by the proper majority, and submitted it to the people at the next election for their ratification. The sine die adjournment of both houses took place on the seventeenth of March^ 1870. On the first day of January, previous, the member of congress from the second district of the State, B. F. Hopkins, died, and David Alwood, republican, was elected to fill the vacancy on the fifteenth of February following. Early in 1870, was organized the "Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, .\rts and Letters." By an act of the legislature approved March 16, of that year, it was incorporated, having among its specific objects, researches and investigations in the various departments of the material, meta- physical, ethical, ethnological and social sciences; a progressive and thorough scientific survey of the State, with a view of determining its mineral, agricultural and other resources; the advancement of the useful arts, through the application of science, and by the encouragement of original invention; the encouragement of the fine arts, by means of honors and prizes, awarded to artists for original works of superior merit; the formation of scientific, economical and art museums; the encouragement of philological and historical research; the collection and preservation of historic records, and the formation of a general library; and the diffusion of knowledge by the publication of original contributions to science, literature and the arts. The academy has already published three volumes of transactions, under authority of the Stale. The fourth charitable institution esta\)lished by Wisconsin was the " Northern Hospital for the Insane," located at Oshkosh, Winnebago county. It was authorized by an act of the legis- lature approved March 10, 1870. The law governing the admission of patients to this hospital is the same as to the Wisconsin State Hospital. WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 95 On the tliird day of July, 1870, A. J. Craig, siiperintendeiit of public instruction, died of consumption, and Samuel Fallows was, on the 6th of that month, appointed by the governor to fill the place made vacant by his death. The census taken this year by the General Govern- ment, showed the population of Wisconsin to be over one million sixty-four thousand. At the Fall election for members to the forty-second congress, Alexander Mitchell was chosen to represent the first district; G. W. Hazelton, the second; J. A. Barber, the third; C. A. Eldredge, the fourth; Philetus Sawyer, the fifth; and J. M. Rusk, the sixth district. Mitchell md Eldredge were democrats; the residue were reiniblicans. The amendment to section 8, of irticle 7 of the constitution of the State, abolishing the grand jury system was ratified by a arge majority. Under it, no person shall be held to answer for a criminal offense without due Drocess of law, and no person, for the same offense, shall be put twice in jeopardy of punishment, lor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. All persons shall, lefore conviction, be bailable by sufficient sureties, except for capital offenses when the proof is ivident and the presumption great ; and the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be iuspended unless, when in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it. Governor Fairchild, in his last annual message to the legislature, delivered to that body at ts twenty-fourth regular session beginning on the eleventh of January, 1871, said that Wisconsin state polity was so wisely adapted to the needs of the people, and so fa^vorable to the growth ind prosperity of the commonwealth, as to require but few changes at the hands of the legisla- ure, and those rather of detail than of system. At the commencement of this session, William E. Smith was elected speaker of the assembly. A very carefully-perfected measure of this egislature was one providing for the trial of criminal offenses on information, without the inter- vention of a Grand Jury. A state commissioner of immigration, to be elected by the people, was provided for. Both bodies adjourned sine die on the twenty-fifth of March. On the thirteenth )f January preceding. Associate Justice Byro 1 Paine, of the supreme court, died; whereupon he governor, on the 20th of the same month, appointed in his place, until the Spring election ihould be held, William Penn Lyon. The latter, at the election in April, was chosen by the leople to serve the unexpired time of Associate Justice Paine, ending the first Monday of Jan- lary, 1872, and for a full term of six years from the same date. On the 3d of April, Ole C. fohnson was appointed by the governor state commissioner of immigration, to serve until his uccessor at the next general election could be chosen by the people. To the end that the idministration of public charity and correction should thereafter be conducted upon sound )rinciples of economy, justice and humanity, and that the relations existing between the State ind its dependent and criminal classes might be better understood, there was, by an act of the egislature, approved March 23, 1871, a "state board of charities and reform" created — to :onsist of five members to be appointed by the governor of the State, the duties of the members leing to investigate and supervise the whole system of charitable and correctional institutions upported by the State or receiving aid from the State treasury, and on or before the first day of December in each year to report their proceedings to the executive of the State. This board t'as thereafter duly organized and its members have since reported annually to the governor heir jjroceedings and the amount of their expenses, as required by law. The "Wisconsin State Horticultural Society," although previously organized, first under the lame of the " Wisconsin Fruit Growers' Association," was not incorporated until the 24th of klarch, 1871 — the object of the society being to improve the condition of horticulture, rural idornment and landscape gardening. By a law of 1868, provision was made for the publication if the society's transactions in connection with the State agricultural society ; but by the act 96 HISTORY (»K AVISCONSIN. of 1 87 1, this law was repealed and an appropriation made for their yearly publication in separate form; resulting in the issuing, up to the present time, of seven volumes. The society holdi annual meetings at Madison. At the November election both republicans and democrats had a full ticket for the suffrages of the people. The republicans were successful, electing for governor, C. C. Washburn; M. H. Pettitt, for lieutenant governor; Llywelyn Breese, for secretary of state ; Henry Baetz, for state treasurer; Samuel Fallows, for superintendent of public instruction ; S. S. Barlow, for attorney general; (1. F. Wheeler, for state prison commissioner; and O. C. Johnson, for state commis- sioner of immigration. At this election an amendment to article four of the constitution of the State was ratified and adopted by the people. As it now stands, the legislature is prohibited from enacting any special or private laws in the following cases : 1st. For changing the names of persons or constituting one person the heir-at-law of another. 2d. For laying out, opening, or altering highways, except in cases of State roads extending into more than one county, and mili- tary roads to aid in the construction of which lands may be granted by congress. 3d. For authorizing persons to keep ferries across streams, at points wholly within this State. 4th. For authorizing the sale or mortgage of real or personal property of minors or others under disability. 5th. For locating or changing any county seat. 6th. For assessment or collection of taxes or for extending the time for the collection thereof. 7th. For granting corporate powers or privileges, except to cities. 8th. For authorizing the apportionment of any part of the school fund. 9th. For incorporating any town or village, or to amend the charter thereof. The legislature shall provide general laws for the transaction of any business that may be prohibited in the foregoing cases, and all such laws shall be uniform in their operation throughout the State. Industrially considered, the year 1S71 had but little to distinguish it from the average of previous years in the State, except that the late frosts of Spring and the drouth of Summer dimin- ished somewhat the yield of certain crops. With the exception of slight showers of only an hour or two's duration, in the montli of September, no rain fell in Wisconsin from the eighth of July to the ninth of October — a period of three months. The consequence was a most calamitous event which will render the year 1871 memorable in the history of the State. The great drouth of the Summer and Fall dried up the streams and swamps in Northern Wisconsin. In the forests, the fallen leaves and underbrush which covered the ground became very ignitable. The ground itself, especially in cases of alluvial or bottom lands, was so dry and parched as to burn readily to the depth of a foot or more. For many days preceding the com- mencement of the second week in October fires swept through the timbered country, and in some instances over prairies and " openings." Farmers, saw-mill owners, railroad men and all others interested in exposed property, labored day and night in contending against the advance of devouring fires, which were destroying, notwithstanding the ceaseless energies of the people, an occasional mill or house and sweeping off, here and there, fences, haystacks and barns. Over the counties lying upon Green bay and a portion of those contiguous thereto on the south, southwest and west, hung a general gloom. No rain came. All energies were exhausted from " fighting fire." The atmosphere was every where permeated with smoke. The waters of the bay and even Lake Michigan, in places, were so enveloped as to render navigation difficult and in some instances dangerous. It finally became very diffrcult to travel upon highways and on railroads. Time drew on — but there came no rain. The ground in very many places was burned over. Persons sought refuge — some in excavations in the earth, others in wells. The counties of Oconto, Brown, Kewaunee, Door, Manitowoc, Outagainie and Shawano were all more or less swept by this besom of destruction ; but in Oconto county, and for some distance into Menomonee county, Michigan, across the Menoinonee river, on the west shore of WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 97 he bay and throughout the whole length and breadth of the peninsula, — that is, the territory ying between the bay and Lake Michigan, — the fires were the most devastating. The first week n October passed ; then came an actual whirlwind of fire — ten or more miles in width, and of ndefinite length. The manner of its progress was extraordinary. It destroyed a vast amount of )roperty and many lives. It has been described as a tempestuous sea of flame, accompanied by . most violent hurricane, which multiplied the force of the destructive element. Forests, farm mprovements and entire villages were consumed. Men, women and children perished — awfully )erished. Even those who fled and sought refuge from the fire in cleared fields, in swamps, akes and rivers, found, many of them, no safety there, but were burned to death or died of suf- ocation. This dreadful and consuming fire was heralded by a sound likened to that of a railroad rain — -to the roar of a waterfall- — to the noise of a battle at a distance. Not human beings mly, but horses, oxen, cows, dogs, swine— every thing that had life — ran to escape the impend- ng destruction. The smoke was suffocating and blinding ; the roar of the tempest deafening ; he atmosphere scorching. Children were separated from their parents, and trampled upon by razed beasts. Husbands and wives rushed in wild dismay, they knew not where. Death rode riumphantly upon that devastating, fiery flood. More than one thousand men, women and hildren perished. More than three thousand were rendered destitute — utterly beggared, ilothers were left with fatherless children ; fathers with motherless children. Every where were lomeless orphans. All around lay suffering, helpless humanity, burned and maimed. Such was he sickening spectacle after the impetuous and irresistible wave of fire swept over that portion if the State. This appalling calamity happened on the 8th and 9th of October. The loss of )roperty has been estimated at four million dollars. At the tidings of this fearful visitation. Governor Fairchild hastened to the burnt district, to .ssist, as much as was in his power, the distressed sufferers. He issued, on the 13th of the nonth, a stirring appeal to the citizens of Wisconsin, for aid. It was promptly responded to rom all portions of the State outside the devastated region. Liberal contributions in money, lothing and provisions were sent — some from other States, and even from foreign countries. Northwestern Wisconsin also suffered severely, during these months of drouth, from large fires. A compilation of the public statutes of Wisconsin was prepared during the year 1871, by David Tayor, and published in two volumes, generally known as the Revised Statutes of 1871. '.t was wholly a private undertaking ; but the legislature authorized the secretary of state to jurchase five hundred copies for the use of the State, at its regular session in 1872. Thirteenth .\dministration. — C. C. Washburn, Governor — 1872-1873. The thirteenth gubernatorial administration in Wisconsin commenced on Monday, January [, 1872. The only changes made, in the present administration from the previous one, were in he offices of governor and lieutenant governor. The twenty-fiftli regular session of the legislature began on the lotii of January, with a ■epublican majority in both houses. Daniel Hall was elected speaker of the assembly. The lext day the governor delivered to a joint convention of the legislature his first annual message — a lengthy document, setting forth in detail the general condition of State affairs. The recent ;reat conflagrations were referred to, and relief suggested. 'I'he work of this session of the Leg- slature was peculiarly difficult, owing to the many general laws which the last constitutional imendment made necessary. The apportionment of the State into new congressional districts vas another perplexing and onerous task. Eight districts were formed instead of six, as at the :ommencementof the last decade. By this, tlie fourth congressional apportionment, each district 98 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. elects one member. The first district consists of the counties of Rock, Racme, Kenosha, Wal- worth, and Waukesha; the second, of Jefferson, Dane, Sauk, and Columbia; the third»of Grant, Iowa, LaFayette, Green, Richland, and Crawford ; the fourth, of Milwaukee, Ozaukee, and Wash- ington ; the fifth, of Dodge, Fond du Lac, Sheboygan and Manitowoc ; the sixth, of Green Lake, Waushara, Waupaca, Outagamie, Winnebago, Calumet, Brown, Kewaunee and Door; the sev- enth, of Vernon, La Crosse, Monroe, Jackson, Trempealeau, Buffalo, Pepin, Pierce, St. Croix, Eau Claire, and Clark; the eighth, of Oconto, Shawano, Portage, Wood, Juneau, Adams, Marquette, Marathon, Dunn, Chippewa, Barron, Polk, Burnett, Bayfield, Douglas, and Ashland. To this district have since been added the new counties of Lincoln and Taylor. After a session of seventy-seven days, the legislature finished its work, adjourning on the twenty-seventh of March. At the ensuing November election, the republican ticket for presi- dent and vice president of the United States was successful. The ten electors chosen cast their votes in the electoral college for Grant and Wilson. In the eight congressional districts, six republicans and two democrats were elected to the forty-third congress ; the last mentioned from the fourth and fifth districts. C. G. Williams represented the first district; G. W. Hazel- ton the second; J. Allen Barber the third ; Alexander Mitchell the fourth ; C. A. Eldredge the fifth; Philetus Sawyer the sixth; J. M. Rusk the seventh; and A. G. McDill the eighth district. Throughout Wisconsin, as in all portions of the Union outside the State, a singular pesti- lence prevailed among horses in the months of November and December, 1872, very few escap- ing. Horses kept in warm, well ventilated stables, avoiding currents of air, with little or no medicine, and fed upon nutritious and laxative food, soon recovered. Although but few died, vet the loss to the State was considerable, especially in villages and cities, resulting from the diffi- culty to substitute other animals in the place of the horse during the continuance of the disease. The twenty-sixth regular session of the State legislature commenced on the eighth day of January, 1873, with a republican majority in both houses. Henry D. Barron was elected speaker of the assembly. On the ninth. Governor Washburn's message — his second annual one — was delivered to the two houses. It opened with a brief reference to the abundant returns from agricultural pursuits, to the developments of the industries of the state, to the advance in manufacturing, to the rapid extension in railways, and to the general and satisfactory progress in education, throughout Wisconsin. He followed with several recommendations — claiming that " many vast and overshadowing corporations in the United States are justly a source of alarm," and that " the legislature can not scan too closely every measure that should come before it which proposed to give additional rights and privileges to the railways of the state." He also recommended that the " granting of passes to the class of state officials who, through their public office, have power to confer or withhold benefits to a railroad company, be prohibited." The message was favorably commented upon by the jjress of the state, of all parties. " If Governor Washburn," says one of the opposition papers of his administration, " is not a great statesman, he is certainly not a small politician." One of the first measures of this legislature was the elec- tion of United States senator, to fill the place of Timothy O. Howe, whose term of office would expire on the fourth of March next ensuing On the twenty-second of January the two houses met in joint convention, when it was announced that by the previous action of the senate and assembly, Timothy O. Howe was again elected to that office for the term of six years. On the twentieth of March, the legislature adjourned sine die, after a session of seventy-two days. Milton H. Pettitt, the lieutenant governor, died on the 23d day of March following the adjournment. By this sudden and unexpected death, the State lost an upright and conscientious public officer. "WISCO^rSIN' AS A STATE. 99 Among the important acts passed by this legislature was one providing for a geological sur- vey of the State, to be begun in Ashland and Douglas counties, and comijleted within four years, by a chief geologist and four assistants, to be appointed by the governor, appropriating for the work an annual payment of thirteen thousand dollars. An act providing for a geological survey, of the State, passed by the legislature, and approved March 25, 1S53, authorized the governor to appoint a state geologist, who was to select a suitable person as assistant geologist. Their duties were to make a geological and mineralogical survey of the State. Under this law Edward Daniels, on the first day of April, 1853, was appointed state geologist, superseded on the 12th day of August, 1854, by James G. Percival, who died in ofiice on the 2d of May, 1856, at Hazel Green. By an act approved March 3, 1S57, James Hall, Ezra Carr and Edward Daniels were appointed by the legislature geological commissioners. ■ By an act approved April 2, r86o. Hall was made principal of the commission. The survey was interrupted bya repeal, March 21, 1862, of previous laws promoting it. However, to complete the survey, the matter was reinstated by the act of this legislature, approved March 29, the governor, under that act, appointing as chief geologist Increase A. Lapham, April 10, 1873. Another act changed the management of the state prison — providing for the appointment bv the governor of three directors; one for two years, one for four years, and one for six years, in place of a state prison commissioner, who had been elected by the people every two years, ilong with other officers of the State. At the Spring election, Orsamus Cole, who had been eighteen years upon the bench, was re-elected, without opposition, an associate justice of the supreme court, for a term of six years From the first Monday in January following. The two tickets in the field at the Fall election (Vera the republican and the people's reform. The latter was successful ; the political sceptef p ssing out of the hands of the republicans, after a supremacy in the State continuing unbroken since the beginning of the seventh administration, when A. W. Randall (governor for. a second :erm) and the residue of the State officers were elected — all republicans. The general success among the cultivators of the soil throughout the state during the year, lotwithstanding "the crisis," was marked and satisfactory ; but the financial disturbances during ;he latter part of the Fall and the first part of the Winter, resulted in a general depreciation of irices. Fourteenth Administration. — William R. Taylor, Governor — 1S74-75. The fourteenth administration of Wisconsin commenced at noon on Monday, the fifth day )f January, 1874, by the inauguration of William R. Taylor as governor; Charles D. Parker, ieutenant governor; Peter Doyle, secretary of state; Ferdinand Kuehn, state treasurer; \. Scott Sloan, attorney general; Edward Searing, superintendent of public instruction; md Martin J. Argard, state commissioner of immigration. These officers were not ;lected by any distinctive political party as such, but as the representatives of a new political organization, including " all Democrats, Liberal Republicans, and other electors )f Wisconsin, friendly to genuine reform through equal and impartial legislation, honesty n office, and rigid economy in tlie administration of affairs." Among the marked cliaracteristics )f the platform agreed upon by the convention nominating the above-mentioned ticket was a leclaration by the members that they would " vote for no candidate for office whose nomination s the fruit of his own importunity, or of a corrupt combination among partisan leaders ;" mother, " that the sovereignty of the State over corporations of its own creation shall be sacredly espected, to the full extent of protecting the people against every form of monopoly or extor- ion," not denying, however, an encouragement to wholesome enterprise on the part of aggre- 100 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. gated capital — this "plank" having special reference to a long series of alleged grievances, assumed to have been endured by the people on account of discriminations in railroad charges and a consequent burdensome taxation upon labor — especially upon the agricultural industry of the State. The twenty-seventh regular session of the Wisconsin legislature commenced at Madison on the fourteenth of January. The two houses were politically antagonistic in their majorities; the senate was republican, while the assembly had a "reform" majority. In the latter branch, Gabriel Bouck was elected speaker. Governor Taylor, on the fifteenth, met the legislature in joint convention and delivered his message. " An era," said he, "of apparent prosperity without parallel in the previous history of the nation, has been succeeded by financial reverses affecting all classes of industry, and largely modifying the standard of values." "Accompanying these financial disturbances," added the governor, " has come an imperative demand from the people for a purer political morality, a more equitable apportionment of the burdens and blessings of government, and a more rigid economy in the administration of public affairs." Among the important acts passed by this legislature was one generally known as the " Potter Law," from the circumstance of the bill being introduced by Robert L. D. Potter, sen- ator, representing the twenty-fifth senatorial district of the state. The railroad companies for a number of years had, as before intimated, been complained of by the people, who charged them with unjust discriminations and e.\orbitantly high rates for the transportation of passengers and merchandize. All the railroad charters were granted by acts at different times of the State leg- islature, under the constitution which declares that " corporations may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by a special act, except for municipal purposes and in cases where, in the judgment of the legislature, the objects of the corporations can not be attained under general laws. All general laws, or special acts, enacted under the provisions of this section, may be altered or repealed by the legislature at any time after their passage." The complaints of the people seem to have remained unheeded, resulting in the passage of the "Potter Law." This law limited the compensation for the transportation of passengers, classi- fied freight, and regulated prices for its transportation within the State. It also required the governor on or before the first of May, 1874, by and with the consent of the senate, to appoint three railroad commissioners; one for one year, one for two years, and one for three years, whose terms of office should commence on the fourteenth day of May, and that the governor, tliereafter, on the first day of May, of each year, should appoint one commissioner for three vears. Under this law, the governor appointed J. H. Osborn, for three years; George H. Paul, for two years ; and J. W. Hoyt, for one year. Under executive direction, this commission inau- gurated its labors by compiling, classifying, and putting into convenient form for public use for the first time, all the railroad legislation of the State. At the outset the two chief railroad corporations of the State — the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul, and the Chicago and Northwestern — served formal notice upon the governor of Wis- consin that they would not respect the provisions of the new railroad law. Under his oath of office, to support the constitution of the State, it was the duty of Governor Taylor to expedite all such measures as should be resolved upon by the legislature, and to take care that the laws be faithfully executed. No alternative, therefore, was le''t the chief executive but to enforce the law by all the means placed in his hands for that purpose. He promptly responded to the noti- fication of the railroad companies by a proclamation, dated May i, 1874, in which he enjoined compliance with the statute, declaring that all the functions of his office would be exercised in faithfully executing the laws, and invoking the aid of all good citizens thereto. " The law of the land," said Governor Taylor, "must be respected and obeyed." " While none," continued he. "WISCON^SIK AS A STATE. 101 " are so weak as to be without its protection, none are so strong as to bj above its restraints. If provisions of the law be deemed oppressive, resistance to its mandates will not abate, but rather multiply the anticipated evils." ''It is the right," he added, "of all to test its validity through the constituted channels, but with that right is coupled the duty of yielding a general obedience to its requirements until it has been pronounced invalid by competent authority." The railroad companies claimed not merely the unconstitutionality of the law, but that its enforcement would bankrupt the companies, and suspend the operation of their lines. The governor, in reply, pleaded the inviolability of his oath of office and his pledged faith to the people. The result was an appeal to the courts, in which the State, under the direction of its governor, was compelled to confront an array of the most formidable legal talent of the country. Upon the result in Wisconsin depended the vitality of much similar legislation in neighboring Slates, and Governor Taylor and his associate representatives of State authority were thus compelled to bear the brunt of a controversy of national extent and consequence. The contention extended both to State and United States courts, the main question involved being the constitutional power of the State over corporations of its own creation. In all respects, the State was fully sustained in its position, and, ultimately, judgments were rendered against the corporations in all the State and federal courts, including the supreme court of the United States, and estab- lishing finally the complete and absolute power of the people, through the legislature, to modify or altogether repeal the charters of corporations. Another act of the session of 1874 abolished the office of State commissioner of immigra- tion, "on and after " the first Monday of January, 1876. The legislature adjourned on the twelfth of March, 1874, after a session of fifty-eight days. The office of state prison commissioner having, by operation of law, become vacant on the fifth day of January, 1874, the governor, on the twenty-third of that month, appointed for State prison directors, Joel Rich, for tw 1 years; William E. Smith, for four years; and Nelson Dewey, for six years : these to take the place of that officer. On the sixteenth of June, Chief Justice Dixon, whose term of office would have expired on the first Monday in January, 1876, resigned his seat upon the bench of the supreme court. Governor Taylor appointing Edward (i. Ryan in his place until his successor should be elected and qualified. At the November election of this year, the members chosen to the forty-fourth congress were — Charles G. Williams, from the first district; Lucian B. Caswell, from the second; Henry S. Magoon, from the third; William Pitt Lynde, from the fourth; Samuel D. Burchard, from the fifth; A. M. Kimball, from the sixth; Jeremiah M. Rusk, from the seventh, and George W. Cate, from the eighth district. Lynde, Burchard and Cate were " reform ; " the residue were republican. At the same election, an amendment to section 3 of article 11 of the constitution of the State was duly ratified and adopted by the people. Under this section, as it now stands, it is the duty of the legislature, and they are by it empowered, to provide for the organization of cities and incorporated villages, and to restrict their power of taxation, assessment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credit, so as to prevent abuses in assessments and taxation, and in contracting debts, by such municipal corporations. No county, city, town, village, school district, or other municipal corporation, shall be allowed to become indebted in any manner, or for any purpose, to any amount, including existing indebtedness in the aggregate, exceeding five per centum on the value of the taxable property therein, to be ascertained by the last assessment for State and county taxes previous to the incurring of such indebtedness. Any county, city, town, village, school district, or other municipal corporation, incurring any indebt- edness as aforesaid, shall, before, or at the time of doing so, provide for the collection of a direct 102 HISTORY (IF WISCON^SIN. annual tax sufficient to pay the interest on such debt as it falls due, and also to pay and discharge the principal thereof within twenty years from the time of contracting the same. la 1S7;, the first appropriation for fish culture in Wisconsin was made by the legislature, subject to the direction of the United States commissioner of fisheries. In 1874, a further sum was appropriated, and the governor of the State authorized to appoint three commissioners, whose duties were, upon receiving any spawn or fish, by or through the United States commis- sioner of fish and fisheries, to immediately place such spawn in the care of responsible pisci- culturists of the State, to be hatched and distributed in the different waters in and surrounding Wisconsin. Two more members have since been added by law to the commission ; their labors have been much extended, and liberal appropriations made to further the object they have in view — with flattering prospects of their finally being able to stock the streams and lakes of the State with the best varieties of food fish. The year 1874, in Wisconsin, was characterized as one of general prosperity among farmers, excepting the growers of wheat. The crop of that cereal was light, and, in places, entirely destroyed by the chinch-bug. .\5 a consequence, considerable depression e.xisted in business in the wheat-growing districts. Trade and commerce continued throughout the year at a low ebb, the direct result of the monetarj' crisis of 1S73. The legislature commenced its twenty-eighth regular session on the thirteenth of January, 1875, with a republican majority in both houses. F. W. Horn was elected speaker of the assembly. The governor delivered his message in person, on the fourteenth, to the two houses. " Thanking God for all His mercies," are his opening words, " I congratulate you that order and peace reign thr:;ughout the length and breadth of our State. Our material prosperity has not fulfilled our anticipations. But let us remember that we bear no burden of financial depression not common to all the States, and that the penalties of folly are the foundation of wisdom." In regard to the " Potter Law," the governor said, " It is not my opinion that this law expressed the best judgment of the legislature which enacted it. While the general principles upon which it is founded command our unqualified approbation, and can never be surrendered, it must be conceded that the law is deleclive in some of its details The great object sought to be accomplished by our people," continued the speaker, "is not the management of railroad property by themselves, but to prevent its mismanagement by others." Concerning the charge that Wisconsin was warring upon railways within her limits, the governor added, " She has never proposed such a war. She proposes none now. She asks only honesty, justice and tlie peace of mutual good will. To all men concerned, her people say in sincerity and in truth that every dollar invested in our State shall be lawfully entitled to its just protection, whencesoever the danger comes. In demanding justice for all, the State will deny justice to none. In forbidding mismanagement, the State will impose no restraints upon any management that is h nest and just. In this, the moral and hereditary instincts of our people furnish a stronger bond of good faith than the judgments of courts or the obligations of paper constitutions. Honest capital may be timid and easily frightened; yet it is more certain to seek investment among a people whose laws are at all times a shield for the weak and a reliance for the strong — where the wholesome restr.iints of judicious legislation are felt alike by the exalted and the humble, the rich and the poor." The first important business to be transacted by this legislature was the election of a United States senator, as the term for which M. H Carpenter had been elected would expire on the fourth of -March ensuing. Much interest was manifested in the matter, not only in the .two houses, but throughout the State. There was an especial reason for this ; for, although the then WISCOXSIX AS A STATE. 103 incumbent was a candidate for re-election, with a republican majority in the legislature, yet it was well known that enough members of that party were pledged, before the commencement of the session, to vote against him, to secure his defeat, should they stand firm to their pledges. The republicans met in caucus and nominated Carpenter for re-election; but the recalcitrant members held themselves aloof. Now, according to usual precedents, a nomination by the domi- nant party was equivalent to an election ; not so, however, in this case, notwithstanding the friends of the nominee felt sanguine of his election in the end. The result of the first ballot, on the twenty-sixth of January, was, in the senate, thirteen for the republican candidate ; in the assembly, forty-six votes, an aggregate of only fifty-nine. He lacked four votes in the assembly and an equal number in the senate, of having a majority i.i each house. On the twenty-seventh, the two houses, in joint convention, h,iving met to compare the record of the voting the day previous, and it appearing that no one person had received a majority of the votes in each house for United States senator, they proceeded to their first joint ballot. The result was, no election. The balloting was continued each day, until the third of February, when, on the eleventh joint trial, .\ngus Cameron, of LaOosse, having received sitxty-eight votes, to Carpenter's fifty-nine, with five scattering, was declared elected. As in the previous session so in this, — one of the most absorbing subjects before the legisla- ture was that of railroads; the " Potter Law" receiving a due share of attention in both houses. The result was an amendment in some important particulars without changing the right of State control : rates were modified. The law as amended was more favorable to the railroad compa- nies and was regarded as a compromise. The legislature adjourned sine die on the 6th of March. This was the shortest session ever held in the State except one of twenty-five years previous. On the i6th of February, O. ^V. Wight was appomted by the governor chief geologist of Wisconsin, in place of I. A. Lapham, whose appointment had not been acted upon by the Senate. On the 24th of the same month, J. W. Hoyt was appointed railroad commissioner for three )'ears from the first day of May .'ollowing, on which day his one-year term in the same office would expire. .\t the regular Spring election on the 6th of April following, Edward (j. Ryan was elected, without opposition, chief justice of the supreme court for the unexpired term of Chief Justice Dixon, ending the first Monday in January, 1876, and for a full term of six years from the last mentioned date; so that his present term of office will expire on the ist Monday in Jan- uary, 18S2. An act providing for taking the census of Wisconsin on or before the ist of July, 1875, was passed by the legislature and approved the 4th of March pievious. It required an enumeration of all the inhabitants of the State except Indians, who were not entitled to the right of suffrage. The result of this enumeration gave a total population to Wisconsin of one million two hundred and thirty-six thousand seven hundred and twenty-nine. At the November election, republican and "reform' tickets were in the field for State officers, resulting in the success of the latter, except as to governor. For this office Harrison Ludington was chosen by a majority, according to the State board of canvassers, over William R. Taylor, of eight hundred and forty-one. The rest of the candidates elected were: Charles D. Parker, lieutenant governor; Petei Doyle, secretary of state, Ferdinand Kuehn, treasurer of state, A. Scott Sloan, attorney general; and Edward Searing, superintendent of public instruction. The act abolishing the office of state commissionei of immigration was to take effect "on and after" the close of this administration; so, 01 course, no person was voted for to fill that position at the Fall election of 1875. During this administration the principle involved in a long-pending controversy between the State and" Minnesota relating to valuable harbor privileges at the head of Lake Superior, was suc- cessfully and finally settled in favor of Wisconsin. The influence of the executive was largely 104 HISTORY OP \VISCOXSIN". instrumental in initiating a movement which resulted in securing congressional appropriaiions amounting to $800,000 to the Fox and Wisconsin river improvement. A change was inaugu- rated in the whole system of timber agencies over State and railroad lands, by which the duties of agents were localized, and efficiency was so well established that many important trespasses were brought to light from which over §60,000 in penalties was collected and paid into the Treasury, while as much more was subsequently realized from settlements agreed upon and proceedings instituted. By decisive action on the part of the governor an unsettled printing claim of nearly a hundred thousand dollars was met and defeated in the courts. During this period also appro- priations were cut down, and the rate of taxation diminished. Governor Taylor bestowed unre- mitting personal attention to details of business with a view of promoting the public interests with strict economy, while his countenance and support was extended to all legitimate enter- prises. He required the Wisconsin Central railroad company to give substantial assurance that it would construct a branch line from Stevens Point to Portage City as contemplated by congress, before issuing certificates for its land grants. The closing year of the century of our national existence — 1S75, was one somewhat discour- aging to certain branches of the agricultural interests of Wisconsin. The previous Winter had been an unusually severe one. A greater breadth of corn was planted than in any previous year in the State, but the unusually late season, followed by frosts in August and September, entirely ruined thousands of acres of that staple. Fifteenth Administration. — II.-^rrison Ludington, Governor — 1876-1877. The fifteenth administration of Wisconsin commenced at noon on Monday, January 3, 1876, by the inauguration of State officers — Harrison Ludington, as previously stated, having been elected upon the republican ticket, to fill the chief executive office of the State ; the others, to the residue of the offices, upon the democratic reform ticket: the governor, like three of his predecessors — Farvvell, Bashford, and Randall (first term) — -having been chosen by a majority less than one thousand ; and, like two of his predecessors — Farwell and Bashford — when all the other State officers differed with him in politics. The twenty-ninth regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin began on the 12th of Janu- ary, 1876, at Madison. The republicans were in the majority in both houses. Samuel S. Fifield was elected speaker of the assembly. On the 13th, Governor Ludington delivered in person, to a joint convention of that body, his message, communicating the condition of affairs of the State, and recommending such matters for the consideration of the legislators as were thought expedient : it was brief; its style condensed ; its striking peculiarity, a manly frankness. " It is not the part of wisdom," said he, in his concluding remarks, "to disguise the fact that the people of this State, in common with those of all sections of the Union, have suffered some abatement of the prosperity that they have enjoyed in the past." "We have entered," he continued, "upon the centennial of our existence as an independent nation. It is fit that we should renew the spirit in which the Republic had its birth, and our determination that it shall endure to fulfill the great purposes of its existence, and to justify the noble sacrifices of its founders." The legislature adjourned sine die on the i4lh of March, 1876, after a session of sixty-three days. The chief measures of the session were: The amendment of the railroad laws, maintaining salutary restric- tions while modifying those features which were crippling and crushing an important interest of the State ; and the apportionment of the State into senate and assembly districts. It is a pro- vision of the constitution of the State that the number of the members of the assembly shall never be less than fifty-four, nor more than one hundred ; and that the senate shall consist of a number not more than one-third nor less than one-fourth of the number of the members of the WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 105 assembly. Since the year 1S62, the aggregate allotted to both houses had been one hundred and thirty-three, the maximum allowed by the constitution; one hundred in the assembly and thirt)- three in the senate. The number of this representation was not diminished by the apportion- ment of 1S76. One of the railroad laws abolished the board of railroad commissioners, confer- ring its duties upon a railroad commissioner to be appointed by the governor every two years. Under this law. DanaC. J>amb was appointed to that office, on the loth of March, 1876. On the 2d day of February, previous, George W. Burchard was by the governor appointed state prison director for six years, in place of Joel Rich, whose term of office had expired. On the same day T. C. Chamberlin was appointed chief geologist of Wisconsin in place of O. W. Wight. The application of Miss Lavinia Goodell, for admission to the bar of Wisconsin, was rejected by the supreme court of the State, at its January term, 1S76. "We can not but think," oaid Chief Justice Ryan, in the decree of refusal, " we can not but think the common law wise in e.xcluding women from the profession of the law." "The profession," he added, "enters largely into the well-being of society, and, to be honorably filled, and safely to society, exacts the devotion of life. The law of nature destines and qualifies the female sex for the bearing and nurture of the children of our race, and for the custody of the homes of the world, and their maintenance in love and honor. And all life-long callings of women inconsistent with these radical and social duties of their sex, as is the profession of the law, are departures from the order of Nature, and, when voluntary, are treason against it." By a law since passed, no person can be denied admission to any court in the State on' account of sex; and Miss Goodell has been admitted to practice in the Supreme Court. By an act of the legislature, approved March 13, 1S76, a State board of health was estab- lished, the appointment of a superintendent of vital statistics, was provided for, and certain duties were assigned to local boards of health. The State board was organized soon after; the governor having previously appointed seven persons as its members. The object of the organization, which is supported by the State, is, to educate the people of Wisconsin into a better knowledge of the nature and causes of disease, and a better knowledge and observance of hygienic laws. By a law passed in 1868, as amended in 1870 and 1873, the secretary of state, state treasurer, and attorney general, were constituted a State board of assessment, to meet in the city of Madison, on the third Wednesday in May, 1874, and biennally thereafter, to make an equalized valuation of the property in the State, as a guide to assessment for taxation. In the tables of equalized valuations compiled by this board in 1876, the whole amount of taxable property in Wisconsin, is set down at $423,596,290 ; of which sum $337,073,148, represents real estate and $86,523,142 personal property. This being the year for the election of president and vice president of the United States, the two political parties in Wisconsin — republican and democratic — had tickets in the field. At the election on Tuesday, November 7, the republican presidential electors received a majority of the vote.; cast in the State, securing Wisconsin for Hayes and Wheeler. The eight congressional districts elected the same day their members to the forty-fifth congress, whose terms of office would expire on the 4th of March, 1879. Charles G. Williams was elected in the first district; Lucien B. Caswell, in the second; George C. Hazelton, in the third; William P. Lynde, in the fourth; Edw.ird S. Bragg, in the fifth; Gabriel Bouck, in the sixth; H. L. Humphrey, in the seventh; and Thad. C. Pound, in the eighth district. A majority of the delegation was republican, the representatives from the fourth, fifth and sixth districts only, being democrats. 106 IIISTOJU' OF WISCONSIN. There was a general and sixintaneous exhibition of patriotic impulses throughout the length and breadth of Wisconsin, on the part of both native and toreign-born citizens, at the com- mencement of the centennial year, and upon the fourth of July. The interest of the people of the State generally, in the Exposition at Philadelphia, was manifested in a somewhat remarkable manner from its inception to its close. By an act of congress, approved March 3, 1S71, pro- vision was made for celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of American Independence, by holding in that city, in 1876, an exhibition of arts, manufactures, and the products of the soil and mines of the country. A centennial commission, consisting of one commissioner and one alternate commissioner, from each State and Territory, was authorized to be appointed, to carry out the provisions of the act. David Atwood, as commissioner, and E. D. Holton, as alternate, were commissioned by the president of the United States, from Wisconsin. This commission gradually made progress in preparing for an international exposition. " The commission has been organized," sand Governor Washburn, in his message to the legislature in January, 1873, "and has made considerable progress in its work. The occasion will be one to which i"he American people can not fail to respond in the most enthusiastic manner." The president of the United States, by proclamation, in July, 1873, announced the exhibition and national celebra- tion, and commended them to the people of the Union, and of all nations. " It seems fitting," said Governor Taylor, in his message to the Wisconsin legislature in 1874, " that such a cele- bration of this im[)ortant event, should be held, and it is hoped it will be carried out in a manner worthy of a great and enlightened nation." By the close of 1S74, a large number of foreii^n governments had signified iheir intention to participate in the exhibition. The legislature of Wisconsin, at its session in 1S75, deeming it essential that the State, with its vast resources in agricultural, mineral, lumbering, manufacturing, and otiier products and industries, should be fully represented at Philadelphia, passed an act which was approved March 3, 1S75, to provide for a "Board of State Centennial Managers." Two thousand dollars were appropriated to pay its necessary expenses. The board was to consist of five members to be appointed by the governor ; and there were added thereto, as e.x-officio members, the United States centennial commissioner and his alternate. The duties of the members were to dis- seminate information regarding the Exhibition; to secure the co-operation of industrial, scien- tific, agricultural, and other associations in the State ; to appoint co-operative local committees, representing the different industries of the State ; to stimulate local action on all measures intended to render the exhibition Successful, and a worthy representation of the industries of the country; to encourage the production of articles suitable for the Exhibition ; to distribute documents issued by the centennial commission among manufacturers and others in the State; to render assistance in furthering the financial and other interests of the exhibition ; to furnish information to the commission on subjects that might be referred to the board; to care for the interests of the State and of its citizens in matters relating to the exhibition ; to receive and pronounce upon applications for space ; to apportion the space placed at its disj^sal among the exhibitors from the State; and to supervise such other details relating to the representation of citizens of Wisconsin in the Exhibition, as might from time to time be delegated by the United States centennial commission. The board was required to meet on the first Wednesday of April, 1875, at the capitol, in Madison, to organize and adopt such by-laws and regulations as might be deemed necessary for the successful prosecution of the work committed to their charge Governor Taylor appointed Eli Stilson, J. I. Case, J. B. Parkinson, T. C. Pound, and E. A. Calkins, members of the board. Its organization was perfected, at the apiX)inted time, by the election of J. B. Parkinson as pre- sident, and W. W. I'ield, secretary. The ex-officio members of the board, were David Atwood, WlSCOXSrX AS A STATE. 107 United States commissioner, and E. D. Helton, alternate From this time forward, the board was untiring in its efforts to secure a full and proper representation of the varied interests of AVisconsin in the centennial exhibition of 1876. E. A. Calkins having resigned his position as member of the board, Adolph Meinecke took his place by appointment of the governor July 24, 1875. Governor Ludington, in his message to the legislature in January, 1876, spoke in commendation of the coming exhibition. "The occasion," said he, '"will afford an excellent opportunity to display the resources and products of the State, and to attract hither capital and immigration." Soon after the organization of the United States centennial commission, a national organ- ization of the women of the country was perfected. A lady of Philadelphia was placed at its head; and a presiding officer from each State was appointed. Mrs. A. C. Thorp assumed the duties of chairman for Wisconsin, in March, 1875, appointing assistants in various parts of the State, when active work was commenced. This organization was efficient in Wisconsin in arousing an interest in the general purposes and objects of the exhibition. By an act of the legislature, approved March 3, 1876, the sum of twenty thousand dollars was appropriated to the use of the board of centennial managers, for the purpose of arranging for, and making a proper exhibition of, the products, resources, and advantages of the State at the exposition. The treasurer of Wisconsin was, by this act, made an ex-officio member of the board. By this and previous action of the legislature — by efforts put tbrth by the board of managers — by individual enterprise — by the untiring labors of the "Women's Centennial Execu- tive Committee,'' to whom, by an act of the_ legislature, approved the 4th of March, 1875, one thousand dollars were appropriated — Wisconsin was enabled to take a proud and honorable position in the C'entennial Exposition — a gratification not only to the thousands of her citizens who visited Philadelphia during its continuance, but to the people generally, throughout the State. In Wisconsin, throughout the centennial year, those engaged in the various branches of agriculture and other useful avocations, were reasonably prosperous. The crop of wheat and oats was a light yield, and of poor quality ; but the corn crop was the largest ever before raised in the State, and of superior quality. The dairy and hog product was large, and commanded remunerative prices. Fruits were unusually plenty. Trade and business enterprises, however, generally remained depressed. By section five of article seven of the constitution of Wisconsin, the counties of the State were apportioned into five judicial circuits • the county of Richland being attached to Iowa, Chi])pewa to Crawford, and La Fointe to St. Croix. In 1850, the fifth circuit was divided, and a sixth circuit formed. In 1864, Crawford and Richland were made part of the fifth circuit. By an act which took effect in 1S54, a seventh circuit was formed. On the first day of January, 1S55, the sixth circuit was divided, and an eighth and ninth circuit formed, the county of Columbia being made a part of the last mentioned one. In the same year was also formed a tenth circuit; and, in 1858, Winnebago county was attached to it; but, in 1870, that county was attached to the third circuit. In 1858, Kewaunee county was attached to the fourth circuit. An eleventh circuit was formed in 1864, from which, in 1865, Dallas county was detached, and made part of the eighth. By an act which took effect on the first day of January, 1S71, the twelfth circuit was formed. In 1876, a thirteenth circuit was " constituted and re-organized." At that time, the whole sixty counties of the State stood apportioned in the thirteen judicial circuits as follows: First circuit, Walworth, Racine, and Kenosha; second circuit, Milwaukee, and Waukesha, third circuit, Green Lake, Dodge, Wasiiington, Ozaukee, and Winnebago; fourth circuit, Sheboygan, Calumet, Kewaunee, Fond du Lac, and Manitowoc ; fifth circuit. 108 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Grant, Iowa, La Fayette, Richland, and Crawford ; sixth circuit, Clark, Jackson, Monroe, La Crosse, and Vernon; seventh circuit, Portage, Marathon, Waupaca, Wood, Waushara, Lincoln, and Taylor; eighth circuit, Dunn, Pepin, Pierce, and St. Croix; ninth circuit, Adams, Columbia; Dane, Juneau, Sauk and Marquette ; tenth circuit, Outagamie, Oconto, Shawano, Door, and Brown eleventh circuit, Ashland, Barron, Bayfield, Burnett, Chippewa, Douglas, and Polk ; twelfth circuit, Rock, Green, and Jefferson; and the thirteenth circuit, Buffalo, Eau Claire, and Trempeleau, Marinette and New are now in the tenth ; Price is in the seventh circuit. The thirtieth regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced, pursuant to law, on the loth of January, 1877. The republicans had working majorities in both houses. J. B. Cassoday was elected Speaker of the Assembly. Governor Ludington delivered his message to the joint convention of the legislature the following day. " We should not seek," said he, in his concluding remarks, " to conceal from ourselves the fact that the prosperity which our people have enjoyed for a number of years past, has suffered some interruption, .\griculture has ren- dered less return ; labor in all departments has been less productive, and trade has consequently been less active, and has realized a reduced percentage of profit." "These adverse circum- stances," continued the governor, " will not be wholly a misfortune if we heed the lesson that they convey. This lesson is the necessity of strict economy in public and private affairs. We have been living upon a false basis ; and the time has now come when we must return to a solid foundation." The legislature adjourned sine die on the Sth of March, after a session of fifty- eight days, passing three hundred and one acts — one hundred and thirteen less than at the session of 1876. The most imj)ortant of these, as claimed by the dominant party which passed it, is one for the maintenance of the purity of the ballot box, known as the " Registry Law." On the 3d day of .-Xpril, at the regular Spring election, William P. Lyon was re-elected, without opposition, an associate justice of the supreme court for six years from the first Monday in January, 187S, his term of office expiring on the first Monday .of January, 1884. Under a law of 1S76, to provide for the revision of the statutes of the State, the justices of the supreme court were authorized to appoint three revisors. The persons receiving the appoint- ment were David Taylor, William F. Vilas and J. P. C. Cottrill. By an amendatory law of 1S77, for the purpose of having the revision completed for the session of 1878, the justices of the supreme court were authorized to appoint two additional revisors, and assign them special duties on the commission. H. S. Orton was appointed to revise the criminal law and proceedings, and J. H. Carpenter to revise the probate laws. Governor Ludington declined being a candidate for renomination. His administration was characterized as one of practical efficiency. As the chief e.xecutive officer of Wisconsin, he kept in view the best interests of the State. In matters coming under his control, a rigid system of economy prevailed. There were three tickets in the field presented to the electors of Wisconsin for their suffrages at the general election held on the sixth of November, 1877 : republican, democratic, and the "greenback" ticket. The republicans were successful, electing William E. Smith, governor ; James M. Bingham, lieutenant governor; Hans B. Warner, secretary of state; Richard Guenther, treasurer; Alexander Wilson, attorney general ; and William C. Whitford, state superintendent of public instruction. At the same election two amendments to the constitution of the State were voted upon and both adopted. The first one amends section four of article seven; so that, hereafter, "the supreme court shall consist of one chief justice and four associate justices, to be elected by the qualified electors of the State. The legislature shall, at its first session after the adoption of this amendment, provide by law for the election of two associate justices of said court, to hold their offices respectively for terms ending two and four years, respectively after the WISCONSIN" AS A STATE. 109 end of the term of the justice of the said court then last to expire. And thereafter the chief justices and associate justices of said court shall be elected and hold their offices respectively for the term of ten years." The second one amends section two of article eight; so that, hete- after, " no money shall be paid out of the treasury except in pursuance of an appropriation by law. No appropriation shall be made for the payment of any claim against the State, except claims of the United States, and judgments, unless filed within six years after the claim accrued." The year 1877, in Wisconsin, was notable for excellent crops. A depression in monetary matters continued, it is true, but not without a reasonable prospect of a change for the better within the near future. Sixteenth Administration. — -William E. Smith, Governor — 1878 — 1879. At noon, on Monday, January 7, 187S, began the sixteenth administration of Wisconsin, by the inauguration of the State officers elect. On the 9th of the same month, commenced the thirty-first regular session of the Legislature. A. R. Barrows was elected Speaker of the Assembly. On the day following. Governor Smith delivered his message — a calm, business-like document — to the Legislature. Both Houses adjourned sine die on the 21st of March following. On the ist day of April, Harlow S. Orton and David Taylor were elected Associate Justices of the Supreme Court ; the term of the first named to expire on the first Monday of January, 1888 ; that of the last men- tioned, on the first Monday of January, 1S86. Li obedience to a proclamation of the Governor, the Legislature convened on the 4th day of June, A. D. 1878, in extra session, to revise the statutes, A. R. Barrows was elected Speaker of the Assembly. The Legislature adjourned sine die on the 7th of the same month. In November following, the members chosen to the Forty-sixth Congress were C. G. Williams, in the First District ; L. B. Caswell, in the Second j George C. Hazelton, in the Third ; P. V. Deuster, in the Fourth ; E. S. Bragg, in the Fifth ; Gabriel Bouck, in the Sixth ; H. L. Humphrey, in the Seventh; and T. C. Pound, in the Eighth. The thirty-second regular session of the Legislature commenced on the 8th day of January, 1879. D. M. Kelly was elected Speaker of the Assembly ; the next day, the message of the Governor — a brief, but able State paper — was delivered to both Houses. On the 21st, Matthew H. Carpenter was elected United States Senator for six years, from the 4th of March thereafter, in place of Timothy O. Howe. The Legislature adjourned sine die on the 5th of March, 1879. On the ist day of April following, Orsamus Cole was elected Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, for a term of ten years. Wisconsin has many attractive features. It is a healthy, fertile, well-watered and well-wooded State. Every where within its borders the rights of each citizen are held sacred. Intelligence and education are prominent characteristics of its people. All the necessaries and many of the comforts and luxuries of life are easily to be obtained. .Agriculture, the chief source of wealth to so many nations, is here conducted with profit and success. Generally speaking, the farmer owns the land he cultivates. Here, the laboring man, if honest and industrious, is most certain to secure a competence for himself and family. Few States have made more ample provisions for the unfortunate — the deaf and dumb, the blind, and the insane— than has Wisconsin. Nor has she been less interested in her reformatory and penal institutions. In her educational facilities, she already rivals the most advanced of her sister States. Her markets are easily reached by rail- ways and water-navigation, so that the products of the country find ready sale. Her commerce is extensive ; her manufactures remunerative; her natural resources great and manifold. In morality and religion, her standard is high. Her laws are lenient, but not lax, securing tlie greatest good to those who are disposed to live up to their requirements. Wisconsin has, in fact, all the essential elements of prosperity and good government. Exalted and noble, there- fore, must be her future career. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. By T. C. CHAMBERLIN, A. M., State Geologist. The surface features of Wisconsin are simple and symmetrical in character, and present a con- figuration intermediate between the mountainous, on the one hand, and a monotonous level, on the other. The highest summits within the state rise a little more than 1,200 feet above its lowest sur- faces. A few exceptional peaks rise from 400 to 600 feet above their bases, but abrupt elevations of more than 200 or 300 feet are not common. Viewed as a whole, the state may be regarded as oc- cupying a swell of land lying between three notable depressions; Lake Michigan on the east, about 578 feet above the mean tide of the ocean, Lake Superior on the north, about 600 feet above the sea, and the valley of the Mississippi river, whose elevation at the Illinois state line is slightly below that of Lake Michigan. From these depressions the surface slopes upward to the summit altitudes of the state. But the rate of ascent is uneeiual. From Lake Michigan the surface rises by a long, gentle acclivity westward and northward. A similar slope ascends from the Mississippi valley to meet this, and their junction forms a north and south arch extending nearly the entire length of the state. From Lake Superior the surface ascends rapidly to the watershed, which it reaches within about thirty miles of the lake. If we include the contiguous portion of the upper peninsula of Michigan, the whole elevation may be looked upon as a very low, rude, three-sided pyramid, with rounded angles. The apex is near the Michigan line, between the headwaters of the Montreal and Brule rivers. The northern side is short and abrupt. The southeastward and southwestward sides are long, and decline gently. The base of this pyramid may be considered as, in round numbers, 600 feet above the sea, and its extreme apex 1,800 feet. Under the waters of Lake .Michigan the surface of the land passes below the sea level before the limits of the state are reached. Under Lake Superior the land-surface descends to even greater depths, but probably not within the boundaries of the state. The regularity of the southward slopes is interrupted in a very interesting way by a remarkable diagonal valley occupied by Green bay and the Fox and Wisconsin rivers. This is a great groove, traversing the state obliquely, and cutting down the central elevation half its height. A line passing across the surface, from Lake .Michigan to the Mississippi, at any other point, would arch upward from about 400 to 1,000 feet, according to the location, while along the trough of this valley it would reach an elevation barely exceeding 200 feet. On the northwest side of this trough, in general, the surface rises somewhat gradually, giving at most points much amplitude to the valley, but on the opiwsite side, the slope ascends rapidly to a well marked watershed that stretches across the state parallel to the valley. At Lake Winnebago, this diagonal valley is connected with a scarcely less notable one, occupied by the Rock river. Geologically, this Green-bay -Rock« TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. Ill river valley is even more noticeable, since it lies along the trend of the underlying strata, and was in large measure plowed out of a soft stratum by glacial action. Where it crosses the water- shed, near Horicon marsh, it presents the same general features that are seen at other points, and in an almost equally conspicuous degree. Except in the southern part of the state, this valley is confined on the east by an abrupt ascent, and, at many points, by a precipitous, rocky acclivity, known as "The Ledge" — which is the projecting edge of the strata of the Niagara limestone. On the watershed referred to — between the St. Lawrence and Mississippi basins — this ledge is as conspicuous and continuous as at other points, so that we have here again the phenomenon of a valley formed by excavation, running up over an elevation of 300 feet, and connecting two great systems of drainage. On the east side of this valley, as already indicated, there is a sharp ascent of 200 feet, on an average, from the crest of which the surface slopes gently down to Lake Michigan. The uniformity of this slope is broken by an extended line of drift hills, lying obliquely along it and extending from Kewaunee county southward to the Illinois line and known as t!ie Kettle range. .\ less conspicuous range of similar character branches off from this in the northwest corner ot Walworth count)' and passes across the Rock river valley, where it curves northward, passing west of Madison, crossing the great bend in the Wisconsin river, and bearing northeastward into Oconto county, where it swings round to the westward and crosses the northern part of the state. As a general topographical feature it is not conspicuous and is rather to be conceived as a peculiar chain of drift hills winding over the surface of the state, merely interrupting in some degree the regularity of its slopes There will be occasion to return to this feature in our discussion of the drift. It will be observed that the southeastward slope is interrupted by valleys running across it, rudely parallel to Lake Michigan, and directing its drainage northward and southward, instead of directing it down the slo[)e into the lake. The Mississippi slope presents several conspicuous ridges and valleys, but their trend is Icnvard the great river, and they are all due, essentially, to the erosion of the streams that channel the slope. One of these ridges constitutes the divide south of the Wisconsin river, already referred to. Another of these, conspicuous by reason of its narrowness and sharpness, lies between the Kickapoo and the Mississippi, and extends through Crawford, Vernon and Monroe counties. Still another is formed by the quartzite ranges of Sauk county and others of less prominence give a highly diversified character to the slope. Scattered over the surface of the state are prominent hills, some swelling upward into rounded domes, some rising symmetrically into conical peaks, some ascending precipitously into castel- lated towers, and some reaching prominence without regard to beauty of form or convenience of description. A part of these hills were formed by the removal by erosion of the surrounding strata, and a part by the heaping up of drift material by the glacial Ibrces. \\\ the former case, they are composed of rock; in the latter, of clay, sand, gravel and bowlders. The two forms are often combined. The highest peak in the southwestern part of the state is the West Blue mound, which is 1,151 feet above Lake Michigan; in the eastern part, Lapham's peak, 824 feet, and in the central part. Rib hill, 1263 feet. The crest of Penokee range in the northern part of the state rises 1,000 feet, and upwards, above Lake Michigan. The drainage systems correspond in general to these topograpical features, though several minor eccentricities are to be observed. The streams of the Lake Superior system plunge rapidly down their steep slopes, forming numerous falls, some of them possessing great beauty, prominent among which are those of the Montreal river. On the southern slope, the rivers, in the upper portion of their courses, likewise descend rapidly, though less so, producing a succession of rapids and cascades, and an occasional cataract. In the lower part of their courses, the 112 HISTORY OF WISCOXSm. descent becomes much more gentle and many of them are navigable to a greater or less extent. The rivers west of the Wisconsin pursue an essentially direct course to the Mississippi, attended of course with minor flexures. The Wisconsin river lies, for the greater part of its course, upon the north and south arch of the state, but on encountering the diagonal valley above mentioned it turns southwestward to the " Father of Waters." The streams east of the ^Visconsin flow southerly and southeasterly until they likewise encounter this valley when they turn in the opposite direction and discharge northeasterly into Lake Michigan, through Green bay. Between the Green-bay-Rock-river valley and Lake Michigan, the drainage is again in the normal southeasterly direction. Li the southern part of the state, the rivers flow in a gen- eral southerly direction, but, beyond the state, turn westward toward the Mississippi. If the courses of the streams be studied in detail, many exceedingly interesting and instruc- tive features will be observed, due chiefly to peculiarities of geological structure, some of which will be apparent by inspecting thj accompanying geological map. Our space, however, forbids our entering upon the subject here. The position of the watershed between the great basins of the Mississippi and the St. Law- rence is somewhat peculiar. On the Illinois line, it lies only three and one half miles from Lake Michigan and about i6o feet above its surface. As traced northward from this point, it retires from the lake and ascends in elevation till it approaches the vicinity of Lake Winnebago, when it recurves upon itself and descends to the portage between the Fox and the Wisconsin rivers, whence it jjursues a northerly course to the heights of Michigan, when it turns westward and ])asses in an undulating course across the northern part of the state. It will be observed that much the greater area of the state is drained by the Mississippi system. The relationship which the drainage channels have been observed to sustain to the topo- graphical features is partly that of cause and partly that of effect. The general arching of the surface, giving rise to the main slopes, is due to deep-seated geological causes that produce an upward swelling of the center of the state. This determined the general drainage bysteras. On the other hand, the streams, acting upon strata of varying hardness, and jSresenting different atti- tudes, wore away the surface unequally and cut for themselves anomalous channels, leaving corresponding divides between, which gave origin to the minor irregularities that diversify the surface. In addition to this, the glacier — that great ice stream, the father of the drift — planed and plowed the surface and heaped up its dc'lu/s upon it, modifying both the surface and drainage features Looked at from a causal standpoint, we see the results of internal forces eleviting, and externa! asjencies cutting down, or, in a word, the face of the state is the growth of geologic ages fvirrowed bv the teardrops of the skies. GEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. In harmony with the historical character of this atlas, it may be most a.cceptable to weave cur brief sketch of the geological structure of the state into the form of a narrative of its growth. THE ARCH-'EAN AGE. I.Al-RKNTIAN PERIOD. The phvsical history of Wisconsin can be traced back with certainty to a state of complete submergence beneath the waters of the ancient ocean, by which the material of our oldest and deepest strata were deposited. Let an extensive but shallow sea, covering the whole of the present territory of the state, be pictured to the mind, and let it be imagined to be depositing TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 113 mud and sand, as at the present day. and we have before us the first authentic stage of the history under consideration. Back of that, the history is lost in the mists of geologic antiquity. The thickness of the sediments that accumulated in that early period was immense, being measured bv thousands of feet. These sediments occupied of course an essentially horizontal position, and were, doubtless, in a large degree hardened into beds of impure sandstone, shale, and other sedi- mentary rock. But in the progress of time an enormous pressure, attended by heat, was brought to bear upon them laterally, or edgewise, by which they were folded and crumpled, and forced up out of the water, giving rise to an island, the nucleus of Wisconsin. The force which pro- duced this upheaval is believed to have arisen from the cooling and conse(iuent contraction of the globe. The foldings may be imaged as the wrinkles of a shrinking earth. But the contor- tion of the beds was a scarcely more wonderful result than the change in the character of the rock which seems to have taken place simultaneously with the folding, indeed, as the result of the heat and pressure attending it. The sediments, that seem to have previoi^sly taken the form of impure sandstone and shale for the most part, underwent a change, in which re-arrangement and crvstalization of the ingredients played a conspicuous part. By this metamorphism, granite, gneiss, mica schist, syenite, hornblende rocks, chloritic schists and other crystalline rocks were formed. These constitute the Laurentian formation and belong to the most ancient period yet distinctly recognized in geology, although there were undoubtedly more ancient rocks. They are therefore very fittingly termed Archaean — ancient — rocks (formerly Azoic.) No remains of life have been found in this formation in Wisconsin, but from the nature of rocks elsewhere, believed to be of the same age, it is probable that the lowest forms of life existed at this time. It is not strange that the great changes through which the rocks have passed should have so nearly obliterated all traces of them. The original extent of this Laurentian island can not now be accurately ascer- tained, but it will be sufficiently near the truth for our present purposes to consider the formation as it is now exposed, and as it is represented on the maps of the geological survey, as showing approximately the original extent. This will make it include a large area in the north-central portion of the state and a portion of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. All the rest of the state was beneath the ocean, and the same may be said of the greater portion of the L^nited States The height of this island was doubtless considerable, as it has since been very much cut down by denuding agencies. The strata, as now exposed, mostly stand in highly inclined attitudes and present their worn edges to view. The tops of the folds, of which they are the remnants, seem to have been cut away, and we have the nearly vertical sides remaining. HURONI.A.N PERIOD. As soon as the Laurentian island had been elevated, the waves of the almost shoreless ocean began to beat against it, the elements to disintegrate it, and the rains of the then tropical climate to wash it; and the sand, clay and other debris, thus formed, were deposited beneath the waters around its base, giving rise to a new sedimentary formation. There is no evidence that there was any vegetation on the island : the air and water were, doubtless, heavily charged with carbonic acid, an efficient agent of disintegration : the climate was warm and doubtless very moist — circumstances which combined to hasten the erosion of the island and increase the deposition in the surrounding sea. In addition to these agencies, we judge from the large amount of carbonaceous matter contained in some of the beds, that there must have been an abundance of marine vegetation, and, from the limestone beds that accumulated, it is probable that there was marine animal life also, since in later ages that was the chief source of limestone strata. The joint accumulations from these several sources gave rise to a series of shales, sandstones and limestones, whose combined thickness was several tiiousand feet. 114 TTTSTORY OF WISCOXSIX. At length the process of upheaval and metamorphism that closed the Laurentian period was repeated, and these sandstones became quartzites; the limestones were crystalized, the shales were changed to slates or schists, and inte mediate grades of sediments became diorites, quartz- porphyries and other forms of crj'stalline rocks. The carbonaceous matter was changed in part to graphite. There were also associated with these deposits extensive beds of iron ore, which we now find chiefly in the form of magnetite, hematite and specular ore. These constitute the Huronian rocks. From the amount of iron ore they contain, they are also fittingly termed the iron-bearing series. As in tlie preceding case, the strata were contorted, flexed and folded, and the whole island was further elevated, carrying with it these circumjacent strata, by which its extent was much enlarged. The area of the island after receiving this increment was con- siderably greater than the surface represented as Laurentian and Huronian on the accompanying map, since it was subsequently covered to a considerable extent by later formations. Penokee range, in Ashland county, is the most conspicuous development of the Huronian rocks in the state. The upturned edge of the formation forms a bold rampart, extending across the country for sixty miles, making the nearest approach to a mountain range to be found within the state. A belt of magnetic schist may 'be traced nearly its entire length. In the northern part of Oconto county. , there is also an important development of this formation, being an extension of the Menomonee iron-bearing series. A third area is found in Barron county, which includes deix)sits of pipestone. In the south central part of the stale there are a considerable number of small areas and isolated outliers of quartzite and quartz-porphyry, that, without much doubt, belong to this series. The most conspicuous of these are the Baraboo quartzite ranges, in Sauk and Columbia counties, and from thence a chain of detached outliers extends northeasterly through several counties. The most southerly exposure of the formation is m^ar Lake Mills, in JefTerson county. THE COPPER-BEARING SERIES. Previous to the upheaval of the Huronian strata, there occurred in the Lake Superior region events of peculiar and striking interest. If we may not speak with absolute assurance, we may at least say with reasonable probability, that the crust of the earth was fissured in that region, and that there issued from beneath an immense mass of molten rock, that spread itself over an area of more than three hundred miles in length and one hundred miles in width. The action was not confined to a single overflow, liut eruption followed eruption, sometimes apparently in quick succession, sometimes evidently at long intervals. Each outpouring, when solidified, formed a stratum of trap rock, and where these followed each other without any intervening deposit, a series of trappean beds were formed. In some cases, however, an interval occurred, during which the waves, acting upon the rock previously formed, produced a bed of sand, gravel and clay, which afterward solidified into sandstone, con'glomerate and shale. The history of these beds is lithographed ou their surface in beautiful ripple-marks and other evidences of wave- action. After the cessation of the igneous eruptions, there accumulated a vast thickness of sandstone, shale and conglomerate, so that the whole series is literally miles in thickness. The eruptive portions have been spoken of as traps, for convenience; but they do not now possess the usual characteristics of igneous rocks, and appear to have undergone a chemical metamorphism by which the mineral ingredients have been changed, the leading ones now being an iron chlorite and a feldspar, with which are associated, as accessory minerals, quartz, epidote, prenite, calcite, laumontite, analcite, datolite, magnetite, native copper and silver, and, more rarely, other minerals. The rock, as a whole, is now known as a melaphyr. The upper portion of each bed is usually characterized by almond-sized cells filled with the minerals above men- tioned, giving to the rock an amygdaloidal nature. The native copper was not injected in a TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 115 molten state, as has verj' generally been supposed, but was deposited by chemical means aftei the beds were formed and after a portion of the chemical change of the minerals above mentioned had been accomplished. The same is true of the silver. The copper occurs in all the different forms of. rock — the melaphyrs, amygdaloids, sandstones, shales and conglomerates, but most abundantly in the amygdaloids and certain conglomerates. This series extends across the northern portion of the state, occupying portions of Ashland, ISayfield, Douglas, Burnett and Polk counties. When the Huronian rocks were elevated, they carried these up with them, and they partook of the folding in some measure. The copper- bearing range of Keweenaw Point, Michigan, extends southwestward through Ashland, Burnett and Polk counties, and throughout this whole extent the beds dip north-northwesterly toward Lake Superior, at a high angle; but in Douglas and Bayfield counties there is a parallel range in which the beds incline in the opposite direction, and undoubtedly form the opposite side of a trough formed by a downward flexure of the strata. PALEOZOIC TIME — SI LU RIAN AGE. Potsdam S.\ndstone. After the great Archaean upheaval, there followed a long period, concerning wnich very little is known — a "' lost interval " in geological history. It is only certain that immense erosion of the Archjean strata took place, and that in time the sea advanced upon the island, eroding its strata and redepositing the wash and wear beneath its surface. The more resisting beds with- stood this advance, and formed reefs and rocky islands off the ancient shore, about whose bases tlie sands and sediments accumulated, as they did over the bottom of the surrounding ocean. The breakers, dashing against the rocky cliffs, threw down masses of rock, which imbedded them- selves in the sands, or were rolled and rounded on the beach, and at length were buried, in either case, to tell their own history, when they should be again disclosed by the ceaseless gnaw- ings of the verj' elements that had buried them. In addition to the accumulations of wash and wear that have previously been the main agents of rock-formations, abundant life now swarms in the ocean, and the sands become the great cemetery of its dead. Though the contribution of each little being was small, the myriad millions that the waters brought forth, yielded by their remains, a large contribution to the accumulating sediments. Among plants, there were sea-weeds, and among animals, protozoans, radiates, mollusks and articulates, all the sub-kingdoms except the vertebrates. Among these, the most remarkable, both in nature and number, were the trilobites, who have left their casts in countless multitudes in certain localities. The result of the action of these several agencies was the formation of e.xtensive beds of sandstone, with interstratified layers of limestone and shale. These surrounded the Archaean nucleus on all sides, and reposed on its flanks. On the Lake Superior margin, the sea acted mainly upon the copper and iron- bearing series, which are highly ferruginous, and the result wa, the red Lake Superior sandstone. On the opposite side of the island, the wave-action was mainly upon quartzites, porphyries and granites, and resulted in light-colored sandstones. The former is confined to the immediate vicinity of Lake Superior; the latter occupies a broad, irregular belt bordering the Archaean area on the south, and, being widest in the central part of the state, is often likened to a rude crescent. The form and position of the area will be best apprehended by referring to the accompanying map. It will be understood from the foregoing description, that the strata of this formation lie in a nearly horizontal position, and repose unconformably upon the worn surface of tlie crystalline rocks. The close of this period was not marked by any great upheaval; there 116 HISTORY OF WISCOJTSIN. was no crumpling or metamorphism of the strata, and they have remained to the present dav very much as they were originally deposited, save a slight arching upward in the central porti.nof the state. The beds have been somewhat compacted by the pressure of superin- cumbent strata and solidified by the cementing action of calcareous and ferruginous waters, and by their own coherence, but the original character of the formation, as a great sand-bed, has not been obliterated. It still bears the ripple-marks, cross-lamination, worm-burrows, and similar markings that characterize a sandy beach. Its thickness is very irregular, owing to the uneven- ness of its Archaaan bottom, and may be said to range from i,ooo feet downward. The strata slope gently away from the Archaean core of the state and underlie all the later formations, and may be reached at any point in southern Wisconsin by penetrating to a sufficient depth, which can be calculated with an approximate correctness. As it is a water-bearing formation, and the source of fine Artesian wells, this is a fact of much importance. The interbedded layers of lime- stone and shale, by supplying impervious strata, very much enhance its value as a source of fountains. Lower Magnesian Limestone. During the previous period, the accumulation of sandstone gave place for a time to the formation of limestone, and afterward the deposit of sandstone was resumed. At its close, with- out any very marked disturbance of existing conditions, the formation of limestone was resumed, and progressed with little interruption till a tiiickness ranging from 50 to 250 feet was attained. This variation is due mainly to irregularities of the upper surface of the formation, which is undulating, and in some localities, may appropriately be termed billowy, the surface rising and falling 100 feet, in some cases, within a short distance. This, and the preceding similar deposit, have been spoken of as limestones simply, but they are really dolomites, or magnesian limestones, since they contain a large proportion of carbonate of magnesia. This rock also contains a notable quantity of silica, which occurs disseminated through the mass of the rock; or, variously, as nodules or masses of chert ; as crystals of quartz, filling or lining drusy cavities, forming beautiful miniature grottos; as the nucleus of oolitic concretions, or as sand. Some argillaceous matter also enters into its composition, and small quantities of the ores of iron, lead and copper, are sometimes found, but they give little promise of value. The evidences of life are very scanty. Some sea-weeds, a few moUusks, and an occasional indication of other forms of life embrace the known list, except at a few favored localities where a somewhat ampler fauna is found. But it is not, therefore, safe to assume the absence of life in the depositing seas, for it is certain that most limestone has orignated from the remains of animals and plants that secrete calcareous material, and it is most consistent to believe that such was the case in the present instance, and that the distinct traces of life were mostly obliterated. This formation occupies an irregular belt skirting the Potsdam area. It was, doubtless, originally a somewhat uniform band swinging around the nucleus of the state already formed, but it has since been eroded by streams to its present jagged outline. St. Peter's Sandstone. At the close of this limestone-making period, there appears to have been an interval of which we have no record, and the next chapter of the history introduces us to another era of sand accumulation. The work began by the leveling up of the inequalities of the surface of the Lower Magnesian limestone, and it ceased before that was entirely accomplished in all parts of the State, for a few prominences were left projecting through the sand deposits. The material laid down consisted of a silicious sand, of uniform, well-rounded — doubtless well-rolled — grains. This was evidently deposited horizontally upon the uneven limestone surface, and so rests in a st.-nse TOPOGRAPHY AXD GEOLOGY. 117 unconformably upon it. Where the sandstone abuts against the sides of the limestone promi- nences, it is mingled with material derived by wave action from them, which tells the story of its formation. But aside from these and other exceptional impurities, the formation is a very pure sandstone, and is used for glass manufacture. At most points, the sandstone has never become firmly cemented and readily crumbles, so that it is used for mortar, the simple handling with pick and shovel being sufficient to reduce it to a sand. Owing to the unevenness of its bottom, it varies greatly in thickness, the greatest yet observed being 212 feet, but the average is less than 100 feet. Until recently, no organic remains had ever been found in it, and the traces now col- lected are very meager indeed, but they are sufficient to show the e.xistence of marine life, and demonstrate that it is an oceanic deposit. The rarity of fossils is to be attributed to the porous nature of the rock, which is unfavorable to their preservation. This porosity, however, subserves a very useful purpose, as it renders this pre-eminently a water-bearing horizon, and supplies some of the finest Artesian fountains in the state, and is competent to furnish many more. It occupies but a narrow area at the surface, fringing that of the Lower Magnesian limestone on the south. See map. Trenton Limestone. A slight change in the oceanic conditions caused a return to limestone formation, accompa- nied with the deposit of considerable clayey material, which formed shale. The origin of the limestone is made evident by a close examination of it, which shows it to be full of fragments of shells, corals, and other organic remains, or the impressions they have left. Countless numbers of the lower forms of life flourished in the seas, and left their remains to be comminuted and consolidated into limestone. A part of the time, the accumulation of clayey matter predominated, and so layers of shale alternate with the limestone beds, and shaly leaves and partings occur in the limestone layers. Unlike the calcareous strata above and below, a portion of these are true limestone, containing but a very small proportion of magnesia. A sufficient amount of carbon- aceous matter is present in some layers to cause them to burn readily. This formation is quite highly metalliferous in certain portions of the lead region, containing zinc especially, and con- siderable lead, with less quantities of other metals. The formation abounds in fossils, many of them well preserved, and, from their great antiquity, they possess uncommon interest. All the animal sub-kingdoms, except vertebrates, are represented. The surface area of this rock borders the St. Peter's sandstone, but, to avoid too great complexity on the map, it is not distinguished from the next formation to which it is closely allied. Its thickness reaches 120 feet. The Galena Limestone. With scarcely a change of oceanic conditions, limestone deposit continued, so that we find reposing upon the surface of the Trenton limestone, 250 feet, or less, of a light gray or bufT colored highly magnesian limestone, occurring in heavy beds, and having a sub-crystalline struc- ture. In the southern portion of the state, it contains but little shaly matter, but in the north- eastern part, it is modified by the addition of argillaceous layers and leaves, and presents a bluish or greenish-gray aspect. It receives its name from the sulphide of lead, — galena, of which it contains large quantities, in the southwestern part of the state. Zinc ore is also abundant, and these minerals give to this and the underlying formation great importance in that region. Else- where, although these ores are present in small quantities, they have not developed economic importance. This limestone, it will be observed by consulting the map, occupies a large area in the southwestern part of the state, and a broad north and south belt in east-central Wisconsin. It will be seen that our island is growing apace by concentric additions, and that, as the several formations sweep around the central nucleus of Archajan rocks, they swing off into adjoining states, whose formation was somewhat more tardy than that of Wisconsin 118 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIN. Cincinnati Shales. A change ensued upon the formation of the Galena limestone, by virtue of which there fol- lowed the deposition of large quantities of clay, accompanied by some calcareous material, the whole reaching at some points a thickness of more than 200 feet. The sediment has never become more than partially indurated, and a portion of it is now only a bed of compact clay. Other portions hardened to shale or limestone according to the material. The shales are of various gray, green, blue, purple and other hues, so that where vertical cliffs are exposed, as along Green bay, a beautiful appearance is presented. As a whole, this is a very soft formation, and hence easily eroded. Owing to this fact, along the east side of the Green-bay-Rock-river val- ley, it has been extensively carried away, leaving the hard overlying Niagara limestone projecting in the bold cliffs known as " The Ledge." The prominence of the mounds in the southwestern part of the state are due to a like cause. Certain portions of this formation abound in astonish- ing numbers of well preserved fossils, among which corals, bryozoans, and brachiopods, pre- dominate, the first named being especially abundant. A little intelligent attention to these might have saved a considerable waste of time and means in an idle search for coal, to which a slight resemblance to some of the shales of the coal measures has led. This formation underlies the mounds of the lead region, and forms a narrow belt on the eastern margin of the Cireen-bay-Rock- river valley. This was the closing period of the Lower Silurian Age. Clinton Iron Ore. On the surface of the shales just described, there were accumulated, here and there, beds of pecu- liar lenticular iron ore. It is probable that it was deposited in detached basins, but the evidence of this is not conclusive. In our own state, this is chiefly known as Iron Ridge ore, from the remarkable development it attains at that point. It is made up of little concretions, which from their size and color are fancied to resemble flax seed, and hence the name " seed ore," or the roe of fish, and hence oolitic ore. "Shot ore" is also a common term. This is a soft ore occur- ring in regular horizontal beds which are quarried with more ease than ordinary limestone. This deposit attains, at Iron Ridge, the unusual thickness of twenty-five feet, and affords a readily accessible supiily of ore, adequate to all demands for a long time to come. Similar, but much less extensive beds, occur at Hartford, and near Depere, besides some feeble deposits elsewhere. Large quantities of ore from Iron Ridge have been shipped to various points in this and neigh- boring States for reduction, in addition to that smelted in the vicinity of the mines. Niagara Limestone. Following the period of iron deposit, there ensued the greatest limestone-forming era in the history of Wisconsin. During its progress a series of beds, summing up, at their points of great- est thickness, scarcely less than eight hundred feet, were laid down. The process of formation was essentially that already described, the accumulation of the calcareous secretions of marine life. Toward the close of the period, reefs appeared, that closely resemble the coral reefs of the present seas, and doubtless have a similar history. Corals form a very prominent element in the life of this period, and with them were associated great numbers of mollusks, one of which (Pentamerus oblongus) sometimes occurs in beds not unlike certain bivalves of to-day, and may be said to have been the oyster of the Silurian seas. At certain points, thos." wonderful animals, the stone lilies {Crirwids), grew in remarkable abundance, mounted on stems like a plant, yet true animals. Those unique crustaceans, the trilobites, were conspicuous in numbers and variety, while the gigantic cephalopods held sway over the life of the seas. In the vicinity of th.' reefs. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 119 there seem to have been extensive calcareous sand flats and areas over which fine calcareous muJ settled, the former resulting in a pure granular dolomite, the latter in a compact close-textured stone. The rock of the reefs is of very irregular structure. Of other portions of the formation, some are coarse heavy beds, some fine, even-bedded, close-grained layers, and some, again, irregu- lar, impure and cherty. All are highly magnesian, and some are among the purest dolomites known. The Niagara limestone occupies a broad belt lying adjacent to Lake Michigan. Lower Helderbkrg Limestone. On Mud creek, near Milwaukee, there is found a thin-bedded slaty limestone, that is believed to represent this period. It has neglected, however, to leave us an unequivocal record of its history, as fossils are extremely rare, and its stratigraphical relations and lithographical character are capable of more than one interpretation. Near the village of Waubeka in Ozaukee county, there is a similar formation, somewhat more fossiliferous, that seems to repre- sent the same period. The area which these occupy is very small and they play a most insignifi- cant part in the geology of the state. They close the record of the Silurian age in Wisconsin. Inuring its progress the land had been gradually emerging from the ocean and increasing its amplitude by concentric belts of limestone, sandstone and shale. There had been no general disturbance, only those slight oscillations which changed the nature of the forming rock and facilitated deposition, .\t its close the waters retired from the borders of the state, and an interval supervened, during which no additions are knovvn to have been made to its substructure. DEVONIAN AGE. Hamilton Cement Rock. .\fter a lapse of time, during which the uppermost Silurian and the lowest Devonian strata, as found elsewhere, were formed, the waters again advanced slightly upon the eastern margin of the state and deposited a magnesian limestone mingled with silicious and almuninous material, forming a combination of which a portion has recently been shown to possess hydraulic properties of a high degree of excellence. With this deposition there dawned a new era in the life-history of Wisconsin. While multitudes of protozoans, radiates, moUusks and articulates swarmed in the previous seasi no trace of a vertebrate has been found. The Hamilton period witnessed the introduction of the highest type of the animal kingdom into the Wisconsin series. But even then only the lowest class was represented — the fishes. The lower orders of life, as before, were (iresent, but the species were of the less ancient Devonian type. Precisely how far the deposit originally extended is not now known, as it has undoubtedly been much reduced by the eroding agencies that have acted upon it. That portion which remains, occupies a limited area on the lake shore immediately north of Milwaukee, extending inland half a dozen miles. The cement rock proper is found on the Milwaukee river just above the city. At the close of the Hamilton period the oceanic waters retired, and, if they ever subsequently encroached upon our territory, they have left us no permanent record of their intrusion. The history of the formation of the substructure of the state was, it will be observed, in an imusual degree, simple and progressive. Starting with a firm core of most ancient crystalline rocks, leaf upon leaf of stony strata were piled around it, adding belt after belt to the margin ot 'he growing island until it extended itself far beyond the limits of our state, and coalesced witli the forming continent. .An ideal map of the state would show the Archaeaa nucleus surrounded by concentric bands of the later formations in the order of their deposition. But during all the 120 HISTORY OF U'ISCOXSIX. vast lapse of time consumed in their growth, the elements were gnawing, carving and channeling the surface, and the outcropping edges of the formations were becoming more and more jagged, and now, after the last stratum had been added, and the whole had been lifted from the waters that gave it birth, there ensued perhaps a still vaster era, during which the history was simply that of surface erosion. The face of the state became creased with the wrinkles of age. The edges of her rocky wrappings became ragged with the wear of time. The remaining Devonian periods, the great Carboniferous age, the Mesozoic era, and the earlier Tertiary periods passed, leavine no other record than that of denudation. THE GT,.\CI.\L PERIOD. With the approach of the great Ice Age, a new chapter was opened. An immense sheet of ice moved slowly, but irresistibly, down from the north, planing down the prominences, filling up the \alleys, polishing and grooving the strata, and heaping up its rubbish of sand, gravel, clay and bowlders over the face of the country. It engraved the lines of its progress on the rocks, and, by reading these, we learn that one prodigious tongue of ice plowed along the bed of Lake Michi- gan, and a smaller one pushed through the valley of Green bay and Rock river, while another immense ice-stream flowed southwestward through the trough of Lake Superior and onward into Minnesota. The diversion of the glacier through these great channels seems to have left the southwestern portion of the state intact, and over it we find no drift accumulations. With the approach of a warmer climate, the ice-streams were melted backward, leaving their debris heaped promiscuously over the surface, giving it a new configuration. In the midst of this retreat, a series of halts and advances seem to have taken place in close succession, by which the drift was pushed up into ridges and hills along the foot of the ice, after which a more rapid retreat ensued. The effect of this action was to produce that remarkable chain of drift hills and ridges, known as the Kettle range, which we have already described as winding over the surface of the state in a very peculiar manner. It is a great historic rampart, recording the position of the edge of the glacier at a certain stage of its retreat, and doubtless at the same time noting a great climatic or dynamic change. The melting of the glacier gave rise to large quantities of water, and hence to numerous torrents, as well as lakes. There occurred about this time a depression of the land to the north- ward, which was perhaps the cause, in part or in whole, of the retreat of the ice. This gave origin to the great lakes. The waters advanced somewhat upon the land and deposited the red clay that borders Lakes Michigan and Superior and occupies the Green bay valley as far up as the vicinity of Fond du Lac. After several oscillations, the lakes settled down into their present positions. Wherever the glacier plowed over the laiid, it left an irregular sheet of commingled clay, sand, gravel and bowlders spread unevenly over the surface. The depressions formed by its irregularities soon filled with water and gave origin to numerous lakelets. Probably not one of the thousands of Wisconsin lakes had an existence before the glacial period. Wherever the great lakes advanced upon the land, they leveled its surface and left their record in lacustine clays and sandy beach lines. With the retreat of the glacier, vegetation covered the surface, and by its aid and the action of the elements our fertile drift soils, among the last and best of Wisconsin's formations, were produced. And the work still goes on- Beloit, .-Vug. 15, 1877. CLIMATOLOGY OF WISCONSIN. By Prof. H. H. OLDENHAGE. The climate of a country, or that peculiar state of the atmosphere in regard to heat and moisture which prevails in any given place, and which directly affects the growth of plants and animals, is determined by the following causes : ist. Distance from the equator. 2d. Distance from the sea. 3d. Height above the sea. 4th. Prevailing winds; and 5th. Local influences, such as soil, vegetation, and proximity to lakes and mountains. Of these causes, the first, distance from the equator, is by far the most important. The ■warmest climates are necessarily those of tropical regions where the sun's rays are vertical. But in proceeding from the equator toward the poles, less and less heat continues to be received by the same extent of surface, because the rays fall more and more obliquely, and the same amount of heat-rays therefore spread over an increasing breadth of surface ; while, however, with the increase of obliijuity, more and more heat is absorbed by the atmosphere, as the amount of air to be penetrated is greater. If the earth's surface were either wholly land or water, and its atmosphere motionless, the gradations of climate would run parallel with the latitudes from the equator to the poles. But owing to the irregular distribution of land and water, and the prevail- ing winds, such an arrangement is impossible, and the determination of the real climate of a given region, and its causes, is one of the most difficult problems of science. On the second of these causes, distance from the sea, depends the difference between oce- anic and continental climates. Water is more slowly heated and cooled than land ; the climates of the sea and the adjacent land are therefore much more equable and moist than those of the interior. A decrease of temperature is noticeable in ascending high mountains. The rate at which the temperature fails with the height above the sea is a very variable quantity, and is influenced by a variety of causes, such as latitude, situation, moisture, or dryness, hour of the day and season of the year. As a rough approximation, however, the fall of 1° of the thermometer for every 300 feet is usually adopted. Air in contact with any part of the earth's surface, tends to acquire the temperature of that surface. Hence, winds from the north are cold ; those from the south are warm. Winds from the sea are moist, and winds from the land are usually dry. Prevailing winds are the result of the relative distribution of atmospheric pressure blowing/zYiw places where the pressure is high- est, tcnvard places where it is lowest. As climate practically depends on the temperature and moisture of the air, and as these again depend on the prevailing winds which come charged with the teniperature and moisture of the regions they have traversed, it is evident that charts show- ing the mean pressure of the atmosphere give us the key to the climates of the different regions of the world. The effect of prevailing winds is seen in the moist and equable climate of West- ern Europe, especially Great Britain, owing to the warm and moist southwest winds; and in the extremes of the eastern part of North America, due to the warm and moist winds prevailing in summer and the Arctic blasts of winter. 122 IIISTOHV OF WISCOXSTN. Among local influences which modify climate, the nature of the soil is one of the most important. As water absorbs much heat, wet, marshy ground usually lowers the mean tempera- ture. A sandy waste presents the greatest extremes. The e.\tremes of temperature are also modi- fied by extensive forests, which prevent the soil from being as much warmed and cooled as it would be if bare. Evaporation goes on more slowly under the trees, since the soil is screened from the sun. And as the air among the trees is little agitated by the wind, the vapor is left to accumulate, and hence the humidity of the air is increased. Climate is modified in a similar man- ner by lakes and other large surfaces of water. During summer the water cools the air and reduces the temperature cf the locality. In winter, on the other hand, the opposite effect is jjro- duced. The surface water which is cooled sinks to lower levels; the warmer water rising to the surface, radiates heat into the air and thus raises the temperature of the neighboring region. This influence is well illustrated, on a great scale, in our own state by Lake Michigan. It is, lastly, of importance whether a given tract of country is diversified by hills, valleys and mountains. Winds with their warm vapor strike the sides of mountains and are forced up into higher levels of the atmosphere, where the vapor is condensed into clouds. Air coming in con- tact, during the night or in winter, with the cooled declivities of hills and rising grounds becomes cooled and consequently denser and sinks to the low-lying grounds, displacing the warmer and lighter air. Hence, frosts often occur at these places, when no trace of them can be found at higher levels. For the same reason the cold of winter is generally more intense in ravines and valleys than on hill tops and high grounds, the valleys being a receptacle for the cold-air currents which descend from all sides. These currents give rise to gusts and blasts of cold wind, which are simply the out-rush of cold air from such basins. This is a subject of great practical impor- tance to fruit-grow'ers. In order to understand the principal features of the climate of Wisconsin, and the conditions on which these depend, it is necessary to consider the general climatology of the eastern United States. The chief characteristic of this area as a whole is, that :t is subject to great extremes — to all those variations of temperature which prevail from the tropical to the Arctic regions. This is principally due to the topographical conditions of our continent. The Rocky mountains con- densing the moisture of the warm winds from the Pacific and preventing them from reaching far inland, separate the cliniateof the Mississippi valley widelyfrom that of the Pacific slope. Between the Gulf of Mexico and the Arctic sea there is no elevation to exceed 2,000 feet to arrest the flow of the hot southerly winds of summer, or the cold northerly winds of winter. From this results a variation of temperature hardly equaled in any part of the world. In determining the climates of the United States, western Europe is usually taken as the basis of comparison. The contrast between these regions is indeed very great. New York is in the same latitude with Madrid, Naples and Constantinople. Quebec is not so far north as Paris. London and Labrador are equi-distant from the equator ; but while England, with her mild, moist climate, produces an abundance of vegetation, in Labrador all cultivation ceases. In the latitude of Stockholm and St. Petersburg, at the 6oth ])arallel, we find in eastern North .\merica vast ice- fields which seldom melt. The moist and equable climate of western Europe in high latitudes is due to the Gulf Stream and the southwest winds of the .Vtlantic, which spread their warmth and moisture over the western coast. Comparison, however, shows that the climate of the Pacific coast of North America is quite as mild as that of western Europe ; and this is due to the same kind of influences, namely, to the warm, moist winds and the currents of the Pacific. And to con- tinue the comparison still further, in proceeding on both continents from west to east, or from ocean into the interior, we find a general resemblance of climatic conditions, modified greatly, it is true, by local influences. CLIMATOLOGY OF WISCONSIN. 125 rhe extreme summer climate of the eastern United States is owing to the southerly and southwesterly wmds, which blow with great regularity during this season, and, after traversing great areas of tropical seas, bear the warmth and moisture of these seas far inland, and give this region the peculiar semi-tropical character of its summers. The average temperature of summer varies between 80° for the Gulf states, and 60° for the extreme north. While in the Gulf states the thermometer often rises to 100°, in the latitude of Wisconsin this occurs very seldom. During winter the prevailing winds are from the northwest. These cold blasts from the Arctic sea are deflected by the Rocky mountains, sweep down unopposed into lower latitudes, and produce all the rigors of an arctic winter. The mean temperature for this season varies between 60° for the Gulf coast and 15° for the extreme northern part of Wisconsin. In the northern part of the valley the cold is sometimes so intense thai the thermometer sinks to the freezing point of mercury. The extreme of heat and cold would give a continental climate if this extreme were not accom^ panied by a profusion of rain. The southerly winds, laden with moisture, distribute this moists ure with great regularity over the valley. The amount of rainfall, greater in summer than in winter, varies, from the Gulf of Mexico to Wisconsin, from 63 inches to 30 inches. On the At- lantic coast, where the distribution is m.ore equal throughout the year on account of its proximity to the ocean, the amount varies, from Florida to Maine, from 63 to 40 inches. The atmospheric movements on which, to a great extent, the climatic conditions of the eastern United States depend, may be summed up as follows : " I. That the northeast trades, deflected in their course to south and southeast winds in their passage through the Carribean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, are the warm and moist winds which communicate to the Mississippi valley and the Atlantic slope their fertility. " 2. That the prevalence of these winds from May to October communicates to this region a sub-tropical climate. "3. That in the region bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, the atmospheric disturbances are propagated from south to north ; but in the northern and middle states, owing to a prevailing upper current, from west to east. " 4. That while this upper current is cool and dry, and we have the apparent anomaly of rain storms traveling from west to east, at the same time the moisture supplying them comes from the south. "5. That, in the winter, the south and southeast winds rise into the upper current, while the west and northwest winds descend and blow as surface winds, accompanied by an extraor^ dinary depression of temperature, creating, as it were, an almost arctic climate. " 6. That the propagation of the cold winds from west to east is due to the existence of a warmer and lighter air to the eastward. "7. That in summer the westerly currents seldom blow with violence, because, in passing over the heated plains, they acquire nearly the same temperature as the southerly currents, but in winter the conditions are reversed." The line of conflict of these aerial currents, produced by unequal atmospheric pressure, shift so rapidly that the greatest changes of temperature, moisture, and wind, are experienced within a few hours, these changes usually affecting areas of great extent. In the old world, on the other hand, the mountain systems, generally running from east to west, offer an impediment, especially to the polar currents, and the weather is therefore not so changeable. Wisconsin, situated in the upper and central part of the Mississippi valley, is subject to the same general climatic conditions which give this whole area its peculiar climate. The iiighest mean summer temperature is 72" Fahrenheit in the southwestern part of the 124 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. state, and the lowest 64° at Bayfield, Lake Superior. During the months of June, July and August, the thermometer often rises as higla as 90°, seldom to 100". In 1874 the mercury reached this high point twice at LaCrosse, and three times at Dubuque, Iowa. There are usually two or three of these " heated terms " during the summer, terminated by abrupt changes of temperature. The isotherm of 70° (an isotherm being a line connecting places having the same mean tem- perature) enters this state from the west, in the northern partof Grant county, touches Madison, takes a southerly direction through Walworth county, passes through southern Michigan, Cleveland, and Pittsburg, reaching the Atlantic ocean a little north of New York city. From this it is seen that southern Wisconsin, southern and central Michigan, northern Ohio, central Pennsylvania, and southern New York have nearly the same summer temperature. Northwestward this line runs through southern Minnesota and along the Missouri to the foot of the mountains. Eastern Ore- gon, at 47° 30' north latitude, has the same average summer temperature ; the line then returns and touches the Pacific coast at San Diego. The remarkable manner in which so large a body of water as Lake Michigan modifies the temperature has been carefully determined, so far as it relates to Wisconsin, by the late Dr. Lap- ham, of Milwaukee. It is seen by the map that the average summer temperature of Racine is the same as that of St. Paul. The weather map for July, 1875, in the signal service report for 1876, shows that the mean temperature for July was the same in Rock county, in the southern part of the state, as that of Breckenridge, Minn., north of St. Paul. The moderating effect of the lake during hot weather is felt in the adjacent region during both day and night. Countries in the higher latitudes having an e.xtreme summer temperature are usually charac- terized by a small amount of rain-fall. The Mississippi valley, however, is directly exposed in spring and summer to the warm and moist winds from the south, and as these winds condense their moisture by coming in contact witii colder upper currents from the north and west, it has a profusion of rain which deprives the climite largely of its continental features. As already stated, the average amount of rain-fall in Wisconsin is about 30 inches annually. Of this amount about one-eighth is precipitated in winter, three-eighths in summer, and the rest is equally dis- tributed between spring and autumn — in other words, rain is abundant at the time of the year when it is most needed. In Wisconsin the rainfall is greatest in the southwestern part of the state; the least on and along the shore of Lake Michigan. This shows that the humidity of the air of a given area can be greater, and the rainfall less, than that of some other. In comparison with western Europe, even where the mean temperature is higher than ip the Mississippi valley, the most striking fact in the climatic conditions of the United States is the great range of plants of tropical or sub-tropical origin, such as Indian corn, tobacco, etc. The conditions on which the character of the vegetation depends are temperature and moisture, and the mechanical and chemical composition of the soil. "The basis of this great capacity (the great range of plants) is the high curve of heat and moisture for the summer, and the fact that the measure of heat and of rain are almost or quite tropical for a period in duration from one to five months, in the range from Quebec to the coast of the Gulf." Indian corn attains its full perfection between the summer isotherms 72^^ and 77°, in Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, and Kansas ; but it may be grown up to the line of 65°, which includes the whole of Wisconsin. The successful cultivation of this important staple is due to the mtense heat of summer and a virgin soil rich in nitrogen. While Milwaukee and central Wisconsin have a mean annual temperature of 45°, that of southern Ireland and central England is 50°; the line of 72", the average temperature for July, runs from Walworth county to St. Paul, while during the same month Ireland and England have a mean temperature of only 60". In Wisconsin the thermometer rises as high as 90*^ and above. CLIMATOLOGY OV WLSCOXSIN. 125 ■while the range above the mean in England is very small. It is the tropical element of our sum- mers, then, that causes the grape, the corn, etc., to ripen, while England, with a higher mean temperature, is unable to mature them successfully. Ireland, where southern plants may remain out-doors, unfrosted, the whole winter, can not mature those fruits and grasses which ripen in Wisconsin. In England a depression of 2" below the mean of 60° will greatly reduce the quan- tity, or prevent the ripening of wheat altogether, 60" being essential to a good crop. Wheat, re- quiring a lower temperature than corn, is better adapted to the chmate of Wisconsin. This grain may be grown as far north as Hudson bay. Autumn, including September, October and November, is of short duration in Wisconsin. North of the 42d parallel, or the southern boundary line of the state, November belongs properly to the winter months, its mean temperature being about 32°. The decrease of heat from August to September is generally from 8" to 9°; 11° from September Co October, and 14° from October to November. The average temperature for these three months is about 45°. A beautiful season, commonly known as Indian summer, frequently occurs in the latter part of October and in No- vember. This period is characterized by a mild temperature and a hazy, calm atmosphere. According to Loomis, this appears to be due to "an uncommonly tranquil condition of the atmos- phere, during which the air becomes filled with dust and smoke arising from numerous fires, by -which its transparency is greatly impaired." This phenomenon extends as far north as Lake Superior, but it is more conspicuous and i)rotracted in Kansas and Missouri, and is not observed in the southern states. Destructive frosts generally occur in September, and sometimes in August. " A temperature of 36° to 40° at sunrise is usually attended with frosts destructive to vegetation, the position of the thermometer being usually such as to represent less than the actual refrigeration at the open surface.'' In 1875, during October, at Milwaukee, the mercury fell seven times below the freez- ing point, and twice below zero in November, the lowest being 14". The winters are generally long and severe, but occasionally mild and almost without snow. The mean winter temperature varies between 23^ in the southeastern part of the state, and i5" at Ashland, m the northern. For this season the extremes are great. The line of 20° is of im- portance, as it marks the average temperature which is fatal to the growth of all the tender trees, such as the pear and the peach. In the winter of 1875 and 1876, the mean temperature for De- cember, January and February, in the upper lake region, was about 4° above the average mean for many yearS; while during the previous winter the average temperature for January and Feb- ruary was about 12° below the mean for many years, showing a great difference between cold and mild winters. In the same winter, i875-'76, at Milwaukee, the thermometer fell only six times below zero, the lowest being 12°, while during the preceding winter the mercury sank thirty-six times below zero, the lowest being 23". In the northern and northwestern part of the state the temperature sometimes falls to the freezing point of mercury. During the exceptionally cold Winter of 1872-3, at La Crosse, the thermometer sank nearly fifty times below zero; on Decem- ber 24, it indicated 37° below, and on January 18, 43° below zero, averaging about 12° below the usual mean for those months. The moderating effect of Lake Michigan can be seen by observing how the lines indicating the mean winter temperature curve northward as they approach the lake. Milwaukee, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Two Rivers, and the Grand Traverse region of Michigan, have the same average wintet temperature. The same is true regarding Galena, 111., Beloit, and Kewaunee. .\ similar influence is noticed in all parts of the state. Dr. Lapham concludes that this is not wholly due to the presence of Lake Michigan, but that the mountain range which extends from a little west of Lake Superior to the coast of Labrador (from 1,100 to 2,240 feet high) protects the lake region in no inconsiderable degree from the excessive •cold of winter. 126 HISTORY OF AVISCOXSIX. According to the same authority, the time at which the ililwatikee river was closed \vi h ice,, for a period of nine years, varied between November 15 and December i ; the time at which it became free from ice, between March 3 and April 13. In the lake district, snow and rain are interspersed through all the winter months, rain being sometimes as profuse as at any other sea- son. In the northwestern part the winter is more rigid and dry. Northern New York and the New England states usually have snow lying on the ground the whole winter, but in the southern lake district it rarely remains so long. In 1842-43, however, sleighing commenced about the middle of November, and lasted till about the same time in April — five months. The average temperature for the three months of spring, March, April and May, from Wal- worth county to St. Paul, is about 45°. In central Wisconsin the mean for March is about 27°, which is an increase of nearly 7'' from February. The lowest temperature of this month in 1876 was 40° above zero. April shows an average increase of about 9° over March. In 1876 the line of 45° for this month passed from LaCrosse to Evanston, 111., touching Lake Erie at Toledo, showing that the interior west of Lake Michigan is warmer than the lake region. The change from winter to spring is more sudden in the interior than in the vicinity of the lakes. " In the town of Lisbon, fifteen miles from Lake Michigan," says Dr. Lapham, " early spring flowers show themselves about ten days earlier than on the lake. In spring vegetation, in places remote from the lakes, shoots up in a very short time, and flowers show their petals, while on the lake shore the cool air retards them and brings them more gradually into existence." The in- crease from April to May is about 15". In May, 1S76, Pembina and Milwaukee had nearly the same mean temperature, about 55". The extremes of our climate and the sudden changes of temperature no doubt have a marked influence, both physically and mentally, on the American people. And though a more equable climate may be more conducive to perfect health, the great range of our climate from arctic to tropical, and the consequent variety and abundance of vegetable products, combine to make the Mississippi valley perhaps one of the most favorable areas in the world for the develop- -nent of a strong and wealthy nation. During the months of summer, in the interior of the eastern United States, at least three- fourths of the rain-fall is in showers usually accompanied by electiical discharges and limited to small areas. But in autumn, winter, and spring nearly the whole precipitation takes place in general storms extending over areas of 300, 500 and sometimes over 1,000 miles in diameter, and generally lasting two or three days. An area of low atmospheric pressure causes the wind to blow toward that area from all sides, and when the depression is sudden and great, it is accompanied by much rain or snow. On account of tiie earth's rotation, the wind blowing toward this region of low pressure is deflected to the right, causing the air to circulate around the center with a motion spirally inward. In our latitude the storm commences with east winds. When the storm center, or area of lowest barometer, is to the south of us, the wind gradually veers, as the storm passes from west to east with the upper current, round to the northwest by the north point. On the south side of the storm center, the wind veers from southeast to southwest, by the south point. The phenomena attending such a storm when we are in or near the part of its center are usually as follows : After the sky has become overcast with clouds, the wind from the northeast generally begins to rise and blows in the opposing direction to the march of the storm. The clouds which are now moving over us, discharge rain or snow according to circumstances. The barometer continues to fall, and the rain or snow is brought obliquely down from the northern quarter by the prevailing wind. After a while the wind changes slightly in diiection and then ceases. The thermometer rises and the barometer has reached its lowest point. This is the center of the storm. After the calm the wind has changed its direction to northwest or west. The CLTMATOLOfiY OF M'ISCONSIN. 127 wind blows again, usually more violently than before, accompanied by rain or snow, which is now generally of short duration. The sky clears, and the storm is suddenly succeeded by a tempera- ture 10 or 20 degrees below the mean. Most of the rain and snow falls with the east winds, or before the center passes a given point. The path of these storms is from west to east, or nearly so, and only seldom in other directions. These autumn, winter, and spring rains are generally first noticed on the western plains, but may originate at any point along their path, and move eastward with an average velocity of about 20 miles an hour in summer and 30 miles in winter, but sometimes attaining a velocity of over 50 miles, doing great damage on the lakes. In pre- dicting these storms, the signal service of the army is of incalculable practical benefit, as well as in collecting data for scientific conclusions. A subject of the greatest importance to every inhabitant of Wisconsin is the influence of forests on climate and the effects of disrobing a county of its trees. The general influence of forests in modifying the e.xtremes of temperature, retarding evaporation and the increased humidity of the air, has already been mentioned. That clearing the land of trees increases the temperature of the ground in summer, is so readily noticed that it is scarcely necessary to men- tion it ; while in winter the sensible cold is never so e.xtreme in woods as on an open surface •exposed to the full force of the winds. " The lumbermen in Canada and the northern United States labor in the woods without inconvenience^ when the mercury stands many degrees below zero, while in the open grounds, with only a moderate breeze, the same temperature is almost insupportable." " In the state of Michigan it has been found that the winters have greatly increased in severity within the last forty years, and that this increased severity seems to move along even-paced with the destruction of the forests. Thirty years ago the peach was one of the most abundant fruits of that State; at that time frost, injurious to corn at anytime from May to October, was a thing unknown. Now the peach is an uncertain crop, and frost often injures the corn.'' The precise influence of forests on temperature may not at present admit of definite solu- tion, yet the mechanical screen which they furnish to the soil often far to the leeward of them, is sufficiently established, and this alone is enough to encourage extensive planting wherever this protection is wanting. With regard to the quantity of rain-fall, " we can not positively affirm that the total annual quantity of rain is even locally diminished or increased by the destruction of the woods, though both theoretical considerations and the balance of testimony strongly favor the opinion that more rain falls in wooded than in open countries. One important conclusion, at least, upon the meteorological influence of forests is certain and undisputed : the proposition, namely, that, within their own limits, and near their own borders, they maintain a more uniform degree of humidity in the atmosphere than is observed in cleared grounds. Scarcely less can it be questioned that they tend to promote the frequency of showers, and, if they do not augment the amount of precipitation, they probably equalize its distribution through the different seasons." There is abundant and undoubted evidence that the amount of water existing on the surface in lakes and rivers, in many parts of the world, is constantly diminishing. In Germany, observa- tions of the Rhine, Oder, Danube, and the Elbe, in the latter case going back for a period of 142 years, demonstrate beyond doubt, that each of these rivers has much decreased in volume, and there is reason to fear that they will eventually disappear from the list of navigable rivers. " The ' Blue-Grass ' region of Kentucky, once the pride of the West, has now districts of such barren and arid nature that their stock farmers are moving toward the Cumberland mount- ains, because the creeks and old springs dried up, and their wells became too low to furnish water for their cattle." In our own state "such has been the change in the flow of the Mihvau- thearts; makes good firewood; should be planted along all the roads and streets, near every dwelling, and on all public grounds. 128 HISTORY OF AVISCOXSIX. kee river, even while the area from which it receives its supply is but partially cleared, that the proprietorr 01" most of the mills and factories have found it necessary to resort to the use of steam, at a largely increased yearly cost, to supply the deficiency of water-power in dry seasons of the year." " What has happened to the Milwaukee river, has happened to all the other water courses in the state from whose banks the forest has been removed ; and many farmers who selected land uqon which there was a living brook of clear, pure water, now find these brooks dried up during a considerable portion of the year/ Districts stripped of their forest are said to be more exposed than before to loss of harvests, droiig. ts, and frost. " Hurricanes, before unknown, sweep unopposed over the regions thus denuded, carrying terror and devastation in their track." Parts of Asia Minor, North Africa, and other countries bordering on the Mediterranean, now almost deserts, were once densely populated and the granaries of the world. And there is good reason to believe " that it is the destruction of the forests which has produced this devastation." From such facts Wisconsin, already largely robbed of its forests, should take warning before it is too late. TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES. Bv P. R. HOV, M.D. It is not the purpose of this article to give a botanical description, but merely brief notes on the economical value of the woods, and the fitness of the various indigenous trees, shrubs and vines for the purpose of ornament. White Oak — Quercus Alba. — This noble tree is the largest and most important of the American oaks. The excellent properties of the wood render it eminently valuable for a great variety of uses. Wherever strength and durability are required, the white oak stands in the first rank. It is employed in making wagons, coaches and sleds ; staves and hoops of the best quality for barrels and casks are obtained from this tree; it is extensively used in architecture, ship- building, etc.; vast (juantities are used for fencmg; the bark is employed in tanning. The domes- tic consumption of this tree is so great that it is of the first importance to preserve the young trees wherever it is practicable, and to make young plantations where the tree is not found. The white oak is a graceful, ornamental tree, and worthy of particular attention as such ; found abun- dantly in most of the timbered districts. Burr Oak — Q. Macrocarpa. — This is perhaps the most ornamental of our oaks. Nothing can exceed the graceful beauty of these trees, whennot crowded or cramped in their growth, but left free to follow the laws of their development. Who has not admired these trees in our exten- sive burr oak openings ? The large leaves are a dark green above and a bright silvery white beneath, which gives the tree a singularly fine appearance when agitated by the wind. The wood is tough, close-grained, and more durable than the white oak, especially when exposed to frequent changes of moisture and drying ; did the tree grow to the same size, it would be preferred for most uses. Abundant, and richly worthy of cultivation, both for utility and ornament. Swamp White Oak — Q. Bicolor. — Is a valuable and ornamental tree, not quite so large or as common as the burr oak. The wood is close-grained, durable, splits freely, and is well worthy of cultivation in wet, swampy grounds, where it will thrive. Post Oak — Q. Obtusiloba. — Is a scraggy, small tree, found sparingly in this state. The tim- ber is durable, and makes good fuel. Not worthy of cultivation. TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES. 129 Swamp Chestnut Oak — Q. Prinus. — This species of chestnut oak is a large, graceful tree, wood rather open-grained, yet valuable for most purposes to which the oaks are applied ; makes the best fuel of any of this family. A rare tree, found at Janesville and Brown's lake, near Bur- lington. Worthy of cultivation. Red Oak — Q. Rubra. — The red oak is a well-known, common, large tree. The wood is coarse-grained, and the least durable of the oaks, nearly worthless for fuel, and scarcely worthy of cultivation, even for ornament. Pin Oak — Q. Palustris. — This is one of the most common trees in many sections of the state. The wood is of little value e.xcept for fuel. The tree is quite ornamental, and should be sparingly cultivated for this purpose. Shingle Oak — Q. Imbricaria. — Is a tree of medium size, found sparingly as far north as Wisconsin. It is ornamental, and the wood is used for shingles and staves. Scarlet Oak — Q. Coccinea. — This is an ornamental tree, especially in autumn, when its leaves turn scarlet, hence the name. Wood of little value ; common. Sugar Maple — Acer Sacchariitm.—'Y\\\% well-known and noble tree is found growing abun- dantly in many sections of the state. The wood is close-grained and susceptible of a beautiful polish, which renders it valuable for many kinds of furniture, more especially the varieties known as bird's-eye and curled maples. The wood lacks the durability of the oak ; consequently is not valuable for purposes where it will be exposed to the weather. For fuel it ranks next to hickory. The sugar manufactured from this tree affords no inconsiderable resource for the comfort and even wealth of many sections of the northern states, especially those newly settled, where it would be difficult and expensive to procure their supply from a distance. As an ornamental tree it stands almost at the head of the catalogue. The foliage is beautiful, compact, and free from the attacks of insects. It puts forth its yellow blossoms early, and in the autumn the leaves change in color and show the most beautiful tints of red and yellow long before they fall. Worthy of especial attention for fuel and ornament, and well adapted to street-planting. Red Maple— ^. Rubricm. — Is another fine maple of more rapid growth than the foregoing species. With wood rather lighter, but quite as valuable for cabinet-work — for fuel not quite so good. The young trees bear transplanting even better than other maples. Though highly orna- mental, this tree hardly equals the first-named species. It puts forth, in early spring, its scarlet blossoms before a leaf has yet appeared. Well adapted to street-planting. Mountain Maple— ^. Spicatum.—ls. a small branching tree, or rather shrub, found grow- ing in clumps. Not worthy of much attention. Silver Maple — A. Dasycarpum. — This is a common tree growing on the banks of streams, especially in the western part of the state, grown largely for ornament, yet for the purpose it is the least valuable of the maples. The branches are long and straggling, and so brittle that they are liable to be injured by winds. Bo.K Maple — Negtimio Aceroides. — This tree is frequently called box elder. It is of a rapid growth and quite ornamental. The wood is not much used in the arts, but is good fuel. Should be cultivated. It grows on Sugar and Rock rivers. White Elm — Ulinus Americana. — This large and graceful tree stands confessedly at the head of the list of ornamental deciduous trees. Its wide-spreading branches and long, pendu- lous branchlets form a beautiful and conspicuous head. It grows rapidly, is free from disease and the destructive attacks of insects, will thrive on most soils, and for planting along streets, in public grounds or lawns, is unsurpassed by any .\merican tree. The wood is but little used in 130 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Slippery Elm — V. Fulva. — This smaller and less ornamental species is also common. The Wood, however, is much more valuable than the white elm, being durable and splitting readily. It makes excellent rails, and is much used for the framework of buildings; valuable for fuel; should be cultivated. Wild Black Cherry — Cerasus Serotina.—'X\\\% large and beautiful species of cherry is one of the most valuable of American trees. The wood is compact, fine-grained, and of a brilliant teddish color, not liable to warp, or shrink and swell with atmospheric changes ; extensively em- ployed by cabinet-makers for every species of furnishing. It is exceedingly durable, hence is valuable for fencing, building, etc. Richly deserves a place in the lawn or timber plantation. Bird Cherry — C. Pennsylvanica. — -Is a small northern species, common in the state and worthy of cultivation for ornament. Choke Cherry -C. Virgiiiiatia. — This diminutive tree is of little value, not worth the trouble of cultivation. Wild Plum — Pntnus Americana. — The common wild plum when in full bloom is one of the most ornamental of small flowering trees, and as such should not be neglected. The fruit is rather agreeable, but not to be compared to fine cultivated varieties, which may be engrafted on the wild stock to the very best advantage. It is best to select small trees, and work them on the roots. The grafts should be inserted about the middle of April. Hackberry — CeltisOccidentalis. — This is an ornamental tree of medium size ; wood hard, close-grained and elastic ; makes the best of hoops, whip-stalks, and thills for carriages. The Indians formerly made great use of the hackbeiry wood for their bows. A tree worthy of a lim- ited share of attention. .\merican Linden or Bassvvood — Tiiia Americana. — Is one of the finest ornamental trees for public grounds, parks, etc., but will not thrive where the roots are exposed to bruises; for this reason it is not adapted to planting along the streets of populous towns. The wood is light and tough, susceptible of being bent to almost any curve ; durable if kept from the weather ; takes paint well, and is considerably used in the arts ; for fuel it is of little value. This tree will flourish in almost any moderately rich, damp soil ; bears transplanting well ; can be propagated readily from layers. White Thorn — Crataegus Coccinea, and Dotted Thorn — C. Punctata. — ^These two species of thorn are found everywhere on the rich bottom lands. When in bloom they are beautiful, and should be cultivated for ornament. The wood is remarkably compact and hard, and were it not for the small size of the tree, would be valuable. Crab Apple — Pyrus Coroiiaria. — This common small tree is attractive when covered with its highly fragrant rose-colored blossoms. 'Wood h;ird, fine, compact grain, but the tree is too small for the wood to be of much practical value. Well worthy of a place in extensive grounds. Mountain Ash — P. Americana. — This popular ornament to our yards is found growing in the northern part of the state and as far south as 43°. The wood is useless. White Ash — Fraxinus Acuminata. — Is a large, irtteresting tree, which combines utility with beauty in an eminent degree. The wood possesses strength, suppleness and elasticity, which renders it valuable for a great variety of uses. It is extensively employed in carriage manufact- uring; for various agricultural implements ; is esteemed superior to any other wood for oars; excellent for fuel. The white ash grows rapidly, and in open ground forms one of the most lovely trees that is to be found. The foliage is clean and handsome, and in autumn turns from its bright green to a violet purple hue, which adds materially to the beauty of our autumnal syl- van scenery. It is richly deserving our especial care and protection, and wiU amply repay all labor and expense bestowed on its cultivation. TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES. 131 Black A^h — F Sainbucifolia. — This is another tall, graceful and well-known species of ash. The wood is used for making baskets, hoops, etc. ; when thoroughly dry, affords a good article of fuel. Deserves to be cultivated in low, rich, swampy situations, where more useful trees will not thrive. ^LACK. Walnut — Juglans Nigra. — This giant of the rich alluvial bottom lands claims special attention for its valuable timber. It is among the most durable and beautiful of Ameri- can woods ; susceptible of a fine polish ; not liable to shrink and swell by heat and moisture. It is extensively employed by the cabinet-makers for every variety of furniture. Walnut forks, are frequently found which rival in richness and beauty the far-famed mahogany. This tree, in favorable situations, grows rapidly; is highly ornamental, and produces annually an abundant crop of nuts. Butternut — /. Cinerea. — This species of walnut is not as valuable as the above, yet for its beauty, and the durability of its wood, it should claim a small portion of attention. The wood is rather soft for most purposes to which it otherwise might be applied. When grown near streams, or on moist side-hills, it produces regularly an ample crop of excellent nuts. It grows rapidly. Shell-Bark Hickory— C(zr)vj Alba. — This, the largest and finest of American hickories, grows abundantly throughout the state. Hickory wood possesses probably the greatest strength and tenacity of any of our indigenous trees, and is used for a variety of purposes, but, unfortunately, it is liable to be eaten by worms, and lacks durability. For fuel, the shell-bark hickory stands unrivaled. The tree is ornamental and produces every alternate year an ample crop of the best of nuts. Shag-Bark Hickory — C. Inclata. — Is a magnificent tree, the wood of which is nearly as valuable as the above. The nuts are large, thick-shelled and coarse, not to be compared to the C. alba. A rare tree in Wisconsin ; abundant further south. Pignut Hickory — C. Glabra. — This species possesses all the bad and but few of the good qualities of the shell-bark. The nuts are smaller and not so good. The tree should be pre- served and cultivated in common with the shell-bark. Not abundant. BiTTERNUT — C. Amara. — Is an abundant tree, valuable for fuel, but lacking the strength and elasticity of the preceding species. It is, however, quite as ornamental as any of the hickories. Red Beech — Fagus Ferruginea. — This is a common tree, with brilliant, shining light-green leaves, and long, flexible branches. It is highly ornamental, and should be cultivated for this purpose, as well as for its useful wood, which is tough, close-grained and compact. It is much jsed for plane-stocks, tool handles, etc., and as an article of fuel is nearly equal to maple. Water Beech — Carpintis Americana. — Is a small tree, called hornbeam by many. The wood is exceedingly hard and compact, but the small size of the tree renders it almost useless. Iron Wood — Ostrya Virginica. — This small tree is found disseminated throughout most of our woodlands. It is, to a considerable degree, ornamental, but of remarkably slow growth. The wood possesses valuable properties, being heavy and strong, as the name would indicate ; yet. from its small size, it is of but little use. Balsam Poplar — Populus Candicans. — This tree is of medium size, and is known by sev- eral names : Wild balm of Gilead, cotton wood, etc. It grows in moist, sandy soil, on river bot- toms. It has broad, heart-shaped leaves, which turn a fine yellow after the autumn frosts. It grows more rapidly than any other of our trees ; can be transplanted with entire success when eight or nine inches in diameter, and makes a beatiful shade tree — the most ornamental of pop- lars. The wood is soft, spongy, and nearly useless. 132 HISTORY OF AVISCOXSIN- QuAKiN'G Aspen — P. Tremuloides. — Is a well-known, small tree. It is rather ornamental,, but scarcely worth cultivating. Large Aspen — P. Grandidentata. — Is the largest of our poplars. It frequently grows to the height of si.xty or seventy feet, with a diameter of two and one-half feet. The wood is sot"t, easily split, and used for frame buildings. It is the most durable of our poplars. Cotton Wood — P. MonoUfera. — This is the largest of all the poplars ; abundant on the Mississippi river. Used largely for fuel on the steamboats. The timber is of but little use in the arts. .Sycamore or Buttonwood — Platanus Occidentalis. — This, the largest and most majestic of our trees, is found growing only on the rich alluvial river bottoms. The tree is readily known, even at a considerable distance, by its whitish smootli branches. The foliage is large and beautiful, and the tree one of the most ornamental known. The wood speedily decays, and when sawed into lumber warps badly; on these accounts it is but little used, although susceptible of a fine finish. As an article of fuel it is of inferior merit. Canoe Bikch — Betula Papyracea. — Is a rather elegant and interesting tree. It grows abund- antly in nearly every part of the state. The wood is of a fine glossy grain, susceptible of a good finish, but lacks durability and strength, and, therefore, is but little used in the mechanical arts. For fuel it is justly prized. It bears transplanting without difficulty. The Indians manufacture their celebrated bark canoes from the bark of this tree. Cherry Birch — B.Lenta. — Tiiis is a rather large, handsome tree, growing along streams. Leaves and bark fragrant. Wood, fine-grained, rose-colored ; used largely by the cabinet- makers. Yellow Birch — B. Lutea. — This beautiful tree occasionally attains a large size. It is highly ornamental, and is of value for fuel; but is less prized than the preceding species for cab- inet work. Kentucky Coffee Tree — Gymnodadus Canadensis. — This singularly beautiful tree is only found sparingly, and on rich alluvial lands. I met with it growing near the Peccatonica, in Green county. The wood is fine-grained, and of a rosy hue ; is exceedingly durable, and well worth cultivating. June Berry — Amelaiuhier Canadensis. — Is a small tree which adds materially to the beauty of our woods in early spring, at which time it is in full bloom. The wood is of no particular value, and the tree interesting only when covered with its white blossoms. White Pine — Pinus Stro.'^us. — This is the largest and most valuable of our indigenous pines. The wood is soft, free from resin, and works easily. It is extensively employed in the mechan- ical arts. It is found in great profusion in the northern parts of the state. This species is readily known by the leaves being \n Jives. It is highly ornamental, but in common with all pines, will hardly bear transplanting. Only small plants should be moved. Norway or Red Pine — P. Resinosa, and Yellow Pine — P. Afitis. — These are two large trees, but little inferior in size to the white pine. The wood contains more resin, and is conse- quently more durable. The leaves of both these species are in twos. Vast quantities of lumber are yearly manufactured from these two varieties and the white pine. The extensive pineries of the state are rapidly diminishing. Shrub Pine — P. Banksiana. — Is a small, low tree; only worthy of notice here for the oma- tnental shade it produces. It is found in the northern sections of the state. Balsam Fik — Abies Balsamea. — This beautiful evergreen is multiplied to a great extent on the shores of Lake Superior, where it grows forty or fifty feet in height. The wood is of but 'ii?EES, SHRUBS AXn VIXES. 133 little value The balsam of fir, or Canadian balsam, is obtained from this tree. Double Spruce — A. Nigra. — This grows in the same localities with the balsam fir, and assumes the same pyramidal form, but is considerably larger. The wood is light and possesses considerable strength and elasticity, which renders it one of the best materials for yard's and top- masts for shippmg. It is extensively cultivated for ornament. Hemlock — A. Canadensis. — The hemlock is the largest of the genus. It is gracefully orna- mental, but the wood is of little value. The baik is e.xtensively employed in tanning. Tamarack — Larix Americana. — This beautiful tree grows abundantly in swampy situations throughout the state. It is not quite an evergreen It drops its leaves in winter, but quickly recovers them in early spring. The wood is remarkably durable and valuable for a variety of uses. The tree grows rapidly, and can be successfully cultivated in peaty situations, where other trees would not thrive. Arbor ViTiE — Thuja Occidentalis. — This tree is called the white or flat cedar. It grows abundantly in many parts of the state. The wood is durable, furnishing better fence posts than any other tree, excepting the red cedar. Shingles and staves of a superior quality are obtained from these trees. A beautiful evergreen hedge is made from the young plants, which bear trans- planting better than most evergreens. It will grow on most soils if sufficiently damp. Red Cy.t>\k— Jiinipcrits Virginiana. — Is a well known tree that furnishes those celebrated fence posts that " last forever." The wood is highly fragrant, of a rich red color, and fine grained ; hence it is valuable for a variety of uses. It should be extensively cultivated. Dwarf Juniper — J. Sabina. — This is a low trailing shrub. Is considc-ably prized foi ornament. Especially worthy of cultivation in large grounds. Sassafras — Sassafras officinale. — Is a small tree of fine appearance, with fragrant leaves bark. Grows in Kenosha county. Should be cultivated. Willows. — -There are many species of willows growing in every part of the state, severr.l of which are worthy of cultivation near streams and ponds. White Willow — Salix alba. — Is a fine tree, often reaching sixty feet in height. The wood is soft, and makes the best charcoal for the manufacture of gun-powder. Grows rapidly. Bl.\ck Willow — S. A'igra. — This is also a fine tree, but not quite so large as the foregoing. It is used for similar purposes. There are many shrubs and vines indigenous to the state worthy of note. I shall, however, call attention to only a few of the best. Dogwoods. — There are several species found in our forests and thickets. All are ornamen- tal when covered with a profusion of white blossoms. I would especially recommend : cvrtts sericea, C. stolonifera, C. paniculata, and C. alternifolia. All these will repay the labor of trans- planting to ornamental grounds. VinuRNUMS.— These are very beautiful. WQ\ia.^Q vibitrnitm leniago, V. prti/ii/oliuin, V. nudum, V. dcn/atum, V. pubescens, V. aceri/olium, V. paucijlorum, vlwI V. opultis. The last is known as the cranberry tree, and is a most beautiful shrub when in bloom, and also when covered with its red, acid fruit. The common snow-ball tree is a cultivated variety of the V. opulus. Witch Hazel — Hamamelis Virginica. — Is an interesting, tall shrub that flowers late in autumn, when the leaves are falling, and matures the fruit the next summer. It deserves more attention than it receives. Burning Bush — Euonymus atropurpureus. — This fine shrub is called the American straw- berry', and is exceedingly beautiful when covered with its load of crimson fruit, which remains during winter. 134 HISTORY f)F WISCONSIN". Sumach — Rhus iyphina. — Is a tall shrub, 11 known, but seldom cultivated. When well grown it is ornamental and well adapted for planting in clumps. Hop Tree — Ptclca trifoliata. — This is a showy shrub with shining leaves, which should be cultivated. Common in rich, alluvial ground. Bladder Ni't — Staphylea trifolia. — Is a fine, upright, showy shrub, found sparingly all over the state. Is ornamental, with greenish striped branches and showy leaves. Vines. Virginia Creeper — Ampelopsis quinquefolia. — This is a noble vine, climbing extensively by disc-bearing tendrils, so well known as to require no eulogy. Especially beautiful in its fall colors. Bitter Sweet — Celastrus scandens. — Is a stout twining vine, which would be an ornament to any grounds. In the fall and early winter it is noticeable for its bright fruit. Common. Yellow Honeysuckle — Lonicera flava. — Is a fine native vine, which is found climbing over tall shrubs and trees. Ornamental. There are several other species of honeysuckle; none, how- ever, worthy of special mention. Frost Grape — Vita cordifolia. — This tall-growing vine has deliciously sweet blossoms, which perfume the air for a great distance around. For use as a screen, this hardy species will be found highly satisfactory. FAUNA OF WISCONSIN. By p. R. hoy, M.D. FISH AND FISH CULTURE. Fish are cold blooded aquatic vertebrates, having fins as organs of progression. They have a two-chambered heart; their bodies are mostly covered with scales, yet a few are entirely naked, like catfish and eels ; others again are covered with curious plates, such as the sturgeon. Fish inhabit both salt and fresh water. It is admitted by all authority that fresh-water fish are more universally edible than those inhabiting the ocean. Marine fish are said to be more highly flavored than those inhabiting fresh waters ; an assertion I am by no means prepared to admit. As a rule, fish are better the colder and purer the water in which they are found, and where can you find those conditions more favorable than in the cold depths of our great lakes .'' We have tasted, under the most favorable conditions, about every one of the celebrated salt-water fish, and can say that whoever eats a whitefish just taken from the ])ure, cold water of Lake Michigan will have no reason to be envious of the dwellers by the sea. Fish are inconceivably prolific; a single female deposits at one spawn from one thousand to one million eggs, varying according to species. Fish a.Tord a valuable article of food for man, being highly nutritious and easy of digestion ; they abound in phosphates, hence are valuable as affording nutrition to the osseous and nervous sys- tem, hence they have been termed, not inappropriately, brain food — certainly a very desirable article of diet for some people. They are more savory, nutritious and easy of digestion when just taken from the water ; in fact, the sooner they are cooked after being caught the better. No fish should be more than a few hours from its watery element before being placed upon the table. For con- venience, I will group our fish into families as a basis for what I shall offer. Our bony fish, FATmA OF WISCONSIN". 135 having spine rays and covered with comb-like scales, belong to the perch family — a valuable family ; all take the hook, are gamey, and spawn in the summer. The yellow perch and at least four species of black or striped bass have a wide range, being found in all the rivers and lakes in the state. There is a large species of fish known as Wall- eyed pike {^Lcucoperca americana) belonging to this family, which is found sparingly in most of our rivers and lakes. The pike is an active and most rapacious animal, devouring fish of consider- able size. The flesh is firm and of good flavor. It would probably be economical to propagate it to a moderate extent. The six-spined bass {Fomoxys /lexacanthus, Agas.) is one of the most desirable of the spine- rayed fish found in the State. The flesh is fine flavored, and as the fish is hardy and takes the hook with avidity, it should be protected during the spawning season and artificially propagated. I have examined the stomachs of a large number of these fish and in every instance found small crawfish, furnishing an additional evidence in its favor. Prof. J. P. Kirtland, the veteran ichthy- ologist of Ohio, says that this so-callea '' grass bass" is the fish for the million. The white bass {Roccus ckrysops) is a species rather rare even in the larger bodies of water, but ought to be introduced into every small lake in the State, where I am certain they would flourish. It is an excellent fish, possessing many of the good qualities and as few of the bad as any that belong to the family. There is another branch of this family, the sunfish, Pomotis, which numbers at least six species found in Wisconsin. They are beautiful fish, and afford abundant sport for the boys ; none of them, however, are worth domesticating (unless it be in the aquariuni) as there are so many better. The carp family (Cyprinida) are soft finned fish without maxillary teeth. They include by far the greater number of fresh-water fish. Some specimens are not more than one inch, while others are nearly two feet in length. Our chubs, silversides and suckers are the principal mem- bers of this family. Dace are good pan-fish, yet their small size is objectionable; they are the children's game fish. The Cyprinidix all spawn in the spring, and might be profitably propa- gated as food for the larger and more valuable fish. There are six or seven species of suckers found in our lakes and rivers. The red horse, found every where, and at least one species of the buffalo, inhabiting the Mississippi and its trib- utaries, are the best of the genus Catastomus. Suckers are bony, and apt to taste suspiciously of mud ; they are only to be tolerated in the absence of better. The carp {Cypreniiis carpo) has been successfully introduced into the Hudsonriver. The trout family {Salmonidie) are soft-finned fish with an extra dorsal adipose fin without rays. They inhabit northern countries, spawning in the latter part of fall and winter. Their flesh is universally esteemed. The trout family embrace by far the most valuable of our fish, including, as it does, trout and whitefish. The famous speckled trout {Salmo foiilinalis) is a small and beautiful species which is found in nearly every stream in the northern half of the State. Wherever there is a spring run or lake, the temperature of which does not rise higher than sixty-five or seventy in the summer, there trout can be propagated in abundance. The great salmon trout (^Sal. amethysius) of the great lakes is a magnificent fish weighing from ten to sixty pounds. The Siscowit salmo siscowit of Lake Superior is about the same size, but not quite so good a fish, being too fat and oily. They will, no doubt, flourish in the larger of the inland lakes. The genus Coregonus includes the true whitefish, or lake shad. In this genus, 3.s now restricted, the nose is square and the under jaw short, and when first caught they have the fragrance of fresh cucumbers. There are at least three species found in Lake Michigan. In my 136 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. opinion these fish are more delicately flavored than the celebrated Potomac shad ; but I doubt whether they will thrive in the small lakes, owing to the absence of the small Crustacea on which they subsist. The closely allied genus Ari^yrosomus includes seven known species inhabiting the larger lakes, and one, the A ri^yrosom us sisco, which is found in several of the lesser lakes. The larger species are but little inferior to the true whitefish, with which they are commonly confounded. The nose is pointed, the under jaw long, and they take the hook at certain seasons with activity. They eat small fish as well as insects and crustaceans. Of the pickerel family, we have three or four closely allied species of the genus £sox, armed with prodigious jaws filled with cruel teeth. They lie motionles eady to dart, swift as an arrow, upon their prey. They are the sharks of the fresh water. The pickerel are so rapacious that they spare not their own species. Sometimes they attempt to swallow a fish nearly as large as themselves, and perish in consequence. Their flesh is moderately good, and as they are game to the backbone, it might be desirable to propagate them to a moderate extent under peculiar circumstances. The catfish {Si/urida) have soft fins, protected by sharp spines, and curious fleshy barbels floating from their lips, without scales, covered only with a slimy coat of mucus. The genus Pimlodus are scavengers among fish, as vultures among birds. They are filthy in habit and food. There is one interesting trait of the catfish — the vigilant and watchful motherly care of the young by the male. He defends them with great spirit, and herds them together when they straggle. Even the mother is driven far ofi"; for he knows full well that she would nol scruple to make a full meal ofi" her little black tadpole-like progeny. There are four species known to inhabit this State — one peculiar to the great lakes, and two found in the numerous affluents of the Mississippi. One of these, the great yellow catfish, sometimes weighs over one hundred jiounds. When in good condition, stuffed and well baked, they are a fair table fish. The small bull-head is universally distributed. The sturgeons are large sluggish fish, covered with plates instead of scales. There are at least three species of the genus Acipenser found in the waters of Wisconsin. Being so large and without bones, they afford a sufficiently cheap article of food; unfortunately, however, the quality is decidedly bad. Sturgeons deposit an enormous quantity of eggs ; the roe not unfrequently weighs one fourth as much as the entire body, and numbers, it is said, many millions. The principal commercial value of sturgeons is found in the roe and swimming bladder. The much prized caviare is manufactured from the former, and from the latter the best of isinglass is obtained. The gar-pikes {Lcpidosicus) are represented by at least three species of this singular fish. They have long serpentine bodies, with jaws prolonged into a regular bill, which is well i)rovided with teeth. The scales are composed of bone covered on the outside with enamel, like teeth. The alligator gar, confined to the depths of the Mississippi, is a large fish, and the more common species, Lcpitiosteus bison, attains to a considerable size. The Lepidosteous, now only found in North America, once had representatives all over the globe. Fossils of the same family of which the gar-pike is the type, have been found all over Europe, in the oldest fossiliferous beds, in the strata of the age of coal, in the new red sandstone, in oiilitic deposits, and in the chalk and tertiary formations — being one of the many living evidences that North America was the first country above the water. For all practical purposes, we should not regret to have the gar-pikes follow in the footsteps of their aged and illustrious predecessors. They could well be spared. There is a fish i^Lota maculose) which belongs to the cod-fish family, called by the fishermen the "lawyers," for what reason I am not able to say — at any rate, the fish is worthless. There are a great number of small fish, interesting only to the naturalist, which I shall omit to men- TAUiS^A OF WISCONSIN. 137 tion here. Fish of the northern countries are the most valuable, for the reason that the water is colder and purer. Wisconsin, situated between forty-two thirty, and forty-seven degrees of latitude, bounded on the east and north by the largest lakes in the world, on the west by the "Great river," traversed by numerous fine and rapid streams, and sprinkled all over with beautiful and pictu- resque lakes, has physical conditions certainly the most favorable, perhaps of any State, for an abundant and never-failing supply of the best fish. Few persons have any idea of the importance of the fisheries of Lake Michigan. It is difficult to collect adequate data to form a correct knowledge of the capital invested and the amount of fish taken; enough, however, has been ascertained to enable me to state that at Milwaukee alone $100,000 are invested, and not less than two hundred and eighty tons of dressed fish taken annually. At Racine, during the entire season of nine months, there are, on an average, one thousand pounds of whitefish and trout, each, caught and sold daily, amounting to not less than $16,000. It is well known that, since the adoption of the gill-net system, the fishermen are enabled to pursue their calling ten months of the year. When the fish retire to the deep water, they are followed with miles of nets, and the poor fish are entangled on every side. There is a marked falling off in the number and size of white- fish and trout taken, when compared with early years. When fish were only captured with seines, they had abundant chance to escape and multiply so as to keep an even balance in number. Only by artificial propagation and well enforced laws protecting them during the spawning season, can we hope now to restore the balance. In order to give some idea of the valuable labors of the state fish commissioners, I will state briefly that they have purchased for the state a piece of property, situated three miles from Madison, known as the Nine Springs, including forty acres of land, on which they have erected a dwelling-house, barn and hatchery, also constructed several ponds, in which can be seen many valuable fish in the enjoyment of perfect health and vigor. As equipped, it is, undoubtedly, one of the best, if not the best, hatchery in the states. In this permanent establishment the commission design to hatch and distribute to the small lakes and rivers of the interior the most valuable of our indigenous fish, such as bass, pike, trout, etc., etc., as well as many valuable foreign varieties. During the past season, many fish have been distributed from this state hatchery. At the Milwaukee Water Works, the commission have equipped a hatchery on a large scale, using the water as pumped directly from the lake. During the past season there was a prodigious multitude of young trout and whitefish distributed from this point. The success of Superintendent Welcher in hatching whitefish at Milwaukee has been the best yet gained, nearly ninety per cent, of the eggs "laid down" being hatched. Pisciculturists will appreciate this wonderful success, as they well know how difficult it is to manage the spawn of the whitefish. I append the following statistics of the number of fish hatched and distributed from the Milwaukee hatchery : Total number of fish hatched, 8,000,000 — whitefish, 6,300,000; salmon trout, 1,700,000. They were distributed as follows, in the month of May, 1877 ; Whitefish planted in Lake Michigan, at Racine, 1,000,000; at Milwaukee, 3,260,000; between Manitowoc and Two Rivers 1,000,000; in Green bay, 1,000,000; in Elkhart lake, 40,000. Salmon trout were turned out as follows: Lake Michigan, near Milwaukee, 600,000; Brown's lake, Racine county, 40,000; Delavan lake, Walworth county, 40,000; Troy lake, Wal- worth county, 40,000 ; Pleasant lake, Walworth county, 40,000 ; Lansdale lake, Wahvorth county, 40,000; Ella lake, Milwaukee county, 16,000; Cedar lake, Washington county, 40,000; Elkhart lake, Sheboygan county, 40,000; Clear lake. Rock county, 40,000; Ripley lake, 138 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Jefferson county, 40,000; Mendota lake, Dane countv, 100,000; Fox lake, Dodge county, 40,000; Swan and Silver lakes, Columbia county, 40,000; Little Green lake. Green Lake county, 40,000; Big Green lake, Green Lake county, 100,000; Bass lake, St. Croix county, 40,000; Twin lakes, St. Croix county, 40,000; Long lake, (Miippewa county, 40,000; Oconomo- woc lake, Waukesha county, 100,000; Pine lake, Waukesha county, 40,000; Pewaukee lake, Waukesha county, ico,ooo; North lake, Waukesha county, 40,000 ; Nagawicka lake, Waukesha county, 40,000: Okanche lake, Waukesha county, 40,000. LARGE ANn[.\LS.— TLME OF THEIR DISAPPEARANCE. Fifty years ago, the territory now included in the state of Wisconsin, was nearly in a state of nature, all the large wild animals were then abundant. Now, all has changed. The ax and plow, gun and dog, railway and telegraph, have metamorphosed the face of nature. Most of the large quadrupeds have been either exterminated, or have hid themselves away in the wilder- ness. In a short time, all of these will have disappeared from the state. The date and order in which animals become extinct within the boundaries of the state, is a subject of great interest. There was a time when the antelope, the woodland caribou, the buffalo, and the wild turkey, were abundant, but are now no longer to be found. The Antelope, Antilocarpa Americana, now confined to the Western plains, did, two hun- dred years ago, inhabit Wisconsin as far east as Michigan. In October, 1679, Father Hennepin, with La Salle and party, in four canoes, coasted along the Western shore of Lake Afichigan. In Hennepin's narrative, he says; " The oldest of them " (the Indians) " came to us the next morn- ing with their calumet of peace, and brought some wild goats." This was somewhere north of Milwaukee. " Being in sore distress, we saw upon the coast a great many ravens and eagles " (turkey vultures), " from whence we conjectured there was some prey, and having landed upon that place, we found above the half of a fat wilii goat, which the wolves had strangled. This provision was very acceptable to us, and the rudest of our men could not but praise the Divine Providence which took so particular care of us." This must have been somewhere near Racine. "On the i6th" (October, 1679), " we met with abundance of game. .\ savage we had with us, killed several stags (deer) and ti.v him. 148 HISTORY OF WIsrOXSIN. Teachers' Associations. Besides the Wisconsin State Teachers' Association, holding its annual session in the summer and a semi-annual or " executive " session in the winter, there are, in several jiarts of the state, county or district associations, holding stated meetings. The number of such associations is annually increasing. Libraries. The utility of public libraries as a part of the means of popular enlightenment, was early recognized in this state. The constitution, as set forth in 1S48, required that a portion of the income of the school fund should be applied to the " purchase of suitable libraries and appa- ratus " for the common schools. The same year the legislature of the state, at its first session, enacted that as soon as this income should amount to $60,000 a year (afterwards changed to $30,000), each town superintendent might devote one tenth of the portion of this income received by his town annually, to town library purposes, the libraries thus formed to be distributed among the districts, in sections, and in rotation, once in three months. Districts were also empowered to raise money for library books. The operation of this discretionary and voluntary system was not successful. In ten years (1858) only about one third of the districts (1,121) had libraries, embracing in all but 38,755 volumes, and the state superintendent, Hon. Lyman C. Draper, urged upon the legislature a better system, of " town libraries," and a state ta.\ for their creation and maintenance. In 1857, the legislature enacted that ten per cent, of the yearly income of the school fund should be applied to the purchase of town school libraries, and that an annual tax of one tenth of one mill should be levied for the same purpose. The law was left incomplete, how- ever, and in 1862, before the system had been perfected, the exigencies of the civil war led to the repeal of the law, and the library fund which had accumulated from the ten per cent, of the school fund income, and from the library tax, amounting in all to $88,784.78, was transferred to the general fund. This may be considered a debt to the educational interests of the slate that should be repaid. Meanwhile the single district library system languishes and yearly grows weaker. The re-enacting of a town library system, in which local effort and expenditure shall be stimulated and supplemented by state aid, has been urged upon the legislature by the present state superintendent, and will, it is hoped, be secured, at no distant day, as a part of a complete town system of schools and of public education. List of State Superintendents. The act creating the office was passed at the first session of the state legislature, in 1848, The incumbents up to the present time have been as follows : NAME OF INCUMBENT. DURATION OF INCUMBENCY. Hon. E. Root - Three years — 1849-50-51. Hon. A. P. Ladd Two years — 1852-53. Hon. H. A. Wright* One year and five months — 1S54-55. Hon. A. C. Barry Two years and seven months — 1855-56-57. Hon. L. C. Draper Two years — 1858-59. Hon. J. L. Piekardf Three years and nine months — 1860-61-62-63. Hon. J. G. McMynn. Four years and three months — 1S63-64-65-66-67. Hon. A. J. Craigt Two years and six months— 1868-69-70. Hon. Samuel Fallows ..Three years and six months — 1870-71-72-73. Hon. Edward Searing. Four years — 1874-75-76-77. EDl'CATTOXAL HISTOHY. 149 Sketches of Collegf.s in Wisconsin. Beloit College was founded in iS47,at Beloit, under the auspices of the Congregatienal and Presbyterian churches of Wisconsin and northern Illinois. In 1848, Rev. Joseph Emerson and Rev. J. J. Bushnell were appointed professors, and in 1849, Rev. A. L. Chapin was appointed president, and has continued such until the present time. The institution has had a steady growth, has maintained a high standard of scholarship and done excellent work, both in its pre- paratory and college departments. Two hundred and thirty-si.x young men have graduated. Its lands and buildings are valued at $78,000, and its endowments and funds amount to about $122,000. Lawrence University, at Appleton, under the patronage of the Methodist church, was organized as a college in 1850, having been an " institute " or academy for three years previous, under the Rev. W. H. Sampson. The first president was Rev. Edward Cook ; the second, R. Z. Mason ; the present one is the Rev. George M. Steele, D. D. It is open to both s€xes, and has graduated 130 young men, and 68 young women. It still maintains a preparatory depart- ment. It has been an institution of great benefit in a new region of country, in the northeastern part of the state. Receiving a liberal donation at the outset from the Hon. .Amos A. Lawrence, of Boston, it has land and buildings valued at $47,000, at Appleton, and funds and endowments amounting to $60,000. Milton College, an institution under the care of the Seventh Day Baptists, was opened as a college in 1867, having been conducted as an academy since 1844. Rev. W. C. Whitford, the president, was for many years the principal of the academy The institution has done much valuable work, particularly in preparing teachers for our public schools. The college has gradu- ated 38 young men and women, having previously graduated 93 academic students. It has lands, buildings and endowments to the amount of about $50,000. Ripon College, which was known till 1S64 as Brockway College, was organized in 1853, at Ripen, and is supported by the Congregational church. Since its re-organization, in 1863, it has graduated 77 students (of both sexes) in the college courses, and has always maintained a large and flourishing preparatory department. Under its present efficient head, the Rev. E, H, Mer- rell, A. M., it is meeting with continued success. Its property amounts to about $125,000. Racine College was founded by the Episcopal Church, at Racine, in 1852, under the Rev- Roswell Park, D. D., as its first President. It was for a long time under the efficient administra- tion of Rev. James De Koven, D. D., now deceased, who was succeeded by Rev. D. Stevens Parker. It maintains a large boys' school also, and a preparatory department. It was designed, in part, to train young men for the Nashotah Theological Seminary. It has property, including five buildings, to the amount of about giSo,ooo, and has graduated ninety-nine young nieru Its principal work, in which it has had great success, is that of a boys' school, modeled somewhat after the English schools. The Seminary of St. Francis of Sales, an ecclesiastical school, w^is established at St. Fran- cis Station, near Milwaukee, chiefly by the combined efforts of two learned and zealous priests., the Rev. Michael Heiss, now bishop of La Crosse, and the Rev. Joseph Salzmann. It was opened in January, 1856, with Rev. M. Heiss as rector, and with 25 students. Rev, Joseph 'alzmann was rector from September, 1868, to the time of his death, January ry, 1S74, since which time Rev. C. Wapelhorst has held the rectorship. The latter is now assisted by t»yelvf professors, and the students number 267, of whom 105 are theologians, 31 students of philosophy^ and the rest classical students. Pio Nono College is a Roman Catholic institution, at St. Francis Station, in the imm-edlate neighborhood of the Seminary of St. Francist It was founded in 187 1, by Rev. Joseph Salzmatuo, * Dieil, M.iy 29, 1S4;. f Resigncil, Octohcr I, 1S63. t Did. J-i'y 3. 1S70. 150 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. who was the first rector. He was succeeded in 1S74 by the present rector, Rev. Thomas Brue- ner, who is assisted by a corps of seven professors. Besides the collej^e proper, there is a nor- mal department, in which, in addition to the education that qualifies for teaching in common apd higher schools, particular attention is given to church music. There is also, under the same management, but in an adjoining building, an institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb. The pupils in the latter, both boys and girls, numbering about 30, are taught to speak by sounds, and it is said with tht best success. An institution was organized in 1865, at Prairie du Chien. under the name of Prairie du Chien College, and under the care of J. T. Lovewell, as principal. In the course of two or three years it passed into the hands of the Roman Catholic church, and is now known as St. John's ■College. It has so far performed principally preparatory work. Sinsinawa Mound College, a Roman Catholic institution, was founded in 1848, through the labors of Father Mazzuchelli. but after doing a successful work, was closed in 1863, and in 1S67 the St. Clara academy was opened in the same buildings. The Northwestern University, which is under the Lutheran church, was organized in 1865, at Watertown, under Rev. August F. Ernst, as president. It has graduated 21 young men, and lias a preparatory department. Its property is valued at $50,000. Galesville University was organized in 1859, under the patronage of the Methodist church at Galesville, in the northwest part of the state. The first president was the Rev. Samuel Fal- lows, since state superintendent. It has graduated ten young men and eight young women, its work hitherto having been mostly preparatory. It is now under the patronage of the Presby- terian denomination, with J. W. McLaury, A. M., as president. It has proj)erty valued at $30,000, and an endowment of about $50,000. Carroll College was established at Waukesha, by the Presbyterian dhurch, in 1846. Prof. J. W. Sterling, now of ihe state university, taught its primary classes that year. Under President John A. Savage, D.D., with an able corps of professors, it took a high rank and graduated ■classes ; but for several years past it has confined its work principally to academic studies. Under W. L. Rankin, A. M.,the present principal, the school is doing good service. Wayland University was established as a college, by the Baptists, at Beaver Dam, in 1854, but never performed much college work. For three years past, it has been working under a new charter as an academy and preparatory school, and is now known as Wayland Institute. In 1841, the Protestant Episcopal church established a mission in the wilds of Waukeslia county, and, at an early day, steps were taken to establish in connection therewith an institution of learning. This was incorporated in 1847, by the name of Nashotah House. In 1852 the classical school was located at Racine, and Nashotah House became distinctively a theological seminary. It has an endowment of one professorship, the faculty and students being otherwise ■sustained by voluntary contributions. It has a faculty of five protessors, with Rev. A. D. Cole, D.D., as president, buildings pleasantly situated, and has graduated 185 theological students. Female Colleges. Two institutions have been known under this designation. The Milwaukee Female College ■was founded in 1852, and ably conducted for several years, under the principalship of Miss Mary Mortimer, now deceased. It furnished an advanced grade of secondary instruction. The Wis- consin Female College, located at Fox Lake, was first incorporated in 1855, and re-organized in 1S63. It has never reached a collegiate course, is now known as Fo.\ Lake Seminary, and admits both sexes. Rev. A. O. Wright, A. M., is the present principal. AGRICL'LTUKE. 151 Academies and Seminaries. The following institutions of academic grade, are now in operation: Albion Academy; Benton Academy; Big Foot Academy ; Elroy Seminary ; Fox Lake Seminary ; two German and English academies in Milwaukee ; Janesville Academy; Kemper Hall, Kenosha ; Lake Geneva Seminary, Geneva; Lakeside Seminary, Oconomowoc; Marshall Academy, Marshall; Merrill Institute, Fond du Lac; Milwaukee Academy; Racine Academy; River Falls Institute; Rochester Seminary; St. Catherine's Academy, Racine; St. Clara Academy; Sinsinawa Mound; St. Mary's Institute, Milwaukee; Sharon Academy; and Wayland Institute, Beaver Dam. Similar institutions formerly in operation but suspended or merged in other institu- ^ tions, were : Allen's Grove Academy ; Appleton Collegiate Institute ; Baraboo Collegiate Insti- tute; Beloit Female Seminary; Beloit Seminary; Brunson Institute, Mount Hope; Evansville Sem- inary ; Janesville Academy (merged in the high school) ; Kilbourn Institute ; Lancaster Institute; Milton .\cademy ; Platteville Academy ; Southport Academy (Kenosha); Waterloo Academy ; Waukesha Seminary; Wesleyan Seminary, Eau Claire; and Patch Grove Academy. The most important of these were the Milton and Platteville Academies, the former merged in Mil- ton College, the latter in the Platteville Normal School. Of the others, several were superseded by the establishment of public high schools in the same localities. Commercial Schools. Schools of this character, aiming to furnish what is called a business education, exist in Mil- waukee, Janesville, Madison, LaCrosse, Green Bay, Oshkosh and Fond du Lac. The oldest and largest is in Milwaukee, under the care of Prof. R. C. Spencer, and enrolls from two to three hundred students annually. AGRICULTURE. By W. W. DANIELLS, M.S., Prof, of Chemistry and Agriculture at the University OF Wisconsin. The trend of the earliest industries of a country, is the result of the circumstances under which those industries are developed. The attention of pioneers is confined to supplying the immediate wants of food, shelter, and clothing. Hence, the firs tsettlers of a country are farm- ers, miners, trappers, or fishermen, according as they can most readily secure the means of pres- ent sustenance for themselves and their families. In the early history of Wisconsin this law is well exemplified. The southern part of the state, consisting of alternations of prairie and tim- ber, was first settled by farmers. As the country has developed, wealth accumulated, and means of transportation have been furnished, farming has ceased to be the sole interest. Manufactories have been built along the rivers, and the mining industry of the southwestern part of the state has grown to one of considerable importance. The shore of Lake Michigan was first mainly settled tied by fishermen, but the later growth of agriculture and manufactures has nearly overshadowed the fishing interest ; as has the production of lumber, in the north half of the state, eclipsed the trapi)ing and fur interests of the first settlers. That the most important industry of Wisconsin is farming, may be seen from the following statistics of the occupation of the people as given by the United States census. Out of each one hundred inhabitants, of all occupations, 68 were 152 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. farmers, in 1840; 52 in 1S50; 54 in 1S60; 55 in 1870. The rapid growth of the agriculture of the state is ilhistrated by the increase in the number of acres of improved land in farms, and in the value of farms and of farm implements and machinery, as shown by the following table, com- piled from the United States census : ACRES IMPROVED LAND IN FARMS. VALUE OF FARMS. INCLUDING IMPROV- ED AND UNIMPROV- ED LANDS. VALUE OF FARM IMPLEMENTS TOTAL. TO EACH INHAB. AND MACHINERV, IS50 1S60 IS70 1.045.499 3.746.167 5.899.343 3.4 4.8 5.6 $ 28,528,563 131,117.164 300,414.064 $ 1,641,568 5.75S.S47 14.239.364 Farming, at the present time, is almost entirely confined to the south half of the state, the northern half being still largely covered by forests. A notable exception to this statement is found in the counties on the western border, which are well settled by farmers much farther north. The surface of the agricultural ])ortion of the state is for the most part gently undulating, afford- ing ready drainage, without being so abruptly broken as to render cultivation difficult. The soil is varied in character, and mostly very fertile. The southern portion of the state consists of undulating prairies of variable size — the largest being Rock prairie — alternating with oak openings. The prairies have the rich alluvial soil so characteristic of the western prairies, and are easily worked. The soil of the "openings " land is usually a sandy loam, readily tilled, fertile, but not as "strong ''as soils having more clay. The proportion of timber to prairie increases passing north from the southern boundary of the state, and forests of maple, basswood and elm, replace, to some extent, the oak lands. In these localities, the soil is more clayey, is strong and fertile, not as easily tilled, and not as quickly exhausted as are the more sandy soils of the oak lands. In that portion of the state known geologically as the " driftless " region, the soil is invariably good where the surface rock is limestone. In some of the valleys, however, where the lime-rock has heen remov-ed by erosion, leaving the underlying sandstone as tlie surface rock, the soil is sandy and unproductive, except in those localities where a large amount of alluvial matter has been deposited by the streams. The soils of the pine lands of the north of the state, are generally sandy and but slightly fertile. However, where pine is replaced by maple, oak, birch, elm and basswood, the soil is "heavier " and very fertile, even to the shores of Lake Superior. The same natural conditions that make Wisconsin an agricultural state, determined that during its earlier years the main interest should be grain-growing. The fertile prairies covering large portions of the southern part of the state had but to be plowed and sowed with grain to produce an abundant yield. From the raising 01 cereals the pioneer farmer could get the quickest returns for his labor. Hence in 1850, two years after its admission to the Union, Wis- consin was the ninth state in order in the production of wheat, while in i860 this rank was raised to third, Illinois and Indiana only raising more. The true rank of the state is not shown by these figures. Were the number of inhabitants and the number of acres of land in actual culti- vation taken into account in the comparison, the state would stand still higher in rank than is here indicated. There is the same struggle for existence, and the same desire for gain the world over, and hence the various phases of development of the same industry in different civilized countries is mainly the result of the widely varying economical conditions imposed upon that industry. Land is thoroughly cultivated in Europe, not because the Europeans have any inherent love for good cultivation, but because there land is scarce and costly, while labor is superabundant and cheap. In America, on the other hand, and especially in the newer statesj AGRICULTI'RE. 153 land is abundant and cheap, while labor is scarce and costly. In its productive industries each country is alike economical in the use of the costly element in production, and more lavish in the use of that which is cheaper. Each is alike economically wise in following such a course when it is not carried to too great extremes. With each the end sought is the greatest return for the expenditure of a given amount of capital. In accordance with this law of economy, the early agriculture of Wisconsin was mere land-skimming. Good cultivation of the soil was never thought of The same land was planted successively to one crop, as long as it yielded enough to pay for cultivation. The economical principle above stated was carried to an extreme. Farm- ing as then practiced was a quick method of land exhaustion. It was always taking out of the purse, and never putting in. No attention was paid to sustaining the soil's fertility. The only aim was to secure the largest crop for the smallest outlay of capital, without regard to the future. Manures were never used, and such as unavoidably accumulated was regarded as a great nuis- ance, often rendering necessary the removal of stables and outbuildings. Straw-stacks were invariably burned as the most convenient means of disposing of them. Wheat, the principal product, brought a low, price, often not more than fifty cents a bushel, and had to be marketed by teams at some point from which it could be carried by water, as this was, at an early day, the only means of transportation. On account of the sparse settlement of the country, roads were poor, and the farmer, after raising and threshing his wheat, had to spend, with a team, from two to five days, marketing the few bushels that a team could draw. So that the farmer had every obstacle to contend with except cheap and very fertile land, that with the poorest of cultivation gave a comparatively abundant yield of grain. Better tillage, accompanied with the use of manures and other fertilizers, would not, upon the virgin soils, have added sufficiently to the yield to pay the cost of applying them. Hence, to the first farmers of the iXaXt, poor farming was the only profitable farming, and consequently the only good farming, an agriculturo-economical paradox from which there was no escape. Notwithstanding the fact that farmers could economi- cally follow no other system than that of land-exhaustion, as described, such a course was none the less injurious to the state, as it was undermining its foundation of future wealth, by destroy- ing the fertility of the soil, that upon which the permanent wealth and prosperity of every agri- cultural community is first dependent. Besides this evil, and together with it, came the habit of loose and slovenly farming acquired by pioneers, which continued after the conditions making that method a necessity had passed away. With tlie rapid growth of the northwest came better home markets and increased facilities for transportation to foreign markets, bringing with them higher prices for all products of the farm. As a consequence of these better conditions, land in farms in the state increased rapidly in value, from $9.58 per acre in 1850, to $16.61 in i860, an increase of 62 per cent., while the total number of acres in farms increased during the same time from 2,976,658 acres to 7,893,587 acres, or 265 per cent. With this increase in the value of land, and the higher prices paid for grain, should have come an improved system of hus- bandry which would prevent the soil from deteriorating in fertility. This could have been accomplished either by returning to the soil, in manures and fertilizers, those ingredients of which it was being rapidly drained by continued grain-growing, or by the adoption of a system of mixed husbandry, which should include the raising of stock and a judicious rotation of crops. Such a system is sure to come. Indeed, it is now slowly coming. Great progress upon the earlier methods of farming have already been made. But so radical and thorough a change in the habits of any class of people as that from the farming of pioneers to a rational method that will preserve the soil's fertility and pay for the labor it demands, requires many years for its full accomplishment. It will not even keep pace with changes in those economical conditions wliich 154 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. favor it. In the rapid settlement of the northwestern states this change has come most rapidly with the replacement of the pioneer farmers by immigrants accustomed to better methods of culture. In such cases the pioneers usually '' go west '' again, to begin anew their frontier farming upon virgin soil, as their peculiar method of cultivation fails to give them a livelihood. In Wis- consin as rapid progress is being made in the system of agriculture as, all things considered,, could reasonably be expected. This change for the better has been quite rapid for the past ten years, and is gaining in velocity and momentum each year. It is partly the result of increased intelligence relating to farming, and partly the result of necessity caused by the unprofitableness of the old method. The estimated value of all agricultural products of the state, including that of orchards^ market gardens, and betterments, was, in 1870, as given in the census of that year, $79,072,967, which places Wisconsin twelfth in rank among the agricultural states of the Union. In 1875^ according to the " Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture," the value of the principal farm crops in this state was $58,957,050. According to this estimation the state ranks ninth in agri- cultuf-al importance. -\s has been before stated, Wisconsin is essentially a grain-growing state. This interest has been the principal one, not because the soil is better adapted to grain-growing than to general, stock, or dairy farming, but rather because this course, which was at an early day most immediately profitable, has been since persistently followed from force of habit, even after it had failed to be remunerative. The following table shows the bushels of the different grains raised in the state for the years indicated : Year. WHEAT. RYE. CORN. OATS. BARLEY. BUCK- WHEAT. 1850---. i860 1870 ... 1875*--- 4,286,131 15.657.458 25,606,344 25,200,000 81.253 888,544 1.325.294 1,340,000 1.988,979 7.517.300 15,033,988 15,200,000 3.414.672 11,059,260 20,180,016 26,600,000 209,672 707.307 1,645,019 2,200,000 79,878 3S.9S7 408,897 275,000 From these statistics it will be seen that the increase in the production of grain was very rapid up to 1870, while since that time it has been very slight. This rapid increase in grain raising is first attributable to the ease with which this branch of farming was carried on upon the new and very rich soils of the state, while in the older states this branch of husbandry has been growing more difficult and expensive, and also to the fact that the war in our own country so increased the demand for grain from 1861 to 1866 as to make this course the most immediately profitable. But with the close of the war came a diminished demand. Farmers were slow to recognize this fact, and change the character of their productions to accord with the wants of the market, but rather continued to produce the cereals in excess of the demand. The chinch bug and an occasional poor season seriously injured the crops, leaving those who relied princi- pally upon the production of grain little or nothing for their support. Hard times resulted from these poor crops. More wheat and corn was the farmer's usual remedy for hard times. So that more wheat and corn were planted. More crop failures with low prices brought harder times, until gradually the farmers of the state have opened their eyes to the truth that they can succeed in other branches of agriculture than grain growing, and to the necessity of catering to the ♦Estimated in report of commissioner of agriculture. AGRICULTURE. 155 demands of the market. The value in 1S69 of all farm products and betterments of the state was $79,072,967. There were raised of wheat the same year 25,606,344 bushels, which at $1.03 per bushel, the mean price reported by the Milwaukee board of trade, for No. 2 wheat (the lead- ing grade), for the year ending July 31, 1870, amounts to $26,374,524, or one third the value of all agricultural products and betterments. The average production per acre, as estimated by the commissioner of agriculture, was 14 bushels. Hence there were 1,829,024 acres of land devoted to this one crop, nearly one third of all the improved land in the state. Of the wheat crop of 1S69 24,375,435 bushels were spring wheat, and 1,230,909 bushels were winter wheat, which is 19.8 bushels of spring to i bushel of winter wheat. The latter is scarcely sown at all on the prairies, or upon light opening soils. In some of the timbered regions hardy varieties do well, but it is not a certain crop, as it is not able to withstand the winters, unless covered by snow or litter. It is not injured as seriously by the hard freezing, as by the alternate freezing and thawing of Feb- ruary and March. The continued cropping of land with grain is a certain means of exhausting the soil of the phosphates, and of those nitrogenous compounds that are essential to the production of grain, and yet are present even in the most fertile soils in but small quantities. To the diminished yield, partly attributable to the overcropping of the land, and partially to poor seasons and chinch bugs, and to the decline in prices soon after the war, owing to an over production of wheat, may largely be attributed the hard times experienced by the grain growing farmers of Wisconsin from 1872 to 1877. The continued raising of wheat upon the same land, alternated, if any alternation occurred, with barley, oats, or corn, has produced its sure results. The lesson has cost the farmers of the state dearly, but it has not been altogether lost. A better condition of affairs has already begun. Wheat is gradually losing its prestige as the farmers' sole dependence, while stock, dairy, and mixed farming are rapidly increasing. The number of bushels of wheat raised to each inhabitant in the state was in 1850 fourteen, in i860 twenty-three and eight tenths, in 1870 twenty-four, and in 1875 twenty and four tenths. These figures do not indicate a dimin- ished productiveness of the state, but show, with the greatly increased production in other branches of husbandry, that farmers are changing their system to one more diversified and rational. Straw stacks are no longer burned, and manure heaps are not looked upon as altogether useless. Much more attention is now paid to the use of fertilizers. Clover with plaster is looked upon with constantly increasing favor, and there is a greater seeking for light upon the more difficult problems of a profitable agriculture Corn is raised to a large extent, although Wisconsin has never ranked as high in corn, as in wheat growing. Sixteen states raised more corn in 1870 than this state, and in 1875, seventeen states raised more. Corn requires a rich, moist soil, with a long extended season of warm sun- shine. While this crop can be raised with great ease in the larger portion of the state, it will always succeed better farther south, both on account of the longer summers and the greater amount of rainfall. According to the statistics of the commissioner of agriculture, the averai^e yield per acre for a period of ten years, is about 30 bushels. Corn is an important crop in the economy of the farmer, as from it he obtains much food for his stock, and it is his principal dependence for fattening pork. On these accounts it will, without doubt, retain its place in the husbandry of the state, even when stock and dairy farming arc followed to a much greater extent than at present. Barley is cultivated largely throughout the state, but five states produced more in 1870, than Wisconsin. The great quantity of beer brewed here, furnishes a good home market for this grain. Barley succeeds best in a rather moist climate, having a long growing season. The dry, short summers of Wisconsin, are not well adapted to its growth. Hence the average 156 HISTORY OF "VVISCOXSIX. yield is but a medium one, and the quality of the grain is onl}- fair. According to the returns furnished the commissioner of agriculture, the average yield for a period of ten years, is 22 bushels per acre. Next to wheat, more bushels of oats are raised than of any other grain. Wisconsin was, in i860, fifth in rank among the oat-growing states; in 1870, sixth. The rich soils of the state raise an abundant crop of oats with but little labor, and hence their growth in large quantities is hot necessarily an indication of good husbandry. They will bear poor cultivation better than corn, and are frequently grown upon land too weedy to produce that grain. It is a favorite "rain for feeding, especially to horses. With the best farmers, oats are looked upon with less favor than corn, because it is apt to leave land well seeded with weeds whicli are difficult to exterminate. In the production of rye, Wisconsin ranked seventh in i860, and fourth in 1870. It is a much surer crop in this state than winter wheat, as it is less easily winter- killed when not protected by snow, than is that grain. Besides, it ripens so early as not to be seriously injured by drouth in summer, and succeeds well even upon the poorer soils. The average yield per acre is about 16 bushels. But few hops were grown in Wisconsin, up to i860, when owing to an increased demand by the breweries 1 f the state, there was a gradual but healthful increase in hop culture. A few years later the advent of the hop louse, and other causes of failure at the east, so raised the price of hops as to make them a very profitable crop to grow. Many acres were planted in this state from 1863 to 1865, when the total product was valued at nearly $350,000. The success of those em'ao-ed in this new branch of farming, encouraged others to adopt it. The profits were large. Wheat growing had not for several years been remunerative, and in 1867 and 1868, the " hop fever " became an epidemic, almost a plague. The crop of Sauk county alone was estimated at over 4,000,000 pounds, worth over $2,000,000. The quality of the crop was excellent, the yield laro-e, and the price unusually high. The secretary of the State .Agricultural society says, in his report for that year, " Cases are numerous in which the first crop has paid for the land and all the improvements." To many farmers hop raising appeared to offer a sure and speedy course to wealth. But a change came quickly. The hop louse ruined the crop, and low prices caused by over production, aided in bringing ruin to many farmers. In 1867, the price of hops was from 40 to 55 cents per pound, while in 1869 it was from 10 to 15 cents, some of poor ipiality selling as low as 3 cents. Many hop yards were plowed up during 1S69 and 1870. The area under cultivation to this crop in 1875, was, according to the " Report of the Secretary of State," 10,932 acres. The production of tobacco has greatly increased since i860, when there were raised in the state 87,340 pounds. In 1870, the product was 960,813 pounds. As is well known, the quality of tobacco grown in the northern states is greatly inferior for chewing and smoking, to that grown in the south, althijugh varieties having a large, tough leaf, suitable for cigar wrappers, do well here. The variety principally grown is the Connecticut seed leaf. Tobacco can only be grown successfully on rich, fertile soils, and it is very exhausting to the land. Of the amount produced in 1870, there were raised in Rock county 645,408 pounds, and in Dane county, 229,568 pounds; the entire remaining portion of the state raised but 85,737 pounds. According to the report of the secretary of state, the whole number of acres planted to tobacco in 1875, was 3,296. Of this amount Rock county planted 1,676 acres, and Dane county, 1,454 acres, leaving for the remain- der of the state but 166 acres. While the crop has been fairly productive and profitable, these statistics show that up to the present time tobacco-raising has been a merely local interest. The production of flax is another merely local industry, it being confined principally to the AGRICULTI'RE. 157 •counties of Kenosha, Grant, Iowa and LaFayette. Of flax fibre, Kenosha county raised in 1869, nearly four fifths of the entire amount grown in the state, the total being 497,398 pounds. With the high price of labor and the low price of cotton now ruling, it is scarcely possible to make the raising of flax fibre profitable. Flax seed is raised to a small extent in the other counties men- tioned. The present price of oil makes this A. fairly profitable crop. If farmers fully appreciated that in addition to the oil, the oil cake is of great value as a food for cattle and sheep, and also that the manure made by the animals eating it, is of three times the value of that made by ani- mals fed upon corn, doubtless much more flax seed would be raised than is at present. Ameri- can oil-cake finds a ready market in England, at prices which pay well for its exportation. If English farmers can afford to carry food for their stock so far, American farmers may well strive to ascertain if ihey can afford to allow the exportation of so valuable food. When greater atten- tion is paid in our own country to the quality of the manure made by our stock, more oil-cake will be fed at home, and a much smaller proportion of that made here will be exported. The amount of maple sugar produced diminishes as the settlement of the state increases, and is now scarcely sufficient in amount to be an item in the state's productions. The increase in the price of sugar from 1S61 to 1868 caused many farmers to try sorghum raising. But the present low prices of this staple has caused an abandonment of the enterprise. Two attempts have been made in Wisconsin to manufacture beet-root sugar, the first at Fond du Lac in 1867 the second at Black Hawk, Sauk county, in 1870. The Fond du Lac company removed their works to California in 1869, not having been successful in their efforts. The Black Hawk coni- ])any made, in 1871, more than 134,000 pounds of sugar, but have since abandoned the business. Both these failures may be attributed to several causes, first of which was the want of sufficient capital to build and carry on a factory sufficiently large to enable the work to be done economi- cally ; secondly, the difficulty of sufficiently interesting farmers in the business to induce them to raise beets on so large a scale as to warrant the building of such a factory; and, thirdly, the high price of labor and the low price of sugar. The quality of beets raised was good, the polarization test showing in many instances as high as sixteen per cent, of sugar. The larger proDortion of hay made in the state is from the natural meadows, the low lands or marshes, where wild grasses grow in abundance, and hay only costs the cutting and curing. Cultivated grasses do well throughout the state, and " tame hay " can be made as easily here as elsewhere The limestone soils, where timber originally grew, are of the uplands, most natural to grass, and, consequently, furnish the richest meadows, and yield the best pasturage. Ye e only soils where grasses do not readily grow, are those which are so sandy and dry as to be nearly barrens. Clover grows throughout the state in the greatest lu.xuriance. There is occasionally a season so dry as to make "seeding down " a failure, and upon light soils clover, when not covered with snow, is apt to win- ter-kill. Yet it is gaining in favor with farmers, both on account of the valuable pasturage and hay it affords, and on account of its value as a soil renovator. In wheat-growing regions, clover is now recognized to be of the greatest value in a " rotation," on account of its ameliorating influence upon the soil. Throughout the stock and dairy regions, clover is depended upon to a large extent for pasturage, and to a less extent for hay. There has been a growing interest in stock raising for the past ten years, although the increase has not been a rapid one. Many of the herds of pure-blood cattle in the state rank high for their great excellence. The improvement of horses has been less rapid than that of cattle, sheep, and swine ; yet this important branch of stock farming is improving each year. The most attention is given to the improvement of draught and farm horses, while roadsters and fast horses are not altogether neglected. There are now owned in the state a large number of horses of the heavier English and French breeds, which are imparting to their progeny their own characteristics 158 HISTORY OF "\VISC0XSI:N". of excellence, the effects of which are already visible in many of the older regions of the state. Of the different breeds of cattle, the Short-horns, the Ayrshires, the Devons, and the Jerseys are well represented. The Short-horns have met with most favor with the general farmer, the grades of this breed being large, and possessing in a high degree the quiet habits and readiness to fat- ten, so characteristic of the full-bloods. Without doubt, the grade Short-horns will continue in the high favor in which they are now held, as stock-raising becomes a more important branch of the husbandry of the state. Of pure blood Short-homs there are many herds, some of which are of the very highest excellence. At the public sales of herds from this state, the prices have ranked high universally, and in a few cases have reached the highest of " fancy " prices, showing the estimate placed by professional breeders upon the herds of Wisconsin. The Ayr- shires are increasing in numbers, and are held in high esteem by many dairymen. They are not yet, however, as generally disseminated over the state, as their great merit as a milking breed would warrant. The rapid growth of the dairy interest will doubtless increase their numbers greatly, at least as grades, in the dairying region. Of pure bred Devons and Jerseys, there are fewer than of the former breeds. The latter are principally kept in towns and cities to furnish milk for a single family. The following table shows the relative importance of stock raising in the state for the years mentioned. The figures are an additional proof to those already given, that the grain industry has held sway in Wisconsin to the detriment of other branches of farming, as well as to the state's greatest increase in wealth. YEAR. WHOLE NUM- BER OF NEAT CATTLE. NO. TO EACH 100 ACRES OF IMPROVED LAND. WHOLE NUM- BER OF SHEEP. NIMBER TO EACH 100 ACRES OF IMPROVED LAND. POUNDS OF WOOL PRO- DUCED. POUNDS OF WOOL PER HEAD. 1850 i860 1870 1875* 183,433 521,860 693,294 922,900 17 14 II 124,896 332.954 1,069,282 1,162,800 12 9 iS 14 253,963 1.011,933 4,090,670 (?) 2.03 3.04 3.82 (?) * Estimated in report of commissioner of agriculture. The growth and present condition of sheep husbandry, compare much more favorably with- the general development of the state than does that of cattle raising. In a large degree this may be accounted for by the impetus given to wool raising during our civil war by the scarcity of cotton, and the necessary substitution to a great extent, of woolen for cotton goods. This great demand for wool for manufacturing purposes produced a rapid rise in the price of this staple, making its production a very profitable branch of farming. With the close of the war came a lessened demand, and consequently lower prices. Yet at no time has the price of wool fallen below that at which it could be profitably produced. This is the more notably true when the value of sheep in keeping up the fertility and productiveness of land, is taken into account. The foregoing table shows the improvement in this branch of husbandry since 1850 Although many more sheep might profitably be kept in the state, the above figures show that the wool interest is fairly developed,, ind the average weight of fleece is an assurance of more than ordinarily good stock. The fine-wooled sheep and their grades predominate, although there are in the state some excellent stock of long-wools — mostly Cotswold — and of South- downs. Of all the agricultural interests of the state, no other has made as rapid growth during the last ten years, as has that of dairying. With the failure of hop-growing, began the growth of the factory system of butter and cheese making, and the downfall of the one was scarcely more rapid than has been the upbuilding of the other. The following statistics of the production of butter and cheese illustrate this rapid progress. It will be remembered that for the years 1850, AGRICULTL'RE. 159 3860, and 1S70 the statistics are from the U. S. census, and hence include all the butter and cheese made in the state, while for the remaining years, only that made by factories and pro- fessional dairymen as reported to the secretary of the State Dairymen's Association, is included. It has been found impossible to obtain the statistics of butter, except for the census years. YEAR. BUTTER. CHEESE. 1850..-- i860 lbs. 3.633.750 13,611,328 22,473036 lbs. 400,283 1,104.300 1,591,798 13,000 000 1870 1874--- 1871; 15,000,000 1876 -.- 17,000,000 The quality of Wisconsin dairy products is excellent, as may be judged by the fact that, at the Centennial Exhibition, Wisconsin cheese received twenty awards, a larger number than was given to any other state except New York, and for butter Wisconsin received five awards. No ■state received more, and only New York and Illinois received as many. Wisconsin received one award for each fourteen cheeses on exhibition No other state received so large a proportion. New York received the largest number of awards, viz., twenty-one, but only secured one award for each thirty cheeses on exhibition. The number of cheese and butter factories is increasing each year, and there is being made in the better grazing regions of the state, as rapid a transition from grain to dairy-farming as is consistent with a healthful growth. This interest, which is now an important one in the state's industrial economy, has before it a promising future, both in its own development, and in its indirect influence upon the improvement of the agriculture of the state. The history of the earlier attempts in fruii raising in Wisconsin would be little more than a record of failures. The pioneers planted apple, peach, plum, and cherry trees, but they gathered little or no fruit. As was natural, they planted those varieties that were known to do well in the older states of the same latitude. Little was known of the climate, and there was no apparent reason why those varieties should not do well here. 'Die first orchards died The same varie- ties were replanted, and again the orchards died. Gradually, through the costly school of experience, it was learned that the climate was different from that of the eastern states, and that to succeed here varieties of fruit must be such as were adapted to the peculiar climate of this state. These peculiarities are hot, and for the most part, dry summers, cold and dry winters. The dryness of the climate has been the greatest obstacle to success, as this is indirectly the cause of the great extremes of temperature experienced here. The summers are often so dry that the growth of the trees is not completed, and the wood sufficiently well ripened to enable it to with- stand the rigors of winter. And the clear, dry atmosphere of winter allows the sun's rays to pass through it so unobstructedly as to warm the body of the tree upon the sunny side, above the freezing point, even though the temperature of the air is much lower. The alternate thawing and freezing ruptures the tender cells connecting the bark and wood, producing a complete sepa- ration of these parts, and often besides bursts the bark. The separation of bark and wood destroys the circulation of the sap upon that side of the tree, thus enfeebling the entire plant. The tree is not able to form new bark over the ruptured part, and a diseased spot results. Such a plant makes but a feeble growth of poorly ripened wood, and soon dies 160 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. altogether. Besides the above cause, the extreme cold weather occasionally experienced will kill healthy trees of all varieties not extremely hardy. Xotwithstanding these natural obstacles, a good degree of success has been attained in the raising of apples and grapes. This success has been the result of persevering effort upon the part of the horticulturists of the state, who have sought the causes of failure in order that they might be removed or avoided. It is thus by intel- ligent observation that the fruit growers have gained the experience which brings with it a creditable success. The first requisite to success is the planting of varieties sufficiently hardy to withstand our severe winters. This has been accomplished by selecting the hardiest of the old varieties, and by raising seedlings, having besides hardiness, qualities sufficiently valuable to. make them worthy of cultivation. The second requisite to success is in the selection of a situa- tion having suitable soil and exposure, and thirdly, proper care after planting. Among tho hardy varieties of apples regarded with greatest favor are Tetofski, Red Astrachan, and Duchess of Oldenberg, all Russian varieties, and Fameuse from Canada. Besides these there are a few .\merican varieties so hardy as to prove reliable in the south half of the state. Among these are a few seedlings that have originated in Wisconsin. Apple trees are less apt to be injured by the winter upon a site sloping to the northeast or north, where they are less directly exposed to the rays of the winter's sun. High ground is much better than low, and a good, strong, not too rich soil is best. Apples do better upon soils where timber originally grew than on the prairies, and they are grown more easily along the border of Lake Michigan than in the interior of the state. Pears are raised to but a slight extent, as only a few of the hardiest varieties will succeed at all, and these only in favorable situations. Grapes are grown in great abundance, and in great perfection, although not of the more tender varieties. The Concord, on account of its hardiness and excellent bearing qualities, is cultivated most generally. Next to this comes the Delaware, while many other varieties, both excellent and prolific, are raised with great ease. The season is seldom too short to ripen the fruit well, and the only precaution necessary to protect the vines during the winter is a covering of earth or litter. Cranberries grow spontaneously upon many marshes in the interior of the state. Within a' few years considerable attention has been given to improving these marshes, and to the cultivation of this most excellent fruit. Doubtless within a few years the cranberry crop will be an important one among the fruit pro- ductions of the state. All of the small fruits adapted to this latitude are cultivated in abundance, and very successfully, the yield being often times exceedingly large, .\ltogether, the horticul- tural interests of the state are improving, and there is a bright prospect that in the near future fruit growing will not be looked upon with the disfavor with which it has been regarded here- tofore. Of the associations for advancing the agricultural interests of the state, the first organizeti was the " State Agricultural Society." The earliest efforts to establish such an organization were made at Madison in December, 1S46, during the session of the first constitutional convention of the territory. \ constitution was adopted, but nothing further was done. In February, 1849, another meeting was held in Madison, at which it was " Resolved, That in view of the grea^ importance of agriculture in the west, it is expedient to form a state agricultural society in Wisconsin." .\nother constitution was adopted, and officers were elected, but no effectual organization resulted from this second attempt. The " Wisconsin State Agricultural Society" — the present organization — had its inception in a meeting held at Madison, March 8, 1851, at which a committee was appointed to report a constitution and by-laws, and to nominate persons to fill the various offices of said society. .\t its organization, the society was composed of annual members, who paid one dollar dues each year, and of life members, who, upon the payment of ten dollars, were exempt from the annual contribution. The annual membership was afterward AGRICULXniE 161 abolished, and in 1869 the fee constituting one a life member was raised to twenty dollars. The first annual fair of the society was held in Janesville, in October, 1851 Fairs have been held annually since, except during the years 1S61, 1862 and 1863. In 1851 premiums were paid to the amount of only $140, while at the present time they amount to nearly $10,000. In 1851 there were five life members. At the present time there are over seven hundred, representing all the various industries of the state. The fairs held under the auspices of this society have been of e.xcellent character, and have been fruitful of good to all the industries of the state, but more especially to the farmers. The state has been generous in aid of this society, having furnished commodious rooms for its use in the capitol building, prmted the annual report of the secretary, a volume of about 500 pages, and donated annually, (or many years, $2,000 toward its support, Besides its annual fairs, for the past five years there has been held an annual convention, under the auspices of this society, for the reading and discussing of papers upon topics of interest to farmers, and for a general interchange of ideas relating to farming. These conventions are held in high esteem by the better class of farmers, and have added greatly to the usefulness of the society. The " Wisconsin State Horticultural Society" was originally the "Wisconsin State Fruit Growers' Association," which was organized in December, 1853, at Whitewater. Its avowed object was "the collecting, arranging, and disseminating facts interesting to those engaged in the culture of fruits, and to embody for their use the results ol' the practice and experiments, of fruit growers in all parts of the state.'" Exhibitions and conventions of the association were held annually up to i860, after which the society was disorganized, owing to the breaking out of the war of the rebellion A volume of " Transactions " was published by the association in 1855. In 1859 its transactions were published with those of the state agricultural society. From i860 to 1865 no state horticultural association was in existence. In September of the latter year the " Wisconsin Fruit Growers' Association " was reorganized as the " Wisconsin State Hor- ticultural Society.'' The legislature had previously provided for the publication of the proceedings of such a society, in connection with those of the State Agricultural Society. The new society has held annual exhibitions, usually in connection with those of the State Agricultural Society, and annual conventions for the reading of papers upon, and the discussion of, horticultural subjects. In 1S71 an act was passed by the legislature incorporating the society, and providing for the separate printing of 2,000 copies annually of its transactions, of which there are now seven volumes. The most active, intelligent, and persevering of the horticulturists of the state are members of this association, and to their careful observation, to their enthusiasm and determined persistence in seeking means to overcome great natural difficulties, the state is largely indebted for the success already attained in horticulture. Besides these state associations, there are many local agricul- tural and horticultural societies, all of which have been useful in aiding the cause for which they were organized. Farmers' clubs and granges of the "Patrons of Husbandry" have also, done much, both directly and indirectly, to promote the industrial interests of the state. By thei frequent meetings, at which discussions are held, views compared, and experiences related, much valuable intelligence is gained, thought is stimulated, and the profession of farming advanced. .\s agriculture, like all kindred professions, depends upon intelligence to direct its advancemen;, all means intended to stimulate thought among farmers will, if wisely directed, aid in advancing this most complex of all industries. To those above named, and to other like associations, is in a large degree to be attributed the present favorable condition of the agriculture of the state. Wisconsin has been but tliirty years a state. It was mainly settled by men who nad little monied capital. Markets were distant, and means of transportation poor. The early settlers had con- sequently to struggle for a livelihood in the face of the greatest difficulties. When these opposing 162 HISTORY or WISCOXSIX. circumstances are taken into account, and the improvement in methods of culture, and changes from grain to stock and dairy-farming that are now being made, are given their due w3 1864 1865 1866 17.037.912 15.105.577 13 014.210 14.337.895 14,029,192 Until within the last decade the lead mines of the Mississippi valley, including now both the " Ujiper" and the " Lower " regions — the latter one of which lies wholly within the limits of the state of Missouri — have far eclipsed the rest of the United States in the production of lead, the district being in fact one of the most important of the lead districts in the world. Of late years, however, these mines are far surpassed in production by the " silver-lead " mines of Utah and other Rocky Mountain regions, which, though worked especially for their silver, produce incidentally a very large amount of lead. Nevertheless, the mines of the Mississippi valley will long continue to be a very important source of this metal. The lead ore of the Wisconsin lead region is of one kind only, the sulphide known && galena, ox galeniie. This ore, when free from mechanically mingled impurities, contains 86.6 per cent, of lead, the balance being sulphur. Sm.ill quantities of other lead ores are occasionally found in the uppermost portions of the deposits, having been produced by the oxidizing influence of the atmosphere. The chief one of these oxidation products is the earthy carbonate known as ccrussite. Galena almost always contains some silver, commonly enough to pay for its extraction. The Wisconsin galenas, however, are Unusually free from silver, of which they contain only tlie merest trace. The zinc ores are of two kinds, the most abundant being the ferruginous sulphide, or the "black-jack " of the miners. The pure sulphide, sphalerite, contains 67 per cent, of zinc, but the iron-bearing variety, known minerallogically as tnarmatite, generally contains 10 per cent, or more of iron. A ferruginous variety of the carbonate, .f;/«'//«ci«//(', also occurs in abundance, and is known to the miners as "dry-bone," the name being suggested by the peculiar structure of the ore. Both lead and zinc ores occur in limited deposits in a series of limestone beds belonging to the Lower Silurian series. The lead region is underlaid by a nearly horizontal series of strata, with an aggregate thickness of 2,000 feet, which lie upon an irregular surface of ancient crystal- line rocks (gneiss, granite, etc.). The names and order of succession of the several strata are indicated in the following scheme, the last named being the lowest in the series : 164 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. Formatioi, Thicituss. Niagara dolomitic limestone 3CX5 — - 300 feet. Cincinnati shales .__ „ 60 — 100 " ; Galena dolomitic limestone 250 — 275 " 4ead Horizon • Blue limestone 50 — 75 " ' ISufl' dolomitic limestone 15 — 20 " Lower Magnesian (dolomitic) limestone 250 " Potsdam sandstone series 800 — 1000 " The first two of these layers, in the Wisconsin part of the lead region, are met with only in a few isolated peaks and ridges. The prevailing surface rock is the Galena limestone, through which, however, the numerous streams cut in deep and narrow valleys which not unfrequently are carved all the way into the Lower Magnesian. The lead and zinc ores are entirely confined to the Galena, Blue and Buff limestones, an aggregate vertical thickness of some 350 to 375 feet. The upper and lower strata of the series are entirely barren. Zinc and lead ores are found in the same kind of deposits, and often together; by far the larger part of the zinc ores, however, come from the Blue and Buff limestones, and the lowest layers of the Galena, whilst the lead ores, though obtained throughout the whole thickness of the mining ground, are especially abundant in the iijiddle and upper layers of the Galena beds. The ore deposits are of two general kinds, which may be distinguished as vertical crevicesi and flat crevices, the former being much the most common. The simplest form of the vertical crevice is a narrow crack in the rock, having a width of a few inches, an extension laterally from a few yards to several hundred feet, and a vertical height of 20 to 40 feet, thinning out to noth- ing in all directions, and filled from side to side with highly crystalline, brilliant, large-surfaced galena, which has no accompanying metallic mineral, or gangue matter. Occasionally the vertical extension exceeds a hundred feet, and soinetimes a number of these sheets are close together and can be mined as one. Much more commonly the vertical crevice shows irregular expan- sions, which are sometimes large caves, or openings in certain layers, the crevice between retain- ing its normal character, while in other cases the expansion affects the whole crevice, occasion- ally widening it throughout into one large opening. These openings are rarely entirely filled, and commonly contain a loose, disintegrated rock, in which the galena lies loose in large masses, though often adhering to the sides of the cavity in large stalactites, or in cubical crystals. The vertical crevices show a very distinct arrangement parallel with one another, there being two systems, which roughly trend east and west, and north and south. The east and west crevices are far the most abundant and most productive of ore. The vertical crevices are confined nearly altogether to the upper and middle portions of the Galena, and are not productive of zinc ores. They ar» evidently merely the parallel joint cracks which affect every great rock formation, filled by chemical action with the lead ore. The crevices with openings have evidently been enlarged by the solvent power of atmospheric water carrying carbonic acid, and from the way in which the ore occurs loose in the cavities, it is evident that this solving action has often been subsequent to the first deposition of lead ore in the crevice. The " flat crevices," " flat sheets," and "flat openings," are analogous to the deposits just described, but have, as indicated by the names, a horizontal position, being characteristic of certain layers, which have evidently been more susceptible to chemical action than others, the dissolving waters having, moreover, been directed along them by less pervious layers above and below. The flat openings differ from the vertical crevices also, in having associated with the MINERAL UESOT'RCES. • 165 galena much of either the black-jack or dry-bone zinc ores, or both, the galena not unfrcquently being entirely wanting. Cleavable calcite also accompanies the ores in these openings in large quantities, and the same is true of the sulphide of iron, which is the variety known as marcasite. These materials have sometimes a symmetrical arrangement on the bottom and top of the open- ing, the central portion being empty. The flat openings characterize the Blue and Duff and lower Galena beds, and from them nearly all the zinc ore is obtained. It is not possible, in the limits of tins short papei, even to mention the various mining districts. It may merely be said that the amount of galena raised from single crevices has often been several hundred thousand, or even over a million pounds, and that one of the principal mining districts is in the vicinity of Mineral Point, where there are two furnaces constantly" engaged in smelting. Between the years 1862 and 1873, these two establishments have produced' 23,903,260 pounds of metallic lead, or an average of 1,991,938 pounds, the maximum being, in. 1S69, 2,532,710 pounds, the minimum, in 1873, 1,518,888 pounds. The zinc ores were formerly rejected as useless, and have only been utilized since i860. Ak attempt to smelt them at Mineral Point was not successful, because the amount needed of fuel and clay, both of which have to come from a distance, exceeding even the amount of ore used,, caused a very heavy expense for transportation. The ores are therefore now taken altogether to LaSalle, Illinois, where they meet the fuel and clay, and the industry at tliat place has become a flourisliing one. The amount of zinc ore in the Wisconsin lead region is, beyond doubt, very great, and will be a source of wealth for a long time to come. Since the ores of zinc and lead in this region are confined to such a small thickness of strata, greatly eroded by the atmospheric waters, the entire thickness having frequently been removed,, it becomes a matter of great importance to know how much of the mining ground remains at every point throughout the district. The very excellent topographico-geological maps of the region, made by Mr. Moses Strong, and just published by the state in the Report of the Geologi- cal Survey, make this knowledge accessible to all. IRON. Iron mining in Wisconsin is yet in its infancy, although some important deposits are producing a considerable quantity of ore. A number of blast furnaces have sprung up in the- eastern part of the state, but these smelt Michigan ores almost entirely. Much remains yet \8 IIISTORYOF AVisCOXSIX. lem ore, which fovms a continuous belt several hundred feet in width and over thirty miles in length. Occasionally portions of this belt are richer than the rest, and become almost merchant- :able ores. The probability is, however, that the rich ores of this region will be found in the lower country immediately north of the Penokee range, where the rocks are buried beneath heavv accumulations of drift material. Copper. The only copper ore at present raised in Wisconsin is obtained near Mineral Point, in the lead region of the southwestern part of the state, where small quantities of chalcopyrite,\.\\z yellow sulphide of copper and iron, are obtained from pockets and limited crevices in the Galena lime- •stone. Copper pyrites is known to occur in this way throughout the lead region, but it does not appear that the quantity at any point is sufficient to warrant exploration. Copper occurs also in the northernmost portions of Wisconsin, where it is found under alto- gether different circumstances. The great copper-bearing series of rocks of Keweenaw point and Isle Royale stretch southwestward into and entirely across the state of Wisconsin, in two parallel belts. One of these belts enters Wisconsin at the mouth of the Montreal river, and immediately leaving the shore of Lake Superior, crosses Ashland and Bayfield counties, and then widening greatly, occupies a large area in Douglas, St. Croix, Barron and Chippewa counties. The other Ijelt forms the backbone of the Bayfield peninsula, and crosses the northern part of Douglas county, forming a bold ridge, to the Minnesota line. The rocks of this great series appear to be for the most part of igneous origin, but they are distinctly bedded, and even interstratified with sandstone, shales, and coarse boulder-conglomerate, the whole series having generally a tilted position. In veins crossing the rock-beds, and scattered also promiscuously through the layers of both conglomerates and igneous rocks, pure metallic copper in fine flakes is often found. Mining on a small scale has been attempted at numbers of points where the rivers flowing northward into Lake Superior make gorges across the rock series, but at none of them Jias sufficient work been done to prove or disprove the existence of copper in paying quantity. Gold and Silver. Small traces of gold have been detected by tiie writer in (juartz from the crystalline rocks «f Clark county, but there is no probability that any quantity of this metal will ever be found in the state. Traces of silver have also been found in certain layers of the copper series in Ash- land county. Judging from the occurrence of silver in the same series not far to the east in Michigan, it seems not improbable that this metal may be found also in Wisconsin. Brick Cl.avs. These consti':ute a very important resource in Wisconsin. Extending inland for many miles fiom the shores of Lakes Michigan and Superior are stratified beds of clay of lacustrine origin, having been deposited by the lakes w^hen greatly expanded beyond their present sizes. All of these clays are characterized by the presence of a large amount of carbonate of lime. Along T^ike Superior they have not yet been utilized, but all through the belt of country bordering Lake Michigan they are dug and burned, fully 50,000,000 bricks being made annually in this region. A large proportion of these bricks are white or cream-colored, and these are widely "known under the name of "' Milwaukee brick," though by no means altogether made at Mil- ivaukee. Others arc ordinary red brick. The difference between the light-colored and red jijricks is ordinarily attributed to the greater amount of iron in the clay from which the latter are MIKERAL KESOURCES. 169 burned, but it has been shown by Mr. E. T Stveet that the white bricks are burned from clay which often contains more iron than that from which the red bricks are made, but wliich also contains a very large amont of carbonate of lime. The following analyses show (i) tlie compo- sition of the clay from which cream-colored brick are burned at Milwaukee, (2) the composition of a red-brick clay from near Madison, and (3) the composition of the unutilized clay from Ashland, Lake Superior. Nos. i and 2 are by Mr. E. T. Sweet, No. 3 by Professor W. W. Daniells : (I) (2) (3) (i.l (2) <3) 3S.22 975 2.S4 1. 16 16.23 7-54 18.50 75.S0 11.07 3-53 0.31 / 1.84 - .08) 1.09 5S.08 25.38 4-44 S.30 Potash _. 2.16 0.65 1-74 o..in Alumina Soda Iron peroxide £ron protoxide.-- Water . . Qt; ' TCI [ 4-09 Moisture Totals 1.85 2.16 99.56 Magnesia. 99.85 100.19 At Milwaukee 24,000,000 cream-colored brick are made annually ; at Racine, 3,500,000 ; at x\ppIeton and Menasha, 1,800,000 each; at Neenah, 1,600,000; at Clifton, 1,700,000; at Wat- erloo, 1,600,000; and in smaller quantities at Jefferson, Ft. Atkinson, Edgerton, Whitewater, Geneva, Ozaukee, Sheboygan Falls, Manitowoc, Kewaunee, and other places. In most cases the cream-colored bricks are made from a bright-red clay, although occasionally the clay is light- colored. At Whitewater and other places tile and pottery are also made from this clay. Although these lacustrine clays are much the most important in Wisconsin, e.xcellent brisk clays are also found in the interior of the state. In numbers of places along the Yahara valley, in Dane county, an excellent stratified clay occurs. At Madison this is burned to a red brick ; at Stoughton and Oregon to a fine cream-colored brick. At Platteville, Lancaster, and other points in the southwestern part of the state, red bricks are made from clays found in the vicinity. Kaolin (Porcelain -Clay — Fire - Clay). The word "kaolin." is applied by geologists to a clay-like material which is used in making chinaware in this country and in Europe. The word is of Chinese origin, and is applied by the Chinese to the substance from which the famous porcelain of China is made. Its application to the European porcelain-ir/ar was made under the mistaken idea — one which has prevailed among scientists until very recently — that the Chinese material is the same as the European. This we now know to be an error, the Chinese and Japanese wares being both made altogether from a solid rock. True kaolin, using the word in its European sense, is unlike other ordinary clays, in being the result of the disintegration of felspathic crystalline rocks " in place,"' that is without being removed from the place of its first formation. The base of kaolin is a mineral known as kaoHnite, a compound of silica, alumina and water, which results from a change or decay of the felspar of felspar-bearing rocks. Felspar contains silica, alumina, and soda or potash, or both. By perco- lation through the rocks of surface water carrying carbonic acid, the potash and soda are removed and kaolinite results. Mingled with the kaolinite are, however, always the other ingre- dients of the rock, quartz, mica, etc., and also always some undecomposed, or only partly decom- posed felspar. These foreign ingredients can all, however, be more or less perfectly removed by •a system of levigation, when a pure white clay results, composed almost wholly of the scales of 170 HISTORY (»F AVISCOXSIX. the mineral kaolinite. Prepared in this way the kaolin has a high value as a refractory materia. ;, and for forming the base of fine porcelain wares. The crystalline rocks, which, by decomposition, would produce a kaolin, are widely spread over the northern part of Wisconsin ; but over the most of the region occupied by them there is no sign of the existence of kaolin, the softened rock having apparently been removed by glacial action. In a belt of country, however, which extends from Grand Rapids on the Wisconsin, westward to Black river, in Jackson county, the drift is insignificant or entirely absent; the glacial forces have not acted, and the crystalline rocks are, or once were, overlaid by sandstone, along whose line of junction with the underlying formation numerous water-courses have existed, the result being an unusual amount of disintegration. Here we find, in the beds of the Wisconsin, Yellow, and Black rivers, large exposures of crystalline rocks, which between the rivers are overlaid by sandstone. The crystalline rocks are in distinct layers, tilted at high angles, and in numerous places decomposed into a soft white kaolin. Inasmuch as these layers strike across the countr)- m long, straight lines, patches of kaolin are found ranging themselves into similar lines. The kaolin patches are most abundant on the Wisconsin in the vicinity of the city of Grand Rapids, in Wood county. They vary greatly in size, one deposit even varying from a fraction of an inch to a number of feet in thickness. The kaolin varies, also, greatly in character, some being quite impure and easily fusible from a large content of iron oxide or from partial decomposition only, while much of it is very pure and refractory. There is no doubt, however, that a large amount of kaolin exists in this region, and that by selection and levigation an excellent material may be obtained, which, by mingling with powdered quartz, may be made to yield a fire-brick of unusual refractoriness, and which may even be employed in making fine porcelain ware. The following table gives the composition of the raw clay, the fine clay obtained from it by levigation, and the coarse residue from the same operation, the sample having been taken from the opening on tlie land of Mr. C. B. Garrison, section 5, town 22, range 6 east, Wood county; RAW CLAY. LEVIGATION PRODUCTS. | RAW CLAY. LEVIGATION PROPICTS FINE CLAY. COARSE RESIDUE. FINE CLAY. COARSE RESIDIK. 7S.83 1343 0.74 0.64 0.07 0.37 4994 3680 0.72 trace 0.51 02.86 20S 0.74 1 0.96 ' 0.10 0.2S Soda - . Carbonic Acid Water O.CW7 001 5-45 0.08 11.62 0.05 \luniina _-_--. Iron peroxide Lime .- Magnesia Potash 2-53 Totals 99.60 99.67 99.60 Cement - Rock. Certain layers of the Lower Magnesian limestone, as at Ripon, and other points in the east- ern part of the state, are known to produce a lime which has in some degree the hydraulic property, and the same is true of certain layers of the Blue limestone of the Trenton group, in the southwestern part of the state ; the most valuable material of this kind, however, that is as yet known to exist in Wisconsin, is found near Milwaukee, and has become very recently somewhat widely known as the " Milwaukee " cement-rock. This rock belongs to the Hamilton formation, and is found near the Washington street bridge, at Brown Deer, on the lake shore at Whitefish MINERAL RESOURCES. 171 bay, and at otlier points in the immediate vicinity of Milwaukee. The quantity attainable is large, and a very elaborate series of tests by D. J. Whittemore, chief engineer of the Milwau- kee and St. Paul railroad, shows that the cement made from it exceeds all native and foreign cements in strength, except the famous English " Portland " cement. The following are three analyses of the rock from different points, and they show that it has a very constant composition : I. 2. 3- 45-54 32-46 17.56 1.41 3-03 1 00.00 48.29 29-19 17.36 1.40 2.24 41-34 34-88 16.99 5.00 Carbonate of M agnesia Silica _ 1.79 Totals 98.68 100.00 Limestone for Making Quick - lime. Quick-lime is made from all of the great limestone formations of Wisconsin, but more is burnt from the Lower Magnesian and Niagara formations, than from the others. The Lower Magnesian yields a very strong mortar, but the lime burned from it is not very white. It is burned largely in the region about Madison, one of the largest quarries being on the south line of section ^;^ of that town, where some 20,000 bushels are produced annually, in two kilns. The lime from this place has a considerable local reputation under the name of " Madison lime." The Trenton limestone is burned at a few points, but yields an inferior lime. The Galena is not very generally burned, but yields a better lime than the Trenton. In the region about Watertown and White- water, some 40,000 to 50,000 barrels are made annually from this formation. The Niagara, however, is the great lime furnisher of the northwest. From its purity it is adapted to the making of a most adrnirable lime. It is burned on a large scale at numbers of points in the eastern part of the state, among which may be mentioned, Pellon's kilns, Pewau- kee, where 12,000 barrels are made weekly and shipped to Chicago, Grand Haven, Des Moines, etc.; and Holick &: Son's kilns, Racine, which yield 60,000 to 75,000 barrels annually. A total ot about 400,000 barrels is annually made from the Niagara formation in eastern Wisconsin. Limestone for Flt'x in Iron Smelting. The limestones of Wisconsin are rarely used as a flux, because of their prevalent magnesian character. The stone from Schoonmaker's quarry, near Milwaukee, is used at the Bay View iron works, and is one of the few cases. There are certain layers, however, in the Trenton lime- stone, widely spread over the southern part of the state, which are non-magnesian, and frequently sufficiently free from earthy impurities to be used as a flux. These layers deserve the attention of the iron masters of the state. Glass Sand. Much of the St. Peter's sandstone is a purely siliceous, loose, white sand, well adapted to the making of glass. It is now being put to this use at points in the eastern part of the state. 172 HISTORY OF "VVISCOXSIX. Peat. Peat exists in large quantities and of good ijuality underneath the numerous marshes of the eastern and central parts of the state. Whether it can be utilized in the future as a fuel, will depend altogether upon the cost of its preparation, which will have to be very low in order that it may compete with superior fuels. As a fertilizer, peat has always a great value, and requires no 'ireliminary treatment. Building Stones. All the rocky formations of Wisconsin are used in building, and even the briefest synopsis of the subject of the building stones of the state, would exceed the limits of this paper. A few of the more prominent kinds only are mentioned. Granite occurs in protruding masses, and also grading into gneiss, in the northern portions of the state, at numerous points. In many places on the Wisconsin, Yellow, and Black rivers, and especially at Big Bull Falls, Yellow river, red granites of extraordinary beauty and value occur. These are not yet utilized, but will in the future have a high value. The handsomest and most valuable sandstone found in Wisconsin, is that which extends along the shore of Lake Superior, from the Michigan to the Minnesota line, and which forms the basement rock of the Apostle islands. On one of these islands a verj' large quarry is opened, from which are taken masses of almost any size, of a very closcrgrained, uniform, dark brown stone, which has been shipped largely to Chicago and Milwaukee. At the latter place, the well known court house is built of this stone. An equally good stone can be obtained from the neigh- boring islands, and from points on the mainland. A very good white to brown, indurated sand- stone is obtained from the middle portions of the Potsdam series, at Stevens Point, Portage county; near,Grand Rapids, Wood county; at Black River Falls, Jackson county; at Packwau- kee, Marquette county; near Wautoma, Waushara county ; and at several points in the Baraboo valley, Sauk county. A good buff-colored, calcareous sandstone is quarried and used largely in the vicinity of Madison, from the uppermost layers of the Potsdam series. All of the limestone formations of the state are quarried for building stone. A layer known locally as the "Mendota" limestone, included in the upper layers of the Potsdam series, yields a very evenly bedded, yellow, fine-grained rock, which is largely quarried along the valley of the lower Wisconsin, and also in the country- about Madison. In the town of Westport, Dane county, a handsome, fine-grained, cream-colored limestone is obtained from the Lower Magne- sian. The Trenton limestone yields an evenly bedded, thin stone, which is frequently used for laying in wall. The Galena and Niagara are also utilized, and the latter is capable, in much of the eastern part of the state, of furnishing a durable, easily dressed, compact, white stone. In preparing this paper, I have made use of Professor Whitney's " Metallic Wealth of the United States," and " Report on the Geology of the Lead Region;" of the advance sheets of Volume II of the Reports of the State Geological Survey, including Professor T. C. Chamberlin's Report on the Geology of Eastern Wisconsin, my own Report on the Geologj' of Central Wisconsin, and Mr. Strong's Report on the Geology of the Lead Region ; Mr. E. T. Sweet's account of the tnineral exhibit of the state at the Centennial Exposition ; and of my unpublished reports on the geology of the counties bordering Lake Superior. WISCONSIN railroads; By Hon. H. H. GILES. The territory of Wisconsin offered great advantages to emigrants. Explorers had published accounts of the wonderful fertility of its soil, the wealth of its broad prairies and forest openings, and the beauty of its lakes and rivers. Being reached from the older states by way of the lakes and easily accessible by a long line of lake coast, the hardships incident to weeks of land travel were avoided. Previous to 1836 but few settlements had been made in that part of the then territory of Michigan, that year organized into the territory of Wisconsin, except as mining camps in the southwestern part, and scattered settlers in the vicinity of the "trading posts and military stations. From that time on, with the hope of improving their condi- tion, thousands of the enterprising yeomanry of New England, New York and Ohio started for the land of promise. Germans, Scandinavians and other nationalities, attracted by the glowing accounts sent abroad, crossed the ocean on their way to the new world; steamers and sail-craft laden with families and their household goods left Buffalo and other lake ports, all bound for the new Eldorado. It may be doubted if in the history of the world any country was ever peo- pled with the rapidity of southern and eastern Wisconsin. Its population in 1S40 was 30,749; in 1850,304,756; in i860, 773,693; in 1870, 1,051,351; in 1875, 1,236,729. With the develop- ment of the agricultural resources of the new territory, grain raising became the most prominent interest, and as the settlements extended back from the lake shore the difficulties of transporta- tion of the products of the soil were seriously felt. The expense incurred in moving a load of produce seventy or eighty miles to a market town on the lake shore frequently exceeded the gross sum obtained for the same. All goods, wares and merchandise, and most of the lumber used must also be hauled by teams from Lake Michigan. Many of our early settlers still retain vivid recollections of trying experiences in the Milwaukee woods and other sections bordering on the lake shore, from the south line of the state to Manitowoc and Sheboygan. To meet the great want — better facilities for transportation — a valuable land grant was obtained from congress, in 1838, to aid in building a canal from Milwaukee to Rock river The company which was organized to construct it, built a dam across Milwaukee river and a short section of the canal ; then the work stopped and the plan was finally abandoned. It was early seen that to satisfy the requirements of the people, railroads, as the most feasable means of commuoicatiou within their reach, were an indispensable necessity. CHrcAGO. Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. Between the years 183S and 1841, the territorial legislature of Wisconsin chartered several railroad companies, but with the exception of the "Milwaukee & Waukesha Railroad Company,'' incorporated in 1847, none of the corporations thus created took any particular shape. The commissioners named in its charter met November 23, 1847, and elected a president. Dr. L. W. Weeks, and a secretary, A. W. Randall (afterward governor of Wisconsin). On the first Monday of February, 1848, they opened books of subscription. The charter of the company ijrovided 174 HISTORY OF AVISCOXSIK. that $100,000 should be subscribed and five percent, thereof paid in before the company should fully organize as a corporation. The country was new. There were plenty of active, energetic men, but money to build railroads was scarce, and not until April 5, 1849, was the necessary subscription raised and percentage paid. .\ board of directors was elected on the loth day of May, and Byron Kilbourn chosen president. The charter had been previously amended, in 1848, authorizing the company to build a road to the Mississippi river, in Grant county, and in 1850, its name was changed to the " Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad Company." After the company was fully organized, active measures were taken to push the enterprise forward to completion. The city of Milwaukee loaned its credit, and in 1S51 the pioneer Wisconsin railroad reached Waukesha, twenty miles out from Milwaukee. In the spring of 1852, Edward H. Broadhead, a prominent engineer, from from the state of New York, was put in charge of the work as chief engineer and superintendent. Under his able and energetic administration the road was pushed forward in 1852 to Milton, in 1853 to Stoughton, in 1854 to Madison, and in 1856 to the Mis- sissippi river, at Prairie du Chien. In 1851 John Catlin of Madison, was elected president in place of Kilbourn. The proposed length of this article will not admit of any detailed statement of the trials,, struggles and triumphs of the men who projected, and finally carried across the state, from the lake to the river, this first Wisconsin railroad. Mitchell, Kilbourn, Holton, Tweedy, Catlin, Walker, Broadhead, Crocker and many others, deserve to be remembered by our people as bene- factors of the state. In 1859 and i860, the company defaulted in the payment of the interest on its bonds. .\ foreclosure was made and a new company, called the " Milwaukee & Prairie du Chien," took its place, succeeding to all its rights and propertyi The "Southern Wisconsin Railway Company'" was chartered in 1852, and authorized to build a road from Milton to the Mississippi river. When the Milwaukee and Mississippi road reached Milton in 1852, it was not authorized by its charter to go to Janesville, but, under the charter of the Southern Wisconsin, a company was organized that built the eight miles to Janesville in 1853, Under a subsequent amendment to the charter, the Milwaukee and Mississippi company was authorized to build from Milton to the Mississippi river. The Janesville branch was then purchased and extended to Monroe, a distance of about thirty-four miles, or forty-two miles west of Milton. Surveys were made and a line located west of Monroe to the river. The people of La Fayette and Grant counties have often been encouraged to e.xpect a direct railroad communi- cation with the city of Milwaukee. Other and more important interests, at least so considered by the railroad company, have delayed the execution of the original plan, and the road through the counties mentioned still remains unbuilt. The " LaCrosse & Milwaukee Railroad Company " was chartered in 1852, to construct a road from LaCrosse to Milwaukee. During the year in which the charter was obtained, the company was organized, and the first meeting of the commissioners held at LaCrosse. .\mong its pro- jectors were Byron Kilbourn and Moses M. Strong. Kilbourn was elected its first president. No work was done upon this line until after its consolidation with the " Milwaukee, Fonddu Lac & Green Bay Railroad Company" in 1854. The latter company was chartered in 1853, to build a road from Milwaukee Ti'a West Bend to Fond du Lac and Green Bay. It organized in the spring of 1853, and at once commenced active operations under the supervision of James Kneeland, its first president. The city of Milwaukee loaned its credit for $200,000, and gave city bonds. The company secured depot grounds in Milwaukee, and did considerable grading for the first twenty* five miles out. Becoming embarrassed in January, 1854, the Milwaukee, Fond du Lac & Green Bay consolidated with the LaCrosse & Milwaukee company. Work was at once resumed on the partially graded line. In 1855 the road was completed to Horicon, fifty miles. WISCOXSIN RAILROADS. 175 The Milwaukee & AVatertown company was chartered in 1S51, to build from Milwaukee to Watertown. It soon organized, and began the construction of its line from Brookfield, fourteen miles west of Milwaukee, and a point on the Milwaukee & Mississippi road leading through Oconomowoc to Watertown. The charter contained a provision that the company might extend its road by way of Portage to La Crosse. It reached Watertown in 1856, and was consolidated with the LaCrosse & Milwaukee road in the autumn of the same year. In the spring of 1856 congress made a grant of land to the state of Wisconsin, to aid in the building of a railroad from Madison, or Columbus, via Portage City, to the St. Croi.x river or lake, between townships 25 and 31. and from thence to the west end of Lake Superior, and to Bayfield. An adjourned session of the Wisconsin legislature met on September 3 of that year, to dispose of the grant. The disposal of this grant had been generally discussed by the press, and the public sentiment of the state seemed to tend toward its bestowal upon a new company. There is little doubt but that this was also the sentiment of a large majority of the members of both houses when the session commenced. When a new company was proposed a joint com- mittee of twenty from the senate and assembly was appointed to prepare a bill, conferring the grant upon a. company to be created by the bill itself. The work of the committee proceeded harmoniously until the question of who should be corporators was to be acted upon, when a difference of opinion was found to exist, and one that proved difficult to harmonize. In the mean- lime the LaCrosse and Watertown companies had consolidated, and a sufficient number of the members of both houses were "propitiated" by " pecuniary compliments" to induce them to pass the bill, conferring the so called St. Croix grant upon the LaCrosse & Milwaukee railroad company. The vote in the assembly in the passage of the bill was, ayes 62, noes 7. In the senate it stood, ayes 17, noes 7. At the session of the legislature of 1858 a committee was raised to investigate the matter, and their report demonstrated that bonds were set apart for all who voted for the LaCrosse bill; to members of assembly $5,000 each, and members of senate 310,000 each. A few months after the close of the legislative sesssion of 1856 the land grant bonds of the LaCrosse road became worthless. Neither the LaCrosse company nor its successors ever received any portion of the lands granted to the state. During the year 1857 the LaCrosse company completed its line of road through Portage City to LaCrosse, and its Watertown line to Columbus. The "Milwaukee & Horicon Railroad Company" was chartered in 1852. Between the years 1855 and 1857 it built through Waupun and Ripon to Berlin, a distance of forty-two miles. It was, in effect, controlled by the LaCrosse & Milwaukee company, although built as a separate branch. This line was subsequently merged in the LaCrosse company, and is now a part of the northern division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway. The '■ Madison, Fond du Lac & Lake Michigan Railroad Company" was chartered in 1855, to build a road fro!ii Madison via Fond du Lac to Lake Michigan. In 1857 it bought of the LaCrosse company that portion of its road acquired by consolidation with the Milwaukee & Watertown company. Its name was then changed to '" Milwaukee & Western Railroad Com- pany." It owned a line of road from Brookfield to Watertown, and branches from the latter jjlace to Columbus and Sun Prairie, in all about eighty miles in length. In 1858 and 1859 the La Crosse & Milwaukee and the Milwaukee & Horicon companies defaulted in the payment of the interest on their bonded debts. In the same years the bond- holders of the two companies instituted foreclosure proceedings on the different trust deeds given to secure their bonds. Other suits to enforce the payment of their floating debts were also com- menced. Protracted litigation in both the state and federal courts resulted in a final settlement in 1868, by a decision of the supreme court of the United States. In the meantime, in 1862 and 17G HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 1863, both roads were sold, and purchased by an association of the bondholders, who organized the " Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company." The new company succeeded to all the rights of both the La Crosse and Horicon companies, and soon afterward, in 1863, purchased the 'property of the Milwaukee & Western company, thus getting control of the roads from Mil- waukee to La Crosse, from Horicon to Berlin, from Brookfield to Watertown, and the branches to Columbus and Sun Prairie. In 1864 it built from Columbus to Portage, from Brookfield to Milwaukee, and subsequently extended the Sun Prairie branch to Madison, in 1869. It also purchased the Ripon & Wolf River road, which had been built fifteen miles in length, from Ripon to Omro, on the Fox river, and extended it to Winneconne on the Wolf river, five miles farther, and twenty miles from Ripon. In 1867 the Milwaukee oc St. Paul railway company obtained control of the Milwaukee & Prairie du Chien railroad. The legislature of 1857 had passed an act, authorizing all stock-holders in all incorporated companies to vote on shares of stock owned by them. The directors of the Milwaukee & St. Paul company had secured a majority of the common stock, and, at the election of 1867, elected themselves a board of directors for the Prairie du Chien company. All the rights, property and interests of the latter company came under the ownership and control of the former. In 1865, Alexander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was elected president, and S. S. Merrill general manager of the Milwaukee & St. Paul railway company. They were retained in their respective positions by the new organization, and still continue to hold these offices, a fact largely owing to the able and efficient manner that has characterized their management of the company's affairs. The company operates six hundred and eighty-six miles of road in Wisconsin, and in all one thousand four hundred miles. Its lines extend to St. Paul and Minneapolis in Minnesota, and to Algona in Iowa, and over the Western Union to Savannah and Rock I^and in the state of Illinois. The"Oshkosh & Mississippi Railroad Company " was chartered in 1866 to ouild a road from the city of Oshkosh to the Mississippi river. Its construction to Ripon in 1872 was a move on the part of citizens of Oshkosh to connect their town with the Milwaukee & St. Paul road. It is twenty miles in length and leased to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul company. In 1871 and 1872 the "Wisconsin Union Railroad Company," of which John W. Cary was president, built a road from Milwaukee to the state line between Wisconsin and Illinois, to connect with a road built from Chicago to the state line of Illinois. This new line between Milwaukee and Chicago was built in the interest of, and in fact by, the Milwaukee & St. Paul company to afford a connection between its Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota system of roads, and the eastern trunk lines centering in Chicago. It runs parallel with the shore of Lake- Michigan and from three to six miles from it, and is eighty-five miles in length. The Chicago cSi Northwestern Railway. The territorial legislature of iS^S chartered the " Madison & Beloit Railroad Cojnpany " with authority to build a railroad from Beloit to Madison only. In 1850, by an act of the legislature, the company was authorized to extend the road to the Wisconsin river and La Crosse, and to a point on the Mississippi river near St. Paul, and also from Janesville to Fond du Lac. Its name was changed, under legislative authority, to the " Rock River Valley Union Railroad Company." In 1851, the line from Janesville north not being pushed as the i)eople expected, the legislature of Illinois chartered the " Illinois & Wisconsin Railroad Company " with authority to consolidate with any road in Wisconsin. In 1855, an act of the Wisconsin legislature consoli- dated the Illinois and Wisconsin companies with the " Rock River Valley Union Railroad Com- panv," and the new organization took the name of the "Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Rail- WISCONSIN RAILROADS. 177 road Company." In 1854, and previous to the consolidation, the company had failed and passed into the hands of the bondholders, who foreclosed and took stock for their bonds. The old management of A. Hyatt Smith and John B. Macy was superseded, and \Vm. B. Ogden was made president. Chicago was all along deeply interested in reaching the rich grain fields of the Rock river valley, as well as the inexhaustible timber and mineral wealth of the northern part of Wisconsin and that part of Michigan bordering on Lake Superior, called the Peninsula. It also sought a connection with the upper Mississippi region, then being rapidly peopled, by a line of railroad to run through Madison to St. Paul, in Minnesota. Its favorite road was started from Chicago on the wide (si.x feet) gauge, and so constructed seventy miles to Sharon on the Wis- consin state line. This was changed to the usual (four feet, eight and one-half inches) width, and the work was vigorously pushed, reaching Janesville in 1855 and Fond du Lac in 1858. The Rock River Valley Union railroad company had, however, built about thirty miles from Fond du Lac south toward Minnesota Junction before the consolidation took place. The partially graded line on a direct route between Janesville and Madison was abandoned. In 1852 a new charter had been obtained, and the " Beloit & Madison Railroad Company " had been organized to build a road from Beloit via Janesville to Madison. A subsequent amendment to this charter had left out Janesville as a point, and the Beloit branch was pushed through to Madison, reach- ing that city in 1864. The "Galena and Chicago Union Railroad Company" had built a branch of the Galena line from Belvedere to Beloit previous to 1854. In that year, it leased the Beloit & Madison road, and from 1856 operated it in connection with the Milwaukee & Mississippi, reaching Janes- ville by way of Hanover Junction, a station on its Southern Wisconsin branch, eight miles west of Janesville. The consolidation of the Galena & Chicago Union and the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac companies was effected and approved by legislative enactment in 1855, and a new organization called the "Chicago cSj Northwestern Railwav Company" took their place. The "Green Bay, Milwaukee & Chicago Railroad Company " was chartered in 1851 to build a road from Milwaukee to the state .line of Illinois to connect with a road from Chicago, called the Chicago & Milwaukee railroad. Both roads were completed in 1855, and run in connection until 1S63, when they were consolidated under the name of the "Chicago & Milwaukee Railroad Company." To prevent its falling into the hands of the Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Chicago & Northwestern secured it by perpetual lease, May 2, 1866, and it is now operated as its Chicago division. The " Kenosha & Beloit Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1853 to build a road from Kenosha to Beloit, and was organized soon after its chartenwas obtained. Its name was after- ward changed to the " Kenosha, Rockford & Rock Island Railroad Company," and its route changed to run to Rockford instead of Beloit. The line starts at Kenosha, and runs through the county of Kenosha and crosses the state line near the village of Genoa in the county of Wal- worth, a distance of thirty miles in the state of Wisconsin, and there connects with a road in Illinois running to Rockford, and with which it consolidated. Kenosha and its citizens were the principal subscribers to its capital stock. The company issued its bonds, secured by the usual mortgage on its franchises and property. Failing to pay its interest, the mortgage was foreclosed, and the road was sold to the Chicago & Northwestern company in 1863, and is now operated by it as the Kenosha division. The line was constructed from Kenosha to Genoa in 1862. The "Northwestern Union Railway Company " was organized in 1872, under the general rail- road law of the state, to build a line of road from Milwaukee to Fond du Lac, with a branch to Lodi. The road was constructed during the years 1872 and 1873 from Milwaukee to Fond du I-ar. The Chicago & Northwestern company were principally interested in its being built, to 178 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIN. shorten its line between Chicago and Green Bay, and now uses it as its main through line between the two points. The " Barahoo Air-Line Railroad Company" was incorporated in 1870, to build a road from Madison, Columbus, or Waterloo via Baraboo, to La Crosse, or any point on the Mississippi river. It organized in the interest of the Chicago & Northwestern, with which company it con- solidated, and the work of building a connecting line between JNLidison and Winona Junction was vigorously pushed forward. Lodi was reached in 1870, Baraboo in 187 1, and Winona Junc^ tion in 1874. The ridges between Elroy and Sparta were tunneled at great expense and with much difficulty. In 1874 the company reported an expenditure for its three tunnels of $476,743.32, and for the 129 i-io miles between Madison and Winona Junction of $5,342,169.96, and a large expenditure yet required to be made on it. In 1867 the Chicago & Northwestern company bought of D. N. Barney & Co. their interest in the Winona & St. Peters railway, a line being built westerly from Winona in Minnesota, and of which one hundred and five miles had been built. It also bought of the same parties their interest in the La Crosse, Trempealeau & Prescott railway, a line being built from Winona Junction, three miles east of La Crosse, to Winona, Minn. The latter line was put in operation in 1870, and is twenty-nine miles long. With the completion of its Madison branch to Winona junction, in 1873, it had in operation a line from Chicago, 'I'ia Madison and Winona, to Lake Kampeska, Minn., a distance of six hundred and twenty-three miles. In the year 1856 a valuable grant of land was made by congress to the state of Wisconsin to aid in the construction of railroads. The Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac company claimed that the grant was obtained through its efforts, and that of right it should have the northeastern grant, so-called. At the adjourned session of the legislature of 1856, a contest over the dispo- sition of the grant resulted in conferring it upon the " Wisconsin & Superior Railroad Company," a corporation chartered for the express purpose of giving it this grant. It was generally believed at the time that the new company was organized in the interest of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac company, and at the subsequent session, in the following year, it was authorized to consolidate with the new company, which it did in the spring of that year, and thus obtained the grant of 3,840 acres per mile along its entire line, from Fond du Lac northerly to the state line between Wisconsin and Michigan. It extended its road to Oshkosh in 1859, to Appleton in i86i,and in 18O2 to Fort Howard, forming a line two hundred and forty-two miles long. The line from Fort Howard to Escanaba, one hundred and fourteen miles long, was opened in Decem- ber, 1872, and made a connection with the peninsular railroad of Michigan. It now became a part of the Chicago & Northwestern, extending from Escanaba to the iron mines, and thence to Lake Superior at Marquette. Albert Keep, of Chicago, is president, and Marvin Hughitt, a gentleman of great railroad experience, is general superintendent. The company operates five hundred and fifty-six miles of road in Wisconsin, and in all one thousand five hundred miles. Its lines extend into five different states. Over these lines its equipment is run in common, or transferred from place to place, as the changes in li-siness may temporarily require. Wisconsin Central R.mlroad. The " Milwaukee & Northern Railway Company" was incorporated in 1870, to build a road from Milwaukee to some point on the Fox river below Winnebago lake, and thence to Lake Superior, with branches. It completed its road to Menasha, one hundred and two miles from Milwaukee, with a branch from Hilbert to Green Bay, twenty-seven miles, in 1873, and in that vear leased its line to the " Wisconsin Central Railroad Company," which is still operating it. In WISCONSIN HAILROADS. 179 1864 congress made a grant of land to the state of Wisconsin to aid in the construction of a rail- road from Berlin, Doty's Island, Fond du Lac, or Portage, by way of Stevens Point, to Bayfield or Superior, granting the odd sections within ten miles on each side of the line, with an indem- nity limit of twenty miles on each side. The legislature of 1865 failed to dispose of this grant, but that of 1866 provided for the organization of two companies, one to build from Portage City by way of Berlin to Stevens Point, and the other from Menasha to the same point, and then jointly to Bayfield and Lake Superior. The former was called the "Winnebago and Lake Superior Railroad Company," and the latter the " Portage & Superior Railroad Company." In 1869 an act was passed consolidating the two companies, which was done under the name of the " Portage, Winnebago & Superior Railroad Company." In 1871 the name of the company was changed to the " Wisconsin Central Railroad Company." The Winnebago & Lake Superior company was organized under Hon. George Reed as president, and at once commenced the construction of its line of road between Menasha and Stevens Point. In 1871 the Wisconsin Central consolidated with the " Manitowoc & Mississippi Railroad Company." The articles of consolidation provided that Gardner Colby, a director of the latter company, should be president, and that George Reed, a director of the former, should be vice president of the new organization; with a further provision that Gardner Colby, George Reed, and Elijah B. Phillips should be and remain its executive committee. In 187 I, an act was passed incorporating the " Phillips and Colby Construction Company," which created E. B. Phillips, C. L. Colby, Henry Pratt, and such others as they might associate with them, a body corporate, with authority to build railroads and do all manner of things relat- ing to railroad construction and operation. Under this act the construction company contracted with the Wisconsin Central railroad company, to build its line of road from Menasha to Lake Superior. In November, 1873, the Wisconsin Central leased of the Milwaukee & Northern com- pany its line of road extending from Schwartzburg to Menasha, and the branch to Green Bay, for the term of nine hundred and ninety-nine years, and also acquired the rights of the latter com- pany to use the track of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul company between Schwartzburg and Milwaukee, and to depot facilities in Milwaukee. The construction of the land grant portion of this important line of road was commenced in 187 1, and it was completed to Stevens Point in November of that year. It was built from Stevens Point north one hundred miles to Worcester in 1872. During 1872 and 1873, it was built from Ashland south to the Penoka iron ridge, a dis- tance of thirty miles. The straight line between Portage City and Stevens Point, authorized by an act of the legislature of 1875, was constructed between October i, 1875, and October, 1876, seven 'y-one miles in length. The gap of forty-two miles between Worcester and Penoka iron ridge was closed in June, 1877. E. B. Phillips, of Milwaukee, is president and general manager. This line of road passes through a section of our state hitherto unsettled. It has been pushed through with energy, and opened up for settlement an immense region of heavily timbered land, and thus contributed to the growth and prosperity of the state. The Western Union R.\ilroad. The " Racine, Janesville & Mississippi Railroad Company "' was chartered in 1852,10 build a road from Racine to Beloit, and was organized the same year. The city of Racine issued its bonds for $300,000 in payment for that amount of stock. The towns of Racine, Elkhorn, Dele- van and Beloit gave $190,000, and issued their bonds, and farmers along the line made liberal subscriptions and secured the same by mortgages on their farms. The road was built to Burling- ton in 1855, to Delavan early in 1856, and to Beloit, sixty-eight miles from Racine, during the same year. Failing to meet the interest on its bonds and its floating indebtedness, it was sur- 180 HISTORY OF WISCONSIX. rendered by the company to the bond-holders in 1859, who completed it to Freeport during that year, and afterward built to the Mississippi river at Savannah, and thence to Rock Island. The bond-holders purchased and sold the road in 1866, and a new organization was had as the " West- ern Union Railroad Company," and it has sinee been operated under that name. In 1869, if built a line from Elkhorn to Eagle, seventeen miles, and thus made a connection with Milwau- kee over the Chicago, Milwaukee & .St. Paul line. The latter company owns a controlling interest it its line. Alexander Mitchell is the president of the company, and D. .A. Olin, general superintendent. West Wisconsin Railroad. The lands granted by congress in 1856 to aid in the construction of a railroad in Wisconsin, from Tomah to Superior and Bayfield, were disposed of as mentioned under the history of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul company. The La Crosse company, as we have seen, prevailed in the legislature of 1856, and secured legislation favorable to its interests; but it failed to build the line of road provided for, and forfeited its right to lands granted. In 1863, the " Tomah & Lake St. Croix Railroad Company " was incorporated, with authority to construct a railroad from some point in the town of Tomah in Monroe county, to such point on Lake St. Croix, between town- ships 25 and 31 as the directors might determine. To the company, by the act creating it, was granted all the interest and estate of this state, to so much of the lands granted by the United States to the state of Wisconsin, known as the St. Croix grant, as lay between Tomah and Lake St. Croix. A few months after its organization, the company passed substantially into the hands of D. A. Baldwin and Jacob Humbird, who afterward built a line of road from Tomah, via Black River Falls, and Eau Claire to Hudson, on Lake St. Croix, one hundred and seventy-eight miles. Its name was afterward changed to the "West Wisconsin Railroad Company." In 1873, it built its road from Warren's Mills via Camp Douglass, on the St. Paul road to Elroy, and took up its track from the first-named place, twelve miles, to Tomah. A law-suit resulted, which went against the railroad company, and the matter was finally compromised by the payment of a sum of money by the company to the town of Tomah. The road was built through a new and sparsely settled country, and its earnings have not been sufficient to enrich its stock-holders. It connects at Camp Douglass with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road, and at Elroy with the Chicago & Northwestern railway company's line, which gives the latter a through line to St. Paul. It is operated in connection with the Chicago & Northwestern railway, and managed in its interest. It is now in the hands of Wm. H. Ferry, of Chicago, as receiver ; H. H. Potter, of Chicago, as president'; and E. W. Winter, of Hudson, superintendent. The Milwaukee. Lake Shore & Western Railway. In 1870, the "Milwaukee, Manitowoc & Green Bay Railroad Company " was chartered to build a road from Milwaukee to Green Bay by way of Manitowoc. It built its line from Mil- waukee to Manitowoc in 1873, when its name was changed to " Milwaukee, Lake Shore & West- ern Railroad Company." Under a decree of foreclosure, it was sold Dec. 10, 1875, and its name was changed to " Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railway Company," by which name it is still known. In 1866, the " Appleton & New London Railroad Company " was incorporated to build a road from Appleton to New London, and thence to Lake Superior. A subsequent amendment to its charter authorized it to extend its road to Manitowoc. It built most of the line from Appleton to that city, and then, under legislative authority, sold this extension to the Milwau-. WISCONSIN RAILROADS. 181 kee, Lake Shore & Western railroad company. The last-named company extended it to New London, on the Wolf river, twenty-one miles, in 1876, where it connects with the Green Bay & Minnesota road. It now operates one hundred and forty-six miles of road, extending from Mil- waukee to New London, passing through Sheboygan, Manitowoc and Appleton, which includes a branch line six miles in length from Manitowoc to Two Rivers. F. W. Rhinelander, of New York, is its president, and H. G. H. Reed, of Milwaukee, superintendent. The Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad. The line of road operated by this company extends from Fort Howard to the Mississippi river, opposite Winona, Minnesota. It is two hundred and sixteen miles in length, and was built through a sparsely settled and heavily timbered section of the state. It began under most discouraging circumstances, yet was pushed through by the energy of a few men at Green Bay and along its line. It was originally chartered in 1866 as the "Green Bay & Lake Pepin Rail- road Company " to build a road from the mouth of the Fox river near Green Bay to the Missis- sip])i river opposite Winona. But little was done except the making of preliminary surveys in 1870. During 1870 and 1871, forty miles were constructed and put in operation. In 1872, one hundred and fourteen miles were graded, the track laid, and the river reached, sixty-two miles farther, in 1873. In 1876, it acquired the right to use the "Winona cut-off " between Winona and Onalaska, and built a line from the latter point to La Crosse, seven miles, thus connecting its road with the chief city of Wisconsin on the Mississippi river. The city of La Crosse aided this extension by subscribing $75,000 and giving its corporation bonds for that amount. Henry Ketchum, of New London, is president of the company, and D. M. Kelly, of Green Bay, gen- eral manager. Wisconsin Valley Road. The "Wisconsin Valley Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1871 to build a road from a point on or near the line of the Milwaukee & La Crosse railroad, between Kilbourn City and the tunnel in said road to the village of Wausau, in the county of Marathon, and the road to pass not more than one mile west of the village of Grand Rapids, in the county of Wood. The road was commenced at Tomah, and graded to Centralia in 1872, and opened to that village in 1873, and during 1874 it was completed to Wausau, ninety miles in its whole length. Boston capitalists furnished the money, and it is controlled in the interest of the Dubuque & Minnesota railroad, through which the equipment was procured. The lumber regions of the Wisconsin river find an outlet over it, and its junction with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road at Tomah enables a connection with the railroads of Iowa and Minnesota. It gives the people of Marathon county an outlet long needed for a large lumber traffic, and also enables them to receive their goods and supplies of various kinds for the lumbering region tributary to Wausau. James F. Joy, of Detroit, is president, and F. O. Wyatt, superintendent. Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad. The " Sheboygan & Mississippi Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1852, to build a road from Sheboygan to the Mississippi river. It was completed from Sheboygan to Plymouth in 1858, to Glenbeulah in i860, to Fond du Lac in 1868, and to Princeton in 1872. The extension from Fond du Lac to Princeton was built under authority of an act passed in 1871. Under a foreclosure in 1861 the line from Sheboygan to Fonddu Lac was sold, and the name of the company changed to "Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad Company." Tlje length of 182 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. the line is seventy-eight miles, and it passes through a fertile agricultural country. The city of Sheboygan, county, city and town of Fond du Lac, and the towns of Riverdale, Ripon, Brooklyn, Princeton, and St. Marie, aided in its building to an amount exceeding $250,000. D. L. A\'ells is president, and Geo. P. Lee, superindendent. The Minf.ral Point Railroad. The "Mineral Point Railroad Company " was chartered in 1852,10 build a road from Mineral Point, in the county of Iowa, to the state line, in township number one, in either the county of Green or La Fayette. It was completed to Warren, in the state of Illinois, thirty-two miles, in 1855, making a connection at that point with the Illinois Central, running from Chicago to Galena. Iowa county loaned its credit and issued its bonds to aid in its construction. It was sold under foreclosure in 1856. Suits were brought against Iowa county to collect the amount of its bonds, and judgment obtained in the federal courts. Much litigation has been had, and ill feeling engendered, the supervisors of the county having been arrested for contempt of the decree of the court. Geo. W. Cobb, of Mineral Point, is the general manager. The Dubuque, Platteville & Milwaukee railroad was completed in July, 1870, and extends from Calamine, a point on the Mineral Point railroad, to the village of Platteville, eighteen miles, and is operated by the Mineral Point railroad company Madison & Portage Railroad. The legislature of 1855 chartered the " Sugar River Valley Railroad Company " to build a road from a point on the north side of the line of the Southern Wisconsin road, within the limits of Green county, to Dayton, on the Sugar river. In 1857 it was authorized to build south to the state line, and make its northern terminus at Madison. In 1S61 it was authorized to build from Madi- son to Portage City, and from Columbus to Portage City, and so much of the land grant act of 1856, as related to the building of the road from Madison, and from Columbus to Portage City, was annulled and repealed, and the rights and privileges that were conferred upon the LaCrossc company were given to the Sugar River Valley railroad company, and the j)ortion of the land grant, applicable to the lines mentioned, was conferred upon the last named company. Under this legislation about twenty miles of the line between Madison and Portage were graded, and the right of way secured for about thirty of the thirty-nine miles. The La Crosse comjiany had done considerable grading before its right was annulled. In 1866 the company was relieved from constructing the road from Columbus to Portage City. In 1870 the purchasers of that part of the Sugar River Valley railroad lying between Madison and Portage City were incorporated as the " Madison & Portage Railroad Company," and to share all the rights, grants, etc., that were conferred upon the Sugar River railroad company by its charter, and amendments thereto, so far as related to that portion of the line. Previous to this time, in 1864 and 1865, judgments had been obtained against the Sugar River Valley company ; and its right of way, grading and depot grounds sold for a small sum. James Campbell, who had been a contractor with the Sugar River Valley company, with other>. became the purchasers, and organized under the act of 1870, and, during the year 187 1, com- pleted it between Madison and Portage City, and in March, 1871, leased it to the Milwaukee & St. Paul company, and it is still operated by that corporation. In 1871 the Madison & Portage company was authorized to extend its road south to the Illinois state line, and north from Portage City to Lake Winnebago. The same year it was consolidated with the " Rockford Central WISCONSIN RAILROADS. 183 Railroad Company," of Illinois, and its name changed to the "Chicago &: Superior Railroad Company," but still retains its own organization. The Madison & Portage railroad company claims a share in the lands granted by acts of congress in 1856, and have commenced proceed- ings to assert its claim, which case is still pending in the federal courts. North Wtsconsin Railroad. The "North Wisconsin Railroad Company" was incorporated in 1869, to build a road from I^ake St. Croix, or river, to Bayfield on Lake Superior. The grant of land by congress in 1856, to aid in building a road from Lake St. Croix to Bayfield on Lake Superior, under the decision of the federal court, was yet at the disposal of the state. This company, in 187 1, built a short section of its line of road, with the expectation of receiving the grant. In 1873, the grant was conferred upon the Milwaukee & St. Paul company, but under the terms and restrictions con- tained in the act, it declined to accept it. The legislature of 1874 gave it to the North Wiscon- sin company, and it has built forty miles of its road, and received the lands pertaining thereto. Since 1876, it has not completed any part of its line, but is trying to construct twenty miles during the present year. The company is authorized to construct a road both to Superior and to Bayfield, but the act granting the lands confers that portion from Superior to the intersection of the line to Bayfield upon the Chicago & North Pacific air-line railroad. This last-named company have projected a line from Chicago to the west end of Lake Superior, and are the owners of an old grade made through Walworth and Jefferson counties, by a company chartered in 1853 as the " Wisconsin Central," to build a road from Portage City to Geneva, in the county of Walworth. The latter company had also graded its line between Geneva and the state line of Illinois. This grade was afterward appropriated by the Chicago & Northwestern, and over it they now operate their line from C^lhicago to Geneva. Prairie du Chien & McGregor Railroad. This is a line two miles in length, connecting Prairie du Chien in Wisconsin, with McGregor in Iowa. It is owned and operated by John Lawler, of the latter-named place. It extends across both channels of the Mississippi river, and an intervening island. The railroad bridge consists of substantia! piling, except a pontoon draw across each navigable channel. Each pontoon is four hundred feet long and thirty feet wide, provided vvith suitable machinery and operated by steam power. Mr. Lawler has secured a patent on his invention of the pontoon draw for railroad bridges. His line was put in operation in April, 1874. The Chippewa Falls & Western Railroad. This road was built in 1874, by a company organized under the general law of the state. It is eleven miles in length, and connects the " Falls " with the West Wisconsin line at Eau Claire. It was constructed by the energetic business men and capitalists of Chippewa Falls, to afford an outlet for the great lumber and other interests of that thriving and prosperous city. The road is substantially built, and the track laid with steel rails. Narrow Gauge Railroads. The " Galena & Southern Wisconsin Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1857. Under its charter, a number of capitalists of the city of Galena, in the state of Illinois, commenced 184 HISTORY OF WISCONSIX. the construction of a narrow (three feet) gauge road, running from that city to Platteville, thirty- one miles in length, twenty miles in Wisconsin. It runs through a part of La Fayette county to Platteville, in Grant county, and was completed to the latter point in 1875. Surveys are being made for an extension to Wingville, in Grant county. The "Fond da Lac, Aniboy & Peoria Railway Company " was organized under the general law of the state, in 1S74, to build a narrow gauge road from the city of Fond du Lac to the south line of the state in the county of Walworth or Rock, and it declared its intention to consolidate with a company in Illinois that had projected a line of railroad from Peoria, in Illinois, to the south line of the state of Wisconsin. The road is constructed and in operation from Fond du Lac to Iron Ridge, a jxjint on the Chicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, twenty-nine miles from Fond du Lac. The "Pine River & Steven's Point Railroad Company" was organized by the enterprising citizens of Richland Center, and has built a narrow gauge road from Lone Rock, a point on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road, in Richland county, to Richland Center, sixteen miles in length. Its track is laid with wooden rails, and it is operated successfully. The " Chicago & Tomah Railroad Company '' organized under the general railroad law of the state, in 1872,10 construct a narrow gauge road from Chicago, in Illinois, to the city of Tomah, in Wisconsin. Its president and active manager is D. R. Williams, of Clermont, Iowa, and its secretary is L. M. Culver, of Wauzeka. It has graded about forty-five miles, extending from Wauzeka up the valley of the Kickapoo river, in Crawford county, Wisconsin. It expects to have fifty-four miles in operation, to Bloomingdale, in Vernon county, the present year (1877). The rolling stock is guaranteed, and the president is negotiating for the purchase of the iron. South of Wauzeka the line is located to Belmont, in Iowa county. At Wauzeka it will connect with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. The publij-spirited citizens of Necedah, in Juneau county, have organized under the general law of the state, and graded a road-bed from their village to New Lisbon, on the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul company's line. The latter company furnish and lay the iron, and will operate the road. It is thirteen miles in length. Conclusion. The railroads of Wisconsin have grown up under the requirements of the several localities that have planned and commenced their construction, and without regard to any general system. Frequently the work of construction was begun before adequate means were provided, and bankruptcy overtook the roads in their early stages. The consolidation of the various companies, as in the cases of ths Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Chicago & Northwestern, and others, has been effected to give through lines and the public greater facilities, as well as to introduce economy in management. At times the people have become apprehensive, and by legisla- tive action prohibited railroads from consolidating, and have sought to control and break down the power of these corporations and to harmonize the interests of the companies and the public. The act of 1874, called the "Potter law," was the assertion, by the legislative power of the state, of its right to control corporations created by itself, and limit the rates at which freight and passengers should be carried. After a long and expensive contest, carried through the state and federal courts, this right has been established, being finally settled by the decision of the supreme court of the United States. Quite all the railroads of Wisconsin have been built with foreign capital. The plan pursued after an organization was effected, wa? to obtain stock subscriptions from those immediately LI'MBER MANUFACTURE. 185 interested in the enterprise, procure the aid of counties and municipalities, and then allure the farmers, with the prospect of joint ownership in railroads, to subscribe for stock and mortgage their farms to secure the payment of their subscriptions. Then the whole line was bonded and a mortgage executed. The bonds and mortgages thus obtained, were taken to the money centers of New York. London, Amsterdam and other places, and sold, or hypothecated to obtain the money with which to prosecute the work. The bonds and mortgages were made to draw a high rate of interast, and the earnings of these new roads, through unsettled localities, were insufficient to pay more than running and incidental expenses, and frequently fell short of that. Default occurring in the payment of interest, the mortgages were foreclosed and the property passed into the hands and under the control of foreign capitalists. Such has b«en the history of most of the railroads of our state. The total number of farm mortgages given has been 3,785, amounting to $4,079,433 ; town, county and municipal bonds, amounting to §6,910,652. The total cost of all the railroads in the state, as given by the railroad commissioner in his report for 1876. lias been $98,343,453.67. This vast sum is, no doubt, greatly in excess of what the cost should have been, but the roads have proved of immense benefit in the develop- ment of the material resources of the state. Other lines are needed through sections not yet traversed by the iron steed, and present lines should be extended by branch roads. The questions upoa which great issues were raised between the railway corporations and the people, are now happily settled by securing to the latter their rights; and the former, under the wise and conciliatory policy pursued by their managers, are assured of the sa-fety of their investments. An era of good feeling has succeeded one of distrust and antagonism. The people must use the railroads, and the railroads depend upon the people for sustenance and protection. This mutuality of interest, when fully recognized on both sides, will result in giving to capital a fair return and to labor its just reward. LUMBER MANUFACTURE. Bv W. B. JUDSON. Foremost among the industries of Wisconsin is that of manufacturing lumber. Very much of the importance to which the state has attained is due to the development of its forest wealth. In America, agriculture always has been, and always will be, the primary and most important interest; but no nation can subsist upon agriculture alone. While the broad prairies of Illinois and Iowa are rich with a fertile and productive soil, the hills and valleys of northern Wisconsin are clothed with a wealth of timber that has given birth to a great manufacturing interest, which employs millions of capital and thousands of men, and has peopled the northern wilds with energetic, prosperous communities, built up enterprising cities, and crossed the state with a net- work of railways which furnish outlets for its productions and inlets for the new populations which are ever seeking for homes and employment nearer to the setting sun. If a line be drawn upon the state map, from Green Bay westward through Stevens Point, to where it would naturally strike the Mississippi river, it will be below the southern boundary of the pine timber regions, with the single exception of the district drained by the Yellow river, a tributary of the Wisconsin, drawing its timber chiefly from Wood and Juneau counties. The territory north of this imaginary line covers an area a little greater than one half of the state. The pine timbered land is found in belts or ridges, interspersed with prairie openings, patches r>f hardwood and hemlock, and drained by numerous water-courses. No less than seven large 186 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. rivers traverse this northern section, and, with their numerous tributaries. ]ienetrate every county, affording facilities for floating the logs to the mills, and, in many instances, the power to cut them into lumber. This does not include the St. Croix, which forms the greater portion of the boundary line between Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, by means of its tributaries, draws the most and best of its pine from the former state. These streams divide the territory, as far as lumbering is concerned, into six separate arid distinct districts : The Green bay shore, which includes the Wisconsin side of the Menomonee, the Peshtigo and Oconto rivers, with a number of creeks which flow into the bay between the mouths of the Oconto and Fox rivers; the Wolf river district; the ^Visconsin river, including the Yellow, as before mentioned ; the Black river; the Chippewa and Red Cedar ; and the Wisconsin side of the St. Croix. Beginning with the oldest of these, the Green bay shore, a brief description of each will be attempted. The first saw-mill built in the state, of which there is now any knowledge, was put in operation in 1809, in Brown county, two or three miles east from Depere, on a little stream which was known as East river. It was built by Jacob Franks, but probably was a very small affair. Of its machinery or capacity for sawing, no history has been recorded, and it is not within the memory of any inhabitant of to-day. In 1829, John P. Arndt, of Green Bay, built a water- power mill on the Pensaukee river at a point where the town of Big Suamico now stands. In 1834, a mill was built on the Wisconsin side of the Menomonee, and, two years later, one at Peshtigo. Lumber was first shipped to market from this district in 1834, which must be termed the beginning of lumbering operations on the bay shore. The lands drained by the streams which flow into Green bay are located in Shawano and Oconto counties, the latter being the largest in the state. In 1847, Willard Lamb, of Green Bay, made the first sawed pine shingles in that district ; they were sold to the Galena railroad company for use on depot buildings, and were the first of the kind sold in Chicago. Subsequently Green Bay became one of the greatest points for the manufacture of such shingles in the world. The shores of the bay are low, and gradually change from marsh to swamp, then to level dry land, and finally become broken and mountainous to the northward. The pine is in dense groves that crowd closely upon the swamps skirting the bay, and reach far back among the hills of the interior. The Peshtigo flows into the bay about ten miles south of the Menomonee, and takes its rise far back in Oconto county, near to the latter's southern tributaries. It is counted a good logging stream, its annual product being from 40,000,000 to 60,000,000 feet. The timber is of a rather coarse quality, running but a small percentage to what the lumbermen term "uppers." .\bout ten per cent, is what is known as Norway pine. Of the whole amount of timber tributary to the Peshtigo, probably about one third has been cut off to this date. The remainder will not average of as good quality, and only a limited portion of the land is of any value for agricultural purposes after being cleared of the pine. There are only two mills on this stream, both being owned by one company. The Oconto is one of the most important streams in the district. The first saw-mill was built OP its banks about the year 1840, though the first lumbering operations of any account were begun in 1845 by David Jones. The business was conducted quite moderately until 1856, in which year several mills were built, and from that date Oconto has been known as quite an extensive lumber manufacturing i)oint. The timber tributary to this stream has been of the best quality found in the state. Lumber cut from it has been known to yield the extraordinarily high average of fifty and sixty per cent, uppers. The timber now being cut will not average more than half that. The proportion of Norway is about five per cent. It is estimated that from three fourths to four fifths of the timber tributary to the Oconto has been cut away, but it will require a much longer time to convert the balance into lumber than was necessary to cut its equivalent in amount, owing to its remote location. The annual production LUMBEK MAXIFACTURE. 18T cif pine lumber at Oconto is from 50,000,000 to 65,000,000 feet. 'Ihe whole production of the district, exclusive of the timber which is put into the Menomonee from Wisconsin, is about 140,000,000 feet annually. The Wolf river and its tributaries constitute the next district, proceeding westward. The first saw logs cut on this stream for commercial purposes were floated to the government mill at Neenah in 1835. In 1842, Samuel Farnsworth erected the first saw-mill on the upper Wolf near the location of the present village of Shawano, and in the following spring he sent the first raft of lumber down the Wolf to Oshkosh. This river also rises in Oconto county, but flows in a southerly direction, and enters Winnebago lake at Oshkosh. Its pineries have been very exten- sive, but the drain upon them within the past decade has told with greater effect than upon any other district in the state. The quality of the timber is very fine, and the land is considered good for agricultural purposes, and is being occupied upon the lines of the different railways which cross it. The upper waters of the Wolf are rapid, and have a comparatively steady flow, which renders it a very good stream for driving logs. Upon the upper river, the land is quite rolling, and about the head-waters is almost mountainous. The pine timber that remains in this dis^ trict is high up on the main river and branches, and will last but a few years longer. A few years ago the annual product amounted to upward of 250,000,000 feet; in 1876 it was 138,000,000. The principal manufacturing points are Oshkosh and Fond du Lac ; the former has 21 mills, and tlie latter 10. Next comes the Wisconsin, the longest and most crooked river in the state. It rises in the extreme northern sections, and its general course is southerly until, at Portage City, it makes a grand sweep to the westward and unites with the Mississippi at Prairie du Chien. It has numer- ous tributaries, and, together with these, drains a larger area of country than any other river in the state. Its waters flow swiftly and over numerous rapids and embryo falls, which renders log- driving and raft-running very difficult and even hazardous. The timber is generally near the banks of the main stream and its tributaries, gradually diminishing in extent as it recedes from them and giving place to the several varieties of hard-woods. The extent to which operations have been carried on necessitates going further up the stream for available timber, although there is yet what may be termed an abundant supply. The first cutting of lumber on this stream, of which there is any record, was by government soldiers, in 1828, at the building of Fort Winne- bago. In 1 83 1, a mill was built at Whitney's rapids, below Point Bass, in what was then Indian territory. By 1840, mills were in operation as high up as Big Bull falls, and Wausau had a population of 350 souls. Up to 1876, the product of the upper Wisconsin was all sent in rafts to markets on the Mississippi. The river above Point Bass is a series of rapids and eddies ; the current flows at the rate of from 10 to 20 miles an hour, and it can well be imagined that the task of piloting a raft from Wausau to the dells was no slight one. The cost of that kind of transportation in the early times was actually equal to the present market price of the lumber. With a good stage of water, the length of time required to run a raft to St. Louis was 24 days, though quite frequently, owing to inability to get out of the Wisconsin on one rise of water, sev- eral weeks were consumed. The amount of lumber manufactured annually on this river is from 140,000,000 to 200,000,000 feet. Black river is much shorter and smaller than the Wisconsin, but has long been known as a very important lumbering stream. It is next to the oldest lumber district in the state. The first saw-mill west of Green Bay was built at Black River Falls in 1819 by Col. John Shaw. The Winnebago tril)e of Indians, liowever, in whose territory he was, objected to the innovation of such a fine art, and unceremoniously offered up the mill upon the altar of their outraged 188 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. solitude. The owner abruptly quitted that pirtion of the country. In 1839 another attempt to establish a mill on Black river was more successfully made. One was erected at the same point by two brothers by the name of Wood, the millwright being Jacob Spaulding, who | eventually became its possessor. His son, Mr. Dudley J. Spaulding, is now a very extensive operator upon Black, river. La Crosse is the chief manufacturing point, there being ten saw-mills located there. The annual production of the stream ranges from 150,000,000 to 225,000,000 feet of logs, less than 100,000,000 feet being manufactured into lumber on its banks. The balance is sold in the log to mills on the Mississippi. It is a very capricious river to float logs in, which necessitates the carrying over from year to year of a very large amount, variously estimated at from 150,000,000 to 200,000,000 feet, about equal to an entire season's product. This makes the business more hazardous than on many other streams, as the loss from depreciation is very great after the first year. The quality of the timljer is fine, and good prices are realized for it when sold within a year after being cut. The Chippewa district probably contains the largest and finest body of white pine timber now standing, tributary to any one stream, on the continent. It has been claimed, though with more extravagance than truth, that the Chippewa pineries hold one-half the timber supply of the state. The river itself is a large one, and has many tributaries, which penetrate the rich pine district in all directions. The character of the tributary country is not unlike that through which the Wisconsin flows. In 1828 the first mill was built in the Chippewa valley, on Wilson'-^ creek, near its confluence with the Red Cedar. Its site is now occupied by the village of Meno- monee. In 1837 another was built on what is the present site of the Union Lumbering Company'-; mill at Chippewa Falls. It was not until near 1865 that the Chippewa became very prominent as a lumber-making stream. Since that date it has been counted as one of the foremost in the north- west. Upon the river proper there are twenty-two saw-mills, none having a capacity of less than 3.500,000 feet per season, and a number being capable of sawing from 20,000,000 to 25,000,000 The annual ]iroduction of sawed lumber is from 250,000,00c to 300,000,000 feet; the production of logs from 400,000,000 to 500,000,000 feet. In 1867 the mill-owners upon the Mississippi, between 'Winona and Keokuk, organized a corporation known as the Beef Slough Manufactur- ing, Log-Driving and Transportation Company. Its object was to facilitate the handling of logs cut upon the Chippewa and its tributaries, designed for the Mississippi mills. At the confluence of the two rivers various improvements were made, constituting the Beef Slough boom, which is capable of assorting 200,000,000 feet of logs per season. The Chippewa is the most difficult stream in the northwest upon which to operate. In the spring season it is turbulent and ungovernable, and in summer, almost destitute of water. About its head are numerous lakes which easily overflow under the influence of rain, and as their surplus water flows into the Chippewa, its rises are sudden and sometimes damaging in their extent. The river in many places flows between high bluff's, and, under the influence of a freshet, becomes a wild and unmanageable torrent. Logs have never been floated in rafts, as upon other streams, but are turned in loose, and are carried down with each successive rise, in a jumbled and confused mass, which entails much labor and loss in the work of assorting and delivering to the respective owners. Previous to the organization of the Eagle Rapids Flooding Dam and Boom Company, in 1872, the work of securing the stock after putting it into the river was more difficult than to cut and haul it. At the cities of Eau Claire and Chippewa Falls, where most of the mills are located, the current, under the influence of high water, is very rapid, and for years the problem was, how to stop and retain the logs, as they would go by in great masses and with almost resist- less velocity. In 1847 is recorded one of the most sudden and disastrous floods in the history of log-running streams. In the month of June the Chippewa rose twelve feet in a single night. LT'MBER MAXI'FACTURE. 189 •and, in the disastrous torrent that was created, piers, booms, or " pockets " for holding logs at the mills, together with a fine new mill, were swept away, and the country below where Eau Claire now stands was covered with drift-wood, saw-logs, and other debris. Such occurrences led to the invention of the since famous sheer boom, which is a device placed in the river opposite the mill boom into which it is desired to turn the logs. The sheer boom is thrown diagonally ■across the river, automatically, the action of the current upon a number of ingeniously arranged ■"fins " holding it in position. By this means the logs are sheered into the receptacle until it is filled, when the sheer boom, by closing up the " fins'' with a windlass, falls back and allows the logs to go on for the next mill to stop and capture its pocket full in like manner. By this method each mill could obtain a stock, but a great difficulty was experienced from the fact that the supply was composed of logs cut and owned by everybody operating on the river, and the process of balancing accounts according to the " marks," at the close of the season, has been ■one prolific of trouble and legal entanglements. The building of improvements at Eagle Rapids by the company above mentioned remedied the difficulty to some extent, but the process •of logging will always be a difficult and hazardous enterprise until adequate means for holding and assorting the entire log product are provided. Upon the Yellow and Eau Cfeire rivers, two important branches of the Chippewa, such difficulties are avoided by suitable improvements. The entire lumber product of the Chippewa, with the exception of that consumed locally, is floated in rafts to markets upon the Mississippi, between its mouth and St. Louis. The quality •of the timber is good, and commands the best market price in the sections where it seeks market. West of the Chippewa district the streams and timber are tributary to the St. Croix, and in all statistical calculations the entire product of that river is credited to Minfiesota, the same as that of the Menomonee is given to Michigan, when in fact about one half of each belongs to Wisconsin. The important branches of the St. Croix belonging in this state are the Apple Clani, Yellow, Namekogan, Totagatic and Eau Claire. The sections of country through which they flow contain large bodies of very fine pine timber. The St. Croix has long been noted for the excellence of its dimension timber. Of this stock a portion is cut into lumber at Stillwater, and marketed by rail, and the balance is sold in the log to mills on the ^lississippi. Such is a brief and somewhat crude description of the main lumbering districts of the state. Aside from these, quite extensive operations are conducted upon various railway lines which penetrate the forests which are remote from log-running streams. In almost every county in the state, mills of greater or less capacity may be found cutting up pine or hard-woods into lumber, shingles, or cooperage stock. Most important, in a lumbering point of view, of all the railroads, is the Wisconsin Central. It extends from Milwaukee to Ashland, on Lake Superior, a distance of 351 miles, with a line to Green Bay, 113 miles, and one from Stevens Point to Portage, 7 1 miles, making a total length of road, of 449 miles. It has only been completed to .•Vshland within the present season. From Milwaukee to Stevens Point it passes around to the ■east and north of Lake Winnebago, through an excellent hard-wood section. There are many stave mills in operation upon and tributary to its line, together with wooden-ware establishments and various manufactories requiring either hard or soft timber as raw material. From Stevens Point northward, this road passes through and has tributary to it one of the finest bodies of tim- ber in the state. It crosses the upper waters of Black river and the Flambeau, one of the main tributaries of the Chippewa. From 30,000,000 to 50,000,000 feet of lumber is annually manu- factured on its line, above Stevens Point. The Wisconsin Valley railroad extends from Tomah to Wausau, and was built to afford an outlet, by rail, for the lumber produced at the latter point. The extent of the timber supply in this state has been a matter of much speculation, and 190 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. is a subject upon which but little can be definitely said. Pine trees can not be counted c measured until reduced to saw-logs or lumber. It is certain that for twenty )ears th forests of Wisconsin have yielded large amounts of valuable timber, and no fears ai entertained by holders of pine lands that the present generation of owners will witne; an exhaustion of their supply. In some sections it is estimated that the destruction I the standing timber by fires, which periodically sweep over large sections, is greater iha by the axes of the loggers. The necessity for a state system of forestry, for the protection ( the forests from fires, has been urged by many, and with excellent reason ; for no natural resourc of the state is of more value and importance than its wealth of timber. According to an est mate recently made by a good authority, and which received the sanction of many intereste parties, there was standing in the state in 1876, an amount of pine timber approximatin 35,000,000,000 feet. The annual production of lumber in the districts herein described, and from logs floated 0( of the state to mills on the Mississippi, is about 1,200,000,000 feet. The following table giv« the mill capacity per season, and the lumber and shingles manufactured in 1876 : Green Bay Shore Wolf River - . Wisconsin Central Railroad _-. Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad Wisconsis River Black River... — Chippewa River. Mississippi River — using Wisconsin logs. . Total . SEASON CAPACITY. 2O6,0OO,C0O 258,50u,ooo 72, 500 000 34,500,000 222,000,000 101,000,000 311,000,000 5og,oco.oco 1,714,500.000 LUMBER MANUFACTURED IN 1876. 138,250,000 138,645,077 31,530.000 17,700,000 139,700,000 70.852.747 255,866,999 380,067,000 1,172,611,823 SHINGLES MANUFACTURED IN 1876. 85,400,000 123,192,000 132.700,000 10,700,000 106,250,000 37,675,000 79,250.000 206,977,000 782,144,000 If to the above is added the production of mills outside of the main districts and lines of rai way herein described, the amount of pine lumber annually produced from Wisconsin forests woul reach 1,500,000,000 feet. Of the hard-wood production no authentic information is obtainabh To cut the logs and place them upon the banks of the streams, ready for floating to the mill: requires the labor of about 18,000 men. Allowing that, upon an average, each man has a famil of two persons besides himself, dependent upon his labor for support, it would be apparent tha the first step in the work of manufacturing lumber gives employment and support to 54,00 persons. To convert 1,000,000 feet of logs into lumber, requires the consumption of 1,20 bushels of oats, 9 barrels of pork and beef, 10 tons of hay, 40 barrels of flour, and the use of pairs of horses. Thus the fitting out of the logging companies each fall makes a market fo 1,800,000 bushels of oats, 13,500 barrels of pork and beef, 15,000 tons of hay, and 60,000 barrel of flour. Before the lumber is sent to market, fully $6,000,000 is expended for the labo employed in producing it. This industry, aside from furnishing the farmer of the west with th cheapest and best of materials for constructing his buildings, also furnishes a very importan market for the products of his farm. The ([uestion of the exhaustion of the pine timber supply has met with much discussioi during the past few years, and, so far as the forests of Wisconsin are concerned, deserves a brie notice. The great source of supply of white pine timber in the country is that portion of t\v northwest between the shores of Lake Huron and the banks of the Mississippi, comprising thi LUMBER MANTTFACTURE. 191 rthern portions of the states of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. For a quarter of a Ttury these fields have been worked by lumbermen, the amount of the yearly production ving increased annually until it reached the enormous figure of 4,000,000,000 feet. With all this tremendous drain upon the forests, there can be pointed out but one or two sections that ; actually exhausted. There are, however, two or three where the end can be seen and the te almost foretold. The pineries of Wisconsin have been drawn upon for a less period and s amount than those of Michigan, and, it is generally conceded, will outlast them at the present jportionate rate of cutting. There are many owners of pine timber lands who laugh at the aspect of e.xhausting their timber, within their lifetime. As time brings them nearer to the end, ; labor of procuring the logs, by reason of the distance of the timber from the water-courses. I increase, and the work will progress more slowly. In the future of this industry there is much promise. AVisconsin is the natural source of jply for a very large territory. The populous jirairies of Illinois and Iowa are near-by and failing markets. The broad plains of Kansas and the rich valleys of Nebraska, which are still in : cradle of development, will make great drafts upon her forests for the material to construct cities which the first corner-stone is yet unlaid. Minnesota, notwithstanding the fact that large ests exist within her own confines, is even now no mean customer for Wisconsin lumber, and ; ambitious territory of Dakota will soon clamor for material to build up a great and wealthy te. In the inevitable progress of development and growth which must characterize the great st, the demand for pine lumber for building material will be a prominent feature. With the )wth of time, changes will occur in the methods of reducing the forests. With the increasing aiand and enhancing values will come improvements in manipulating the raw material, and a icter economy will be preserved in the handling of a commodity which the passage of time ly makes more valuable. Wisconsin will become the home of manufactories, which will ivert her trees into finished articles of daily consumption, giving employment to thousands of isans where it now requires hundreds, and bringing back millions of revenue where is now ilized thousands. Like all other commodities, lumber becomes more valuable as skilled labor smployed in its manipulation, and the greater the extent to which this is carried, the greater is ; growth in prosperity, of the state and its ]ieople. BANKING IN WISCONSIN. Bv JOHN V. McGregor. Wisconsin was organized as a territory in 1836, and the same year several acts were passed the territorial legislature, incorporating banks of issue. Of these, one at Green Bay and other at Mineral Point went into operation just in time to play their part in the great panic 1837. The bank at Green Bay soon failed and left its bills unredeemed. The bank at ineral Point is said to have struggled a little longer, but both these concerns were short lived, d their issues were but a drop in the great flood of worthless wild-cat bank notes that spread er the whole western country in that disastrous time. The sufferings of the people of Wis- nsin, from this cause, left a vivid impression on their minds, which manifested its results in the pslation of the territory and in the constitution of the state adopted in 1848. So jealous were e legislatures of the territory, of banks and all their works, that, in every act of incorporatior ■ any jMirno^^e, a clause wa/, inserted to the effect that nothing in the act contained should bu 192 HISTORY OF AVISCOXSIX. taken to authorize the corporation to assume or exercise any banking powers; and this proviso was even added to acts incorporating church societies. For some years there can hardly be said to have been ay banking business done in the territory ; merchants and business men were left to their own devices to make their exchanges, and every man was his own banker. In the year [839 an act was passed incorporating the " Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company," of Milwaukee. This charter conferred on the corporation, in addition to the usual powers of a fire and marine insurance company, the privilege of receiving deposits, issuing certifi. c,it-:s 0/ deposit and lending money, — and wound up with the usual prohibition from doing a banking business. This company commenced business at once under the management of George Smith as president and Alexander Mitchell as secretary. The receiving deposits, issuing certifi- cates of deposit and lending money, soon outgrew and overshadowed the insurance branch of the institution, which accordingly gradually dried up. In fact, the certificates of deposit had all the appearance of ordinary bank notes, and served tbe purposes of an excellent currency, being always promptly redeemed in coin on demand. Gradually these issues attained a great circulation all through the west, as the people gained more and more confidence in the honesty and ability of the managers ; and though " runs " were several times made, yet being successfully met, the public finally settled down into the belief that these bills were good beyond cjuestion, so that the amount in circulation at one time, is said, on good authority, to have been over $2,000,000. As the general government required specie to be paid for all lands bought of it, the Wis- consin Marine and Fire Insurance company, by redemption of its " certificates of deposit," furnished a large part of the coin needed for use at the Milwaukee land office, and more or less. for purchases at land offices in other parts of the state, and its issues were of course much in request for this purpose. For many years this institution furnished the main banking facilities for the business men of the territory and young state, in the way of discounts and exchanges. Its right to carry on the operations it was engaged in, under its somewhat dubious and incon- sistent charter, was often questioned, and, in 1852, under the administration of Governor Farwell, some steps were taken to test the matter ; but as the general banking law had then been passed by t!ie leuislature, and was about to be submitted to the people, and as it was understood that the comi any vould organize as a bank under the law, if approved, the legal proceedings were not pressed. While this corporation played so important a part in the financial history and commer- cial development of Wisconsin, the writer is not aware of any available statistics as to the amount of business transacted by it before it became merged in the "Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank." In 1847, the foundation of the present well-known firm of Marshall & Ilsley was laid by Samuel Marshall, who, in that year, opened a private banking office in Milwaukee, and was joined in 1849 by Charles F. Ilsley. This concern has always held a prominent position among the banking institutions of our state. About this time, at Mineral Point, Washburn & Woodman (C. C. Washburn and Cyrus Woodman) engaged in private banking, as a part of their business. After some years they were succeeded by Wm. T. Henry, who still continues the banking office. .\mong the early private bankers of the state were Mr. Kellogg, of Oshkosh ; Ulmann and Bell, of Racine ; and T. C. Shove, of Manitowoc. The latter still continues his business, while that of the other firms has 1 een wound up or merged in organized banks. In 1848, Wisconsin adopted a state constitution. This constitution prohibited the legislature from incorporating banks and from conferring banking powers on any corporation; but provided the question of " banks or no banks " might be submitted to a vote of the electors, and, if the decision should be in favor of banks, then the legislature might charter banks or might enact a BAXKIKG IX AVISCOXSIN. 193 general banking law, but no s\ich special charter or general banking law should have any force until submitted to the electors at a general election, and approved by a majority of votes cast on that subject. In 185 i, the legislature submitted this question to the people, and a majority of the votes were cast in favor of " banks." Accordingly the legislature, in 1852, made a general banking law, which was submitted to the electors in November of that year, and was approved by them. This law was very similar to the free banking law of the state of New York, which had then been in force about fifteen years, and was generally approved in that state. Our law authorized any number of individuals to form a corporate association for banking purposes, and its main provisions were intended to provide security for the circulating notes, by deposit of state and United States stocks or bonds with the state treasurer, so that the bill holders should sustain no loss in case of the failure of the banks. Provision was made for a bank comptroller, whose main duty it was to see that countersigned circulating notes were issued to banks only in proper amounts for the securities deposited, and upon compliance with the law, and that the banks kept these securities good. The first bank comptroller was James S. Baker, who was appointed by Governor Farwell. The first banks organized under the new law were the " State Bank," established at Madi- son by Marshall & Ilsley, and the "Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank," established at Milwaukee under the old management of that company. These banks both went intooperation early in January, 1S53, and, later in that year, the " State Bank of Wisconsin " (now Milwaukee National Bank of Wisconsin), and the " Farmers' and Millers' Bank " (now First National Bank of Milwaukee), were established, followed in January, 1854, by the "Bank of Mil- waukee " (now National Exchange Bank of Milwaukee). From this time forward banks were rapidly established at different points through the state, until in July, 1857, they numbered sixty — with aggregate capital, $4,205,000; deposits, $3,920,238; and circulation, $2,231,829. In October, the great revulsion and panic of 1857 came on, and in its course and effects tried pretty severely the new banks in Wisconsin. Some of them succumbed to the pressure, but most of them stood the trial well. The great source of loss and weakness at that time was found in the rapid decline of the market value of the securities deposited to protect circulation, which were mostly state bonds, and largely those of the southern states; so that this security, when it came to be tried, did not prove entirely sufficient. .Another fault of the system, or of the practice under it, was developed at this time. It was found that many of the banks had been set up without actual working capi- tal, merely for the purpose of issuing circulating notes, and were located at distant and inaccessible points in what was then the great northern wilderness of the state ; so that it was expensive and in f.ict impracticable to present their issues for redemption. While these evils and their rem- edies were a good deal discussed among bankers, the losses and inconveniences to the people were not yet great enough to lead to the adoption of thorough and complete measures of reform. The effect of these difficulties, however, was to bring the bankers of the state into the habit of consulting and acting together in cases of emergency, the first bankers' convention having been held in 1857. This was followed by others from time to time, and it would be difficult to over- value the great good that has resulted, at several important crises from the har.i onious and con- servative action of the bankers of our state. Partly, at least, upon their recommendations the legislature, in 1858, adopted amendments to the banking law, providing that no bank should be located in a township containing less than two hundred inhabitants ; and that the comptroller should not issue circulating notes, except to banks doing a regular discount deposit and e.vchange business in some inhabited town, village, city, or where the ordinary business of inhabited towns, villages and cities was carried on. These amendments were approved by the people at the fall 194 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. election of tliat year. Banking matters now ran along pretty smoothly until the election in i860, of the republican presidential ticket, and the consequent agitation in the southern states threatening civil war, the effects of which were speedily felt; first, in the great depreciation of the bonds of the southern states, and then in a less decline in those of the northern states. At this time (taking the state- ment of July, i860,) the number of banks was 104, with aggregate capital, $6,547,000; circula- tion, $4,075,918; deposits, $3,230,252. ^ During the winter followini^, there was a great deal of uneasiness in regard to our state cur- rency, and CO .tinuous demand upon our banks for the redemption of their circulating notes in coin. Many banks of the wild-cat sort failed to redeem their notes, which became depreciated and uncurrent; and, when the rebellion came to a head by the firing on Fort Sumter, the banking interests of the state were threatened with destruction by compulsory winding up and enforced sale at the panic prices then prevailing, of the sec-urities deposited to secure circulation. Under these circumstances, on the 17 th of April, 1861, the legislature passed " an act to protect the holders of the circulating notes of the authorized banks of the state of Wisconsin." As the banking law could not be amended except by approval of the electors, by vote at a general election, a practical suspension of specie payment had to be effected by indirect methods. So this act first directed the bank comptroller to suspend all action toward banks for failing to redeem their circulation. Secondly, it prohibited notaries public from protesting bills of banks until Dec i, 1861. Thirdly, it gave banks until that date to answer complaints in any proceed- ing to compel specie payment of circulating notes. This same legislature also amended the banking law, to cure defects that had been developed in it. These amendments were intended to facilitate the presentation and protest ef circulating notes, and the winding up of l)ank^ failing to redeem them, and provided that the bank comptroller should not issue circulating notc> except to banks having actual cash capital ; on which point he was to take evidence in all cases ; that after Dec. i, 1861, all banks of the state should redeem their issues either at Madison or Milwaukee, and no bonds or stocks should be received as security for circulation e.xcept those nf the United States and of the state of Wisconsin. Specie payment of bank bills was then practically suspended, in our state, from April 17 to December i, 1861, and there was no longer any plain practical test for determining which were good, and which not. In this condition of things, bankers met in convention, and, after discus- sion and inquiry as to the condition and resources of the different banks, put forth a list of those whose issues were to be considered current and bankable. But things grew worse, and it was evident that the list contained banks that would never be able to redeem their circulation, and the issues of such were from time to time thrown out and discredited without any concert of action, so that the uneasiness of people in regard to the financial situation was greatly increased. The bankers finally met, gave the banks another sifting, and put forth a list of seventy banks, whose circulating notes they pledged themselves to receive, and pay out as current, until Decem- ber I. There had been so many changes that this pledge was thought necessary to allay the apprehensions of the public. But matters still grew worse instead of better. Some of the banks in the "current " list closed their doors to their depositors, and others were evidently unsound, and their circulation so insufficiently secured as to make it certain that it would never be redeemed. There was more or less sorting of the currency, both by banks and business men, all over the state, in the endeavor to keep the best and pay out the poorest. In this state of things, some of the Milwaukee banks, without concert of action, and acting under the apprehen- sion of being loaded up with the very worst of the currency, which, it was feared, the country banks and mercbants were sorting out and sending to Milwaukee, revised the list again, and BANKING IN WISCONSIN. 195 threw out ten of tlie seventy banks whose issues it had been agreed should be received as current. Other banks and bankers were compelled to take the same course to protect them- selves. The consequence was a great disturbance of the public mind, and violent charges of bad faith on the part of the banks, which culminated in the bank riots of June 24, 1861. On that day, a crowd of several hundred disorderly people, starting out most probably only with the idea of making some sort of demonstration of their dissatisfaction with the action of the banks and bankers and with the failure to keep faith with the public, marched through the streets with a band of music, and brought up at the corner of Michigan and East Water streets. The banks had just sufficient notice of these proceedings to enable them to lock up their money and valuables in their vaults, before the storm broke upon them. The mob halted at the place above mentioned, and for a time contented themselves with hooting, and showed no dispo- sition to proceed to violence; but, after a little while, a stone was thrown through the windows of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank, situated at one corner of the above streets, and volleys of stones soon followed, not only against that bank, but also against the State Bank of Wisconsin, situated on the opposite corner. The windows of both these institutions and of the offices in the basements under them were effectually demolished- The mob then made a rus-h into these banks and offices, and completely gutted them, offering more or less violence to the inmates, though no person was seriously hurt. The broken furni- ture of the offices under the State Bank of Wisconsin was piled up, and the torch was applied by some of the rioters, while others were busy in endeavoring to break into the safes of the offices and the vaults of the banks. The debris of the furniture in the office of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance (Company's Bank, was also set on fire, and it was plain that if the mob was not immediately checked, the city would be given up to conflagration and pillage — the worst elements, as is always the case with mobs, having assumed the leadership. Just at that juncture, the Milwaukee zouaves, a small military company, appeared on the scene, and with the help of the firemen who had been called out, the mob was put to flight, and the incipient fire was extin- guished. The damage so far done was not great in amount, and the danger for the moment was over; but the situation was still grave, as the city was full of threats, disturbance and apprehension. By the prompt action of the authorities, a number of companies of volunteers were brought from different places in the state, order was preserved, and, after muttering for three or four days, the storm died away. The effect of that disturbance and alarm was, however, to bring home to the bankers and business men the conviction that effectual measures must be taken to settle our state currency matters on a sound and permanent basis, and that the issues of all banks that could not be put in shape to meet specie payment in December, must be retired from circulation and be got out of the way. A meeting of the bankers was held; also of the merchants' association of Milwaukee, and arrangeinents were made to raise $100,000, by these two bodies, to be used in assisting weak and crippled banks in securing or retiring their circulation. The bankers appointed a committee to take the matter in charge. It happened that just at this time Governor Randall and State Treasurer Hastings returned from New York City, where they had been making unsuccessful efforts to dispose of $800,000 of Wisconsin war bonds, which had been issued to raise funds to fit out Wisconsin volunteers. Our state had never had any bonds on the eastern market. For other reasons, our credit was not high in New York, and it had been found impossible to dispose of these bonds for over sixty cents on the dollar. The state officers conferred with the bankers to see what could be done at home ; and it was finally arranged that the bankers' committee should undertake to get the state banks to dispose of their southern and other depreciated state bonds on deposit to 196 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. secure circulation, for what they would bring in coin, in New York, and replace these bonds witii those of our own state, .which were to be taken by our banks nominally at par — seventy percent, being paid in cash, and the different banks purchasing bonds, giving their individual obligation for the thirty per cent, balance, to be paid in semi-annual installments, with an agreement that the state should deduct these installments from the interest so long as these bonds should remain o.i deposit with the state. By the terms of the law, sixty per cent, of the proceeds of the bonds had to be paid in coin. The bankers' committee went to work, and with some labor and difficulty induced most of the banks to sell their southern securities at the existing low prices in New York, and thus produce the coin required to pay for our state bonds. From the funds provided by the merchants and bankers, they assisted many of the weaker banks to make good their securities with the banking department of the state. By the 19th of July, six of the ten rejected banks that had been the occasion of the riot, were made good, and restored to the list. The other four were wound up, and their issues redeemed at par, and, before the last of August, the value of the securities of all the banks on the current list were brought up to their circulation, as shown by the comptroller's report. Wisconsin currency at the time of the bank riot was at a discount of about 15 per cent., as compared with gold or New York exchange. At the middle of July the discount was 10 to 12 per cent., and early in August it fell to 5 per cent. The bankers' committee continued their work in preparation for the resumption of specie payment on December i. While the securities for the bank circulation had been made good, it was, nevertheless, evident that many of the banks on the current list would not be equal to the continued redemption of their bills in specie, and that they would have to be wound up and got out of the way in season. Authority was got from such institutions, as fast as possible, for the bankers' committee to retire their circulation and sell their securities. The Milwaukee banks and bankers took upon tliemselves the great burden of this business, having arranged among themselves to sort out and withhold from cir^ culation the bills of these banks, — distributing the load among themselves in certain defined proportions. Instead of paying out these doubted bills, the different banks brought to the bank- ers' committee such amounts as they accumulated from time to time, and received from the committee certificates of deposit bearing seven per cent, interest, and these bills were locked up by the committee until the securities for these notes could be sold and the proceeds realized. Over $400,000 of this sort of paper was locked up by the committee at one time ; but it was all converted into cash, and, when the first of December came, the remaining banks of this state were ready to redeem their issues in gold or its equivalent, and so continued to redeem until the issue of the legal-tender notes and the general suspension of specie payment in the United States. In July, 1861, the number of our banks was 107, wth capital, $4,607,000; circulation, $2,317,907 ; deposits, $3,265,069. By the contraction incident to the preparations for redemption in specie, the amount of cur- rent Wisconsin bank notes outstanding December i, 1861, was reduced to about $1,500,000. When that day came, there was quite a disposition manifested to convert Wisconsin currency into coin, and a sharp financial pinch was felt for a few days ; but as the public became satisfied that the banks were prepared to meet the demand, the call for redemption rapidly fell off, and the banks soon began to expand their circulation, which was now current and in good demand all through the northwestern states. The amount saved to all the interests of our state, by this successful effort to save our banking system from destruction, is beyond computation. From this time our banks ran along quietly until prohibitory taxation by act of congress drove the bills of state banks out of circulation. BANKING IN WISCONSIN. 197 The national banking law was passed in 1S63, and a few banks were soon organized under it in different parts of the country. The first in Wisconsin was formed by the re-org.inizatioii of the Farmers' and Millers' Bank, in August, 1S63, as the First National Bank of MilvvaukeCt, with Edward D. Holton as president, and H. H. Camp, cashier. The growth of the new system, however, was not very rapid; the state banks were slow to avail themselves of the privilages o£ the national banking act, and the central authorities concluded to compel them to come in; sa facilities were offered for their re-organization as national banks, and then a ta.x of ten per ceat, was laid upon the issues of the state banks. T'r.is tax was imposed by act of March, 1865, and at once caused a commotion in our state. In July, 1864, the number of Wisconsin state hanks was si.\ty-si.x, with capital §3,147,000, circulation $2,461,728, deposits $5,483,205, and these figures were probably not very different in the spring of 1865. The securities for the circulating notes were in great part the bonds of our own state, which, while known by our own people to be good beyond question, had never been on the general markets of the country so as to be cur- rently known there; and it was feared that in the hurried retirement of our circulation these bonds would be sacrificed, the currency depreciated, and great loss brought upon our banks and people. There was some excitement, and a general call for the redemption of our state ciicula- tion, but the banks mostly met the run well, and our people were disposed to stand by our own state bonds. In .\pril, 1861, the legislature passed laws, calling in the mortgage loans of the school fund, and directing its investment in these securities. The state treasurer was required to recei« Wisconsin bank notes, not only for taxes and debts due the state, but also on deposit, and tn issue certificates for such deposits bearing seven per cent, interest. By these and like means. the threatened panic was stopped; and in the course of a few months Wisconsin state currencj was nearly all withdrawn from circulation. In July, 1865, the number of state banks wai twenty-six, with capital $1,087,000, circulation $192,323, deposits $2,284,210. Under tb« pressure put on by congress, the organization of national banks, and especially the re-organiza- tion of state banks, under the national system, was proceeding rapidly, and in a short time nearlj every town in our own state of much size or importance was provided with one or more of these institutions. In the great panic of 1S73, all the Wisconsin banks, both state and national (in common with those of the whole country), were severely tried; but the failures were few and uiiimjxjr- tant ; and \Visconsin went through that ordeal with less loss and disturbance than aimost any other state. We have seen that the history of banking in Wisconsin covers a stormy period, in wlucla great disturbances and panics have occurred at intervals of a few years. It is to be hoped that a more peaceful epoch will succeed, but permanent quiet and prosperity can not rationally be expected in the present unsettled condition of our currency, nor until we have gone thnsugh the temporary stringency incidental to the resumption of specie payment. According to the last report of the comptroller of the currency, the number of national banks in Wisconsin in November, 1876, was forty, with capital $3,400,000, deiwsits ^7,145,360^ circulation $2,072,869. At this time (July. 1S77) the number of state banks is twenty-si.x, with capital $1,288,231^ deposits $6,662,973. Their circulation is, of course, merely nominal, though there is no legaj obstacle to their issuing circulating notes, except the tax imposed by congress. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. By Hon. H. H. C.II.ES. The material philosophy of a people has to do with the practical and useful. It sees in iron, coal, cotton, wool, grain and the trees of the forest, the elements of personal comfort and sources of material greatness, and is applied to their development, production and fabrication for purposes of exchange, interchange and sale. The early immigrants to Wisconsin territory found a land teeming with unsurpassed natural advantages; prairies, timber, water and minerals, invit- ing the farmer, miner and lumberman, to come and build houses, furnaces, mills and factories. The first settlers were a food-producing people. The prairies and openings were ready for the plow. The ease with which farms were brought under cultivation, readily enabled the pioneer to supply the food necessary for himself and family, while a surplus was often produced in a few months. The hardships so often encountered in the settlement of a new country, where forests must be felled and stumps removed to prepare the soil for tillage, were scarcely known, or greatly mitigated. During the decade from 1835 to 1845, so great were the demands for the products of the soil, created by the tide of emigration, that the settlers found a home market for all their surplus products, and so easily were crops grown that, within a very brief time after the first emigration, but little was required from abroad. The commerce of the country was carried on by the exchange of products. The settlers (they could scarcely be called farmers) would exchange their wheat, corn, oats and pork for the goods, wares and fabrics of the village merchant. It was an age of barter ; but they looked at the capabilities of the land they had come to possess, and, with firm faith, saw bright promises of better days in the building up of a great state. It is not designed to trace with minuteness the history of Wisconsin through the growth of its commercial and manufacturing interests. To do it justice would require a volume. The aim of this article will be to present a concise view of its present status. Allusion will only be incidentally made to stages of growth and progress by which it has been reached. Few states in the Union possess within their borders so many, and in such abundance, elements that contribute to the material prosperity of a people. Its soil of unsurpassed fertility ; its inexhaustible mines of lead, copper, zinc and iron ; its almost boundless forests ; its water-powers, suflScient to drive the machinery of the world ; its long lines of lake shore on two sides, and the " Father of waters " on another, — need but enterprise, energj' and capital to utilize them in building an empire of wealth, where the hum of varied^industries shall be heard in the music of the sickle, the loom and the anvil. The growth of manufacturing industries was slow during the first twenty-five years of our history. The early settlers were poor. Frequently the land they tilled was pledged to obtain means to pay for it. Capitalists obtained from twenty to thirty per cent, per annum for the use of their money. Indeed, it was the rule, under the free-trade ideas of the money-lenders for them to play the Shy lock. While investments in bonds and mortgages were so profitable, few were ready to improve the natural advantages the country presented for building factories and work-shops. COMMERCE AND MAXT'FACTURES. 199 For many years, quite all the implements used in farming were brought from outside the state. While this is the case at present to some extent with the more cumbersome farm machinery, quite a proportion of that and most of the simpler and lighter implements are made at home, while much farm machinery is now manufactured for export to other states. Furs. The northwest was visited and explored by French voyageurs and missionaries from Canada at an early day. The object of the former was trading and gain. The Jesuits, ever zealous in the propagation of their religion, went forth into the unknown wilderness to convert the natives to their faith. As early as 1624, they were operating about Lake Huron and Mackinaw. Father Menard, it is related, was with the Indians on Lake Superior as early as 1661. The early explorers were of two classes, and were stimulated by two widely different motives — the voyag- eurs^ by the love of gain, and the missionaries, by their zeal in the propagation of their faith. Previous to 1679, a considerable trade in furs had sprung up with Indian tribes in the vicinity of Mackinaw and the northern part of " Ouisconsin." In that year more than two hundred canoes, laden with furs, passed Mackinaw, bound for Montreal. The whole commerce of this vast region then traversed, was carried on with birch-bark canoes. The French used them in traversing wilds — otherwise inaccessible by reason of floods of water at one season, and ice and snow at another — also lakes and morasses which interrupted land journeys, and rapids and cataracts that cut off communication by water This little vessel enabled them to overcome all difficulties. Being buoyant, it rode the waves, although heavily freighted, and, of light draft, it permitted the traversing of small streams. Its weight was so light that it could be easily carried from one stream to another, and around rapids and other obstructions. With this little vessel, the fur trade of the northwest was carried on, as well as the interior of a vast continent explored. Under the stimulus of commercial enterprise, the French traders penetrated the recesses ot the immense forests whose streams were the home of the beaver, the otter and the mink, and in whose depths were found the martin, saljle, ermine, and other fur-bearing animals. .\ vast trade in furs sprung up, and was carried on by different agents, under authority of the French government. When the military possession of the northwestern domain passed from the government of France to that of Great Britain in 1760, the relationship of the fur trade to the government changed. The government of France had controlled the traffic, and made it a means of strength- ening its hold upon the country it possessed. The policy of Great Britain was, to charter companies, and grant them exclusive privileges. The Hudson bay company had grown rich and powerful between 1670 and 1760. Its success had excited the cupidity of capitalists, and rival organizations were formed. The business of the company had been done at their trading-stations — the natives bringing in their furs for exchange and barter. Other companies sent their voyageurs into every nook and corner to traffic with the trappers, and even to catch the fur-bear- ing animals themselves. In the progress of time, private parties engaged in trapping and dealing in furs, and, under the competition created, the business became less profitable. In 1815. congress passed an act prohibiting foreigners from dealing in furs in the United States, or any of its territories. This action was obtained through the influence of John Jacob Astor. Mr. Astor organized the .\merican fur company in 1809, and afterward, in connection with the North- west company, bought out the Mackinaw company, and the two were merged in the Southwest company. The association was suspended by the war of 1812. The American re-entered the field in 1816. The fur trade is still an important branch of traffic in the northern part of the state, and, during eight months of the year, employs a large number of men. 200 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Lead and Zinc. In 1824, the lead ore in the southwestern part of Wisconsin began to attract attention. From 1826 to 1830, there was a great rush of miners to this region, somewhat like the Pike's Peak excitement at a later date. The lead-producing region of Wisconsin covers an area of about 2,200 square miles, and embraces parts of Grant, Iowa and La Fayette counties. Between 1829 and 1839, the production of lead increased from 5,000 to 10,000 tons. After the latter year it rose rapidly, and attained its ma.ximum in 1845, when it reached nearly 25,000 tons. Since that time the production has decreased, although still carried on to a considerable e.\tent. The sulphate and carbonate of zinc abound in great quantities with the lead of southwest Wisconsin. Owing to the difficulty of working this class of ores, it was formerly allowed to iccumulate about the mouths of the mines. Within a few years past, metallurgic processes have been so greatly improved, that the zinc ores have been largely utilized. At La Salle, in the state of Illinois, there are three establishments for smelting zinc ores. There is also one at Peru, ni. To smelt zinc ores economically, they are taken where cheap fuel is available. Hence, the focation of these works in the vicinity of coal mines. The works mentioned made in 1875, from ores mostly taken from Wisconsin, 7.510 tons of zinc. These metals are, therefore, impor- tant elements in the commerce of Wisconsin. Iron. The iron ores of \\'isconsin occur in immense beds in several localities, and are destined to prove of great value. From their product in 1S63, there were 3,735 tons of pig iron received at Milwaukee; in 1865, 4,785 tons; in 1868, 10,890 tons. Of the latter amount, 4,648 tons were from the iron mines at Mayville. There were shipped from Milwaukee, in 1868, 6,361 tons of {Mg iron. There were also received 2,500 tons of ore from the Dodge county ore beds. During 1869, the ore beds at Iron Ridge were developed to a considerable extent, and two large blast furnaces constructed in Milwaukee, at which place there were 4,695 tons of ore received, and 2,059 tons were shipped to Chicago and ^Vyandotte. In 1870, 112,060 tons of iron ore were received at Milwaukee, 95,000 tons of which were from Iron Ridge, and 17,060 tons from Esca- naba and Marquette, in Michigan. The total product of the mines at Iron Ridge in 187 1 was 82,284 tons. The Milwaukee iron company received by lake, in the same year, 28,094 tons of Marquette iron ore to mix with the former in making railroad iron. In 1872, there were receivea fiom Iron Ridge 85,245 tons of ore, and 5,620 tons of pig iron. Much of the metal made by the Wisconsin iron company in 1872 was shipped to St. Louis, to mix with the iron made from Missouri ore. The following table shows the production of pig iron in Wisconsin, for 1872, 1873 and 1874, tn tons : Furnaces. 1872. 1873. 1874. Milwaukee Iron Company, Milwaukee. Minerva Furnace Company, Milwaukee Wisconsin Iron Company, Iron Ridge Northwestern Iron Company, Mayville Appleton Iron Company, Appleton 21,818 3.350 5.033 4.888 6,910 3,420 5,600 1.780 29,326 5.822 4.155 4.137 8.044 6,141 7.999 6,832 1,528 33.000 3.306 3.000 6.500 6,000 6,500 7.000 1,300 Green Bay Iron Company, Green Bay National Iron Company, Depere - . . Fox River Iron Company, W. Depere.. Ironton Furnace, Sauk county 52.797 73.980 66,600 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 201 The Milwaukee iron company, during the year 1872, entered into the manufacture of mer- chant iron — it having been demonstrated that the raw material could be reduced there cheaper than elsewhere. The Minerva furnace company built also during the same year one of the most compact and complete iron furnaces to be found any where in the country. During the year 1873, the iron, with most other material interests, became seriously prostrated, so that the total receipts of ore in Milwaukee in 1874 amounted to only 31,993 tons, against 69,418 in 1873, and 85,245 tons in 1872. There were made in Milwaukee in 1874, 29,680 tons of railroad iron. In 1875, 58,868 tons of ore were received at Milwaukee, showing a revival of the trade in an increase of 19,786 tons over the previous year. The operation of the works at Bay View having suspended, the receipts of ore in 1876, at Milwaukee, were less than during any year since 1869, being only 31,119 tons, of which amount only 5,488 tons were from Iron Ridge, and the total shipments were only 498 tons. Lumber. The business of lumbering holds an important rank in the commerce of the state. For many years the ceaseless hum of the saw and the stroke of the ax have been heard in all our great forests. The northern portion of the state is characterized by evergreen trees, principally pine; the southern, by hard-woods. There are exceptional localities, but this is a correct state- ment of the general distribution. I think that, geologically speaking, the evergreens belong to the primitive and sandstone regions, and the hard wood to the limestone and clay formations. Northern Wisconsin, so called, embraces that portion of the state north of forty-five degrees, and possesses nearly all the valuable pine forests. The most thoroughly developed portion of this region is that lying along the streams entering into Green bay and Lake Michigan, and border- ing on the Wisconsin river and other streams entering into the Mississippi. Most of the pine in the immediate vicinity of these streams has been cut off well toward their sources ; still, there are vast tracts covered with dense forests, not accessible from streams suitable for log-driving purposes. The building of railroads into these forests will alone give a market value to a large portion of the pine timber there growing. It is well, perhaps, that this is so, for at the present rate of consumption, but a few years will elapse before these noble forests will be totally destroyed. Most of the lumber manufactured on the rivers was formerly taken to a market by being floated down the streams in rafts. Now, the railroads are transporting large quantities, taking it directly from the mills and unloading it at interior points in Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin, and some of it in eastern cities. From five to eight thousand men are employed in the pineries in felling the trees, sawing them into logs of suitable length, and hauling them to the mills and streams during every winter in times of fair prices and favorable seasons. The amount of lumber sawed in i860, as carefully estimated, was 355,055,155 feet. The amountof shingles made was 2,272,061, and no account was made of the immense number of logs floated out of the state, for manufac- ture into lumber elsewhere. The amount of logs cut in the winter of 1873 and 1874 was 987,000,000 feet. In 1876 and 1877 the Black river furnished 188,344,464 feet. The Chippewa, 90,000,000; the Red Cedar, 57,000,000. There passed through Beef Slough 129,384,000 feet of logs. Hon. A. H. Eaton, for fourteen years receiver of the United States land office at Stevens Point, estimated the acreage of pine lands in his district at 2,000,000, and, taking his own district as the basis, he estimated the whole state at 8,000,000 acres. Reckoning this at 5,000 feet to the acre, the aggregate pine timber of the state would be 40,000,000,000 feet. The log product annually amounts to an immense sum. In 1876, 1,172,611,823 feet were cut. This is about the average annual draft that is made on the pine lands. There seems to be no remedy for the 202 HISTORY OF AVISCONSIN. wholesale destruction of our pine forests, except the one alluded to, the difficulty of transporta- tion, and this will probably save a portion of them for a long time in the future. At the rate of consumption for twenty years past, we can estimate that fifty years would see northern Wiscon- sin denuded of its pine forests; but our lumber product has reached its maximum, and will probably decrease in the coming years as the distance to be hauled to navigable streams increases. In the mean time lumber, shingles and lath will form an important factor in our commerce, both state and inter-state, and will contribute millions to the wealth of our citizens. Grain. Up to 1841, no grain was exported from Wisconsin to be used as food; but, from the time of Its first settlement in 1836 to 1840, the supply of bread stuffs from abroad, upon which t'.ie people depended, was gradually diminished by the substitution of home products. In the winter of 1840 and 1841, E. D. Holton, of Milwaukee, purchased a small cargo of wheat (about 4,000 bushels), and in the spring of 1841, shipped it to Buffalo. This was the beginning of a traffic that has grown to immense proportions, and, since that lime, wheat has formed the basis of the commerce and prosperity of the state, until the city of Milwaukee has become the greatest primary wheat mart of the world. The following table gives the exixsrts of flour and grain from Milwaukee for thirty-two years, commencing in 1845 : FLOUR, bbls. WHEAT, CORN, bus. bus. OATS, bus. BARLEY, bus. RYE, bus. 1845- 1846. 1847. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851 - 1852. 1853- 1854. 1855- 1S56. 1857- 1858. issq- 1860. 1861. 1862. 1863- 1864- 1865- 1866. 1867. 1868. 1869. 1870. 1871. 1872. 1873- 1874- 1875- 1876. 7.550 15.756 34.840 92.732 136,657 100,017 51.889 92.995 104,055 145,032 181,568 188,455 228.442 298,668 282,956 457.343 674.474 711,405 603.525 414.833 567.576 720,365 921,663 017.598 220,058 225.941 ,211,427 ,232,036 ,805,200 217.579 ,163,346 ,654,028 95.510 213.448 598,411 602,474 1,136,023 297.570 317.285 564,404 956,703 1,809,452 2,641,746 2,761,976 2,581,311 3.994.213 4.732.957 7,568,608 13,300.495 14,915,680 12,837,620 8.992,479 10,479. 777 11.634,749 9,598,452 9,367,029 14.272,799 16.127.838 13,409.467 11,570.565 24,994,266 22,255,380 22,681,020 16,804,394 2,500 5.000 13.82S 2,220 270 164,908 112,132 2l8 472 43.958 41.364 37.204 1.485 9.489 88,989 140,786 71,203 480,408 266,249 342,717 93.806 •03,173 419.133 1.557.953 197.920 556.563 226,895 96,908 4,000 2,100 7,892 363,841 131. 716 404.999 13.833 5.433 2,775 562,067 299,002 64,682 1,200 79 831 811, 326, 1,636, 622. 536, 35t. 210. 772. 1.323. 990, 726, 1,160, 1.377. ,094 600 634 472 595 469 539 768 187 929 234 525 035 450 560 15,000 I 15.270 I 103,840 322,261 ' 291,890 339.338 ' 63.379 10,398 , 800 63,178 53.216 I 28,056 5.220 44,800 133.449 23.479 29.597 18,988 30,822 95.036 1 20, 662 469,325 576.453 931.725 688.455 464.837 867,970 1.235.481 54.692 80,365 "3-443 20,030 5.378 11.577 9.735 29,810 126,301 S4.047 lS,2IO 51.444 255.329 106,795 91.443 78,035 62,494 208,896 209,751 255,928 79.879 98,923 220,964 COMMERCE AND MANITFACTURES. 208 Up to 1856, the shipments were ahnosl wholly of Wisconsin products ; but with the comple- tion of lines of railroad from Milwaukee to the Mississippi river, the commerce of Wisconsin became so interwoven with that of Iowa and Minnesota, that the data furnished by the transpor- tation companies, give us no definite figures relating to the products of our own state. Dairv Products. Wisconsin is becoming largely interested in the dairy business. Its numerous springs, streams, and natural adaptability to grass, make it a fine grazing country, and stock thrives remarkably well. Within a few years, cheese-factories have become numerous, and their owners are meeting with excellent success. Wisconsin cheese is bringing the highest price in the markets, and much of it is shipped to England. Butter is also made of a superior quality, and is exten- sively exjiorted. At the rate of progress made during the last few years, Wisconsin will soon take rank with the leading cheese and butter producing states. The counties most largely inter- ested in dairying, are Kenosha, Walworth, Racine, Rock, Green, Waukesha, Winnebago, Sheboy- gan, Jefferson and Dodge. According to estimates by experienced dairymen, the manufacture of butter was 22,473,000 pounds in 1870; 50,130,000 in 1876; of cheese, 1,591,000 pounds in 1870, as against 17,000,000 in 1876, which will convey a fair idea of the increase of dairy produc- tion. The receipts of cheese in Chicago during 1876, were 23,780,000 pounds, against 12,000,000 in 1875 ; and the receipts of butter were 35,384,184, against 30,248,247 pounds in 1875. It is esti- mated that fully one-half of these receipts were from Wisconsin. The receipts of butter in Milwaukee were, in 1870, 3,779,114 pounds ; in 1875, 6,625,863; in 1876,8,938,137 pounds; ot cheese, 5,721,279 pounds in 1875, and 7,055,573 in 1876. Cheese is not mentioned in the trade and commerce reports of Milwaukee until 1873, when it is spoken of as a new and rapidly increasing commodity in the productions of the state. Fork .and Beef. Improved breeds, both of swine and cattle, have been introduced into the state during a few years past. The grade of stock has been rapidly bettered, and stock raisers generally are striving with commendable zeal to aval each other in raising the finest of animals for use and the market. The following table shows the receipts of live hogs and beef cattle at Milwaukee for thir- teen years : YEARS. LIVE HOGS. BEEF CATTLE. YEARS. LIVE HOGS. BEEF CATTLE. 1876 1875 I874-- 1873 1872 I87I 1870 254.317 144.961 242.326 241,099 138,106 126,164 66,138 36,802 46.717 22,748 17,262 14,172 9,220 12,972 1869 1868. 1867 1866 - 1865 1864 1863 - 52.296 48.717 76,758 31,881 7.546 42,250 56,826 12,521 13,200 15.527 12,955 14.230 18.345 14.655 204 HISTORY OF WISCONSIX. The following table shows the movement of hog products and beef from Milwaukee since 1862 • Shipments by Rail PORK, HAMS, MIDDLES AND SHOULDERS. ! LARD. 1 BEEF. andLake. Barrels. 1 lerces. Boxes. Bulk, lbs. Barrels. Tierces. Barrels. Tierces. Totals 1876 . 62,461 56,778 53.702 80,010 90,038 88,940 77.655 69,805 73.526 88,888 74.726 34.013 67.933 90.3S7 56,432 15.439 15.292 17.124 24.954 20,115 20,192 15.819 9.546 13,146 11,614 7.805 2,713 5.927 15.811 12,685 42,678 28,374 39.572 62,211 39,209 14.938 5,875 5.298 3.239 4.522 34.164 5.000 11,634 5,123,818 2,736.778 1,494,112 3,301 601 Q.I 10 21,356 18,950 18,509 24.,399 27.765 19,746 10,950 8,568 5.055 8,820 6,292 2,487 7.207 10, 546 6.761 7,333 4,734 5.015 5.365 4.757 3.892 4.427 7.538 10,150 18,984 11,852 10,427 36866 42,987 33.174 3.439 421 707 462 1,500 1,606 925 2,185 " 1875 " l87d. " 1873 " l372 1,915,610 4,065 4.557.950 6.276 '• 1871- 1870 5,161,941 4,717,630 2,325,150 1,768,190 454.786 863,746 3,932 2,535 1,180 3,637 2.523 3.287 1,929 5,677 10,987 13.538 " 1869 ■■ 1S68 2,221 '• 1867 6,804 " 1866 4.584 1S65 •• 1864. ._ •• 1863 " 1862 5.528 5.871 6.377 3,217 Hops. The culture of hops, as an article af commerce, received but little attention prior to i860. In 1865, 2,864 bales only were shipped from Milwaukee. In addition, a large amount was used by the brewers througnout the state. In 1866, the amount exiorted was increased, and 5,774 bales were shipped to eastern markets. The price, from forty-five to fifty-five cents per pound, stimulated production, and the article became one of the staple products of the counties of Sauk, ("olumbia, Adams and Juneau, besides being largely cultivated in parts of some other counties. In 1867, 26,562 bales were received at Milwaukee, and the prices ranged from fifty to seventy cents per pound. The estimated crop of the slate for 1867 was 35,000 bales, and brought over $4,200,000. In 1868, not less than 60,000 bales were grown in the state. The crop everywhere was a large one, and in Wisconsin so very large that an over-supply was anticipated. But few, however, were prepared for the decline in prices, that far exceeded the worst apprehensions ot those interested. The first sales were made at twenty-five to thirty-five cents per pound, and the prices were reluctantly accepted by the growers. The price continued to decline until the article was unsalable and unavailable in the market. Probably the average price did not exceed ten cents per pound. Notwithstanding the severe check which hop-growing received in 1868, by the unprofitable result, growers were not discouraged, and the croj) of 1869 was a large one. So much of the crop of i868 remained in the hands of the growers, that it is impossible to estimate that of 1869. The new crop sold for from ten to fifteen cents, and the old for from three to five cents per pound. Hop-cultivation received a check from over-production in 1868, from which it did not soon recover. .\ large proportion of the yards were plowed under in 1870. The crop of 1869 was much of it marketed during 1870, at a price of about two and one-half to three and one- half cents per pound, while that of 1870 brought ten to twelve and a half cents. During the year 187 1, a great advance in the price, caused by the partial failure ot the crop in some of the eastern states, and the decrease in price causing a decrease in production, what was left over of the crop of 1870 more than doubled in value before the new reached the market. The latter opened at thirty cents, and steadily rose to fifty and fifty-five for prime COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 205 qualities. The crop of 1 87 2 was of good quality, and the market opened at forty to fifty-five cents as the selling price, and fell fifteen to twenty cents before the close of the year. A much larger 'quantity was raised than the year previous. In 1873 and 1874, the crop was fair and prices ruled from thirty-three to forty-five cents, with increased production. About 18,000 bales were reported as being shipped from the different railway stations of the state. Prices were extremely irregular during 1875, and, after the new crop reached market, fell to a point that would not pay the cost of production. In 1876, prices ruled low at the opening of the year, and advanced from five to ten cents in January to twenty-eight to thirty in November. Over 17,000 bales were received at Milwaukee, over 10,000 bales being of the crop of the previous year. Over 13,000 bales were shipped out of the state. * Tobacco. Tobacco raising is comparatively a new industry in Wisconsin, but is rapidly growing in mportance and magnitude. It sells readily for from four to ten cents per pound, and the plant s easily raised. It is not regarded as of superior quality. It first appears as a commodity of ransportation in the railway reports for the year 187 1, when the Prairie du Chien division )f the St. Paul road moved eastward 1,373,650 pounds. During the four years ending with i876,^there were shipped from Milwaukee an average of 5,1x8,530 pounds annually, the 1: axi- num being in 1874,6,982,175 pounds; the minimum in 1875, 2,743,854 pounds. The crop of :876 escaped the early frosts, and netted the producer from five to seven cents per pound. The jreatar part of it was shipped to Baltimore and Philadelphia. Comparatively little of the leaf aised in the state is used here or by western manufacturers. The crop of the present year, 877, is a large one, and has been secured in good order. It is being contracted for at from four to iix cents per pound. Cranberries. The cranberry trade is yet in its infancy. But little, comparatively, has been done in devel- iping the capabilities of the extensive bodies of marsh and swamp lands interspersed throughout he northern part of the state. Increased attention is being paid to the culture of the fruit; yet, he demand will probably keep ahead of the supply for many years to come. In 1851, less than ,500 barrels were sent out of the state. In 1872, the year of greatest production, over 37,000 (arrels were exported, and, in 1876, about 17,000 barrels. The price has varied in different ■ears, and taken a range from eight to fifteen dollars a barrel. Spirituous and Malt Liquors. The production of liquors, both spirituous and malt, has kept pace with the growth of xjpulation and with the other industries of the state. There were in Wisconsin, in 1872, two Kindred and ninety-two breweries and ten distilleries. In 1876, there were two hundred and linety-three of the former and ten of the latter, and most of them were kept running to their ull capacity. Milwaukee alone produced, in 1876, 321,611 barrels of lager beer and 43,175 )arrels of high wines. In 1865, it furnished 6^,666 barrels of beer, and in 1870, 108,845 barrels, 'n 1865, it furnished 3,046 barrels of high wines; in 1870, 22,867 barrels; and in 1875, 39,005. \ large quantity of the beer made was shipped to eastern and southern cities. The beer made n 1876 sold at the ratf; of ten dollars per barrel, the wholesale price of the brewers bringing the ;um of $3,216,110. The fame of Milwaukee lager beer is widely extended. This city has "urnished since 1870, 1,520,308 barrels which, at the wholesale price, brought $15,203,170. The otal production of beer by all the two hundred and ninety-three breweries of the state for 1876, vas 450,508 barrels. 206 IIISTOHY (IF WISCOXSIX. In 1876, Milwaukee produced 43,175 barrels of high wines, or distilled spirits, and the state of Wisconsin 51,959 barrels. In 1870, the former produced 108,845 barrels of beer and 22,867 barrels of distilled spirits, and in the same year the state of Wisconsin produced 189,664 barrels of beer and 36,145 barrels of distilled spirits. MiSCELL.AXEOUS. Porcelain clay, or kaolin, is found in numerous places in Wood and Marathon counties. The mineral is found in but few places in the United States in quantities sufficient to justify the investment of capital necessary to manufacture it. In the counties mentioned, the deposits are found in e.\tensive beds, and only capital and enterprise are needed to make their development profitable. Clay of superior quality for making brick and of fair' ijuality for pottery, is found in numerous localities. The famous " Milwaukee brick," remarkable for their beautiful cream color, is made from a fine clay which is abundant near Milwaukee, and is found in exten- sive beds at Watertown, Whitewater, Edgerton, Stoughton, and several places on the lake shore north of Milwaukee. At Whitewater and some other places the clay is used with success for the making of pottery ware. Water-lime, or hydraulic cement, occurs in numerous places throughout the state. An extensive bed covering between one and two hundred acres, and of an indefinite de[)th, exists on the banks of the Milwaukee river, and not over one and a half miles from the city limits of Milwaukee. The cement made from the rock of this deposit is first-class in quality, and between twenty and thirty thousand barrels were made and sold last year. The capacity of the works for reducing the rock to cement has been increased to 500 barrels per day. Stones suita- ble for building purposes are widely distributed throughout the state, and nearly every town has its available quarry. Many of these quarries furnish stone of fine (quality for substantial and permanent edifices. The quarry at Prairie du Chien furnished the stone for the capital building at Madison, which equals in beauty that of any state in the Union. .\t Milwaukee, Waukesha, Madison, La Crosse, and many other [ilaces are found quarries of superior building stone. Granite is found in extensive beds in Marathon and Wood counties, and dressed specimens exhibited at the " Centennial " last year, attracted attention for their fine polish. Marbles of various kinds are likewise found in the state. Some of them are beginning to attract attention and are likely to prove valuable. The report of Messrs. Foster & \\hitney. United States geol- ogists, speaks of quarries on the Menomonee and Michigamig rivers as affording beautiful varie- ties and susceptible of a high polish. Richland county contains marble, but its quality is gen- erally considered inferior. Water Powers. Wisconsin is fast becoming a manufacturing state. Its forests of pine, oak, walnut, maple, ash, and other valuable woods used for lumber, are well-nigh inexhaustible. Its water-power for driving the wheels of machinery is not equaled by that of any state in the northwest. The Lower Fox river between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay, a distance of thirty-five miles, furnishes some of the best facilities for manufacturing enterprise in the whole country. Lake Winnebago as a reservoir gives it a great and special advantage, in freedom from liability to freshets and droughts. The stream never varies but a few feet from its highest to its lowest stage, yet gives a steady flow. The Green Bay and Mississippi canal company has, during the last twenty-five years, constructed numerous dams, canals and locks, constituting verj' valuable improvements. .\1I the property of that company has been transferred to the United States government, which has entered upon a system to render the Fox and Wisconsin rivers navigable to the Mississippi. The fall between the lake and Depere is one hundred and fifty feet, and the water can be utilized COMMERCE AND MANUFACTl'RES. 207 in propelling machinery at Neenah, Menasha, Appleton, Cedar, Little Chute, Kaukauna, Rapid Croche, Little Kaukauna and Depere. The water-power at Appleton in its natural advantages is pronounced by Hon. Hiram Barney, of New York, superior to those at Lowell, Paterson and Rochester, combined. The water-power of the Fox has been improved to a considerable extent, but its full capacity has hardly been touched. Attention has been drawn to it, how- ever, and no doubt is entertained that in a few years the hum of machinery to be propelled by it, will be heard the entire length of the thirty-five miles. The facilities presented by its nearness to timber, iron, and a rich and productive agricultural region, give it an advantage over any of the eastern manufacturing points. The Wisconsin river rises in the extreme northern part of the state, and has its source in a great number of small lakes. The upper portion abounds in valuable water privileges, only a few of which are improved. There are a large number of saw-mills running upon the power of this river. Other machinery, to a limited extent, is in operation. The " Big Bull " falls, at Wausau, are improved, and a power of twenty-two feet fall is obtained. At Little Bull falls, below Wausau, there is a fall of eighteen feet, partially improved. There are many other water-powers in Marathon county, some of which are used in propelling flouring- mills and saw-mills. At Grand Rapids, there is a descent of thirty feet to the mile, and the water can be used many times. Each time, 5,000 horse-power is obtained. At Kilbourn City a large amount of power can be obtained for manufacturing purposes. Chippewa river has its origin in small streams in the north part of the state. Explorers tell us that there are a large number of water powers on all the upper branches, but as the country is yet unsettled, none of them have been improved, and very few even located on our maps. Brunette falls and Ameger falls, above Chippewa Falls city, must furnish considerable water- jiower, but its extent is not known At Chippewa Falls is an excellent water-power, only partially improved. The river descends twmty-six feet in three-fourths of a mile. At Duncan creek at the same place, there is a good fall, improved to run a large flouring mill. At Eagle Rapids, five miles above Chippewa Falls, $r 20,00c has been expended in improving the fall of the Chippewa river. The city of Eau Claire is situated at the confluence of the Chippewa and Eau Claire rivers, and possesses in its immediate vicinity water-powers almost unrivaled. Some of them are improved. The citizens of Eau Claire have, for several years, striven to obtain legislative authority to dam the Chippewa river, so as to improve the water-power of the Dells, and a lively contest, known as the " Dells fight," has been carried on with the capitalists along the river above that town. There are immense water-powers in Dunn county, on the Red Cedar, Chippewa ;nd Eau Galle rivers, on which there are many lumbering establishments. In Pepin county also there are good powers. The Black river and its branches, the La Crosse, Buffalo, Trempealeau, Reaver, and Tamaso, furnish many valuable powers. The St. Croix river is not excelled in the value of its water privileges by any stream in the state, except the Lower Fox river. At St. Croix Falls, the water of the river makes a descent of eighty-five feet in a distance of five miles, and the vol- ume of water is sufficient to move the machinery for an immense manufacturing business, and the banks present good facilities for building dams, and the river is not subject to freshets. The Kinnekinnick has a large number of falls, someof them partially improved. Within twenty-five miles of its entrance into Lake St. Croix, it has a fall of two hundred feet, and the volume of water averages about three thousand cubic feet per minute. Rock river affords valuable water- privileges at Watertown (with twenty-four feet fall), and largely improved; at Jefferson, Indian Ford and Janesville, all of which are improved. Beloit also has an excellent water-power, and it is largely improved. Scattered throughout the state are many other water-powers, not alluded 208 IIISTOHV OF AVIS( ONsIX. to in the foregoing. There are several in Manitowoc county ; in Manniette county, also. In Washington county, at West Rend, Berlin, and Cedar Creek, there are good water-powers, partly utilized. At Whitewater, in Walworth county, is a good power. In Dane county, there is a water-power at Madison, at the outlet of Lake Mendota; also, a good one at Stoughton, below the first, or Lake Kegonsa ; also at Paoli, Bellville, Albany and Brodhead, on the Sugar river. In Grant county there are not less than twenty good powers, most of them well-developed. In Racine county, three powers of fine capacity at Waterford, Rochester and Burlington, all of which are improved. The Oconto, Peshtigo and Menoraonee rivers furnish a large number of splendid water- powers of large capacity. The Upper Wolf river has scores of water-powers on its main stream and numerous branches; but most of the country is still a wilderness, though containing resources which, when developed, will make it rich and prosperous. There are numerous other streams of less consequence than those named, but of great imix)rtance to the localities they severally drain, that have had their i)owers improved, and their waterfalls are singing the songs of commerce. On tlie rivers emptying into Lake Superior, there are numerous and valuable water-powers. The Montreal river falls one thousand feet in a distance of thirty miles. Man u f.\ct u res. The mechanical and manufacturing industries of Wisconsin demonstrate that the people do not rely wholly upon agricultural pursuits, or lumbering, for subsistence, but aim to diversify their labors as much as possible, and to give encouragement to the skill and ingenuity of their mechanics and artisans. All our cities, and most of our villages, support establishments that furnish wares and implements in common use among the people. We gather from the census report for 1S70 a few facts that will give us an adequate idea of what was done in a single year, remembering that the data furnished is si.x years old, and that great advancement has been made since the statistics were gathered. In 1S70, there were eighty-two establishments engaged in making agricultural implements, employing 1,387 hands, and turning out products valued at $2,393,400. There were one hundred and eighty-eight furniture establishments, employing 1,844 men, and making $1,542,300 worth of goods. For making carriages and wagons there were four hundred and eighty-five establishments, employing 2.184 men, and their product was valued at $2,596,534; for clothing, two hundred and sixty-three establishments, and value of product $2,340,400 ; sash, doors and blinds, eighty-one shops, and value of product $1,852,370 ; leather, eighty-five tanneries, employing 577 men, and value of products $2,013,000; malt liquors, one hundred and seventy-six breweries, 835 men, and their products valued at $1,790,273. At many points the business of manufacturing is carried on more or less extensively; indeed, there is hardly a village in the state where capital is not invested in some kind of mechanical industry or manufacturing enterprise, and making satisfactory returns; but for details in this respect, the reader is referred to the department of local history. The principal commodities only, which Wisconsin contributes to trade and commerce, have been considered. There remains quite a number of minor articles from which the citizens of the state derive some revenue, such as flax and maple sugar, which can not be separately considered in this paper. Concluding Rem.\rks. Statistics are usually dry reading, but, to one desiring to change his location and seeking information regarding a new country and its capabilities, they become intensely interesting and of great value. The farmer wishes to know about the lands, their value and the ijroductiveness of the soil ; the mechanic about the workshops, the price of labor, and the demand for such wares COMMERCE AND MANUFACTl^RES. 209 as he is accustomed to make ; the capitalist, concerning all matters that pertain to resources, advantages, and the opportunities for investing his money. Our own people want all the infor- mation that can be gained by the collection of all obtainable facts. The sources of such infor- mation are now various, and the knowledge they impart fragmentary in its character. Provision should be made by law, for the collection and publication of reliable statistics relating to our farming, manufacturing, mining, lumbering, commercial and educational interests. Several of the states of the Union have established a "Bureau of Statistics,"' and no more valua- ble reports emanate from any of their state departments than those that exhibit a condensed view of the material results accomplished each year. Most of the European states foster these agencies with as much solicitude as any deiiartment of their government. Indeed, they have become a social as well as a material necessity, for social science extends its inquiries to the physical laws of man as a social being ; to the resources of the country ; its productions ; the growth of society, and to a// those facts or conditions which may increaseor diminish the strength, growth or happiness of a people. Statistics are the foundation and corner-stone of social science, which is the highest and noblest of all tlie sciences. A writer has said that, " If God had designed Wisconsin to be chiefly a manufacturing state, instead of agricultural, which she claims to be, and is, it is difficult to see more than one partic- ular in which He could have endowed her more richly for that purpose." She has all the mate- rial for the construction of articles of use and luxury, the means of motive power to propel the machinery, to turn and fashion, weave, forge, and grind the natural elements that abound in such rich profusion. She has also the men whose enterprise and skill have accomplished most sur-. prising results, in not only building up a name for themselves, but in placing the state in aprouti position of independence. It is impossible to predict what will be the future growth and development of Wisconsin. From its commercial and manufacturing advantages, we may reasonably anticipate that she will in a few years lead in the front rank of the states of the Union in all that constitutes real great- ness. Her educational system is one of the best. With her richly endowed State University, her colleges and high schools, and the people's colleges, the common schools, she has laid a broad and deep foundation for a great and noble commonwealth. It was early seen what were the capabilities of this their newly explored domain. The northwestern explorer, Jonathan Carver, in 1766, one hundred and eleven years ago, after traversing Wisconsin and viewing its lakes of crystal purity, its rivers of matchless utility, its forests of exhaustless wealth, its prairies of wout derful fertility, its mines of buried treasure, recorded this remarkable prediction of which we see the fulfillment: "To what power or authority this new world will become dependent after it has arisen from its present uncultivated state, time alone can discover. But as the seat of empire from time immemorial has been gradually progressive toward the west, there is no doubt but that at some future period mighty kingdoms will emerge from these wildernesses, and stately palaces and solemn temples with gilded spires reaching to the skies supplant the Indian huts, whose only decorations are the barbarous trophies of'their vanquished enemies." " Westward the course of empire takes its way ; The four first acts already passed. A. fifth shall close the drama with the day ; ' Time's noblest offspring is the last." THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. By D. S. DURRIE. In the early part of the seventeenth century, all the territory north of the Ohio river, including the present state of Wisconsin, was an undiscovered region. As far as now known, it was never visited by white men until the year 1634, when Jean Nicolet came to the Green bay country as an ambassador from the French to the Winnebagoes. The Jesuit fathers in 1660 visited the south shore of Lake Superior; and, soon after, missions were established at various points in the northwest. The French government appreciating the importance of ix)ssessing dominion over this sec- tion, M. Talon, intendant of Canada, took steps to carry out this purpose, and availed himself of the good feelings entertained toward the French by a number of the Indian tribes, to establish the authority of the French crown over this remote quarter. A small party of men led by Daumont de St. Lusson, with Nicolas Perrot as interpreter, set out from Quebec on this mission, in 1670, and St. Lusson sent to the tribes occupying a. circuit of a hundred leagues, inviting the nations, among them the Wisconsin tribes inhabitini; the Green bay country, by their chiefs and ambassadors, to meet liim at the Sault Sainte Marie the following spring. In the month of May, 167 1, fourteen tribes, by their representatives, including the Miamis, Sacs, Winnebagoes, Menomonees, and Pottawattamies, arrived at the place designated. On the morning of the fourteenth of June, " St. Lusson led his followers to the top of the hill, all fully equipped and under arms. Here, too, in the vestments of their priestly office were four Jesuits : Claude Dablon, superior of the mission on the lakes, Gabriel Druillettes, Claude AUouez, and Andr^. All around, the great throng of Indians stood, or crouched, or reclined at length with eyes and ears intent. A large cross of wood had been made ready. Dablon, in solemn form, pronounced his blessing on it ; and then it was reared and planted in the ground, while the Frenchmen, uncovered, sang the Vexilla Rcj^is. Then a post of cedar was planted beside it, with a metal plate attached, engraven with the royal arms ; while St. Lusson's followers sang the exaudiat, and one of the priests uttered a jirayer for the king. St. Lusson now advanced, and, holding his sword in one hand, and raising with the other a sod of earth, proclaimed in a loud voice " that he took possession of all tlie country occupied by the tribes, and placed them under the king's protection. This act, however, was not regarded as sufficiently definite, and on the eighth of May, 1689, Perrot, who was then commanding for the king at tlie post of Nadouesiou.x, near Lake Pepin on the west side of the Mississippi, commissioned by the Marquis de Denonville to manage the interests of commerce west of Green bay took possession, in the name of the king, with appropriate ceremonies, of the countries west of Lake Michigan as far as the river St. Peter. The papers were signed by Perrot and others. By these solemn acts, the present limits of Wisconsin with much contiguous territory, came under the dominion of the French government, the jxDssession of which continued until October, 1 761 — a period of ninety years from the gathering of the chiefs at the Sault Ste. Marie in 1671. From the commencement of French occupancy up to the time when the British took posses- sion, the district of country embraced within the present limits of this stale had but few white inhabitants besides the roaming Indian traders; and of these few, the locations were separated by a distance of more than two hundred miles in a direct line, and nearly double that distance by THE Pl^BLIO DOMAIN. 211 the usual watercourses. There was no settlement of agriculturists; there were no missionary establishments; no fortified posts at other points, except at Depere and Green bay on Fox "iver, and perhaps at Prairie du Chien, near the junction of the Wisconsin and the Mississippi. The French government made no grant of lands; gave no attention to settlers or agrica.- turists, and the occupation of the country was strictly military. There were, indeed, a few grants of lands made by the French governors and commanders, previous to 1750, to favored indi- viduals, six of which were afterward confirmed by the king of France. There were also others which did not require confirmation, being made by Cardillac, commanding at Detroit, under special authority of the king; of this latter kind, one for a small piece of thirty acres bears with it, says a writer, " so many conditions, reservations, prohibitions of sale, and a whole cavalcade of feudal duties to be performed by the grantee, that in itself, it would be a host in opposition to the agricultural settlement of any country." The grants just referred to, relate to that part of the French possessions outside the limits of the present state of Wisconsin. Within its limits there was a grant of an extensive territory including the fort at the head of Green bay, with the exclusive right to trade, and other valuable privileges, from the Marquis de Vaudreuil, in October, 1759, to M. Rigaud. It was sold by the latter to William Gould and Madame Vaudreuil, to whom it was confirmed by the king of France in January, 1760, at a very critical period, when Quebec had been taken by the British, and Montreal was only wanting to complete the conquest of Canada. This grant was evidently intended as a perquisite to entrap some unwary persons to give a valuable consideration for it, as it would be highly impolitic for the government to make such a grant, if they continued mas- ters of the country, since it would surely alienate the affections of the Indians. The whole country had already been virtually conquered bj' Great Britain, and the grant of course was not confirmed by the English government. Of the war between the French and English governments in America, known as the Frerich and Indian war, it is not necessary to speak, except in general terms. The English made a determined effort to obtain the possessions claimed by the French. The capture of Quebec in 1759, and the subsequent capitulation of Montreal in 1760, extinguished the domination of France in the basin of the St. Lawrence ; and by the terms of the treaty of Paris, concluded February 10, 1763, all the possessions in, and all the claims of the French nation to, the vast Country watered by the Ohio and the Mississippi were ceded to Great Britain. Among the first acts of the new masters of the country was the protection of the eminent domain of the government, and the restriction of all attempts on the part of individuals to acquire Indian titles to lands. By the King of England's proclamation of 1763, no more grants of land within certain prescribed limits could be issued, and all private persons were interdicted the liberty of purchasing lands from the Indians, or of making settlements within those prescribed limits. The indulgence of such a privilege as that of making private purchases of the natives, conduced to the most serious difficulties, and made way for the practice of the most reprehensible frauds. The policy pursued by the English government has been adopted and acted upon by the government of the United States in the extinguishment of the Indian title to lands in every part of the country. In face of the proclamation of 1763, and within three years after its promulgation, under a pretended purchase f'om, or voluntary grant of the natives, a tract of country nearly one hundred miles square, including large portions of what is now northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, was riaimed by Jonathan Carver, and a ratification of his title solicited from the king and council. This was not conceded ; and the representatives of Carver, after the change of government had 212 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIN". brought the lands under the jurisdiction of the United States, for a series of years presented the same claims before congress, and asked for their confirmation. Such a demand under all the circumstances, could not justify an expectation of success; and, of course, has often been refused. But notwithstanding the abundant means which the public have had of informing themselves of the true nature and condition of Carver's claim, bargains and sales of portions of this tract have been made among visionary speculators for more than half a century past. It is now only a short period since the maps of the United States ceased to be defaced by a delineation of Ihe "Carver Grant." The mere transfer of the dominion over the country from the French to the English govern- ment, and the consequent occupation of the English posts by the new masters, did not in any great degree affect the social condition of the inhabitants. By the terms of capitulation, the French subjects were permitted to remain in the country, in the full enjoyment of their civil and religious privileges. The English, however, did not hold peaceable possession of the territory acquired. The war inaugurated by Pontiac and his Indian allies on the military posts occupied by the English soon followed, and in the month of May, 1763, nine posts were captured with much loss of life. In the spring of 1764, twenty-two tribes who were more or less identified in the outbreak, concluded a treaty of peace with General Bradstreet at Niagara. The expedition of Colonel George Rogers Clark to the Illinois country, and the conquest of the British posts in 1778 and 1779, had the effect to open the way for the emigration of the Anglo-American population to the Mississippi valley; and at the close of the revolutionary war. Great Britain renounced all claim to the whole territory lying east of the Mississippi river. The dominion of the English in the Illinois and Wabash countries, ceased with the loss of the military posts which commanded the Northwestern territory of the United States. As a result of the enterprise and success of Clark, Virginia obtained possession of the Illinois country; his expedition having been undertaken and carried forward under the auspices of that stale. Several of the eastern states under their colonial charters, laid claim to portions of the land comprised in the territory northwest of the Ohio river. The claim of Massachusetts was derived from a grant from King James of November 3, 1620; and included from lat. 420 2' to about lat. 450, extending to the south sea; Connecticut claimed from lat. 4i[ichigan with those of Rock river, were to be offered for sale at the same minimum price, and subject to the same rights of pre-emption as Other public lands of the United States. By the provisions of the state constitution, the secretary of state, the state treasurer and attorney-general, were constituted a board of commissioners for the sale of the school and university lands, and for the investment of tlie funds arising therefrom. In the year 1850 the commissioners put into market, for the first time, the school lands whicli liad been donated to the state. The total quantity of lands offered was 148,021, 44-100 acres, which sold for the sum of $444,265.19. By an act of congress, approved September 4, 1841, there were granted to the state 300,000 acres of land, which were, by act of the territorial legislature of 1849, appropriated to the school fund, and the unsold lands of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company, amounting to about 140,000 acres, were to be included as a part of the above grant. These lands, and the sixteenth section of each township, make up the whole of the school lands of the state. The whole number of acres sold up to the year 1S77 is 1,243,984 acres, and there remain unsold, subject to entry, 216,016 acres. The state university land grant was made in 1838, and seventy-two sections set apart and reserved. The lands were selected in iS;s and 1S46. On the 15th of December, 1854, an act of congress was approved, relinquishing to the state the lands reserved for the salt-springs, and seventy-two sections were granted in lieu thereof, in aid of the university of the state The number of acres amounts to 92,160, all of which have been sold except 4,407 acres, which are subject to entry. Under the re-organization and enlargement of the university, under provisions of chapter 114, of general laws of 1866, section thirteen provides, among other things, that the income of a fund to be derived from the sales of the two hundred and forty thousand acies, granted by congress by act approved July 2, 1862, entitled : " .\n act donating lands to the several states and territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and mechanic arts," be devoted to the state university, and the funds arising therefrom to be known as the "agricultural college fund." All of the grant of lands have been sold except 51,635 acre-. The quantity of lands donated by act of congress August 6, 1846, for the purpose of completing or erecting public buildings at the seat of government, known as "Capitol Lands," amounted to ten entire sections, or six thousand four hundred acres. A grant of lands was made to the state by act of congress, approved SeptembL-r 28, 1850, of all the swamp and overflowed lands within its limits. The total number of acres of this grant, as certified to the state from the government, to the year 1877, is 1,869,677. A grant of land was made by congress, apjjroved March 3, 1863, for the construction of a military mad from Fort Wilkins, Michigan, to Fort Howard, Wisconsin, of every alternate section of public lands, designated by even numbers for three sections in width on each side of said road, and subject to the disposal of the legislature. In 1865 sales of land were made to the number of 85,961.89 acres, which realized the sum of $114,856.54. An act of congress was approved June 25, 1864, granting lands to the state to build a military road from Wausau, Wisconsin, to Ontonagon, on Lake Superior, of every alternate section of land designated as odd sections, for three sections in width on each side of the road. The grant was accepted by the state by law, approved April 10, 1865. An act was also passed by congress, approved .\pril 10, 1866, granting to the state of Wis- consin a donation of public lands to aid in the construction of a breakwater and harbor and ship TIIH IM BLlt: DuilAIX. 229 canal at the head of Sturgeon bay, Wis., to connect the waters of Green bay with Lake Michigan. The grant was for 200,000 acres of land. The grant was accepted by the legislature of 186S. [n 1 874, the same body by resolution transferred to the Sturgeon bayandLake Michigan ship canal ind harbor company 32,342 acres, and the remaining portion was authorized to be sold for agri- :-ultural purposes by said company. The first railroad grant in Wisconsin was by act of congress, approved June 3, 1S56, by the irst section of which there was granted to the state, for the purpose of aiding in the construction )f a railroad from Madison or Columbus, by the way of Portage City, to the St. Croix river or ake, between townships twenty-five and thirty-one, and from thence to the west end of Lake Superior and to Bayfield ; and from Fond du Lac, on Lake Winnebago, northerly to the state line,. ;very alternate section of land designated by odd numbers, for si.x sections in width on each side )f said roads, respectively; the land to be applied exclusively in the construction of said roads,. md to no other purpose whatever, and subject to the disposal of the legislature, and the same ;hall remain public highways for the use of the government, free from toll and other charges- ipon the transportation of property or troops of the United States, with other conditions as to he disposal of said lands. The grant was accepted by the legislature by an act approved October 8, 1856, and on the :ith of the same month an act was approved granting a portion of the lands to the La Crosse & Mississippi railroad company, who were to carry out all the requirements of the original grant. \. supiilementary act was approved the same session, October 13, incorporating the Wisconsin & superior railroad, which company was required to commence the construction of their road on )r before January i, 1857, and to complete the same to Oshkosh before August i, 1858. Of this and grant John W. Cary says: "That portion of the grant given to aid in the construction of I railroad northerly to the state line was conferred on the Wisconsin & Superior railroad company, rhis company was organized in the interest of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac railroad :ompany, and that part of the grant was transferred to it. The road was, in 1859, extended to )shkosli, and thence to Menasha, and finally to Green Bay. In the panic of 1857, the company- ailed to meet its obligations, but was afterward enabled to go on, and continued! in possession mtil June 2, 1859, when its road was sold on the foreclosures of the mortgages given thereon ; ind on the sixth of the same month the present Chicago & Northwestern railroad company was irganized under the statute, by purchasers at said sale, and took possession." .V large portion of the original grant was given for the construction of a road from Madison ir Columbus to the St. Croix river, as before stated. The La Crosse company, during the years 857 and 1858, completed its main line to La Crosse; the Watertown line, from Watertown to Columbus, and partially graded the line from Madison to Portage City. Neither it nor its suc- essors ever received any part of the lands of the land grant. In 1856 and 1857, the La Crosse & Milwaukee railroad graded most of the line from Madi- on to Portage. After the failure of the company, this line was abandoned, and so remained intd 1870, when a new company was organized, under the name of the Madison & Portage City ailroad company. In 1873, an act was passed chartering the Tomah & Lake St. Croix railroad ompany, and repealing and annulling that portion of the land grant which bestowed the lands rom Tomah to Lake St. Croix upon the La Crosse company, and bestowing the same upon the ompany chartered by thi? act. This road is known as the West Wisconsin railroad. .\n act of congress was approved May 5, 1864, granting lands to aid in the construction of ertain rnads in the state. This was a re-enactment of the law of 1856, and divided the grant n three sections, one of which was for a road from a point on the St. Croix river or lake, between. 230 IIISTOKV OF WISCONSIN". townships twenty.five and thirty-one, to the west end of Lake Superior, and from some point on the line of said road, to be selected by the state, to Bayfield - every alternate section designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of said road, with an indemnity extending twenty miles on each side, was granted, under certain regulations ; another, for aidmg in building a road from Tomah to the St. Croi.x river, between townships twenty-five and thirty-one — every alternate section by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of the road ; another for aiding and constructing a railroad from Portage City, Berlin, Doty's Island, or Fond du Lac, as the legislature may determine, in a northwestern direction, to Bayfield, on Lake Superior, and a grant of every alternate section designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of said road, was donated. The legislature of 1S65 failed to agree upon a disposition of the grant. The succeedi.,^^ legislature conferred the grant partly upon the " Winnebago & Lake Superior Railroad Company, and partly upon the " Portage & Superior Railroad Company," the former April 6, 1866, and the latter April 9, 1866. The two companies were consolidated, under the name of the "Portage, Winnebago & Superior Railroad," by act of the legislature, March 6, 1869, and by act of legis- lature approved February 4, 1871, the name was changed to the "Wisconsin Central Railroad. HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. By JOSEPH HOBBINS, M.I). An article on state health, necessarily embracing the etiology, or causes of disease, involves the discussion of the geographical position of the state; its area, physical features; its elevations, depressions; water supply; drainage; its mean level above the sea; its geology; climatology; the nationality of its people; their occupations, habits, food, education; and, indeed, of all the physical, moral and mental influences which affect the public health. Geographical Position. The geographical position of Wisconsin, considered in relation to health, conveys an imme- diate and favorable impression, which is at once confirmed by a reference to the statistical .ul.l^ of the United States. On its north it is bounded by Lake Superior, Minnesota, and the northern peninsula of Michigan; on the south by Illinois; on the east by Lake Michigan, and on the west by the Mississippi. It lies between 42° 3°' and 46" 55 ' N- latitude, and between 87° and ^ 92° 50' W. long.; is 285 miles long from north to south, and 255 in breadth from east to west, . giving it an area of some 53,924 square miles, or 34,5 11,360 acres. Its natural surface divisions, j or proportions, are 16 per cent, of prairie, 50 of timber, 19 of openings, 15 of marsh, mineral undefined. North of 45° the surface is nearly covered with vast forests of pine. The proportion of the state cultivated is nearly one-sixth. Physical Features. Among these, its lacustrine character is most conspicuous, so much so that it may not inaptly | be called the state of a thousand lakes, its smaller ones being almost universal and innumerable HEAJ/nr oi' wiscoNjsix. ■ 231 [t has an almost artificially perfect arrangement of its larger rivers, both for supply and drainage. Is rolling in its surface, having several dividing ridges or water sheds, and varies from 600 to 1,600 feet above the level of the sea, Blue Mounds being 1,729 feet above sea level. Its pine and ;hickly wooded lands are being rapidly denuded, and to some extent converted to agricultural purposes ; its marshes in the north are being reclaimed for cranberry cultivation, and in the more ihickly settled parts of the state for hay purposes. The surface of the state is beautifully diver- sified w'th stream, waterfall and rapids; richly wooded bluffs several hundred feet in height, issuming the most romantic and pleasing forms, and composed of sandstone, magnesian imestone, granite, trap, etc. The health and summer resorts of Wisconsin are illustrative of its- jeauty, and its numerous mineral springs have long since formed an important feature of its character for salubrity. Geology. The geology of Wisconsin does not require from us but a very general notice, as it is only- rom its relation to disease that we have to consider it. This relation is in a measure apparent n the fact that everywhere the topographical features are governed by the strata below them, rhe relationship will be seen still farther in the chemical or sanitary influence of the geological itructures. Through the greater part of the south half of the state limestone is found, the cliff )revailing in the mineral region, and the blue in the other parts; while in the north part of the tate the primitive rocks, granite, slate, and sandstone prevail. South of the Wisconsin river landstone in layers of limestone, forming the most picturesque bluffs, abounds. While west of l,ake Michigan e.\tends up to these rocks the limestone formation, being rich in timber or prairie and. Sandstone is found underneath the blue limestone. The general dip of the stratified ocks of the state is toward the south, about S feet to the mile. Medical geology treats of geology so far only as it affects health. Thus, some diluvial soils'- ind sands are known to be productive of malarial fevers ; others, of a clayey character, retaining vater, are productive of cold damp, and give rise to pulmonary and inflammatory diseases ; vhile others still, being very porous, are promotive of a dry and equable atmosphere. In he Potsdam rocks arise our purest waters and best supply, while our magnesian limestone rocks- a good quality of this kind of rock being composed of nearly equal parts of carbonate of lime .nd carbonate of magnesia) affect the water to the extent of producing simple diarrhoea in those inaccustomed to drinking it, as is observed in southern visitors, and was especially noticeable n the rebel prisoners at Camp Randall, though singularly enough do not seem to produce tone and gravel, as is alleged of the same kind of water in the north of England. Why this is o — if so- is a question of some interest. Goitre and cretinism are both attributed to the use if the same magnesian limestone water. Goitre is by no means an uncommon affection here, >ut not common enough, perhaps, to warrant us in thinking its special cause is in the water. Joiling the water is a preventive of all injurious effects. There is still another objection — partic- ilarly applicable to cities — to this kind of water, the carbonates of lime and magnesia which t contains, not simply making it hard, but giving it the power to promote the decomposition of )rganic matters, and thus where the soil is sandy or porous, endangering the purity of our well- k-ater. Geology in general affects all our soils and their products; all our drainage; even our irchitecture, the material with which we build. Our building stone for half of the state is a nagnesian limestone, a rather soft or poor quality of which will absorb one-third of its bulk of vater, or two and a half gfJlons to the cubic foot, while most kinds of sandstone are nearly as )orous as loose sand, and in some of them the penetrability for air and water is the same. (A ingle brick of poor quality will absorb a pint of water). Such materials used in the construction 232 IIISTOKV Ol' "WISCOXSIN. of our dwellings, without precautionary measures, give rise to rheumatism, other grave diseases, and loss of strength. Besides, this character of stone absorbs readily all kinds of liquid and gaseous impurities, and though hardening in dry air, decays soon when, exposed to underground moisture. The material of which our roads are made, as well as the kind of fuel we use in our homes, have the same unquestionable relationship to geology and disease. Drainage. The natural drainage of the state, bearing in mind that the mean elevation of its hydro- graphical axis is about i,ooo feet above the sea level, is as excellent as it is obvious. (A line running from Lake Michigan across the state to the Mississippi, shows an elevation of about 500 feet). North its drainage is by a few rapid but insignificant streams into Lake Superior, while east it increases greatly and enters Lake Michigan by way of Green bay. The principal part of the supply and drainage, however, is from the extreme north to the southwest through the center of the state, by five large rivers, which empty themselves into the Mississippi at almost equal distances from each other. Climatology. The climatology of Wisconsin will be exhibited in the observat'ons taken at different times, for longer or shorter periods, and at different points of the state. But it must be borne in mind that climate depends quite as much and very frequently more upon the physical surroundings, upon the presence of large bodies of water, like our lakes, upon large forests, like our pineries, like our heavy hard-woods, and of land elevations and depressions, upon isothermal lines, etc., as it does upon latitude. Our historic .period is of a character too brief for us to assume to speak of our climate, or of all the changing causes which influence it — in a positive manner, our horticultural writers, to make the difficulty still greater, affirming that it \\di.% several climates within itself; still, sufficient data have been gathered from sufficiently reliable sources to enable us to form a tolerably accurate idea of the subject. The great modifiers of our climate are our lakes. These, bounding as they do, the one, Lake Superior (600 feet above the level of the sea. 420 miles long and 160 broad), on the north side of the state, and the other, Lake Michigan (1578 feet above the sea level, 320 miles long and 84 broad), on the east side of the state, serve to govern the range of the thermometer and the mean temperature of the seasons, as much as they are governed in New England by the ocean. Our climate is consequently very much like that of the New England sea-board. They both exhibit the same extremes and great extremes, have the same broadly marked continental features at some seasons, and decided tropical features at others. It is of special interest in this con- nection to know that the climate between the eastern coast and the lakes increases in rigor a~ one advances west until the lakes are reached, and again becomes still more rigorous as one advances into the interior west of the lakes, thus affording proof, if proof were wanting, of the modifying and agreeable influences of large bodies of water During the winter the mean temi)erature of the east on the New England coast is 8.3S higher than the west (beyond the lakes) ; during the spring 3.53 lower ; during the summer 6.99 lower; and during the autumn 1.54 higher. In the mean temperature for the year there is but.i fractional difference. That the winters are less rigorous and the summers more temperate on the Great Lakes is demonstrated to be owing not to elevation, but, as on the ocean, to the equal- izing agency of an expanse of water. On the lakes the annual ratio of fair days is 117, and on the New England coast 215 ; the HEALTH OF WISCOXSIX. 233 cloudy days are as 127 to 73; the rainy as 63 to 46 . and the snowy as 45 to 29 In the former the prevailing weather is cloudy, and in the latter it is fair. The immense forests on the upper lake shores of course exercise a considerable influence in the modification of our temperature, as well as in the adding to our rain-fall and cloudy days. A climate of this character, with its attendant rains, gives us that with which we are so abundantly supplied, great variety of food, both for man and beast, the choicest kinds of fruits and vegetables m the greatest profusion, and of the best quality, streams alive with fish, woods and prairies with game, the noblest trees, the most exquisite flowers, and the best breeds of domestic animals the world can boast of. The semi-tropical character of our summer, and its resemblance to that of New England, is shown by the mean temperature — 70^ — for three months at -Salem, Massachusetts, at Albany, New York, at southern Wisconsin, Fort Snelling and Fort Benton on the Upper Missouri, being the same : while at Baltimore, Cincinnati and St. Louis, it is 75", and around the gulf of Mexico it is So''. Another feature of our climate is worthy the notice of invalids and of those who make the thermometer their guide for conifo: I. It is a well-ascertained fact that during the colder seasons the lake country is not only relatively, but positively, warmer than places far south of it. The thermometer, during the severe cold of January, 1856, did not fall so low at the coldest, by to° to 15° at Lake Superior as at Chicago at the same time. This remark holds true of the changes of all periods of duration, even if continued over a month. The mean temperature at Fort Howard, Green Bay, Wisconsin, 600 feet above the level of the Atb.ntic, latitude 44° 40', longitude 87", observations for nine years, is 44.93; and at Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, 580 feet above the level of the Atlantic, latitude 43^ 3', longitude 90" 53', observa- tions for four years, is 45.65, giving a just idea of our mean temperature for the state. Under the head of distribution of heat in winter, it is found that the maximum winter range at Fort Winnebago, Wisconsin, for sixteen years, is 9.4. Hyetal or R.-\iN Character. Wisconsin is situated within what is termed the area of constant precipitation, neither affected by a rainy season, nor by a partial dry season. The annual quantity of rain on an average for three years at Fort Crawford, was 29.54 inches, and at Fort Howard the mean annual on an average of four years, was 38. 83 inches. The annual quantity of rain, on an average of three years was 31. SS inches at Fort Winnebago, situate (opposite the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers) 80 miles west of Lake Michigan and 112 miles southwest of Green Bay. The rain-fall is less in the lake district than in the valley of the Mississippi in the same latitudes. One of the peculiarities of our winters is the almost periodical rain-fall of a few days in the middle of the winter (usually in the middle of January), which extends to the Atlantic coast, while north and northwest of us the dry cold continues without a break, winter being uniform and severe, characterized by aridity and steady low temperature. Another peculiarity of our climate IS, the number of snowy and rainy days is increased disproportionately to the actual quantity — the large bodies of water on the boundaries of the state, contrary to the popular opinion, reduc- ing the annual quantity of rain in their immediate vicinity instead of adding to it, the heavier precipitation being carried further away. One of the most pleasing features of our climate is its frequent succession of showers in summer, tempering as it does our semi-tropical heat, increasing the fertility of the soil, and carpeting our prairies with a green as grateful to the eye as that of England. The hygrometric condition of Wisconsin may be judged of with proximate accuracy by that given of Poultney, Iowa : 234 IIISTOHY OF WISCOXSIX Day. Temperature of Air. Temperature of Evaporat'n Humidity, per cent. Day. 1 Temperature of Air. Temperature of Evaporat'n Humidity, per cent. loth 92° 87 92 96 93 78° 75 77 Si 78 5" 55 48 ig-.li 20 94° 97 96 81 84 81° 81 80 72 71 55 4B 12 21 47 13 -- 14 50 44 29 30 63 50 The average depth of snow for three years, at Beloit, Wisconsin, was twenty-five inches, while at Oxford county, Maine, the average for twelve years was ninety inches. The isohyetal lines of the mean precipitation of rain and melted snow, for the year 1S72, show that of Wiscon- sin to be thirty-two. ISOTHKRMS. The me..n tempL.ature of spring is represented by the isotherm of 45" F. which enters Wis. consin from the west about forty miles south of Hudson, passing in a nearly southeast direction, and crosses the south line of the state near the west line of Walworth county. It then passes nearly around the head of Lake Michigan, then northeast until it reaches the latitude of Milwaukee, whence it passes in a somewhat irregular course east through Ontario, New York, and Massa- chusetts, entering the ocean in the vicinity of Boston. The summer mean isotherm of 70" F. enters Wisconsin from the west but little farther north than the spring isotherm, and passes through the state nearly parallel with the course of that line, crossing the southern boundary near the east line of Walworth county ; passing through Chicago it goes in a direction a little , south of east, and enters the Atlantic at New Haven. The mean isotherm of 47° F. for autumn, ■ enters the state about twenty miles north of Prairie du Chien, passing in a direction a little north of east through Portage, and enters Lake Michigan near Manitowoc. The isotherm of 20" F. representing the mean temperature of winter, enters the state near Prairie du Chien, passes east and north and enters Lake Michigan at Sturgeon bay. The annual mean temperature is repre- sented by the isotherm of 45° F. which enters the state near Prairie du Chien, i)asscs across the state in a direction a little south of east, and enters Lake Michigan a little south of Milwaukee, What influence these isotherms have upon our belts of disease there are no data to show. But from their influence upon vegetable life, one can not but infer a similar good influence or. the animal economy. This is a question for the future. HaRii.MK Tkll AI . Yearly mean of barometer at 32" F. as observed at the University uf Wisconsin, altitude 1 ,088 feet above the sea : 1869 28.932 inches. 1870 28.867 " 1871 28.986 " 1872 28.898 •• 1873 28.892 inches, 1874 28.867 " 1875 28.750 ■' 1876 28.920 Atmospheric pressure, as indicated by the barometer, is an important element in the causation of disease, far more so than is generally thought. The barometer indicates not only the coming of the storm, but that state of the atmosphere which gives rise to health at one time, and to disease at another. When the barometer is high, both the body and mind have a feeling of elasticity, of vigor and activity, and when the barometer ranges low, the feelings of both are just the reverse ; and both of these states, commonly attributed to temperature, are mostly the result of change in the barometric pressure. Many inflammations, as of the lungs, etc., commonly HEALTH OF M ISCOI^SIN. 235 attributed to change in the temperature, have their origin in barometrical vicissitudes. Winds. Generally speaking, the atmospheric movement is from tlie west. It is of little purpose- what the surface wind may be, as this does not affect the i'act of the ionstancy of the westerly winds in the middle latitudes. The showers and cumulus clouds of the summer always have this movement. The belt of westerly winds is the belt of constant and equally distributed rains, the feature of our winds u]ion which so much of (uir health and comfort depends. (XIMATOLOGR'.\L ChANCKS IROM SkTTLING rHK StaTE. There are many theories afloat concerning the effects of reclaiming the soil and the destruc- tion of its forests. To us, a new people and a new state, the question is one of great moment, the more so that it is still in our power not only to watch the effects of such changes, but still more so to control them in a measure for our good. As to the effects upon animal and vegetable life, it would appear that so far as relates to the clearing away of forests, the whole change of" conditions is limited to the surface, and dependent for the most part on the retention and slow evaporation in the forest, in contrast with the rapid drainage and evaporation in the open space. The springs, diminishing in number and volume in our more settled parts of the state, do not indicate a lessening rain-fall. It is a well ascertained fact that in other places so denuded, which have been allowed to cover themselves again with forests, the springs reappear, and the streams are as full as before such denudation. With us, happily, while the destruction of forests is going on in various parts of the state, their second growth \% also going on, both in the pineries, where new varieties of hard-wood take the place of the pine, and in the more cultivated parts of the state, cultivation forbidding, as it does, the practice so much in vogue some years ago, of running fires through the undergrowth. Thus, though the renewal of forests may not be keeping pace with their destruction, it would seem clear that as time advances, the springs and streams in the more cultivated sections of the state will fill and flow again, increasing in proportion as the second growth increases and expands. The change, however, from denudation, though strictly limited to the surface, affects the- surface in other ways than simply in the retention and evaporation of rain. When the winter winds are blowing, the want of the sheltering protection of belts of trees is bitterly felt, both by man and beast. And so, too, in the almost tropical heats of the summer ; both languish and suffer from the want of shade. Nor is the effect of denudation less sensibly felt by vegetable life. The growing of our more delicate fruits, like the peach, the plum, the pear, the better varieties of the cherry and gooseberry, with the beautiful half-hardy flowering shrubs, all of which flourished so well in a number of our older counties some twenty years ago, are as a rule no longer to be found in those localities, having died out, as is believed, from exposure to the cold winds, to the south west winds in particular, and for want of the protecting influence of the woods. In fruits, how- ever, we have this compensation, that, while the more tender varieties have been disappearing, the hardier and equally good varieties, especially of apples, have been increasing, while the grape (than which nothing speaks better for climatology), of which we grow some 150 varieties, the strawberry, the raspberry, blackberry and currant, etc., hold their ground. Nor are the cattle suffering as much as formerly, or as much as is perhaps popularly believed, from this want of forests or tree shelter. With the better breeds which our farmers have been able of late years to purchase, with better blood and better food, and better care, our stock instead of dwindling in condition, or in number, from the effect of cold, has progressed in (juality and quantity, and competes with the best in the Chicago and tlie New York markets. ■236 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN-. There can, however, be no doubt lliat the planting of groves and belts of trees in exposed localities, would be serviceable in many ways; in tempering the air and imparting to it an agreeable moisture in the summer ; in modifying the severity of the cold in winter ; in moderating the extreme changes to which our climate is subject; and thus in a measure preventing those discomforts and diseases which occur from sudden changes of temperature. Besides, these plantings, when made between our homes or villages and malarial marshes southwest of us, serve (by the aid of our prevailing southwest winds) to break up, to send over and above and beyond us the malarial substratum of air to which we are otherwise injuriously exposed. The effects of reclaiming the soil, or "breaking " as it is called in the west, have, years ago, when the state first began to be settled, been disastrous to health and to life. The moist sod being turned over in hot weather, and left to undergo through the summer a putrifying fomen- tative i)rocess, gave rise to the worst kind of malarial, typhoid (bilious) and dysenteric disease. Not, however, that the virulence or mortality altogether depended upon the soil emanations. These were undoubtedly .aggravated by the absolute poverty of the early settjers, who were wanting in everything, in proper homes, proper food and proper medical attendance, medicines and nursing. These fevers have swept the state years ago, particularly in the autumns of 1844 ■and 1845, but are now only observed from time to time in limited localities, following in the autumn the summer's "breaking." But it is pleasing to be able to add that through the advancing prosperity of the state, the greater abundance of the necessaries and comforts of life, and the facilities for obtaining medical care, the diseases incident to "settling" are much less common and much less fatal than formerly. Relations ok Climatdlogv 10 Saniiarv Status. One of the principal reasons for gathering climatological observations, is to obtain sanitary information, which serves to show us where man may live with the greatest safety to his health. Every country, we might perhaps correctly say every state, has, if not its peculiar diseases, at least its peculiar type of diseases. And by nothing is either this type or variety of disease so much influenced as by climate. Hence the great importance of the study of climatology to health and disease, nay, even to the kind of medicine and to the regulating of the dose to be given. It is, however, best to caution the reader that these meteorological observations are not always made at points where they would most accurately show the salubrity of a geographical district, by reason of the fact that the positions were chosen not for this special purpose, but for purely military purposes. We allude to the forts of Wisconsin, from which our statistics for the most part come. Another caution it is also well to bear in mind in looking over the class of diseases reported at these stations in connection with their observations. The diseases are those of the military of the period, a class from which no very favorable health reports could be expected, considering their habits, exposure, and the influences incidental to frontier life. The geography of disease and climate is of special interest to the public, and a knowledge especially necessary to the state authorities, as it is only by such a knowledge that state legis- lation can possibly restrain or root out the endemic diseases of the state. In connection with the gathering of vital statistics must go the collection of meteorological and topographical statistics, as without these two latter the former is comparatively useless for sanitary purposes. More i)articularly does this apply to the malarial diseases of the state. Acclimation is very rarely discussed or even alluded to by our people in relation to Wisconsin, for the reason that, come from whatever part of Europe men may, or from the eastern states, acclimation is acquired for the most part unconsciously, rarely attended by any malarial affection, unless by exposure in such low, moist localities, where even the natives of the state could not HEALTH (iF AVISC'OXSIX. 237 live with impunity. It seems to be well enough established that wiiere malaria exists, whether in London, New York, or Wisconsin ; where the causes of malarial disease are permanent, the effects are permanent, and that there is no positive acclimation to malaria. Hence it should follow that since life and malaria are irreconcilable, we should root out the enemy, as we readily ran by drainage and cultivation, or, where drainage is impossible, by the planting of those shrubs or trees which are found to thrive best, and thereby prove the best evaporators in such localities. Our climate, appro.xiniating as it does the 45th degree (being equi-distant from the equator and pole), would a priori be a common ground of compromise and safety, and from this geographical position is not liable to objections existing either north or south of us. Influence of Nationalitiks. Our population is of such a confessedly heterogeneous character that naturally enough it suggests the question : Has this intermingling of different nationalities sensibly affected our health conditions .' Certainly not, so far as intermarriages between the nations of the Caucasian race are concerned. This opinion is given first upon the fact that our classes of diseases have neither changed nor increased in their intensity by reason of such admixture, so far as can be learned by the statistics or the history of disease in the northwest. Imported cases of disease are of course excepted. Second, because all that we can gather from statistics and history concern- ing such intermingling of blood goes to prove that it is beneficial in every respect, physically, nientallv and morally. England, of all nations, is said to be the best illustration of the good attending an intermingling of the blood of different nations, for the reason that the English character is supposed to be, comparatively speaking, good, and that of all countries she has been perhaps more frequently invaded, and to a greater or less part settled by foreign j^eoples than any other. From a residence of nearly a quarter of a century in the center of Wisconsin, and from an adequate knowledge of its people, whose nationalities are so various and whose intermarriages are so common, it is at least presumable that we should have heard of or noted any peculiar or i-njurious results, had any such occurred. None such, however, have been observed. Some fears have been expressed concerning the influence of Celtic blood upon the American temperament, already too nervous, as is alleged. It is scarcely necessary to say that these fears are unsupported by figures or facts. Reasoning from analogy, it would seem safe to affirm that the general inter- mingling by intermarriage now going on in our population, confined to the Caucasian nationali- ties, will tend to preserve the good old Anglo-Saxon character, rather than to create any new char- acter for our people. If this view needed support or confirmation, it is to be found in some very interesting truths in relation to it. Mr. Edwin Seguin, in his work on Idiocy, lays special stress on the influences of races in regard to idiocy and other infirmities, like deafness. He says that the crossing of races, which contributed to the elimination of some vices of the blood (as may be the case in the United States, where there are proportionally less deaf and dumb than in Europe), produces a favorable effect on the health of the population, and cites as an example, Belgium, which has fewer deaf and dumb than any country in Euroiie, owing to the influence of the crossing of races in past ages from the crowds of northern tribes passing, mingling and partly settling there on the way to England. We are aware that it has been predicted that our future will give us a ticw type, distinct from all other peoples, and that with this type must come not only new diseases but modifications or aggravations of the present diseases, in particular, consumption and insanity. But so long as we are in a formative state as a nation, and that this state seems likely to continue so long as the country has lands to be occupied and there are people in Europe to occupy them, such spec- '-■.lations can he but of little value. 238 IIISTOKV OF -WISCOXSIX. Occupations, Food, Education, etc., as affecting Public Health. The two chief factors of the social and sanitary well-being of a peoi)le are a proper educa- tion of the man and a proper cultivation of the soil. Our two principal occupations in Wisconsin are education and agriculture, the learners in the schools being in excess of tlie laborers on the soil. A happier combination could scarcely be desired, to form an intelligent and a healthy people. How this will affect our habits in the future it is easy .to conceive, but for the present it may be said (of so many different nationalities arc we composed), that we have no habits which serve to distinguish us from the people of other northwestern states. A well-fed and a well-taught people, no matter how mixed its origin, must sooner or later become homogeneous and a maker of customs. In the mean time we can only sjieak of our habits as those of a people in general having an abundance of food, though it is to be wished the workers ate more beef and mutton^ and less salt-pork, and that whisky was less plentiful in the land. The clothing is sufficient, fuel is cheap, and the dwellings comfortable. Upon the whole, the habits of the people are conducive to health. It is thought unnecessarj- to refer to the influence upon health in general of other occupations, for the reason that manufacturers, traders and transporters are for the most part localized, and perhaps not sufficiently numerous to exercise any marked influence on the state health. History of Disease. In searching for historical data of disease in Wisconsin, we are able to go back to tne year 1766, commencing with the aborigines. The Indians, says Carver, in his chapter on their diseases, in general are healthy and subject to few diseases. Consumption from fatigue and exposure he notices, but adds that the disorder to which they are most subject is pleurisy. They are like- wise afflicted with dropsy and paralytic complaints. It is to be presumed that while Carver is speaking generally, he means his remarks to apply, perhaps, more particularly to those Indians with whom he lived so long, the Sioux of this state. That they were subject to fevers is gathered from the use of their remedies for fever, the " fever bush " being an ancient Indian remedy, and equally valued by the inhabitants of the interior parts of the colonies. Besides this, they had their remedies for complaints of the bowels, and for all inflammatory complaints. These notices sufficiently indicate the class of diseases which have certainly followed in the wake of the Indi- ans, and are still occurring to his white brother, making it plain enough that lung diseases, bowel complaints, and fevers are in fact native to the state. The fact must not be ignored that the Indian is subject to the same diseases as the human race in general. After Carver, we may quote Major Long's expedition in 1824. The principal disease of the Sacs appears to be a mortification of the intestinal canal, more common among men than women, the disease proving fatal in four days if not relieved. It is unaccompanied with pain, and is neither hernia, dysentery, nor hemorrhoids. Intermittents were prevalent, and the small-pox visited them at diff'erent periods. As the Chippewas have a common Algonquin origin with the Sacs, and as their home and customs were the same, it may be expected that their diseases were simi- lar. The principal disease to which the Chii^jjcwas are liable is consumption of the lungs, generally affecting them between the ages of 30 and 40 ; they linger along for a year or two, but always fall victims to it. Many of them die of a bowel complaint which prevails every year. This disease does not partake, however, of the nature of dysentery. They are frequently affected with sore eyes. Blindness is not common. Many of them become deaf at an early age. Referring to the report of the commissioner of Indian affairs for 1854, we find that the decrease in the number of the Menomonees is accounted for by the ravages of small-pox, in 1838, HEALia OF WISCOXSTN. 239 'of the cholera, in 1847 (which latter was superinduced by misery and starvation), and by the fever, which from time to time, commonly in the winter, has been raging among them, being clearly the consequence of want of provisions and other necessaries. The report for 1850 says, there has been considerable sickness among the Winnebagoes for several months past ; dysentery has been the prevalent disease, confined mostly to children. For 1857 : the Winnebagoes have suffered considerably from chronic diseases, scrofula and consumption. For 1859; the chief malady among the Winnebagoes is phthisis pulmonalis and its analogous diseases, having its source in hereditary origin. Some of the malignant diseases are occasionally met with among them, and intermittent and remittent fevers. In 1863 : of the Menomonees, there is a large mortality list of the tribes under my charge. Measles and some of the more common eruptive diseases are the causes. But the most common and most fatal disease which affects the Indians at this agency is pneumonia, generally of an acute character. There is but little tubercular disease to be found in any of these tribes, Menomonees, Stockbridges, Oneidas, etc. In the report for 1865, one can not but notice with some regret the absence of all allusion, except to small-po.x, to the diseases of the Indians. Regret, because reliable information of such diseases serves a variety of valuable purposes, for comparison, confirmation, etc., of those of the white population. For these reasons, if for none other, it is to be hoped that the attention of the proper authorities will be called to this feature of such reports. The first reliable report on the diseases of the people (as distinguished from the Indians) of Wisconsin to which we have had access, is Lawson's Army Report of Registered Diseases, for 10 years, commencing 1829, and ending 1838 (ten years before the admission of Wisconsin into the Union as a state). FORT HOW.ARD, GREEN BA\'. Intermittent fever 30 This abstract exliibits the second quar- Remittenl do 11 ters only, the mean strength being Synochal do .-. 4 1,702. Typhu.s do 1 Diseases of respiratory orjjans __ loi All other diseases 114, excepting vene- Diseases of digestive organs ^. 1S4 real diseases, abcesses, wounds, ul- Diseases of brain and nervous system g cers, injuries, and ebriety cases. Dropsies _ I . Rheumatic affections.- _ 61 Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs, are comprised 384 catarrh, 6 pneu- monia, 60 pleuritis, and 28 phthisis pulmonalis; under the class of digestive organs, 376 diar- rhoea and dysentery, 184 colic and cholera, and 10 hepatitis; under the class of diseases of the brain and nervous system, 15 epilepsy, etc. The deaths from all causes, according to the post returns, are 25, being i^ per cent, per annum. The annual rate of intermittent cases is 6, ■and that of remittent is 3, per 100 of mean strength. Table of Ratio oi- Sickness at Fort Howard. Seasons. MEAN STRK.OTH.; --- RATE PER 1,000 OF MEAN STRENGTH TREATED QUARTERLY. 10 first quarters JO second " 1,764 715 1,702 726 1,526 I.OVT 405 425 703 1.594 636 399 Annual rale 1.647 3.150 1. 91 3 240 HISTORY (11' M ISCOXSIX Every man has consequently, on an average, been reported sick about once in every six months, showing this region to be extraordinarily salubrious. The annual ratio of mortality, according to the medical reports, is ^ per cent.; and of the adjutant-general's returns, i-j^j per cent. KORT WI.SNEBAGO. Intermittent fever , 21 Remittent fever - lo Synoch.il fever I Typhus fever — Diseases of the respiratory organs. 141 Diseases of digestive organs _ go Diseases of brain and nervous system.. 2 Rheumatic affections 26 This abstract exhibits the fourth quarters only, the mean strength being 1,571. All other diseases, 80, \vith the exceptions as above. Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs are comprised 448 catarrh, 1 1 pneu- monia, 29 pleuritis and 10 phthisis pulmonalis; under the head of digestive organs, 193 diarrhoea and dysentery, 149 colic and cholera, and 17 hepatitis; under the class of brain and nervous system, i epilepsy. The total number of deaths, according to the post returns, is 20. Of these, 3 are from phthisis pulmonalis, i pleuritis, 2 chronic hepatitis, i gastric enteritis, i splenitis, etc. TABLE OF RATIO OF SICKNESS AT FORT WINNEBAGO. 1 Seasons. mean strength. NIMBEK TREATED. RATE PER 1,000 OF . MEAN STRENGTH TREATED QUARTERLY. ) 10 .Irst quarters 1 1.535 lO second " . 1*505 517 581 360 343 lo third " 1.^27 380 lo f(»urth '* 1 1. 571 495 3'5 2,145 1.39S Every man on an average is consequently reported sick once in eight months and a half^ FORT CRAWFORD. Intermittent fever 262 Remittent fever 61 Synochal fever — — Typhus fever — Diseases of respiratory organs 177 Diseases of digestive organs 722 Diseases of brain and nervous system — 16 Rheumatic affections 58 This abstract exhibits the third quarters only, the mean strength being 1,885. All other diseases, 309, vfith the same list of exceptions as above. Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs are included 1,048 of catarrh, 28 pneu- monia, 75 pleuritis and 13 phthisis pulmonalis; under the head of digestive organs, 933 diarrhoea and dysentery, and 195 colic and cholera; under the head of brain and nervous diseases, 7 epilepsy, etc. The total of deaths, according to the post returns, is 94, the annua] ratio being 2^ per cent. The causes of death are : 6 phthisis pulmonalis, 6 epidemic cholera, i common cholera, 4 remittent fever, 3 dysentery, etc. In the third quarter of 1830 there were 154 cases of fever, while the same quarter of 1836, witli a greater strength, affords but one case, the difference seeming to depend upon the temperature. HEALTH OF WISCOXSIN. 241 The relative agency of the seasons in the production of disease in general is shown in the annexed table : TABLE EXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS. Seasons. MEAN STRENGTH. NU.MBER TRE.\TED. RATIO PER 1,000 OF •MEAN STRENGTH TREATED QUARTERLY. i,66o 1.749 i,8S5 1,878 987 1,267 1,948 1,^70 595 724 1,033 676 10 second " ... lo third " lo fourth " ... .\nnual ratio. 1,793 5,472 3,052 Consequently every man on au average has been reported sick once in nearly every four months. But high as this ratio of sickness is, at this fort, and, indeed, at the others, it is low considering the topographical surroundings of the posts. But besides these injurious topograph- ical and other influences already alluded to, there were still other elements of mischief among the men at these stations, such as " bad bread and bad whisky," and salt meat, a dietary table giving rise, if not to " land-scurvy," as was the case at the posts lower down in the Mississippi valley (more fatal than either small-pox or cholera), at least to its concomitant diseases. The reason for using these early data of the United States .\rmy medical reports in pref- erence to later ones is, that even though the later ones may be somewhat more correct in certain particulars, the former serve to establish, as it were, a connecting link (though a long one) between the historical sketch of the diseases of the Indian and those of the white settler ; and again — these posts being no longer occupied — no further data are obtainable. To continue this historical account of the diseases of Wisconsin, we must now nave recourse to the state institutions. The Institution for the Education of the Blind. The first charitable institution established by the state was formally opened in 1850, at Janesville. The census of 1875 showed that there were 493 blind persons in the state, those 3f school age — -that is — -under 20 years of age, probably amounting to 125. The number of pupils in the institution that year, 82 ; the average for the past ten years being 68. If the health report of the institution is any indication of the salubrity of its location, then, indeed, is Janes- nlle in this respect an enviable city. Its report for 1876 gives one death from consumption, and 1 number of cases of whooping-cough, all recovered. In 1875, ten cases of mild scarlet fever, recovered. One severe and two mild cases of typhoid fever, recovered. For 1S73, no sick list. For 1872, the mumps went through tJie school. For 1871, health of the school reasonably good ; 'ew cases of severe illness have occurred. The Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. This was organized in June, 1852, at Delavan. The whole number of deaf and dumb per^ ions in the state, as shown by the census of 1875, was 720. The report for 1866 gives the lumber of pupils as 156. Little sickness, a few cases of sore throat, and slight bowel affections comprise nearly all the lilments; and the physician's report adds: "The sanitary reports of the institution from its earliest history to the present date has been a guarantee of the healthiness of the location. Having gone carefully over the most reliable tabulated statements of deaf-mutism, its parent- 242 IIISTOHV (iK MisroxsiX. age, its home, its causes, and its origin, we would most earnestly call the attention of the publii to the fact that the chief cause comes under the head of congenital, 75 of the 150 pupils in this institution having this origin. Such a fearful proportion as this must of necessity have its origin in a cause or causes proportionately fearful. Nor, fortunately, is the causation a mystery, since most careful examination leaves not a shadow of doubt that consanguineous marriages are the sources of this great evil. AVithout occupying further space by illustrative tables and arguments, wc would simply direct the attention of our legislators and thoughtful men to the law of this dis- gasc — which is, that the number of deaf and dumb, imbeciles, and idiots is in direct keeping luith the decree of consanguinity. With such a law and exhibit before us, would not a legislative inquiry into the subject, with the view of adopting preventi^^e means, be a wise step.' The evil is fear- ful ; the cause is plain; so, too, is the remedy." Industrial School for Boys. This institution is situated on the banks of the Fox river, at Waukesha, and was organized in i860. The whole number of the inmates since it was opened in July, i860, to October 10. 1876, was 1,291. The whole number of inmates for 1876 was 415. Of these, since the period of opening up to date, October, 1876, 25 havedied: 8, of typhoid fever; i, of typhoid erysipelas; I, of gastric fever; 3, of brain fever; i, nervous fever; 2, congestion of the lungs; 2, congestive chills; 5, of consumption; 1 of dropsy; and i of inflammatory rheumatism. The State Prison. This was located at Waupun in July, 1857. On September 30, 1876, there were 266 inmates. But one death from natural causes occurred during the year. The health of the prisoners has been unusually good, the prevalent affections attendant upon the seasons, of a mild and manageable character. State HosPirAL for the Insane. This institution, located near Madison, was opened for patients in July, i860. The total number of admissions since it was opened has been 1,227 niales, 1,122 females, total 2,349. Over one half of these have been impro^^ed ; nearly one third recoi'cred ; while less than one quarter have been discharged unimproved. Total number of deaths, 288. At the commencement of the year, October i, 1875, there were in the hospital 376 patients. In the report for the year ending September 30, 1876, we find the past year has been one of unusual health in the hospital. No serious epidemic has prevailed, although 20 deaths have been reported, 7 fatally ill before admis- sion, 4 worn-out cases, etc. Insanity, coming as it does, under this head of an article on State Health, is of the highest interest from a state point of view, not only because so much may be done to remedy it, but that still more can and ought to be done by the state to prevent it. Our insane amount to i in 700 of the whole population, the total number in hospitals, poor-houses and prisons being in round numbers 1,400. It is a striking fact, calling for our earnest consideration, that the Germans, Irish and Scandinavians import a.x\A transmit more insanity — three to one — than the American-born population produce. The causes assigned for this disparity, are, as affecting importation, that those in whom there is an hereditary tendency to disease constitute the migratory class, for the reason that those who are sound and in the full possession of their powers are most apt to contend successfully in the struggle to live and maintain their jjosition at home ; while those who are most unsound and unequal to life's contests are unable to migrate. In other words, the strongest will not leave, the weakest can not leave. By this, the character of the migratory is defined. As affects transmission, j)overty is a most fruitful parent of insanity, so too is poor land. Says Dr. Boughton, superintendent of the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane; HEALTH OF AVISCOXSm 243 Wisconsin is characterized by a large poor class, especially in the northern part of the state, where people without means have settled on new and poorly paying farms, where their life is made up of hard work, exposure to a severe climate, bad and insufficient diet, cheerless homes, etc., etc. These causes are prolific in the production of insanity. It is easy, therefore, to trace the causes that give us so large a per cent, of insane in many of the counties of the state. Nor is it of less interest to know, as Dr. B. adds : We draw our patients from those families where phthisis pulmonalis, rheumatism and insanity prevail. Insanity and rheumatism are interchange- able in hereditary cases, so too are insanity and phithisis. ^^'hat may be accomplished by intel- ligent efforts to stem the increase of insanity in our state .'' Much. Early treatment is one means, this is of course curative in its character. And its necessity and advantage are well illustrated in table No. lo of the annual report of Dr. Boughton, for 1876, where it is seen that 45.33 of males, and 44.59 of the females who had been sent to the State Hospital having been insane but three months before admission, were cured, the proportion of cures becoming less in proportion to the longer duration of insanity before admission. As a preventive means, the dissemination of the kind of knowledge that shows indisputably that insanity is largely hereditary, and conse- quently that intermarriage with families so tainted should on the one hand be avoided by the citizen, and on the other hand, perhaps, prevented by the state, (congress at the same time restraining or preventing as far as possible persons so tainted from settling in this country.) By the state, inasmuch as the great burthen of caring for the insane falls upon the state. Still other preventive means are found in the imprmied cultivation of our lands and in our improved education ; in fact, in whatever lessens the trials of the poor and lifts them out of ignorance and pauperism. It is only by culture, says Hufeland, that man acquires perfection, morally, mentally and physically. His whole organization is so ordered that he may either become nothing or anything, hyperculture and the n'ant o{ cultivation being alike destructive. The Northern Hospital for the Insane. This hospital was opened at Oshkosh, May, 1873. The total number under treatment September 30, 1876 was — males 246, females 257, total 503. No ailment of an epidemic charac- ter has affected the health of the household, which has been generally good. The report of Dr. Kempster is full of suggestive matter for the legislator and sociologist. City of Milvi^aukee. Still adhering to the plan, in writing the sanitary history of the state, of gathering up all the health statistics which properly belong to us, we now take up those of Milwaukee, the only city in Wisconsin, so far as we know, that has kept up a system of statistics of its diseases. The city is built on each side of the mouth of Milwaukee river, on the west shore of Lake Michi- gan in lat. 43° 3' 45" N., long. 87° 57' W., and is considered remarkable for its healthy climate. The board of health has furnished us with its report for 1870 and downward. The character of its mortality from June 19, 1869, to March 31, 1870, is thus summarized : In children under five years of age, 758 out of 1,249 deaths, consumption, 93; convulsions, 128; cholera infantum, 59; diarrhoea, 128; scarlet fever, 132; typhoid fever, 52; inflammation of the lungs, 41 ; still- born, 79. This disproportionate number of still-born children is attributed in part to a laxity of morals. The deaths from consumption in Milwaukee are 7 5^ out of every 100, one third less out of a like number of deaths than in San Francisco, in which city, in 4,000 deaths, 441 died of con- sumption, being 11 out of every 100 deaths for the year ending July, 1869. The deaths for 1S70 numl)ered 1,655, the population being at the last census report, 71,636. 244 HISTOIiV OF WISCOXSIK. Table of Principal Causes. Consumption 143 Inflammation of lungs 56 Convulsions 259 Diarrhoea 131 Diptheria. 74 Scarlet fever. 52 Typhoid fever 49 Old age 28 Still-born 123 The Milwaukee population being about 72,000, the death rate per annum for every 1,000 inhabitants would be 21. after proper deductions of deaths from other causes than from disease, showing very favorably as compared with other cities. Glasgow has 39 to every 1,000; Liverpool, 36; London, 25 ; New Orleans, 54; New York, 32 ; San Francisco, 24; Milwaukee, 21. .A.mong seventeen of the principal cities of the Union, Milwaukee ranks the ninth in rate of mortality. .\n impression has prevailed that Milwaukee is subject to a large and disproportionate amount of lung and allied diseases. Statistics disprove this, its deaths from consumption being only 6 percent., while those of Chicago are 7.75 ; of St. Louis, tj.68; of Cincinnati, 11.95; ^"d of Boston, 19.31. But few cases of malarial disease occur in Milwaukee, and fewer cases of intestinal fever than in the interior of the state. The mortality among children is explained by its occurring chiefly among the poor foreign-born population, where all that can incite and aggravate disease is always to be found. This, (the historical part of the health article), will doubtless call forth from the profession much additional and desirable matter, but excepting what will further appear under the head of Madison it is proper to say that we have exhausted the sources of information on the subject within our reach. Health Resorts. Next in order would seem to come some notice of the summer and health resorts of Wiscon- sin, which, significant of the salubrity of the state, are not only becoming more numerous, but ] also more frequented from year to year. Madison, the capital of the state, with a population of 11,000, is built on an isthmus between] two considerable lakes, from 70 to 125 feet above their level; 80 miles west of Milwaukee, in latitude 43° 5' north, and longitude 89° 20' west, in the northern temperate region. The lake basins, and also the neck of land between them, have a linear arrangement, trending northeast and southwest. The same linear topography characterises the whole adjacent country and the boun- dary lines of its various geological formations, this striking feature being due to the former move- ment of glacier ice over the face of the country. At two points, one mile apart, the Capitol and University hills, respectively 348 and 370 feet above the level of Lake Michigan, rise prominently above the rest of the isthmus. Both of these hills are heaps of drift material from 100 to 126 feet thickness, according to the record of the artesian well. The neck of land on which Madison stands is of the same material. The same boring discloses to us the underlying rock structure, pene- trating 614 feet of friable quartzose sandstone belonging to the Potsdam series, loj^ feet of red shale belonging to the same series, and 2095^ f^^' of crystalline rocks belonging to the Archaean. In the country immediately around Madison, the altitude is generally considerably greater, and the higher grounds are occupied by various strata, nearly horizontal, of sandstone and limestone. The Potsdam sandstone rises about 30 feet above the level of Lake Mendota, on its northern shore, where at McBride's Point it may be seen overlaid by the next and hitherto unrecognized layer, one of more or less impure, dark-colored, magnesian limestone, to which the name of Men- dota is assigned, and which furnishes a good building stone. The descent of these strata is about IIKALTII OF WISCONSIN". 245 9 feet to the mile in a due southerly direction. Overlying the Mendota beds are again sandstone layers, the uppermost portions of which are occasionally charged with lo to 20 per cent, of calca- reous and dolomitic matter, and then furnish a cream-colored building stone of considerable value. Most of this stratum which has been designated as the Madison sandstone, is, however, quite non-calcareous, being either a ferruginous brown stone, or a quite pure, white, nearly loose sand. In the latter phase it is of value for the manufacture of glass. In a number of quarries, cuttings and exposed places around the city, the Madison beds are seen to be overlaid by a gray- ish, magnesian limestone, the lower magnesian, varying very considerably in its character, but largely composed of a flinty-textured, heavy-bedded, quite pure dolomite, which is burnt into a good quality of lime. Its thickness exceeds 80 feet. Madison, with the conveniences and com- forts of a capital city, from its easy access by railroads, from not only in itself being beautiful, but from its beautiful surroundings, from its good society, charming climate, and artesian mineral water, is naturally a great summer resort. Though there are no vital statistics of the city to refer to, a residence of nearly a quarter of a century has made us sufficiently acquainted with its sanitary history, which is more or less the sanitary history of this part of the state, and in a measure of the state itself. In 1844 and 1845,. it was visited by an epidemic malarial fever of a bilious type, and not unfrequently fatal, which passed very generally through the state, and was attributed to the turning up of the soil. It was most virulent in the autumns. Again in 1854 it was visited by a light choleraic epidemic, which also swept the state, assuming very generally a particularly mild type. Again in 1857 it suffered lightly from the epidemic dysentery, which passed through the state. In 1865, it suffered from a visitation of diptheria, the disease prevailing generally over the state at that time. It has also had two visitations of the epidemic grip {grippe), or influenza. The last invasion, some five years since, commencing in a manner perhaps worthy of noting, by first affecting the horses very generally, and again, by beginning on the east side of the city, while the other epidemics for the past twenty-five years (unless the choleraic visitation was an exception) came in on the south- west side of the city, as has been the case, so far as we have been able to observe with the light epidemics to which children are subject. But little typhoid fever is found here, and the aguish fevers when they occur are light and easy of control. There is but little diarrhoea or dysen- tery. Pneumonia and its allied affections are more common, so is rheumatism, and so neuralgia. Inflammatory croup, however, is very rare, sporadic diptheria seeming to be taking its place. All the ordinary eruptive fevers of children are and always have been of a peculiarly mild type. Prairie du Chien, situated immediately at the junction of the Wisconsin with the Mississippi, is built about 70 feet above low water, and 642 feet above the level of the sea. The cliffs on both i-ides of the river present on their summits the lower strata of the blue Silurian limestone- of Cincinnati, beneath which are found sandstone and magnesian limestone down to the water's edge. W'a give this notice of Prairie du Chien for the purpose of bringing to the knowledge of the public that it possesses one of the most superb artesian wells in the state, which is attracting many persons by its remedial mineral properties. Green Bay sanitarily may be considered as suflSciently indicated under the head of Fort Howard. It is, however, proper to add that from its geographical position and beautiful situa- tion at the head of the bay, its easy access both by railroad and steamboat, its pleasant days and cool summer nights, it has naturally become quite a popular summer resort, [larticularly for southern people. Racine, some 25 miles south by east by rail from Milwaukee and 62 by rail from Chicago, i> built upon the banks and some 40 feet above the level of the lake. Its soil is a sandy loam and 246 HISTORY OF AVISCOXSIX. gravel, consequently i". has a dry, healthy surface, and is much frequented in the summer for its coolness and salubrity. Waukesha, i8 miles west of Milwaukee by railroad, is a healthy, pleasant place of resort at all times on account of its mineral water, so well known and so highly appreciated throughout the country. Oconomowoc, 32 miles by railroad west by north of Milwaukee, is a healthy and de- lightfully located resort for the summer. Its many lakes and drives form its chief attractions, and though its accommodations were considered ample, during the past summer they were found totally inadequate to meet the demands of its numerous visitors. The Dalles, at Kilbourn City, by rail 16 miles from Portage, is unsurpassed in the northwest for the novelty, romantic character, and striking beauty of its rock and river scenery. It is high and dry ; has pure water and fine air, and every-day boat and drive views enough to fill up a month pleasantly. Lake Geneva, 70 miles by rail from Chicago, is built on the north side of the lake, is justly celebrated for its beauty, and its reputation as a summer resort is growing. Green Lake, six miles west of Ripon, and 89 northwest from Milwaukee, is some 15 miles long and three broad, surrounded by beautiful groves and prairies; and is claimed to be one of the healthiest little places on the continent. Devil's Lake is 36 miles by rail north of Madison. Of all the romantic little spots in Wis- consin, and they are innumerable, there is none more romantic or worthy of a summer visitor's admiration than this. It is, though shut in from the rude world by bluffs 500 feet high, a very favorite resort, and should be especially so for those who seek quiet, and rest, and health. Sparta, 246 miles by rail from Chicago, is pleasantly and healthily situated, and its artesian mineral water strongly impregnated with carbonate of iron, having, it is said, over 14 grains in solution to the imperial gallon, an unusually large proportion, attracts its annual summer crowd. Sheboygan, 62 miles by rail north of Milwaukee, from its handsome position on a bluff over- looking the lake, and from the beauty of its surroundings as well as from the character of its mineral waters, is an attractive summer resort. Elkhart Lake, 57 miles by rail north of Milwaukee, is rapidly acquiring a good name from those seeking health or pleasure. Change in Diseases. In order to ascertain whether the classes of diseases in the state at the date of Carver's travels are the same which prevail to-day, we have compared his description of them with those tabulated in the army medical reports of Forts Howard, Crawford and Winnebago, and again with those given in the U. S. Census for 1870, and with the medical statistics of the city of Milwaukee. The three distinct and prominent classes prevailing from Carver's to the present time, are, in the order of prevalence, diseases of the respiratory organs, consumption, pneumonia, bronchitis, etc.; diseases of the digestive organs, enteritis, dysentery, diarrhoea, etc.; and the malarial fevers. At Fort Howard alone do the diseases of the digestive organs seem to have outnumbered those of the respiratory organs. So far as it is possible to gather from the report of the commissioners of Indian affairs, these features of the relative prevalence of the three classes of disease are not disturbed. There are, however, some disturbing or qualifying agencies operating and affecting the amount or distribution of these classes in different areas or belts. For instance, there are two HEALTH OF WISCONSIN". 247 irregular areas in the state; the one extending from the Mississippi east and north, and the other starting almost as low down as Madison, and running up as far as Green Bay, which are more subject to malarial diseases than are the other parts of the state. While it is found that those parts of the state least subject to diseases of the digestive organs are, a belt along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and a belt running from near Prairie du Chien north into the pineries. Again, it is found that the jiart of the state most subjec' to enteric, cerebro-spinal and typhus fevers, is quite a narrow belt running north from the southern border line into the center of the state, or about two-thirds of the distance toward the pineries. All along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and stretching across the country by way of Fond du Lac to the Mississippi, is a belt much less subject to these disorders. It is equally beyond question that the western shore of Lake Michigan, and the southern shore of Lake Superior, as well as the western half of the southern boundar)'- line of the pineries, are less affected with consumption than the interior parts of the state. The tendency of these diseases is certainly to amelioration. The sanitary history of Wiscon- sin does not differ from that of any other state east of us, in this striking particular; the farther you trace back the history of disease, the worse its type is found to be. It follows, then, that the improvement in public health must progress with the general improvement of the state, as has been the case with the eastern states, and that the consequent amelioration of our malarial diseases especially will tend to mitigate infectious diseases. The ameliorating influences, how- ever, that sanitary science has brought to bear upon disease, of which England is so happy an illustration, has scarcely as )'et begun to be known to us. But the time has come at last when this science is moving both the hearts and minds of thinking and humane men in the state, and its voice has been heard in our legislative halls, evoking a law by which we are, as a people, to be governed, as by any other enactment. The organization of a state board of health is a new era in our humanity. In this board is invested all legal power over the state health. To it is com- mitted all the sanitary responsibility of the state, and the greatest good to the people at large must follow the efforts it is making. There are many other points of sanitary interest to which it is desirable to call the attention of those interested in Wisconsin. It is a popular truth that a dry climate, all other things being equal, is a healthy climate. Our hygrometrical records show Wisconsin to have one of the driest climates in the United States. Choleraic diseases rarely prevail unless in a comparatively stagnant state of the atmosphere, where they are most fatal. Where high winds prevail such diseases are rare. The winds in Wisconsin, while proverbially high and frequent (carrying away and dissipating malarial emanations), are not destructive to life or property, as is tlie case, by their violence, in some of the adjoining states. A moist, warm atmosphere is always provocative of disease. Such a state of atmosphere is rare with us, and still more rarely continuous beyond a day or two. Moist air is the medium of malarial poisoning, holding as it does in solution gases and poisonous exhalations. Its character is readily illustrated by the peculiar smell of some marsh lands on autumnal evenings. Such a state of moisture is seen only in our lowest shut-in marshes (where there is but little or no air-current), and then only for a very limited period, in very hot weather. But too much importance is attached by the public to a simply dry atmosphere for respira- tory diseases. The same mistake is made with regard to the good effects in such disorders of simply high elevations. Dry air in itself or a high elevation in itself, or both combined, are not necessarily favorable to health, or curative of disease. In the light and rare atmosphere of Pike's Peak, an elevation of 6,000 feet, the pulse is accelerated, the amount of sleep is dimin- ished, and the human machine is put under a high-pressure rate of living, conducive only to its 248 HISTOKY or AVISCOXSIN. injuTy. The average rate of the pulse in healthy visitors is from 115 to 120 per minute (the normal rate, in moderate elevations, being about 75). And where there is any organic affection .of the heart, or tendency to bleeding from the lungs, it is just this very dry atmosphere and high elevation that make these remedies {?) deslrnctive. Hence it is that Wisconsin, for the generality of lung diseases, especially when accompanied with hemorrhage, or with heart disease, is prefer- able to Colorado. It may be objected, that the diseases of the respiratory organs are in excess of other diseases in Wisconsin. This feature, however, is not confined to the cold belt of our temperate latitudes — -our proportion of respiratory diseases, be it noted, comparing most favor- ably with that of other states, as may be seen in the following table: Climatologicai, Distribution of Pulmonarv Diseases. Deaths by Phthisis. Per cent. , Deaths by all of entire diseases of Res- .Mortality.lpiratory Organs. Massachusetts, 1850, U. S. Census Ohio, 1849-50, U. S. Census Michigan, 1S50, U. S. Census Illinois, 1849-50, U, S. Census — Wisconsin, 1849-50, U. S. Census 3.426 2.558 17.65 1 8.83 657 866 14-55 7.36 290 9-99 4.418 3.988 1,084 1.799 535 Per cent, of entire Mortality. 22.27 13.77 24.00 15.00 18.43 Now, while the mortuary statistics of the United States census for 1850 are acknowledged to be imperfect, they are, nevertheless, undoubtedly correct as to the causes of mortality. But besides this statistical evidence of the climatologicai causes of disease, there are certain relative general, if not special, truths which serve to guide us in our estimate. Respiratory diseases of all kinds increase in proportion as the temperature decreases, the humidity of the air being the same. Another equally certain element in the production of this class of diseases is variableness •of climate. Still, this feature of our climate is only an element in causation, and affects us, as we shall see in the table below, very little as compared with other states. Indeed, it is still •disputed whether there is not more consumption in tropical climates than in temperate climates. This much is admitted, however, that consumption is rare in the arctic regions. Dr. Terry says the annual ratio of pulmonary diseases is lower in the northern than in the southern regions ^ti the United States, and Dr. Drake, an equally eminent authority, recommends those suffering from or threatened witii pulmonary affections, to retreat to the colder districts of the country, *;iting among others localities near Lake Superior — a recommendation which our e.xperience nl nearly half a century endorses. Proportion of Pneumoni.\ to Consu.mption in the Different States. STATES. CONS. PNEUM. STATES. CONS. PNEUM. Massachusetts Ohio 3.424 2,558 866 549 895 647 North Carolina Kentucky 562 1,288 290 664 429 194 When we compare the general death-rate of Wisconsin with that of the other states of the Union, we find that it compares most favorably with that of Vermont, the healthiest of the New England states. The United States census of 1850, i860 and 1870, gives Wisconsin 94 deaths to 10,000 of the population, while it gives Vermont loi to tvery 10,000 of her inhabitants. The STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 249 ■census of 1870 shows that the death-rate from consumption in Minnesota, Iowa, California and Wis- consin are alike. These four states show the lowest death-rate among the states from consumption, the mortality being 13 to 14 per cent, of the whole death-rate. Cllmatologically considered, then, there is not a more healthy state in the Union than the state of Wisconsin. But for health purposes something more is requisite than climate. Climate and soil must be equally good. Men should shun the soil, no matter how rich it be, if the climate is inimical to health, and rather choose the climate that is salubrious, even if the soil is not so rich. In Wisconsin, generally speaking, the soil and climate are equally conducive to health, and alike good for agricultural purposes. STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 1875. ADAMS COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, cittes and Wliite. Colored s s s B (4 to 1 < 200 77 844 164 861 117 204 240 163 444 74 126 121 199 189 501 127 198 71 221 153 200 100 193 229 137 403 62 118 99 131 182 433 115 1 398 Big Flats 2 4 154 465 317 461 Leoia 217 397 Monroe 469 300 847 136 244 Richfield 220 330 371 934 Wliite Creek 3,451 3.045 a 4 6,502 ASHLAND COUNTY. Asbland 268 141 180 141 448 La Poilite 282 Total 409 321 7.30 BAYFIELD COUNTY. BaySeia.. 538 493 1 BARRON COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, Cities and Wll ite. Colored a S be 343 459 364 326 214 128 240 285 397 319 216 182 84 186 628 Chetac 856 683 Stanford 542 396 Rice Lake 206 426 Total 2,068 1,669 3,737 BROWN COUNTY. Aswabanon AUouez Bellevue Depere Depere village Katon Fort Howard city Gleunmre Green Bay city Green Bay Holland Howard Humbolt Lawrence Morrison New Denmark Pittsfiekl Freble Ro(;kland Scott Suamlco West Depere village. Wriglitstown Total. . 18,376 16. 210 175 143 136 371 337 410 358 943 956 291 208 1,889 1,721 591 482 3,966 4,017 581 542 784 705 687 579 519 467 499 408 765 633 616 529 384 335 838 792 434 372 774 696 477 452 982 941 1.222 1.058 29 385 279 711 768 1,911 499 3.610 1.073 8.037 1.123 1.489 1.266 986 909 1,398 1.145 719 1,642 806 1.470 929 1.923 2.295 35,373 250 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. BURNETT COUNTY. POPULATIOX. Towwp. Cities and White. Colored f •< Villages. 1 S Is. 433 231 87 751 379 191 82 652 11 5 12 28" 4 7 14 25 827 434 195 1,456 BUFFALO COUNTY. 296 34 307 138 376 369 292 277 413 339 275 215 402 341 717 899 552 465 500 254 293 279 137 336 821 282 227 372 309 240 212 383 306 671 664 501 421 494 2 3 550 637 586 275 712 Cross 690 574 Gllmanton Glem;oe 504 785 648 515 427 785 647 1.388 1.563 1.053 88b Fouutaln City village 994 7.517 6,702 2 3 14.219 CALUMET COUNTY. Brothertown . Brllllou Chlltoii Charlestown.. Harrison New Hulsteln ILiutoul Stockbridge... WoodvUle Total. . . . 864 809 12 7 666 507 1.061 1,000 16 lb 668 592 8 4 1.008 875 1 1.016 949 837 753 910 865 161 156 690 639 7,720 6,989 193 183 CLARK COUNTY. 1.692 1.173 2.093 1.267 1,884 1,965 1.590 2.092 1.329 15.085 106 303 183 57 353 58 205 262 84 151 847 137 789 36 132 132 186 22b 70 171 91 210 142 47 n^ 123 237 71 lis 307 123 1? 120 07 21 153 68 135 Eatoll 825 101 Ulxon 328 499 155 Levis 264 654 260 PlDe Valley 1.525 Perkins 73 252 Unity Warner : 239 807 379 138 York 306 Total 3.988 3.294 7 282 CHIPPEWA COUNTY. roPlLATION. Towns. Cities and Wli itc. Colored » s s S 1 361 488 654 3.286 329 1.360 1.046 346 442 269 420 606 1.755 288 1.074 638 252 368 ■'«" ■■4' 630 908 1.260 Clilpnewa Falls city 5.050 617 Eairle Point 2.434 La Kayeite 1.688 598 810 Total 8.312 5.670 6 7 13.995 COLUBIBIA COUNTY. Arlington Caledonia 512 639 481 912 662 662 376 749 515 596 541 705 449 444 853 759 130 2,164 630 409 423 486 580 33 497 584 400 991 647 618 351 712 497 506 505 743 437 409 fl? 119 2.161 556 374 347 442 540 34 r ■4- s ■7' i" 3 '6' 1.009 1,22a 881 1.903 1.309 1.280 727 l,4bl i.012 1.103 1.04(1 Lodl 1.448 886 MurcelloQ 858 1.721 1.496 249 4.337 1.186 783 Siiriiii? Vale 770 west Point 928 1.120 Westw. Vil. of Randolph.. 67 14.710 14.069 ' 15 9 2B,S0a CRAWFORD COUNTY. 177 851 755 818 498 894 411 429 404 184 48B 704 773 583 186 765 688 766 258 404 826 352 .535 424 209 468 687 697 511 ■•4 .... ■■•y 12 "i i' 363 l.blb 1.443 1.564 571 Marietta Prairie ilu Chlen town Prairie (lu Clilcn city- 902 720 tit 953 1.391 1.470 Fourth ward., ijcott Utica 11 Waiizeka 1 094 Total. 7.7E9 7.276 18 1 5 035 Superior . DOUGLAS COUNTY. 386 I 346 I 3 I 6 741 STATLSTICS OF WISCONSIN. 251 DOOR COUNTY. POPULATION. TowN.=, Cities axd White. Colored Male. 1 H 1 Bailey's Harbor 310 359 344 244 420 308 377 166 394 2«6 268 286 230 186 316 279 210 382 206 325 107 278 192 211 259 301 214 181 396 675 623 454 Forestville 802 414 702 273 Liberty Grove 672 418 Sevastopol 479 549 Sturgeon Bay village 632 530 401 Total 4,343 3,677 8,020 DUNN COUNTY. Colfax 178 578 577 261 490 239 1,959 130 130 156 379 628 271 400 128 212 170 458 490 231 463 190 1,467 124 115 313 203 146 308 648 229 263 117 188 348 Dunn "s i" .... T "i' "2 1,036 1,067 429 3,433 254 Pew 345 302 687 1,176 503 663 Titf.iny 245 Westou 400 Total 7,394 6,021 7 5 13 427 DODGE COUNTY. 742 794 1,656 567 593 451 694 701 724 471 451 985 1,143 591 907 156 833 832 1.014 1.318 532 1,006 668 956 149 559 1,072 956 586 615 1,435 628 1,442 1,501 3,455 1,091 1,112 854 1,330 1,402 1,356 853 1,012 1.896 2.240 1.190 1,748 310 1,637 1,597 1.943 2.563 1.069 1.958 1.321 1.868 318 1.065 2,098 1,762 1.145 1.233 2.955 1.070 Beaver Dam town Beaver Dam city 707 1,795 524 619 403 636 701 632 381 508 911 1,097 599 841 154 804 759 929 1,245 537 951 653 912 168 506 1,026 806 558 618 1,520 441 "4" Burnett Clyman Elba Kmmet ........ 25 i .... 28 Fox Laketown Hubbard Horioori village Hustisfonl. "a' "i" r r ■3 r Le Roy Oak (irovo Portlatnl Kublcon Haiulolpli village, £. ward Shields Theresa Trenton Westford Winianistown Watertown ritv, 5 A 6 Wds ■\Vauiinn village, 1st ward,. Total 24.785 23.541 JO „„ 48.394 I>AKE COUNTY. Towns. Cities and Villages. POPULATION. While. Colored ij- rt =: PC4 1^ U^ Albion Berry Black Earth Illooining Grove Blue Mounds Bristol Burke Christiana Cottage Grove Cross Plains Dane l>eerfield Dunkirk Dmtn Fitcbburg Madison town Madison city Mazonianie Medina Middleton Montrose Oregon Perry Primrose Pleasant Springs — Roxbury Rutland Springdale Springtield Stoughton village... Sun Prairie Sun Prairie village.. Vienna Verona Vermont Westport Windsor York Total 26.894 679 692 451 555 659 579 575 853 580 703 597 493 677 686 576 419 1,858 813 726 866 540 655 530 470 569 592 553 522 728 585 615 283 547 546 562 813 629 618 582 543 446 474 531 558 546 740 549 727 671 413 575 687 575 361 5,174 818 691 850 538 704 444 448 C87 659 504 495> 664 622 457 306 479 491 555 808 558 484 25,814 60 30 FON DU LAC COUNTY. 1,261 1,135 897 1,030 1,090 1.137 1,121 1,593 1,130 1,430 1,168 906 1,253 1.173 1.051 788 10.093 1.635 1.417 1.718 1.079 1,359 974 919 1.057 1,151 1.067 1.018 1.393 1.207 972 689 1,026 1,039 1,118 1,621 1,191 1.003 52.798 Ashford 1,064 877 725 685 723 763 527 840 768 793 682 1,109 1,156 1.085 1,374 594 739 655 726 780 918 1,055 748 684 630 611 872 777 642 783 666 498 938 799 686 661 649 713 490 747 676 686 524 1,175 1.248 1.204 1.398 563 727 659 753 731 919 I'A 667 681 5S4 981 862 580 717 644 478 4 'V 1 i 5 3 3 1 "s 28 23 1 1 2 ■■4' ■■3" "5' 11 3 1 ■j- 27 '\ ■4" r 1 5 2.00B 1.676 1,411 1.346 1,372 E(leii 1,476 1,029 1,587 FondduLac 1,445 1.479 1,107 Fonddii Lac city— 2.300 2.409 2.295 l-'oiirtli \v;inl Finn w;ii.l Sixth wuril 2,774 1,157 1,481 1.869 1.523 1,513 1,838 Marshlield 1,95a 1,421 Osceola .. 1,361 1.211 1,200 Kiponeily— 1,854 1,647 1,22a 1,500 1 2 "i" 1,311 Wuupun village, N. ward.. 979 ToLll 26,149 24,604 98 80 50,341 252 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. POPULATIOX. Towns. ClTlKS AND While. Colored S Is z 1 S < 549 461 419 4,646 221 158 701 496 260 93 327 393 507 383 387 3.777 179 163 553 483 243 18 290 327 is ■■4" 1,056 844 8.410 400 321 1.254 959 503 171 EauCIairecily Pleasant Vallev Xotal 8,724 7,250 13 4 15.991 GREEN COUNTY. Adams 476 565 585 669 695 759 . Villages. POPULATION. White. Colored Gillett Little Suamico aiaple Valley.. Marinette Oconto town... Oconto city Feshtigo Pensaukee Stiles Total 196 551 152 1,446 563 2.371 1.495 744 268 7,786 179 361 108 1,086 453 2.086 1.022 537 185 6.017 "3' 1 "2' 2 1 6 3 OUTAGAMIE COUNTY'. OZAUKEE COUNTY. Cedarburg Belgium Fredonia Grafton Mequon Port Washington, Saukville Total 1,376 1.268 1,043 1,009 992 924 910 844 1,617 1,522 1,497 1,481 1,081 979 8,516 8,029 1 1 PIERCE COUNTY. 13,812 3.307 489 638 546 836 238 536 170 689 850 842 719 562 980 408 111 100 290 759 3,403 492 429 463 718 179 516 140 655 731 811 669 533 937 236 338 92 100 247 624 11 ■4' "4' "3" l- 9 "i' 1 "t" 6.730 974 Black Creek . . . 1.009 417 Dale 1.052 310 Deer Creek Ellington 1 353 1.581 1.653 1 095 1,917 499 203 New London, 3d ward 200 537 1 384 Total 13,233 12..113 22 20 25,558 . 2,644 . 1 2.052 , . 1.916 11 1.766 .1 3.139 .1 2.978 2.060 16.545 Clifton 388 307 645 287 380 628 124 556 644 484 535 963 430 167 403 513 297 326 824 250 554 248 343 542 101 614 480 415 544 934 369 141 327 454 252 253 "l 712 Diamond Bluff .557 1.200 El Paso 535 723 H.artland 1.170 Isabella 225 1.070 Maiden Rock 1 024 ■«9 10 "4 "2 899 1 132 River Falls 1.916 Rock Elm 799 308 730 Trimbelle 973 Trenton 549 Union 579 Total 7,977 7.045 44 35 15.101 STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 255 POLK COUNTY. Towns, Cities and VlLLAOKS. POPULATION White. Colored c rt a s — S t^ ^ ;*s Vlden Kl»ck Brook.. Balsam Lake., Eureka , Farmington... Linroln Luck Lorain Laketown , Milltown , Osceola , St. Croix Falls, Sterling , Total 510 447 376 318 266 268 12 9 209 174 425 363 .... 399 3i3 209 141 56 47 61 45 160 157 105 85 i(» » 486 438 208 198 134 110 3548 3,043 78 65 957 694 555 383 777 731 453 106 317 209 914 406 244 6.736 PORTAGE COUNTY. Amherst 650 376 248 394 277 126 522 309 244 541 671 141 651 783 234 719 741 315 575 345 330 332 232 120 497 295 199 496 514 130 616 711 134 612 687 289 .... 1 1.225 731 478 Hueiia Vista 726 509 346 Hull 1,019 604 443 1,037 Plover PineGrove 1,085 271 1.367 1,494 368 Stevens Point city- 1,331 1,428 604 Total 7,843 7,0- 1 14,856 PEPIN COUNTY. Albany Duianil , Frankfort.., Lima Pepin Stockholm., Waterville., Waubeek..., Total S.OtJO 2,750 2 194 181 497 478 271 233 311 274 759 644 315 288 593 535 120 117 375 975 504 585 1,406 606 1,128 237 5,816 ROCK COUNTS. Avon lieloittowii Reloit tity 445 377 2,162 506 542 966 1,060 613 ' 468 5,040 611 4.34 698 562 945 483 639 609 522 580 592 1,009 433 344 2,371 473 498 952 950 523 400 5,015 576 387 533 515 930 471 •603 546 497 558 537 1,013 "i' "2" 1 34 ■ 4 1 r 1 33" 1" 2 26 T 1 878 723 4.605 981 1.041 1,922 Fulton 2,011 Harmony 1,136 853 10,115 1 191 823 1,131 Magnolia 1,079 1,877 954 1.243 "2" 1 1,155 Rock 1,019 1,138 Tiiirtle Union 1.131 2 025 KACINE COUNTY. Towns, Cities and Villages. rOPULATION. White. Colored - Village.**. ee c o CS « c 5 « a -A Ui b < Arcadia 1,464 201 547 293 285 774 889 557 410 755 316 406 882 1368 169 493 212 291 741 856 463 335 706 303 412 795 2.832 370 1,040 "3' T — .... 510 576 Ettrlcli 1.515 (iale 1.745 Hale l.Oio 745 1.484 619 878 Trempealeau 1.678 Total 7.844 7.144 ' 14,992 TAYLOR COUNTY. Mpdf.nd... 1 5421 2971 7, 3 1 849 VERNON COUNTY. 476 734 483 506 361 703 358 451 650 519 584 642 554 254 464 659 355 1,046 522 442 403 4.^8 640 456 451 343 638 359 434 569 487 524 552 561 223 435 621 266 970 473 441 344 1 '55 ■ l" 1 1 58 .... .... "l" :::: 936 1.374 Clinton 939 957 812 1.341 717 Greenwood 885 1.219 1.006 1.108 1,194 Kickapoo Liberty 1.115 447 899 1,280 623 2.016 9!I6 Wheatland 883 747 Total 11,166 10,245 58 55 81,524 WALWORTH COUNTY. Uloomfield Darien Delavaii village 591 713 836 385 704 510 836 541 514 506 443 736 490 1,001 596 502 530 655 2,060 516 729 933 879 685 5«9 844 IBS 495 449 427 664 435 973 584 476 481 616 S.32S V 1.107 1.442 1,785 764 East Troy KIkliorn 1,389 T T 7 ■g' 1.0il9 1 6S0 1.010 i.oun 955 Lion . . 870 1.4^0 9-.'6 1,!IS9 1.1 SO 978 2 "8 1,011 1.270 Whitewater 4.396 Total 13,149 13,067 18 25 86,259 STATISTICS OF AVISCONSIN. 2r.r WASHINGTON COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, cities and White. Colored Male. Female. — 6 i Addison Bartou Erin Faniiington Germantowu Hartford , Jackson Kewaskum , Polk Richfield , SchleisingerviUe.. Trenton Wayne , West Bend town.. . West Bend village Total 951 85 V 1 808 860 689 1 t.... 1,350 612 571 ....1.... 1 183 878 8:19 ....1... 1,717 1.030 955 ....'.--- 1,403 1,321 3 2,727 1,038 1,014 2,042 731 703 1,434 936 830 1.756 921 819 .... 1,740 220 IHO .... 380 1,005 907 1.913 855 855 1,710 451 444 893 601 634 1,225 12,282 11,576 4 23,862 WAUKESHA COUNTY. Brooklielil DelaBeld EaRle Genesee Lisbon Menonioiiee Merton Mukwonago Muskego New Berlin Ottawa Ocononiowoc town., Ocononiowoc city.. Pewaukee Summit Vernon Wnukeslia town — Waukeslia viliage.. Total 15,140 1.128 792 617 746 761 1,205 ■ 778 563 766 887 464 759 996 1,054 619 657 1.031 1.318 1,095 716. 606 629 668 1,143 736 673 684 830 419 710 1,115 1,016 540 588 700 1.449 14,19 WAUPACA COUNTY'. 2,338 1,509 1,224 1,376 1,421 2,348 1,633 1,135 1,450 1,707 893 1.474 3,131 2,080 1.159 1,347 1,735 2,807 29,425 393 478 426 131 411 456 111 478 388 408 534 588 192 510 875 511 566 448 205 938 413 261 427 10,146 384 451 390 119 363 403 112 439 376 363 203 632 183 426 801 495 512 397 184 1,036 369 237 388 9,451 l" .... "i' '4" «...- 929 817 250 774 858 Helvetia lola 333 917 764 771 Lind 1,037 "Little Wolf 1,120 372 966 1,682 Ror.ilton BcandlnaTla 1.006 1,078 845 389 2 "5" .... 1,976 782 Weyauwega 498 815 Total 19,646 WAUSHARA COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns. Cities and Wiiite. Colored 6 a 6 3 t < 537 692 137 256 132 223 443 309 300 331 459 47.3 193 180 384 245 322 347 473 666 147 344 114 256 399 279 369 277 397 437 185 186 319 236 335 361 4 6 1.020 1,358 500 Bloonitieid .. . Coloma Dakota Deerfield a36 Hancock 479 i 84-2 588 569 Oasis t)08 Plainfleid 37a 366 Ricliford .Saxviile 703 Spriiiawater 471 647 708 Total 6,953 5,560 4 6 11.523 WINNEBAGO COUNTY. Algoraa Black Wolf.. Clayton jlenasha Menasha city. Neenah Nekinii Nepeuskin ... Neenah city.. Oshkosh Omro Oshkosh city. Poygan Rusuford Utica Vinland Winchester... WioTieconne. Wolf River... Total..,. 393 396 459 438 691 609 389 331 1,679 1.961 376 352 3 3 697 578 573 560 2,062 1,961 610 510 I 3 1.622 1,690 8.B72 8,263 31 41 4H3 405 1.055 1,018 3 3 579 499 588 553 596 536 1,313 1,230 4 1 460 417 33,106 21,825 51 51 WOOD COUNTY, Aburndale Ceiitralia city Dexter Grand Rapids city Grand Rapids Lincoln Port Edwards Rudoipii Remiiigton Saratoga Sigel Seneca Wood Total 789 897 1.300 720 3,170 534 1,275 1,123 4,023 1.124 3.313 17.015 868 2,079 1,078 1,141 1,131 2,577 877 45,033 102 74 176 439 371 1 800 191 113 304 737 680 297 1 1,418 376 ■J 1 677 231 194 425 193 117 310 255 217 47a 79 73 163 159 144 303 231 201 1 433 183 165 849 135 104 229 3,291 2,750 6 1 6,048 258 HISTORY OF WISCONSIX, POPULATION BY COUNTIES. SUMMARY FROM STATE AND FEDERAL CENSUS. Counties. 1840. 1850. 1855. 1880. 1865. 1870. 1875. \(,lji ■■■■i;25o 14,973 963 20,750 624 4,371 6 736 1,623 3,475 ■ 'i',70i 809 102 14.856 28.702 17 353 Hock 39 039 14 956 133 8,370 849 498 4,823 22,668 18,897 24,012 4,437 5.541 17.439 5.199 13.644 25.773 24.019 87.029 11.208 9.002 29.767 8.965 2.611 343 17.862 19.485 19.258 26 2.59 23 862 135 10,167 45.033 Wood :;:;::::;::!:!.!! 6 048 Total 30.945 305.391 552.109 775.881 868.385 1.054.670 1 236 729 In a note to the territory of Indiana returns appears the following: tippi, had 65, and Green Bay 50 inhabitants. 'On the Ist of August, 1800, Prairie du Cblen. on the Missis- STATISTICS OF AVISCOXSIN'. 250 NATIVITY BY COUNTIES. CENSUS OF 1S70. Adams Ashland U.iiron I'.aytield iirown ,. i;tiii:ilo Jliirriett t'alniiu'T Clii|ipcwa.. .. (M;iik i. ('oluiiil)ia ..k. X'lawford I>atu- Iio.li^e Iiih>r ii Itniiijias iMlllll i-^iiii Claire.. . iM.iMldu Lac. (ii.-uit lll'tMl tiri'en Lake.. I..w;i .IaPk-sha Kt'\MiUMee ... I. a I "rosae .... r.a Kity.'tte... Manitowoc. . Marathon.... M aiiiuette... Milwavikee. .. Muiuoc D.-mUo oiiiaKamie... O/aiikee ivpin TitTCO J'Mlk l''"taK'e Kaciiio lii. lilaml Sauk.!!!!!.!!! .'^ha\vano .'ihi-ltovgan... .■st, Croix Ti ■■mpt'Aleaii \'i-riion.. Walworth.... Washinjfton . W.uikesha... \V;nipa<*a Waushara.... \\ innetjaRO.. \\..,„i Native. ■/. w P ^ u u n m 5,351 2,649 174 148 246 132 ass 175 14.728 11,098 B.854 4,433 144 100 7.661 5,658 4.725 2,764 2.751 1,196 19.652 12,233 9.612 5,808 3:1.456 22.738 28.708 20,934 2,806 1,903 712 340 6.268 3.177 7,394 3.336 31.477 20.112 28.565 19.390 18..532 10.643 9.098 4.535 15.366 12,562 5,764 2,966 21.74T 15,407 9.361 5,359 9.066 5,959 4.642 4.21)8 11.695 6,779 15,935 11,346 16.868 15,109 3.139 3.333 5.128 3.342 47.697 37,183 12,512 6.722 4,591 2.677 11.741 8.060 8.728 8.214 3.351 1.612 7.460 3,618 2,249 931 7,213 4.337 l.i,949 11.336 1.3.954 6,547 30.712 15.209 17.308 9.795 1,688 1,133 19.192 14.957 7.451 4.158 6.339 3.700 13.605 7.232 20.822 11.214 13.868 12..504 18,368 13.304 11.011 6.225 8.702 25.209 ^t-m 2.538 1.58'r FORKKJX BOUN. 1,250 47 292 56 10,440 4.369 562 4.674 8,586 699 9.150 3,463 19.640 18.327 2.113 410 3.230 3.375 14.796 9,414 5.079 4,097 9,178 1,923 12,393 3.011 4,081 5,486 8,602 6.734 16.496 2.746 2.928 42.233 4,038 3,730 6,689 6,836 1,308 2,498 1,173 3,421 10,791 1,777 8,318 6.552 1.478 12.557 3.584 4,393 .5,040 5.150 10.051 9.906 4,538 3,577 13.070 1.374 IS 127 13 137 33 1,687 173 4 165 1,437 226 511 397 684 565 290 133 437 767 1,754 386 372 290 346 391 369 336 138 159 580 186 518 216 151 884 356 1,645 796 no 308 310 191 401 270 168 755 386 111 323 816 209 184 391 97 333 508 264 1,558 636 ■« -«• ,3 ^ cS ^ a! a i w -■ yi a &• 142 225 26 133 5 4 18 ■ 1 8 2 7 1 41 2 4 23 3 273 1,442 112 125 2,733 68 56 243 1,971 39 4 1 1 1 167 500 13 3,267 51 120 417 39 958 34 81 45 18 235 4 2.046 1,332 629 3.774 30 186 906 48 640 35 1,631 2.955 465 6.276 160 1,236 2,801 256 13,656 187 89 228 23 436 27 41 66 6 60 4 147 227 51 843 17 242 487 54 835 34 1,391 2.573 317 7,372 125 2,531 1,281 189 3,585 83 598 943 50 892 39 597 413 62 3,634 8 3,897 1,339 86 1,447 21 151 1.37 92 350 29 934 1.067 182 8.445 41 395 1,104 81 518 11 650 813 100 3.082 39 47 313 16 1.611 22 570 488 109 3.831 52 2,281 3.345 111 729 17 223 1.133 52 9.335 93 49 103 36 3.339 19 252 537 198 1.661 1 1,973 4,604 503 29.019 288 510 641 87 1.601 38 in 423 38 797 23 171 793 85 3,363 61 48 475 18 4,422 92 91 118 39 300 27 103 423 34 449 16 46 102 19 172 27 217 369 99 1,223 39 1,878 1,039 889 3,859 82 222 431 46 481 35 1,382 3.870 490 1,142 78 765 946 103 3.433 65 27 24 5 1.096 4 303 943 38 8,497 119 150 1.203 5ii 294 6 185 286 141 776 23 189 306 87 661 30 921 1.729 148 1.173 81 no 882 36 8.213 134 2,065 1.593 397 4.335 37 260 517 60 1.243 39 508 307 43 816 n 1,531 1.399 146 5.361 53 42 171 34 299 3 Jj« 537 3 98 1 451 556 551 3 439 79 1.515 764 6,601 383 344 93 1.336 871 156 543 1,017 27 1,647 944 384 379 29 97 3,646 993 1,430 73 31 636 573 831 37 98 484 1,053 483 795 1,088 337 1,428 93 146 234 940 2,633 3,138 579 40 486 1,225 320 762 108 es 7^ •3 d ^ a 02 a 4 9 "i4 6 102 31 947 67 941 4 168 82 ■ 92 34 35 29 1 1 34 67 44 402 46 3 195 216 17 167 97 77 43 16 3 2 2 44 3 2 39 1 7 193 627 547 118 71 4 1,247 3 1 3 843 31 13 12 6 I 309 144 19 3 11 I 11 30 44 2,011 27 48 489 271 94 21 3 3,360 153 51 3 3 1 4 1,524 447 864 40 43 35 72 3 79 7 54 785 11 20 7 34 76 11 1 8 1 11 5 5 703 67 49 124 11 4 6 50 6 H 601 34 12 8 38 99 1,683 8 38 41 16 6 281 85 3 1 40 15 296 79 58 54 96 48 8 65 2 3 1 36 300 23 33 32 371 49 11 131 37 82 3 51 21 98 18 13 15 3 15 55 71 44 55 3 38 "5 130 2 «0 S6 16 19 106 47 1,294 3 52 9 23 8 71 9 39 28 2 278 557 369 723 51 260 HISTORY OF WISCONSm. VALUATION OF PROPERTY IN THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. ASSESSED Valuation of Taxable Property for the I YEAR 1876. I Valuation of Cxt-\xbd Property, prom assessors' RETIENS for 1875 AND 1876. COONTIES. Value of per- sonal property. Value of real estate. Total. Adams $ 179,771 42.686 146.374 21.705 442,287 438.501 32.419 373.946 965.624 281.813 1.875.049 527.043 4.610.768 2.446.793 135.107 19.434 1,052.300 1.3.54.142 2,489.759 2,602.795 1,966,599 789,736 1,233.676 472.124 1.753.985 660.125 1.320,957 .546,678 1,336.271 1.196.502 13654 1.141.320 335.078 826.668 15,345.281 658.191 4.55.741 623.744 381.784 235.283 738.082 237.567 564.079 2.418.248 612.171 4,462.048 816,768 1,364,772 121,267 1,903,861 53.812 840.378 924.835 3.187.722 1.062.347 3,165.504 480.837 843.509 3.081.308 251.669 S 624.168 889.523 1.043.964 533.167 2.195.053 890.028 442,765 2.107.211 4.359.245 2,355,972 7,083.892 1.457.586 14.882.179 11.014.318 659.6.50 410.227 1,875.148 4,204.233 11,649.769 7.039.201 6.290.829 3.485.819 4.348.452 1.040,417 7.896.833 1.607.245 4.488.186 2.560.641 4.015.568 4.77.5.417 1.532.542 5.290.599 1,744.901 1.033.967 46.477.283 1.994,911 3.411. .557 3.348.267 2.803.688 595.316 2.435.319 1.121.599 1.592.018 8.071.811 1.908.386 18,931.410 SllO.445 4,036.813 68.5.917 7.096.170 816.421 1.904.988 2.288.420 10.559.519 4.927.H34 11,892.119 1.826.908 1.34.3.029 9.810.290 598,920 S 803.939 932.189 1,190.338 554.872 2,637.340 1.328.529 475.184 2.481.157 5,324.869 2.637.785 8.958.941 1,984.629 19.492.947 13.461.111 .794.757 429.661 2.927,448 5.558.375 14.139..528 9.541.996 8,257.428 4.275.555 5.582.128 1.512.541 9.650818 2.267.370 5,809.143 3,107.319 5.351.839 5.971.919 1.546.196 6.431.923 2.079.979 1.360.635 6L822.564 2.653.102 3.867.298 .3,972,011 3.185.472 830.599 3.173.401 1.359.166 2.1.56.097 10.490.(159 2.520.557 18.393.458 3.927.213 5,401,585 807.184 9,000.031 870.233 2.74.5..366 3.213.255 13.747.241 5.989.981 15.057.623 2.30r.745 1.686 .538 12.891.598 850.589 .\sblaiKl Bayfleld Buffalo Burnett Calumet Cbippewa Clark Columbia Crawford Dane Uodge Door Douglas Dunn. Bau Claire Fond du Lac... (irant Green Green Lake.... •lacksoii Jefferson Kenosha Kewaunee La Crosse L.a Fayette Lincoln Manitowoc Marathon .Marquette .Milwaukee Monroe Dconlo Outagamie OzauKoe Polk Portage Kaclne KlcUland Kock St. Croix Sauk Sbewano Sheboygan Trempealeau.. Walworth WashinKtOD... Waukesha Waupaca Waushara Winnebago Wood Total 5274.417.873 J351. 780.351 Co., town. ISchool, col- city and lege and village academy property, property. $ 6,147 2,340 6.300 43.325 15,300 "ilido "31 350 29.785 "7;20'6 45.800 "i7iiiS3 "72,136 49.320 52.505 25.650 ' isiMO 600 12.600 "19; 300 10.760 81.000 28.210 15.700 6.680 1.318.506 5,368 " ia4'o'6 5.280 25 13.950 ""8.000 22.700 525 28.000 11,400 9.000 2.000 10,725 350 1.600 70,200 7,500 700 250 21,350 6.380 1,500 82 ,(ita,ii:i6 $ 9.900 4,925 ""i.ioo 102,635 27,787 1.500 ""5.160 3.000 115.605 11.000 "sfteao ""3!i24 3.200 16.933 60.500 197.405 66.875 " 36.774 "66i20'6 "ieises 17.720 3.500 56.930 9.640 21.248 27.202 8.735 771,265 13,200 "wim 18.415 8.247 73.875 10.940 25.916 24.625 "solooo 7.211 4.125 2,800 2,000 "l50.2d6 500 34.940 21.080 29.495 2.735.817 property, v^v^^^j- $ 4.713 1,000 125 2.f85 83.369 29.760 3.000 13.220 65.014 1.300 91.142 4.100 359.390 121,075 7.029 2.351 8.200 56.930 259.900 109.405 76.995 23.840 55.026 15.075 172.300 19.280 46.860 18.521 110.648 71.610 "54; 874 16,825 12.080 1.212.390 33.158 38.100 73,375 32,920 4,180 25,115 5.272 42.470 236.000 37.915 242.650 41,370 87,670 5.714 12.3.895 "26! .306 2.325 129.310 120.670 218.780 34.410 22.524 36.860 27.000 4.774.828 $1,220,000 94,025 160 73 175,886 64 095 110.000 89.800 84.400 421.604 627.155 95.450 2.000 "6i!sb6 75,000 237.915 120.000 51.800 300 "162.666 146,901 50,653 1,271! 606 17,585 76,720 347,515 136,000 22,026 70.400 250.975 "751! 950 68.720 22.500 "55!8S6 336.400 8.300 ■ i86!6o6 2.800 84.780 2,720 7,487.827 D. S.. state! and all other property. 400 2.780 900 1.340 10.421 100 252.987 14,400 200 60.000 16.780 32.245 500 2.730 600 81266 6.275 10.500 2.525 15.300 74.800 400 8,595 682.800 2.340 "8.666 3.470 9.835 1.000 6.735 900 120.950 ■34.656 5.850 1,150 41,600 775 1.300 140.000 60.033 200 2.325 1.200 1.550 7.740 1.662.388 $ 21.15a 1,228.265 125 10.885 326.638. 78.897 4.500 14.393 60.174 184.875 812.028 125.200 699.357 296 305 7 229 22 638. 428 004 833 153 478.9SO- 384.520 170,020 8a07O 183.680 253.599 402.300 77.35.'. 123. S25 49.516 264.043 202.340 10.040 254. (i28 110.380 26 495 5,257.555 71 651 114.820 524. .580 196.090 44.253 11 I 740 22.047 147.li,'*« W5.25I1 :tl. IKl l.IOT.iVI air.Mo Il:!.120 14. '.125 191.775 380.800 3,i.725 26.050 670 710 I8S.'JI3 220.1.50 74.225 67.954 159.06.'i 38.960 18.524.196 STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 261 ACREAGE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS GROWN IN 1876. Counties. NUMBER OF ACRES. Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye, Hops. Tobacco. Flax-seed. 6.146 4.07bv ' 1R384 48,507M 1,179 32,860M 10.443 3.457 64,472 19,054 89,253 128.708 4.771 11,456 26 6395^ 20 13,923 9,213K 216M 4,583 2,734 1,596 40,274 19,173 84,072 29,401V 352 5 9,671 11,765 18.208M 98.709 .58.168 15.608 46,980 8.071M 88.379 11,84854 15.813 1,066 10,581 61,549 5,353 84 3,477X 15 5.732 12.5735;; 637 9.858 9.032 2.408 24.071 10.584 67.120 25.592« 3.391 50 13.833 7.183 20.763 62.054 34.191 8.013 34,433 13.1895< 16,845 14,2725< 14.174 10,632 l',249 .■10,194 21,4375!; 5.020 4,873 10,8 1354 12,864 3,112 2,44754 9 473 4,475 8,338 1,842 9.0865i 15,2415< 11.6065i 60.103 17.541 24.469V 4.40854 16.704 5454 15.034 23.055 28.225 14.104 18.980 7.44S 8.847 13.813 1,029 83 8,488 660 B,irron BayfieUl 75954 282V 27 5.012 2.761 58 4.048V 1.258 208 7694 3.912 23.499 11,463 696 5.254 870 264 23154 ~ 185 95 7 648 1.588 7,410 2.134 V 788 17)4 954 Buffalo 39 1054 5935i- 18 31754 136 9 Clark 4V 15 2.45954 8 ''\^ Door 27.308 2P ^85 87,612 29,643 4.409 37,064 21.676 19.9.53 33.569 11.5985?; 4.782 17,703 38.8fO 4.4.i3 262 4,538>i 4..548 9,517 11.774 31.634 2,490 8 076 27 -25M la..>90M 41.187 9.293 15.701M 7.884X 13.228X 12.384M 77.810 27,701 6,485 45,959 60K 53.656 42.277 20,588 53.691 34.140 13.516 12 573 49 999 637 1,560 1,242 8 554 2,839 66654 1,170 2.60954 1.739 8.773 445 1.649 2.164 3.045 1.273 20 4,299 670 93 5,063 1,769 357 94054 4.1 16K. 6I3V 2.851 440 1.28414 2.22S'^ 589^!; 19.424 2.022 2.197'.f 205 7.519 2.38T5< 5.542 8.93454 6.614 lioeo 636V 1,427 2954 1.156 933 75454 3.296 3.79354 3.455 1.892 613 7.611 3.137 611 3.520 3.177 1,735 68 11 44 113!< 28 212 17954 7154 840 1.169 8 24954 13 m H 2 29 44 25.31? •163 23 i 10,145 100 6 3,434 7 8g 16.670 854K 355 1.5.181 7.104M 12,608 714 4 761 6.934 8.984 4,104 11.076 1 i.904>i • . 4605< t;.041M .^390 33.81 6M 1.904 8.344 33 12.106 22.499 45.456 11.613 36.318 9.524 18.7265i 15.404 958 5.233 116 10.503 3.074V 1.277 724 514 2.4.3054 563 258 326 7.665i( 2.212 1.770V 15.038K 173 6.164'< 1.160;i 4,332 3 550 633 4.87554 6.002 7.659 4.363 15.416 982 37254 3 1 1 2 139 65 390 3 2554 7 22 H n« Pepin 10 2 s 5844- 3154 49954 4154 X 4J4 2,ia5,H 4.38554 Kork.. 282 4 3,11854 X 49 42^ 187 107V 29 239 295 340 110 14 1* 14 1154 9 1.169 113 5 3 '^ 9' J Win iiebaco a ' 2 1.445.650K 1.025.801V 854,86154 183,030V 175.314K 11,18454 4.843 62.008^ 262 HISTORY OF WLSCOXiSJN. ACREAGE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS GROWN IN ^876. Counties. Kl-MBER OP ACRES. Cultivated Grasses. Potatoes. Roots. Apples. .\:iteil Cr..nninies. Timber. Bushels. ' Adams 3.161 24! 1 ,843M 100 771 266 34 IK 30 150 909V 120)i 1.017 6 75 55V 58 4M 25.040 1,152.000 24.175 1 55-! Barron '2RV 5 Bayfield Brown 5,769k 39 13,361 25M 37 219 4.000 12.739 57;4'63 Burnett SMK ciAvk ;";;::".::::/:""".::: 9.348 32.326 4.925 53.219 29.5.V2 257 100 10.032 ■" "41,609 37,792 28.833 18.920 15.566 5.316 17.407 8,705 29,856 5.665 11.390 22.719 316 32.256H 5.453 3.387 20.557 14,217 6,170 11.681 8,528 425 1.918V 2.493 3.585 3.780K 2U 100 989 78 1.533K 2.460 4.830X 16.254 126.000 51,879 104 618 80 89 36 1,689 50 'Crawford 30 111.463 49,369H 2.969X 2.489K 10 219 2 61>« 500.000 5.414 2.7lll!« •h'fferson •Tuiieau Kencslia 19.896 37. .573 29.763 24.037 1.324 1.174 Kewaunee 2 1.007 108 138 50 ■r 13 100 689 46 1.8.56 1.934V 406 257.341 774« i's'i 1 4.412 20 20.585 16.211 33.7.56 19.433 22.077 1,073 1.666 97 Ozaukee 1.266V 77 11 60X 16.004 479 3.676 4. =17 1.054V 73V 1.730 4.0.56>!; 50.095 4.952 805 836V 1.561 i 1.349 I'epi n Pierce 12,974 2,642 10.1425-; 21,515« 18,924« 57,132K 14.293 25,222 V 4.111 40.123 173 18,738 20.197 45,093 6.513 38.629 13,540 9.770 23.433 2.J5 724 591 2,016V 1.548V 1.153« 2.930 1.176 3.209X 548 2.723 99 878X 1.241 2.183J(; 46.821 3.982 1.695 1.342 1.630 169 41 178 128V 46X lOH 122H 10 104X 64K 133 34 41X 140 55M 9.430 383 98 45 35 182.671 121 Polk 2 580 52.150 28.718}< 65.394 57.587H 3.606 88.058K 80.533 68,057 Richland 2.160)i 5.416 80 Rock Sauk 1.248V Shawano , 3,101 10,738 2 IV Trempealeau Vernon 12.149 91.194 50.221 50 080 42,690 82.985 66.510 25.737 93.242 870 1 134 Walworth 137'' 30 185 1,053 194 400 2 798 \\ ashiii^lon 16,080 1.529 610 117 720 Waupaca ■Waushara ; W tunehairo -»Vood Total 889.018U 123.420« 13.624H 139.891X 17,664«| 4.090 226K, 76,945V ABSTRACT OF LAWS WISCONSIN. ELECTORS AND GENERAL ELECTIONS. Sec. 12. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years or upward, belonging to either of the following classes, who shall have resided in the State for one year next preceding any election, shall be deemed a qualified elector at such election : 1. Citizens of the United States. 2. Persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their intention to become citizens con- formably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization. 3. Persons of Indian blood who have once been declared by law of Congress to be citizen?, of the United States, any subsequent law of Congress to the contrary notwithstanding. ■i. Civilized jk rsons of Indian descent not members of any tribe. Every person convicted of bribery shall be excluded from the right of suffrage unless restored to civil rights ;. and no person who shall have made or become directly or indirectly interested in any bet or wager depending upon the result of any election at which he shall ofl'er to vote,. shall be permitted to vote at such election. Sec. 13. No elector shall vote except in the town, ward, village or election district in which he actually resides. Sec. 14. The general election prescribed in the Constitution shall be held in the several towns, wards, villages and election districts on the Tuesday next succeeding the first Monday in November in each year, at which time there shall be chosen such Representatives in Congress, Electors of President and Vice President, State officers, and county officers as are by law to be elected in such year. Sec. 15. All elections shall be held in each town at the place where the last town-meeting was held, or at such other place as shall have been ordered at such last meeting, or as shall have been ordered by the Supervisors when they establish more than one election poll, except that the first election after the organization of a new town shall be held at the place directed in the act or proceeding by which it was organized; and all elections in villages constituting separate elec- tion districts and in the wards of cities, shall be held at the place to be ordered by the Trustees of such village, or the Common Council of such city, at least ten days before such election, un- less a different provision is made in the act incorporating such village or city. Sec. 16. Whenever it shall become impossible or inconvenient to hold an election at tb& place designated therefor, the Board of Inspectors, after having assembled at or as near as prac- ticable to such place, and before receiving any votes may adjourn to the nearest convenient place for holding the election, and at such adjourned place shall forthwith proceed with the election. Upon adjourning any election as hereinbefore provided, the Board of Inspectors shall cause proc- lamation thereof to be made, and shall station a Constable or some other proper person at the place where the adjournment was made, to notify all electors arriving at such place of adjoura- ment, and the place to which it was made. 261 HISTORY OK WLSCOXSIX Sec. 20. A registry of electors sliall annually be made : 1. In each ward or election district of every city which, at the last previous census, had a population of three thousand or more. 2. In each ward or election district of every incorporated village in which, by law, sep- arate elections are held ; which village at the last preceding census, had a popula- tion of fifteen hundred or more. 3. In every town containing a village wliich, at said census, had a population of fifteen hundred or more, in which village separate general elections are not by law required to be held. 4. In all towns any part of which shall have been embraced in any part of any city or village in which a registration by this'chapter is required. Such registration shall be made in the manner provided by this cliapter. The jiersons authorized by law to act as Inspectors of Election in each of such towns, wards or election dis- tricts sliall constitute the Board of Registry therefor. Sec. 21. The said Inspectors shall have their first meeting on Tuesday, four weeks pre- ceding each general election, at the place where said election is to be held ; and in election districts at which there were polled at the previous general election three hundred votes or less, tliey shall sit for one day, and in districts at wliich there were more than three hundred votes polled, they shall have power to sit two days if necessary, for the purpose of making such list. They shall meet at 9 o'clock in the forenoon and hold their meetings open until H o'clock in the evening of each day during which they shall so sit. The Clerks appointed by law to act as Clerks of Election shall act as Clerks of the Board of Registry on the day of election only. The proceedings shall be ojien, and all electors of the district shall be entitled to be heard in relation to corrections or additions to said registry. They shall have the same powers to preserve order which Inspectors of Election have on election d;iys, and in towns vacancies in the Board shall be filled in the same manner that vacancies are filled at elections. Sec. 22. The said In.spectors at their first meeting, and before doing any business, shall severally take and subscribe the oath of Inspectors at a general election, and said Inspectors shall at their first meeting make a registry of all the electors of their respective districts, placing thereon the full names, alphabetically arranged according to surnames, in one column, and in another the residence by number and name of street or other location, if known. If any elector's residence is at any hotel or public boarding-house the name of the hotel or boarding-house shall be stated in the registry. They shall put thereon the names of all persons residing in their elec- tion district appearing on the ]ioll-list kept at the last preceding general election, and are author- ized to take therefor such poll-list from the office where kept, omitting such as have died or removed from the district, and adding the names of all other persons known to them to be elect- ors in such district. In case of the formation of a new election district since the last preceding general election, the said Board therein may make such registry from the best means at their command, and may, if necessary, procure therefor certified copies of the last ))oll-list. They shall complete said registry as far as practicable at their first meeting, and shall make four copies thereof and certify the original and each copy to be a true list of the electors in their district so far as the same are known to them. One of said copies shall be immediately posted in a conspicuous place in the room in which their meeting was held, and be accessible to any elector for examina- tion or making copies thereof, and one copy shall be retained by each Inspector for revision and correction at tiie second meeting. They shall within two days after said first meeting file the original registry made by them, and said poll-list in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk, and may, in their discretion, cause ten printed copies of said registry to be made and posted in ten of the most public i)laces of said election district, or may publish the same in a newspaper at an expense not exceeding one cent for each name. Sec. 23. The Inspectors shall hold their second meeting at the same place designated for holding elections on the Tuesday two weeks preceding the election. They shall meet at 9 o'clock in the forenoon. In election districts having less than three hundred voters, as shown by the ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 265 preliminary rogistry, the Board shall complete the registry on the same day ; but if there are more than that number of voters, they shall sit two days. They shall remain in session until 8 o'clock in the evening. They shall revise and correct the registry first by erasing the name of any person who shall be proved to their satisfaction by the oatlis of two electors of the district to be not entitled to vote therein at the next ensuing electioti, unless such person shall appear and if chal- lenged, shall answer the questions and take the oath hereinafter provided ; secondly, by entering thereon the names of every elector entitled to vote in the district at the next election who shall appear before the Board and require it, and state his place of residence, giving street and num- ber, if numbered, or location, as hereinbefore provided, if challenged answer the questions, and take the oaths provided in case of challenge at an election ; but if any person shall refuse to answer all such questions or to take such oath, his name shall not be registered. Any person who is not twenty-one years of age before the date when the registry is reiiuired to be corrected, but will be if he lives until the day of election, shall have his name put on the registry if he be other- wise qualified to be an elector. Any elector who did not vote at the previous general election shall be entitled to be registered either at the preliminary or the final registration of electors by appearing before the Board of Registration of his election district and establishing his right to be registered, or, instead of a personal appearance, he may make his application to be registered to the Board in writing. Such application shall state the name and period of continuous resi- dence in the election district and place of residence therein, giving the number and street of the applicant, and, in case the person making the application is of foreign birth, he shall state when he came to the United States and to the State of Wisconsin, and the time and place of declaring his intention of becoming a citizen of the United States, and that lie is entitled to vote at the election. Upon receiving such application, the Board of Registration shall register the name of such applicant, if it appears to the Board that the applicant is, by his statement, entitled to vote. Such statement shall be made under oath, and shall be preserved by the Board and be filed in the office of the village or city clerk, as the case may be. All city and village clerks shall keep blanks for making the application for registration, as provided by this section. The form sliallbe prescribed by the Secretary of State. Every person named in this section shall be Subject to the same punishment for any false statement or other ofiense in respect thereto as is provided in case of such false statement or other offense by an elector offering to vote at an election. After such registry shall have been fully completed on the days above mentioned, no name shall be added thereto by any person or upon any pretext. Within three days after the second meeting the said Board shall cause four copies of the registry to be made, each of which shall be certified by them to be a correct registry of the electors of their district, one of which shall be kept by each Inspector for use on election day, and one shall forthwith be filed in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk. All registries shall at all times be open to pub- lic inspection at the office where deposited without charge. Sec. 24. On election day the Inspectors shall designate two of their number at the opening of the polls, who shall check the names of every elector voting in such district whose name is on the registry. No vote shall be received at any general election in any ward or election district defined in Section 20, if the name of the person offering to vote be not on said registry made at the second meeting as aforesaid, except as hereinafter provided ; but in case any one shall, after the last day for completing such registry, and before such election, become a qualified voter of the district, he shall have the same right to vote therein at such election as if his name had been duly registered, provided he shall, at the time he offers to vote, deliver to the Inspectors his affi- davit, in which he shall state the facts, showing that he has, since the completion of such regis- try, become a qualified elector of such district, and the facts showing that he was not such elector on the day such registry was completed, and shall also deliver to such Inspectors the affi- davits of two freeholders, electors in such election district, corroborating all the material state- ments in his affidavit. In case any person who was a voter at the last previous general election siiall not be registered, such person shall be entitled to vote on making affidavit that he was enti- tled to vote at the previous election, and that he has not become disqualified by reason of removal 2G6 HISTORY OF WISCONMX. from the election district or otherwise, since that election, which affidavit shall al;;o he corrobcN rated by the affidavits of two freeholders, as is provided for otlicr non ■registered voters. No one freeholder shall lie competent to make at any one election corroborating affidavits for more than three voters. All of said affidavits shall be sworn to before some officer authorized by the law- of this State to take depositions. The Inspectors shall keep a list of the names and resideiic of the electors voting whose names are not on saiii completed registry, and attach said list to ilie registry and return it, together with all such affidavits, to the proper town, city or village clerk. No compensation shall be paid or received for taking or certifying any such affidavits. On the day following the election, one of said poll-lists and one copy of the registry so kept and checked shall be attached together and filed in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk, and the other of said poll-lists and copy of the registry so kept and cheeked shall be returned to the County Clerk with the returns of the election. Such Inspectors shall give notice by advertisement in a newspaper printed in the city, village or town where such registration was made, of the registry, and shall include in such notice all additions to and omissions from the preliminary list, and shall also state where the election is to be held. In case there be no newspaper printed in such city, village or town, such notice shall be given by posting copies thereof in tiiree or more public places in each ward or election district in such city, village or town. For j)ublication of such notice in any such newspaper the publisher thereof shall be entitled to tiie same compensation per folio as is prescribed for publishing other legal notices. COMMON SCHOOLS. Sec. 413. The formation of any school district shall be by written order of the Town Board, describing the territory embraced in the same, to be filed with the Town Clerk within twenty days after the making thereof. The Supervisors shall deliver to a taxable inhabitant of' the district their notice thereof in writing, describing its boundaries, and appointing a time and place for the first district meeting, and shall therein direct such inhabitant to notify every (juali- fied voter of the district, either personally or by leaving a written notice at his place of resi- dence, of the time and place of such meeting, at least five days before the time appointed therefor, and said inhabitant shall notify the voters of such district accordingly, and indorse thereon a return containing the names of all persons thus notified, and said notice and return shall be recorded as a part of the record of the first meeting in such district. Sec. 414. In case such notice shall not be given, or the inhabitants of a district shall neg- lect or refuse to assemble and form a district meeting when so notified, or in case any scliool dis. trict having been formed or organized shall afterward be disorganized, so that no competent authority shall exist therein to call a special district meeting, in tiie manner hereinafter pro- vided, notice shall be given by the Town Board, and served in the manner prescribed in the pre- ceding section. Whenever a district meeting shall be called as prescribed in this and ibe preceding section, it shall be the duty of the electors of the district to assemble at the time- and place so directed. Sec. 415. Whenever it shall be necessary to form a district from two or more adjoining- towns, the Town Boards of such towns shall meet together and form such districts by their writ' ten order, describing the territory embraced in such district, signed by at least two of the Super- visors of each town ; and shall file one such order with the Town Clerk of each town, and deliver the notice of formation to a taxable inhabitant of such district, and cause the same to bo served and returned in the time and manner hereinbefore prescribed ; and any such district may be altered only by the joint action of the Town Boards of such towns in the same manner that other districts are altered. Sec. 416. Every school district shall be deemed duly organized when any two of the offi- cers elected at the first legal meeting thereof shall have consented to serve in the offices to wliieh they have been respectively elected, by a written acceptance thereof filed with the clerk of tlio first meeting, and recorded in the minutes thereof; and every school district shall be considered ABSTRACT OF LAAVS. 267 as duly organized after it shall have exercised the franchises and privileges of a district for the term of two years. Sec. 425. The annual meeting of all school districts in which graded schools of two or more departments are taught, shall be held on the second Monday of July, and of all other school districts on the last Monday of September, in each year. The hour of such meeting shall be seven o'clock in the afternoon, unless otherwise provided by a vote of the district, duly recorded at the last previous annual meeting ; but at any annual meeting a majority of the electors present may determine that the annual meeting of such district shall be held on the last Monday of August instead of the last Mondajr of September. Said determination to take effect when a copy of the proceedings of said annual meeting in reference to such change shall have been filed with the Town Clerk in which the sciioolhouse of such district is situated, and to remain in force until rescinded by a like vote of the electors of such district. Sec. 426. The Clerk sliall give at least six days' previous notice of every annual district meeting, by posting notices thereof in four or more public places in the district, one of which shall be affixed to the outer door of the schoolhouse, if there be one in the district, and he shall give like notices for every adjourned district meeting when such meeting shall have been adjourned for more than one month ; but no annual meeting shall be deemed illegal for want of due notice, unless it shall appear that the omission to give such notice was willful and fraudulent. Sec. 427. Special district meetings may be called by the Clerk, or, in his absence, by the Directors or Treasurer, on written request of five legal voters of the district, in the manner prescribed for calling an annual meeting ; and the electors, when lawfully assembled at a special meeting, shall have power to transact the same business as at the first and each annual meeting, except the election of officers. The business to be transacted at any special meeting shall lie particularly specified in the notices calling the same, and said notices shall be posted six full days prior to the meeting. No tax or loan or debt shall be voted at a special meeting, unless three-fourths of the legal voters shall have been notified, either personally or by a written notice left at their places of residence, stating tlie time and place and objects of the meeting, and specifying the amount proposed to be voted, at least six days before the time appointed therefor. Sec. 428. Every person shall be entitled to vote in any school district meeting who is qualified to vote at a general election for Stale and county officers, and who is a resident of such school district. ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION OF DISTRICT TAXES. Sec. 469. All school district taxes, unless otherwise specially provided by law, shall be assessed on the same kinds of property as taxes for town and county purposes ; and all personal property which, on account of its location or the residence of its owner, is taxable in the town, shall, if such locality or residence be in the school district, be likewise taxable for school district purposes. BORROWING MONTIY. Skc. 474. Whenever, upon anyiinusual exigency, any school district shall, before the animal meeting, vote a special tax to be collected with the next levy, the district may, by vote, author- ize tiie District Board to borrow for a period not exceeding one year a sum not exceeding the amount of such tax, ami by such vote set apart such tax when collected to repay such loan, and tliercupon the District Board may borrow such money of any person and on such terms and exe- cute and deliver to the lender such obligation therefor, and such security for the repayment, including a mortgage or ]iledge of any real or personal ])roperty of the district, subject to the directions contained in the vote of the district as may be agreed upon and not prohibited by law. Sec. 408. Every District Clerk who shall willfully neglect to make the annual report for his district as required by law sliall be liable to pay the whole amount of money lost by such 268 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. district in consequence of his neglect, which shall be recovered in an action in the name of and for the use of the district. Sec. 499. Every Town Clerk who shall neglect or refuse to make and deliver to the County Superintendent his annual report, as required in this chapter within the time limited therefor, shall be liable on his official bond to pay the town the amount which such town or any school district therein, shall lose by such neglect or refusal, with interest thereon ; and every County Superintendent who stiall neglect or refuse to make the report required of him by this chapter to the State Superintendent shall be liable to pay to each town the amount which such town or any school district therein shall lose by such neglect or refusal, with interest thereon, to be recovered in either case in an action prosecuted by the Town Treasurer in the name of the town. Sec. 50-3. Every member of a district board in any school district in this State in which a list of text-books has been adopted according to law, who shall, within three years from the date of such adoption, or thereafter, without the consent of the State Superintendent, order a change of text-books in such district, shall forfeit the sum of fifty dollars. Sec. 513. Every woman of twenty-one year.s of age and upward may be elected or appointed as director, treasurer or clerk of a school district, director or secretary of a town board under the township system ; member of a board of education in cities, or county superintendent. Sec. .560. In reckoning school months, twenty days shall constitute a month and one hun- dred days five months. ASSESSMENT OF TAXES. Sec. 1035. The terms "real property," "real estate" and "land," when used in this title, shall include not only the land itself, but all buildings, fixtures, improvements, rights and privileges appertaining thereto. Sec. 10:^6. The term " personal property," as used in this title, shall be construed to mean and include toll-bridges, saw-logs, timber and lumber, either upon land or afloat, steamboats, ships and other vessels, whether at home or abroad ; buildings upon leased lands, if such build- ings have not been included in the assessment of the land on which they are erected ; ferry-boats, including the franchise for running the same ; all debts due from solvent debtors, whether on account, note, contract, bond, mortgage or other security, or whether such debts are ilue or to become due ; and all goods, wares, merchandise, chattels, moneys and effects of any nature or description having any real or marketable value and not included in the term " real property," as above defined. Sec. 1037. The improvements on all lands situated in this State, which shall have been entered under the provisions of the act of Congress entitled " An act to secure homesteads to act- ual settlei's on the public domain," approved May twentieth, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, and which shall be actually occupied and improved by the person so entering the same, or his heirs, shall be subject to taxation, and such improvements shall be assessed as personal property. All taxes levied thereon shall bo collected out of the personal property of the occu- pant of such lands, and in no other manner. 11 Sec. 1038. The property in this section described is exempt from taxation, to wit: ■' 1. That owned exclusively by the United States or by this State, but no lands contracted to be sold by the State shall be exempt. 2. That owned exclusively by any county, city, village, town or school district ; but lands purchased by counties at tax sales shall be exempt only in the cases provided in Sec- tion Eleven Hundred and Ninety-one. 3. Personal property owned by any religious, scientific, literary or benevolent association, used exclusively for the purposes of such association, and the real property, if not leased, or nut otherwise used for pecuniary profit, necessary for the location and con- venience of the buildings of such association, and embracing the same not exceeding i\ ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 269 'ten acres : aiul the lands reserved for grounds of a chartered college or university, not exceeding forty acres ; and parsonages, whether of local churches or districts, and ■whether occupied by the pastor permanently or rented for his benefit. The occasional leasing of such buildings for schools, public lectures or concerts, or the leasing of such parsonages, shall not render thein liable to taxation. 4. Personal property owned and used exclusively by the State or any county agricultural society, and the lands owned and used by any such society exclusively for fair grounds. 5. Fire engines and other implements used for extinguishing fires, owned or used by any organized fire company, and the buildings and necessary grounds connected therewith, ownetl by such company, and used exclusively for its proper purposes. 6. The property of Indians who are not citizens, except lands held by them by purchase. 7. Lands used exclusively as public burial-grounds, and tombs and monuments to the dead therein. 8. Pensions receivable from the United States. 9. Stock in any corporation in this State which is required to pay taxes upon its property in the same manner as individuals. 10. So much of the debts due or to become due to any person as shall equal the amount of bona-fide and unconditional debts by him owing. 11. Wearing apparel, family portraits and libraries, kitchen furniture and growing crops. 12. Provisions and fuel provided by the head of a family to sustain its members for six months ; but no person paying board shall be deemed a member of a family. 13. All the personal property of all insurance companies that now are or shall be organized or doing business in this State. 14. The track, right of way, depot grounds, buildings, machine-shops, rolling-stock and other property necessarily used in operating any railroad in this State belonging to any railroad company, including pontoon, pile and pontoon railroads, and shall henceforth remain exempt from taxation for any purpose, except that the same shall be subject to special assessments fqj- local improvements in cities and villages and all lands owned or claimed by such railroad company not adjoining the track of such company, shall be subject to all taxes. The provision of this subdivision shall not apply to any railroad that now is or shall be operated by horse-power, whether now or hereafter constructed in any village or city. 15. The property, except real estate, of all companies which are or shall be engaged in the business of telegraphing in this State. 16. The real estate of the Home of the Friendless in the city of Milwaukee, not exceeding one lot in amount, is exempted, so long as the same shall continue to be used as such home. 17. All property of any corporation or association formed under the laws of this State for the encouragement of industry by agricultural and industrial fairs and exhibitions, •which shall be necessary for fair grounds, while used exclusively for such fairs and exhibitions, provided the quantity of land so exempt shall not exceed forty acres. 18. Such tree-belts as are or may be planted and maintained in compliance with chapter sixty six of one of these statutes. Sec. liyi. Real property, upon which the county holds any certificates of tax sale, shall continue liable to taxation and to sale for unpaid taxes, and the county shall be the exclusive purchaser at the sale ; but when a tax deed shall be issued to the county, and it shall hold tax certificates of sale unredeemed on the same property for two successive years subsequent to the date of the sale on which such deed shall issue, including certificates of sale made prior to the passage of these statutes, such property shall thereafter be exempt from taxation until the same is sold by the county. The County Clerk shall annually, before the first day of June, furnish to the Assessors of each town a list of the lands in such town exempt under this section. Noth- ing in this section shall be so con.strued as to apply to lands owned by minors, married women, widowed women, idiots or insane persons. 270 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. COLLECTION OF TAXES. Sec. 1089. The Town Treasurer of each town, on the receipt of the ta.x-roll for the cur- rent year, shall fortliwith post notices in three or four public places in such towns, that the tax- roll for such town is in his hands for collection, and that the ta.xes charged therein are subject. to payment at his office at any time prior to the first day of January in such year; and after the said first day of January lie shall proceed to collect the taxes charged in such roll and remaining unpaid, and for that purpose shall call at least once on the person taxed, or at any place of his usual residence, if within the town, and demand payment of the taxes charged to him on such roll. Sec. lO'JO. On all taxes paid or tendered at the office of such Treasurer prior to said first day of January, he shall remit all of the 5-per-cent collection fees, except so much thereof a« he is authorized by law to have for liis fees upon taxes so paid. Sec. lO'Jl. Town orders shall be receivable for taxes in the town where issued, and shall be allowed the Town Treasurer on settlement of town taxes; and county orders and jurors' cer- tificates shall be receivable for taxes in the' county where issued, and shall be allowed such Treas- urer on settlement of county taxes with the County Treasurer, but no Town Treasurer shall receive town orders in payment for taxes to a larger amount than the town taxes included in his assessment-roll exclusive of all taxes for school purpo-ses, nor county orders and jurors' certifi- cates to a greater amount than the county tax included therein. Sec. 1097. In case any person shall ref;ise or neglect to pay the tax imposed upon him, the Town Treasurer shall levy the same by distress and sale of any goods and chattels belong- ing to such person, wherever the same may be found within his town ; and if a sufficient amount of such property ciMinot be found in such town, the Town Treasurer may levy the same by di- tress and sale of the goods and chattels belonging to such person, wherever the same may bt- found in the county or in any adjoining couniies. Sec. 1008. The Town Treasurer shall give public notice of the time and place of such sale, at least six days previous thereto, by advertisement, containing a description of the prop- erty to be sold, to be posted up in three public places in the town where the sale is to be niadi . The sale shall be at public auction, in the daytime, and the property sold shall be present ; .such property may be released by the payment of the taxes and charges for which the same is liable, to be sold; if the purchase-money on such sale shall not be paid at such time as the Treasurer may require, he may again, in his discretion, expose such property for sale, or sue, in his flame of office, the purchaser for the purchase-money, and recover the same with costs and 10-per-centuiu damages. ' Sec. 1099. If the property so levied upon shall be sold for more than the amount of tax and costs, the surplus shall be returned to the owner thereof; and if it cannot be sold for wan' of bjdders, the Treasurer shall return a statement of the fact, and return the property to il person from whose possession he took the same ; and the tax, if unsatisfied, shall be collected in the same manner as if no levy had been made. HIGHWAYS AND BRIDGES. Sec. 1228. The Supervisors of the several towns shall have the care and supervision o: the highways and bridges therein, and it shall be their duty : 1. To give directions for repairing the highways and bridges within their respective towns, and cause to be removed all obstructions therefrom. 2. To cause such of the roads used as highways as have been laid out but not sufficiently described, and such as have been lawfully laid out and used as such up to the thn present time, but not fully and suflicieiitly recorded, to be ascertained, described aii' entered of record in the Town Clerk's office. ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 271 3. To cause bridges which are or may be erected over streams intersecting highways to be kept in repair. 4. To divide their respective towns into so many road districts as they shall judge conven- ient, and specify every such division in writing under their hands, to be recorded in the office of the Town Clerk ; but no such division shall be made within ten days next preceding the annual town meeting. 5. To assign to each of the said road districts such of the inhabitants liable to pay taxes on highways as they think proper, having regard to the nearness of residence as mucji as practicable. 6. To require the Overseers of Highways from time to time, and as often as they shall deem necessary, to perform any of the duties required of them by law. 7. To assess the highway taxes in their respective towns in each year, as provided by law. 8. To lay out and establish upon actual surveys, as hereinafter provided, such new roads in their respective towns as they may deem necessary and proper ; to discontinue such roads as shall appear to them to have become unnecessary, and to widen or alter such roads when they shall deem necessary for public convenience, and perform all other duties respecting highways and bridges directed by this chapter. INTOXICATING LIQUORS. Sec. 1548. The Town Boards, Village Boards and Common Councils of the respective towns, villages and cities may grant license to such persons as they may deem proper, to keep groceries, saloons or other places, within their respective towns, villages or cities, for the sale in quantities less than one gallon of strong, spirituous, malt, ardent or" intoxicating liquors, to be drank on the premises ; and in like manner may grant licenses for the sale in any quantity of such liquors not to be drank on the premises. The sum to be paid for such license for the sale of such liquor to be drank on the premises shall not be less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred and fifty dollars; and for the sale of such liquors not to be drank on the premises shall be not less than ten nor more than forty dollars. Sec. 1540. Every ipplicant for such license shall, before delivery thereof, file with such town, village or city clerk a bond to the State in the sum of five hundred dollars, with at least two sureties, to be approved by the authorities granting the license, who shall each justify in double its amount over and above their debts and liabilities and exemptions, and be freehold- ers and residents of the county, conditioned that the applicant, during the continuance of his license will keep and maintain an orderly and well-regulated house ; that he will permit no gambling with cards, dice or any device or implement for that purpose, within his premises or any out-house, yard or shed appertaining thereto ; that he will not sell or give away any intoxi- cating liquor to any minor, having good reason to believe him to be such, unless upon the writ- ten order of the parents or guardian of such minor, or to per.-ions intoxicated or bordering upon intoxication, or to habitual drunkards ; and that he will pay all damages that may be recovered by any person, and that he will observe and obey all orders of such Supervisors, Trustees or Aldermen, or any of them, made pursuant to law. In case of the breach of the condition of any such bond, an action may be brought thereon in the name of the State of Wisconsin, and judgment shall be entered against the principals and sureties therein nam.ed for the full penalty thereof; and execution may issue thereupon by order of the court therefor, to satisfy any judgment that may have been recovered against the principal named in said bond, by reason of any breach in the conditions thereof, or for any penalties of forfeitures incurred under this chap- ter. If more than one judgment shall have been recovered, the court, in its discretion, may apply the proceerls of said bond toward the satisfaction of said several judgments, in whole or in part, in such manner as it may see fit. Sec. 1550. If any person shall vend, sell, deal or traffic in or for the purpose of evading this chapter, give away, any spirituous, malt, ardent or intoxicating liquors or drinks in any 272 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. quantity whatever without first having obtaineil license therefor, according to the provisions of this chapter, he shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof shall be punished by fine of not less than ten nor more than forty dollars, besiiles the costs of suit, or, in lieu of sueli fine, by imprisonment in the county jail of the proper county not to exceed si.xty days nor less than twenty days ; and, in case of punishment by fine as above provided, such per- son shall, unless the fine and costs be paid forthwith, be committed to the county jail of the proper county until such fine and costs are, paid, or until discharged by due course of law ; and, in case of a second or any subsequent conviction of tlie same person during any one year, the punish- ment may be by both fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. Sec. 1551. Upon complaint made to any Justice of the Peace by any person that he knows or has good reason to believe that an offense against this chapter, or any violation thereof, has been committed, he shall examine the complainant on oath, and he shall reduce such com- plaint to writing and cause the same to be subscribed by the person complaining. And if it shall appear to such Justice that there is rfa^onable cause to believe that such offense hiis been committed, he shall immediately issue his warrant, reciting therein the substance of such com- plaint and requiring tlie officer to whom such warrant shall be directed forthwith to arrest the accused and bring him before such Justice, to be dealt with according to law ; and the same war- rant may require the officer to summon such persons as shall be therein named to appear at the trial to give evidence. Sec. 1552. The District Attorney of the proper county shall, on notice given to him by the Justice of the Peace before whom any such complaint shall be made, attend the trial before such Justice and conduct the same on behalf of the State. Sec. 1553. Every supervisor, trustee, alderman and justice of the peace, police officer) marshal, deputy marshal and constable of any town, village or city who shall know or be credi bly informed that any offense has been committed against the provisions of this chapter shall make complaint against the person so offending within their respective towns, villages or citifs to a proper Justice of the Peace therein, an [SE,\L.] ) [SEAL.] «iit'n executed and acknowledged according to law shall have the effect of a conveyance of the land therein described, together with all the rights, privileges and appurtenances thereunto belonging in pledge to the mortgagee, his heirs, assigns and legal representatives for the payment of the indebtedness therein set forth, with covenant from the mortgagor that all taxes and assess- ments levied and a.ssessed upon the land described during the continuance of tiie mortgage shall be paid previous to the day appointed by law for the sale of lands for taxes, as fully as the forms of mortgage now and heretofore in common use in this State, and may be foreclosed in the same manner and with the same effect, upon any default being made in any of the conditions thereof OS to payment of either principal, interest or taxes. ASSIGNMENT OF MORTGAGE. Sec. 2210. An assignment of a mortgage substantially in the following form : For value receiveil I, A B, of . Wisconsin, hereby assign to C D, of , Wis- consin, the within mortgage |or a certain mortgage executed to by E F and wife, of County, Wisconsin, the day of , IK — , and recorded in the office of the Register of Deeds of County, Wisconsin, in Vol. of mortgages, on page ), together with tiie and indebtedness therein mentioned. Witness my hand and seal this day of . 18 — . In presence of ) \ A B. [se.\L.] ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 275 shall be suiEcient to vest in the assignee for all purposes all the rights of the mortgagee ander the mortgage, and the amount of the indebtedness due thereon at the date of assignment. Such assignment, when indorsed upon the original mortgage, shall not require an acknowledg- ment in order to entitle the same to be recorded. TITLE TO REAL PROPERTY BY DESCENT. Sec. 2270. When any person shall die, seized of any lands, tenements or hereditaments, or iny right thereto, or entitled to any interest therein in fee simple, or for the life of another, not having lawfully devised the same, they shall descend subject to his debts, except as provided in the next section, in the manner following : 1. In equal shares to his children, and to the lawful issue of any deceased child, by right of representation ; and if there be no child of the intestate living at his death, his estate shall descend to all his other lineal descendants ; and if all the said descendants are in the same degree of kindred to the intestate, they shall share the estate equally, otherwise they shall take according to the right of representation. 2. If he shall leave no lawful issue, to his widow ; if he shall leave no such issue or widow, to his parents, if living ; and if either shall not be living, the survivor shall inherit his said estate. If a woman shall die, leaving no issue, her estate shall descend to her husband, if she shall have one at the time of her decease, and if she shall leave, surviving her, neither issue nor husband, to her parents, if living ; and if either shall not be living, the survivor shall inherit her said estate. 3. If he shall leave no lawful issue, nor widow, nor father, nor mother, his estate shall descend in equal shares to his brothers and sisters, and to the children of any deceased brother or sister, by right of representation. 4. If the intestate shall leave no lawful issue, widow, father, mother, brother nor sister, his estate shall descend to his next of kin in equal degree, except that when there are two or more collateral kindred in equal degree, but claiming through different ances- tors, those who claim through the nearest ancestor shall be preferred to those claiming through an ancestor more remote ; provided, however, .5. If any person die leaving several children, or leaving one child, and the issue of one or more other children, and any such surviving child shall die under age, and not having been married, all the estate that came to the deceased child, by inheritance from such deceased parent, shall descend in equal sliares to the other children of the same parent, and to the issue of any such other children who shall have died, by right of representation. 6. If, at the death of such child, who shall die under age, and not having been married, all the other children of his said parent shall also be dead, and any of them shall have left issue, the estate that came to said child by inheritance from his said parent, shall descend to all the issue of the other children of the same parent ; and if all the said issue are in the same degree of kindred to said child, they shall share the said estate equally ; otherwise they shall take according to the right of representation. 7. If the intestate shall have no widow nor kindred, his estate shall escheat to the State, and be added to the capital of the school fund. Sec. 2271. When the owner of any homestead shall die. not having lawfully devised the sMuie, such homestead shall descend free of all judgments and claims against such deceased owner or his estate, except mortgages lawfully executed thereon, and laborers' and mechanics' liens, in the manner following : 1. If he shall have no lawful issue, to his widow. 2. If he shall leave a widow and issue, to his widow during her widowhood, and, upon her marriage or death, to his heirs, according to the next preceding section. 3. If he shall leave issue and no widow, to such issue, according to the preceding section. 4. If he shall leave no issue or widow, such homestead shall descend under the next pre- ceding section, subject to lawful liens thereon. 276 HISTOHY OF \VIS((»NSIX. OF WILLS. Sec. 2277. Every person of full age, and any married woman of the age of eighteen year- and upward, being of sound mind, seized in his or her own right of any lands, or of any rigiit thereto, or entitled to any interest therein, descendible to his or her heirs, may devise and dis- pose of the same by last will and testament in writing ; and all such estate not disposed of by will, shall descend as the estate of an intestate, being chargeable, in both cases, with the pay- ment of all his debts or her debts, except as provided in the ne.xt preceding chapter, and in sec- tion twenty-two hundred and eighty. Sec. 2278. Every devise of land in any will shall be construed to convey all the estate of the devisor therein, which he could lawfully devise, unless it shall clearly appear bj' the will that the devisor intended to convey a less estate. Sec. 227'.'. Any estate, right or interest in lands acquired by the testator, after the making of his will, shall pass thereb}^ in like manner as if possessed at the time of making the will, if such shall manifestly appear, by the will, to have been the intention of the testator. Sec. 2280. When any homestead shall have been disposed of by the last will and testa- ment of the owner thereof, the devisee shall take the same, free of all judgments and claims against the testator or his estate, except mortgages lawfully executed thereon, and laborers' and mechanics' liens. Sec. 2281. Every person of full age, and every married woman of the age of eighteen years and upward, being of sound mind, may, by last will and testament in writing, bequeath and dispose of all his or her personal estate remaining at his or her decease, and all his or her rights thereto and interest therein, subject to the payment of debts ; and all such estate not dis- posed of by the will shall be administered as intestate estate. Sec. 2284. All beneficial devises, legacies and gifts whatsoever, made or given in any will to a subscribing witness thereto, shall be wholly void, unless there be two other competent suli- scribing witnesses to the same ; but a mere charge on the lands of the devisor for the payment of debts, shall not prevent his creditors from being competent witnesses to his will. Sec. 2285. But if such witness, to whom any beneficial devise may have been made or given, would have been entitled to any share of the estate of the testator, in case the will was not established, then so much of the share that would have descended or been distributed to such witness as will not exceed the devise or bequest made to him in the will, shall be saved tn him, and he may recover the same of the devisees or legatees named in the will, in proportion to and out of the parts devised or bequeathed to them. Sec. 2286. When any child shall be born, after the making of his parent's will, and n provision shall be made therein for him, such child shall have the same share in the estate of the testator as if he had died intestate; and the share of such child shall be assigned to him, as pro- vided by law, in case of intestate estates, unless it shall be apparent from the will that it was the intention of the testator that no provision should be made for such child. Sec. 2290. No will, or any part thereof, shall be revoked, unless by burning, tearing, can- celiiig or obliterating the same, with the intention of revoking it, by the testator, or by some person in his presence, and by his direction, or by some other will or codicil in writing, executcil as prescribed in this chapter, or by some other writing, signed, attested and subscribed in the manner provided in this chapter, for the execution of a will ; excepting, only, that nothing con- tainf>d in this section shall prevent the revocation implied by law, from subsequent changes in the condition or circumstances of the testator. The power to make a will implies the power t" revoke the same. OF THE ADOPTION OF CHILDREN. Sec. 4021. Any inhabitant of this State may petition the County Court, in the county of his residence, for leave to adopt a child not his own by birth; but no such petition made by a married person shall be granted, unless the husband or wife of the petitioner shall join therein AISSTKACT OF LAWS. 277 lor shall any such petition be granted, unless the child, if of the age of fourteen years, or more ihall consent thereto in writing, in the presence of the court. Sec. 4022. No such adoption shall be made, without the written consent of the living )arents of such child, unless the court shall find that one of the parents has abandoned the child, )r gone to parts unknown, when such con.sent may be given by the parent, if any, having the ;are of the child. In case where neither of the parents is living, or if living, have abandoned he child, such consent maybe given by the guardian of such child, if any ; if such child has no guardian, such consent may be given by any of the ne.xt of kin of such child, residing in this State, )r, in the discretion of the court, by some suitable person to be appointed by the court. 2. In case of a child not born in lawful wedlock, such consent may be given by the mother, if she is living, and has not abandoned such child. Sec. 4023. If upon such petition and consent, as herein provided, the County Court shall )e satisfied of the identity and the relations of the persons, and that the petitioners are of sufli- iient ability to bring up, and furnish suitable nurture and education for the child, having refer- jnce to the degree and condition of its parents, and that it is proper that such adoption shall ake eflFect, such court shall make an order, reciting said facts that, from and after the date hereof, such child shall be deemed, to all legal intents and purposes, the child of the petitioners ; md by such order the name of such child may be changed to that of the parents by adoption. Sec. 4024. A child so adopted, shall be deemed for the purposes of inheritance and succes- lion by such child, custody of the person and right of obedience by such parents by adoption, md all other legal consequences and incidents of the natural relation of parents and children, ;he same to all intents and purposes as if such child had been born in lawful wedlock of such jarents by adoption, excepting that such child shall not be capable of taking property jxpressly limited to the heirs of the body of such parents. The natural parents of such child shall be deprived, by such order of adoption, of all legal •ights whatsoever, respecting such child, and such child shall be freed from all legal obligations of naintenance and obedience to such natural parents. INTEREST. The legal rate of interest is 7 per cent. A higher rate of interest, not exceeding 10 per sent, may be contracted for, but the same must be clearly expressed in writing. If a higher rate than 10 per cent is collected or paid, the party so paying may, by himself or his legal rep- resentative, recover treble the amount so paid above the 10 per cent, if the action is brought ftithin one year, and all bills, notes, or other contracts whatsoever, whereby a higher rate than 10 per cent is secured, shall be liable for the principal sum, but no interest shall be recovered. JURISDICTION OF COURTS. The Circuit Courts have general jurisdiction over all civil and criminal actions within their respective circuits, subject to a re-examination by the Supreme Court. The County Courts shall have jurisdiction over the probate matters in their respective counties, and shall have exclusive appellate jurisdiction in the counties of Brown, Dodge, Fond du Lac, Milwaukee and Winnebago in all cases of appeals from Justices of the Peace in civil actions, and all cases commenced in Justices' Courts therein, there shall be an answer put in, showing that the title of lands will come in question. And such Courts shall have concurrent and equal jurisdiction in all civil actions and pro- ceedings w ith the Circuit Courts of said counties to the following extent respectively : The County Court of Brown, when the value of the property in controversy, after deduci- ng all payments and set-OS's, shall not exceed five thousand dollars. The County Court of Dodge County, when such value shall not exceed twenty-five thousand lollars. 27* HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. The County Court of Fond du Lao. when such value shall not exceed twenty thousand dollars. The County Court of Milwaukee, when such value does not exceed five million dollars. The County of Winnebago, when such value does not exceed twenty thousand dollars. They shall have jurisdiction of all actions for foreclo;«ure where the value does not exceed the above amounts, and of all actions for divorce or for affirmation or annuUment of marriage contract. Justices of the Peace have jurisdiction in civil matters where two hundred ilollars or le.ss are involved. The criminal jurisdiction of Justices extends to all cases where the fine is one hundred dol- lars, or the imprisonment six months. JURORS. .AH persons who are citizens of the United States, and qualified electors of the State shall be liable to be drawn as jurors, except as provided as follows: The following persons shall be exempt from serving as jurors : • All officers of the United States, the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State. Attorney General, State Superintendent and Treasurer: all Judges, Clerks of Courts or Record : all county officers, Constables, attorneys and counselors at law, ministers of the Gospel of any religious society, practicing physicians, surgeons, dentists, and the President, professors and instructors of the University and their assistants, and of the several colleges and incorporated acad<;mies ; all teachers of the State Normal Schools, one teacher in each common school, the officers and employes of the several State institutions, one miller in each grist-mill, one ferry- man at each licensed ferry, one dispensing druggist in each prescription drug-store, all telegraph operator.? and superintendents, conductors, engineers, firemen, collectors and station-agents of any railroad or canal, while in actual employment as such : all officers of fire departments, and all active members of fire companies organized according to law ; all persons more than sixty years of age, an(l all persons of unsound mind or subject to any bodily infirmity amounting to disability ; all persons who have been convicted of any infamous crime, and all persons who hav' served at any regular term of the Circuit Court as a grand or petit juror within one year, except he shall be summoned on a special venire or as a talesman. CAPITAL PUNISHMENT. Capital punishment has been abolished in this State. WOLF SCALPS. A bounty of five dollars is paid for each wolf scalp. I WEIGHTS AND MEASURES. i Whenever either of the articles, as commodities hereafter mentioned, shall be sold by the ,' bushel, and no special agreement as to measure or weight thereof shall be made by the parties, the measure shall be ascertained by weight, and shall be computed as follows: Sixty pounds for a bushel of wheat, clover seed, potatoes or beans. Fifty pounds for a bushel of green apples : fifty-six pounds for a bushel of rutabagas, flax- seed, rye or Indian corn shelled, and seventy pounds of Indian corn unshelled; fifty pounds for a bushel of rape seed, buckwheat, beets, carrots or onions : forty-eight pounds for a bushel of barley ; forty-five pounds for a bushel of timothy seed : forty-four pounds for a bushel of par- nips ; forty-two pounds for a bushel of comm.m flat turnips ; tiiirty-two pounds for a bushel " oats ; and twenty-eight pounds for a bushel of dried apples or dried peaches. ABSTKACT OF ]-A\VS. ' :2T9 No person shall sell, buy or receive in store any grain at any weight or measure per bushel other than the standard weight or measure per bushel fixed by law ; and, for any violation, the oflfender shall forfeit not less than five nor more than fifty dollars. DAMAGES FOR TRESPASS. Any person who shall willfully, maliciously or wantonly destroy, remove, throw down or injure any fence, hedge or wall inclosing any orchard, pasture, meadow, garden, or any field whatever on land belonging to or lawfully occupied by another, or open and leave open, throw down, injure, remove or destroy' any gate or bars in such fence, hedge or wall, or cut down, root u]i, sever, injure, destroy or carry away when severed, any fruit, shade, ornamental or other tree, or any shrub, root, plant, fruit, flower, grain or other vegetable production, or dig up, sever or carry away any mineral, earth or stone, or tear down, mutilate, deface or injure any building, sign-board, fence or railing, or sever and carry away any part thereof, standing or being upon the land of another or held in trust, or who shall willfully, maliciously or wantonly cut down, root up, injure, destroy or remove or carry away any fruit, ornamental or other tree, or any shrub, fruit, flower, vase or statue, arbor, or any ornamental structure, standing or being in any street or public ground in any city or village, in any private inclosure or highway, or destroy, remove, mutilate or injure any milestone or board, or any guide-post or board erected in any highway or public way, or on any turnpike, plank-road or railroad, or deface or obliterate any device or inscrip- tion thereon, or cut down, break ilown, remove, mutilate or injure any monument erected or tree marked for the purpose of designating the boundaries of any town or tract of land or subdivision thereof, or deface or obliterate any figures, letters, device or inscription thereon, made for such purpose, or break, remove, destroy or injure any post, guard, railing or lamp-post or lamp thereon, erected or being on any bridge, street, sidewalk, alley, court, passage, park, public ground, highway, turnpike, plank or rail road, or extinguish or break any lamp on any such lamp-post, or tear, deface, mutilate or injure any book, map, pamphlet, chart, picture or other property belonging to any public library, or take and carry away the same with intent to con- vert to his own use, or shall injure or destroy any personal property of another, shall be pun- ished by imprisonment in the county jail not more than six months, or by fine not exceeding one hundred dollars. Any person who shall willfully, maliciously or wantonly kill, maim, mutilate, disfigure or injure any horse, mule, cattle, sheep or other domestic animal of another, or administer poison to such animal, or expose any poison, with intent that the same may be taken or swallowed by such animal ; and any person who shall overdrive, overwork, overload, maim, wound, torture, torment, cruelly beat or kill any such animal belonging to himself or another, or being the owner or having the care or charge thereof, shall fail to provide necessary food, water or shelter for any such animal, or who shall turn out and abandon, without proper care and protection, or cruelly work any such animal when old, diseased, disabled or unfit for work, or shall carry or confine any live animal, fowl or bird, in a cruel or inhuman manner, or who shall cause, procure or abet any cruelty above mentioned, or the fighting or baiting of bulls, dogs or cocks, shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail not more than six months or by fine not exceeding one hun- dred dollars. ESTRAYS. No stray, except horses and mules, shall be taken up by any person not a resident of the town in which it is found ; nor unless it is found upon land owned or occupied by him. Every finder for a stray mast notify the owner, if he is known, within seven days, and request him to pay all reasonable charges and take the stray away. If the owner is not known, he must file a notice with the Town Clerk within ten days, who shall transmit a copy thereof to the County Clerk. If the stray is not worth five dollars, the finder shall post a co]jy of such notice in two pub- lic places in such town ; if it exceed five dollars in value, he shall publish such notice four sue- 280 HISTORY OF WISCONSIX. ceasive weeks either in some newspaper published in the county or in an adjoining county, if onr be published nearer his residence than any published in his county ; but if no newspaper is pub-, lished within twenty miles of his residence, then he must post such notice in three public places in his county. Such notice shall describe the stray by giving its marks, natural or artificial, as near as possible, the name and residence of the finder, specifying the section and town, and the time wlicn such stray was taken up. For neglect to post up or publi.^sh as required, the finder shall be liable to double the amount of damages sustained by the owner. For neglect to post or publish for one year, the finder shall be liable for its full value, to be recovered in the name of the town, and the amount recovered to be added to the school fund of such town. The finder shall, within one month, cause the stray to be appraised by a Justice of the Peace and a certificate of such appraisal signed by such Justice filed in the Town Clerk's oflice. The finder shall pay the Justice fifty cents for such certificate, and ten cents per mile for each mile necessarily traveled to make the same. The owner may have the same restored to him any time within one year after such notice is filed in the town Clerk's office, by proving that the stray belongs to him, and paying all lawful charges incurred in relation to the same. If the owner and finder cannot agree as to the charges, either party, on notice to the other, may apply to a Justice of such town to settle the same, who, for that purpose, may examine witnesses upon oath, and the amount found due, with the costs, shall be a lien upon such stray. If no owner applies for the return of such stray, as pro- vided, and the same is not worth more than ten dollars, it shall become the absolute property of such finder ; but if the appraisal shall exceed ten dollars, it shall be sold at ])ublic auction by the Sheriff or any Constable of the county, on the request of the finder, and he shall be entitled to one-half the proceeds, and the other half shall be paid to the Treasurer of the town within ten days. If the finder shall neglect or refuse to cause such sale, he shall pay to the town the value of such stray, to be recovered by the town. If any person, without the consent of the owner, shall take away such stray, without first paying the lawful charges, shall be liable to the finder for the value of such stray. If the finder shall neglect to do any act prescribed above, he shall be precluded from ac([uiring any right in such stray, and from receiving any charges or expenses relative thereto. FENCES. The Overseers of Highways in their respective towns, the Aldermen of cities in their respective wards, and the Trustees of villages In their respective villages, shall be Fence Viewers, and in towns having less than three road districts, the Supervisors shall be Fence Viewers. All fences four and a half feet high, and in good repair, consisting of rails, timber, board> or stone walls, or any combination thereof, and all brooks, rivers, ponds, creeks, ditches and hedges or other things which shall be considered equivalent thereto, in the judgment of the Fence Viewers, within whose jurisdiction the same may be, shall be deemed legal and sufficient fences Every partition of a fence, or line upon which a fence is to be built, made by the owner.- of the adjoining lands, in writing, sealed and witnessed by two witnesses, or by Fence Viewer,- in writing, under their hands, after being recorded in the Town Clerk's office, shall oblige such owners and their heirs, as long as they remain owners, and after parting with the ownership, until a new partition is made. A division of a partition fence, or line upon which a partition fence between adjoining lands shall be built, may be made by Fence Viewers in the following cases : 1. When any owner of uninclosed lands shall desire to inclose the same, he may have tlu- line between his land and the adjoining land of any other person divided, and the portion upoii which the respective owners shall erect their share of the partition fence assigned, whether such adjoining land be inclosed or not. 2. When any lands belonging to different persons in severalty, shall have been occupied in common, or without a partition fence between them, and one of the occupants shall be desirou- ABSTRACT OF J,AWS. 281 to occupy his part in severalty, and the others shall refuse or neglect, on demand, to divide with him the line where the fence ought to be built, or to build a sufficient fence on his part of the line, when divided, the occupant desiring it may have the same divided, and the share of each assigned. 3. When any controversy shall arise about the right of the respective occupants in parti- tion fences, or their obligations to maintain the same, either party may have the line divided, and the share of each assigned. In either case, application may be made to two or more Fence Viewers of the town where the lands lie, who shall give reasonable notice in writing to each party, and they shall in writing under their hands, divide the partition fence or line, and assign to each owner or occupant his share thereof, and in the second and third cases direct within what time each party shall build or repair his share of the fence, having regard to the season of the year, and shall file such deci- sion in the Town Clerk's office. If either party shall neglect or refuse to build or repair within the time so assigned, his part of the fence, the other may, after having completed his own part, build or repair such part, and recover double the expense thereof. Where the whole or a greater share than belongs to him has been built by one of the occu- pants, before complaint to the Fence Viewers, the other shall be obliged to pay for his share of such fence. Where uninclosed land is afterward inclosed, the owner shall pay for one-half the partition fence upon the line between him and any other owner or occupant. If any person shall determine not to keep inclosed any part of his hind adjoining any par- tition fence, and shall give six months' notice of such determination to all adjoining occupants, he shall not be required to maintain any part of such fence during the time his lands shall lie open. LANDLORD AND TENANT. The common law right to destrain for rent, is abolished. The atonement of a tenant to a stranger shall be absolutely void, and shall not in anywise efi'ect the possession of his landlord, unless it be made 1. With the consent of the landlord; or '2. Pursuant to, or in consequence of, a judgment or order of a court of competent juris- diction ; or 3. To a purchaser upon a judicial sale, who shall have acquired title to the lands by a conveyance thereof, after the period for redemption, if any, has expired. A tenancy, a will or. sufferance may be determined by the landlord, giving one month's notice to quit, or the tenant giving one month's notice of his intention to quit, or if the terms of payment are for less than a month, notice equal to the time between payments, or for non-payment of rent, fourteen days' notice to quit. Such notice shall be served by delivering the same to such tenant, or to some person of proper age residing on the premises, or if no such person can be found, by affixing the same in a conspicuous part of the premises, where it may be conveniently read, and, at the expi- ration of the time required after the service of such notice, the landlord may re-enter, or main- tain an action for the recovery of the possession thereof, or proceed in the manner prescribed by law to remove such tenant without further or other notice to quit. If, after giving notice of deter- mination to quit, the tenant neglects or refuses to deliver up the premises, he shall be liable to double the rent agreed upon, to be collected the same as single rent. MARKS AND BRANDS. Every Town Clerk shall, on application of any person residing in his town, record a description of the marks or brands with which such person may be desirous of marking his horses, cattle, sheep or hogs ; but the same description shall not be recorded or used by more than one resident of the same town. If any person shall mark any of his horses, cattle, sheep 282 • HI8TOHV OF \VI8((»NMX. or hogs, with the same mark or brand previously recordeil by any resident of the same town, and while the same mark or brand shall be used by such resident, he shall forfeit for every such offense $o ; if any person shall willfully mark or brand any of the horses, cattle, sheep or hogs, of any other person with his mark or brand, he shall forfeit for every such offense $10 ; and, if any person shall willfully destroy or alter any mark or brand upon any of the horses, cattle, shee]! or hogs of another, he shall forfeit $10, and pay to the party injured double damages. SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS. A County Surveyor is elected every two years. The surveyor may appoint and remove deputies at will, on filing a certificate thereof with the County Clerk. He shall be responsible on his bond for the faithful performance by every deputy of his duties. It shall be the duty of the County Surveyor: (1.) To execute, himself or by his deputy, any survey which may be required of him by order of court, or upon application of any individual or corporation. (2.) To make a record of the plat and field notes of each survey made by him or his deputies, in record books kept therefor, and to so arrange or index the same as to be easy of reference, and to file and preserve in his office the original field notes and calculations thereof. (3.) To safely keep all books, records, plats, files, papers and property belonging to his office ; aff'ord opportunity to examine the same to any person desiring, and deliver the same to his successor in office. (4.) To furnish a copy of any record, plat or paper in his office, to any person on demand and payment of his legal fees therefor. (5.) To administer to ever}' chainman and marker assisting in any survey, before com- mencing their duties as such, an oath or affirmation faithfully and impartially to discharge the duties of chainman or marker, as the case maybe; and the surveyor and his deputies are empowered to administer the same. (6.) To perform such other duties as may be required by law. The surveyor and his deputies may demand and receive the following fees, except it be other- wise agreed upon with the parties employing them, to wit : For each day's service, $3. For each mile traveled in going from his office to the place of rendering service and return- ing, 10 cents. For plat and certificate, except town plats, 50 cents. For recording a survey, 50 cents. For each chainman and marker necessarily employed, $1.50 per day, unless they be fur- nished by the person for whom the survey is made. For making a copy. 10 cents a folio, and 25 cents for his certificate. SUPPORT OF THE POOR. Every town shall relieve and support all poor and indigent persons lawfully settled therein, whenever they shall stand in need thereof, excepting as follows: The father, mother and children, being of sufficient ability, of any poor person, who is blind, old, lame, impotent or decrepit, so as to be unable to maintain himself, shall, at their own charge, relieve and maintain such poor person in such manner as shall be approved by the Super- visors of the town where such person may be, and, upon the failure of any such relative so to do, the Supervisors shall apply to the County Judge for an order to compel such relief. Legal settlement may be acquired by one year's residence in a town of this State. ABSTRACT OF LAW'S. 2S3 MARRIED WOMEN. In Wisconsin, the marriage of a femme sole, executri.x or administratrix, extinguishes her authority ; and of a female ward, terminates the guardianship as to custody of person, but not as to estate. The husband hokis his deceased wife's hinds for life, unless she left, by a former husband, issue to whom the estate might descend. Provisions exist by which powers may be given to married women, and regulating their execution of them. If husband and wife are impleaded, and the husband neglects to defend the rights of the wife, she applying before judg- ment, may defend without him ; and, if he lose her land, by default, she may bring an action for ejectment after his death. The real estate of females married before, and the real and per- sonal property of those after February 21, 1850, remain their separate property. And any married woman may receive, but not from her husband, and hold any property as if unmarried. She may insure the life of her husband, son, or any other person, for her own exclusive benefit. The property pf the wife remains to her separate use, not liable for her husband's debts, and not subject to his disposal. She may convey her separate property. If her husband desert her, or neglect her, she may become a sole trader; and she may insure his life for her benefit. Her husband is not liable for her debts contracted before marriage ; the individual earnings of the wife are her separate property, and she may sue, and be sued alone, in regard to the same. She may make and hold deposits in savings-banks. She may, by a separate conveyance, release her dower in any lands which her husband has conveyed. If a woman has authority, she can transact all her husband's business for him ; and while they live together, the wife can buy all family things necessary for the support of the family, and for which he is liable. The husband is responsible for necessaries supplied to his wife, if he does not supply them himself: and he continues so liable, if he turns her out of his house, or otherwise separates him- self from her without good cause. But he is not so liable, if she deserts him (unless on extreme provocation), or if he turns her away for good cause. If she leaves him, because he treats her so ill, that she has good right to go from him, this is the same thing as turning her away, and she carries with her his credit for all necessaries supplied to her ; but what the misconduct must be, to give this right, is uncertain. In America the law must be, and undoubtedly is, that the wife is not obliged to stay and endure cruelty and indecency. If a man lives with a woman as his wife, and represents her to be so, he is responsible, the same as if she were his wife, even if it is known that she is not his wife. ACTIONS. All distinctions have been abolished, and there is now but one form, which must be prose- cuted in the name of the real party in interest, except in case of executors, administrators and trustees, and which is begun by the service of a summons on the defendant, to be answered within twenty days. ARREST. Defendant may be arrested : 1. In an action to recover damages not on contract, where the defendant is a non-resident, or is about to remove froin the State, or where the action is for injury to the person or character, or for injury to, or wrong taking, detaining or converting property, or in an action to recover damages for property taken under false pretenses. 2. In an action for a fine or penalty or for money received or property embezzled or fraudulently misapplied by a public officer or attorney, solicitor, or counsel or officer of a corpora- tion as such, or factor agent or broker, or for misconduct or neglect in official or professional employment. 3. In an action to recover property unjustly detained where it is so concealed that the Sheriff cannot find the .same. 284 HISTORY (»F WISCOXSIX. •4. Where the defendant was guilty of fraud in contracting the debt, or in concealing or disposing of the property for the taking, detaining or disposing of which the action is brought. An affidavit must be made on the part of the plaintiff, stating the cause of action and one of the above causes. ATTACHMENT is allowed on an affidavit that the defendant is indebted to plaintiff, and stating the amount and that it is due on contract ; and, 1. That defendant has absconded, or is about to abscond, or is concealed to the injury of his creditors. 2. That defendant has assigned, disposed or concealed his property or is about to do ^o with intent to defraud creditors. 3. That the defendant has removed, or is about to remove, hi.s property from the St.tit? with intent to defraud creditors. 4. That the debt was fraudulently contracted. 5. That he is a non-resident. 6. Or a foreign corporation. 7. That he has fraudulently conveyed or disposed of his property with intent to defraud creditors. The amount sued for must exceed $50. GARNISHMENT is allowed on an affidavit on behalf of the creditor, that he believes that any thinl person (naming him) has property effects, or credits of defendant, or is indebted to him. also in execution, on a similar affidavit. JUDGMENT is a lien on real estate in the county where rendered from the date of docketing, and in other counties from the time of filing a transcript and the lien continues for ten years. It b^ars interest at 7 per cent, or as high as 10 per cent if stipulated for in the contract. STAY LAWS. In Justices' Courts, on giving bond with surety within five days after judgment was ren- dered, stay of execution is allowed, as follows : On sums not exceeding $10, exclusive of costs, one month ; between 810 and $30, two months ; between ^30 and $50, three months ; over $50, four months. EXEMPTIONS. A honrfestead not exceeding forty acres, used for agriculture iind a residence, and not included in a town plat or a city or village ; or, instead, one-quarter of an acre in a recorded town plat, city or village. Also, 1, Family Bible : 2, Family pictures and school-books : 3. Private library; 4, Scat or pew in church ; 5, Right of burial : 6, Wearing-apparel, beds, bed- steads and bedding, kept and used in the family, stoves and appurtenances, put up and used, cooking utensils and household furniture to the value of §200, one gun, rifle or fire-arm to thf value of $50 ; 7, Two cows, ten swine, one yoke of oxen and one horse or mule, or, in lien thereof, a span of horses or mules, ten sheep and the wool therefrom, necessary food for exempt stock for one year, provided or growing or both, one wagon, cart or dray, one sleigh, one plow, one drag and other farm utensils, including tackle for the teams to the value of $50 ; 8, Provis- ions and fuel for the fomily for one year ; 9, Tools and implements or stock-in-trade of '^ ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 285 mechanic or miner, used and kept, not exceeding $200 in value, library and implements of a professional man to the value of $200 ; 10, Money arising from insurance of exempt property destroyed by fire ; 11, Inventions for debts against the inventor; 12, Sewing-machines: 13. Sword, plate, books or articles presented by Congress or Legislature of a State ; 14, Printing- material and presses to the value of $1,500 ; 15, Earnings of a married person necessary for family support for sixty days previous to issuing process. LIMITATIONS OF ACTIONS. Real actions, twenty years ; pei'sons under disabilities, five years after removal of the same. Judgments of Courts of Record of the State of Wisconsin and sealed instruments when the cause accrues within the State, twenty years. Judgments of other Courts of Record and sealed instruments accruing without the State, ten years. Other contracts, statute liabilities other than penalties and forfeitures, trespass on real property, trover detinue and replevin, six years. Actions against Sheriffs, Coroners and Constables, for acts ilone in their official capacity, except for escapes, three years. Statutory penalties and forfeitures, libel, slander, assault, battery and false imprisonment, two years. Actions against Sheriffs, etc., for escapes, one year. Persons under disabilities, except infants, may bring action after the disability ceases, provided the period is not extended more than five years., and infants one year after coming of age. Actions by representatives of deceased persons, one year from death ; against the same. one year from granting letters testamentary or of administration. New promise must be in writing. COMMERCIAL TERMS. \ $ — Means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was formerly placed before any lenomination of money, and meant, as it means now. United States currency. £ — Means pounds, English money. @ — Stands for at or to; ^ for pounds, and bbl. for bai-rels ; '^^ for per, or by the. Thus : Butter sells at 20@30c f ft, and Flour at $8(rt!l2 f bbl. % for per cent., and t for numbers. '^ May 1. Wheat sells at il.20@$1.25, " seller June." Seller June means that the person ivho sells the wheat has the privilege of delivering it at any time during the month of June. Selling short is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain or stock at a fixed price, vithin a certain length of time, when the seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest )f the person selling short to depress the market as much as possible, in order that he may buy md fill his contract at a profit. Hence the " shorts " are termed " bears." Buying lotiy is to contrive to purchase a certain amount of grain or shares of stock at a lixed price, deliverable within a stipulated time, expecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The " longs " are termed " bulls," as it is for their interest to " operate " .so as to " toss " the irices upward as much as possible. SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY SUBSCRIPTION. The business of publishing books by subscription having so often been brought into disre- imte by agents making representations and declarations not authorized by the publisher, in trder to prevent that as much as possible, and that there may be more general knowledge of •he relation such agents bear to their principal, and the law governing such cases, the following tatement is made: A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual promises, by which the subscriber '/grees to pay a certain sum for the work described; the consideration is concurrent that the ublisher shall publish the book named, and deliver the same, for which the subscriber is to >ay the price named. The nature and character of the work is described by the prospectus nd sample shown. These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they are the 286 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. basis and consideratior. of the promise to pay, and not the too often exaggerated 'statements of the agent, who is merely employed to solicit subscriptions, for which he is usually paid a com- mission for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter the conditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to bind the principal, the subscriber should see that such condition or changes are stated over or in connection with his signature, so that the publisher may have notice of the same. All persons making contracts in refei'ence to matters of this kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as written is, that they cannot be altered, varied or rescinded verbally, but, if done at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore important that all persons contemplating subscribing should distinctly understand that all talk before or after the sub- scription is made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract. Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade as canvassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular business in a prescribed mode, and have no authority to do it any other way to the prejudice of their principal, nor can they bind their principal in any other matter. They cannot collect money, or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money. They cannot extend the time of payment beyond the time of delivery, nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses incurred in their business. It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any written instrument; would examine carefully what it is ; if they cannot read themselves call on some one disinterested who can. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. CONDENSED. PREAMBLE. ■ We, the People of Wisconsin, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom ; in order to secure its blessings, form a more perfect government, insure domestic tranquillity, and promote the general welfare ; do establish this Constitution. Article I. DECLARATION OF RIGHTS. Section 1. All men are born free and independent, and have, among other rights, those of life, liberty and pursuit of happiness. Governments are instituted to secure these rights. Sec. 2. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except for the punish- ment of crimes. Sec. 3. Liberty of speech and of the press shall not be abridged. Sec. 4. The right of the people to peaceably assemble to consult for the common good shall never be abridged. Sec. .5. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. Sec. 6. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel pun- ishments inflicted. Sec. 7^ In criminal prosecutions, the rights of the accused shall be protected. Sec. 8. Criminal offenses shall be prosecuted on presentment of a grand jurj'. No one shall be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense, nor be compelled to be a witness against himself Every one slinll have the right of giving bail except in capital offenses ; and the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, except in case of rebellion or invasion. Sec. 9. Evei'y person is entitled to a certain remedy for all injuries or wrongs. Sec. 10. Treason consists in levying war against the State, or giving aid and comfort to its enemies. Two witnesses are necessary to convict a person of the crime. Sec. 11. • The people are to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures. Bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, or laws impairing obligation of contracts, passed. No property shall be taken for public use witliout compensation. All laws in the State are allodial. Feudal tenures are prohibited. The rights of property are the same in resident aliens and citizens. No person shall be imprisoned for debt. Wholesome exemption laws shall be passed. Liberty of conscience and rights of worship shall never be abridged. The public money shall never be applied to sectarian uses. Sec. 19. No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification for any oiSce. Sec. 12. shall never be Sec. 13. Sec. 14. Sec. 15. Sec. 16. Sec. 17. Sec. 18. 288 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Sec. 20. The military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power. Sec. 21. Writs of error shall never be prohibited by law. Sec. 22. A free government can only be maintained by adhering to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality and virtue. Article II. BOUNDARIES. SECTION 1. The boundary of the State, beginning at the northeast corner of the State of Illinois, runs with the boundary line of Michigan, through Lake Michigan and Green Bay, to the mouth of the Menominie River ; up that stream and the Brule River to Lake Brule ; along the southern shore of that lake to the Lake of the Desert ; thence in a direct line to the head of Montreal River ; down the main channel of that stream to the middle of Lake Superior ; thence through the center of said lake to the mouth of St. Louis River ; up the channel of that stream to the first rapids ; thence due south to the main branch of the St. Croi.x ; down that river and the Mississippi to the northwest corner of Illinois ; thence due east with the northera boundary of that State to the place of beginning. Sec. 2. The propositions in the enabling act of Congress are accepted and confirmed. Article III. SUFFRAGE. Section 1. The (qualified electors are all male persons twenty-one years of age or upward, who are (1.) white citizens of the United States ; (2.) who are white persons of foreign birth that have declared their intentions, according to law, to become citizen's ; (3) who are persons of Indian blood and citizens of the United States ; and (4.) civilized Indians not members of any tribe. Sec. 2. Persons under guardianship, such as are non compus mentis or insane, an.l those convicted of treason and felony and not pardoned, are not qualified electors. Sec. 3. All votes shall be by ballot, except for township oflBcers when otherwise directed by law. Sec. 4. No person shall be deemed to have lost his residence by reason of his absence ou business for the State or United States. Sec. 5. No person in the army or navy shall become a resident of the State in conse quence of being stationed therein. Sec. 6. Persons convicted of bribery, larceny or any infamous crime, or those who bet ou elections, may be excluded by law from the right of suffrage. Article IV. legislative. Section 1. The Legislative power is invested in a Senate and Assembly. Sec. 2. Members of the Assembly shall never number less than fifty-four, nor more than one hundred ; of the Senate, not more than one-third, nor less than one-fourth of the mem bers of the Assembly. Sec. 3. Census shall be taken, every ten years, of the inhabitants of the State, beginning with 1855, when a new apportionment of members of the Senate and Assembly shall be made; also, after each United States census. Sec. 4. Members of the Assembly shall be chosen on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November of each year. Sec. 5. Members of the Senate shall be elected for two years, at the same time and in the same manner as members of the Assembly. Sec. 8. Sec. 9. Sec. 10. Sec. 11. Sec. 12. CONSTITUTION OF THK STATE OF WISCONSIN. 289 Sec. 6. No person shall be eligible to the Legislature, unless a resident of the State one year, and a qualified elector. Sec. 7. Each House shall be the judge of the qualifications of its members. A majority shall be necessary to form a quorum. Each House shall make its own rules. Each House shall choose its own officers. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings. The Legislature shall meet at the seat of government once a year. No member shall be eligible to any other civil office in the State, during the term for which he was elected. Sec. 13. No member shall be eligible to any office of the United States, during the term for which he was elected. Sec. 14. Writs of election, to fill vacancies in either House, shall be issued by the Gov- ernor. Sec. 15. Except treason, felony and breach of the peace, members are privileged from arrest in all cases : nor subject to any civil process during a session. Sec. 16. Members are not liable for words spoken in debate. Sec. 17. The style of all laws shall be, "The people of the State of Wisconsin rep- resented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows : " Sec. 18. Private or local bills shall not embrace more than one subject. Sec. 19. Bills may originate in either House, and a bill passed by one House may be amended by the other. Sec. 20. Yeas and nays, at the request of one-sixth of the members present, shall be entered on the journal. Sec. 21. [Each member shall receive, as an annual compensation, three hundred and fifty dollars and ten cents for each mile traveled in going to and returning from the seat of gov- ernment]. As amended in 1867. Sec. 22. Boards of Supervisors may be vested with powers of a local, legislative and administrative character, such as shall be conferred by the Legislature. Sec. 23. One system only, of town and county government, shall be established by the Legislature. Sec. 24. The Legislature shall never authorize any lottery, or grant any divorce. Sec. 25. Stationery, for State use and State printing, shall be let by contract to the low- est bidder. Sec. 26. Extra compensation to any public officer shall not be granted after service is rendered, nor shall his compensation be increased or diminished during his term of office. Sec. 27. The Legislature shall direct, by law, in what manner and in what Courts suits against the State may be brought. Sec. 28. Public officers .shall all take an oath of office. Sec. 29. The Legislature shall determine what persons shall constitute the militia, and may provide for organizing the same. Sec. 30. Members of the Legislature shall vote viva voce in all elections made by them. Sec. 31. [Special legislation is prohibited (1) for changing the name of persons, or con- stituting one person the heir-at-law of another; (2) for laying out, opening or altering high- ways, except in certain cases; (3) for authorizing persons to keep ferries; (4) for authorizing the sale of the property of minors ; (5) for locating a county seat ; (6) for assessment of taxes ; (7) for granting corporate powers, except to cities; (8) for apportioning any part of the school fund ; and (9) for incorporating any town or village, or to award the charter thereof]. Added by amendment, in 1871. Sec. 32. [General laws shall be passed for the transaction of any business prohibited by Section 21 of this Article.] Added by amendment, in 1871. 290 HISTORY OF WISCONSIX. Article V. Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a Governor, who shall hold his oflSce two years. A Lieutenant Governor shall be elected at the same time and for the same term. Sec. 2. Governor and Lieutenant Governor must be citizens of the United States, and i|ualified electors of the State. Sec. 3. Governor and Lieutenant Governor are elected at the times and places of choosing members of the Legislature. ■*. Sec. 4. The Governor shall be ( 1) commander-in-chief of the military and naval forces of the State; (2) he has power to convene the Legislature in extra session ; (3) he shall communi- cate to the Legislature all necessary information; (4) he shall transact all necessary business with the officers of the State ; and (5) shall expedite ^11 legislative measures, and sec that the laws are faithfully executed. Sec. '}. [The Governor's salary shall be five thousand dollars per annum.] As amended in 1869. Sec. 6. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons. Sec. 7. The executive duties shall devolve upon the Lieutenant Governor when, from any cause, the executive ofiice is vacated by the Governor. Sec. 8. The Lieutenant Governor shall be President of the Senate. The Secretary of State shall act as Governor when both the Governor and Lieutenant Governor ai'e incapacitated from any causes to fill the executive office. Sec 9. [The Lieutenant Governor shall receive a salary of one thousand dollars per Miinum.] As amended in 18lJ9. ' Sec. 10. All legislative bills shall be presented to the Governor for bis signature before they become laws. Bills returned by the Governor without his signature may become laws by agreement of two-thirds of the members present in each house. Article VI. administration. Section 1. A Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney General shall be elected at the times and places of choosing members of the Legislature, who shall severally hold their offices for two years. Sec. 2. The Secretary of State shall keep a record of the official acts of the Legislature and Executive Department. He shall be ex officio Auditor. Sec. 3. The powers, duties and compensation of the Treasui'er and Attorney General shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 4. Sherifl's, Coroners. Registers of Deeds and District Attorneys shall be elected every two years. Article VII. judiciary. Section 1. The Senate .shall form the Court of Impeachment. Judgment shall not extend further than removal from office : but the person impeached shall be liable to indictment, trial and punishment, according to law. Sec. 2. The judicial power of the State is vested in a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts. Courts of Probate, and in Justices of the Peace. Municipal courts, also, may be authorized. Sec. 3. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jui-isdiction only. Trial by jury is not allowed in any case. The Court shall have a general superintending control over inferior courts, and power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and other original and remedial writs. C0:N'f>TITUT10X OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 293 Sec. 4. [The Supreme Coui't shall consist of one Chief Justice, and four Associate Justices, each for the term of ten years.] As amended in 1877. Sec. 5. The State shall be divided into five Judicial Circuits. Sec. 6. The Legislature may alter the limits or increase the number of the circuits. Sec. 7. There shall be a Judge chosen for each Circuit, who shall reside therein ; his term of office shall be six years. Sec. 8. The Circuit Courts shall have original jurisdiction in all matters civil and crim- inal, not excepted in this Constitution, and not prohibited hereafter by law, and appellate juris- diction from all inferior courts. They shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, man- damus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and all other writs necessary to carry their ordei's and judgments into effect. Sec. 9. Vacancies in the oflBce of Supreme or Circuit Judge shall be filled by the Gover- nor. Election for Judges sliall not be at any general election, nor within thirty days before or after said election. Sec. 10. Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts shall receive a salary of not less than one thousand five hundred dollars, and shall hold no other office, except a judicial one, during the term for which they are respectively elected. Each Judge shall be a citizen of the United States, and have attained the age of twenty-five years. He shall also be a qualified elector within the jurisdiction for which he may be chosen. Sec. 11. The Supreme Court shall hold at least one term annually. A Circuit Court shall be held at least twice in each year, in each county of this State organized for judicial pur- poses. Sec. 12. There shall be a Clerk of the Circuit Court chosen in each county, whose term of office shall be two years. The Supreme Court shall appoint its own Clerk. Sec. 13. Any Judge of the Suprcne or Circuit Court may be removed from office by vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to both Senate and Assembly. Sec. 14. A Judge of Probate shall be elected in each county, who shall hold his office for two years. Sec. 15. Justices of the Peace shall be elected in the several towns, villages and cities of the State, in such manner as the Legislature may direct, whose terra of office shall be two years. Their civil and criminal jurisdiction shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 16. Laws shall be passed for the regulation of tribunals of conciliation. These may be established in and for any township. Sec. 17. The style of all writs and process shall be " The State of Wisconsin." Criminal prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by authority of the State ; and all indictments sliall conclude against the peace and dignity of the same. Sec. 18. A tax shall be imposed by the Legislature on all civil suits, which shall consti- tute a fund, to be applied toward the payment of the salary of Judges. Sec. 19. Testimony in equity causes shall be taken the same as in cases at law. The iiffice of Master in Chancery is prohibited. Sec. 20. Any suitor may prosecute or def^^nd his case in his own proper person, or by attorney or agent. Sec. 21. Statute laws and such judicial decisions as are deemed expedient, shall be pub- lished. No general law shall be in force until published. Sec. 22. The Legislature at its first session shall provide for the appointment of three Commissioners to revise the rules of practice in the several Courts of Record in the State. Sec. 23. The Legislature may confer judicial powers on one or more persons in each •organized county of the State. Powers granted to such Commissioners shall not exceed that fo u Judge of a Circuit Court at chambers. » 294 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Article VIII. FINANCE. Section 1. Taxation shall be uniform, and taxes shall be levied upon such property as the Legislature may prescribe. Section 2. [No money shall be paid out of the treasury except in pursuance of an appro- priation by law. Claims made against the State must be filed within six years after having accrued.] As amended in 1877. Sec. 3. The credit of the State shall never be given or loaned in aid of any individual, association or corporation. Sec. 4. The State shall never contract any public debt, except in the cases and manner provided in this Constitution. Sec. 5. A tax shall be levied each year sufficient to defray estimated expenses. Sec. 6. Debts not to exceed one hundred thousand dollars may be contracted by the State, which shall be paid within five years thereafter. Sec. 7. The Legislature may borrow money to repel invasion, suppress insurrection or defend the State in time of war. Sec. 8. All fiscal laws in the Legislature shall be voted on by yeas and nays. Sec. 9. State scrip shall not be issued except for such debts as are authorized by the sixth and seventh sections of this article. Sec. 10. No debt for internal improvements shall be contracted by the State. Article IX. eminent domain and property of the state. Section 1. The State shall have concurrent jurisdiction on all rivers and lakes border- ing on Wisconsin. Sec. 2. The title to all property which has accrued to the Territory of Wisconsin shall vest in the State of W'isconsin. Sec. 3. The ultimate property in and to all lands of the State is possessed by the people. Article X. education. Section 1. The supervision of public instruction shall be vested in a State Superintend- ent and such other officers as the Legislature shall direct. The annual compensation of the State Superintendent shall not exceed twelve hundred dollars. Sec. 2. The school fund to support and maintain common schools, academies and nor- mal schools, and to purchase apparatus and libraries therefor, shall be created out of (1) the proceeds of lands from the United States; (2) out of forfeitures and escheats; (8) out of moneys paid as exemptions from military duty ; (4) out of fines collected for breach of penal laws ; (5) out of any grant to the State where the purposes of such grant are not specified; (6) out of the proceeds of the sale of five hundred thousand acres of land granted by Congress Sep- tember 14, 1841 ; and (7) out oi the five per centum of the net proceeds of the public lands to which the State shall become entitled on her admission into the Union (if Congress shall con- sent to such appropriation of the two grants last mentioned.) Sec. 3. District schools shall be established by law which shall be free to all children be- tween the ages of four and twenty years. No sectarian instruction shall be allowed therein. Sec. 4. Each town and city shall raise for common schools therein by taxation a sum equal to one-half the amount received from the school fund of the State. COlSrSTITHTION' OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIJf. 295 Sec. 5. Provisions shall be made by law for the distribution of the income of the schools fund among the several towns and cities for the support of common schools therein ; but no appropriation shall be made when there is a failure to raise the proper tax, or whan a school shall not have been maintained at least three months of the year. Sec. 6. Provision shall be made by law for the establishment of a State University. The proceeds of all lands granted for the support of a university by the United States shall consti- tute "the University fund," the interest of which shall be appropriated to the support of the State University. No sectarian instruction shall be allowed in such university. Sec. 7. The Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney General shall constitute a Board of Commissioners to sell school and university lands and for the investments of the proceeds thereof. Sec. 8. School and university lands shall be appraised and sold according to law. The Commissioners shall execute deeds to purchasers, and shall invest the proceeds of the sales of such lands in such manner as the Legislature shall provide. Article XL CORPORATIONS. Section 1. Corporations without banking powers may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes, and in cases where, in the judgment of the Legislature, the objects of the corporation cannot be attained under general laws. Sec. 2. No municipal corporation shall take private property for public use, against the consent of the owner, except by jury trial. Sec. 3. Cities and incorporated villages shall be organized, and their powers restricted by law so as to prevent abuses. [No county, city, town, village, school district, or other municipal corporation, shall become indebted to exceed five per centum on the value of the taxable property therein.] As amended in 1874. Sec. 4. Banks shall not be created except as provided in this article. Sec. 5. The question of " bank "or '' no bank " may be submitted to the voters of the State ; and if a majority of all the votes cast shall be in favor of banks, the Legislature shall have power to grant bank charters, or pass a general banking law. Article XII. Section 1. Amendments to the Constitution may be proposed in either house of the Legis- lature, and referred to the next Legislature and published for three months previous. If agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each house, then the amendment or amendments shall submit them to the vote of the people ; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments, they shall become a part of the Constitution. Sec. 2. If a convention to revise or change the Constitution shall be deemed necessary by the Legislature, they shall recommend to the electors of the State to vote at the next general election for or against the same. If the vote shall be for the calling of such convention, then the Legislature, at its next session, shall provide for the same. Article XIII. miscellaneous provisions. Section 1. The political year for Wisconsin shall commence on the first Monday in Jan- uary in each year. General elections shall be holden on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November. Sec. 2. A duelist shall not be qualified as an elector in this State. Sec. 3. United States ofiicers (except Postmasters), public defaulters, or persons convicted of infamous crimes, shall not be eligible to ofiice in this State. 296 JIISTOHY OF WISCONSIN. \ Sec. 4. A great seal for the State shall be provided, and all official acts of the Governor (except his approbation of the laws), shall be authenticated thereby-. Sec. o. Residents on Indian lands may vote, if duly qualified, at the polls nearest their residence. Sec. 6. Elective officers of the Legislature, other than the presiding officers, shall be a Chief Clerk, and a Sergeant-at-Arms, to be elected by each House. Sec. 7. No county with an area of nine hundred square miles or less, shall be divided, without submitting the question to the vote of the people of the county. Sec. 8. [The Legislature is prohibited from enacting any special or private laws, for locating or changing any county seat.] See amendment adopted in 1871, as Sec. 31 (Subdivision 5) of Art. lY. Sec. 9. Officers not provided for by this Constitution shall be elected as the Legislature shall direct. Sec. 10. The Legislature may declare the cases in which any office shall be deemed vacant, and also the manner of filling the vacancy, where no provision is made for that purpose in this Constitution. Article XIV. schedule. Section 1. All rights under the Territorial government are continued under the State government. Territorial processes are valid after the State is admitted into the Union. Sec. 2. Existing laws of the Territory of Wisconsin not repugnant to this Constitution shall remain in force until they expire by limitation or are altered or repealed. Sec. 3. All fines, penalties or forfeitures accruing to the Territory of Wisconsin shall inure to the use of the State. Sec. 4. Territorial recognizances, bonds and public property shall pass to and be vested in the State. Criminal prosecutions, offenses committed against the laws, and all actions at law and suits in equity in the Territory of Wisconsin shall be contained in and prosecuted by the State. Sec. .5. Officers holding under authority of the United States or of the Territory of Wis- consin shall continue in office until superseded bj' State authority. Sec. 6. The first session of the State Legislature shall commence on the first Monday in June next, and shall be held at the village of Madison, which shall be and remain the seat of government until otherwise provided by law. Sec. 7. Existing county and town officers shall hold their offices until the Legislature of the State shall provide for the holding of elections to fill such offices. Sec. 8. A copy of this Constitution shall be transmitted to the President of the United States to be laid before Congress at its present session. Sec. 9. This Constitution shall be submitted to the vote of the people for ratification or rejection on the second Monday in March next. If ratified, an election shall be held for Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Treasurer, Attorney General, members ot the State Legisla- ture and members of Congress, on the second Monday of May next. Sec. 10. [_Omifted. See Section 1, Chapter 3, Acts of Extra Session of 1878.] Sec. 11. The several elections provided for in this Article shall be conducted according to the existing laws of the Territory of Wisconsin. Sec. 12. lOmitted. See Section 1. Chapter 3, Acts of Extra Session of 1878.] Sec. 13. The common law in force in the Territory of Wisconsin shall continue in force in the State until altered or suspended by the Legislature. Sec. 14. The Senators first elected in the even-numbered Senate districts, the Governor. Lieutenant Governor and other State officers first elected under this Constitution, shall enter upon their duties on the first Monday of June next, and hold their offices for one year from the first Monday of January next. The Senators first elected in the odd-numbered districts and the COXSTITUTION OF THK TNITED STATES. 297 members of the Assembly first elected shall enter upon their duties on the first Monday of June next, and continue in office until the first Monday in January next. Sec. 15. The oath of office may be administered by any Judge or Justice of the Peace, until the Legislature shall otherwise direct. We, the undersigned, members of the Convention to form a Constitution for the State of Wisconsin, to be submitted to the people thereof for their ratification or rejection, do hereby certify that the foregoing is the Constitution adopted by the Convention. In testimony whereof, we have hereunto set our hands, at Madison, the 1st day of Feb- ruary, A. D. 1848. Morgan L. Martin, President of the Convention and Delegate from Broivn County. Thomas McHugh, Secretary. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. C03Srr>KN^SKX>. PREAMBLE. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE L Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congi-ess, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the States, and electors shall have qualifications for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. Representatives must be twenty-five years of age, and must have been seven years citizens of the United States, and inhabitants of the State in which they shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States according to population, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including apprentices and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of Congress, and every ten years there- after in such manner as Congress shall by law direct. States shall have one Representative only for each thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made. New Hampshire shall choose three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island, one ; Connecticut, five ; New York, six ; New Jersey, four ; Pennsylvania, eight ; Del- aware, one ; Maryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, five ; South Carolina, five, and Georgia, three. Vacancies in the representation from any State shall be filled by elections, ordered by the executive authority of the State. 298 HISTORY OF AVISCOX.Sl^". The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. 3. The Senate shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six yeiirs : and each Senator shall have one vote. Senator.'' shall be divided as equally as may be into three clas-ses immediately after assem- bling, in consequence of the first election. The first class shall vacate their seats at the expira- tion of the second year ; the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class, at the expiration of the sixth year, so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and vacancies happening by resignation or otherwise during the recess of the Legislature of any State may be filled by temporary appointments of the Executive until the next meeting of the Legislature. All Senators shall have attained the age of thirty years, and shall have been nine year- citizens of the United States, and shall be inhabitants of the State for which they shall be chosen. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall havf no vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the oflBce of President. The Senate shall have the sole power to try impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President is tried, the Chief Justice shall pre- side, and concurrence of two-thirds of tiie members present shall be necessary to conviction. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall be limited to removal from office and disqualifica- tion to hold any office under the United States ; but the party convicted shall be liable to trial and punishment according to law. Sec. 4. The Legislature of each State shall prescribe the times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, but Congress may make or alter such regu- lations, except as to the place of choosing Senators. Congress shall assemble annually, on the first Monday in December, unless a different day be appointed. Sec. 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel attendance of absent members, under penalties. Each House may determine its own rules of proceeding, punish its members, and, by a two- thirds vote, expel a member. Each House shall keep a journal, which shall be published at their discretion, and one-fifth of those present may require the yeas and nays to be entered on the journal. Neither House shall adjourn for more than three days without the consent of the other, nor to any other place than that in which they are sitting. Sec. 6. The compensation of Senators and Representatives shall be fixed by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall be privileged from arrest during attendance at the session of their respective Houses, except for treason, felony and breach of the peace, and shall not be <|uestioned in any other place for any speech or debate in either House. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointei to any civil office under the United States which shall have been created or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time : and no person holding office under the United States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but may be amended by the Senate. Every bill passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it beconi- - a law, be presented to the President; if he approve, he shall sign it; but if not, he shall retur CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 299 it, with his objections, to that House in which it originated, who shall enter the objections on their journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after reconsideration, two-thirds shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other House, and, if approved by two- thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the yeas and nays shall be taken, and entered upon the journal of each House, respectively. Any bill not returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, shall be a law, as if he had signed it, unless Congress, by adjournment, shall prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution or vote requiring the concurrence of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives (except a question of adjournment), shall be approved by the President before tak- . ing eflFect ; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by a two-thirds vote of each House. as in the case of a bill. Sec. 8. Congress shall have power : To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ; To borrow money on the public credit ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States and with the Inilian tribes ; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bank- ruptcies ; To coin money, regulate the value thereof and foreign coin, and fi.x the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish post offices and post roads ; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the laws of nations ; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water ; To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a navy : To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insur- rection and repel invasions ; To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such parts of them as may be employed in the service of the United States — the several States to appoint the officers and to train the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases, over the seat of Government, and over all forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards and other needful buildings ; and To make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution all powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Sec. 9. Foreign immigration or the importation of slaves into the States shall not be pro- hibited by Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed not exceeding ten dollars for each person so imported. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless required by the public safety in cases of rebellion or invasion. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 300 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enu- meration hereinbefore directed to be made. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. In regulating commerce or revenue, no preference shall be given to the ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury unless appropriated by law ; and accounts of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person holding any office under them shall accept any present, emolument, office or title from any foreign State, without the consent of Congress. Sec. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass bills of attainder, ex po.st facto laws, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, la}' any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except for the execution of its inspection laws; and all such duties shall be for the use of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State or with a foreign power, or engage in war unless actually invaded or in imminent and immediate danger. Artici,k II. Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President. He shall hold office for four years, and, together with the Vice President chosen for the same term, shall be elected a,s follows : Each State shall appoint in the manner directed by the Legislature, a number of electore equal to the whole number of its Senators and Representatives in Congre.ss ; but no Senator or Representative or person holding any office under the United States shall be appointed an elector. [ The third clause of this section has been supersede J and amended by the I'th Amendment.^ Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States. A natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, only shall be eligible to the office of President ; and he must have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. If the President be I'eraoved from office, die, resign, or become unable to discharge the duties of his office, the same shall devolve upon the Vice President, and Congress may provide by law for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability of both the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed or a President elected.* The President shall receive a compensation for his services, which shall be neither increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been electedt and within that period he shall not receive any other emolument from the United States or from any of them. Before entering upon office he shall take the following oath or affirmation : "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." * By act uf March 1, 1792. Congress pruTided for this contiDgency. deeignatinK Ute President of the Seoate ^pn tempore, or if there he none the Speaker of the Uouse of Ropresentativen, to succeed to the chief Executive office in the event of ii vacancy in the offices of both President and Vice President. t The President's salary was fixed Fehmiuy 18, 1793, at (26,000, and wu increased March 3, 1873, to $50,000. CONSTITITIOX OK THK t XI'PED STATES. 301 Sec. 2. The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia of the sevei-al States, when in actual service of the United States; he may require the written opinion of the principal officers of the several executive departments upon subjects relating to the duties of their respective offices, and shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur, and shall nominate to the Senate ambassa- dors, other public ministers and consuls. Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointment is not otherwise provided for ; but Congress may vest the appointment of inferior officers in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President may fill all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. He shall, from time to time, give Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend measures to their consideration ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses or either of them, and, in case of disagreement between them as to the time of adjourn- ment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com- mission all the officers of the United States. Sec. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Article III. Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may establish. The Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall receive a compensa- tion which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, treaties, cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; controversies between two or more States ; between a State and citizens of another State ; between citizens of different States ; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State or the citizens thereof and foreign States, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State is a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, subject to exceptions and regu- lations made by Congress. All crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be tried by jury, and in the State where the crime was committed ; but Congress shall fix the place of trial for crimes not committed within any State. Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court. Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. Article IV. Section 1. Each State shall give full faith and credit to the public acts, records and judi- cial proceedings of every other State, and Congress may prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 302 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. Fugitives from justice in any State found in another State, shall, on demand of the Execu- tive, be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sec. 3. New States may be admitted to the Union, but no new State shall be formed within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of Congress. Congress shall have power to dispose of and to regulate and govern the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be construed to prejudice any claims of the United States, or any particular State. ! Every State shall be guaranteed a republican form of government, and shall be protected against invasion ; and on an application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legis- lature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. Article V. Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amend- ments to this Constitution, or, on application of two-thirds of the Legislatures of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress : provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article ; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal sufi'rage in the Senate. Article VI. All existing debts and engagements shall be valid against the L^nited States under this Constitution. This Constitution and the laws of the United States made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made under the authority of the L^nited States, shall be the supreme law of the land, and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby ; anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. Senators and Representatives, members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Article VII. The ratification of the Convention of nine States shall be suflBcient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of che United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President and Deputy from Virginia. [Other signatures omitted.] CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. 303 Amendments to the Constitution of the United States of America. Proposed by Congress and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the Fifth Article of the original Constitution. Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press ; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of gi'ievances. Article II. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons and property against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Article V. No person shall be held to answer for any infamous crime unless on an indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb for the same offense ; nor shall he be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted with the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Article VII. In suits at common law, when the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual pun- ishments inflicted. 304 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. Article IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or dis- parage others retained by the people. Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively or to the people. Article XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State. Article XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the sam^ State with themselves ; distinct ballots shall be made for President and Vice President, and distinct lists made of such ballots and of the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify and transmit sealed to the seat of government, addressed to the President of the Senate ; the President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes for Presi- dent shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; if no person have such majority, then from those having the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- diately by ballot the President. But, in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by States, each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem- bers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. If, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, the House of Representatives shall not choose a President before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of death or disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President ; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States. Article XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime Avhereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec. 3. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Article XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, or subject to the juris- diction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property without & COXST^TUTIOX OF THE UJflTED STATES. 305 due process of law, nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the States according to population, counting the whole number of persons in each State, including Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote is denied to any of the male inhabitants of a State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- one years of age in such State. Sec. 3. No person shall hold any office under the United States or under any State, who having previously, as an officer of the United States of any State, taken an oath to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof But Congress may, by a vote of two- thirds of each Hou.se, remove such disability. Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, including pensions and bounties, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ;. but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec. 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Article XV. Section 1. The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appi-opriate legislation. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COUNTIES AND CITIES WITH GUBERNATORIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL VOTES. Xole. — The Republican or Democratic majority in each county is given as between Smith and Mallory. Green- back majority is only given when the vote for AIUs exceeds the others, and is taken from the highest vote. COUNTIES. i . GOVERNOK, 1877. PRESIDENT. 1876. . Smith. Malloiy. Allia. MaJ. Hayea. Tilden. Hai. Adams 580 86 459 40 1387 1075 336 450 685 449 2048 806 3613 2333 477 21 1174 1208 3086 2620 1823 879 1461 802 1917 1045 938 247 1968 1409 27 1365 301 447 5843| 11021 1059 777 437 521' 1523 916 1080 2304 233 163 203 34 1740 810 24 1130 693 153 1597 1008 3903 4267 126 28 407 805 3414 1938 849 896 1175 391 2418 883 907 558 1115 1300 15 1961 755 730 6388 1096 764 2005 1579 171 545 363 917 1906 lit R. 347 D. '7 R. 256 R. 6 D. 353 R. 265 R. 312 D. 680 D. 18 G. 367 R, 451 D. 202 D. 290 D. 1934 R. 351 D. 7 R. 767 R. 403 D. 328 R. 682 R. 974 D. 17 R. 286 R. 411 D. 201 R. 162 R. 31 D. 311 R. 853 R. 100 G. 142 D. 586! D. 454 D. 283 D. 545 R. 6 R. 295 D. 1228 D. 1142 R. 350 R. 978 R. 563 R. 163 R. 398 981 109 644 86 2755 1186 285 1012 1596 1 1255 3532 1355 5435 3236 1095 42 2033 2266 4845 4723 2601 1739 2651 1607 2874 1714 1610 561 2644 2424 71 2700 668 697 9981 2558 1813 1859, 5831 836 2135 1019 1855 3560' 442 189 257 74 3647 1162 28 2145 1774 660 2493 1604 5726 6361 596 67 894 1785 5660 3198 1735 1514 2348 718 4134 1458 1432 1654 2481 2299 174 3908 l-9«j 1112 12026 2030 1174 3608 54801 394j 985 362 1794 2880 R 539 Ashland D. 80 R 387 Barron 53 2 1015 76 '389 589 816 118 146 614 381 283 Bayfield Brown R. 12 D 892 Buffalo R 24 Burnett ; K ''57 Calumet D 1133 Chippewa Clark D. 178 R 595 Columbia R 1039 Crawford Dane D. 249 D 291 Dodge 1 3125 Door R 499 Douglas D 25 Dunn - 4i'2 597 1249 1037 580 215 1021 521 296 463 51 20 524 269 169 98 746 76 1228 1019 157 992 17 123 408 60 728 112 R 1139 Kau (^laire R 481 D 815 Grant Green R. 1525 R 860 Green Lake R. 225 R. 303 Jackson R. 789 Jeffersou D 1260 Juneau R 256 Kenosha Kewaunee R. 178 D 1093 La Crosse R. 163 R. 125 D. 1(13 D. 1208 Marathon D. 1128 D. 415 D. 2045 R. 528 R. 639 D. 1749 D. 1897 R 447 Pierce R. 1152 R. 050 Portage R. 61 R. 680 GrBERXATOKiAL AND Pkksidextial Votes— 1877-1876— Co?ifm««d. COUNTIES— CondniKd. GOVERNOR. 1877. PRESIDENT. 1876. Smith. Mallory. Allis. U^. Hayes. Tilden. Maj. Richland Rock St. Croix 1201 3375 15.58 1826 269 1598 195 2483 1678 2904 994 2484 1473 1282 2068 247 231 320 377 219 25 16 31 2^9 210 620 862 150 50 432 226 771 281 712 740 349 14b 4816 260 115 84 172 270 724 69 245 155 87 1052 270 55 248 252 232 210 76 729 1620 1489 922 605 1737 254 731 416 1374 2187 2388 990 257 2238 196 522 361 109 197 17 5 128 294 123 459 884 85 42 333 207 605 314 671 1057 284 311 5027 249 146 125 167 311 954 127 405 267 61 921 239 73 440 270 687 49 170 705 781 93 574 92 750 53 176 846 160 187 276 772 377 1887 601 201 6 240 36 R R. R. R. D. D. I R. R. D. R. R. R. D. G. D. D. R. R. R. G. D. D. R. R. D. G. G. R. R. R. 1). R. D. R. D. D. R. G. D. R 472 1755 70 904 336 139 69 1452 1262 1630 1993 96 483 1025 170 354 291 41 268 22 8 81 97 65 87 161 22 45 60 99 19 166 33 41 317 61 165 211 11 230 41 5 41 230 58 160 112 26 131 31 18 192 18 445 161 130 ' 2038 5755 1776 3395 582 3224 240 2360 2764 4212 1.321 3129 2642 2080 5092 658 549 357 745 456 14 64 1691' R. 447 2814: R. 2893 1736 R. 39 Sauk Shawano 22011 R. 1194 873l I) 291 Sheboygan 36331 D 409 Faylor 246; D. 6 790 1? 1570 Vernon Walworth Washington 1117 1970 3047 3336 1592 548 4426 746 911 465 627 312 31 93 R. 1647 R. 2242 D 17-26 Waukesha Waupaca D. 206 R. 1050 R. 1532 Winnebago Wood CITIES. R. 666 D. 87 D. 362 D. 108 Beloit R 118 Berlin R. 144 D. 17 Dentralia 97 33 143 3 250 520 195 110 181 3 31 42 351 13 17 67 1050 21 376 118 24 D 29 Chippewa Falls 475 254 1205 1382 669 121 696 250 1036 514 1085 834 660 2S1 8218 348 511 206 222 399 1496 572 212 1013 1542 D. 97 R. 42 R. 189 n 1(i0 2881 K. 81 191' D. 70 Green Bay 647 R. 49 224l R- 2fi Janesville 848 544 1549 1252 R. 188 D. 30 D. 464 D. 418 612i R. 148 Milwaukee 344 D. 63 9t)2oi D. 1407 324| R. 24 385 R. 126 208' D. 2 238 D. IB 6i T) 506 1910 D. 107 Ishkosh 375 28 I 10 82 33 13 68 145 164 20 300 D. D. D. D. R. R. R. D. D. D U. R. G. D. 414 Portage 366 215 143 1672 397 87 575 423 372 280 210 532 T). 166 Prairie dii Chien 3771 D. 162 Prescott Racine 108' R. 35 13241 R. 348 Ripon 333 83 R. 64 R. 4 Shebovffan D. 298 6631 D. 140 Watertown 129") D. 923 62; R. 228 Wausau 695' D. 385 18 POPULATION OF THE TNITED STATES. Area in STAJTESAsn siiuarc Tkhritokiks. Miles. States. AIa1)aiiia Ai-l{aiisas raliforiiia (Joiiiiecticut Delaware Florida Ocoiula Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana flialne Maryland Massachusetts... MIctiigan* Minnesota ^lississinpi Missouri.. Nebraska Nevada New Ham]>sliirc. New Jersey New York North Carolina.. Ohio Oregon Population 1870. 996,9!)2 198 484,4?1 981 560.a47 «74 5:J7,454 lao 1>,5.015 liBK 187.748 00011, 1K1.109 110I2..',:!<).891 WIS) l.liS0.(l:i7 "' 1.1!(1.7!JJ 1.350.544 HI. 1.399 528,349 1.3'Jl.Oll 7Jti.915 857.039 MK.yiS 780.894 1.457.3.T1 1.184,0.59 439.70(1 8-.;7.922 1.721.295 123.993! 42.491 318.300! 906.0961 1.02(i.. '.02 1 Miles B.R. 1875. 1872. l.«.".1.912 1 1,334.031 2, 5aS.42i>ii mark \' f iii-zuela ll.ul.ii ti ret-ce (inatemala Ecuador P;iraguay Hesse Liberia San Salvador Hayli Nicaragua Urugu.iy Honduras San Domingo I'osta Rica Hawaii 446, 326, 81. 38. 36. 35. 34. 31, 29, 27 16! 10, 16, 9, a. 5, 5, 4. 8, 3. 3, 2, 2, 2. 2, 1. 1 1, 1 1 1 1 1 500.000 817.108 925.400 925.600 469 800 904.400 785.300 ,817.100 906.092 439.921 ,642.000 OOO.OOO 163.000 ,17.3.000 921.. 500 OOO.IHIO ,021.300 ,861,400 ,995.200 ,688..300 OOO.OOO ,000.000 ,669.100 ,500.000 ,000,0110 ,812.000 .818.500 ,784.700 ,500.000 .461.400 .457.900 180,000 300.000 000.000 823.138 718.000 600.000 572.000 3.'>0.000 300.000 350,000 136,000 165.000 62.950 1871 1871 1871 1870 1866 1869 1871 1871 1871 1871 1867 1869 1870 1870 1869 1871 1868 1870 1870 18119 1870 1871 1869 1871 1870 1871 1870 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1870 3.741.846 4.677.432 8.003.778 2,603,884 204,091 240.348 149.399 121.315 160.207 118,847 195 775 3,253.029 672.621 761.526 292.871 635.964 11.373 1 29.292 i 34.494 12.680 357,157 132.616 15.99* 471.838 497.321 871.848 7.533 14.753 368.238 .5.912 19.353 40.879 218.928 63.787 2,969 9,576 7.335 10.205 58.171 66.722 I 17.092 17.827 , 21. .505 ' 7.633 119.3 48.6 10.2 7.78 178.7 149.4 232.8 262.3 187. 230.9 85. 3.07 24.4 20. 7.8 441.5 165.9 115.8 290.9 8.4 15.1 186.9 5.3 4. 2.1 241.4 120.9 4.2 247. 7.5.3 28.9 5.9 15.6 277. 74.9 81.8 56. 6. 6.5 7.4 7.6 7.7 80. Pekin London St. Peler::;>urg., Washington Paris Vienna Yeddo London Itcriiu Rome Madrid Rio .lanriro Constantinople .Mexico Stockliolm Teheran Brussels .Munich Lisbon Hague itogota Santiago Heme Lima Ctiuqulsaca. .. . Buenos Ayres. . Stuttgart Copenhagen Caraccas Carisruiie .\thens iiiiatemala ijuito .Vsuiiclon Darmstadt .Monrovia sal Salvador... Port an Prince .Managua .Monte Video — comayagua San Domingo... San Jose Honolulu 1.648.800 3,251.800 667,000 109,199 1,825.300 833,900 1,.') 54,900 3,251,800 825,400 244,484 332.000 420.000 1.075. OOO 210.300 136.900 120.000 314.100 169.500 224,063 90,100 45,000 11.5,400 36.000 160.100 25.000 177.800 91.600 162,042 47.000 36.600 43.400 40.000 70.000 48.00nship7noriJi, Range 13 east [Lake Mills). — Section 1, west half, 205 feet; Section 3, northeast quarter, 274 feet ; Section 3, near center northwest quarter, 327 feet ; Section 3, middle west line northwest quarter, 311 feet; Section 3, southwest corner, 291 feet ; Section 4, center northwest quarter, 330 feet ; Section 4, flat, 315 feet ; Section 5, northeast (juarter, hill, 370 feet; Section 6, southwest quarter, 398 feet; Section 8, middle south line, 373 feet; Koshkonong Creek, at Kroughvilie, 257 feet; Section 10, middle west line, 315 feet; Lake Mills Village, 260 feet ; Lake Mills Village, northwest part, 277 feet ; Kock Lake, 250 feet ; Section 18, middle south line, 345 feet; Section 19, southwest quarter, creek, 288 feet; Sec- tion 28, middle south line, southeast quarter, 278 feet; Section 31, southwest qiarter, creek, 272 feet ; Section 33, northeast corner, 263 feet. Township S north, Range 14 east [Milford). — Hubbleton Station, 211 feet; Section 21, middle north line, 260 feet ; Section 24, northeast corner, 232 feet; Section 24, middle south line, 222 feet ; Section 33, northeast quarter, quarry, 284 feet; Section 30, center north half, 295 feet. Tou'nship 7 north. Range 14- east [Milford, continued). — Section 6, southeast quarter, outlet of lake, 228 feet ; Section 6, soutlicast quarter, outcrop, 252 feet. Township 6 nortJi, Range 13 east {Oakland). — Lake Ripley, 239 feet; Red Cedar Lake, 233 feet; Section 4, southwest quarter, 266 feet; Section 5, south half, 280 feet; Sec- tion 7, west line northwest quarter, 271 feet ; Section 13, middle west line northwest quarter, 343 feet ; Section 16, southeast corner, 330 feet ; Section 18, southeast quarter of southeast quarter, 246 feet; Section 19, near northwest corner, 264 feet; Section 19, center southeast quarter, 251 feet; Section 19, southwest quarter, 234 feet; Section 25, near northwest corner, 363 leet ; Section 25, west line northwest quarter, 270 feet ; Section 28, middle east line, 253 feet ; Section 28, near middle south line, 227 feet ; Section 30, southwest quarter, 257 feet ; Section 30, near center southwest quarter, 253 feet : Section 31, southwest quarter, 214 feet ; Section 31, south line southwest quarter, 210 feet. Totvnship 5 north, Range 16 east (Palmyra). — Palmyra Station, 260 feet; Section 20, east half, 266 feet ; Section 20, northwest quarter, 278 feet ; Section 22, southeast quarter, 290 feet ; Section 23, northeast quarter, 271 feet ; Section 28, north line, 241 feet ; Section 29, southeast quarter, 220 feet; Section 31, center, 221 feet; Section 32, west line, 221 feet. Township 5 north, Range 13 east (Sumner). — Lake Koshkonong, 184 feet ; Section 7, center south half, creek, 188 feet; Section 18, near center, 228 feet. Township 8 north, Range 13 east (Waterloo). — Waterloo Station, 241 feet; Section 3, southwest quarter, 237 feet ; Section 5, northwest quarter, 340 feet ; Section 6, northeast corner, 341 feet ; Section 9, near middle north line, 222 feet ; Section 9, middle north line, R, R., 217 feet; Section 9, creek, 209 feet; Section 11, near center southwest quarter, 211 feet; Section 16, northwest quarter, marsh, 275 feet; Section 17, center west half, hill, 329 feet;. Section 17, center, marsh, 218 feet; Section 18, northwest corner, 297 feet; Section 19, south- east corner, 279 feet ; Section 23, center south half, hill, 401 feet ; Section 24, Crawfish Marsh, 248 feet ; Section 25, northeast quarter, 300 feet ; Section 25. near center east half,, 260 feet; Section 27, southeast quarter, 289 feet ; Section 29, near center, creek, 220 feet ;. Section 29, east half, 245 feet; Section 30, middle north line northeast quarter, 320 feet; Sec- tion 31, northwest corner, 326 feet; Section 31, southwest quarter of southwest quarter, 350 feet ; Section 32, near center south half, 310 feet ; Section 32, middle east line southeast quarter, 322 feet ; Section 35, southeast quarter, 299 feet ; Section 35, middle east line, hilL 326 feet ; Section 36, center, 266 feet. Township S north, Range 15 east ( Watertown). — Watertown Junction, 243 feet ; Section 21, middle east line southeast quarter, 345 feet. 312 HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUXTY. r WATER-POWER OF ROCK RIVER. The entire area drained by Rock River and its tributaries, in Wisconsin, is three thousand six hundred and thirty-five square miles. From the Table of Rainfall, at Milwaukee, given in Dr. Lapham's report (Geol. of Wis., Vol. II), it appears that the average rainfall for the thirty years previous, was 30.27 inches, which may be assumed as at least approximately correct for the Rock River Valley. The average fall for some portions of Wisconsin is given in Gen. Humphrey's work on the hydraulics of the Mississippi, at thirty-five inches. But reckoning at thirty inches, the rainfall upon the drainage area under consideration, would be 253,3-4-4,960,000 cubic feet. Now, it is asserted by various authorities, based on experience, that one-half the rainfall can be utilized. This vtould give 126,672,480,000 cubic feet per annum. Mr. Rugar says: " From personal observation, and after consulting many authorities as to rainfall, springs, evaporation, filtration, etc., I estimate that the total annual quantity of water passing in Rock River at the State line, including Turtle Creek, is 98,437,536,000 cubic feet," which may be regarded as a safe estimate. Tlie daily supply by this estimate would be 269,691,879 cubic feet. We need next to ascertain what is the average descent of this volume. Some of it falls over six hundred feet, wiiile other portions practically no distance. The average elevation of the rim of the basin above the point where the river leaves the State, is about two hundred and fifty feet, its average distance about fifty miles, showing an average fall of about five feet per mile. But this is less to the point than the following: The average elevation of fifteen powers, the first of importance on their respective branches, is about one hundred and fifty-five feet above the surface of the river where it leaves the State, at Beloit. The average fall from these powers to the State line is a little less than three feet per mile. With these general statements, we will set aside the tributaries, several of which are important, and consider more accurately the main stream between Horicon and Beloit. The collecting area above Horicon is 436 square miles, upon which the annual rainfall, reckoned at 30 inches, would be 30,387,456,000 cubic feet. Allowing one-half for evaporation, filtration and other sources of loss, the theoretical discharge at the outlet of Horicon Marsh would be 15,193,728,000 cubic feet. Reckoned at the lowest rainfall in the last thirty years, the amount would_be 10,114,749,120 cubic feet. Col. Worrall gives, as the result of a careful measurement of the flow at a time when the volume was estimated to be only three-fourths of the average, a supply of 27,651 cubic feet per minute, or 14,533,365,600 cubic feet per annum, from which it would seem that the calculated amount is not far from the truth. From the foregoing data, estimating the accession from tributaries, it is thought to be safe to consider the average flow between Horicon and Beloit, as, in round numbers, 50,000,000,000 cubic feet per annum. The fall from Horicon to the State line is 127 feet. An estimate of the theoretical power generated by the main river shows it to be upward of 20,000 horse power. Of the 127 feet fall, less than 60 feet are utilized, according to the best information at command. The unused portion is mainly between Horicon and Watertown. and between Janesville and Beloit. A portion of this latter may readily be made available at Beloit by means of a race leading from a dam situated above the slack water of the present one. Another power near the State line, can also be utilized to the profit of this place. SPRINGS. Jefferson County, in common with other portions of Eastern Wisconsin, has two general systems of springs — those that originate in the drift deposits, and those that flow from the rock. The springs of each group occupy several different horizons, which it will be interesting to notice briefly, a,s the subject is one of great importance, it having been abundantly demonstrated that some of the most terrible diseases which afllict mankind are directly attributable to impure water. If unaided nature has provided any means of escape from this prolific source of danger, it is certain to be found in her deep-seated springs. HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 313 There are several reasons why spring-water is more likely to be pure than that of wells. On the average, it comes from greater depth, and has passed through a greater extent of the ' deeper strata, which are comparatively free from organic impurities, than has the water of wells, which is usually drawn from the surface of the water-level beneath the location of the w^ells. Artesian fountains are not here taken into account. The water of wells is usually stagnant, while that of springs is active — is " living water." There are some exceptions to the first part of this statement. Occasionally a well is sunk upon an active, flowing, underground stream, in which case the superior character of the water will usually be very marked. Spring-water is not liable to so many sources of contamination, and accidental impurities are more readily discharged. The lowest noteworthy horizon from which springs arise is the vicinity of the junction of the Potsdam sandstone and the Lower Magnesian limestone. The water from this source usually has a temperature of forty-eight to fifty degrees, and is clear and comparatively free from organic impurities, but contains a small percentage of the carbonate of lime and magnesia, and, in some cases, a very small percentage of iron, with usually some silica, alumina and chloride of sodium. But the combined amount of these is small, and the water is " soit," and very pleasant to the taste. A small amount of free carbonic acid is usually present, which enhances the grateful efl'ect of the water upon the palate and stomach. There are no springs from this horizon in the county, but the water-bearing bed may be reached by wells. Above this horizon, springs occur but rarely till we reach the junction of the St. Peter's sandstone with the Trenton limestone. Some shaly, impervious layers mark this division, while the limestone above is fissured and the sandstone below is porous. It hence follows that the springs may arise either above or below the impervious stratum, according to circumstances. (1) Water descending from above may be caught and carried out where the strata are cut across to the proper depth : and (2) water that gained access to the sandstone at some distant and more elevated point may rise from below at places where the confining stratum is removed. So that it is proper to include in this group some that issue from ledges somewhere above or below the junction of the formations. These springs are similar in general character to the last, but usually contain a more considerable percentage of the several mineral ingredients, at least that portion of them that are derived from the limestone, which still retains traces of many of the salts that we have reason to suppose were incorparated with it when it was formed beneath the ancient ocean. To this class belong most of the springs that issue from the rock in the western half of the county. The foregoing are all derived from rocks that were laid down under the ancient Silurian ocean, rocks whose ages are to be reckoned by myriads of years, and from which there has at least been a liberal allowance of time for the removal of whatever soluble matter may have been originally incorporated in them ; and yet, we find in all that have been analyzed varying (juan- tities of the oceanic salts. The remainder issue from loose material of much more recent origin, formed by the agency of ice and fresh water, so far as the evidence goes ; and yet, as this material was derived from the preceding oceanic formations in great part, the same ingredients may and do occur in the water. They are, as a class, more superficial than the preceding, and more liable to contamina- tion from surface impurities, and, for a like reason, their temperature is often less constant and their flow less regular. To this class belong those springs that issue from the drift. ARTESIAN WELLS. The term artesian is frequently applied to deep wells, without regard to whether the water flows at the surface or not ; but it will here be applied to flowing wells, without regard to depth. Flowing wells depend upon these requisite conditions: There should be an impervious stratum to prevent the escape of the water below ; a previous water-bearing stratum upon this, to furnish the flow of water ; a second impervious layer upon this, to prevent the escape of water above, it 314 HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUNTY. being under pressure from the fountain-head. These must dip, and there must be no adequate outlet for the water at a lower level than the well. There must also be a sufficient collecting area or reservoir in connection with the porous stratum, and it must have sufficient elevation to act as a fountain-head. Wells of this description in Eastern Wisconsin are divided into six different classes: (1) those that derive their flow entirely from the drift ; (2) those that derive their flow from the junction of the drift with the indurateil rocks below ; (o) tliose that originate in the Niagara limestone; (4) those that arise from the Galena and Trenton limestones; (5) those from the St. Peters sandstone ; and (U) those from the primordial zone. To the fourth and fifth classes belong the Watertown fountains ; the one whicii includes the greater number rising from Trenton lime- stone ; the other embracing the deeper wells from the St. Peters sandstone. The first class vary in depth from 18 to 100 feet ; the second, from UtO to 215 feet. One of the most interesting of the latter class is located near the shops of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, to whom it belongs. The following is the record of this well : Depth of soil 50 feet Depth of limestone HI feet Depth of sandstone 108 feet Total 215 feet Water began to flow when a depth of 107 feet was reached, and could be raised ten feet above the surface. Two additional records will sufficiently illustrate this (fifth) class: Drift ._. 10 feet 15 feet Limestone !'3 feet 10.3 feet Sandstone — feet 23 feet Total 103 feet 141 feet If we assume that the flow of the railway well was from the surface of the St. Peters sand- stone, the upper face of the sandstone will be 107 feet, 103 and 118 feet, respectively, below the surface at the three wells, facts which may be of service in sinking others. The first one (that belonging to the railway company) is 243 feet above Lake Michigan ; hence, its bottom is 28 feet below the lake level. The source of supply for both classes (fourth and fifth as previously mentioned) of these wells seem to lie to the west of north, where, both near and distant, occur many depressions entrapped between limestone and drift ridges, giving abundant superficial reservoirs, while in this direction also may be found the out-cropping edge of the sandstone. This sandstone like- wise comes to the surface to the west of Watertown, but the low elevation in that region seems to indicate that the flow is not from that quarter. The western edge of the sandstone where it comes to the surface, follows the east bank of the Crawfish River, from Lowell to Aztalan, and at no point between those places has it an elevation much greater than the railroad junction at Watertown. It is not to be expected then that fountains can be obtained from the St. Peters sandstone, which will flow at a much greater elevation than that tdready attained, namely, 253 feet above Lake Michigan. By penetrating the Potsdam sandstone there is a reasonable proba- bility that a flow competent to rise to a iiigher elevation could be obtained. The following is an analysis of the water of one of these fountains : Oraim in i gal. Bicarbonate of soda 1.838 Hicarbonate of magnesia 5.818 Bicarbonate of lime 12.0y4 Bicarbonate of iron 0.100 Sulphate of polassa O.i 54 Silica 0.305 Organic matter 0.346 Total 20.615 While these facts are still in mind, it will be convenient to speak of the Palmyra " oil well." Although a failure as a source of oil, this well has proved of some value in demonstrating the HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 315 possibility of Artesian wells in that and similar situations. It was begun about 250 feet above Lake Michigan and 828 feet above the sea. The following is its record : 40 feet Drift — sti'uck limestone. , feet Hard sandstoue, 3 feet. Gray sandstone. Soft sandstone. Hard sandstone. Soft sandstone. Red sandstone. Gray sandstone. Red sandstone. Drab or cream-colored sandstone. Soapstone or sliale. Gray sandstone to bottom of well. Bottom of well, being .500 feet below Lake Michigan, 78 above the sea. 176 ' Ct Willi, Stl UUl^ lllU^iSlUU^. ' Limestone, supposed to be "blue limestone." 480 229 ' ' Water. 482 235 ' ' Slate and sand 489 255 ' ' " Good show of oil" (!). 507 257 ' ' '■ Big show of oil (! !). Struck sand rock. 587 263 ' ' Great flow of water. 600 283 ' ' Metal 2 inches (iron ore?). 615 350 ' ' Supposed lower magnesian limestone. Cal- 660 ciferous sand rock. 683 412 ■ ' White sandstone. 687 421 ' ' Gray sandstone. 750 455 ' ' Red sandstone. 461 ■ ' Black sandstone. 93 feet St. Peters sandstone. 62 " Lower magnesian limestone. 338 " Potsdam sandstone. These may be distributed as follows : 46 feet Drift. 130 " Galena limestone. 81 " Trenton limestone. l^he flotv of this well is derived from the St. Peters sandstone. It cannot have its source in that formation directly to the West, since the outcrop is lower than the surface of the well. The fountain-head is probably in the same region as that of the Watertown wells of its class. There are three extensive areas over which there is a reasonable presumption that fountains may be obtained : (1) A belt adjoining Lake Michigan ; (2) Green Bay Valley, from Fond du Lac northward ; and, (8) the Vslley of Rock River. In the last-mentioned valley an eleva- tion of 250 feet must be taken as the upper limit of fivorable chances. The St. Peters sand- stone is available for only a portion of the area that falls below that altitude, since, in some parts of it, this formation is deeply eroded by the streams and its fountain-forming possibilities des- troyed. Success in these portions will be chiefly dependent on the Potsdam sandstone. As the majority of the deep-seated wells of Eastern Wisconsin derive their flow from the St. Peters sandstone, it is important to know at what elevation the upper face of that formation outcrops. The following list will supply the requisite data for Jefferson County : Lake Mills, Section 3, northwest quarter, 31'J feet; Section 4, northwest quarter, 330 feet. Milford, Section 7, south- west quarter, 251 feet ; Section 33, northeast quarter (estimated) 257 feet. Oakland, Section 18, southeast quarter, 246 feet ; Section 16, northwest corner, 264 feet ; Section 28, middle east line (estimated) 233 feet ; Section 30, northwest quarter, 253 feet. Sumner, Section 18 (esti- mated) 202 feet; Waterloo, Section 31, county line (estimated) 323 feet ; Section 35, south- east quarter (estimated), 277 feet. GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The northern part of the State is occupied by the oldest formations that are definitely known to geologists by observation, though theoretically there are older ones. These dip down 'beneath the sandstones and limestones that constitute the upper formations in the southern part of the State. They pass beneath Jefferson County at a tlepth of more than a thousand feet, and may be looked upon as forming the great rock floor upon wliich the later formations repose. There lies upon this floor first a great bed of sandstone, to which the name Potsdam has been given. The thickness of this is somewhat irregular, but is sometimes nearly, or quite one thou- sand feet. It does not appear at the surface anywhere in the county, but was penetrated by the Palmyra "oil well." Upon this sandstone, there lies the Lower Magnesian limestone. This is likewise irregular in thickness, varying in Eastern Wisconsin from about sixty feet to one hundred and fifty feet, while in the western part of the State it is sometimes two hundred and fifty feet thick. The most southerly point in Eastern Wisconsin at which the Lower Mag- nesian limestone appears is at Waterloo. Along the stream below the lower bridge, at the 816 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. village, a low ledge presents its rough, weathered face to view. It consists of a coarse, cherty, buff, silicious dolomite, in medium beds of rougli, uneven texture, owing in part to the irreg- ular cavities and granular porous spots, and in part to the presence of nodules of chert. The inequality of structure is exaggerated by the effects of long weathering, giving the surface a very ragged aspect. The exterior of the chert is usually white and rather soft, while the interior is dark or reddish, hard, translucent and flint-like. The outcrop represents the upper portion of the formation. ST. PETERS SANDSTONE. Upon the Lower Magnesian limestone, there rests the St. Peters sandstone, which is also uneven in thickness, the average being, perhaps, seventy-five to one hundred feet. In this sand- stone, in the town of Waterloo, occur organic remains. It there has sufficient compactness to serve as a building-stone, but usually it is too soft. The latter fact, however, permits its exten- sive use as sand for mortar and similar purposes. At most localities, it can be dug with pick and shovel — the mere handling being sufficient to reduce it to safid. On account of its clear- ness, it is much superior to most drift sand. TRENTON LIMESTONE. Upon the St. Peters sandstone, there lies the Trenton limestone. It has been divided by the State Geologist into four subdivisions, These are the Lower Buff, the Lower Blue, the Upper Buff and the Upper Blue beds. All of these beds are more or less buff near the sur- face, so that the color is not a wholly reliable guide. Their thickness is as follows : Upper Blue beds, 15 feet ; Upper Buff beds, 55 feet ; Lower Blue beds, 25 feet, and Lower Buff beds, same thickness. At the lower quarry, belonging to Mr. Krump, near Fort Atkinson, the upper portion of this formation (Trenton) is shown. About two miles below Jefferson, on the west side of Rock River, a little stream has cut down to dark mottled, fine grained, rather thick beds tliat are capable of receiving an excellent polish. Their lithological affinites are with the upper half of the formation. Near Aztalan are several quarries showing the junction of the Lower Buff layers and those above. The surface of the rock is beautifully polished and striated by glacial action. On the north side of Red Cedar Lake, in the town of Oakland, and in the vicinity on the west, the lower beds are displayed, showing a somewhat less firm rock than usual. The most inter- esting exposure of the Trenton limestone, in the town of Waterloo, is at the quarry of David Crump, in Section 35. The lower four feet are of thick bedded, very serviceable rock, above which lies one foot of thin shaly stone, succeeded by six feet of somewhat irregular layers of medium thickness, upon which are two feet of even bedded stone, overlaid by two and a half feet of thin, greenish, shaly material. The lower portion is to be regardeii as representing the Lower Buff layers, and the upper ones the Lower Blue limestone. THE GALENA LIMESTONE. Upon the Trenton limestone, there rests a closely related formation known as the Galena limestone, from the fact that it is the main formation that bears galena or lead ore in the lead region of the southwestern part of the State. It differs from the Trenton limestone in being thicker bedded and having a more irregular texture, so that it weathers into rough, craggy forms and often has a rotten appearance. It is usually a deeper buff than the Trenton beds. Passing by several minor exposures in Jefferson County, we find, about two miles soutiieast of Fort Atkinson, quarries situated in the lower portion of this (the Galena limestone) formation ; and a little to the north, on the southeast quarter of Section 10, in Township 5 north, of Range 1-4 east, a quarry in the Upper Blue limestone. The rock from the former furnishes a good lime and an ordinary building stone. On the west side of Rock River, in the towns of Jefferson HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUNTY. 317 and Oakland, are several patches of Galena limestone, forming the nucleus of the promi- nent hills of that region. On the east side of the river, the heavy drift accumulations effect- ually conceal the formation. THE GLACIAL FORMATIONS OR DRIFT. Long after the above formations had been deposited by the Silurian ocean, and had been lifted from the water and eroded into hills and valleys by the elements, the region was subjected to the action of ice and glacial waters, by which a covering of clay, sand, gravel and bowlders was deposited over the face of the region, well-nigh concealing all the strata beneath. This constitutes the drift, or glacial, or quaternary deposits that prevail at the service. They are composed of rounded frrgments and the ground-up material of various kinds of rocks. When carefully studied, it is found that all these fragments were derived from formations lying to the northward and northeastward, and that a great many of them came from the Lake Superior region and beyond, as, for instance, the copper that is occasionally found, sometimes in quite large lumps. Taken altogether, this is one of the most puzzling formations known to geologists ; and, although the explanations worked out by the recent geological survey in Wisconsin are prob- ably the most satisfactory that have ever been given, it would far transcend our limits to attempt to reproduce them here. Indeed, -we can only mention one important resource to Jeiferson County, springing from the drift — the manufacture of cream-colored brick, several millions of which are annually produced. Concerning the depth of this drift, or the ridges or belts formed of it, reference may be had to recent volumes of the Geology of Wisconsin. SOIL OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. The Soil, the latest geological formation, was produced by the disintegration of the drift and of the rock where it approaches the surface. The sui-face of .Jefferson County, west of the Rock and Crawfish Rivers, is generally covered (where cultivation has not changed it) with oak openings, with a small portion of prairie, and a larger part occupied by marshes — natural wet meadows. The upland is generally wooded with white, burr, and black or red oaks, that is, it was so wooded before cultivation began, with a soil varying with the vegetation found upon it in a state of nature. The prairies have an alluvial surfiice soil of great depth, from eight inches to two feet, with a clay subsoil slightly mixed with sand and lime pebbles. The marshes possess an alluvial soil of great depth, varying from two to ten feet, composed of vegetation in different stages of decomposition, and are underlaid generally with a strata of fine-washed beach sand, overlaying clay or rock. The burr-oak openings occupy a large portion of this region. They are characterized by a dark, alluvial surface soil, mixed with sand, and varying to quite sandy, the substratum less tenacious than that of the prairies, and varying to gravelly clay, rarely to sand and gravel. Next, the black or red oak openings have a surface of sandy loam, with a tenacious subsoil, varying to sandy. White-oak openings, generally occupying the most elevated portions of the west part of the county, have a tenacious soil, like the subsoil of the prairies. East of Rock, but south of Bark River, a large portion of the county is burr-oak openings, characteristics of which are the same as those west of the first-mentioned stream, with the excep- tion that the land covered by them is rather more sandy, and pretty freely sprinkled with granite bowlders. The white-oak openings also occupy the most elevated portions of this part of the county, as they do to the westward. East of Rock, but north of Bark River, the soil is generally sandy, or clay loam covered with leaf mold, witli all the variety of subsoil before described as existing in the west portions of the county, interspersed with marshes and tamarack or larch swamp, easily susceptible of improvement by ditching and seeding with timothy or red-top. The upland was originally nearly all covered with a dense growth of miscellaneous timber, including the sugar maple, from 318 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUXTy. which, at an early day, nearly all the sugar used by the inhabitants was manufactured. The same description answers for the larger portion of the tract lying between the Rock and Craw- fish Rivers. The sub-stratum is generally composed of less compact materials than other por- tions, giving the roots of grasses access to the subsoil. CLIMATOLOGY. The climate of Jefferson County has its counterpart, nearly, in all the southern counties of Wisconsin. It is subject to about the same climatic conditions. What is true of one is quite true of all, especially of those located at some distance from Lake Michigan. The mean tem- perature for the year is not far from 45° ; for winter, 22° ; for summer, 69°. The average rainfall for the year is 32 inches. POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY. Jefferson County is bounded on the north by the county of Dodge, east by Waukesha County, south by Walworth and Rock, and west b}' the county of Dane. Its eastern boundary is about thirty-five miles west of Lake Michigan ; its western boundary nearly one hundred and eight miles east of the Mississippi. It covers an area of about five hundred and seventy-six square miles. This territory, with all the Northwest, was claimed by France from 1671 to 1763, when it was surrendered to the British. By the "Quebec Act" of 1774, tlie whole was placed under the local administration of Canada. It was, however, practically put under a despotic military rule, and so continued until possession passed to the United States. Before the last- mentioned event, and during and after the Revolution, the conflicting claims of Virginia, New York, Massachusetts and Connecticut to portions of the country were relinquished to the Gen- eral Government. All these claims were based upon chartered rights, and Virginia added to hers the right of conquest of the " Illinois country " during the Revolution. As early as Octo- ber, 1778, she declared, by an act of her General Assembly, that all the citizens of that commonwealth who were then settled, or should thereafter settle, on the western side of the Ohio, should be included in a distinct county, which should be called Illinois. No Virginians were then settled as far north as what is now Wisconsin ; and, as none thereafter located so far north before she relinquished all her rights to the United States, it follows that no part of our State was included in Illinois County, and that she never exercised any jurisdiction over any portion of Wisconsin ; nor did she make claim to any portion of it by right of conquest. Notwithstanding the passage of the ordinance of 1787, establishing a government over the territory northwest of the Ohio River, which territory was acquired by the treaty of 1783 from Great Britain, possession only was obtained by the L^nited States of the southern portion, the northern part being held by the British Government until 1796. Arthur St. Clair, in February, 1790, exercising the functions of Governor, and having previously organized a government for the country under the ordinance above mentioned, established, in what is now the State of Illi- nois, a county which was named St. Clair. But, as this county only extended north "to the mouth of the Little Mackinaw Creek on the Illinois," it did not include, of course, any part of the present Wisconsin, although being the nearest approach thereto of any organized county up to that date. The next and much nearer approach to Jefferson County was by the organization of Wayne County in 1796, which was made to include, beside much other territory, ail of the present State watered by streams flowing into Lake Micliigan. Still, no part of Rock River Valley had as yet come into any county organization. However, from 1800 to 1809, what are now the limits of Jefferson County were within the Territory of Indiana, and, in the last-mentioned year, passed into the Territory of Illinois. It is probable that Indiana Territory exercised jurisdiction over what is now Wisconsin to the extent of appointing two Justices of the Peace — one for Green Bay and one for Prairie du Chien. In the year 180!t, the Illinois Territorial Government com- missioned three Justices of the Peace and two militia officers at Prairie du Chien, St. Clair HISTOKY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 319 County having previously been extended so as to include that point, and probably Green Bay. In the course of time, other Illinois counties had jurisdiction, until in 1818, what is now Wis- jonsin became a portion of the Territory of Michigan. Under the government of the latter, the district of country now forming Jefferson County was first included within the limits of the county of Brown, afterward Milwaukee, and so continued until it became itself a county, consti- tuted by name and boundary. JEFFERSON COUNTY AS REPRESENTED ON EARLY MAPS. It was not until that portion of Michigan Territory lying west of Lake Michigan, and north of the State of Illinois, had become noted because of its lead mines, that the valley of Rock River above the northern boundary line of the State of Illinois, began to appear upon published maps with any degree of distinctness. On Farmer's " Map of the Territories of Michigan and Ouisconsin," published in 18-30, Lake Koshkonong is noted as "the lake we live on," — said to be the meaning of Kuskanong, Koskonong, or, as now spelled, Koshkonong. On this map, a Winnebago village is noted on an eastern branch of Rock River — evidently the Burnt Village, or White Crow's Village, pre- viously mentioned in this history. It is indicated in this map as being on the north sile of what is now Bark River, whereas its site was on the south side of that stream. The first "Map of Wiskonsin Territory, Compiled from Public Surveys," gives Jefferson County as one of the eighteen of its surveyed counties, noting therein Fort Atkinson and Jef- ferson. But the latter place is located wholly on the east side of Rock River, about a mile above the mouth of Crawfish River. The Milwaukee and Rock River Canal is distinctly marked, striking Rock River on the north side of .Jefferson ; and, immediately across it. on the road leading to W^itertown, is "Ossin." Watertown finds a place more than a mile below the county line, while the "Ancient ruins of Aztalan" are correctly noted. On a " Map of the Territory of Wisconsin," by David H. Burr, draughtsman to the House of Representatives of the United States, drawn in 1836, to accompany the Hon. Z. Carey's Report, a proposed Railroad is laid down on a straight line from Milwaukee to the " City of the Four Lakes," on the northwest side of the Fourth Lake (Mendota), in Dane County. This road is marked to run across .Jefferson County just above the mouth of the Crawfish River, but that stream is without a name. THE MOUND-BUILDERS. Ancient woi'ks e.xist in the valley of Rock River, not only below the State line, but also above it. Indeed, those south, in Illinois, are of much less importance than such as are known to exist to the northward. So far as the valley of this stream is concerned, throughout its whole extent, in Wisconsin, are to be found interesting relics of pre-historic man, — some of the mounds being seen at the very sources of a number of its branches. In the lead region, for some cause, there seem to be few evidences of their existence. In one locality, however, on the Pecatonica, a branch of the Rock River, ancient works are noticed. It is probable that the necessities of these builders did not include lead, and there are no indications of ancient mining of that metal in the lead region, as in the copper mines of Lake Superior. The copper ore associated with lead was beyond the reach of their metallurgic arts. The works on the Pecatonica consist of several oblong, or circular mounds; there is also one tapering mound. The last mentioned is destitute of appendages, or other indications of its relation to any animal form. These mounds are situated on sloping ground, and extend from the top of a hill half way to the Pecatonica. The soil at this point is sandy, being in the district of the sandstone, which crops out occasion- ally in the vicinity. There is nothing to distinguish these works from others more within the proper region, as it were, of the Mound-Builders. In one of the mounds, bones are said to have been obtained. Indian graves along the margin of the stream, when exposed, furnished a 320 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. few glass beads and some trinkets. The point where these works exist is eleven miles west of Monroe, in Green County, Wis. The valley of Sugar River, a considerable stream between the Pecatonica and Rock Rivers, appeal's also to have been to a great extent avoided by the Mound-Builders. A few unimportant works have been seen, however, on some of the tributaries of that river. In Beloit, on the college grounds, some ancient works were surveyed in 18.52, by Prof S. P. Lathrop. They consisted of circular and oblong mounds. On the east bank of the river, three-quarters of a mile abore the city, he also surveyed, in the same year, some interesting vestiges of the pre- historic race. Some of the mounds here examined were of animal shape. There is a group of earthworks about two and a half miles east of Beloit. in Rock County, on a bluff overlooking Turtle Creek. These mounds represent animals of different kinds. Proceeding up Rock River, the first works worthy of notice are near the junction of the outlet of the four lakes, at Fulton. At a place known as Indian Hill, about a mile above the mouth of the Yahara (Cattish), Dr. I. A. Lapham, in 1850, surveyed a series of oblong mounds on the steep slope of the hill, converging toward a point where there is a dug-way leading to the river. The hill has an elevation of seventy or eighty feet, and from its summit the valley of the river can be overlooked for several miles above and below. It may be that this was a most important post of observation, and that the peculiar arrangement of the mounds was intended to guard the access to the water from the top of the hill. The hill is quite steep, and the graded way has been increased in depth by running water, but it bears evidence of having originally been constructed by art. At the intersection of Main and State streets, in the village of Fulton, Dr. Lapham found in 1850, an irregular oval earthwork, consisting of a flat ridge, and resembling tlie roadway of a modern turnpike. The breadth varied from thirty to forty feet, and the elevation from two to three feet in the middle. The diameters of the oval were 500 and 300 feet. Such a structure might have had its usage in some of the public games or ceremonies of uncivilized life; but it would be idle, of course, to undertake to ascertain its particular purpose. Besides the works already mentioned, in this vicinity. Dr. Lapham found numerous tumuli, of the ordinary circular form, supposed to be sepulchral. They were occasionally arranged in rows, mjre or less regular, along the margin of a brook or valley. Usually, two or three mounds near the middle of the row were found larger than the others. Three of these mounds were found on the east side of the Yahara, half a mile below Fulton, and a group a mile above the village. Two miles above, on Section 11, was found a group of eight, situated on the edge of a prairie, so as to be seen in profile. About a mile below Fulton, there was found a group of fourteen, and another, on the side of Rock River. All these were circular mounds, not accompanied by others of imitative forms. Some had been opened, and were said in most cases to have contained remains of human skeletons, frequently of several persons in the same mounds. In 1834, the Government Surveyors noted eight mounds on tlie west shore of Lake Koshko- nong, immediately above where Rock River leaves the lake. Recently, one of these mounds, sixty feet in diameter and eighty feet above the water, was opened by W. C. Whitford and W. P. Clarke, and found to contain some Indian skeletons and relics; also, what are believed to be the skulls of three Mound-Builders. We now reach Jefferson County in our ascent of Rock River, and are in Township 5 north, of Range 13 east, and, being upon Thiebault's Point on the east side of Lake Koshkonong, are also, of course, in tlie town of Koshkonong. On this point are traces of mounds ; but, a little further up the lake, on Sections 25 and 24, are a series of work sexteiiding about two miles along the highlands which border upon that portion of it. Some represent turtles ; they all have their heads turned toward the lake ; their tails are of diminished lengths. One mound, as seen in 1850. bore some resemblance to a tadpole. In tlie vicinity of Fort Atkinson are several groups of mounds. A half mile below the place, on the right bank of Rock River, are some very large burial tumuli; the largest is ten feet high and sixty feet in diameter. Going another half-mile down the river, on the same (north) side, brings us to a remarkable succession of works HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 321 of various forms. A mile west of Jefferson, there are the first lizard mounds to be seen on Rock River. A bird and a snake have here their representatives. In and around Jefferson, there are many other traces of mounds. On the north bank of Ripley Lake, in the town of Oakland, is a group of works of the Mound-Builders exhibiting some peculiar features. Ascending the Crawfish River from Jefferson, we reach the " ancient city of Aztalan " — one of the wonders of the Western world. The importance of the works here seen arises from the fact that they give evidence of greater labor than those at any other locality in the State, and that they resemble the works of Mound-Builders in other parts of the United States. With- put this resemblance we might be led to suppose that the ancient people who lived in Wiscon- sin were a distinct race from those who lived in Ohio, so different is the general character of their monuments. The ancient remains are located on Sections 16, 17 and 20, in Township 7 north, of Range 14 east, in the town of Aztalan, and immediately south and southeast of the village of the same name ; indeed, some of the mounds are included within the surveyed limits of the last-mentioned place. Nearly all the works are upon the west side of the Crawfish River. These works were first discovered in October, 18-36, and surveyed for the first time by N. F. Hyer, in January, 18-37. He soon afterward published a brief description of them, accompanied by a woodcut, in the Milwaukee Advertiser. The name Aztalan was given to these works by Mr. Hyer, because, according to a tradition of the Aztecs (the ancient inhabitants of Mexico) their ancestors came from a country at the north, which they called Aztalan, and the possibility that these might be the remains of their occupancy, suggested the idea of the name. In 1843, the " ancient city " was again described, this time by Samuel Taylor, in Silliman's Journal. This description was condensed by Squier and Davis in the first volume of the Smithsonian Con- tributions, published in 1848. In 1855, in a work entitled "The Antiquities of Wisconsin," by I. A. Lapham, published under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution, and on behalf of the American Antiquarian Society, a description, very elaborate and complete, is given of these works. The main feature of these remains of an extinct race is the inclosure or ridge of earth, extending around three sides of an irregular parallelogi'am, the Crawfish River forming the fourth side on the east. The space thus inclosed is seventeen aci'es and two-thirds. The ridge forming the inclosure is 631 feet long at the north end, 1,419 feet long on the west side, and 700 feet on the south side, makins a total length of wall of 2,750 feet. The ridse or wall is about twenty-two feet wide, and from one foot to five feet in height. The wall of earth is enlarged on the outside, at nearly regular distances, by mounds of the same material. Nearly the whole interior of the inclosure appears to have been either excavated or thrown up into mounds and ridges. Outside the inclosure, north and south, are a number of mounds, others are seen across the river east. These are of various sizes and forms, most of them circular. But the ruins of the " ancient city " are now so changed by cultivation as to present but slight indi- cations of their appearance when first discovered. In the valley of Rock River, within the county of Jefferson, few traces of the Mound- Builders are found above Aztalan until the town of Ixonia is reached. Here there are, on Sec- tion 19, seven or eight mounds along the right bank of the river, on an elevated position, com- manding a fine view of the stream above and below. There are other traces of the extinct race in the vicinity. It may be said with truth that nowhere else in Wisconsin do there exist such important remains of the Mound-Builders as in what is now Jefferson County. INDIAN OCCUPANCY. As early as the year 1632, the civilized world had knowledge, through vague reports of savages, of a tribe of Indians to the westward and southwestward of Lake Huron, who lived in a country "where there was a quantity of buffaloes." This nation, it is believed, was the one afterward known as the Illinois. They occupied what is now Northern Illinois, extending their occupation, probably, so far to the northward as to include Southern Wisconsin, and the terri- tory now included in Jefferson County. Afterward, they were driven beyond the Mississippi, but subsequently returned to the region of the river which bears their name. 322 HISTORY OF JEFFEUSOX COUNTY. Meanwhile, there commenced an emigration of tribes from Fox River of Green Bay, to the southward. The Mascoutins and their kindred, the Kickapoos and Miamis, moved to the vicinity of tlie south end of Lake Michigan. It is probable that one or more of these tribes had their homes for a time in the Rock River Valley, after the migration of the Illinois across the Mississippi. Following them in, at least, a nominal occupation of Southern Wisconsin, were the Foxes ; but these Indians and their kitidred, the Sacs, instead of migrating toward the south, moved westward and southwestward from the river which commemorates the first-men- tioned tribe. Though there is abundant evidence that the territory now known as Jefferson County was occupied by the Winnebagoes for a considerable time previous to the advent of the whites, it is impossible to fix the exact spots within the present bounds of the county where they located all their villages, and the date of their first occupancy. The character of the country, so admirably suited to all the requirements of a primitive and nomadic people — well watered throughout its wliole extent, and containing a combination of woodland, prairie, openings and natural meadows, upon which grazed herds of game, or which were readily converted into fertile cornfields — affords presumptive evidence that it must have been a favorite abode of a portion of that tribe known as the Rock River Winnebagoes. It is certain, also, that bands of Pottawato- mies were resident at different points in what is now Jefferson County. The prevailing opinion that the Winnebagoes had occupied the valley of the Rock for a great number of years previous to the advent of the whites is an erroneous one. And even as late as 1832, the Rock River band had but one village upon territory now included in Jefferson County. It was called the Burnt Village — known, also, as the White Crow's town — was on the south side of what was then called the Whitewater River (now Bark River), at its most southerly point, on the north half of Section 12, in Township 5 north, of Range 14 east — town of Koshkonong — about two and one-half miles southeast of the present Fort Atkinson. This is the village generally, but incorrectly, stated to have been located upon the north side of Lake Koshkonong, some eight miles distant. When, on the 6th day of July, 1832, Gen. Atkinson, in pursuit of Black Hawk, reached the place, it was found deserted. There were many tribes of Indians who claimed to be sole owners of all the land embraced in the present State of Wisconsin, when it finally came under the jurisdiction of the United States. This question of aboriginal ownership of the soil was then found to be inextricably complicated by conflicting claims of different tribes to the same land. As will be found fully explained in the general history of the State, the Menomonees, Chippewas, Ottawas, Winneba- goes, Sacs and Foxes and Pottawatomies were all located within the present boundaries of Wisconsin, and the claims of several different tribes were frequently found to embrace the same territory. Thus, for example, the Winnebagoes, the Sacs and Foxes, and the Pottawatomies each claimed an ownership in the Rock River country ; and the particular subdivision of it now known as Jefferson County was claimed by both the Winnebagoes and Pottawatomies. The first treaty affecting the lands of the Rock River Valley made with the Indians was that between " William Clark, Ninian Edwards and August Choteau, Commissioners Plenipo- tentiary of the United States of America, on the part and behalf of the said States, of the one part, and the chiefs and warriors of that portion of the Winnebago tribe or nation residing on the Wisconsin River, of the other part," which treaty was proclaimed January 30, 1816. Article II of this treaty stipulated that "'the undersigned chiefs and warriors, for them- selves and those they represent, do, by these presents, confirm to the United States all and every cession of land heretofore made by their nation to the British, French or Spanish Govern- ments, within the limits of the United States or Territories, and. also, all and every treaty, contract and agreement heretofore concluded between the United States and the said tribe or nation, as far as their interest in the same extends." Subsequently, a treaty proclaimed February 6, 1826, was entered into with the Sioux and Chippewa, Sac and Fox, Menomonee, Iowa, Sioux, Winnebago, and a portion of the Ottawa, Chippewa and Pottawatomie tribes, for the purpose of " promoting peace among these tribes, HISTORY or JEFFERSON COUNTY. 323 and to establish boundaries among them and the other tribes who live in their vicinity." Article VI of this treaty is to this effect : " It is agreed between the Chippewas and Winneba- goes, so far as they are mutually interested therein, that the southern boundary line of the Chippewa country shall commence on the Chippewa River, half a day's march below the falls of that river, and run thence to the source of Clear Water River, a branch of the Chippewa ; thence south to Black River ; thence to a point where the woods project into the meadows, and thence to the Plover Portage of the Wisconsin." Article VII stipulates : " It is agreed between the Winnebagoes and the Sioux, Sacs and Foxes, Chippewas and Ottawas, Chippewas and Pottawatomies of the Illinois, that the Winne- bago country shall be bounded as follows : Southeasterly by Rock River, from its source near the Winnebago Lake, to the Winnebago village, about forty miles above its mouth; westerly by the 2ast line of the tract lying upon the Mississippi, herein secured to the Ottawa, Chippewa and Pottawatomie Indians of the Illinois ; and also by the high bluff described in the Sioux joundary, and running north to Black River; from this point, the Winnebagoes claim up Black River to a point due west from the source of the left fork of the Wisconsin ; thence to the source of the said fork, and down the same to the Wisconsin ; thence down the Wisconsin to :he portage, and across the portage to Fox River ; thence down Fox River to the Winnebago Lake, and to grand Kau Kaulin, including in their claim the whole of Winnebago Lake." By a treaty concluded at Rock Island between the LTnited States, by their Commissioner, Maj. Gren. Winfield Scott, and Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois, and the Winnebagoes, proclaimed February 13, 1833, the Winnebagoes, for certain considei-ations of land, money and supplies, ;eded " to the United States, forever, all the lands to which said nation have title or claim, lying ;o the south and east of the Wisconsin River, and the Fox River, of Green Bay." As, however, the country claimed by the W'innebagoes, under the treaty of February 6, 1826, was bounded on the southeast " by Rock River from its source, near the Winnebago Lake, ;o the Winnebago village, about forty miles above its mouth," it is evident that the land ceded 3y this last treaty (that of February 13, 1838), could not include the whole of Jefferson County IS it now exists. The other moiety of this county was acknowledged to be the property of the United Nation of Chippewa, Ottawa and Pottawatomie Indians ; and, to extinguish their title, I treaty was entered into with them at Chicago September 26, 1833, whereby, for good and val- lable considerations, this confederated nation of Indians ceded '' to the United States all their and along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and between this lake and the land ceded to the [Jnited States by the Winnebago nation at the treaty of Fort Armstrong (Rock Island), made )n the loth of September, 1832, bounded on the north by the country lately ceded by the Menomonees, and on the south by the country ceded at the treaty of Prairie du Chien, made on ;he 29th of July, 1829, supposed to contain about five millions of acres.'' Finally, and to remove the possibility of any doubt whatever, as to the validity of the title leld by the United States to the lands lying on both sides of Rock River, a treaty was con- duded at Washington City — proclaimed June 16, 1838 — with the Winnebagoes, whereby, in )rief but comprehensive terms, " the Winnebago Nation of Indians cede to the United States all heir land east of the Mississippi River." With this treaty, the United States obtained an unassailable title to all the lands lying vithin the present bounds of Jefferson County ; but, so fond of their former homes were the ilock River Winnebagoes, that even after they had been removed to the reservation provided or them, they continually revisited them, in small parties, to the great annoyance of the citi- ;ens ; and the Government was finally compelled, in 1841, to send a military detachment to ecure obedience to the order confining them to territory set off to them beyond the Mississippi. 3ut. though forced to leave, they would frequently return in small parties ; and, when these traggling bands would pass their old-time burial places, they would manifest the deepest •everence. 824 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. THE BLACK HAWK WAR. The summer of 1832 was a somewhat notable one in the history of the territory afterward included in .Jefferson County. June and July of that year saw the gathering of Indian hordes within its limits, painted and plumed — at war with the whites. Black Hawk, the leader of the Sacs, had retreated up Rock River until a point was reached — Black Hawk Grove — just outside of what is now the city of Janesville, Rock County, where the savages remained some time in camp. It must not be understood that they were now at their former homes. This was not the case. It was not then the country of the Sacs, but of the Rock River Winnebagoes. The last mentioned had not yet ceded their territory east of Sugar River. While Black Hawk was in camp at the grove which has received his name, there were brought in two prisoners, Sylvia and Rachel Hall. The particulars of their captivity are given in the words of one of the captives : " On the 21st of May, 1832, at about 4 o'clnck in the afternoon, as Mr. Pettigrew's and our (Mr. Hall's) family were assembled at the house of William Davis, in In lian Creek settle- ment, in La Salle County, 111., a party of Indians, about seventy in number, were seen crossing Mr. Davis' fence, about eight or ten paces from the house. As they approached, Mr. Pettigrew attempted to shut the door, but was shot down in doing so. The savages then rushed in and massacred every one present, except mj sister and myself The persons massacred were Mr. Pettigrew, Mrs. Davis, Mrs. Pettigrew, Mrs. Hall (my mother) and Miss Davis, a young lady of about fifteen — and si.\ children, four of them boys and two of them girls. These were in the house. Mr. Davis, Mr. Hall (my father), William Norris and Henry George were massacred without; fifteen in all. The time occupied in the massacre was less, probably, than ten minutes. When the Indians entered, my sister and myself were sitting near the door sewing. I got imme- diately upon the bed and stood there during the massacre. The confusion was such — the terror inspired by the firing of guns in the house, and the shrieks of the wounded and dying so great — that I have no recollections in what manner they were killed. " As soon as the massacre was over, three Indians seized and dragged me from the bed with- out much violence, and led me into the yard. I was then taken by two of them about half-way across the creek — fifty paces or more, perhaps, distant. Thence I was led back into the yard in front of the house, where I saw my sister for the first time since our separation. "We were then taken by four Indians — two having hold of each — and hurried off on foot, in a northern direction, as fast as we could run, for about two miles through timber bordering upon the creek, when we came to a place where the Indians had left their horses previous to the attack. We were then placed, without constraint, upon two of their poorest animals, each of which was led by an Indian, and proceeded as fast as our horses couUl travel in a direction, as I supposed, toward the camp, accompanied by about thirty warriors. We continued traveling in this manner until about midnight, when we halted to rest our horses, the Indians exhibiting all the while .symptoms of great uneasiness, arising apparently from their apprehension of being pursued. After resting for about two hours, we started again on the same horses as before, and traveled at a brisk gait the residue of the night and all next day until about noon, when we halted, and the Indians, having scalded some beans and roasted some acorns, desired us to eat. We ate some of the beans and tasted of the acorns, not from any disposition we had to eat, but to avoid giving offense to our captors. We remained in this place for one or two hours. The Indians, after having finished their scanty meal, busied themselves in dressing the scalps they had taken, stretching them upon small hoops. Among tliem I recognized, by the color of the hair, my own mother's ! It produced a kind of faintness or blindness, and I fell into a swoon, from which I was awakened shortly thereafter .by a summons to set out upon our journey. We traveled on in the same way, but more leisurely than before, until almost night, when the horse I rode gave out, and I was seated behind an Indian who rode a fine horse belonjrincr to Mr. Henderson, taken from the settlement in which we were captured. In this manner, we continued on until about 9 WATERTOWN ^ HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 327 o'clock at night, when we reached a camp, having traveled, as I suppose, about ninety miles in twenty-eight hours. " The Sac camp was on the bank of a small creek, surrounded by low, marshy ground, scattei'ed over with small, burr-oak trees. On our arrival, several squaws came to our assistance, took us from our horses and conducted us into the camp, pi'epared a place for us to sit down, and presented us some parched corn, some meal and maple sugar mixed, and desired us to eat. We did so, more through fear than hunger, and, at their request, threw a small parcel (about a tablespoonful) into the fire, as did also the squaws, and the Indians that accompanied us. There was much apparent rejoicing on our arrival. About 10 o'clock, we were invited by the squaws to lie down, which we did, and enjoyed a kind of confused or disordered slumber, which lasted until after sunrise. The next morning, soon after we arose, our fears of massacre and torture began to abate. We were presented with some boiled beans and sugar for breakfast, and ate a little, having, though almost exhausted, as yet no appetite for food. About 10 o'clock, the camp broke up, and we all moved about five miles acro.ss the creek, and encamped again on an elevated spot, covered with timber, near a small creek. We ti-aveled each upon a separate horse, heavily laden with provisions, blankets, kettles and other furniture required in an Indian camp. We arrived at our new encampment a little before sundown. Here a white pole was stuck in the ground, and the scalps taken when we were captured hung up as trophies. About fifty warriors assembled in the center and commenced a dance, in which a few of the squaws participated. They danced around this pole to the music of a drum and gourds, so prepared as to make a rattling noise. I was invited frequently by the squaws to join in the dance, but refused. '> The first dance was had in the morning, after our arrival in camp. The same was repeated daily while we continued among them. Soon after we arose, on the first morning after our arrival, some warriors came to our lodge, and took us out, and gave me a red flag, and placed something in the hands of my sister, which I do not recollect, and made us march around through the encampment, passing each wigwam. Then they led us to the center of the spot they had cleared oif to prepare for the dance, near where the white pole was stuck up ; then, placing a blanket upon the earth, and after painting our faces red and black, ordered us to lie down with our faces toward the ground. They then danced around us with war-clubs, tomahawks and spears. Before its conclusion, we were taken away by two squaws, who, we under- stood, were the wives of Black Hawk. In the evening, as soon as the dance was over, we were presented with a supper, consisting of coffee, fried cakes, boiled corn and fried venison, with fried leeks, of which we ate more freely than before. We continued with them for four days longer, during which we fared in a similar manner, until the two last days, when we got out of flour. When our flour was exhausted, we had coffee, meat and pounded corn made into soup. On being delivered over to the squaws above mentioned, we were separated from each other, but permitted to visit every day, and remain for about two hours without interruption. These squaws encamped near each other, and we were considered as their children, and treated as such. Our encampments were removed five or six miles each day, and my sister and myself were always permitted to ride at such removals. Our fare was usually better than that of others in our wigwam. Our fears of massacre had now subsided, being received and adopted into the family of a chief. We were not required to perform any labor, but were closely watched to prevent our escape. " On the fifth day after our arrival at the Sac camp, we were told that we must go with some AVinnebago chiefs who had come for us. At that time, the Sac encampment was on a con- siderable stream [Rock River], the outlet, as I supposed, of a lake [Koshkonong]. There were a number of lakes within its vicinity. The squaws witii whom we lived were apparently distressed at the idea of our leaving them. The Winnebagoes endeavored to make us under- stand that they were about to take us to the white people. This, however, we did not believe ; but, on the contrary, supposed they intended to take us entirely away from our country, friends and homes. 328 HISTORY OF .JEFFERSOX COUNTY. " We left the Sac encampment with four Winnebagoes the same evening, and traveled about fifteen miles, each of us riding on horseback behind a Winnebago chief; the latter expressing frequently their fears of pursuit by the Sacs, who exhibited great uneasiness at our departure — the prophet having cut two locks of hair from ray head and one from my sisters, just before we left them. " We reached the Winnebago encampment a little after dark, and were kindly received. It was more comfortable than any we had seen, and we slept sounder and better than before. We rose early next morning ; the Indians, however, had been up some time. We ate breakfast before sunrise, and started in canoes up the river. There were, I believe, eight in company. We continued on our course until nearly sundown, when we landed and encamped on the bank of the river. There were present about a hundred Winnebago warriors. During the next dav, four Sac Indians arrived in camp, dressed in white men's clothes, and desired to talk with us. We were told, however, by the Winnebago chiefs, that we must shut our ears and turn away from them, which we did. '■The 'Blind' [White Crow] and his son left our encampment during the night, and returned early in the morning. Immediately afterward they came to us, and the 'Blind' asked if we thought the whites would hang them if they took us to the fort. We gave them to under- stand that they would not. They next inquired if we thought the white people would give them anything for taking us to them. We gave them to understand that they would. The ' Blind ' then collected his horses, and with the Whirling Thunder and about twenty of the Winneba- goes we crossed the river and pursued our journey, my sister and myself each on a separate horse. We encamped about dark ; rose early next morning, and, after a hasty meal of pork and potatoes (the first we had seen since our captivity), of which we ate heartily, we traveled on until we reached the fort — the Blue Mounds, Wisconsin Territory. Before our arrival thither, we had become satisfied that our protectors were taking us to our friends, and that we had formerly done them injustice. About three miles from the fort we stopped, and the Indians cooked some venison ; after which they took a white handkerchief which I had, and, tying it to a long pole, three Indians proceeded with it to the fort. About a quarter of a mile thence we were met by a Frenchman [Edward Beouchard]. The Indians formed a ring, and the Frenchman rode into it and hold a talk with our protectors. The latter expressed an unwilling- ness to give us up until they could see Mr. Gratiot, the Indian agent. Being informed by the Frenchman we should be well treated, and that they should see us daily until Mr. Gratiot's arrival, they delivered us into the Frenchman's care. •'We repaired inunediately to the fort, where the ladies of the garrison (who in the mean time had assembled) received us with the utmost tenderness. We were thereupon attired once more in the costume of our own country, and next day started for Galena. On reaching a little fort at White Oak Springs, we were met by our eldest brother, who, together with a younger one, was at work in a field near the house when we were captured, and when the mas- sacre began fled, and arrived in safety at Dixon's Ferry. On leaving Galena, we went on board the steamboat Winnebago for St. Louis, which place we reached in five days, and were kindly received by its citizens and hospitably entertained by Gov. Clark. Previous to our leaving Galena, Ave had received an affectionate letter from Rev. Mr. Horn, of Morgan County, 111., inviting us to make his house our future home. We accepted the invitation, and left St. Louis in the steamboat Caroline for Beardstown, on the Illinois River, where we arrived on the third day thereafter. On landing, we were kindly received by the citizens, and, in a few hours, reached the residence of Mr. Horn, five miles distant, in the latter part of July, 1832, when our troubles ended." The tent-poles, ashes and brands of the Indian camp-fires, where the two captives were given over to the Winnebagoes by the Sac Indians, were plainly discernible when the first set- tlers located in the vicinity. Gen. Atkinson having arrived at the mouth of the Pecatonica, in pursuit of the savages, and hearing that Black Hawk was further up Rock River, determined to follow him, with the HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUXTY. 329 intention of deciding the war by a general battle, if possible. Black Hawk, judging of his intentions from the report of his spies, broke up his camp, near what is now Janesville, and retreated still farther up the stream to the foot of Lake Koshkonong, where, on the west side of the river, in what is now the town of Milton, Rock County, he again formed a camp. Here he remained some time, when he again removed, this time to an island in the lake, still known as Black Hawk's Island. It is in the southeast corner of the town of Sumner in Jefferson County. He afterward made his way farther up the valley. The march of Gen. Atkinson in pursuit of Black Hawk through what is now Rock County, and his arrival at Lake Koshkonong, in the present county of Jefferson, where he found the Sac chief had eluded him, is best related by one who was present : '•The 80th of June, 1832, we passed through the Turtle village [now the city of Beloit], which is a considerable Winnebago town, but it was deserted. We marched on about a mile, and encamped on the open prairie near enough to Rock River to get water from it. We here saw very fresh signs of the Sac Lidians, where they had been apparently fishing on that day. Gen. Atkinson believed we were close to them and apprehended an attack that night. The sentinels fired several times and we were as often paraded and prepared to receive the enemy, but they never came, though from the accounts given by the sentinels to the officers of the day, there was no doubt that Indians had been prowling about the camp. " July 1. — We had not marched but two ox three miles before an Indian was seen across Rock River at some distance off, on a very high prairie, which, no doubt, was a spy, and likely was one that had been prowling about our encampment the night before. We proceeded a few miles further, and came to the place where the Indians, who had taken the two Misses Hall prisoners, had stayed for several days [near the present city of Janesville]. It was a strong position, where they could have withstood a very powerful force. W^e afterward discovered they always encamped in such places. We had not marched but a few miles from this place before one of our front scouts came back meeting the army in great haste, and stated that tliev had dis- covered a fresh trail of Indians, where they had just gone along in front of us. Maj. Ewini^, who was in front of the main army some distance, immediately formed his men in line of battle, and marched in that order in advance of the main army, about three-quarters of a mile. We had a very thick wood to march through, where the undergrowth stood very high and thick ; the signs looked very fresh, and we expected every step to be fired upon from the thickets. We marched in this order about two miles, not stopping for the unevenncss of the ground or anythino- else, but keeping in line of battle all the time, until we found the Indians" had scattered, then we resumed our common line of march, which was in three divisions. Soon after we had formed into three divisions, the friendly Indians that were with us raised an alarm, by seven or eight of them shooting at a deer, some little in advance of the army. The whole army here formed for action, but it was soon ascertained that these children of the forest had been at what their whole race seems to have been born for — shooting at the beasts of the forest. •' We here camped by a small lake [Storr's] this night, and had to drink the water, which was very bad, but it was all that could be found. Here a very bad accident happened. One of the sentinels, mistaking another that was on post, with a blanket wrapped around him, for an Indian, shot him just below the gioin, in the thick of the thigh. At first, the wound was thought mortal. I understood, before I left the army, that the man was nearly well. Here Gen. Atkin- son had, on this night, breastworks tlirown up. Avhich was easily done, as we were encamped in thick, heavy timber. This was a precaution which went to show that he set a great deal by the lives of his men, and by no means was any mark of cowardice; for generalship consists more in good management than anything else. '•July 2. — AVe started this morning at the usual time, but went only a few miles before Maj. Ewing, who was still in front with his battalion, espied a very fresh trail, making off at about a left angle. He dispatched ten men from the battalion, in company with Capt. George Walker and a few Indians, to pursue it and see, if possible, where it went to. He moved on in front of his battalion a short distance further, when we came on the main Sac trail of Black 330 HISTORY OF JEFFERSONT COUNTY. Hawk's whole army, whict appeared to be about two days old. Capt. Early, who commanded a volunteer independent company, and had got in advance this morning, called a halt; so did Maj. Ewing with his battalion. Then Maj. Ewing sent back one of his staff officers for th6 main army to call a halt for a few minutes. He, with Maj. Anderson, of the infantry, Capt. Early and Jonathan H. Pugh, went a little in advance, when Maj. Anderson, with a telescope, took a view across the lake, as we had now got to Lake Koshkonong. [The army entered what is now Jefferson County, very nearly where, in going north, its south line is crossed by the Chicago & North-Wosteru Railway. The trail, after leaving the southeast quarter of Section 3.5, in Township north, of Range 13 east, ran nearly due north to the southeast corner of Section 26, in the same township and range, where the army reached the lake, in what is now the town of Koshkonong.] They then discovered three Indians apparently in their canoes. Maj. Ewing went himself and informed Gen. Atkinson what discovery was made, and requested Gen. Atkin- son to let him take his battalion round through a narrow defile that was between two of those lakes, where we supposed the Indians were. By this time, our scouts, who had taken the trail that led off on our left, returned, bringing with them five white men's scalps. They followed the Indian trail until it took them to a large Indian encampment that they had left a few days before. They reached it ; the scalps were sticking up against some of their wigwams ; some of them were identified, but I do not recollect the names of any, except one, which was said to be an old gentleman of the name of Hall. Maj. Ewing then marched his battalion about a mile, where the pass on the side of the lake appeared so narrow, that he dismounted his men and had the horses all tied, and a few men left to guard them. The rest of us marched on foot about one mile through a narrow defile on the [east] bank of Koshkonong Lake. This was considered a dangerous procedure, but Maj. Ewing, who was in front with Maj. Anderson, would have been first in danger. We now found that we were getting too far in advance of our horses; so Maj. Ewing sent a part of the men back for them. When we mounted our horses, we were joined by Capt. Early and his independent corps. AVe then marched some distance a-round tlie [Koshko- nong] lake, and went in between two of them, in a narrow defile until we found another deserted encampment. We now saw clearly that the Indians were gone from the Koshkonong Lake ; so, the next thing to be done was to find in which direction they had steered their course." Gen. Atkinson having been re-enforced by Gen. Alexander, took up his line of march, arriving at the Burnt Village on the 6th of July. That evening, Gen. Posey's brigade, in com- pany with Col. Dodge's squadron, joined Atkinson. Col. John Ewing and his regiment came within a mile and a half of the main army, and encamped. On the 10th, Gen. Atkinson sent Col. Ewing with his regiment down Rock River to Dixon's; Gen. Posey, with the rest of his brigade, was dispatched to Fort Hamilton ; while Col. Henry and his brigade. Gen. Alexander's brigade and Col. Dodge's squadron were sent to Fort Winnebago, now Portage, Columbia County, for provisions. Atkinson dropped down a short distance from the Burnt Village and built a stockade fort, which he called Fort Koshkonong. It was located on the south side of Rock River, in the eastern outskirts of the present village of Fort Atkinson. Alexander returned from Fort Winnebago by the direct route, while Dodge and Henry took a more east- erly one, striking Rock River at a point where there was a small Winnebago village, now Hus- tisford, Dodge County, which point was reached July 18. Information was here obtained that Black Hawk was at " Cranberry Lake," farther up the river. This was believed to be reliable, and an express was immediately started down the stream to inform Gen. Atkinson of the Sac chiefs whereabouts. The express, consisting of Dr. E. H. Merryman, AV. W. Woodbridge, with Little Thunder, a Winnebago, came very unexpectedly, at a distance of not more than eight miles from their starting-point, upon the trail of Black Hawk, making his way down the river. The express returned to the army with the news, and the next morning, July 19, the pursuit began. The fugitives, leaving the river near what is now the city of Watertown, were followed to the Third Lake (Monona), across the site where the city of Madison now stands. Meanwhile, Atkinson being informed of the movements of Henry and Dodge, broke up his camp and fol- lowed on with the main army, leaving Capt. Gideon Low, of the United States Regulars, with HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 331 thirty or forty men, to hold Fort Koshkonong, afterward known as "Fort Atkinson." The two commands, following so close upon the Sac chief, brought on an engagement on the 21st of July upon the Wisconsin River, mention of which — the battle of " Wisconsin Heights" — has already been made in the general history of the State. After the conclusion of the war, Capt. Low abandoned " Fort Atkinson," proceeding with his men to Fort Winnebago. UNITED STATES SURVEYS AND LAND SALES. Immediately after the close of the Black Hawk war, and the acquisition by the United States of the Indian title to all the land west of Lake Michigan, not reserved to the Indians or secured to specified individuals by the terms of the several treaties, a survey was commenced by the General Government. The northern boundary of Illinois, which was fixed April 11, 1818, on the parallel of 42° 30' north latitude, became properly the base line of the surveys. A principal north and south line (known as the Fourth Meridian) was also run, extending from- the base line to Lake Superior. This line was west of the territory now included in Jefferson County, running first between what are now the counties of Grant and La Fayette, then con- tinuing due north to near the mouth of the Montreal River. Parallel lines to this were- run every six miles both on the east and west sides of it. The intervening six miles between these lines are called ranges. Range 1 east, is the first six miles east of the Fourth Meridian ; Range 2 east is the second six miles east ; and so on to Lake Michigan — Jefferson County lying in Ranges 13, 14, 15 and 16 east. Parallel lines north of the base line were run every six miles, which, crossing the ranges at right angles, cut the whole into blocks six miles square, called townships. These are numbered by tiers going north from the base line, as Townships 1 north. Townships 2 north, and so on. As the present territory of Jefferson County begins twenty-four miles north of the base line, and extends twenty-four miles further north, it includes, of course, four tiers of townships, numbered 5, 6, 7 and 8 north. Hence, in speaking of the territory of Jefferson County as surveyed by the General Government, it is said to be in Townships 5, 6, 7 and 8 north, of Ranges 13, 14, 15 and 16 east. By the end of 183-3, a large amount of the public land in what is now Southern and Eastern Wisconsin, had been surveyed, and the fact being duly reported by the Surveyor General, Congress, by an act approved June 26, 1834, created two land districts. They embraced all that tract north of the State of Illinois, west of Lake Michigan, south and south- east of the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers, included in the then Territory of Michigan. It was divided by a north and south line, drawn from the northern boundary of Illinois, between Ranges 8 and 9, to the Wisconsin River. All east of that line was called the Green Bay Land District; all west, the Wisconsin Land District. Within the first-mentioned district was included the whole of the present county of Jefferson. A Land Office for this Eastern District was established at Green Bay, which was duly opened by the Government, and a notice given of a public sale of all the then surveyed public lands lying south and southeast of the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers. In accordance with this announcement, a sale took place at Green Bay in 1835. By act of Congress of June 15, 1836, the Milwaukee Land District was erected out of the southern portion of the Green Bay District, including all the land between Range 8 east and Lake Michigan, bounded on the south by the Illinois State line, and extending north so as to reach to and include the tier of townships numbered 10 north; also, Townships 11 and 12 north, of Ranges 21 and 22 east. Tlie Land Office was located at Milwaukee, where the first public sale of Government lands within the new district was held in the spring of 1839. This brought into market all the land that had not previously been disposed of. The history of the surveys of the several townships now included in Jefferson County, will be found on the following page. 332 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. DESIGNATED SUBVEYS. By Whom Made. Under Authority of Surveyor General. Date of Contract. Wten Surveyed. Township 5 north. Range IS eaat : Township lines Subdivisions Subdivisions ( Re-surveyed i Township north, Range 1^ eist: Towiisiiip lines .Subdivisions „,,■.. f He-survevof Sees. 1 Subdivisions-; - .q " in, ( (, 18 and lit... | Township .7 north, Range IS eisl: Township lines Subdivisions Township .5 north. Range 16 east: Township lines Subdivisions TownMp G north. Range IS east : Town.ship lines Subdivisions'. Township north. Range I4 east: To vnship lines Subdivisions Township G north. Range 15 east: Township lines Subdivisions Township G north, Range 16 east : Township lines Subdivisions Township 7 north. Range 13 east: Township lines Subdivisions Township 7 north. Range I4 east : Township lines Subdivisions Township 7 north. Range 15 east: Township lines Subdivisions Townshifi 7 n'^rth. Range 16 east: Township lines Subdivisions Township S north. Range 13 east: Township lines Subdivisions _ Township S north. Range l.'f east: Township lines Subdivisions Township S north, Range 15 east: Township lines — North and West.. South and East... Subdivisions Township S north. Range 16 east: Townsliip lines Subdivisions ,,,,.,„., ,, u . T T .1 r July 29, 1831 First quarter 18S4. Mullett \ Brink. ..'Kobert T. Lytle....: < . ■' ,- iqqe o .u . loos; ■' \ Aug. 1 /, loao Fourth quarter IS-i.s. II. Burnham Robert T. Lyile. .. Dec. 26, 1835... Third quarter 1836. Levi P. Gilbert Warner Lewis Feb. 27, 1858...' \ ^P"";"' !>"'' -q^^' ' ( First qu r lBo9. , .\Iullelt vV P.riuk... Robert T. Lytle.... .\ug. 17, 18.36... First quarter 1836. , H. Burnham Robert T. Lytle.... Dec. 20, 1835... Third quarter 1836. . Levi P. Gilbert Warner Lewis Feb. 27, 1858...; Fourth quarter 1858. , MuUett & Brink... Robert T. Lytic.. . H. Burnham Robert T. Lytle.. . MuUett & Brink... Robert T. Lytic.. . Rob't Clark, .Jr.... Robert T. Lytic. . Mulletl & Brink... Robert T. Lytle.. . II. Burnh.im Robert T. Lytle.. Mullctt >'c Brink... Robert T. Lytic. . H. Burnham Robert T. Lytic. . Mullet t ><: Brink. . Robert T. Lytic, . H. Burnham Robert T. Lytle., . MuUett & Brink... Robert T. Lytic, . H. Burnham Robert T. Lytic, . MuUeit & Brink... Robert T. Lytic, , .las. H. Mullctt Robert T. Lytic, . .-lug. 17, 1835... First quarter 1836. . Dec. 26, 1835... Third quarter 1836. . .\ug. 17, 1835... Fourth quarter 1835. .Jan. 19, 1836... Second quarter 18.36. ..Inly 29, 1833... First quarter 1834. . Dec. 26, 1835... Second quarter 1836. . .Aug. 17, 1835... First quarter 1836. . Dec. 20, 1835... Sccoud quarter 1836. . Aug. 17, 1835... First quarter 1836. . Dec. 26, 1835... Fourth quarter 1836. .Aug. 17, 18.35... First quarter 1836. . Dec. 26, 1835... Fourth quarter 1836. . MuUett & Brink... Robert T. Lytic .J. H. MuUett Robert T. Lytic . MuUett & Brink... Robert T. Lytic. ..I. H. MuUett Robert T. Lytic , MuUett & Brink... Robert T. Lytic, .1. H. MuUett Robert T Lytic, ..luly 29, 1833... First quarter 1834. . AprU 13, 1836... Fourth quarter 1836. r July 29, 1833 First quarter 1834. ■ \ Aug. 17, 1835 First quarter 1836. . AprU 13, 1836... Fourth quarter 1836. ... Aug. 17, 183.5... First quarter 183 ■. ... April 13, 1836... Fourth quarter 1836. . First quarter 1836. .Third quarter 1836. MuUett ,*i Brink... Robert T. Lytic, .1. II. MuUett Robert T. Lytic, , MuUett & Brink... Robert T. Lytic, . J. II. .MuUett Robert T. Lytic, . MuIIelt & Brink... Robert T. Lytic, . MuUett ,V Brink... Robert T. Lytic, , .1. H. MuUett Robert T. Lytic, .MuUett i Brink... Robert T. Lytle., .1. H. Mullctt Robert T. Lytic, .Aug. 17, 1835., . April 15, 1836., ..luly 29, 1833., . April 13, 1836., .July 29, 1833., .April 13, 18.36. .July 29, 1833. . Aug. 17, 18.55., .AprU 13, 1836. .Aug. 17, 1835., . April 13, 1836. . First quarter 1834. . Fourth quarter 1836. . First quarter 1834. .[Fourth quarter 1836. .First quarter 1834. . First quarter 1836. . Fourth quarter 1836. .'First quarter 18.36. .Third quarter 1836. HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUSTTY. 333 GENERAL HISTORY. The eventful history of Wisconsin has already been made the theme of the orator and pan- egyrist. The first settlement of the State is said to have been that established in 1639, by the Jesuit Fathers, at Green Bay. In 1783, Prairie du Chien was settled, and, as early as 1800, or a few years later, settlements were made in the southwestern part of the State, by adventurers, attracted by the lead mines in that section. It is generally conceded that the Black Hawk war was instrumental in directing the attention of emigrants to future Wisconsin, and from that date, settlers began to arrive in such numbers that, on the 26th of April, 1836, a Territorial Government was organized by an act of Congress. These hardy pioneers, isolated from the world, so to speak, in an inhospitable climate, sub- jected to privations and dangers no limner's magic touch can more than imperfectly illustrate, came to this sterile waste of those days, determined to establish a new home ; and the present high position Wisconsin occupies in the galaxy of States composing the Federal Union, testifies how perfectly they laid the foundations. Through moments of distress and darkness; through hours of solicitude and keen pain, when the heart was heavy with care and life seemed at best a burden too grievous to be borne, they continued in their work, for the future was gilded with a promise that hovered over the picture and the shadows stole away. Insensible and cold and unfeeling the soul that does not warm at the memory of these pioneers who prepared the way for coming generations. Dead the heart that would not throb at such memories. To-day, no shadows stalk across the path of enterprise and industry, as did then ; no sorrows intrude their melancholy presence, no ghastly specter mocks the onward march. There was naught of glitter and glare about the efforts of those men ; all was pure gold. Their lives were cast in heroic molds, and they were strengthened for the contest with uncertainty and fate. Their advance was impeded by every obstacle, their pathway obscured by clouds, which sometimes cleared away only to reveal the unseen sorrows beyond. But they persevered, and the prosperity of to-day is the fruit of their labors. Many of them live to rejoice in the peace and happiness to which they were instrumental in giving birth, and many of them are gone to reap the rewai'd of lives well spent. Some of them died laboring for the welfare of their fellow -men, like a stanch soldier at his post ; some of them died in the quieter walks of life amid associations incompa- rably precious. But all of them went down to their graves, monumented by an honor rarely achieved in this life — the pure name of true and tender men, without reproach or fear. Their names and the influences of their lives are the heritages left for coming generations to emulate. The tomb cannot contain them, but they will mingle in the daily walks of life, like unseen spirits, guiding and controlling human action. They are not forgotten dead, nor wholly per- ished from the face of the earth. '' Their bodies are buried in peace, but their names liveth evermore." THE EARLY SETTLEMENTS OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. Under such auspices, and dii'ected by such agencies, was the settlement of Jefferson County inaugurated upward of forty years ago. The present flourishing country embraced within its geo- graphical limits was at that date a trackless wilderness. No bridges spanned its streams, and the adventurous pilgrim into the wilds of Wisconsin traveled for miles in succession before his heart was gladdened by the sight of a habitation, or the songs of the woodman who had preceded him into the forest. The county is bounded on the north by Dodge County, east by Waukesha, south by Wal- worth and Rock Counties, and West by Dane. It is four townships wide and four long, and comprehends an area five hundred and twenty-six square miles. The county seat is at Jefferson, on Rock River, at its junction with the Crawfish, and near the center of the county. It was 334 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. separated from Milwaukee County by an act of the Territorial Council, approved December 7, 1836, set off as a separate town for judicial purposes by an act, approved January 2, 1838, and polls established at the houses of Nathaniel Finch, David H. Sargent and Geo. J. Goodhue. In the fall of 1837, a petition was presented to the legislature, praying for the location of the county seat on the point between the two rivers. Instead, it was located on its present site, the act of Congress of May 26, 1824, giving counties the pre-emption of a quarter-section for county seat purposes. On account of the manner of surveying the county-seat site in Jefferson County, nearly two hundred acres were obtained, and H. W. Finch, of Koshkonong, G. J. Goodhue, of Watertown, and Capt. Robt. Masters, residing in the bend of the river below Jefferson, were appointed Com- missioners to locate, lay off and sell enough to pay the purchase-price and expenses. The prayer of petitioners was granted by act adopted January 12, 1838. but it was some time after that the Commissioners obtained a certified copy of the same, which when received, was found to contain a blank for the name, which Capt. Masters filled up with "Jefferson," the remaining Commis- sioners consenting. A surveyor, named West, laid out the village into lots, part of which were sold to pay expenses, the remainder being disposed of to Mr. William Sanborn, since deceased. The population of the county at this time, according to the statistics, was estimated at 468. The country lying east of Rock and north of Bark River, was heavily timbered ; and what were known as " openings " were distributed throughout other portions, except a few miles square near Whitewater, which were and now are prairie. Within the timbered district there is a remarkable series of ridges running north and south. In a distance of, say nine miles, extending through Range 15, and the west half of range 14, there are no less than sixteen of these parallel ridges at a distance of not more than half a mile apart. They extend from two to five miles in a northerly and southerly direction, and are gradually attenuated at each extremity. Immediately south of these ridges, and along Bark River, there were formerly extensive marshes, which, it is supposed, at one time formed the bottom of a large lake. These have since been drawn off by drainage and other improvements. Other portions of the country are more gently rolling or level, affording excellent facilities for farming and grazing, and are unusually fertile. Rock River has its source in Fond du Lac County, and, entering Jefferson County at the extreme northeast corner of the town of Ixonia, courses tortuously through that town to the north line of the town of Concord, where it is joined by the Oconomowoc River. It then runs in a northwesterly direction through the town and city of Watertown, passing again into Dodge County, but turns abruptly and flows south back through the town of Watertown, becoming the boundary line between the towns of Milford and Farmington, passing through the towns of Aztalan, Jefferson and Koshkonong, and leaving the county through Lake Koshkonong, one of the most beautiful sheets of water in the Northwest. The Crawfish or West Branch of Rock River rises in Columbia County, passes through the southwestern portion of Dodge County and enters Jefferson County in the northern portion of the town of Milford, passing tiirough that and the towns of Aztalan an 1846 ; Jonas Folts, 1847 ; Willard Grant, 1848 ; thereafter, the election held biennially, A- TI. Waldo being the first officer elected under the new law, and holding office for two years ; AV- H. Besley, chosen at a special election held June 15, 1851, to fill vacancy caused by J. W- Ostrander's failure to qualify ; R. Tyler, 1852 ; Charles Stoppenbaeh, 1854, re-elected in 185(3 : G. Schnasse, 1858; F. G. L. Struve, 18G0 ; Joseph Stoppenbaeh, 1862; A.J. Rankin, 1864; Joseph Berger, 1866; A. Scheuber, 1868; Henry Colonius, 1870, re-elected in 1872; Robert Hass, 1874 ; Daniel Rutledge, 1876, re-elected in 1878. County Treasurer. — E. C. Montague, elected in September, 1839, took his office in Janu- ary, 1840, re-elected the two succeeding terms, serving until January 1, 1843, and was followed by E. G. Darling, who served until January 1, 1845; R. J. Currier, 1845; G. F. Markley, 1846; Andrew Lansing, 1847; William Lanphear, 1848; George Dow, elected under the State law for two years, but was removed, and J. W. Ostrander elected in 1840, holding office until January, 1851, when Myron Smitli (lualifiod as his successor ; Daniel Howell, 1853 ; Nel- son Fryer, 1855 ; William Sanborn, 1857 ; D. F. Jones, 1859 ; W. Grant, 1861 ; S. Burns, 1863; W. S. Greene, 1865; Edmund Sweeney, 1867; John Malloy, 1869; W. A. Greene, 1871; George Foster. 1873; Frederick Buchholtz, 1875; Gideon Ives, 1877; W. C. Waldo, 1879. District Attorney. — No officer serving during the Territorial government of the county. The first officer elected after the admission of the State was Daniel Dodge, who took his office ■January 1, 1849, and served two j-ears, when he was succeeded by William Dutcher, January 1, 1851, who was re-elected and continued in office until January 1. 1855 ; L. B. Caswell, 1855 to 1857 ; Daniel Hall, to 1859 ; Harlow Pease, to 1861 ; Hiram Barber, to 1863; Myron B. Williams, to 1867 ; D. F. AVeymouth, to 1869 ; Myron B. Williams, to 1873 ; N. Steinaker, to 1875 ; W. H. Rogers, to 1877, re-elected; A. G. Steiner, present incumbent. Surveyor. — The first Surveyor under territorial law was Milo Jones, elected in September, 1839, and continuing in office until January 1, 1845; L. P. Drake, 1845-46; Harvey San- born, 1847 ; J. W. Ostrander, 1848 : Levi P. Drake, elected under State Law, serving from January 1, 1849. until January 1, 1851 ; Alonzo AVing, to 1853, re-elected : A. H. AA'aldo, to 1857 ; L. P. Gilbert, to 1859, re-elected; C. P. Goodrich, 1861-63; H. Steger, to 1865. re- elected; C. P. Goodrich, to 1869; K. P. Clark, to 1871, re-elected, and serving until 1877; J. D. Waterbury, elected, but failing to qualify, C. P. Goodrich was elected by the County Board to fill the unexpired term ending January 1, 1879, when he was succeeded by K. P. Clark, present Surveyor. Coroner. — J. D. Waterbury, elected in September, 1839, and served until January 1, 1842; R. M. Nevins, 1842 to 1843 ; C. May, to 1844, re-elected ; E. G. Darling, to 1846 ; Robert Masters, to 1847 ; E. G. Darling, to 1848 ; C. May, to 1849 ; L. 0. Jones, elected for two years under the State law, but was removed, and Alonzo AA'ing qualified, remaining in office until January 1, 1851 ; C. B. King, to 1853 ; S. S. Keyes, to 1855 ; C. J. Bell, to 1857 ; John Jung, to 1859 ; George Foster, to 1861 ; R. A. Tubbs, to 1863 : Earl Newton, to 1865, re-elected: Charles Stoppenbaeh, to 1869; C. AA^ Bieber, to 1871; James Manville, to 1873; William Higbie, to 1875 ; James Rogan. to 1877, re-elected ; Nelson Fryer, present incumbent. Members of the General Assembly. — Lucius I. Barber and James Sutherland, from 1840 to 1842 ; Robert Masters, 1843-44 ; Noah Phelps. 1845 : Mark Clapp, AVilliam M. Dennis and Noah Phelps, 1846 ; James Giddings, 1847 ; Levi P. Drake and Horace D. Patch, elected to the special session, convened October 27, 1847, re-elected to the terra of 1848. Members of the Assembly after the admission of AA'^isconsin into the Union — AA'ales Emmons, Peter H. Turner and Davenport Rood, 1848; Benjamin Nute, Jarvis K. Pike and AA'illiam H. Johnson, 1849; Abraham Vanderpool, Austin Kellogg and Alva Stewart, 1850; Alonzo AA^ing, Patrick Rogan and S. F. Clothier, 1851 ; Thomas R. Mott, A. H. Van Norstrand and Jacob Skinner, 1852 ; P. Rogan, .lames H. Ostrander, D. J. Powers, AA^ AA'^. AA^oodman and J. E. Holmes, 1853 ; C. J. Bell, D. L. Morrison, D. Reed, AA'. Eustis and Theodore Barnhardt, 1854 ; P. HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 353 Rogan, John Gibb, A. H. Van Norstrand, J. G. Merriam and Willard Grant, 1855 ; D. L. Morri- son, W. Chappell, W. W. Woodman, H. C. Drake and D. Reed, 1856 ; Elatus M. Aspinwall, J. F. Ostrander, W. Chappell, W. M. Morse and K. P. Clark, 1857 ; Miles Holmes, G. C. Smith, P. Rogan, John Gibb and Harlow Pease, 1858 ; K. J. Craig, G. C. Smith, L. A. Cole, F. Wagner and S. J. Conklin, 1859 ; N. Horton, C. H. G. Hamraerquist, H. Smith, H. H. Winter and J. Sutton, 1860 ; J. D. Petrie, H. B. Willard, T. Prentiss, S. Hoyes and S. M. Cone, 1861 ; P. Rogan, W. S. Greene, W. W. Reed and J. B. Crosby, 1862 ; Emil Rothe, N. S. Greene, L. B. Caswell and J. M. Bingham, 1863 ; Robert Hass, A. B. Smith, Joseph Powers and James M. Bingham, 1864; Jonathan Piper, Gardner Spoor, Alanson Pike and W. P. Forsyth, 1865 ; P. Rogan, John Mosher, W. W. Reed and Henry Harnden, 1866 ; Thomas Shinnick, G. H. Bryant, VV. W. Reed and J. D. Petrie, 1867 ; Henry S. Howell, C. P. Good- rich, Jonas Folts and F. G. L. Struve, 1868; John Rutledge, S. J. Conklin, J. Winslow and J. M. Bingham, 1869; Daniel Hall, C. H. Phillips, R. H. Tousley and J. M. Bingham, 1870; Daniel Hall, W. L. Hoskins, N. Fryer and H. J. Ball, 1871 ; Daniel Hall, W. L. Hoskins and L. B. Caswell, 1872; Patrick Devy, C. H. Steinfort and J. W. Ostrander, 1878; Charles Becknal, Austin Kellogg and L. B. Caswell, 1874 ; Christian Mayer, Austin Kellogg and J. W. Osti'ander, 1875; Thomas Shinnick, Charles H. Phillips and David W.Curtis, 1876; Hezekiah Flinn, Charles H. Phillips and Adolf Scheuber, 1877 ; Hiram J. Ball, John D. Bul- lock and Hezekiah Flinn, 1878; J. W. Ostrander, John D. Bullock and Hezekiah Flinn, 1879. Senators. — Ebenezer Brigham, 1838 ; Daniel S. Sutherland, 1839-40 ; Ebenezer Brigham, 1841-42 ; Lucius I. Barber, 1843-44 ; John Catlin, 1845-46 ; John E. Holmes, 1847-48. The first session of the State Legislature was convened on Monday, June 5, 1848, at which and thereafter the county of Jefferson was represented by the following Senators and Members of the General Assembly: William M. Dennis, 1848; James Giddings, 18.50; Alva Stewart, 1852; Daniel Howell, 1854 ; S. W. Barnes, 1856 ; William Chappell and Samuel C. Bean, in 1858, when the county formed a part of two Senatorial districts and so continued until 1862 ; William Chappell and E. D. Masters, 1859 ; Charles R. Gill and E. D. Masters, 1860 ; Charles R. Gill and E. Montgomery, 1861 ; E. Montgomery, 1862 ; J. D. Clapp, 1863-64 ; S. W. Budlong, 1865-6C; G. T. Thorn, 1867-68; W. W. Woodman, 1869-72; W. S. Greene, 1873-74; W. W. Reed, 1875-78 ; November, 1878, Charles H. Phillips elected, died January following before the Legislature convened. At a special election held January 20, 1879, J. B. Bennett, the present incumbent, elected. County Judges. — Thomas Brayton served during 1843-46 ; George Dow, 1847-49 ; Will- iam T. Butler, '1850-58 ; Samuel Baird, 1859-61 ; I. W. Bird, 1862-74 ; Aaron Rankin, 1875-78 ; Henry Colonius. the present incumbent, whose term expires in January, 1882. School Super mtendents. — J. K. Purdy, 1859-61 ; Alonzo Wing, 1861-63, re-elected and served until 1866; G. W. Bird, to 1868, also reelected; Amos Squire, to 1871 ; S. A. Craig, to 1873, re-elected ; C. J. Collier, to 1877 — re-elected, present incumbent. Commissioners under the Territorial Government. — John A. Chadwick, D. Little and John Richards, 1839; John C. Gilman, John Richards and William Sacia, 1840; Robert Masters, John Richards and M. R. Clapp, 1841, when the office was changed to Supervisor. Assessors. — D. W. Kellogg, J. Crane and Benjamin Nute, 1839 ; D. W. Kellogg, G. P. Marston and S. D. Stiles, 1840 ; George Hebard, Milo Jones and D. W. Kellogg, 1841. Collectors— GeoYgQ Hebard, 1839 ; David Temple 1840. Members of the First Constitutional Convention. — Patrick Rogan, Theodore Prentiss, Aaron Rankin, Elihu Atwood, Samuel T. Clothier, Peter H. Turner and George Hyer. Members of the Second Constitutional Convention. — Theodore Prentiss, Milo Jones, Abram Vanderpool and Jonas Folts. COUNTY BUILDINGS. Court House. — During the days when Wisconsin was under Territorial government, court ■was held in the Jefferson House, also in the second story of Sanborn's building on Main street, 354 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COL^TY. where tlie Sawyer House is now located. The last session was convened in this building in the spring of 1842, and the building itself was partially destroyed by fire on St. Patrick's Day, 1876, but ha.s since been rebuilt and reconstructed and is now known as the Sawyer House. On January 6, 1842, William Sanborn closed a contract with Robert Masters, John Rich- ards and M. 11. Clapp, Commissioners of Jeft'erson County, for the erection of a Court House, Jail and Sheriff's residence, on the public square. Mr. Sanborn employed George Crist and Daniel N. Miller to get out the timber and construct the building. These parties occupied the fall and winter of 1842 in preparing the material, and, early in that year, began to put it in place. This was completed during the spring of the same year, and, in June following, the frame of the Court House, which has since been occupied for judicial purposes, was raised, the same put under cover and sided up ready for the carpenters, the contractors receiving pay for their services in town lots. Immediately upon the completion of this preliminary work, the interior was put in order and made ready for occupation by Davenport Rood. The dimensions of the building were 30.x4tj feet, containing a court room on the second floor, the first floor being used for county offices and jury rooms, and cost §3, "00, which was paid in full on January 4, 1844, by the transfer on that day of eighty acres of ground in the northeast fractional quarter of Sec- tion 11 to William Sanborn by Asa F. Snell, Benjamin Piper, M. Jones, John Richards, W. H. Lanphoar, John Fuller and A. E. Horton, members of the Board of Supervisors. The building was increased in size by the addition of a building to the east front of twenty- five feet in 1861, since when no further improvements or additions have been made. The Jail was built during the year the construction of the Court House was commenced. It was composed of logs, and occupied a lot in the southeast corner of the public sipiare. It was small for the purpose, containing two cells, and adjoined the Sherift"s house, which faced to the north, both of which improvements were put up and placed in order for occupancy by Crist k Miller. This served the purpose for which it was erected until 18.50, when the building was pulled down and a brick edifice erected in its place by Waldo & Yanderpool, contractors, which was destroyed by fire in June, 1874. In July, the Board of Supervisors closed a contract with Charles Stoppcnbach for the building and equipment of the present jail and Sheriff's residence, for the sum of §12,000. But changes were made in the original plans, and improvements were added until, when the work was accepted by the County Board on the 4th of January, 1875. the cost thereof footed up a total of §18,000. It is a massive brick, two and one-half stories high, containing ample accommodations for the Sheriff s office and residence, as also for jail purposes, and is a source of pride to the city of which it is an attractive ornament. The Reijisters Office, together with the office of the Clerk of the Circuit Court, is con- tained in a one-story, fire-proof brick building on the public square, north of the Court House The Register's Office was first located in a frame building on Main street, erected by George Crist for Alonzo Wing (the same building at present adjoining the Post Office on the south I, in 1842. This was partially destroyed by fire on the 18th of February, 1845, and the Register of Deeds ran the gantlet of various unoccupied buildings until the completion of that now in use, which was accomplished in 1851, by Waldo & Yanderpool, when it was taken possession of by the county, whose representatives still claim title by occupation. The Poor House. — In the early days of Jefferson, poverty was attended with industry and municipal aid in providing for the care of the distressed and afflicted was rarely invoked. As the settlement increased in size and importance, and the protection of the unfortunate poor became a necessity, means had to be provided in their behalf. At first they were taken care of at public expense : then the system of caring for the poor by town organization obtained, and continued until the county was charged with their support by legislative enactment. This latter system has been in force, with one exception, since 1854, or thereabouts, the exception being during the year 1877, when the town system w.as revived, lasting, however, but six months. The present County Poor House property was provided for at a meeting of the Board of Super- visors, convened in the latter part of 1854, or early in 1855, at which a committee, of which the late Capt. E. D. Masters was chairman, was appointed and empowered to purchase land and HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 355 erect suitable buildings for the poor of Jefferson County. Acting upon these instructions, the committee purchased eighty acres of the present farm, located a mile west of the city from Capt. Musters, for $4,000. In 1855, they commenced the erection of buildings, which were completed the same year and occupied in 1856. At that time the premises were 30x50, and ample for the accommodation of the county's wards. In 1863, the North Addition was completed by George Crist at a cost of $1,000, and, in 1868, the accommodations were still further increased, and the buildings raised another story. In the same year, twenty acres of ground were added to the farm, from the Copeland property adjoining, at a cost of $1,000. In 1872, the South Addition was built by George Crist, Jr., for which §2, 500' was paid, since which date the premises have not been enlarged. There are at the present writing (1879), a total of fifty-seven inmates deriving their sustenance from the county, twenty-eight of whom are insane, for the protec- tion of which class of dependents ample facilities were provided for in the addition built in 1872. The institution is supported partly from appropriations made by the county authorities, and partly by the productions of the farm, which, for the year 1879, aggregated 1,500 bushels of grain, 400 of potatoes, and the usual complement of vegetables. The annual expense involved in the care of the county poor is stated at about .$3,000. The buildings, grounds and immediate supervision of the inmates is under the control of a Superintendent, appointed by the Board of Supervisors, and the following named gentlemen have thus f;ir been honored with public confidence : James Barr, E. D. Masters, George Trucks, Christopher Grimm, John Whelan, David Baker and George Trucks, the present official. The property, with improvements, is valued at about $10,000. CRIMINAL CAUSES. The criminal records of Jefferson County have been comparatively free from the commis- sion of felonies; especially is this true of murder. Though the crime has shocked the commu- nitv at long intervals, and though the Schneeff, Borchardt and Murman murders are remembered with horror, there has been a singular absence of crime in Jefferson County, which argues well, not only for the peace, property and industry of the inhabitants, but also for the adminis- tration of justice and the enforcement of the law. The first murder which occurred in the county, according to information derived from sources that should be reliable, took place during the fall of 1848, in the immediate vicinity of Fort Atkinson, an Indian being the aggressor, upon whom the penalty of death was inflicted at once, and who, with his victim, became subjects for the scalpel of surgeons, who have since attained to eminence in the practice of the profession. At the time indicated, a number of savages, as the sequel showed, the opposite of gentle, belonging either to the Winnebagoes or Pottawatomies, en route from the timber to Black Hawk Island, halted at Fort Atkinson. At that season of the year, they were engaged in the collec- tion of winter stores, a portion of which they levied tribute for at the island, and they tarried at Fort Atkinson for the procuration of ammunition and edibles. While thus engaged, two of the tribe became intoxicated, and in that condition proceeded to the lake. The savages dined at Fort Atkinson, and their festivities being prolonged to an unreasonible hour, it was not until 2 o'clock that they got once more under way. Everything remained harmonious, as is reported, until the murderers reached a point on Milo Jones' farm, about two miles below the city, oppo- site the farm of Aaron Rankin, where, to adopt the graphically expressive descriptive language employed by the narrator, "the fun began," consisting of tantalizing annoyances directed by a young buck toward one of the inebriated warriors. This pi-ocured an altercation, which resulted in blows and struggles, during which one of the aborigines drew a knife and plunged the keen blade into the neck of his antagonist, severed the spinal column, producing paralj'sis and caus- ing almost instant death. The victim fell in his tracks and while suffering the pangs of dissolution, his assassin, realizing the extent of the crime committed, sought safety in flight. 356 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUXTY. A brother of the dead buck, who had watched the battle from afar, when he compre- hended the fiital issue, took up the gage of deatli which had been thrown down, and pursued the fugitive, knife in hand, to avenge the calamity which had been put upon his wigwam. The fleeing murderer increased his speed and, succeeding in reaching the river bank first, essayed to increase his chances of escape by crossing the stream in a canoe which lay moored in a lagoon that abutted into the shore. But lie had counted without results, for a canoe adjoined that he had seized, into which the avenging Nemesis sprang, when began a race between life and death in which the grim visitor, as the future realized to those who witnessed it, had the call against the field, for the pursuer struck shallow water as the boat of the fleeing assassin imbedded its prow in the opposite bank. The race was again resumed when both had gained terra firma, and, after a brief spurt, the murderer was run to cover on the farm of Aaron Rankin, and the brother's death avenged by the brother who had survived to pursue and thus adjudicate the 'aw. No sooner had the rigor of death affixed its seal upon the inanimate forms of those who- but a moment before had rejoiced in a plenitude of life and health and strength, than the cause of science asserted its supremacy and claimed the bodies for anatomical demonstrations. The physicians above referred to secured their possession, and, hiding them in the loft of a barn, kept them from view until the excitement attendant upon the tragedy and the subsequent events connected therewith had been to .some extent dissipated. When the excitement had in a measure subsided, and the tribe to which the defunct Indians belonged sought the whereabouts of the bodies and found them not, the mourning over their mysterious disappearance was more vociferous, if less pronounced, than could have been the rejoicing over ninety and nine Indians who crossed not the pathway of the destroyer. Tlie mourners would not be comforted with the assurance that they had not been disturbed by the pale-faces, nor with the suggestion that an enemy had done this, but. constituting themselves advocates, jury and Court, instituted the strictest examination into all fiicts bearing upon their disappearance, as also the secret places wherein it might be possible for them to be kept from view. But all to no purpose ; hidden beneath the hay, they eluded the closest scrutiny and escaped detection. The Indians, after exhausting every remedy cunning could devise or demand suggest, continued their trip to the happy hunting-grounds, supposititiously on Black Hawk Island, accompanied by the fraternal avenger, while the Indians dead became subjects for med- ical colleges, and, with the memory of their deeds, have long been consigned to the tomb of the Capulets — forgetfulness. Early in the spring of 1868, Adolph Schnepf was murdered on his farm in the town of Watertown. The first rumor concerning the bloody aff^iir was that Schnepf had been missing from his home for several days, and this led a neighbor, named Clark, to make an investiga- tion. Mr. Clark certainly had well-founded suspicions, and going to the spot where a large " log heap " had but recently been burned by Mr. Schnepf and his son, and where the missing man liad last been seen, an examination of the ashes revealed pieces of charred bones, suspen- der buckles and metal pants buttons. Slierifl' Joseph Giles was apprised of the fact, and young Schnepf was placed under arrest and taken to Watertown. The excitement was very great in the community, and threats of lynching were freely made. On this account, preliminary exam- ination was waived, and the prisoner was hurried to Jefferson, where he was confined in the County Jail. He was indicted by the Grand Jury, and at the September term of court, an aflidavit was filed by his counsel, asking for a change of venue, on the ground that a fair and impartial trial could not be had in Jefferson County. The request was granted, and the trial held at Portage City, lasting nine days, and resulting in the acquittal of young Schnepf The arguments of counsel for the defense were based upon the testimony of Prof Carr, of Madison, who gave it as his opinion that a human body could not be completely consumed by fire in the short space of time elapsing between the burning of the log pile and the discovery of bones, buttons and buckles by Mr. Clark ; and also upon the testimony of a Mrs. Kniesel, who swore that she saw the deceased three days after the revelations of the mysterious ash heap. During HISTOUY OF JEFFERSOX COUNTY. 357 the trial, one of the chief witnesses on the part of the prosecution hanged himself, and this was seized upon by the defense, who set up the plea, by inference, that the suicide was the real mur- •derer. Counsel for defense were Hon. II. S. Orton, Henry Mulberger and Myron B. Will- iams ; District Attorney Weymouth was assisted by Col. G. F. Thorn. In December, 1874, the people of Jefferson County were again shocked by another bloody murder in the town of Watertown, the victim being a man named Borchardt. In the evening of the day the murder was committed, Borchardt's step-daughter, Johannah, went to the house of the murdered man's son, Charles, about one and a half miles south of the paternal roof, and told him that "a stranger had hit the old man on the head," and that he was very sick. The son notified the neighbors, who went to the house and found the old man on a lounge, dead. Otficers were sent for, who came in company with a Justice and two physicians. A post-mortem examination was held, revealing the fact that Borchardt had come to his death by three blows upon the head, inflicted with a blunt instrument. A search of the premises was made, and a hammer, covered with blood, was found. The evidence pointed very strongly to certain mem- bers of the family as the perpetrators of the crime, and, accordingly, Mrs. Borchardt and her daughter, Wilhelmina, were taken into custody, and brought before Justice C. M. Ducasse, of Watertown, who held the mother for trial and discharged the girl. A few days later. District Attorney Steinaker visited the scene of the murder, made a thorough investigation of the prem- ises and closely questioned the occupants. Ho discovered evidence, in his opinion, implicating the girl, Wilhelmina, and she was arrested and brought before Capt. Nelson Bruett, of Jefferson, and by him held without bail to appear at the February term of the Circuit Court. A joint information was entered by District Attorney Rogers (who had just come into office) against both the mother and daughter, and they were brought to trial. While in prison, Wilhelmina wrote a letter to her sister Johannah, of which the following is a synopsis : " You have always sworn against me and mother, and if you persist in doing so, mother will tell the whole story. You know a stranger came in and struck the old man; that we had nothing to do with it.'' The prosecution insisted that if the prisoners were guilty, it was murder in the first degree, and the jury so found. After a motion for a new trial, which was denied, both were sentenced to Waupun for life. The counsel for defense were Daniel Hall and C. H. Gardner. The District Attorney was assisted by Harlow Pease and N. Steinaker. Borchai-dt was a drunken and quar- relsome individual, and it is believed that his death resulted from an encounter with his wife and daughter. The last murder occurred but two years ago, the particulars of which are substantially as follows : Late on Sunday afternoon, December 16, 1877, the city of Fort Atkinson was thrown into a fever of excitement by the announcement that the body of a man had been found on the line of the railroad to Jefferson, the victim of a brutal murder. The body was found by A. Allen, lying near a brush heap in a grove a few rods west of the railroad track, and about opposite the cemetery. The body was described as that of a stranger, of medium height, dark hair, com- plexion, whiskers and eyes, and indicating his occupation by his general make-up and appear- ance to be that of a laborer. His bundle of clothes was scattered about over the ground, and on his person was found $1.41 in cash, together with a paper on which was written " Milwaukee avenue 341, J. Christianson." From investigations in Chicago, the man's name was supposed to have been John Murman, as such a man left Chicago on foot a few weeks before in company with a companion named William Anderson, and came to Wisconsin, as they said, to cut Christ- mas trees, since which time nothing had been heard from them. His companion, William Anderson, was supposed to have been the person who committed the murder. The body of the deceased was covered over with brush, and the remains of a camp-fire were near by. He was evidently killed with an ax, and it was thought to have been the result of a quarrel. Investigation was at once begun and additional facts were brought to light which fully estab- lished the identity of the murdered man as Chas. Peterson, brother of a Mrs. Christiansen who resided at 341 Milwaukee avenue, in the city of Chicago. That lady, upon being interrogated, 358 HISTORY OF JEFFEUSOX C'UUXTY. Stated to Sheriff Newton, of Jefferson, that Peterson left her house on Tuesday. December 11, 1877, to come to Fort Atkinson, where lie hoped to obtain employment. When he left he had '?20 in cash in his possession; and, further, that he was a steady, hard-working, inoffen- sive man, who was not addicted to the use of liquor, and had not, so far as she knew, an enemy in the world. The investigation was continued ; the inquest held, but beyond the discovery of blankets, and some clothing supposed to have belonged to the murdered man, notlung definite was ascer- tained to locate the crime, until the 29th of December, 1877, when a young man by the name of Charles Whitney, living at Kaukauna, Outagamie County, confessed to a Mr. Rice with whom he was living, that he was an accomplice in the murder of Peterson. lie afterward relateii the same story to Sheriff Leinan, of that county, by whom he was arrested and confined. Word was sent to Sheriff Newton, who went to Appleton and brought him to Jefferson on the follow- ing Monday. When arrested, he had on the boots belonging to the murdered man. He also gave information concerning one Ed. Eckart. whom he alleged was the instigator of the deed. Armed with the necessary authority, Sherifl' Newton proceeded to Outagamie and arrested the man Eckart, whom he found seven miles from Appleton in the woods, engaged with a gang of men in getting out stave bolts. He was arrested and brought to Jefferson and safely lodged in jail on Tuesday. He was represented as a young man apparently about twenty years of age, whose parents resided in the vicinity of Fort .Atkinson, and were boweil down to the earth with the weight of their affliction. The self-convicted murderer had passed most of his time in the northern part of the State, where he had led a reckless life, visiting Fort Atkinson the spring previous to the murder, where he was for a short time employed in the furniture factory. His story was sub- stantially as follows : After leaving Fort Atkinson some tin^e in the summer of 1877, he went to Pittsburgh, Penn., where he fell in with this man Eckart, with whom he took a tramp to Little Rock, Ark. Thence they turned northward, working their way along. On the night of the 12th of December, they met Peterson on the railroad between Milton and Janesville. Peterson asked the way to Green Bay. Whitney told him to follow the track and it would lead him to that place. Eckart and himself then came on, and when they reached Koshkonong they got aboard of the night train which arrives at Fort Atkinson at 10 o'clock. Here they were put off the train, but wenf^orth of town a half-mile, where they stopped, kindled a fire, and after taking some boards from the fence, lay down. About 1 or 2 o'clock in the morning, Peterson came along and, seeing the fire, came to them and lay down to sleep. Whitney states he was awakened by Eckart, who pointing to the sleeping man, said, •• I am going to shoot him." To this, -Whitney said, " Oh, don't I" Eckart made no farther reply, but drew his revolver and fired at Peterson's head. Peterson screamed " Oh I Oh I" and, springing to his feet, started to run. Eckart then tripped him down upon his face, shot him again in the head, and placing one hand on the back of Peterson's neck, held him down, while, with the other, he pointed the pistol at Whitney, and ordered him to strike Peterson with a hatchet, or he would kill him. Impelled by terror, Whitney states he struck Peterson one blow on the back of the head, and then threw down the instrument, declaring he would not strike another blow. At this, Eckart took up the hatchet and struck the victim a number of blows. They then dragged the body to the brush heap and left him covered with brush. When asked how it came that Peterson was found outside of the brush heap, he said he could not tell ; that when they left him he was groaning, and if he got out, it must have been by his own struggles. Whitney farther stated that, after the murder, Eckart took Peterson's boots, blankets, a pair of pants, a pocket looking-glass, coat and a shirt. He docs not remember seeing any money. They then started north on the track and, at the culvert near Cobb Creek, they secreted the blankets, shirt and several other articles. Eckart forced Whitney to travel ahead, threatening him with death if he turned back. On their arrival at Kaukauna, Whitney stopped with Mr. Rice: but the memory of the terrible deed he had witnessed, filled him with horror and remorse, until, as he expressed it, "I could see the murdered man in his sleep." Driven by this feeling, he at HISTORY OF JEFFERSOiNr COUNTY. 359 last made the confession. When Eckart was arrested, he stoutly denied any part in the mur- der: but the ftvct that he had on a blue coat behinging to Peterson, phiced his guilt beyond a doubt. He had a very bad, brutal appearance, and looked, as if by nature and education both, he was well fitted for such a deed. The murder, the circumstances attending it, the actors in the bloody tragedy, one of whom is a son of one of Fort Atkinson's respected citizens, all con- spired to make a chapter in crime, the like of which has never been duplicated in this section of the State. An information for murder was filed by the District Attorney on the 11th of February, 1878, to which defendants, when arraigned on the following day, pleaded not guilty, and issue being joined, the trial was proceeded with, beginning on the 'Jth of April and continuing five days. Hon. David W. Small presided ; W. H. Rogers, of Fort Atkinson, prosecuting, and Harlow Pease, of Watertown, defending. Whitney turned States' evidence against Eckart, and upon the stand stated more particularly the facts connected with the commission of the crime. After detailing his acquaintance with Eckart, his roamings and the coming of Peterson to the camp Eckart and witness liad prepared, near where the body was found, he continued, that : " In the night Eckart woke me and told me he was going to shoot Peterson. I told him not to, but he would not listen to me, and Eckart went over to where Peterson was sleeping, put his loaded revolver to Peterson's ear and fired. Peterson put his hand up and said, ' Oh,' and then Eckart fired again right back of the ear. Then Peterson began raising up, and Eckart shot him again in about the same place, and then Peterson got up on his knees, and Eckart shot his revolver right into his eye. And then the man got to his feet, and Eckart threw him down and jumped on his back, and put his left hand on the back of his neck, and cocked his revolver with the other, and then told me to strike Peterson with the hatchet, and I didn't move as quick as he thought I ought to, and he asked me if I was coming, and so I had to come, and so I struck liim about four times with the back of the hatchet on his head. Then Eckart got off him, and Peterson got up and staggered against a tree, and Eckart told me to strike him again., I told him, no, I had struck him all I was going to. And tlien Eckart went up and struck him with the edge of the hatchet by the tree, and then when he had him down he cut him three more times witli the hatchet, and then he pulled oft' the man's boots, and took a piece of tobacco out of his pocket, and then heaped a pile of brush over his body." Whitney further testifies that he and Eckart then started on, taking with them some of the clothing and blankets of Peterson,- and went up north as far as Appleton, where they parted. The manner in which tlie witness detailed his e.xtraordinary statement on the witness stand strongly impressed the jury with its entire truthfulness. All the circumstances, moreover, cor- roborated his evidence. The body of Peterson was exhumed, and, on a more careful examina- tion, the physicians found the bullets in several places in his head, as stated by Whitney. They were fired from a small kind of revolver, and would not of themselves have produced death. But the strongest evidence of the guilt of Eckart was his own conduct and course of action upon the trial. Throughout the entire proceedings, he manifested the most entire indifference, and even refused to avail himself of his right and privilege to take the witness stand in his own belialf, and deny the fearful charges made against him by Whitney. After being summed up by the respective counsel, the case was given to the jury, under a clear and impartial charge by the Court, and. after a brief deliberation, they returned a verdict of guilty. A motion for new trial was made by counsel for defendant, but denied, and on Saturday, the 13th of April, sentence was pronounced. His Honor, upon the prisoner's being presented for final action, asked him if he had anything to say, to which he responded, "No," and Judge Small thereupon commented briefly upon the leading features of the most wanton, deliberate and atrocious murder ever kno\yn, and tending to an entire absence in the defendant of the ordinary sensibilities of humanity. Nothing remained for the Court but to impose the penalty prescribed by the law of the land, which was as follows : " The sentence of the Court and the law is that you, Edward Eckart, be imprisoned, at hard labor, in the State Prison of this State, 360 HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUXTY. for and during the term of your natural life, and that the first day thereof be in solitary con- finement." The prisoner was soon after taken to Waupun, where he now is serving a life sentence. THE tempest's TRACK. One Thursday afternoon, in 187S, a terrible tornado swept across the State from Iowa, tak- ing Jefferson County en route, killing one man and injuring several others, besides inflicting damage to houses and farm property estimated at $50,000. The columns of the Banner and Union of that date contained graphic accounts of the terrible visitation, from which- the follow- ing selections are made. After refei'ence to the unexpected and unprecedented violence of the storm, the journalists note the strange agitation that was observed in the clouds, and th;it a deep roaring sound, accompanied by an incessant faint glimmer of lightning, tilled the hearts of all with alarm. It soon became evident to those who are posted in such things that a tre- mendous cyclone was approaching from a point a little south of west. As the track of the storm became more defined, it was seen to pass north of this city, about two miles. The fear- ful, ominous roaring, that filled the air with an oppressive, overwhelming sound, gave ample token of the terrible disasters that lay in the path of this monster of the air. An extraordi- nary discharge of rain accompanied the storm, although the air was cleared in an liour. Soon, messengers began to come in for medical assistance, and the town was full of rumors of the destruction to life and property that had taken place. The tornado is supposed to have started near Dubuque, Iowa, and, after passing through Mineral Point, entered Jefferson in the township of Oakland from Christina, Dane County. Here it passed across a part of Cedar Lake, and those who saw it state that the water was drawn up to the clouds, creating a sight fearful and grand to behoM. The water thus sucked up by the cyclone was precipitated, with immense force, upon the land farther to the east. The country there looks as if it had been swept by the Mississippi. Gathering force with every current of air, it struck the large barn, 36x54, lately built by William Ward, and crushed it like an egg-shell. In the barn were three horses, two of which were instantly killed by the falling timbers. Although the house was next east of the barn, it was but little injured; yet large hickory, oak and poplar trees, standing all about the house, were twisted into bjisket-stuff. Mr. Ward's orchard lies south of his house, and was completely ruined. His damages could not have fallen far short of §3,000. A few rods east is what is known as Oakland Center, where stood two churches, a brick schoolhouse and the parsonage of the Free- Will Baptist Soci- ety, occupied by Rev. 0. II. True. In a short area of space, the havoc was tremendous. The Baptist Church was a large, square two-story brick building, with the upper story occupied as a dwelling by Widow Hall and her daughter. In an instant and without any warning, the entire upper half of the building was crushed to atoms down to the second floor. Both of the women were overwhelmed in a whirling avalanche of bricks and timbers. Mrs. Hall was caught under a part of tivo walls and her left collar-bone broken, besides being severely cut about the head with flying bricks. The daughter managed to go through the terrible ordeal with less bodily injury. Finding she could not extricate her mother, who was crushed under the ruins, she screamed for help. Rev. 0. H. True heard her cries, and, with others, finally succeeded in taking both from their perilous situation. The brick schoolhouse and the new brick Moravian Church were quickly demolished, the latter an absolute mass of ruins ; a part of the west wall and the ends of the schoolhouse only remaining. The parsonage was moved over a foot to the east, the west side badly injured and the west cellar wall blown in. Mrs. True stated that the cyclone seemed to her as if some mighty power had struck the house a sudden blow with a weight like a mountain. Mr. True, while attempting to go to the assist- ance of Mrs. Hall, was caught by a second gust, but seized a limb of a tree to hold on, when the force of the wind straightened him right out in the air. His two children, Edgar and Lucy, were in a small outbuilding, with a young man by the name of Johnson. Johnson 'M:' 'j-e FORT ATKINSON HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 363 vas blown over the fence into the road, a distance of iive rods. Edgar was blown against I. tree, and managed, by holding on, to save himself from being drawn up into the air. Lucy vas blown against the road fence. Farther to the westward was the Cambridge stage, which was struck with the storm and )verturned, frightening the horses so that they broke loose and ran. There was a lady pas- lenger in the coach, who was uninjured, however. The barn of George Champney was next inroofed, and considerable damage done to his other farm buildings. The track of the tor- lado from here lay for a mile and a half through timber and open fields. Old veteran oaks, hree feet in diameter, were twisted and broken like pipe-stems. The barn of S. Chapman vas partly unroofed ; also that of P. Eversohl. Striking the hill on which stood the house if John Daniels, it demolished a large new barn, hop-house and wind-mill. The house stand- ng near the scene was uninjured, except in the loss of chimneys. George Horton was in he basement of the barn, standing close in one corner, when the barn came down. He barely iscaped being killed, as a large beam struck the ground, passing close to his body. There was I terrible desolateness seen at the residence of R. Hawk. When it struck this place, John Daniels, Willie Daniels, Mrs. Kreuger, George Hallan and a hired man by the name of Uharles Schmidt, were in the barn. In an instant, the barn was crushed into fragments, and Schmidt, who was standing near Daniels, was struck on the head by a falling piece of tim- )er and instantly killed. Mr. Daniels caught hold of a post and held on to it. The two )oys, Willie Daniels and George Hallan, slid down into the basement, and escaped unhurt. ^Irs. Kreuger was dashed against a beam, and somewhat injured, her clothing being com- )letely stripped from her person, except a small portion at the waist. That any of the occu- )ants of the barn escaped death was considered a miracle. A valuable horse and cow were dlled in the basement. Near the house of Mr. R. Hawk stood a large oak-tree, which vas blown across the roof, partially crushing it in, but preventing, no doubt, its farther lestruction. Mrs. Hawk was blown through a bedroom door, and against the north end of )f the house. A large oak rail was driven into the roof endwise, like an arrow. The house vas moved from its foundations, and badly racked. All about is a wide-spread scene of lestruction. A large pasture lot was covered with the fragments of the barn and outbuild- ngs. Next east in the track of the storm was a log house and stable occupied by Mr. Kreuger, I tenant of Mr. Hawk. Everything was completely wrecked here. Mrs. Witchie, an old lady, vas taken up bodily, carried a distance of eight rods, and dashed with great force against the •oad fence, two of her ribs broken, and she receiving such injuries about the head and breast as •endered it for awhile very doubtful if she lived. The house of William Northy, a log tene- nent, was next made the scene of disorder. The cyclone swept the house from its foundation, )urying three occupants in the ruins. Mariette Frary, who had called in, was caught by a fall- ng stove, resulting in a fracture of her right leg. No other persons were injured. The cyclone lere seemed to have changed its course, striking the residence and barns of Christian Gross, ^ith all the power of its center vortex. The scene here baffled description. The whole prem- ses were a wreck, and the fields for a half-mile covered with broken boards and building mate- •ial. The family, at the time, were in a room in the south half of the house. The wind moved ;he upright portion of the house clear from the cellar, and dropped it on the ground on the east lide. That portion in which the family were was unroofed, and the beds blown no one knows ivhere. The stove was thrown down, and the fire scattered about the room. The doors were so ammed together as to prevent any chance of getting out, and the family was in imminent dan- ger of being burned alive. Mr. Gross, although very ill at the time, managed to get hold )f a peck measure, and with the contents of a swill barrel standing in the room, put out ;he fire. A large barn, 50x32, a smaller barn, three granaries, a smokehouse and a wind- mill were blown to atoms in a moment. The smokehouse was full of meat, but not a ves- ;ige of the same could be found. A hired boy, who had just taken the team into the base- nent of the large barn as the storm struck it, was lifted into the air, carried sixty rods and 364 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. landed against a fence. He was rendered completely dazed by the occurrence, and for hours could scarcely speak. Another boy stated that he saw the hired man carried over the wind- mill. A field of rye lay to the east of the house, and this was stuck full of broken lumber. The heads of the rye in the track of the storm were cut clean off, as with a reaper. An oak-tree, as large as' a man's body, was broken off and landed fifteen rods away in the rye- field. One granary contained 300 bushels of oats, and not a kernel of the grain could be found. A large farm wagon was carried twenty rods from the barn. The damages to Mr. Gross cannot be less than §3,000. At this point the cyclone took a due east course, and struck the new barn of Fred Musschel, on the Jefferson Road, two miles north of Fort Atkinson, completely demolishing the same, unroofing the barn of widow Hopson, and tearing up a number of trees in front of her house. A lumber wagon was standing but a few feet from Mr. Musschel's liouse, which was landed fifty rods east on the marsh, yet, strange to say, the house was not injured in any manner. After crossing Rock River in a due east course, the cyclone demolished the barns of A. Hake and E. Hake, and continued on through the towns oi Hebron and Sullivan, occasionally striking the earth and tearing things to pieces wherever it touched. The track of the cyclone varied from ten to 150 rods in width. Its center was. a whirl- wind of awful power. This can be seen by the manner in which trees and other articles are whirled in all directions. In one instance, a piece of a fence-board was driven over two feet into the ground at an angle of forty-five degrees. On the farm of S. Chapman, in Oak- land, an oak-tree nearly three feet in diameter, and perfectly sound, was broken off si.x feet from tiie ground. At a moderate estimate, the damage done to farm property in Jefferson County amounted to over $50,000, most of which is in the town of Oakland. No such visita- tion has ever before occurred in this portion of the State since about 1851, when it ia reported a similar tornado passed through the northern part of the country. THE FIGHTING FINCH FAMILY. In 1832, when a call was made by the Government for volunteers to fight that redoubtable warrior, Black Hawk, a family named Finch, then residing in St. Joe, Mich., immediately offered all its available war material — the father and twelve sons. Finch, Sr., was rejected, but all the juniors were mustered in. They passed through the conflict without a scratcli, return- ing to their home delighted with what they had seen in the vast territory over which they liad traveled, and determined upon removing to the west side of the great lake, for the purpose of permanent settlement, as soon as practicable. Accordingly, in 1838, the Finch colony settled in the soutiiern part of what is now Jefferson County, on the east side of Lake Koshkonong. Their departure from St. Joe was a source of considerable relief to the timid citizens of that place, for the young Finches were wont to indulge in periodical "war-dances," and on such occasions it became necessary for all other inhabitants of St. Joe to bar their doors and windows and remain in seclusion until the "fun" ceased. Coming to Wisconsin, the Finches left none of their eccentricities behind. In point of population, they acted upon the belief that there was room for no one else except a Finch in the vicinity of Lake Koshkonong. An inofl'ensive Norwegian, wlio, unfortunately, happeneil to have been a previous settler in that locality, \v;ia unmercifully beaten and finally driven from his home by them, within a few days after their arrival. Sheriff Bird, of Dane County, hearing of the affair, repaired to the dominion of the Finches, for the purpose of asserting his power as an ofiScer of the law, but lie found the belligerents to be so numerous that he wisely concluded not to make a single-handed attack. Returning to Madison for re-enforcements, he met and informed Gov. Dodge of the situation. " E.xliaust the power of the county, sir," replied the Governor, in his usual brusque and emphatic manner, "and if that don't do, I'll call out the militia, by G — d, sir. If that Finch tribe is going to run this Territory, I'll find it out mighty soon, now /tell you." HISTOKY OF JEFFERSOX COUNTY. 365 These instructions were capaljle of no misconstruction; the Sheriff's course was clear. Summoning the aid of Luther A. Cole, then Deputy Sheriff of Milwaukee County (to which Jefferson County belonged), and a Madison constable, the intrepid official set out for Finchland, letermined upon the capture of the offenders. The officers first went to a house of a man named Stevens, who was in some way implicated in the affair. They found the door of the house closed ind locked, with Mrs. Stevens' avoirdupois resting firmly against its inside. Their demand 'or admission was positively refused, and, there being no other alternative, the door was kicked 'rem its hinges, Mrs. Stevens being summarily disposed of in an opposite corner of the room, Tom which she immediately came forth with a freshly-primed Queen Ann musket. While in ;he act of " drawing a bead " on Sheriff Bird she was disarmed by Mr. Cole. Stevens was bund in bed, feigning a violent attack of sickness, but was arrested and sent in charge of the ;onstable to Madison. The next morning, at daybreak. Sheriffs Bird and Cole moved upon the domicile of one )f the Finches, but found no one at home. Proceeding some distance further, they came upon I solitary member of the numerous brotherhood, cutting house-logs in the woods, where his arrest Bras effected by the exercise of considerable strategy on the part of the officers. Had he known :heir purpose, the keen blade of his ax would certainly have tasted their blood, but he was cotn- Dletely disarmed of any suspicion by the inquiry from one of the officers as to the nearest route icross the lake. Dropping his ax upon the ground, he proceeded to give the information, but, jefore he had finished. Sheriff Cole closed in upon and seized him, while Sheriff Bird read the nrarrant for his arrest. The officers, with their prisoner, started at once for Fort Atkinson, where ;hey arrived shortly before noon. During these proceedings, Mrs. Stevens had not been idle. Although the ground was cov- ;red with snow and the weather was biting cold, it afterward transpired that she walked several niles through the woods to the cabins of Ben and Nat Finch and spread the news of the an-est )f her husband, adding the startling information that the officers had left her house in search of some of the Finches. Such an outrage could not be tolerated, and Ben and Nat were soon istride their chargers and on the trail of the daring officials. Sheriffs Bird and Cole, with their prisoner, had just sat down to a smoking hot dinner at " the brt " when two horsemen rode up and alighted. Their names were Ben and Nat Finch, and, is they stepped into the dining-room, Bird and Cole were upon their feet, their hands upon their pistols. The Finches were thrown entirely upon the offensive ; in other words, the officer.'! " had ;he drop on them." It would have been a happy moment for an artist and a thrilling subject ibr his canvas. " Have some dinner? " interrogated Sheriff Bird, breaking the awful silence. " If it's all the same to you, we will," replied Ben Finch. " Which way you travelin'?" "Going to Madison," said the Sheriff. " Takin' my brother, 'spose? " " We are." " Arrested ? " " Yes." " Recon you know the law says crimes shall be tried in the county where the act is com- uitted, don't you? " remarked Ben, with an air of legal wisdom. "We'll ask Gov. Dodge about that," answered Sheriff" Bird. " Maybe you will, and maybe you won't," retorted Finch, rising hurriedly from the taWfc, ind motioning his brother Nat to follow him. Again Bird and Cole were upon their feet, and again their firm right hands clasped their pistols' handles ; but the two Finches had vanished, and, a moment later, were in their saddiet ind had disappeared in the direction from whence they came. There was no time to be lost. The purpose of Ben and Nat Finch was too apparent t« idmit of any doubt or delay on the part of the officers. Hastily securing the services of & teamster, and instructing him to drive to Lake Mills with all the speed at his command. Bird 366 HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUNTY. and Cole, with their prisoner, were soon on their way toward Madison : but the almost impassa- ble condition of the road was a source of serious delay, and when the party reached Lake Mills their horses were completely exhausted. The proprietor of the tavern was informed of the situ- ation, and instructed, if any one came that way inquiring for " three men in a wagon," to say that they had taken " the old road to Madison." A new road had recently been opened from Lake Mills to the Capital, and it was by this route the officers, having called into requisition a fresh relay of horses, left for their destination. The noise of the wagon rolling over the frozen earth had scarce died away in the adjacent forest, when ten men, armed with rifles and pistols, each mounted, appeared in front of the tavern door at Lake Mills. It was the Finch brigade. Alighting from their jaded animals, they filed into the bar-room, and, by way of introducing themselves to the affrighted inn-keeper, called for " the best in the shop." " Did you see three men in a wagon pass this way ?" queried Ben Finch, diving into the inner recesses of a corduroy coat and bringing forth a roll of " wildcat scrip " with which to settle for the drinks. " Yah ! Tree vagons and a men — de old road py Madison," quickly replied the officiating Teuton behind the bar, as if imparting a terrible secret. " The old road, eh ? Then give us another dose, and we'll take the same route," replied Finch, drawing his slouch hat mysteriously low upon his weather-beaten brow. To the great relief of the inhabitants of Lake Mills, the Finch cavalry were soon in their saddles and galloping away over the hills in the direction of Madison. " That occurred many years ago," said Mr. Luther A. Cole, " but I shall never cease to thank that honest Lake Mills fellow for the manner in which he carried out our instructions, thus averting what certainly must have been an awful tragedy. We reached Madison with oui man, and were congratulated by Gov. Dodge for the strategy we had displayed. It cost Finch his eighty acres of land, and six or eight months in jail. Ben Finch, who, it afterward transpired, was the ringleader in the unprovoked assault upon the Norwegian, escaped to Mich- igan, and was never caught. The rest of the family scattered about in different directions, and. I believe, became good citizens." SCHOOLS, RESOURCES, POPULATION, ETC. In few counties in Wisconsin can so many flourishing and attractive villages be found, all being eligibly located, constantly improving, irrefutably indicating not only a healthy condition of affairs, but an increase of intelligence, refinement, enterprise and wealth. Newspapers, schools and churches are distributed throughout the county, and, with other sources of moral and intellectual development, are generously encouraged and abundantly patronized. The educational interests, particularly, are attended to with the greatest care and diligence, school buildings that are creditable to the taste and liberality of the communities in which they are located are found in every hamlet, and, with the public schools, are under the control of expe- rienced and capable teachers. The University is supplied with an able faculty, and, through the means afforded by the public and private institutions of learning, the youth of both sexes are provided with facilities for the ac(juisition of a classic and scientific education. The extent and importance of this subject can be better illustrated, perhaps, by reference to the last report of C. J. Collier, County Superintendent of Schools. After stating the number of his visits to schools at 222, he expresses himself as happy to report improvement, during the past year, in school work, as evinced by the following items in the report : Although schools, as a general rule, are among the first things to be affected by " hard times," yet he is able to report 10 per cent increase in the average length of the school term, and, with a 3 per cent decrease in number of children between the ages of four and twenty, a 6 per cent increase in the number registered, and a 10 per cent increase in the average attend- ance ; also, from the teachers' reports, that the number of visits made to schools by School HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 367 5oards and patrons have been increased more than 50 per cent during the last year. More are has been taken by the patrons to provide suitable buildings and furniture for the comfort nd convenience of the pupils, as is shown by the increased valuation of school property. Each f these items of improvement, although small, is a step in the right direction. TEACHERS. During the past year, "232 teachers were employed ; 703 persons examined, and 298 certi- cates granted ; of this number, 10 were first grade, 38 second, 210 third, and 40 limited. lany of the applicants were students of the high and graded schools, and only desired to obtain standing, while others who passed a fair examination were too young to be fully qualified as D judgment and many other points of vital importance to a teacher. In conducting examinations, Mr. Collier endeavored to ask such questions as would test the pplicant's knowledge of principles, rather than facts, and although those teachers having expe- ience, and those who have had some special preparation, either by institute work, or at school, ave had no difficulty, beginners have found the work somewhat difiicult; yet all seemed esolved to do their best in acquiring and using practical ideas instead of theoretical. The institute at Fort Atkinson, commencing August 5, was remarkable for the average age nd experience of the teachers in attendance, and its effect will be felt in the schools during the inter. The institute was conducted by Profs. Salisbury, Emory and Maxson. Of the first BTO, nothing need be said, as it is well known that their presence at an institute insures good ■ork ; but of Prof. Maxson, the Superintendent felt called upon to speak a word, he being a ew worker among them ; his thorough scholarship, his happy illustrations of his work, his ractical knowledge of a teacher's requirements, ^attainments and duties, and his genial manner, on him many friends, and the teachers of this county would be pleased to meet him often in le future, and to listen to his instruction. The number of districts that have adopted a series is 44 ; that loan books to pupils, 17 ; lat sell to them, 10 ; that have adopted the plan of free text-books, 4. During the year, ^14,752 was paid to male and $16,721.77 to female teachers, which with iterest on the school property, valued with improvements, sites and apparatus, at $131,179.00, uperintendent's salary, printing and stationery, made the total expenses for the year $5.5,968.71. 'he expenses, per capita, of school population is $5.27 ; of pupils enrolled, $8.57 ; of average ttendance, $11.65. The expenses, per capita, in each town, he states as follows : TOWN. otal Arnonnt Expended, Per Capita of School Popula- tion. Per Capita of Pupils Enrolled. Per Capita of Average Attend- ance. Whole Number between the age of 1 and 20. 51,249 90 §2 33 U 64 §7 83 536 1,23.5 41 4 77 5 91 8 43 259 2,220 04 3 79 4 55 6 17 588 2,148 21 2 31 6 13 8 97 9i2 2,022 28 4 33 5 93 7 52 467 2,044 18 2 74 6 08 7 43 746 5.196 89 3 69 6 70 8 14 1406 8,028 62 6 67 9 71 12 13 1203 3,098 94 6 24 6 80 9 93 494 1,912 89 3 75 5 29 9 51 510 2,077 ol 5 14 7 58 11 23 412 2.564 35 4 29 6 31 9 16 598 2,221 92 3 91 5 47 7 42 594 777 51 4 29 5 89 6 88 179 898 26 1 99 3 95 7 55 450 1,585 41 5 21 8 21 11 01 304 2,516 77 2 70 5 91 6 48 930 ztalan alJ Springs Dncorcl irmington ebron [onia sfFerson oshkonong »ke Mills 'ilforcl aklauJ nlmyra -illivan .miner aterloo aterloo Village, atertown The following statistics from the report of the Secretary of the State for 1878, bearing irectly upon the schools and other interests, will serve to confirm what has already been cited 368 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUXTY. eonceriiing the prosperity of the county. Among the general disbursements the High School at Fort Atkinson received $160.85; at Lake Mills, $299.55; at Watertown, §661.25. The Central Wisconsin Agricultural and Mechanical Association received §100. The Jefferson County Agricultural Society, §100. Oat of the §9,734 paid for bounties on wild animals in the several counties of the State, Jefferson County received §20 on wolves paid to Smith & Howard. The school apportionment of the county amounted to §5,300.10. Tiie apportion- ment from the delinquent ta.K fund, §13.26. The average value of stock and real estate in the county is as follows: Number of horses, 9,774; value, §473,538; average value, §53.96. Neat cattle, 28,186; value, §500,729; average value, §17.76. Mules and asses, 167; value, §10,635; average, §63.68. Sheep and lambs, 37,946; value, §63,403; average, §l.ti7. Swine, 23,381; value §49,913; average, §2.12. Wagons, carriages- and sleighs, 4,9(33; value, §126,61)4. Watclies, 550 ; value, §9,715. Pianos and melodeons. 571 ; value, §33,063. Shares of bank stock, 1,815; value, §247,236 ; value of merchandise stock, §429,354 ; value of all other personal property, §610,883. Total values of all personal property, §2,554,835. Num- ber of acres of land, 342,506 ; value, §8,217,906 ; average value, §24.29. Value of city and village lots, §2,193,760; value of all real estate, §10,511,666 ; total value of all property, §13,066,501. State tax, §17,875; county ta.x, §29,435; county school tax, §5,702. The bondeil indebtedness for railroad aid is §322,800 ; roads and bridges, §4,220 ; other purposes, §9,050 ; interest unpaid. §1,684 ; indebtedness of school districts, §4,421.06 ; total indebted- ness, §342,175.06. Number of acres of land sold in county in 1878, 12,482; consideration in deeds, §380,279.60 ; average per acre, §30.47 ; assessed value of same, §209,357 ; average, §16.77. Number of city and village lots sold, 293; consideration, §138,316.69; average per lot, §467.29; assessed value, §74,140; average per lot, §250.47. Number of acres under wheat, 37,496; corn, 24,991; oats, 15,249; barley, 4,993; rye, 1,163; potatoes, 1,776; root crops, 98; apple orchard, acres, 248; number of trees, 87,240; hops, 576 acres; tobacco, 75 acres; grapes, 36 acres; growing timber, 35,781 acres. Number of milch cows, 15,444 ; value, §342,779. Bushels of wheat, 409,192 ; corn 794,200 ; oats 548,129 ; barley, 176,642 ; rye, 108,302 ; potatoes, 185,377 ; root crops, 24,726 ; cranberries, 40 ; apples, 15,256 ; clover seed, 7,922; timothv, 206; hops, 528,126 pounds; tobacco, 92,375; grapes, 81,617; butter, 607,125; cheese, 1,"744,861. The most casual observer of passing events cannot but have noticed a marked improvement in all the departments of industry during the past five years. Not only has more soil been brought under cultivation, but the tillage has become more thorough and systematic. The farmers, as a rule, have manifested a disposition to avail themselves of the inventions and labor- saving machinery which American skill is constantly providing to lighten the toils of the hus- bandman. As the sickle was abandoned for the cradle, so was the reaper in turn substituted for the cradle, accomplishing more in a day among the broad fields of waving grain than the primitive harvester could have garnered in a season. Fruit is receiving very general attention, and remedies removed the causes of previous failures. With ordinary care, every species of fruit known to the climate can be raised in abundance and thrifty orchards be cultivated " things of beauty " to the landscape, as also "joys forever " to the household in yielding a plentiful abundance of fruits that at one time could only be procured abroad. The dairy interests have also become prominent factors in the prosperity of the county, and the product of the cheese factories located at various places is said to be in constant and growing demand for the European markets. Hops and tobacco are grown successfully at any point in the county, where they are care- fully cultivated. The superior quality of the former has placed them among the best grades of the staple, and secured for them a reputation on the market that commands the preferences of buyers. The number of bales raised the present year will be about 1,200, and they will weigh an average of 200 pounds to the bale, worth, at present prices, about §60,000. Nearly half the crop lias been sold, at prices ranging from 20 to 25 cents. The crop is one of the best in q lality that has been raised in this county for a number of years. HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 369 Stock-raising is also receiving the attention the case of its nature demands, and the annual ;xhibitions of pure breeds of cattle, horses, sheep and swine at the county fairs are indications )f the interest taken in a branch of farming that has, until late years, been supposedly con- ined to the celebrated "Blue Grass" region of Kentucky. Building materials are easily procurable, and flouring-mills, furniture, bedstead, chair, )room, boot and shoe, woolen, cigar and other factories, lumber and brick yards, saw and jlaning mills are monthly contributing to swell the population, .wealth and material resources of ;he county. From the date of its settlement, the population has yearly increased, as will be seen from he following figures, and, with the return of better days, the prediction is ventured that the ncrease will be pvoportionally greater : 1838, 468 ; 1840, 914 ; 1842, 1,688 ; 1846, 8,680 : [850, 15,339 ; 1855, 26,869 ; 1860, 28,771 ; 1865, 30,597 ; 1870, 34,042 ; 1875, 84,908. In 1850, there were 2,933 dwellings, 25 manufactories, and 1.042 farms. In 1870, the Iwellings had increased to 6,606, the farms to 8,142, and the factories to 561. THE JEFFERSON COUNTY DAIRYMEN'S ASSOCIATION Tas first organized at a meeting of prominent dairymen, held in Odd-Fellows' Hall, Fort Atkin lon. on the 20th of December, 1870, at which Milo Jones presided, and W. D. Hoard, of Lake Vlills, officiated as Secretary. After a canvass of the subject, S. Favill, of Lake Mills, A. renkins, of Koshkonong, and D. M. Aspinwall, of Farmington, were appointed a committee to Iraft a plan for permanent organization. At an adjourned meeting, held at the same place, Fanuary 10, 1871, a constitution was adopted and the following board of officers elected: klilo Jones, of Fort Atkinson, President ; S. Favill, of Lake Mills, and J. M. Case, of Cold springs. Vice Presidents ; Q. C. Olin, of Oakland, Secretary, and Daniel Holmes, of Fort Atkinson, Treasurer. The organization continued in active existence for several years, and by its discussions, fhich were published at length in the county papers, exercised a marked influence in ditfusing - right understanding of dairy agriculture. It was in this association that the idea originated or the formation of the Wisconsin State Daii'ymen's Association, through a resolution offered )y W. D. Hoard, January 26, 1872, which has since grown into one of the most important nstitutions of its kind in the Northwest. The County Association is prospei'ing, the present officers being E. P. May, President ; Q. '). Olin and C. S- Cartwright, Vice Presidents ; H. C. Drake, Secretary, and R. F. Mc- yutchen. Treasurer. THE JEFFERSON COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY fas the outgrowth of a meeting held during the latter part of August or early in September, .853, at the grist-mill in Hebron. After some informal discussion, it was decided to issue a call or the meeting of all interested in the holding of a town fair. The meeting was convened on he 10th day of September, 1858, and, after a full discussion of the situation, a constitution and ly-laws were adopted, and the following list of officers elected (" The Jeiferson County Society " ras thus launched upon the tide of agricultural time) : President, Milo Jones, Ko.shkonong ; t'"ice Presidents, Peter Harsh, Milford, and Justus Carpenter, Palmyra ; Treasurer, George P. klarston, Koshkonong ; Recording and Corresponding Secretary, S. C. Writer, Koshkonong ; Executive Committee — C. Bartlett, Milford ; H. H. Meas and John Wentworth, Koshkonong ; ^. P. Parsons, Cold Spring ; George Blanchard, Lake Mills ; Gerard Crane, Oakland ; J. R. Dye, Hebron ; Myron Smith, Sullivan, and Enias D. Masters, Jeff"erson. The first annual fair of the Society was held on the grounds adjoining the Green Mountain Souse, in the village of Fort Atkinson, September 29 and 80, 1853, D. F. Weymouth, of Jef- 'erson, but now a resident of the State of Minnesota, delivering the annual address. The displays •f stock, farm products, etc., were alike creditable to the exhibitors, as also to those who had the natter in charge, though their firilirii's were of the most meager character, the Society deivjaling 370 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. upon the sales of annual membership tickets, which were rated at $1 each, for the means to defray expenses and pay premiums. The second annual fair was held on the same grounds, and was attended with a success more gratifying. At a meeting held Saturday, December 9, 1854, the following named officers were elected for the ensuing years, and the President was instructed to correspond with the several members of the Executive Committee with a view to ascertain which town was prepared to submit the most favorable terms for the holding of the next annual fair : President, Justus Carpenter, Pal- myra ; Vice Presidents — Asa F. Snell, Koshkonong, and J. D. Clapp, Milford ; Treasurer, Erastus Willard, Koshkonong ; Secretary, Milton Snell, Jefferson. Executive Committee, Enias D. Masters, Jefferson ; George W. Blanchard, Lake Mills ; W. J. Barrie and H. H. Wilds, Koshkonong ; D. M. Aspinwall, Farmington ; Gideon Ives, Oakland ; N. P. Parsons, Cold Spring ; William Reynolds, Hebron, and George Hyer, Aztalan. At a meeting of the Committee held at the Court House, in Jefferson, March 2, 1855, the fair was located at Jefferson for five years, on groumls appropriated from the farm of William A. Whipple, in the eastern portion of the village, immediately beyond the village plat, where the annual fair was held on the 26th, 27th and 28th days of September of the same year. On the 5th of February, 1850, the following Board of officers was elected : President, Justus Carpenter, Palmyra ; Vice Presidents — N. P. Parsons, Cold Spring, and E. D. Masters, Jefferson ; Secretary and Treasurer, Milton Snell, Fort Atkinson. Executive Committee — Kelly Atwood, Lake Mills ; H. H. Wilds, Koshkonong ; William Sanborn, Jefferson : G. Crane, Oakland ; D. M. Aspinwall, Farmington; C. D. Topping, AVaterloo; Giles Kinney, Cold Spring; C. Bartlett, Milford; Peter H. Turner, Palmyra; John H. Wilcox, Hebron ; J. A. Hadley, Water- town ; J. F. Ostrander-, Aztalan ; H. L. Colton, Concord ; J. Nutter, Sullivan, and E. R. Adams, Ixonia ; the Committee being increased to fifteen, each town being represented therein. During that year, the Society received the §100 appropriated by legislative enactment to each county agricultural society that held an annual fair and made a report to the Secretary of State. The fourth annual fair was held on the Society's grounds in the village of Jefferson, October 2 and 3, 1856, J. F. Ostrander delivering the address ; and at a meeting held December 23 fol- lowing, the annual Board was elected, viz.: President, Justus Carpenter, Palmyra ; Vice Pres- idents — E. D. Masters, Jefferson, and Milo Jones, Koshkonong ; Secretary and Treasurer, Mil- ton Snell, Jefferson. Executive Committee — A. B. Smith, Lake Mills ; H. H. Wilds, Koshko- nong ; George Hyer, Aztalan ; Nelson Freyer, N. P. Parsons and Giles Kinney, Cold Springs ; 0. P. Dow, Palmyra; D. M. Aspinwall, Farmington; E. R. Adams, Ixonia; Gerard Crane, Oakland ; Myron Smith, Sullivan ; John A. Wilcox, Hebron ; C. Bartlett, Milford ; John Crosby, Waterloo, and William Sacia, Concord. During the following year, the grounds were enlarged by the addition of one acre, and the fifth annual exhibition held on the 17th and 18th of September, 1857, the terms of admission allowing the holder of a member's ticket to compete for premiums being $1. At a meeting of the Society held January 22, 1858, the following ticket was elected : Presi- dent, Milo Jones, Fort Atkinson ; Vice Presidents, D. M. Aspinwall, Farmington, and A. B. Curtis, Jefferson ; Secretary and Treasurer, Giles Kinney, Cold Spring. Executive Committee — Kelly Atwood, Lake Mills ; H. H. Wilds, Fort Atkinson ; J. D. Waterbury, Aztalan ; James Barr, Jefferson ; Justus Carpenter, Palmyra ; Edwin Montgomery, Farmington ; N. P. Parsons, Cold Spring; E. R. Adams, Ixonia; Gerard Crane, Oakland; Peter Tubbs, Sullivan ; John A. Wilcox, Hebron ; C. Bartlett, Milford ; John Crosby, Waterloo ; and William Sacia, Concord. The sixth annual fair was held at Fort Atkinson about the last of September, and the fol- lowing officers were elected January 10, 1859 : President, Milo Jones, Fort Atkinson ; Vice Presidents, E. B. Fargo, Lake Mills, and Benjamin Nute, Milford ; Secretary, Robert Fargo, Lake Mills ; Treasurer, D. M. Aspinwall, Farmington. Executive Committee — H. H. Wilds, Koshkonong ; Justus Carpenter, Palmyra ; James Barr, Jefferson ; C. Bartlett, Milford ; HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. • -i"! Lamb, Waterloo ; Giles Kinney, Cold Spring ; George W. Blanchard, Lake Mills ; J. D. Water- bury, Aztalan; and Edward Ward, Oakland. The seventh annual fair was held at Lake Mills, September 22 and 23, 1859, at which Giles Kinney, of Cold Spring, delivered the address, the receipts aggregating $154.36. At the annual meeting, held December 10, the following officers were chosen : President, Milo Jones, Fort Atkinson ; Vice Presidents, H. H. Wilds, Koshkonong, and J. F. Phillips, Lake Mills ; Secretary, Robert Fargo, Lake Mills ; Treasurer, A. B. Smith, Lake Mills. Execu- tive Committee — G. W. Blanchard, Lake Mills ; Lewis Squires, Waterloo ; Edward Ward, Oak- land ; Cromwell Bartlett, Milford ; H. J. Munro, Hebron ; Milton Snell, Jeiferson ; Joseph Lindon, Watertown ; Marcellus Finch, Koshkonong ; J. D. Waterbury, Aztalan ; and Giles Kinney, Cold Spring. The eighth annual exhibit was given at Lake Mills September 19 and 20, 1860, and the officers elected at a meeting which convened at Jefferson February 19, 1861, were, namely : President, H. H. Wilds, Koshkonong ; Vice Presidents, Justus Carpenter, Palmyra, and A. B. Smith, Lake Mills; Secretary, James Barr, Jefferson; Treasurer, A. H. Van Nostrand, Jeffer- son. Executive Committee — E. B. Fargo, Lake Mills ; George C. Smith, Oakland ; D. Folsom, Waterloo ; J. D. Waterbury, Aztalan ; E. D. Masters, Jefferson ; Milo Jones, Koshkonong ; W. W. Woodman, Farmington ; Nelson Freyer, Cold Spring ; Joseph Lindon, Watertown ; J. R. Dye, Hebron, and H. E. Coon, Palmyra. The ninth annual fair was held on the form of Cyrus Whitney, one mile south of the city of Jefferson, and was liberally patronized. The lot on which it was held was but partially inclosed, and, considering the prevailing excitement incident to the war, the success was most gratifying. The officers for the ensuing year were : President, Giles Kinney, Cold Spring ; Vice Pres- idents, E. B. Fargo, Lake Mills, and H. H. Wilds, Koshkonong ; Secretary, James Barr, and Treasurer, George L. Chapin, both of Jefferson ; Executive Committee — -J. B. Cooper, Lake Mills ; D. Folsom, Waterloo ; 0. P. Hyer, Aztalan ; D. M. Aspinwall, Farmington ; Milo Jones, Fort Atkinson ; M. R. Clapp, Milford ; H. J. Munro, Hebron ; Justus Carpenter, Palmyra ; Thomas Rutherford, Oakland, and Nelson Freyer, Cold Spring. At a meeting of the committee, held September 17, 1862, it was decided to indefinitely postpone the holding of the tenth annual fair, the existence of the war doubtless being the moving cause, and, at an election of officers held in 1863, the following ticket prevailed: President, M. R. Clapp, Milford; Vice President, H. H. Wilds, Fort Atkinson ; Secretary and Treasurer, Robert Fargo, Lake Mills. Executive Committee — E. B. Fargo, Lake Mills ; H. J. Munro, Hebron ; D. M. Aspinwall, Farmington ; D. Folsom, Waterloo ; J. D. Waterbury, Aztalan ; Robert Masters, Jefferson ; 0. P. Dow, Pal- myra ; A. H. Nichols, Watertown; Marvin Robberts, Oakland, and E. P. May, Fort Atkinson. The tenth annual fair of the Society was held September 17 and 18 of this year (1863), the receipts amounting to $286.85. At the annual meeting held in Jefferson, May 31, 1864, the following ticket was elected; H. H. Wilds, Koshkonong ; Vice Presidents, Daniel Folsom, Waterloo, and Joseph Lindon, Watertown. Executive Committee — Robert Masters, Jefferson ; Milo Jones, Koshkonong ; H. J. Munro, Hebron : Austin Kellogg, Concord ; E. B. Fargo, Lake Mills ; Josiah Drew, Water- loo ; Hiram Ward, Oakland ; A. H. Nichols, Watertown ; S. Wright, Cold Spring ; M. R. Clapp, Milford; J. B. Waite. Farmington; H. E. Coon, Palmyra; John Perry, Ixonia ; E. Schuyler, Aztalan ; Charles G. Hammerquist, Sumner, and W. P. Forsyth, Sullivan. The fair was located at Watertown for the three following years, the first of the series being held October 4, 5 and 6, 1864, the annual election for officers occurring during its continuance and resulting as follows : President, Daniel Jones, Watertown ; Vice Presidents, Joseph Sin- clair, Watertown, and .J. D. Waterbury, Aztalan ; Secretary, Robert Tompkins, and Treasurer, L. A. Cole, both of Watertown. Executive Committee — Captain Robert Masters, Jefferson ; Hiram E. Coon, Palmyra ; W. P. Forsyth, Sullivan ; H. J. Munro, Hebron ; Alanson Pike, Cold Spring ; S. W. Budlong, Waterloo ; John Whittet, Jr., Sumner ; Hiram Ward, Oakland ; 372 UISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. II. H. Wilds, Koshkonong ; 0. P. Ilyer, Aztalan ; Henry Francisco, Lake Mills ; Harrison Ivoons, Concord ; E. P. Ingalls, Milford ; D. M. Aspinwall, Farmington ; E. R. Adams, Ixonia, and H. H. Nichols, Watertown. The annual fair was held September 13, 14 and 15, 1865, Hiram Barber, Jr., at present a Representative in Congress from Chicago, delivering the address, and §110 being paid in trot- ting purses. An election for officers was held in Watertown, March 3. 1866, resulting as follows : Pres- ident, M. R. Clapp, Milford; Vice Presidents, J. Lindon, Watertown, and E. B. Fargo, Lake Mills; Secretary and Treasurer the Hon. Patrick Rogan and A. H. Nichols, both of Water- town. Executive Committee — J. D. Waterbury, Aztalan ; William Sacia, Concord; Nelson Freyer, Cold Spring; J. B. Waite, Farmington : Amos H. Burnham, Hebron; E. R. Adams, Ixonia; E. D. Masters, Jefferson; Milo Jones, Koshkonong; Homer Cook, Lake Mills; E. P. Ingalls, Milford; L. Stetson, Oakland; H. E. Coon, Palmyra; Myron Smith, Sullivan; C. G. ILimmerquist, Sumner; Clark M. Whitney, Watertown; Col. Henry Bertram, Watertown City, and James K. Ryder, Waterloo. The Tieasurers report, as submitted at the annual meeting, showed a net indebtedness of §37. 64. The annual fair was held October 4, 5 and 6, 1866, at which the receipts from all sources amounted to $446.07 ; the disbursements to §453.57. Dr. John W. Hoyt, of Madison, delivered the address, receiving therefor the sum of §30. The Society decided to hold the fair at Jefferson for a period of ten years, and the following officers were elected for the year 1867 : President, H. H. Wilds, Koshkonong; Vice Presidents, J. Lindon, Watertown, and 0. Manning, Lake Mills ; Treasurer, George Trucks, Jefferson. Executive Committee — E. P. Ingalls, Mil- ford; William Eustis, Oakland; George W. Blanchard, Lake Mills; Elias Schuyler, Aztalan; Milo Jones, Koshkonong; C. S.Crittenden, Hebron; C. G. Hammenjuist, Sumner; H. E. Coon, Palmyra" Alanson Pike, Cold Spring; E. R. Adams, Ixonia; D. Folsom, Waterloo; Joseph L. Hall, Watertown; A. H. Nichols, Watertown City; D. M. Aspinwall, Farmington; William Sacia, Concord; Earl Newton, Sullivan, and J. Barr, Jefferson. At a meeting of the committee held June 11, 1867, it was decided to locate its fair grounds one-half mile northwest of the village, which was done, and the exposition held thereon October [>, 10 and 11, J. C. Converse, of Beloit, delivering the address. The ofKcers for 1868 were: President, D. Folsom, Waterloo ; Vice Presidents, D. M. Aspinwall, Farmington ; J. D. Waterbury, Aztalan, and E. P. May. Fort Atkinson ; Secretary, George J. Clapp, Milford; Treasurer, William Eustis, Oakland; E.xecutive Committee — E. P. Ingalls, Milford ; Robert Thomas, Lake Mills ; Harvey Foster, Aztalan ; H. H. Wilds, Kosh- konong ; II. J. Munro, Hebron ; John Whittet, Jr., Sumner ; H. E. Coon, Palmyra ; N. Freyer, Cold Spring ; E. R. Adams, Ixonia ; J. C. Leonardson, Waterloo ; Clark M. Whitney, Watertown ; Walter Pease. Watertown City ; J. Aspinwall, Farmington ; J. Frank, Concord ; D. Reed, Sullivan, and Orrin Henry, Jefferson. During the summer of 1867, a contract was executed between the Society and Orrin Henry, by the terms of which the permanent occupation of the grounds whereon the Society held its fairs was secured to the latter (the Society) for a consideration of §1,000. Thereafter the grounds were handsomely inclosed, buildings for Horticultural and Floral Halls erected, a half- mile track raised and graded, and such other improvements perfected as were necessary to a sat- isfactory occupation of the premises. At tiie annual fair held September 22, 23 and 24, 1868, *■ Clementine," a now celebrated trotting mare, well known to the public for superiority in style, gait, action and speed, made her first appearance in public on this track, when her fine points and superior excellence were exhibited. She was then oivned by S. B. Iliggins, Budd Doble being her present ]iroprietor. The annual election that took place at Jefferson, January 9, 1869, resulted as follows : President, Q. C. Olin ; Vice Presidents, E. P. May, Fort Atkinson, and Charles Stoppenbach, Jeflerson ; Secretary. George J. Clapp, Milford; Treasurer, William Eustis, Oakland: Execu- tive Committee — Cromwell Bartlctt, Milford; Hiram Ward, Oakland: C. II. Phillips, Lake HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 373 Mills ; J. D. Waterbury, Aztalan ; H. H. Wilds, Koshkonong ; H. J. Munro, Hebron ; John Whittet, Jr., Sumner ; 0. F.Weed, Palmyra ; Nelson Freyer, Cold Spring ; E. R. Adams, I.xonia ; D. Folsom, Waterloo ; J. K. Ryder, Waterloo A''illage ; Walter Pease, Watertown; Clark M. Wliitney, Watertown City; James Kelmer, Farmington ; William Sacia, Concord ;"E. Newton, Sullivan ; E. D. Masters, Jeflerson : Orrin Heni-y, Jefferson, and W. M. Barrie, Fort AtkiiLson. The annual fair was held one week prior to the State fair, and the Jefiferson County Board of Supervisors appropriated .^400 to the Society. The oHicers elected in 1870 were : President, Q. C. Olin ; Vice Presidents, C. Stoppen- bach, Jefferson, and J. D. Waterbury, Aztalan; Secretary, Jackson Jones, Jefferson ; Treasurer, William Eustis, Oakland ; E.xecutive Committee — 0. Manning, Aztalan ; Nelson Freyer, Cold Spring: William Sacia, Concord; H. J. Munro, Hebron; E. R. Adams, I.xonia; C. Copeland, Jefferson; W. W. Woodman, Farmington ; H. H. Wilds, Koshkonong ; J. D. Royce, Oakland; S. B. Higgins, Palmyra ; George W. Blanchard, Lake Mills ; N. S. Green, Milford ; John Whittet, Sumner ; D. Fulsom, Waterloo ; H. Van Slyke, Waterloo City ; C. M. Whitney, Water- town ; Walter Pease, Watertown City; F. Towne, Lake Mills Village, and F. C. Webb, Pal- myra Village. The fair was held in September, 1870. and was reasonably successful. The officers elected February 8, 1871, were: President, Q. C. Olin, Oakland; Vice Pres- idents — R. Schwelleabach, Jefferson ; A. D. Favill, Lake Mills, and S. B. Higgins, Palmyra ; Secretary, W. R. Harvey. Lake Mills ; Treasurer, Solon Brown, Jefferson ; E.xecutive Com- mittee — E. Schuyler, Aztalan ; Nelson Freyer, Cold Spring ; D. M. Aspinwall, Farmington ; E. R. Adams, Ixonia; W. H. Tousley, Jefferson ; Chas. Copeland, Jefferson Village ; H. H. Wilds, Koshkonong ; Milo Jones, Fort Atkinson ; Homer Cook, Lake Mills ; S. Lewis, Lake Mills Village ; Joshua Thayer, Palmyra : Miles Wilber, Palmyra Village ; Charles Woolensack, Watertown ; Walter Pease, Watertown City ; H. M. Mead, Waterloo ; J. Hazen, Waterloo Village ; D. Gardner, Milford ; William Eustis, Oakland ; Darius Reed, Sullivan ; H. J. Munro, Hebron, and John Whittet, Sumner. The annual fair was held on the 19th, 20th and 21st of September, 1871, and the total receipts were .5y9ti-25. The officers elected at the Court House January 10, 1872, were: President, Q. C. Olin, Oakland ; Vice Presidents — E. Newton, Sullivan ; E. D. Masters, Jefferson, and H. H. Wilds, Koshkonong ; Secretary, David E. Baker, and Treasurer, James Barr, both of Jefterson ; Executive Committee — E. Schuyler, Aztalan ; Nelson Freyer, Cold Spring ; Austin Kellogg, Concord ; D. M. Aspinwall, Farmington ; E. R. Adams, Lxonia ; Charles Copeland, Jeffei'son ; William Zohlaut, Jefferson City; E. H. Bingham, Koshkonong; D. W. Curtis, Fort Atkinson; Homer Cook, Lake Mills ; Samuel G. Lewis, Lake Mills Village ; D. Gardner, Milford ; Will- iam Eustis, Oakland ; Joshua Thayer, Palmyra ; S. B. Higgins, Palmyra A^'illage ; Robert Hays, Sullivan ; H. J. JMunro, Hebron ; C. G. Hammcrquist, Sumner ; Charles Woolensack, Watertown ; Walter Pease, Waterloo Village ; D. Folsom, Waterloo, and J. K. Ryder, Water- loo Village. The annual fair was held September 17, 18, 19 and 20th, with gratifying results. Officers elected at Jefferson February 8, 1873, were : President, Q. C. Olin, Oakland ; Vice Presidents — D. W. Curtis, Fort Atkinson ; E. D. Masters, Jefferson, and Walter Pease, AVatertown ; Secretary, D. E. Baker, and Treasurer, James Barr, both of Jefferson ; Execu- tive Committee — E. Schuyler^ Aztalan ; William Mulks, Cold Spring ; H. J. Munro, Hebron ; E. R. Adams, Ixonia; Chas. Copeland, Jefferson; W. W. Reed, Jefferson Village; H. H. Wilds, Koshkonong; Ed. Rankin, Fort Atkinson; Joshua Thayer, Palmyra; S. B. Higgins, Palmyra Village ; Daniel Metcalf, Watertown ; S. G. Randall, Watertown City ; Daniel Ful- som, Waterloo; C. P. Mead. Waterloo Village; C. G. Hammerquist, Sumner; D. Reed, Sul- livan ; Homer Cook, Lake Mills ; George J. Clapp, Milfoi-J, and Hiram Ward, Oakland. The fair was held during the latter part of September. 374 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. The annual meeting was convened in the Court House at Jefferson on Saturdaj', January 3, 1874, at which a resolution, offered by W. D. Hoard, Esq., editor of the Jefferson Comity Union, providing that, in the future, the officers of the Society should consist of a President, two Vice Presidents, Treasurer, Recording and Corresponding Secretary, a Board of Directors, consisting of one from each town and incorporated village (seven of which should constitute a quorum), and an Executive Committee of five, appointed by the President, was adopted, and the following officers elected under its direction : President, Q. C. Olin, Oakland ; Vice Presi- dents — William Eustis, Oakland, and N. S. Green, Milford : Secretary, D. W. Curtis, Fort Atkinson; Treasurer, no record of any election; Board of Directors — E. Schuyler, Aztalan ; Knopf, Concord ; N. S. Cornish, Cold Spring : C. B. Scott, Farmington ; H. J. Munro, Hebron; E. R. Adams, Ixonia; Charles Copeland. Jefferson; George Trucks, Jefferson City; J. F. Morrison, Koshkonong ; Edward Rankin, Fort Atkinson ; H. E. Coon, Palmyra ; S. B. Higgins, Palmyra Village; Stephen Favill, Lake Mills; Charles H. Phillips, LakeMills Vil- lage ; David Folsom, Waterloo ; S. J. Conklin. Waterloo Village ; James Whalen, Watertown ; Walter Pease, Watertown City ; George J. Clapp, Milford ; Hiram Ward. Oakland : Earl Newton, Sullivan, and Edwin Krump, Sumner ; Executive Committee — William Eustis, Oak- land ; Stephen Favill, Lake Mills; George J. Clapp, Milford; S. B. Higgins, Palmyra, and Orrin Henrv, Jefferson. The fair was held September 23, 24 and 25, and was conceded a pronounced success, the receipts totalizing upward of $2,000. Premiums were largely increased in amounts on blood stock, and .?50 paid as premium on butter and cheese. A large number of improvements were made in the buildings of the grounds, the cattle- sheds, stalls, etc. A Rockford artist, at the instance of the Society, gave stereoscopic views during the continuance of the fair, and there were many other features of interest to visitors. Among the latter were members of the different Grange organizations throughout the county, who, on the last day of the exhibition, formed an escort to the Hon. Matt H. Carpenter, the orator of the day. At the annual meeting, held at Jefferson December 19, 1874, the following list of officers was elected : President, Charles Stoppenbach, Jefferson : Vice Presidents. David Gardner, Mil- ford ; William Phillips, Lake Mills, and Daniel Folsom, Waterloo. A Board of Directors, con- sisting of one from each town, was also elected; and the annual fair was held on the 15th, 16th and 17th of September, 1875, which added largely to the Society's resources. The annual meeting was convened at Jefferson December 21, 1875, at which several impor- tant amendments, recommended by a committee consisting of W. H. Porter, of Jefferson, W. S. Green, of Milford, and Q. C. Olin, of Oakland, were adopted and the election held. Among the most important of the amendments was the one providing that thereafter the life member- ship fee should be §10 ; conferring the management of the Society's affairs upon a President, Vice President, Secretary and Treasurer, who, with five Trustees, to be elected annually, were to constitute the Executive Committee, the interests of the Society in the several county towns being delegated to a Board of Directors made up of members from each town. The officers elected were ; Charles Stoppenbach, of Jefferson, President : W. S. Green, of Milford, Vice President ; George J. Clapp, of Milford, Secretary ; Solon Brown, of Jefferson, Treasurer, and J. D. Bullock, of Farmington ; Henry Haskell, Jefferson ; N. Freyer, Cold Spring ; Edward Rankin, Fort Atkinson, and Robert Fargo, Lake Mills, Board of Trustees. At a meeting of the Executive Committee, held in Jefferson January 15, 1876, 0. S. Cor- nish, of Fort Atkinson, and William Phillips, of Lake Mills, were appointed Trustees, vice Edward Rankin and Robert Fargo, resigned. The annual fair was held on the 18th, 19th and 20th of September, 1876; but, beyond good exhibitions of speed and a match game of base-ball, no new features were presented. The receipts aggregated upward of §2,000. The annual meeting was held at Jefferson January 9, 1877, when the election for officers was held, as follows : W. S. Green, of Milford, President ; Charles Stoppenbach, of Jefferson, HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 375 Vice President ; D. W. Curtis, of Fort Atkinson, Secretary ; S. Brown, of Jefferson, Treas- urer ; J. D. Bullock, of Farmington ; L. M. Goodime, Koshkonong ; Nelson Freyer, Cold Spring ; H. C. Drake, Milford, and D. M. Aspinwall, Farmington, Trustees. The Society, through its Executive Committee, purchased one-third of an acre of land from C. D. Fuller, and three acres of Joseph Puerner, for $680, which gave them a beautiful grove and furnished accommodations for all of the buildings outside the track. The annual fair was held at the usual dates in September, 1877, the entries being in excess of those of any previous year. All the departments were well filled, especially Floral Hall, which was very attractive. A. McDonald, of Chicago, gave a chariot race daily, which was highly applauded, and all things combined to render the undertaking additionally successful. the receipts footing up $3,748.78. One feature of the fair this year was the exhibition of butter and cheese, which exceeded that of any previous season. The annual meeting convened at Jefferson, January 8, 1878, and elected the following officers: W. S. Green, of Milford, President; J. D. Bullock, of Johnson's Creek, Vice Presi- dent; D. W. Curtis, of Fort Atkinson, Secretary, and Solon Brown, of Jelferson, Treasurer; Robert Fargo, of Lake Mills ; L. Stetson, Oakland ; A. T. Seaver, Jefferson ; R. S. White, Koshkonong, and J. C. Wilson, Palmyra, Trustees. During the summer of 1878, additional improvements were made upon the grounds and buildings, and the officers contributed by every available means at their command to make a success of their undertakirfg that deserved encouragement. . The season opened on September 17, concluding on the 20th, and the display of each department, notably that of butter and and cheese, was especially fine. Floral Hall was a creation of artistic loveliness, and the Indian relics exhibited by Henry Haskell, of Jefferson, and Dr. E. W. Stone, of Fort Atkinson, attracted the admiration of the student and layman, for in them he saw the unwritten language of heroic deeds and tribal relations. A. McDonald illustrated in his chariot races a type of life which departed with the Conscript Fathers, and Signor Pedonto, a daring aerial navigator, that type of life which is rapidly attaining its solution. On January 17, 1879, the annual meeting of the Society was held at Jefferson, when an election of officers occurred, with the following result: R. S. White, of Fort Atkinson, Presi- dent ; J. D. Bullock, of Farmington, Vice President, and D. W. Curtis, of Fort Atkinson, Secretary ; Henry Haskell, of Jefferson ; Hiram Ward, Oakland ; J. C. Willson, Palmyra ; Robert Fargo, of Lake Mills, and C. S. Cartwright, Sullivan, Trustees. The fair for 1879 was held on the company's grounds September 16, 17, 18 and 19, and was largely attended, the entries being liberal in all departments, particularly the agricultural and horticultural products. Floral Hall was especially attractive, being filled with the handi- work of the housewife, maiden and little miss. The department of fine arts was also generously filled with works of art contributed by friends and patrons of the association. Among the features commanding notice was the Swarts steam road engine, which fur- nished power for a large portion of the machinery exhibited, and the Indian relics, specimens of Lake Superior ores, etc. On Thursday, the 18th, Prof. Clark made a successful balloon ascension, starting from the grounds about 3 o'clock and pursuing a southwesterly direction until the farm of Zebina Wilson near the town of Palmyra was reached, where he landed, making the distance, eight miles, in forty minutes. Addresses were made by Gov. William E. Smith, of Wisconsin, and the Hon. L. B. Caswell, member of Congress from the Fort Atkinson District, which were to the point and well received. The educational department, under the supervision of C. J. Collier, County Superintendent, was creditable to himself, the teachers and the county, the exhibits meriting and receiving much attention. The total receipts of the fair from all sources were $3,800, while the prizes were of the most liberal character. 376 HISTORY OF JEFFEKSOX COUNTY. AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. The general practice of the farmers of the county is to crop the uphmds with wheat, corn and oats, the two first mentioned being the principal crop relied upon for market. The prairie and burr oak lands, as a general rule, are the best for corn ; the white oak for wheat ; the tim- bered and marsh lands for grasses. Clover is successfully grown, in favorable seasons, on the prairie and more compact soils, but is more reliable on the light and sandy portions and the timbered lands. Oats grow well in all parts of the county. The crop of this grain is usually good, except in dry summers. Spring wheat, too, is generally a fair crop. Winter wheat, which, at an early day, was usually a heavy crop and of fine quality, after awhile began to prove a failure, caused by dryness of winters and want of snow, as well as by continual crop- ping in succession. There are now indications of a return to the successes of former days in this crop. Corn is generally a fair crop — never an entire failure. The substitution of sheep husbandry for exclusive wheat growing, has been f jund profitable on tiie best grass lands. Stock-growing for dairy purposes has been found profitable in all cases where proper attention has been given to the selection of animals, and proper provision made for their care and feed. The root crops used for feeding, grow luxuriantly with deep and clean culture, and produce bountifully on all dry lands not over-cropped. AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS FOR 1865. Bushels, Valuation, Pounds, Tuna. Wheat Barley Rye Oals Corn Clover Seed Hay Potatoes Butter Cheese Sorghum Molasses.. Maple Sugar Wool 28,087 836 1.48-5 8,905 7,873 21,008 268,184 4.830 9.704 215,994 238,372 109.167 $295, 6, 12, 99, 151, 9, 172 63, 72 4, S, 10, 80, 909 336 349 137 510 343 422 116 221 523 863 495 347 67,813 338,687 96,650 102,346 26,486 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS FOR 1877. Wheat Corn Oats Barley Rye Potatoes Root Oops.. Cranberries . Apples Bushels. .409.192 .794,200 .548,129 .176,642 .108,.3O2 ,185,377 , 24,726 40 ,. 15,2.6 Clover Seed Timothy Seed. Bushels. 7,926 205 Pounds. Hops o2^,12« Tobacco 92,375 Grapes 81.iil7 Butter 607,125 Cheese I,744,fc61 HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUNTY. 377 WAR RECORD. When Pericles was called upon to deliver the oration over those who had fallen in the first campaign of the Peloponnesian war (according to Thucydides), he began by extolling Athens, and having expatiated upon her glories, her institutions and her sciences, concluded by exclaiming, " For such a republic, for such a nation, the people whom we this day mourn fell and died." In referring to the " roll of honor " which nearly twenty years ago combined to defeat treason in this our native land, it may not be inappropriate to recur briefly to the condition of that country when the mighty arm of military power was invoked that the majesty of the law might be maintained. The nineteenth century dawned upon this nation glorious in the promise of a prophetic infancy. Tyranny and oppression, twin offspring of an inhuman parent, had been strangled but a few years before. In 1860, the development of the resources of the States was but just begin- ning, and, under an acceptable and wholesome form of government, progressing rapidly. The finances of the country, notwithstanding the panic of 1857, were in a healthy and promising condition. Money was plenty, times "flush," to use a suggestive expression of the day; the factory and loom made music all the day long, and the voice of the husbandman was heard amid the fields of ripening grain. Ererywhere and on every side evidences of prosperity were man- ifest. In bleak New England and the Sunny South, at the East and in the city beside the bay whose waters ebb and flow through the Golden Gate, comfort, contentment and happiness was the trinity to be found at every fireside. The commercial and marine interests were were second to no nation on tlie globe; its paper was " gilt-edged," to express it commercially, and the white sails of America's shipping were almost as numerous on the seas as the white caps that crested the waves. Immigration from continental Europe landed on our shores in an end- less stream, contributing to the wealth as also to the horny-handed element of strength and industry, without which nations go down to welcome penury and forgetfulness. At every hearth- stone and in every household, when the thoughts of home and country came, a prayer of thanks- giving went up to the Great Father that our love was not lavished in vain, and man was enabled to rise from the sorrows and disappointments of his every-day life as sunset's red glories or the moon's silver hair floating down the broad-breasted mountains. This was the condition of affairs. The rumbling of the coming storm had been heard at intervals in the halls of Congress, on the stump, in the pulpit, at the hustings, when a Toombs or a Yancey lifted up a voice in defense of the slave power and its extension into the Territories. But its admonitions came and went as the idiosyncrasies of radical intolerance. As a result, many have gone before, and wait upon the threshold of Paradise for the coming of those loved ones left behind, who have exchanged the feeble pulses of a transitory existence for the ceaseless throbbings of eternal life. Faithful and fearless on the march, in the strife and at the victory or defeat, they at last laid down at the mysterious frontier, leaving the exalted hope behind that, though the world was lost forever, there would be unfurled another realm of unimaginable glory, where they and all whom they loved on earth might realize the promise which the Great Ruler of the Universe has made unto the just. These "idiosyncrasies," as will be remembered, culminated on the 12th of April, 1861, when Fort Sumter, ofl' Charleston, was fired into by the rebels. Notwithstanding this overt act of treason, this first act in the bloody reality which followed was looked upon as mere bravado; but when, a day later, Maj. Anderson's surrender was announced, the patriotic people of the North were startled from their dream of the future, from undertakings half completed, and made to realize that behind all there was a dark, deep and well-determined purpose to. 378 HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUXTT. destroy the Government, and upon its ruins erect an oligarchy, the corner-stone of which should be "slavery." But the dreams of these marplots were doomed to disappointment. Their plans for the establishment of a " Southern Confederacy " were to be overthrown, if not in their inception, before realization. Immediately upon the promulgation of the news of the surrender. President Lincoln, who but a few short weeks before had taken the oath of office, issued his call for troops in the following PKOCLAMATIO.S'. Whereas, The laws of the United States have been, and now are, violently opposed in several States by com- binations too powerful to be suppressed in the ordinary way, 1 therefore call for the militia of the several Stales of the Union to the aggregate number of 75,000, to suppress said combination and execute the laws. I appeal to all lawful citizens to facilitate and aid in this effort to maintain the laws and the integrity of the perpetuity of the popular government, and redress wrongs long enough endured. The lirsi service assigned to the forces, probably, will be to repossess the forts, places and property which have been seize i from the Union. Let the utmost care be talcen, consistent with the oliject, to avoid devastation, ilestruction, interference with tlie property of peaceful citizens in any part of the country ; and I hereby command the persons composing the aforesaid combination to dis- perse within twenty days from date. I hereby convene both houses of Congress for the 4th day of July next, to determine upon measures of public safety, which the interest of the subject demands. Abraham Ltncoln, President of (he United States. VViLLiAM H. Seward, Secretary of State. The gauntlet thus thrown down by the traitors of the South was accepted in a firm, deter- mined spirit of patriotism and love of country. -The world knows with what ready assent the people of the North responded to the call for the defense of that Union they hoped to preserve. The world knows how they, in the strength of this hope, struggled and fought with the legions of wrong till the armor of many was caught in the glint and sunlight of eternity, ere the dews had gone to heaven or the stars had gone to God. War meetings were iield all over the county, and the scenes witnessed in the cities and sur- rounding country were not different in any respect from those which occurred throughout the North. The press, the pulpit, the bar and the assemblies of men, both public and private, teemed with well-timed and patriotic expressions in behalf of the enforcement of the law and maintenance of the Union. In the city of Jefferson, meetings were held at the Court House and in the various churches, which were addressed by Gov. Washburn, T. 0. Howe, G. B. Smith, Lieut. Gov. J. E. Holmes, D. F. Weymouth, A. H. Van Norstrand and others, and the sentiments of patriotism which here found expression were taken up and borne to the furthermost parts of the county. At Fort Atkinson, meetings were convened in the Town Hall, the schoolhouses and at other eligible points, at which speeches were made by Thurlow Weed Brown, L. B. Cas- well and others ; funds were subscribed for the equipment of volunteers, and a company, the " Black Hawk Rifles," enlisted for active and immediate service, as Virginia, the last link upon which hung all hopes of a reconciliation, seceded. What was true of Jefferson and the Fort will apply to the township, villages and hamlets generally. The people throughout the county were keenly alive to the gravity of the situation, and, so far as they were able, contributed to the demands made upon their resources. What was true, in all respects, of the cities mentioned, was true of Aztalan, Hebron, Palmyra, Waterloo, Ixonia, Johnson's Creek, and at less prominent and frequented points. Money was subscribed, enlistments went forward to the field, societies were organized, and the inhabitants seemed each to vie with the other in emulative enterprise for the promotion of the business in hand. It is impossible for the historian to do that justice to the people their merits deserve. The task of compiling an imperfect record of the part taken by Jefferson County in the contest for national supremacy has been attended with extreme diffidence and embarrassment, and its accomplishment with extreme difficulty. Her soldiers sleep on nearly every battle-field, and, as the slumbers of night enfold us in their embrace, the curtain lifts to reveal to us the white shore against which the pale waters beat — beyond which, in the gleams of a morning-lit land, are seen fathers and brothers and lovers and friends in peaceful, sanctified rest, wondering, if mm ATKINSON HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. ■ ' 381 wonder they can, why mortals cling to their frail clay with sighs, for journey over the beautiful river into the unknown and to those we love, though lonesome, is brief ; many went yesterday, more will go to-day, and there are dews to be shed for the departures of to-morrow. Those who survived returned to the welcome of loving hearts and homes, their faces dimpled as by the fingers of joy. They traveled through strange and weary paths, from trials and toils and defeat and death, to the unutterable happiness of a mother's love, a sister's embrace or the hal- lowed affection of a wife. As the days of the strife became months, and months lengthened into years, and demands for men and money were repeatedly levied upon the inhabitants of the county, such levies were promptly responded to. The choicest that remained after the constant strain made on these resources replied as cheerfully as they did to the first call to arms, and hurried to the scenes of strife where men died and made no moan and only the wounded were known by their voices. The world never witnessed such an uprising of the masses, such a unanimity of sentiment, such willingness to make every sacrifice for a continuance of that republican form of government guaranteed by the Constitution. Age forgot its crutch, labor its task, to join in the defense of the Lmion, and all the available sources of supply combined to accomplish the end in view — an honorable peace with that Union preserved. And what can be said of the volunteer soldiers who bore the weight of battle ? What words can the pen employ to do them justice ? What notes of the most exquisite harmony can sound their heroic valor 'i Home, with all its saci'ed associations and comforts, was given up — ^wives and little ones were surrendered to the care of the State ; fathers, mothers, sisters, brothers, like the Gracchi of old, yielded up their blood upon the altar of their country's need, and wept not at the sacrifice. Time has gone on with the living since the sad days when it stood still with the dead, but the widow and the orphan know that the husband and the father, life's shadows ended, will meet them at eternity's gate, and that an exceeding peace will some time succeed the grief that is at times too dark for faith. Thousands of those brave men are sleeping their last sleep amid the palms and crosses until resurrection day. Visit not their tombs in tears, yet deeply burn in the Pantheon of the heart those memories which bind their lives and deaths. " Smother me with flowers ; let the air resound with music, as go I to my eternal sleep," said the Count de Mirabeau eighty years ago. For the dead soldiers let there be songs not sighs, fresh flowers not badges of mourning — neither tears nor clouds, but bright dews and bright dawnings together. Let the memory of their immortal deeds be their monuments, reminding those who survive of the blood they were a part of In the morning, before the king of day surrenders his golden banners, in the noontide and as the twilight advances through meadow and woodland, let that memory be ever present and impel the American citizen, disarmed of resentment, to a confidence and brotherly love that shall shine with irresistible splendor — a Union restored, reform triumphant and a government vindicated. llecruiting for the First Cavalry was begun June 30, 1861, and the first regiment of this branch of the service, recruited in Wisconsin, is indebted to Jefferson County for some of its most valu- able material. Companies D, F and I, were commanded by ofiicers and in part made up of soldiers enlisted in this county. Company D was ofiicered by Capt. Nelson Bruett, at that time and still a resident of the city of Jefferson, where he is at present engaged in the practice of law ; the latter companies being recruited at Fort Atkinson, Koshkonong, Hebron and at points more distant, commanded in part by Capt. Newton Jones, who was mustered out as Major of the regi- ment, and Lieut. J. H. Morrison, who resigned March 25, 1862, together with Surgeon Gregory, all of whom were from Jeflerson County. The regiment was organized at Kenosha, during the winter of 1861-62, where, after a period of drill, discipline and preparation, it was mustered into service on the H'th day of March, in the latter year, and proceeded September 17 following to St. Louis, there being quartered at Benton Barracks. A brief halt was made here, when, tlie troubles in Southern Missouri requir- ing the presence of a force to maintain a more healthy Union feeling, the First was sent thither £ 382 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON" COUNTY. for that purpose, and camped at Cape Girardeau. From thence it was dispatched to Bloomfield, where the Confederate camp of Col. Phelan was distributed about the country, the main force, however, fleeing into Arkansas, pursued by the First. The pursuit was attended with the loss of Surgeon Gregory, who, while watering his horse in the St. Francis River, near Chalk Bluff, was shot and mortally wounded, his death occurring a day or so thereafter. From Bloomfield the regiment was scattered in various directions, meeting with hardships and privations innumerable, until July 8, 1862, when it made a second advance into Arkansas, accompanied by a wagon train. After a campaign which was not altogether free from hair- breadth escapes by flood or field, the regiment went into camp at Helena, where it remained from August 8 to September 22, when it was returned to Cape Girardeau, in a condition of depletion caused by disease and death, almost unprecedented. The regiment did scouting duty until October, 1862, and then put to flight Col. Boone, who, with 600 cavaliers, was encamped in the neighborhood of Patterson. On the 31st of May, 1863, the regiment embarked for Nashville, where it landed on June 15, and three days after was assigned to McCook's Brigade, Mitchell's Division. Stanley's Corps, Army of the Cumberland. Previous to this, and in January of the same year, it was detached from Gen. Benton's force and sent to Pilot Knob, thence to St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and Bloomfield, where it became a part of Gen. McNeil's command, with which it participated in the battle of Cape Girardeau. Its first movement after being assigned to the Army of the Cum- berland, was in the direction of Murfreesboro, en route to which point it camped on the battlefield of Stone River, and united with the Union forces at Triune. On the 2-lrth of June. Gen. Rose- cranz attempted to rescue East Tennessee from the possession of Gen. Bragg by an attempt to drive the Confederate forces back into Georgia. As is known, he flanked the rebel chief at Tullahoma, and again at Chattanooga, after passing the Cumberland Mountains, concluding the campaign with the battle of Chickamauga. In all of these marches and countermarches the First Regiment took an active part; after the battle of Chickamauga falling back upon Chattanooga, where it crossed the river under the fire of a rebel battery. In Sherman's campaign against Atlanta, the First remained attached to McCook's Brigade of cavalry, participating in the battles of Resaca, Dallas, Buzzard's Roost, Kenesaw and else- where. On the 17th day of October, 1864, the regiment moved to Louisville under orders, where it was re-uniformed, re-mounted and returned to Nashville, going thence to Alabama, engaging in a bout with Forrest and passing through Montgomery, \Vest Point and Macon, where the surrender of Lee and the army of Northern A'irginia, previously announced, was confirmed ; proceeding thence in pursuit of Jeff" Davis, under the command of Lieut. Col. Hamden. At Abbeville the detachment fell in with a squadron of the Fourth Michigan Cavalry. Col. Pritch- ard, after the same game, but separated, and thereafter succeeded in cff"ecting the arrest of the late Executive of the rebel States, notwithstanding the decision of a committee that his appre- hension was due to the vigilance and untiring eff"orts of the Michigan troopers. The regiment remained in and about Macon until May 24, 1865, when it proceeded to Nashville, where it arrived June 14, and on July 19, following, was mustered out and discharged from the service. The Fourth Cavalry received accessions to its ranks from Jeff"erson County in the comple- ment of Companies A and I, the former being recruited from Fort Atkinson and the surround- ing country, while Company I included representations from Watertown, Jefferson, Cambridge, Lake Mills, etc., being commanded by W. P. Moore, with S. B. Tubbs and H. B. Lighthizer, Lieutenants. The regiment was organized in June, 1861, and quartered at Camp Utley, where it was mustered into service on July 2 thereafter. Its first experience with grim-visaged war was in the suppression of the bank riot at Milwaukee. At the conclusion of this informal sortie made by frenzied depositors, the regiment was ordered East, and departed at once for the scenes of active duty, arriving at Harrisburg, Penn., about the middle of July, where it was attached to the Eastern Department, with headquarters at the Relay House, near Baltimore, HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUNTY. 383 Md. Here and in the vicinity it remained until about January 29, 1863, experiencing the fatigues of war, wiien it became a part of Duryea's brigade, and on the 5th of the following March embarked at Forti-ess Monroe for New Orleans, in which city it became identified with the Second Brigade, Army of the Gulf. From its arrival in the Crescent City to its departure therefrom, on the 25th of June, the Fourth Cavalry became familiar with every phase of life to be experienced in a captured city. On May 2, it occupied the post of honor as guard opposite the St. Charles Hotel, corner of St. Charles and Gravier streets, during the conference between the Commanding General and John T. Monroe, Mayor of the city, who with the Hon. Pierre Soule, and other prominent residents of New Orleans, were granted an audience by Gen. Butler. At its close, the regiment returned to the Custom House, and thereafter did provost duty, guard and other service, until the 8th of May, when it was sent to tear up the track of the Jackson & Great Northern road, afterward serving in Baton Rouge, Natchez, Fort Adams, Warrenton, and elsewhere, until late in June, when it was ordered to Vicksburg, and from the trenches witnessed the bombardment of that beleaguered city by Davis and Farragut ; also the subsequent operations for its reduction, until the spring of 1863, when the regiment was ordered back to New Orleans, soon after going to the Teche country, where it became engaged in the battle of Camp Besland. Its next important move was in connection with the Red River expedition. After the retirement of Banks, the Fourth was ordered to Baton Rouge, the vicinity of which city wa» made the regimental camp-groundsforaseason of respite, recuperation and re-equipmentas a cavalry regiment, having previously served as mounted infantry. ^ With its reconstruction the regiment resumed active duty, being attached to the cavalry command of Gen. Lee, and serving in the extreme Southwest until May, 1865. At that date, orders came for its transfer to Texas, to which department it proceeded without delay, by way of Vicksburg and Shreveport, going thence through Texas, and finally halting at San Antonio. Here the regiment was consolidated into eight companies, and after a cam- paign, lasting until May, 1866, remarkable for an absence of the excitement with which they had hitherto been familiar, the regiment was mustered out and arrived home June 17, 1866^ after five years continued and active service. Companies D and F, of the Twenty-ninth Infantry, were raised in Jefferson County, also. The former company hailed from Fort Atkinson, Koshkonong and the immediate neighborhood, with D. W. Curtis, at present residing in Fort Atkinson, as one of the Lieutenants, while Com- pany F was recruited in .Jefferson, Aztalan and that section, and officered by Charles A. Holmes and Emil Stoppenbach, both of the city of Jeflerson, Captain and First Lieutenant, with John B. Scott, of Aztalan, Second Lieutenant. Captain Holmes was wounded at Champion Hills May 16, 1863, and mustered out June 22, 1865. Stoppenbach resigned July 31, 1863, and Scott May 1. 1865. The regiment went into camp at Madison, where it was mustered in September 27, 1862, and in November following moved to Helena, Ark., going thence to Friar's Point in December, but returning to Helena, where it was assigned to the Thirteenth Army Corps, and went to Milliken's Bend. On the 16th of April, the regiment crossed the river below Grand Gulf, and proceeded to Port Gibson. The regiment next fought the battle of Champion Hills, and on the 21st of June, 1863, marched to the rear of Vicksburg, participating; in the assault made on the following day. During the remainder of the siege, it was employed against the advanced works, and, after the surrender, fought the second battle of Jackson. The next move was down the river, camping at Carrollton, above New Orleans, but changing its base on September 14, and serving in Southern Louisiana until January, 1864, when it engaged in the Texas expedition, proceeding as far as the Rio Grande, and returning to Algiers in time to take part in the sortie up Red River. After the retirement of that expedition, the Twenty- ninth returned once more to Algiers, whence it went to Port Hudson, Clinton, mouth of White River, Duvall's Bluff, Little Rock and Memphis, reaching the latter city November 28, 1864. On New Year's Day following, the regiment embarked for New Orleans, in which city it remained until February 5, when it proceeded to Dauphin Island, where it was assigned to tlie 384 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUXTY. First Brigade, First Division, Thirteenth Army Corps, and was the second regiment to enter Mobile after the capture of that city. On May 26, 1865, it embarked for Shreveport via New Orleans, where it performed pro- vost duty for two weeks, when it was mustered out of service, and returned to Madison, arriving there July 5, 1865, with 465 men. W. W. Reed, M. D., of Jefferson, declined the commission of Associate Surgeon ; John W. Blake, also of Jefferson, became Adjutant, was promoted Captain September 25, 1863, finally becoming Major of the Forty-second Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry. L. W. Ostrander, of the same city, was promoted Second Lieutenant, May 3, 1864. Company G, of the Fortieth Volunteer Infantry, was also, in part, recruited in Jefferson County, as were Companies I, Forty-eighth, and II, Forty-ninth Volunteer Infantry. Company G was of the hundred-days' service, one of the Lieutenants of which^John K. Purdy — was identified with the educational interests of Fort Atkinson. The company served in Tennessee, repulsed Forrest on his raid into Memphis, and returned to Madison at the expira- tion of its term of service, where it was mustered out September 16, 1864, losing but thirteen V men during its term of service. Company I rendezvoused at Milwaukee in February, 1865, whence it was sent to St. Louis, where it was mustered into service and proceeded to Fort Scott. During the months of May, June and July, it was engaged in strengthening this station, after which it marched to Lawrence and other points in Kansas, remaining there until February 19, 1866, when the com- pany was mustered out and disbanded. Company H, commanded by Capt. H. 0. Pierce, was mustered into service, and left the State for Benton Barracks March 8, 1805, reaching the latter point March 10. In July, it was sent to St. Louis to perform guard duty. In August, the major portion of the regiment acted in that capacity about Gratiot Street Prison. After the fall of Richmond, the regiment was retained for several months in that line of duty, but finally returned to Madison, where, on the 8th day of November, 1865, it was mustered out of service. In addition to the foregoing, that portion of the county about Koskonong and Fort Atkin- son, etc., contributed to the complement of Company H, Thirteenth Regiment, to the gun-boat, naval and secret service. Jefferson and that portion of the county thereabouts furnished recruits to the heavy artillery, to the Third Wisconsin Light Artillery and to other branches of the service, but, owing to the reasons cited, the facts more particularly in reference thereto could not be obtained. The history of Jefferson County in the war is a tale of heroic deeds, of which the surviv- ors have reason to be proud. watertown's contributions. Watertotvn Rifle Company. — Organized April, 1861. Commissioned officers — Captain, Darius S. Gibbs ; First Lieutenant, John Forsyth ; Second Lieutenant, James T. Myers ; Third Lieutenant, Joseph Crandall. Non-commissioned officers — Sergeants, George R. Huff, Robert J. Forsyth, John Hains and Joshua B. Harris ; Corporals, Luther May, William II. Hains, George W. Rockwood and Porter Gibbs. Privates— B. G. Miller, G. W. Brainard, R. Hart, E. F. Proctor, T. Brynildsen, P. J. Thompson, G. W. Rockwood, W. M. Forsyth, J. C. Dervin, L. C. Green, Alpheus Lucas, A. Hanoch, A. Siebell. AV. H. Burns, N. Tuttle, D. A. Tuttle, S. Karboch, H. Tracy, S. Cases, N. W. Dayton, J. B. Harris, II. Wooden, J. II. Tubbs, G. Forsyth, James Johnson, F. Ryal, Samuel Baldwin, Arthur Morgan, Andrew Holmes, Jesse Monroe, Amos Bruce, John Corwin, Alexander Anderson, Moses Frost, G. C. Marvin, J. T. Hilliker, M. H. Ashley, M. J. Kane, A. Byrne, J. E. Anderson, H. Bennett, S. Reed, L. Bennett, N. Liskun, R. J. Taylor, R. Griffith, Lyman Cook, W. T. March, R. S. Howard, J. B. Brainard, S. Wixon, F. L. Tuttle, P. Janish,'P. P. Gibbs, H. Sperry, C. Newhouse, 0. A. Boughton, Levi Frost, James Lisdale, HISTORY OF JEFFEKSOX COUNTY. 385 John Morrill, Patrick McDonald, Mitchell McDonald, Calvin Jones, Jesse Weed, Linus Cor- win, Alpheus Richards, Johnson Roods and Alonzo Bruce. The company held daily drills at their headquarters in Gen. Chappell's Block. Each of the volunteers wore a red, white and blue rosette, presented by the ladies of Watertown. May 12, they were furnished by the- State with their first uniforms, and allotted to the Third Regiment, as Company A. Their headquarters were also transferred to Mud Tavern, about one and one-half miles west of the city, soon afterward known as Camp Bertram, where the company remained until June 7, when they received orders to report at the headquarters of their regiment, then stationed at Fond du Lac, under command of Charles S. Hamilton. Two months of camp life, however, had caused numerous changes in the original rank and file of the Watertown Rifle Company. The realities of war — the prospect of leaving wives and sweet- hearts, fiithers and mothers, brothers, sisters, homes, all — served to test the " fighting patriot- ism " of a large number of those who, in the excitement of the hour, penned their names to the company's roll. But there was no lack of new recruits, and Watertown's first volunteer company took its place at the head of the Third Wisconsin, composed of the following indi- viduals : Commissioned officers — Captain, Darius S. Gibbs ; First Lieutenant, Henry Bertram ;, Second Lieutenant, John Forsyth. Non-commissioned ofiicers — Sergeants, J. Drew Goodrich, George R. Hubb, Robert J. Forsyth, William H. Burns and James T. Myers ; Corporals, Lyman Cook, Daniel A. Tuttle, Ed F. Proctor, Orin S. Howard, Sala P. Webb, Fred Gleaser, Zadock S. Putney and Thomas McKenna; Musicians, Stephen F. Burroughs and John Wisert. Privates — Andrew Byrne, John P. Brainard, Jared Hains, Abner Wood, Warren W. Nigus, Lewis C. Green, Alpheus Lucas, E. C. Marvin, Isaac Flannagan, Charles Rollhagen, William Forsvth, Johnson Anderson, John Zanes, William Marsh, Nathan Nettleton, Abner J. Gould, Addis' Bragg, Emil Stabelfeldt, John C. Dervin, William B. Whipple, Robert Hart, David Buchterkirchen, Hobart Hart, William Conly, William Hutchinson, Nathan Tuttle, Henry Wood, Patrick Goman, Arnold Mann, Anson Wales, Ezra Reed, Andrew Byrne, Elmore Van- derwort, Hermann Becker, Sidney J. Thompson, Henry Montaney, Robert Schroeder, Sidney N. Lund, Alexander Allison, James Terry, August Klopping, Alexander Darward, William Kethsen, Daniel Strohn, Lyman C. Farmer, Franklin L. Tuttle, Peter Hauf, Charles Perkins, Hermann Opitz, Marshal Kane, R. T. Ricker, John T. Hilli cker, George Forsyth, George W. Brainard, Killian Rupp, August Zeibell, Tollef Brynildsen, (Jeorge S. Lockwood, Robert Van Slyke, Elisha Tuttle, Charles Farmer, Charles F. Curtis, John Hickey, Henry Sperry and Julius Wallardt. July 12, the Third Regiment passed through Watertown en route for Elmyra, N. Y., where they were to receive their arms and equipments, and then proceed to Washington for active serv- ice. Before leaving their camp at Fond du Lac, they were paid by the State $37,000, for past services. The regiment numbered 1,011, officers and men. The regimental and staff officers were as follows : Colonel commanding. C. S. Hamilton; Lieutenant Colonel, L. H. Ruger; Major, B. Pinckney; Adjutant, L. H. D. Crane; Quartermaster, S. C. Lefferts ; Sergeant Major, James Woodford ; Surgeon, D. A. Raymond ; First Assistant Surgeon, R. 0. Crane ; Second Assist- ant Surgeon, J. B. G. Baxter ; Chaplain, Rev. W. L. Mather. A brass-band of twenty-four pieces and a full drum corps accompanied the regiment. Commenting upon the appearance of the regiment as it passed through Chicago, the Trib- une of that city said that "the men were a noble and stalwart set of fellows, inured to labor in the mines and pineries." On their arrival in Chicago, the Michigan Southern Railroad Company had ready for the troops 14.5 gallons of coffee, 700 loaves of bread and 15 haras, made up into sandwiches, which were distributed to them in the cars. 386 HISTORY OF .TEFFERSOX COUNTY. The next news of importance concerning the Watertown Rifles was contained in a letter from Jolin C. Dervin to his brother Thomas, residing in Watertown. It was dated " Camp Hamilton, Hagerstown, Maryland, July 16, 1861," and was as follows: * * * " We arrived at our home this morning, and expect to be here for some time. We are within a mile of the enemy's camp. Last night, the First Wisconsin Regiment had a battle. They killed thirty Tebs ' and took 600 prisoners, and lost only one man in the contest. AVe are here in danger that no one would think of. We expect to be in the field of battle in a short time. The men are all remly, but as the hour of trial draws near, a deep sadness seems to shadow most faces, but we will do our duty in any event." Several early promotions occurred in Company A, among them being that of Lieutenant Bertram, who was appointed Adjutant, to succeed Adjutant Crane, appointed to the post of Major. In September, Captain Gibbs resigned, and Adjutant Bertram was appointed in his stead. Among other duties, the Third Wisconsin was assigned to look after the Maryland Legisla- ture at Frederick City. In September, the secession members of that body were taken prisoners, and a bonfire was made of their treasonable documents. It also took a prominent and gallant part in the battle of Bolivar Heights in October, 1861. In that engagement. Privates F. L. Tuttle, Jared Harris and Henry Clemens, of Company A, were killed. The regiment went into winter quarters in December at Fredericksburg, Md. Tile following from the Watertown Democrat of June 19, 1862, will give some idea of what " the boys " were doing : "Captain Bertram's company, Third Wisconsin Regiment, was with Gen. Banks during his recent retreat. The company was on duty as provost guard, and was under fire during the retreat. Sergeant William Whipple was made a prisoner at Winchester, while Corporal Lyman Cook and Privates Louis Burving, George Lockwood, Sidney Lund, W. W. Atterson, William Rupp and Elisha Tuttle are missing." Captain Bertram was soon afterward appointed Lieutenant Colonel of the Twentieth Wis- consin. This promotion was a recognition of his bravery and efficiency as an officer in a fight at Bolivar Heights, near Harper's Ferry, where he commanded two detached companies and cap- tured a cannon from the enemy. L'pon receiving his commission. Col. Bertram returned to Watertown on a brief furlough, and was warmly received by his friends. The Third Wisconsin bore an important part in the battle of Culpepper, in August, 18<)2. It went into the fight with 500 men, and when the conflict subsided the ranks had been thinned to 225. Lieut. Col. Crane was killed and Maj. Scott and Capt. Hawley wounded. It had the extreme advance of the Twelfth Corps in crossing the Rapidan, and fought bravely on the 1st, 2d and 3d of May with the rest of Gen. Ruger's troops, stubbornly maintaining its grouiiil when others fell back, and finall\' covering the withdrawal across the Rappahannock. This regiment distinguished itself in many of the desperate battles fought by the Army of the Potomac, and, in January, 1864, those of its members who had survived re-enlisted for three years under a call for volunteers. These brave defenders of the Union were given a thirty- days' furlough that they might return to their homes for a brief period before again taking the field. Upon returning to Virginia, the Wisconsin boys were always to be found in the thickest of the shot and shell. They participated in all the memorable battles which decided the fate of the rebellion, including the fall of Richmond. Watertown German Volunteers. — On Monday, August 11. 1862, the Germans of Water- town commenced the work of organizing a company for the Twentieth Wisconsin Regiment, and on Friday, the 15th, the work was completed. The company numbered 106 volunteers, and was composed mostly of young men residing in AVatertown. At noon of the IGth, they were escorted to the depot by a large body of citizens, where they took the train for Madison. Few were the tearless eyes and untouched hearts in all that vast assembly, as the husband parted with the wife, the father and mother with the son, and the brother with the sister, or the HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUXTY. 387 lover with the sweetheart. Following is a list of the officers and members of the com- pany : Commissioned Officers — Captain, John AVeber ; First Lieutenant, Frederick Kiisel ; Sec- ond Lieutenant, Charles A. Menges. Non-commissioned Officers — Sergeants, August F. Bohr, August Kusel, Frederick W. Voedisch and Henry R. Sommers ; Corporals, George T. Bergold, Cool Roth, John Muth, John G. Kirsch, Julius Werlich and Edward Schunemann. Privates — John Valdemann, Frederick Paul, G. Henze, John Thoma, Godfred Mustard, Henry Kruger, Louis Fischer, William Camin, A. Schulermann, Hermann Wettmer, Henry Lohr, Julius Weicht, Frank Schneider, Otto Frigloff, August Fritz, Henry Hose, John Leh- mann, Carl Borchart, AVilhelm Trachte, Carl Reichart, Carl Grutzner, Hermann Rose, Karl Fischer, August Melcher, Conrad Godeke, John Krisensky, August Wenzel, William Frank, Carl Hamann, Robert Weber, Carl Brix, August Butow, Albert Butow, Franz Zwiner, Andreas Ambrose, Bernhard Kreete, Julius Steindorf, William Hahn, Henry Muselmann, Fred W. Bernhard, Louis Zandner, William Eichel, August F. W. Buth, A. Walther, Gabriel Remestad, William Mohr, Karl Pettig, Gustavus Triegloif, Frederick Weber, Martin Grun, John Henry Frank, Charles Hoeffner, Valentine Rehn, Vinzenze Wurm, John H. Koch, Charles Kunitzer, August Kluge, Henry L. Volkemann, Henry Muller, John M. Ramsay, John H. Roth, John A. F. Schroder, Julius Drager, Joseph Menzel, Frederick Schneider, Albert Zie- bell, John Hanswith, Ernst Schnasse, Julius Ziebell, Carl Dams, William Wodke, William Wegner, Ferdinand Tolk, George Boughton, John Wehl. John Kercher, Ernst Drager, Ludwig Bluhm, Michael F. Wette, John Swanky, William Ziebell, Frederick Duwe, Gottfred Graszel, Ernst Krumsich, Carl Wegner, Emil Kaufmann, Peter Nettesheim, August Schmutzler, August Horniuel, Henry Bollow, Ferdinand Volke and G. Werschutz. This company went to the front immediately as Company E of the Twentieth Regiment, Lieut. Col. Henry Bertram. December 7, 1862, it acted a distinguished part in the desperate battle of Prairie Grove, near Fayetteville, Ark. Following are the names of those who fell in that engagement : Killed — C. Werlich, John R. Ramsay, Adolph Mustar, August Butow, John Wurm and Julius Weight. Wounded — Col. Henry Bertram, Capt. John Weber, William Carmin, Ernst Schnasse, Peter Jarish, Carl Rettig, Henry Muller, William Taucke, L. Zandner, William Baudle, August Kluge, Henry L. Volkman, William Hahn, William Wodke, August Schuelermann, Frank Schroeder and Henry R. Sommers. Missing — Robert Weber, Frederick Voelker and Ferdinand Voelker. Col. Bertram had a horse shot from beneath him, and received a slight contusion of the thigh. Capt. Weber received three bullets in his legs, from which he died within a week. The rebels were pursued to Van Buren, Ark., where 800 prisoners, two steamers and a ferry- boat loaded with provisions were captured. Lieut. Frederick Kusel was appointed Captain to fill the vacancy caused by the death of the gallant Weber. Second Lieut. Charles A. Menges succeeded Kusel, and Sergt. Alfred H. Baehr was promoted to the Second Lieutenancy. Menges was subsequently appointed Adjutant. The Twentieth took part in the siege of Vicksburg, and in the expedition up the Yazoo River to Yazoo City, Miss., where about 500 prisoners were captured. Also engaged at Spanish Fort, Mobile and Browr.sville, Texas. Watertown Irish Company. — Organized August, 1862. This company was but partially filled by citizens of Watertown, owing to a large number of Irish having previously enlisted in other companies. It was recruited by E. Johnson and Valentine Sweeney. Its members reported at headquarters in Madison September 20, 1862. Their names are as follows : Michael J. Gal- lagher, Michael Carey, Michael Murphy, Michael Butler, Thomas McAviley, Michael McGill, John Reynolds, Daniel Ford, John Forsyth, Joseph Kenzie. Thomas D. Reed, William Dolan, 38« HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUNTY. William Wilson, Thomas Cross, Daniel Sullivan, Charles Masterson, John Devereux. Matthew Carroll, Tliomis Delaney, William Mansfield, Patrick McQueen, Erasmus W. Hill. James Coyle and Jeremiah Bechan. There were sufficient accessions to the ranks of this company from other sources within a short time after it took up its quarters at Camp Reynolds to complete the required number, and it was mustered in as Company D of the Seventeenth Wisconsin Volunteers, afterward known as tlie " Irish Brigade." It rendered invaluable service in many of the greatest battles of the rebellion, the Watertown boys acijuitting themselves with honor, and returning to their homes at the close of the war covered with scars and glory. Watertotvn American Volunteer Company. — Organized September 2, 1862. Composed of some of the best citizens of Watertown. Commissioned officers — Captain, Thomas R. Mott ; First Lieutenant, Charles Wood ; Sec- ond Lieutenant, Royal P. Bronson. Non-commissioned officers — Sergeants, Calvin B. Scott, James McCulley, John H. Reed, Julius N. Bartlett and Norman Humphrey ; Corporals, Darius S. Gibbs, Julius H. Keyes. Leonard W. Bennett, Allen Welcher, Alonzo Crandall, WjUiam Phelps, Frederick B. Northup and Charles Turner. Privates — ^David Griffith, Orrin E. Welton, Cyprian B. Young, Allen Rutherford, William Booth, Warren A. Reed, James P. Nichols, Ansel Norton, George Parker, George Chapin, John P. Smith, William E. Adams, John Bailey, William Terwilliger, William J. Fitch, Joseph H. Barber, Job Bailey, William Wiseman, Joseph Karr, Ed. K. Webb, Amos Weaver. Peter Knigiit, John Moore, Andrew Woolensack, Delos T. Haling, Peter La Rock, JNIatthew Marshall, John R. Hayhurst, Walter J. Beasant, Williston H. Wright, Samuel Vaux, Almon Chapin, William Middlestates, C. A. Middlestates, William Marsh, Hiram S. Thompson, George W. Rockwood, James ^IcLaughlin, Brayton Whitney. Wordsey Holcomb, John Roberts. Henry Bennett. Ran- som Meade, August E. Needhara, Henry Yarrington, John L. Urtubecs, Israel Dudley, Henry Hungerford, Oscar F. Herron, Peter Frank, S. J. Blanchard, A. R. Hungerford, Rothelan Blanchard, William Hungerford, Ashbel D. Grift'ey, Richard Owens, Robert H. Roberts, Artiiur Alexander, Bradley Richards, Chauncey Cummings, Marcellus Bartlett, William G. Dailev, William J. King, Michael Gegenheimer, Albert S. Visgar, Lewis Brown, James Burke, John E. Weisert, Edward B. Hawes, Cyrus M. Griffey, Peter Schenk, Jolin Lloyd, James S. Balser, Sidney Smith, Calvin B. Scott, Warren G. Reeve, William Phelps, Merrina C. Scott, Albert Chapin, Frederick M. Webb, Rinaldo W. Cole, William Milium, Henry Weaver, James S. Irvin, Calvin Barnett, Thomas Martin, Corydon Blaisdell and Howard Tuttle. This company became Company B, in the Twenty-ninth Wisconsin. The regiment received marching orders and left Camp Randall, at Madison, November 2, 1862, proceeding South. While at Cairo, 111., they voted for State officers in Wisconsin. The regiment arrived at Helena, Ark., November 6, and went into camp. It remained there until April, 1863, when orders were received to the effect that its presence before Vicksburg was necessary! May 1. the regiment was engaged in the battle of Port Gibson, in which the rebels were routed and the place captured. In this fight. Matthew ]\Iarshall, Robert H. Roberts and Edward B. Hawkes, of Company B, were killed, and George Parker, Lewis Urtubees, John Lloyd and Allen Welcher, wounded. On the 16th of the same month, the Watertown boys of Company B were again engaged. Following is an extract from Col. Gill's official report of the part the Twenty-ninth took in this battle. It is dated Champion Hills, Miss., May 18, 1863: * * * * " During the engagement, my regiment captured and sent to the rear one stand of colors and about three hundred prisoners. We numbered, when the action commenced, 491 men and officers. Our loss is 19 killed, 95 wounded, and 1 missing. Among the wounded are Maj. Hancock, Capts. Bissell, Holmes, Mott and Delamatyr, Lieut. Ray and Commissary Sergt. Wilson. My officers and men displayed great gallantry and bravery. Capt. Bissell, of Company D, while lying upon the ground wounded and still exposed to the enemy's HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 389 fire, refused assistance from the field, but kept cheering on his men. * * * We are willing to fight until the last armed foe expires." After the capture of Vicksburg, the Twenty-ninth was ordered to New Orleans. It was subsequently engaged in the Ked River expedition, and was at the battle of Mansfield, La. In that engagement. Company B suffered the following losses : Killed, Almon Chapin ; wounded — Thomas Martin, Sidney Smith, James Haskins and Anson Weaver ; missing — Corydon Blais- dell, A. C. Grandall, Hiram Thompson, James Irvin, George Holcomb, C. B. Young, James Burke, Calvin Barrett, William Wilson, William Milium and Oscar Herron. The Twenty-ninth was soon afterward engaged in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads. J. H. Haskins, Oscar Herron and Hiram S. Thompson, of Company B were wounded and fell into the hands of the enemy, but were subsequently paroled and sent to New Orleans, where Thomp- son died. December 15, 1864, Corydon Blaisdell, who was taken prisoner at the battle of Mansfield, was released, and, upon his arrival in New Orleans, he wrote as follows to his relatives in Watertown : * * * * '> The rebels kept me eight months and five days. The whole time our rations were one pint of corn-meal, three-fourths of a pint of corn-meal and a little salt — no coffee or anything else. The living is nothing compared with the abuse we have received during the term of our prison life. Of the six captured out of Company B, only William Mil- ium and myself lived to get back to New Orleans. Cyprian B. Young, Alonzo C. Crandall, James S. Irvin and George Holcomb died in prison." At the storming of Spanish Fort, near Mobile, private Porter Gibbs and Musician Allen Rutherford, of Company B, were taken prisoners, and private Godfrey Dayley, of the same company, had one of his great toes accidentally cut off while making breastworks. On July 5, 1865, the Twenty-ninth returned from the South. Company B was received in Watertown with all the honors that it was possible for a liberty-loving people to shower upon the defenders of their country. A reception festival was held July 13, at which the sun-browned heroes were the admired of all admirers. D. W. Ballou, editor of the Democrat delivered a stirring welcome address. The Union Guards. — Organized in the fall of 1861, with the following officers : Captain, 0. D. Pease ; First Lieutenant, Edward E. Roys ; Second Lieutenant, William A. Greene. Sergeants — John Ilazen, R. C. Rowe, Theron Holt, William Faville and John Bean. Corpor- als — Michael Walrod, Hiram Dayton, James M. Fillmore, W. M. Taylor, Charles H. Visgar, Charles A. Keyes, Joseph B. Harris and Mich. Traynor. Musicians — Star Loveland and John J. Downey. Privates — Michael Anthony, Jacob Beck, Neal Bresland, M. W. Burdick, R. H. Baker, E. E. Cummings, F. Casebeer, G. B. Crist, James Cook, A. E. Cook, E. L. Chapman, John Clark, D. Clark, J. R. Devine, Benjamin Dehn, 0. L. Dudley, D. Delanty, J. Edwards, I. M. Ellsworth, D. G. Eastwood, M. Fillmore, W. Fisher, J. C. Fisher, Simon Fuller, Harrison Fuller, Napoleon Fuller, Lyman Fuller, M. Farrington, L. Flaschbine, J. W. Fields, R. Geary, W. Gilbert, H. Gerecke, J. W. George, L. C. Greene, E. Halverson, C. W. Haskins, Henry C. Hadley, W. Hamilton, D. Hallahan, C. Holman, A. Harrington, W. G. Holdrege, G. Kilbourn, E. Keough, D. 0. Kellv, A. Kinney, J. M. Lyons, H. G. Lomison, S. Lloyd, M. Maloney, W. McConnell, George Mills, T. Nichols, A. H. Noble, H. Phillips, L. Pettis, E. Pierce, A. Pries, E. Palmer, H. Rigger, J. Reynolds. M. Ryon, R. Ross, J. D. Reed, J. Schaller, D. B. Sowards, J. Saintonge, J. Steinman, E. A. Solomon, M. Saunders, C. B. Stone, H. Tracy, C. H. Tracy, R. S. Towsley, N. R. Towsley, B. R. Torrey, Charles Tebault, 0. Turner, W. H. Vorce, 6. V. Whitmore, J. W'arren, E. Wolf, T. M. Wilson, A. Wollene, A. G. Wood, H. B. Whitney and T. J. Winston. Capt. Pease's company formed a part of the Sixteenth Wisconsin. After remaining in camp at Madison for several weeks, it received orders to move down the Mississippi, and on the 1st of April, 1862, found itself encamped at Savannah, Tenn, within the borders of secession. 390 HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUXTY. The next heard of the company was its engagement in the battle of Pittsburg Landing, where tiie gallant Capt. Pease was mortally wounded while leading his men to the very mouth of the enemy's cannon. The members of his company who fell in that memorable battle are as fol- lows : Killed — Capt. Oliver D. Pease; Corp. William M. Taylor; privates Alphonse Harring- ton, August Wollene, Louis Pettis, Chester W. Haskins. Wounded — Sergt. John S. Bean, Corps. Charles H. Visgar and Michael Walrod ; privates J. Edwards, J. M. Lyons, Harrison Fuller, N. R. Towsley, W. Hamilton, M. Farrington, 0. Brien. E. Cook, Dennis Delanty, Josiah W. Fields, Herman Gerecke, C. H. Tracy, Mertz, E. Halverson, Thompson, J. Cook, Daniel Hallahan, E. Price and J. D. Reed. Missing, Louis Flaschbine. The company was in many of the hard-fought battles, including that of Corinth, and aided matei-ially in putting down the rebellion. The Draft. — When the order for the first draft was made, in September, 1862, the quota for Jefl'erson County was sixty-three. Watertown, having already furnished twenty-five more men than the call demanded, was exempt. There was, of course, n i excitement. While many other portions of the State were sadly depopulated, the people of Watertown could not but feel proud of their record. The town of Watertown drew two — August Hunemann and Henry Mergel being the victims. The draft of November 12, 1863, however, was the source of considerable uneasiness. The drawing took place at Janesville, and a large number of the citizens of Jefterson County were present. The following individuals, citizens of Watertown, "drew prizes : " City of Watertown (278 names in the wheel, of which 40 were drawn) — 0. B. Sanford, Fred Bloedel, Henry B. Burdick, G. Schamberg, Adolphus Miller, George Alcott, Charles Reubhousen, Leopold Karherr, Gustavus Schnasse, Ed. M. Hall, Henry Holstein, Fred Schipp, Thomas Rosch, William T. Mayhew, John C. Rhodes, James Balles, Henry Kees, John Kal- tenbrun, August Tauck, Herman Freischmidt, Dusten Bosford, Henry Bode, F. P. Brook, Porter Gibbs, Jr., John McGrill, Stillman Ford, John Dunnigan, H. Hyer, Elnathan Breck- enridge, Lawrence Nugent. William Beman, Andrew McKeg, John Folcanbridge, Hugh Mur- phy, Patrick Killan, Bathrick, Thomas Baxter, Washington Snow, Wave Moody and John Driescent. Town of Watertown (167 in the wheel, 28 to be drawn) — Franz Fredericks, Frederick Volkner, John O'Donalds, Peter Kelley, August Cholhoff, John F. Schultz. John Warner, Frederick Strehlow, Jr., .A.dolf Boerschel, John Corpenus, Chris Mercus, William P. Perry, Reinhard Panz, Henry Kumfrick, John Barrett, Richard Sninuiks, Gotleib Gullet, Charles Raymorn, Frederick Moerke, Henry Wegner, William Cinnamon, Ernest Huns, Christian Trachte, Henry Lenas and William Leteaman. Fifth and Sixth Wards of Watertown (Dodge County)— S. Reed, W. Herbert, H. Hilder- mann, D. David, H. Bogel, W. Gamm, A. May, C. Folsom, F. Otto, F. Achtenbogen, C. Dip- pel, F. Zipfel, H. Zidert, D. Piper, R. Weig. J. Farncof, J. Bninner, Ph. Burns, H. Kroning, C. Plunger, W. Zohn, W. Berfenhagen, P. Binte, G. Currad, J. Janssen, F. Zifora, E. Williams and E. Jones. In the draft of September 22, 1864, the following citizens of the Third and Seventh Wards of Watertown (the First, Second, Fourth. Fifth and Sixth Wards having filled their respective quotas by enlistment) were drawn : Third Ward — Henry B. Gallup, James M. Morris, Amos Baum. John Cummings, Michael Sweeney, Owen Connors, Frederick Butler, Jacob Zimmerman, Andrew McKey, George Low, Edward Carley, Fritz Kanell, Hugh McMahon, Patrick O'Reily. Michael Kernel, John Loovey, Edward Johnson, Thomas Dervin. John O'Reily, Michael McHugh, John Humbler, Michael Sullivan. Ferdinand Groft', John O'Neil and Edward Nixon, Seventh Ward — Edward McKey, Frederick Bichle, August Karn, Osborn Bradbury, War- ren Bradbury, H. Breckenridge, Fabius Colly, Philip Quentmeyer, Henry Prill. Michael Tracey, Charles Moch, Luther May. Frank Hartcke, Michael Merrin. John Colmetz, Thomas Shellcox, John Dunnisran, William McGraw, Mack Hadnell, John Browley, Thomas Dufi'y, Albert Hart, HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUNTY. 391 Thomas McCabe, Henry H. Coy, Henry Kronitz, Thomas Kelley, William Bushman, T. Fork- enbridge, John Driescent, William Riley, John Drayraond and Thomas Merrin. Town of Watertown — Henry Jasel, Alom Hoof. Mathias Dwosak, F. C. Curtis, Fred Larza, John Boetlicher. August Gillis, Porter Lewellin, Cornelius Crowley, Justus Hawke, Thomas Gerety, Jr., Frederick Lehmann, Godfried Cashbury, Frederick Kirsch, Peter Sherrer, Ludwig Podewell, Ferdinand Siedow, John O'Connor, Fredei'ick Buckholz, John Sloan, Christof Homan. August Hilkee, George Sutton, Chris. Homer, George Spingberg, John Hazteman, Charles Rush, Julius Knispee, John McLaughlin, Chi'istian Steans, John Bradley, John Hartwell, Daniel Friedee, Philip Pla'.z, Richard Sutton and Charles H. Woolen- sack. On October 15, 1864, a supplemental draft was made in the Seventb Ward, as follows : John McGoldrich, Peter J. Messic, Livingtone Stevens, Thomas Aplit, John McDonald, Christian Clarkin, Barney Cohoe, Luke Butler, Sylvester Coy, Amos P. Wood, Frank Coshern, August Nook, John Dwire, Philip Wright, Joseph Wood, Isaac Smith, John Sprague, John O'Connell, Samuel Rusten and John Frail. It was announced that supplemental drafts would be made in every subdistrict until the full quota of each was full. "If those first drawn run away or are rejected, this process will go on indetinitely." Accordingly, a supplemental draft was made of the town of Watertown, as follows : Charles Lamkee, John Owen, James Lavy, Francis Wegner, Frederick Ashereen, Hermann Schroeder, Frederick Trachte, Alanson H. McMillan, Ludowig Cordes. Ernest Barrand, Henry Krammy. Thomas Sloan. Frederick Deitzel, Gottlieb Halkney, Ferdinand L^lealt, John Buck, Joshua Newma^i, Timothy Daly. Frederick Rowe, Gotifield Riochley, John Hughes, August Neno, Richard Shinnick and Talbert Bailey. Early in December, a supplemental draft took place in the Fifth and Sixth Wards, with the following result : Fifth Ward — John Gutzloff, John Monreau, Carl Clinberg, Ferdinand Lodhammer, Alex J. Jarvis, Hezekiah Flinn, Frederick Brusch, Martin M. Barber, Michael McCane, Christian F. Busch, Joseph Rohn. Wilhelm Dunitmeyer, Carl Rich, Fred Kehl, Ferdinand Ott, Carl Mek- lenberg, John Canradis, Carl Bullow, J. Marstet, Ludwig Lamp, Joseph Egard, Franz Sacham- mer, Fred Englebright and Emil Hans Jager. Sixth Ward — John Burns, August Lambricht, Frederick Heute, William Graves, Fred Seple, William Ramieu, Elijah Williams, William Granits, John Schent, Jacob Coner, Philip Burns, Godfried Stillman, William Weidenhuft, Henry Rahn, Ferdinand Bartel, John Schmidt, Henry Sally, Christof Gretsloff, Charles Rod, Carl Heute, Charles Morcjuart. Joseph Battiss, G. Sictander, Robert Spielman, Joseph Jaeger, Joseph Kopp, Charles Kruger, William Beeber- man, Hermann Otto, John Ecleberg, Carl Glamm and F. Hoeper. Elections were held in the first four wards of Watertown February 13, for the purpose of voting bounties to aid in filling their quotas, at which Commissioners were also chosen to carry the object into effect. The result was : First Ward (amount to be raised |5,000)— H. Barber, Jr., J. T. Moak and G. Werlich were chosen Commissioners. The vote for the tax was 92 ; against, 5. Second Ward ($3,000) — Commissioners, F. Fischer, P. Smith and C. Amberg. For the tax, 104 ; against, 1. Third Ward ($2,200) — Commissioners, M. Quigley, E. Johnson and J. Zimmerman. For tax. 58 ; against, 0. Fourth Ward ($1,200) — Commissioners, August Kusel, John Spohn and Edward Davis. For tax, 48 ; against, 0. April 30, 1865, the draft in the Seventh Ward took place, with the following result : Thomas Shelcox, William Spencer, Philip Wright, Osburn Bradberry, William McLaughlin, Ulrich Haushur, John Crowley and Winthrop Greene. The First, Second and Fourth Wards escaped the draft by filling their quotas. 392 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. Another draft took place the last of Marcli in the town o*' Watertown, resulting as follows : Fer- dinand Ulm, William Estrach, Frederick Kanile, Henry McLaughlin, August Marquart, Ferdinand Calhoff, Frederick Rose, Norbert Hoffman, Famin Emerson, William Loomis. Christ Keeger, August Kelm, James Gormerley, Hugh Manughan, Jr., Joseph Plasil. Stephen Penleny, Lemand Ber- dick, Jacob Urdermann, Frederick Trachte, William Betkee, Frederick Schullepfonney, Henry Merrill, John O'Connell, Richard Barrett, Charles Clanke, Rufus W. Crouch, Calvin Maroon, Henry Ryff, Lewis Moseth, Jacob Gillite, Gotlieb Ferk, Joseph S. Clark, Peter Palsher, Thomas Smith, Thomas Howler, August Chamm, Ludwig Rothe, Ludwig Cordes. August War- nike, Charles A. Pross, Henry Linneske, August Heniieraann, Michael Sullivan, August SchoU- schnord, Michael Dreshark, Richard Hussey, Frederick Borkenhaden, Ferdinand Knutes, Edward M. Mulick, William Nerey, Jacob Christie and August Helker. Happily the services of the foregoing "victims" of this last draft were not needed. The capitulation of Vicksburg, the fiill of Richmond, and the subsequent capture of Jeff Davis spared them to their homes and the pursuit of wealth and happiness. Scraps of War History. — following are a few of the minor events connected with the war history of Watertown. They will recall many recollections of the " times that tried men's souls," during the great rebellion, and the whole must prove a valuable record in the annals of that bloody strife : 1861, April. — A company of Minnesota militia passed through the city, en route for the field of conflict. This seemingly insignificant incident gave a wonderful impetus to the patriotic feelings of the citizens. A public meeting held for the purpose of raising funds to provide for the families of those who enlisted in the service of their country; Mayor Williams presided. CarlSchurz (now Secretary of the Interior), State Senator Gill and Hiram Barber were among the speakers. Unbounded enthusiasm. Brig. Gen. Luther A. Cole. Second Brigade Wisconsin Militia, organ- ized his staff as follows : Maj. Enos Salsich, Aid ; Mai. Hiram W. Blanchard, Brigade Inspec- tor ; Maj. Myron B. Williams, Judge Advocate; Maj. William G. Wedemeyer, Engineer in Chief; Maj. Hiram Barber, Paymaster; Maj. Charles Wood, Quarteripaster ; Maj. Ira Leon- ard, Commissary ; Maj. W. C. Spalding, Surgeon; Capt. and Rev. J. J. Mclntyre, Chaplain. Master Willie Dennis frightened his parents almost to distraction by climbing to the top of his father's house and nailing the Stars and Stripes to the gable end. May. — Employes of the Milwaukee i.*c Western Railroad Company raised a flag-staff, 100 feet in lengtli, near their machine sliops, and unfiirleil from its top a beautiful banner, 30x18 feet in size. A committee of ladies — Mrs. J. T. Moak, Mrs. James Tremain and Miss Susan Hartley, drew the starry emblem to its lofty position, at the same time singing the " Star Spangled Banner," amid deafening cheers. June. — Ladies of Watertown make 500 flannel shirts, at the request of Gov. Randall, to be distributed among the Wisconsin volunteers. Tiie task was completed in five days, and the garments sent to the Governor ready for use. Bibles purchased by citizens and presented to Watertown's patriotic sons. July. — Meeting and organization of a Home League. Ofiicers elected : Samuel Brown, President; A. M. Thompson and C. C. Cotton, Secretaries ; C. Cleaveland, Treasurer. August. — Ernest Off authorized to raise a cavalry company, and a recruiting oSice opened. September. — W. G. Wedemeyer received a Lieutenant's commission to raise a company of infantry. Edwin D. Coe, James A. Morris, De Witte Moak, Herbert Lord, Eugene Bond, R. J. Forsyth and Harrison and Clifford McMellen joined Col. Daniel's cavalry regiment at Ripon. October. — 0. D. Pease received a Lieutenant's commission from Gov. Randall, authorizing him to raise a company of volunteers for three years. Thomas McMahon appointed Major of the Seventeenth Wisconsin. James McHugh received a Lieutenant's commission to raise a company of volunteers. Webster A. Bingham, of Watertown, joined the cavalry regiment then forming at Ripon. Capt. D. D. Scott and Lieut. James Bergin opened a recruiting office in Fischer's Block. Ernest Off commissioned Captain, with authority to raise a company of HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 393 volunteers. Sela P. Webb, a Watertown volunteer, of Company E, Sixth Wiscon.sin, died in the hospital at Arlington Heights, Va. November. — Charles H. Lord appointed Assistant Surgeon First Wisconsin Cavalry. Capt. Off finished recruiting his cavalry company, known as the Barstow Guards, and went into camp at Janesville. December. — Capt. Prescott left for Columbus, Ohio, with thirteen recruits for the regular service, among whom was William G. Wedemeyer. 1862, January. — Sergt. 0. S. Howard, Company A, Third Wisconsin, commissioned Second Lieutenant. February. — Irwin W. Potter, of Watertown, confirmed by the United States Senate as First Lieutenant in the Fifteenth U. S. Regiment for gallant conduct at the battle of Manassas. Corp. Henry C. Hadley, Company E, Sixteenth W^isconsin, appointed Assistant Quartermaster of the regiment, with the rank of Lieutenant. L. M. Rose, formerly one of the editors of the Watertown Chronicle, wounded in both hips and in the left shoulder and hand at Fort Donelson. March. — Curtis B. Stone, foreman of the Wntertoy^n Republican office, joined the Water- town Guards. Capt. D. T>. Scott presented with a sword by the citizens of Watertown. John Haines appointed blacksmith of Gov. Barstow's regiment. Sebra Howard, of the Third Regi- ment, died in the hospital at Elyria, Ohio, en route for the South. April. — Battle of Pittsburg Landing, where the rebels drank whisky and gunpowder and fought like demons, and in which Capt. Pease was killed. May. — Arrival and burial of the remains of Capt. Pease. Private N. R. Towsley, Com- pany D, Sixteenth Wisconsin, returned with a finger shot off, at the battle of Shiloh. Private Harrison Fuller, same company, returned with serious wounds received at Shiloh. He died soon after his arrival. June. — Lieut. Royce, Company D, Sixteenth Wisconsin, promoted to Captain in place of Capt. Pease, killed. Private John Cawley, Company D, Seventeenth Wisconsin, died from disease contracted in the South. Dr. Charles Lord appointed Post Surgeon at Cape Girardeau, Hlinois. July. — Gov. Solomon appointed Miles Joice Second Lieutenant Company H, Seventeenth Regiment. August. — Enos Salsich, Hiram Barber, ex-Senator Gill, Frederick Kusel and Edward Johnson received authority to raise volunteer companies. Gill returned his commission and enlisted as a private. Meeting of taxpayers at which resolutions were adopted authorizing the levy of a tax for the support of the families of volunteers, and commanding the City Treasurer to pay §2.5 to the family of each volunteer who enlisted under the calls of June 2 and August 4. Henry C. Hadley, of Company D, Sixteenth Wisconsin Volunteers, returned honorably discharged, on account of an affliction of the eyes incurred by foi'ced marches in the '' Sunny South." Sheriff Smith, of Jefferson County, in accordance with instructions, made arrange- ments for making an enrollment of those subject to draft. Following enrolling officers appointed : First Ward, Calvin Cheeney ; Second, Eugene Winggenhorn ; Third, John A. Chadwick; Fourth, D. Kusel, Jr.; Fifth and Sixth, Charles Walthers; Seventh, A. P. Wood, town of Watertown, J. Q. Hull. L. A. Cole appointed Commissioner, and Dr. W. W. Reed, Surgeon, for the draft in Jefferson County. Joseph Giles and Calvin Cheeney appointed recruiting ofiicers to fill the depleted ranks of old regiments. Charles R. Gill appointed by Gov. Solomon Colonel of the Twenty-ninth Wisconsin. Samuel Baird appointed Quartermaster ; William C. Spalding, Surgeon; William Tompkins, Sergeant Major, and William Summerfield, Hospital Steward, same regiment. September. — Festival given in honor of the American Volunteers. Capt. Mott presented with a sword from the Gorman citizens. Col. Gill presented with a horse by the Watertown Volunteers. December. — De Witte C. Moak discharged on account of ill health. Lieut. Col. Henry Bertram appointed Colonel of the Twentieth Wisconsin. Maj. Thomas McMahon appointed 394 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. Lieutenant Colonel of the Seventeenth. Bernard O'iiyrne received a seventy-pound bell from some Watertown bovs then fighting in Mis^^issippi, accompanied by the following inscription : " This bell was achieved by the Twenty-ninth Wisconsin Uef;iment on a deserted plantation in the State of Mississippi. Its former owner is in rebellion against his Government — founded on the virtue and intelligence of the people. It was wont to arouse slaves to unrequited toil ; let it now call freemen to duty." Noble sentiments I Private James Karr, Company E. Twenty- ninth Regiment, died in the hospital at Halena, Ark. 1863, January. — Private Wm. E. Dervin received four balls in his right leg at the battle of Murfreesboro. Cass Green, Sixteenth Wisconsin, returned home, discharged on account of sickne:-s. February. — Meeting Ladies' Aid Society. Officers elected: Mrs. Theodore Prentiss, President; Mrs. Samuel Baird, Vice President; Mrs. J. T. Moak, Secretary and Treasurer. Directors — Mrs. C. A. Sprague, Mrs. S. P. Day, Mrs. McMahon, Mrs. Daniel Hall, Mrs. J. J. Enos, Mrs. Ernest Oft', Mrs. 0. B. Sanford. Mrs. Otis Hall. A resolution was passed that the members of the society turn their attention toward the preparation of pickles, preserves, etc., to be sent to the brave boys in the South then engaged in crushing the rebellion. March. — William H. Blanchard left AVatertown with over ten tons of delicacies to be dis- tributed among the members of the Twenty- ninth, then encamped at Helena, Ark. Daniel Griffith, of Company B, Twenty-ninth Regiment, died in the hospital at Helena. April. — Lieut. R. P. Bronson, Company B, Twenty-ninth Wisconsin, returned, having resigned on account of ill health. Lieut. Col. Jussen, of the Twenty-third Wisconsin, resigneil ; ill health. Adjt. Sweeney, of the Twenty-ninth, returned to Watertown on a sick furlough and died a few days after his arrival. Ernest Schnasse, Company E, Twentieth Wisconsin, died in Missouri from the effect of wounds received at the battle of Prairie Grove. Bradley Richards,- Company B, Twenty-ninth Wisconsin, died in the hospital at Helena. May. — Corp. William Dervin, Sixteenth United States Infantry, returned discharged in consequence of a dangerous wound received in the battle of Stone River. AVhen the news was received that Gen. Grant had fought five successive battles and gained as many decisive victo- ries over the rebels in the vicinity of Vicksburg, there was great rejoicing in Watertown. The brass band came out and paraded the streets, salutes were fired, and a general feeling of delight could be read in almost every face. June. — August Hintz, Company B, Seventeenth Wisconsin, shot through the head by a rebel sharpshooter, while working in the trenches before Vicksburg. Lieut. Charles Wood, Company B, Twenty-ninth Wisconsin, resigned his commission. Sergt. Norman Humphrey appointed to fill the place of Corp. Darius Gibbs, promoted to Second Lieutenant. Second Lieut. Calvin B. Scott, Company B, Twenty-ninth Wisconsin, resigned on account of injuries received at Champion Hill, Miss. July. — Col. Gill resigned on account of sickness. The surrender of Vicksburg announced ; one hundred guns fired. A Ladies' Union League organized in Watertown, with Mrs. P. Nichols as President, and Mrs. A. Peterson as Secretary. William Phelps. Company B, Twen- ty-ninth Wisconsin, died of typhoid fever in the hospital at Vicksburg. Dr. W. C. Spalding, Surgeon in the Twenty-ninth Wisconsin, resigned his commission on account of ill health. Dr. D. Dubois was appointed in his stead, and William T. Summerfeldt appointed Assistant Sur- geon in place of Dubois, promoted. August. — Capt. Donald D.Scott appointed Major of the Seventeenth Wisconsin, in place of Maj. Plunkett, resigned. September. — Private Chauncey Cummings, Company B, Twenty-ninth Wisconsin, died at Centralia, 111., while on his way home. October. — Darius Gibbs appointed First Lieutenant Company B, Twenty-ninth Wisconsin, in place of Norman Humphreys, resigned. Corp. Julius H. Keyes, wounded at Champion Hill, returned home on a furlough. November. — John Little appointed First Lieutenant Company D, Seventeenth Wisconsin. Lieut. Col. McMahon, Seventeenth Wisconsin, assigned to the command of the Second Brigade, HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUNTY. 395 First Division, of the Seventeentli Corps, under Brig. Gen. Dennis, of the Army of the Cum- berland. Lieut. A. F. Baehr promoted Captain Company E, Twentieth Wisconsin, in place of Capt. F. Kusel, resigned, and Second Lieut. G. Bauman appointed First Lieutenant, in place of Baehr, promoted. December. — Sergt. H. D. Carlin, Company D, Seventeenth Wisconsin, opened a recruit- ing office in the Watertown House, to fill the depleted ranks of the " Irish Brigade." 1864, January. — Sergt. Hinze, Company E, Twentieth Wisconsin, opened a recruiting office for the same purpose. February. — Col. Henry Bertram opened a recruiting office, offering a bounty of $402 for veterans and $-302 for fresh men, together with the $100 to be voted by the ta.xpayers of Water- town. Henry C. Hadley, formerly of the Sixteenth Wisconsin, re-enlisted in the Twenty-ninth. Watertown authorized by the Legislature to levy a tax to pay $100 bounty to volunteers. Capt. Off's company, of the Third Wisconsin Cavalry, re-enlisted. Lieut. Col. W. A. Greene appointed Colonel of the Twenty-ninth Wisconsin, in place of Col. Gill, resigned. Sergt. Maj. Thompson appointed Second Lieutenant Company C. Seventeenth Wisconsin Volunteers re-en- listed. Henry C. Hadley appointed Adjutant of the Twenty-ninth Wisconsin. March. — Capt. Mott, Twenty-ninth Wisconsin, resigned on account of sickness; succeeded by Lieut. Gibbs ; Gibbs by Sergt. F. B. Northup. Dr. J. S. Potter appointed Assistant Sur- geon of the Twenty-ninth. April. — James P. Nichols appointed Second Lieutenant of Company D, Thirty-eighth Wis- consin. Maj. Bradford Hancock appointed Lieutenant Colonel Twenty-ninth Wisconsin, in place of William T. Greene, promoted. Sergt. Henderson Colvin appointed Second Lientenant Company D, Seventeenth Wisconsin. June. — H. S. Ransom, formerly of Watertown, who went as Captain of a volunteer com- pany from Whitehall, N. Y., had his arm shattered by a shell, and a minie ball passed through his right lung, in a fight between Gens. Butler and Beauregard. Sergt. David L. Cole, Company H, Thirty-seventh Wisconsin, killed in Virginia. He went from Watertown as a substitute. July. — John C. Dervin returned, having served three years. Watertown filled her quota under the call for 500,000 volunteers. Lieut. McMahon returned: resigned after having marched with Sherman "to the sea." Sergt. James A. Norris, First Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry, returned, having served three years. He was at the battle of Chickamauga, and helped to capture Atlanta. November. — Sergt. W. A. Bingham, of the First Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry, returned, after three years of faithful service. Thanksgiving dinner given by the Ladies' Soldiers' Aid Society. December. — Citizens of the First Ward raise a special fund to pay substitutes to serve in place of those to be drawn in the call and draft for •' 300,000 more." 1865, January. — Adj. Crane, of the Seventeenth Wisconsin, returned from Savannah, having been with Sherman during his famous march through Georgia. February. — The Legislature passed an act authorizing the wards of Watertown to raise a separate tax to pay for volunteers. Col. Bertram, of the Twentieth Wisconsin, returned from Mobile to follow his wife to the grave. Capt. E. Oft' and Lieut. J. P. McDonald, of the Third Wisconsin Volunteer Cavalry, returned ; time expired. Col. W. A. Greene, Twenty-ninth Wisconsin, returned from Kennersville, La. ; time expired. April. — The fall of Richmond ! Great enthusiasm and the wildest excitement in Water- town. Private residences illuminated, and the streets ablaze with bonfires ; and the excitement did not subside when the joyous news was received that Lee had surrendered. The prospects for peace and an undivided Union were true sources of exultation. Main street presented a bewildering scene, on the 10th of April, when a grand procession paraded from one end to the other, and back again, with banners flying, music playing and the multitude shouting itself hoarse, the whole demonstration being a spontaneous and overflowing outburst of the patriotic emotions of the popular heart. 396 HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUNTY. But all this joy was turned into the deepest sorrow a few days later, when the news was flashed ovpr the wires that President Lincoln had been assassinated. The •26th of April, the date of the obsequies of the martyred President, was appropriately observed. All places of business were closed, most of them being heavily draped in mourning, and services were held in all the churches. May. — The killing of Booth, the assassin, and the capture of that arch-traitor, Jefferson Davis, in woman's clothes, seemed to partially relieve the people of their sorrowful looks and feelings. June. —A minie ball taken from the right nasal cavity of Julius H. Keyes, where it had been imbedded for two years, received at the battle of Champion Hills, May 16, 1863. Every day began to bring the familiar face of some battle-worn veteran, returning from the war. " The late rebellion " soon became a favorite term applied to the bloody conflict which had raged for over four years. Peace and quiet and prosperity had returned to the land, let us hope to remain forever. POLITICAL HISTORY. [llY A JKFFEBSO.MAN DEMOCRAT.] The Democratic party early gained the ascendency in the county, and has generally main- tained it, although, in the early conflicts, the Whig party, and later the Republican party, have won some victories over it, and obtained some temporary advantages. The causes for such early and steady adhesion to the fortunes of that party, if sought for, will be found in the fact that the pioneers of the county — those who acted leading and important parts in organizing the county, opening its roads, bridging its streams, locating and founding its cities and numerous villages, and building its mills and bringing in settlers, and helping and encouraging them under the work and di.scouragements attending the settlement of a new county — were Democrats, and were men of good, strong sense and of resolute nature, and such results were among the most natural things ; for brains and force together seldom fail to impress them- selves upon milder and more gentle material, and hence the settlers of a new country are always found following, in a certairv sense, the most forcible character which they find in their com- munities. In this way, we can easily account for the establishment of any peculiar social or political ideas in a community. The men elected from the county to the Constitutional Convention, which framed our present Constitution, were all Democrats, and were influential in that body of able men. Of those delegates, there remain Milo Jones, of the city of Fort Atkinson, and Theodore Prentiss, of the city of Watertown. Mr. Jones is a man of sturdy nature, and whether in business or politics, does nothing haltingly. Possessing great energy of character, and in the early times, in shaping the social and political situation, he justly exercised a wide and permanent iniluence. Mr Prentiss carried into that coiivention one of its most sagacious heads, a thoughtful and trained mind and pleasant and courteous manners. Mr. Vanderpoel was an apt and adroit man, and could acquit himself well in all places. Mr. Folts (now dead), of the town of Hebron, was wise, conservative, safe in counsel and useful in suggestion. To this list of Democratic names should be added those of many cotemporaries, in all the towns of the county, such as E. G. Darling, William Sanborn, Alonzo Wing, Capt. Robert Masters, Capt. E. D. Masters, of Jeffer- son, the Rogan brothers, Hon. William M. Dennis, Peter V. Brown, and many others, of Water- town; Hon. Austin Kellogg, and others, of Concord, and the Hon. W. W. Woodman, of Farraington — the very Achilles of the Jefferson County Democracy ; active, alert, persevering ; coming always fearlessly to the front, and having a voice in all things affecting the honor or interests of the county, whether it be to watch the taxation, fill a quota or rout the Republicans at the polls. These, with hundreds of others in all parts of the county, of whom we have not space to make personal mention, constituted the leadership of the Democratic party, and to those who know them, their success in the respects mentioned is no subject of wonder or surprise ; it (y IVATERTOWN HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 399 was only the work of their well-known broad and generous natures, their helpful and kindly sympathy with the poor early settlers. Another cause operating to make Jefferson County Democratic, proper to be mentioned here, was a tendency on the part of persons identified with the Whig party to sympatliy with the objects and aims of the Know Nothings. Not that any organization of the kind existed in the county, but the foreigners, who were rapidly filling up the country, strongly suspected the Whig party of illiberal tendencies, and that, whether well or ill founded, served to settle the question as to where our foreign-born citizens would ally themselves, and so, with rare excep- tions, they are attached to the Democratic party. The history of the early contests in the county between the Whig and Democratic parties shows that, at an early time, the former had able and sagacious leaders ; indeed, many of the early pioneers of the county were Whigs, and were men of great worth as citizens, notably the Cole brothers, in Watertown ; many of the settlers in the towns of Oakland and Lake Mills, and also in the towns of Koshkonong and Palmyra. The last battle under those names was fought in 1854, the Democrats carrying the county. In 1856, the young Republican party came into the field and made a good fight, but gained no permanent advantage, except that it found its leaders and learned that it could strike heavy blows. In 1858, the Democrats again carried the county. In 1860, the long struggle over the Nebraska Bill and the repeal of the Missouri Compromise gave great energy and vigor to the new party, and it carried the county by a fair majority, for the first time. In 1862, the Democrats recovered their lost ground, and again, in 1864, asserted their supremacy at the polls. In 1866, the Republican party made a vigorous campaign, worked with great energy and determination ; but failed, excepting that their candi- date for County Treasurer, Mr. Edmund Sweeney, of Watertown, was elected. The majorities of most of the Democratic candidates were run down very low. Mr. Sweeney was a very lib- eral and popular man, and outrun both his opponents and his friends, being justly held in high esteem by men of all parties. Since 1866, the Republicans have not made a strong effort to carry the county, but have mainly confined their efforts to breaking the Democratic ranks, here or there, where they have thought they discovered a weakness, but not with any success until 1878. The trouble so sure to attend great majorities has now fallen upon the great and once invincible Jefferson County Democracy. Bad faith among leaders, selfishness among candidates — of which a dominant party is always possessed of a surplus, and with whom the interests of the party are secondary in importance — have done their work, and the party lately so proud and strong presents a most humiliating spectacle of disorganization and helplessness. In 1878, the county elected a Repub- lican Senator, by a larger majority than was ever given to a Democrat ; elected Republicans in two of the Assembly districts which had been Democratic ; gave the Republican condidate for Congress a large majority; defeated the Democratic candidate for District Attorney, and reduced the majorities of all the candidates. So far as it went, the rout was complete. This is not the time or place to in((uire into the causes for such a defeat, but it is safe to say it sug- gests a necessity for reform in the methods oi' party management. The Republican party in the county is in the hands and control of an exceedingly able and sagacious body of men, and they promptly seize upon the mistakes of the majority and turn them to account ; and, however overwhelming a defeat may overtake them at the polls, they close up the ranks, scan closely the causes, and challenge the old enemy anew. The officials of the General Government, in the county, are fit and competent men, next to the consideration of which the most common purpose of their appointment is utility and willingness to work for the party. The effectiveness of such work is most clearly pointed out in the results of the late election (1879). While the Democratic candidate for Governor carries the county by a reduced majority, the candidate on the ticket with him for County Superintendent of Schools is defeated, and the candidate for Clerk of the Circuit Court barely escapes defeat. These are the only county candidates running at this election. A Republican is elected by a large majority in the First Assembly District, which is usually Democratic by 600 majority ; and a Republican is F 400 HISTOPY OF .JEFFERSON COUNTY. also elected in the Second District by an estimated majority of over 400, which usually gives 125 Democratic majority. It has been said by eminent political philosophers that it is impossible for a political party to correct abuses and reform itself while it holds power in its hands. It remains to be seen whether the Democratic party in the county, as well as in the State and nation, can perfect and accomplish internal reforms in itself while out of power and smarting under most inglorious defeat. WATERTOWN. Fortunately for posterity, Timothy Johnson, the first white settler in what is now the city of Watertown, has left us a sketch which will shine in these pages as a jeweled monument to his memory until age and the fingers of unborn generations shall have faded and worn them beyond man's power of transcription. Already the documents handed down to us by this earliest of early pioneers begin to show signs of decay and emit the musty odor of age. Who, could they behold them, would say that the advent of the compiler is untimely, or that the preservation of these historical fragments is not a commendable deed for a worthy object? Let us hope that some future historian will perpetuate the memory of Timothy Johnson and his companions of 18.36—37, by collating this record with the spirit of duty and pride which should animate the breast of every student of research. Luther A. Cole, one of the very few early settlers of Watertown now living, came from Milwaukee to what was then Johnson's Rapids (now Watertown), in 1836, arriving in cumpany with Reeve Griswold (who now lives a short distance .south of Watertown), Philander Baldwin and Amasa Hyland. Mr. Cole was born in West Charleston, Orleans Co., Vt., November 1, 1812. He says that previous to 1836, very little or nothing was reliably known of the spot where the city of Watertown now stands. It is reported that a Frenchman had established a trading-post on the west side of Rock River, in what is now the Third Ward, on a rise of ground where Timothy Johnson built the first dwelling-house ever erected by an American within the present limits of the city. Near the Frenchman's deserted and decaying cabin, was an Indian burying-ground, containing several graves. At the head of one of them stood a rude wooden cross, which tradition says was the last resting-place of the solitary trader, who had been murdered by the Indians in a fierce impulse of passion, to avenge some real or fancied injury, or to get an opportunity to plunder his stock. It is well known that Indians sometimes pav their debts in that way, and at the same time supply their wants. Who the trader was, where he came from, how long he had been here, what acts aroused the fatal resentment of his savage neighbors, are inquiries so deeply involved in mystery that they can never be answered. When Mr. Cole came to Johnson's Rapids, he found the west side of the river occupied by Winnebago Indians, and the east side in the possession of Pottawatomies. Scattered about here and there, were several acres of cleared land which had been cultivated as cornfields by the Indians, and the old hills, where the corn had been planted, he says, were plainly visible. They were strongly attached to this region ; it had long been tlieir home, and here were the graves of their ancestors. They surrendered it with regret and left it unwillingly. It is related that in the summer of 1833, a detachment of soldiers, commanded by Gen. Henry Dodge, crossed the river a few rods north of Main street bridge, in pursuit of that cele- brated war chief. Black Hawk. Evidence of this was found in the form of an old, broken-down Government wagon which had been abandoned by the troops, half a mile east of the river. The red men of the forest, who dwelt in this beautiful valley before the advent of civilization, have, many of them, gone to " the happy hunting-grounds." A few of them still linger about the scenes of their youth and gaze, seemingly, with regretful eyes upon grand structures standing upon the ground once warmed by the ashes of their campfires. HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 401 TIMOTHY JOHNSON. A few of the incidents connected with the experience of Timothy Johnson, before he settled on the site of Watertown, are identical with the subject of this chapter. Mr. Johnson, not long before his death, wrote a narrative of his experience here, from which the subjoined facts are taken. He was a native of Middletown, Conn., born June 28, 1792. After traveling over and living in many parts of the South and East, he found himself, in the fall of 1835, in the village of Racine, at that'time composed of but a few shanties. In January, 1836, undeterred by the severity of winter storms, he continued his march westward, striking the Rock River Valley in the vicinity of Wisconsin City, a "paper village" with one inhabitant, the site of which is now embraced within the limits of Janesville. Going to Rockford, 111., for a supply of provisions, he returned to Wisconsin City, and, in February, renewed his journey, following the course of the river northward. Stopping about two miles below the present site of Jefferson, Johnson erected a small log shanty. He occupied his time by clearing a small spot of ground, and in making short excursions about the country. During one of these exploring expeditions, he discovered what was soon afterward known as Johnson's Rapids (now Watertown). The banks of the river at this point were fringed with a beautiful growth of red cedars, the background being thickly wooded, on the west side with stately oaks and on the east with a forest of maples, elms and ash. The eastern half of the stream was covered with a sheet of glistening ice, and, felling a tree across the unfrozen current, the solitary adventurer crossed over the rippling waters and returned to his shanty. While on this expedition, Johnson was robbed of the provisions he carried with him by a band of red-skins, and was without food forty-eight hours. Johnson visited " the Rapids " again within a few weeks, and staked out a '' claim " of about one thousand acres, whereon the principal portion of W^atertown now stands. In June, 1836, he made a trip to Milwaukee, where he purchased a fresh supply of pi'ovisions, a yoke of oxen and a wagon. He returned to his shanty on Rock River by way of Fort Atkinson, bring- ing with him Philander Baldwin, Reeve Griswold and Charles Seaton. During the summer, thev cut a road from Johnson's shanty up the east side of the river to " the Rapids," and soon afterward built a log cabin on the west side of the river, below the railroad junction, on the site now occupied by Mr. Carlin's residence. Seaton, Griswold and Baldwin were permitted by Mr. Johnson to make claims within his thousand-acre plat, and temporary cabins were erected thereon. In the f:vll, Johnson sent word to his family in Ohio to meet him in Milwaukee, and, about the time he calculated they would reach that point, he took his departure from "the Rapids," on horse- back, for the purpose of joining them, following the Indian trails through Ixonia, Oconomowoc and Summit to Prairieville (now Waukesha). WHiile crossing the river, Mr. Johnson was thrown from his horse, receiving a thorough wetting and rendering useless his fire-matches. Being with- out a supply of " fire-water," he passed a cold and disagreeable night beside a fallen tree near the junction of the Twin Lakes. A DIFFICULT VOYAGE. On reaching Milwaukee, he found his family awaiting him. Procuring their conveyance to the upper lake on the Oconomowoc, Mr. Johnson, on his Indian pony, returned to that point by a less circuitous route than the one to be traveled by his family. Arriving there on "sched- ule time," he met, as per previous arrangement. Reeve Griswold and Richard Miller, the hitter having in the mean time joined the settlers at "the Rapids." Here the trio, armed with the necessary edged tools, dug three poplar canoes, each being thirty-one feet in length. A cedar raft was then constructed capable of carrying several tons, and the primitive fleet was launched and then lashed together. With this catamaran Mr. Johnson anticipated but little trouble ut floating his household goods down the Oconomowoc and Rock Rivers to "the Rapids." But the voyiige proved to be anything but a pleasant one. Passing out of the lake, they found the 402 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. water quite shallow, and some days they did not travel to exceed eighty rods. After five days of tribulation, the party reached what is now the village of Oconomowoc, at the head of the lower lake. The next morning the lake was covered with ice, and further progress was impos- sible. Abandoning the project of reaching their destination by water, Johnson and Miller set out to procure a team with which to complete the journey. Retaining to the spot where his family was temporarily encamped, Mr. Johnson filled his wagon with the most necessary articles comprising the cargo of his peculiar craft, including his wife and children, and started for "the Rapids." At the crossing of a stream, afterward known as Battletown Creek, about three miles from the lake, it was found necessary to build a bridge in order to get the wagon and team over. The weather was intensely cold, and a temporary cabin was constructed to shelter the party while the work of bridging was going on. During his stay at this point, Johnson had "a slight unpleasantness" with a man in his employ named Gardner, which ended in an old-fashioned fisticuff", in which Gardner was defeated. The next morning. Reeve Griswold wrote with a piece of red chalk, across the face of a fresh-cut stump, the word '• Battletown." From this incident Battletown Creek took its name. The bridge finished and the stream crossed, it was found necessary to cut a road through the woods the remaining thirteen miles to "the Rapids," and on the 10th of December, 1836, three weeks and three days from the time the poplar canoes and cedar raft were launched, the party reached their final destination. These are but a few of the incidents attending the first settlement of Watertown, about all of which there is any record from the pen of Timothy Johnson. Thus they are born again to live, let us hope, for all time to come. LUTHER A. COLE. A few years ago, Luther A. Cole wrote a sketch upon the subject of his experience in Wis- consin. He premised his remarks by saying he left his home in Vermont at the age of twenty- two, and landed at Detroit in 1834. From there he went to Grand Haven, where, in company with Philander Baldwin and Elisha M. Osborn, he went to Chicago. From that village the trio started on foot for Milwaukee, following the Indian trails most of the way, and arriving there May 10, 1836. "I worked," says Mr. Cole, "at the carpenter and joiner business until December, with the exception of about two months, which I devoted exclusively to the ague. Taking my blanket and provisions upon my shoulder, I started for Johnson's Rapids, passing over the road which bad been cut out by Mr. Johnson a few weeks previous. Amasa flyland accompanied me. A few months before, I had, through the agency of a friend, made two claims at the Rapids, one covering the farm now owned by John W. Cole, and the other the farm now owned by heirs of Benjamin J. Morey. In January following, I purchased, at Milwaukee, three barrels of flour and three of pork. I paid $20 a barrel for the flour and §40 a barrel for the pork. Building a cabin in company with Mr. Hyland and my brother, John W., we commenced keeping what we called 'bachelors' distress.' The peculiar luxury of this method of living can only be appre- ciated by those who have enjoyed it. We made it a point not to wash our dishes until we could count the mice tracks upon them. " The season of 1837, I worked on the saw-mill and dam of Charles F. H. Goodhue & Son. From that time until the fall of 1839, I was occupied mainly at lumbering and farming. In November of that year, Mr. Hyland, J. A. Chadwick, David Griffith, William P. Owen, William Stanton, Jr., Brice Hall, John Dimmick and myself went to Arkansas for the purpose of spend- inc the wintei- in chopping steamboat wood. We floated down Rock River in a skifl", and were eight days reaching the Mississippi. We remained in Arkansiis until the following spring, each of us making a clever-sized 'pile,' when we returned to Watertown. "In 1841, my brother John W. and myself erected the building on the corner of Main and Second streets, and opened the first store in Watertown. The next year, Mr. Bailey and myself HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 403 purchased of Selvay Kidder (he having previously purchased of the Goodhues) 750 acres of land )n the east side of the river, included in the present site of the city, with the mill and water- aower. We were to pay 1,000,000 feet of lumber, to be delivered at Beloit within seven years. We associated with us, the next year, Linus R. Cady and my brother, Ebenezer W., and in ;hree years and a half from the date of the purchase we made the last payment. * * * * u jjj ^}jg gpj-ing of 1838, provisions and money were scarce. We had but ittle pork in the settlement, and subsisted mainly upon fresh fish, with which Rock River ibounded. Our flour having failed us, at one time we were nearly a week without bread. " The Winnebago Indians committed many petty thefts for some time after Watertown was irst settled. One of them having stolen a watch from Mr. Griswold, a pair of mittens of Peter V. Brown, and a quantity of tobacco from me, we thought it best to make an example of him. Forming a ring and stripping him of his blanket, Griswold and I took turns in applying the ash to his back. But we tempered justice with mercy; no blood was drawn. The expedient BTorked like a charm. After that, Indian thefts were hardly known in the settlement." A MILD REVENGE. Timothy Johnson has also left some sketches regarding the unpleasant features of having^ [ndian neighbors. "In January, 1837," he says, "I bought a load of provisions at Milwaukee. 3ne barrel of flour I could not get into my shanty, and I left it, for the night, outside the door. [n the morning, it was gone, as was also a bed-cord I had used to bind the load. I could easily letermine, from the tracks in the snow, that the thieves were Indians. I followed them nearly the present village of Lowell, but, not overtaking them, gave up the chase. About two years ifterward, I ascertained the name of the mover in the theft. He said that he and his company ashed two poles together with the bed-cord, and, fastening them to the pack-saddles of two jonies, placed the flour upon them. The reason he assigned for the theft was that, while I was n Milwaukee after my provisions, he had sold a pony to my son for five gallons of whisky, vhich, he said, he found to have been watered. He maintained that the flour would no more ;han make good the supposed cheat. AN UNEQUAL STRUGGLE. " In the spring of 1837, six drunken Indians and their squaws came to my log house and isked for whisky, saying, in their native language, that they were 'whisky hungry.' I refused o let them have any. This exasperated them, and one of their number, catching up an ax, limed a blow at my head ; but I warded it off, and, jerking the ax from him, threw it at some •ods distant. I then seized a pitchfork, and, striking him over the head, felled him to the jround. Drawing to strike again, the instrument was caught by the remaining five Indians, md neither party was able to wrench it from the other. Letting go with my right hand, I used ny fist upon the red-skins, and, knocking them all down, rushed into the house and bolted the loor. One of them got the ax, and, approaching the door, gave it a blow, the mark of which s visible to this day. I told him I would assuredly shoot him if he broke in the door. A con- lultation took place between them, and, picking up the Indian whom I had first struck, they leparted, encamping for the night near the present residence of William M. Dennis. Early he next morning, the father of the wounded Indian visited me, and said he wanted some whisky vith which to wash his papoose's head, as he was ' much hurt.' I told him he could not have he whisky, but that I would go up and see the fellow. I did so, and found the camp thirty itrong. I examined his skull, but found it was not broken, although it had been laid bare by he blow from the pitchfork. I assisted in dressing the wound, and then left. Had not the 'ather of the young man voluntarily proclaimed that he was 'a bad papoose,' the affair might lave been attended with serious consequences ; as it was, I heard no more of it." 401 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. AN ANCIENT MARINER. Capt. James Rogan is one of the few who still live to relate the circumstances of Water- town's first settlement. The Captain is now seventy-eight years of age. He converses upon the subject of pioneer days in Wisconsin in the manner of one in the possession of a good memory, and is gifted with the faculty of depicting the early events with wonderful detail, and coloring them with that happy Munchausen hue so faithfully employed by writers of the modern daily press. He acquired the title of Captain through being the commander of a schooner which plowed the treacherous waters of Lake Michigan, and belongs to that army of ''old salts" whose weather-eye is ever on the alert for Fortune Harbor. In 1835-36, the Captain made several trips in his vessel from Cleveland, to Milwaukee, and in the latter year he abandoned the mission of a mariner when in port at the latter village, establishing himself there in the general merchandise business. In the summer of 1836, Charles Seaton, who, as already related, came to the present site of Watertown with Timothy Johnson and Reeve Griswold, and located a claim, returned to Milwaukee, where he met Capt. Rogan. The .beauties of Rock River Valley were narrated by Seaton with such eloquent effect that the Captain concluded to cast his lot in that direction. Exchanging his schooner, which rode at anchor in the lake, for Seaton's land claim, he made preparations to remove, with his family, to the spot predestined to be their home for many years. In January, 1837, the Captain came to the Rapids, made a claim on the west side of the river, built a house thereon, and returned to Milwaukee for his family and friends. The party consisted of Capt. Regan, his wife and two daughters (the eldest of whom after- ward became the wife of Dr. Cody), Peter Rogan and Ezra Dolliver. They arrived at Johnson's Rapids on the 2d of March, 1837, and camped on the west side of the river. Their first work was the construction of a double log house on the site now occcupied by Woodard & Stone's bakery. The Captain's shanty at once became the headquarters of all new arrivals, and was for some time regarded as "the leading hotel at Johnson's Rapids." Gov. Ludington and his uncle, Harvey Burchard, and John Hustis. are among those who have roasted Irish potatoes (the Captain's native fruit) in the hospitable fireplace of the Hotel de Rogan . " Potatoes cost me twenty shillings a bushel in Chicago," says the Captain, "and four shil- lings a bushel to bring them here from Milwaukee ; but I consider them cheap even at that price, when I think of the good solid comfort we had baking them in the ashes and eating them with tlie jackets on. When I came here," continued the Captain, after a solemn pause, " there were over four hundred Winnebago Indians camped within half a mile of the place whereon I built my shanty. But they were the best neighbors I ever had. I brought with me from Milwaukee a large supply of that indispensable concomitant which figures so largely in the complete commissariat of every frontiersman. It was of a good quality, too, and when I sold or traded it to the Indians I refrained from the reprehensible practice of diluting it with water — a practice which, I am sorry to say, is a prevailing one among dealers of the present day. The Indians all liked me and my whisky ; and even now the remnants of their race still living in this vicinity, when they visit Watertown, come to my house, and they never go away thirsty. * * * * This was the prettiest valley I ever saw — standing boldly out in its native grandeur ; grand groves of oaks and elms and maples and basswood; the banks of the river on either side fringed with red cedars, resembling hedge fences. Within the forest abounded herds of deer. I have seen at one time over one hundred of these animals gamboling over the very spot where St. Bernard's Church now stands." The Captain also relates the following "fish story:" "The waters of Rock River were alive with fish. When the first dam was built the stream below it was left very shallow, and it was a favorite place for teamsters to cross from one side of the river to the other. If you'll believe me, the fish were so thick that hundreds of them were killed by the feet of the teams, while others would be thrown into the air by the spokes of the revolving wheels." HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 405 THE FIRST DEATH AND THE FIRST BIRTH. It is to be regretted that the first death of a white person in Watertown was the result of intemperance. Far better had it been a tragedy — if tragedy it must be — of a bloodier nature. The victim was Thomas Bas3. He was burned to death in January, 1837, in a cabin which stood near the old site of Virgil D. Green's wagon-shop. Bass and two or three others had passed the afternoon and evening by drinking and carousing. Their debauch was prolon;;ed far into the night, and the next morning Bass was found near the fire a corpse, one arm being nearly burned ofl', and other parts of his body badly charred. A coffin from hewn pieces of basswood was prepared, and the remains were interred not far from the site of the old school- house. William Brayton, of Aztalan, recited a prayer on the occasion of the funeral. Rumors having been circulated that violence was the prime cause of the horrible affair, the Coroner of Milwaukee was sent for, the remains disinterred and an inquest held. As a result of the inquest, two men, who were with Bass on that tragic night, were arrested and taken to Milwau- kee for trial, but they were acquitted. There is a diversity of opinion as to who was the first white child born in Watertown. Capt. James Rogan states, with characteristic positiveness, that to Alzenia Johnson, daughter of Timothy Johnson, and who is now believed to be residing in Florida, belongs the honor. The Captain says his wife was present when the infant Alzenia came into the world, and he gives as the date of the event, June, 1837. By others it is asserted that a daughter of Isaac Hammerson, now believed to be living in Eau Claire, was the first white child who saw the light of day in this portion of Rock River Valley. Mr. Luther Cole states that Alzenia Johnson was two years old when the family came from Milwaukee, and that her father carried her over the mud-holes upon his back. THE FIRST DEED. Capt. James Rogan claims to hold the first deed to any land within the present limits of the city of Watertown ever conveyed to any person. He says it was given to him by John Hall, of Michigan, who accompanied a Government Surveyor named Brink on a surveying exjiedition operating in the Rock River Valley in 1885. The Captain says it is dated July 9, 1833. The land covered by the deed was the northwest quarter of Section 32, Town 9, Range 15. The second deed to the property was received for I'ecord August 26, 1836, at 11 A. M., by Cyrus Hawley, Deputy Register of Milwaukee County, and was made between Charles Sea- ton, of Milwaukee, of the first part, and James Rogan, of the same place, of the second part. The consideration was $1, and "this indenture assigns forever, all one equal undivided sixth part of six claims on Rock River, made by Messrs. Johnson, Griswold, Orr, Tucker, T. Holmes and Seaton." GROWTH OF WATERTOWN. In 1868, at the request of the editor of the Democrat, Luther A. Cole furnished a sketch for publication in that journal, which contained some valuable information relative to the pro- gress of Watertown. "In the latter part of 1836," says Mr. Cole, "Charles F. H. Goodhue and George J. Goodhue came up Rock River from Beloit and purchased the claims of Timothy Johnson and others, on the east side of the river. During that fall and winter, and the spring of 1837, ten or twelve log houses, or cabins, as they were called, were hastily put up and roofed with shakes, there being no lumber or shingles here then. In the spring of 1837, the soil was broken and the first seed put into the earth. Small quantities of corn, potatoes and beans were raised and harvested, but most of our breadstufis had to be brought from Milwaukee, through a dense and unbroken wilderness, at a great cost of time, trouble and labor, to say nothing of the iiigh price that was originally paid for theni, flour being worth $25 per barrel. In the spring of 1837, James Rogan and two or three other families came here, in addition to Mr. Johnson's family. 406 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. In May of that year, George J. Goodhue came here with his millwrights, built a double saw- mill and put a dam across Rock River — the first ever built on that stream, either in Wisconsin or Illinois. The mill was ready for sawing and began to turn out lumber in December follow- ing. At that time, the inhabitants here numbered about seventy persons." FIRST SETTLERS. Mr. Cole then proceeds to give from memory, a list of those who had come to Johnson's Rapids for the purpose of settling, to December, 18-37: Timothy Johnson (dead) and family; William H. Acker, dead ; Ezra Abell, whereabouts unknown ; Peter V. Brown, Watertown ; Joel Boughton, dead ; Edmund S. Bailey, Minnesota ; Philander Baldwin, dead ; Lawrence Beaulieu. dead; Victor Beaulieu, Concord, Jefferson County ; Louis Beaudrie, unknown ; Thomas Bass, dead ; Luther A. Cole, Watertown ; John W. Cole, Watertown ; John A. Chadwick, Watertown ; Cyrus Cummings, Vermont ; Ambrose Comstock, dead ; Dr. Colbough, Canada ; William M. Dennis, Watertown; Peter De Coursey, Minnesota; Ezra Dolliver, dead; Patrick Durfey, dead ; George J. Goodhue, Iowa ; John B. Geaundern, dead ; William T. Goodhue, dead: Charles F. H. Goodhue, dead; John C. Gilman, dead; Reeve Griswold, Watertown; Manonah Griffin, dead; Stephen Gray, Manitowoc; Darius Healey, dead; Amasa Hyland, dead ; Isaac Hammerson, Eau Claire ; Dudley Little. Chicago ; Richard Miller, dead ; William Maitland, dead ; Benjamin F. Morey, dead ; Silas W. Newcomb, Ohio ; Stephen Peck, dead ; Louis Paupaux, unknown ; James Rogan, Watertown ; Peter Rogan, California ; Patrick Rogan, Watertown ; Volney Raymond, South ; John Richards, dead ; Charles Seaton, dead ; William Stanton, dead ; Mr. Sumpter, South ; Benjamin Severns, dead ; Samuel B. Vinton, Waterloo, Iowa; Nelson Waterman, Camp Douglas, Wis.; Clark Waterman, dead; Jacob Wedeman, dead, and Vivalda Wood, Ohio. Mr. Cole's sketch concludes as follows : " The roads were very bad and frequently impass- able. In the month of July, 1837, a company of fifteen men went out east toward Milwaukee, and spent two weeks in the woods in constructing bridges and causeways, so that teams could pass with wagons. At this day, some people think they sufier in coming here over the railroads now running in every direction; a slight touch of pioneer experience would show them the dif- ference between traveling then and now. Our city did not improve very rapidly for some years; most of the lumber manufactured here being taken in rafts down the river to Janesville, Beloit and Rockford. In 1841, James Rogan erected another saw-mill on the west side of the river. In the fall of 1842, the property on the east side of the river was purchased by Cole, Bailey k Co., who. during the following year, erected what was long known as the old yellow grist-mill. A part of the city was then laid out in blocks and lots, Milo Jones, of Fort Atkinson, being the surveyor. After that the village took a fresh start, and the surrounding country began to settle up with farmers. Brick blocks began to appear, and we have gone steadily forward until now [1868] our city numbers about 10,000 people, the German element predominating." In the spring of 1853, the date of Watertown's incorporation as a city, the place contained 4,000 inhabitants. There were six dry-goods, eleven grocery, two drug and three hardware stores ; fifteen taverns (and saloons), two bakeries, three meat markets, two livery stables, one tobacconist's factory, seven blacksmith, six wagon, two joiner, two jewelry, four tin, six cabinet, one chair, one machine and five shoe shops ; one fork and hoe, one plow, one door and sash and one saleratus factory ; three flouring and four saw mills ; one fanning-mill and two harness- maker's shops, two bookstores, two barber-shops, one gunsmith, one tannery, one furnace, one pottery, one oil-mill, one carding machine, one rake and cradle factory, one woolen and yarn factory, two printing offices, six schoolhouses, two select schools and one bank. The census of 1855 shows the population of Watertown to have been 8,512, an increase of 7,000 in ten years. In point of population it was the second city in the State. In 1856, the city of Watertown, among other institutions, contained twelve schools, nine churches, twentv-eieht dry-goods, twenty-four grocery, nine hardware, four drug, six clothing, HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COlfNTY. 40T six boot and shoe and three fancy stores ; ten hotels and two banks, five livery stables, five meat markets, four millinery establishments, four bookstores, four printing offices, one foundry, nine saw-mills, three flouring-mills, one woolen factory, ten carriage-shops, twenty-nine blacksmith- shops, nine cooper-shops, three bakers, seven lumber-yards, seven brickyards and fifteen warehouses. The growth of the city since that time has been of the most permanent character. Schools and churches have increased in number and importance. Manufacturing establishments have been enlarged to meet the demands of the populous territory which invariably and necessarily surrounds a prosperous city. Three railway lines form a junction within the limits of Water- town, affording a convenient outlet for the abundance of breadstuffs and other necessaries of life, the fruits of fertile fields and industrious hands. But it is impossible to do justice to the insti- tutions of Watertown by referring to them in a general way. Each interest must be treated individually and specifically in order to show its importance. SCHOOLS. To that greatest of the great companions of civilization, the public school, Watertown is chiefly indebted for its prosperity. To the same agency it owes its present importance, and upon the development or hampering of that agency must surely depend its future advancement or decay. Thirty-five years ago, the settlers of Watertown saw the necessity for adopting measures afl^ording educational opportunities to their children. Their own experience had taught them the value of even the most meager knowledge of books obtainable in the common school, and they were not slow to determine that their posterity should have at least the same advan- tages. To this end we find in the first " Records of School District No. 1, of Watertown," the following : At the annual meeting of the legal voters of School District No. 1, held at A. Hoffman's shop, in Watertown, on the first Monday of October, A. D. 1844, Timothy Johnson was appointed Moderator. The District Clerk being absent. Jacob J. Enos was appointed C\erk pro tern. The following named persons were then chosen officers for the ensuing year: John C. Oilman, Michael Murphy and Haven M. Morrison, Trustees; John Gibb, Collector; Jacob J. Enos. Clerk. On motion of P. Rogan, it was resolved that the year be divided into two terms, called the winter and summer terms, and that two-thirds of the public moneys be applied to the winter term and one-third to the sum- mer term. On motion, the meeting adjourned sine die. Jacob J. Enos, CUrk. At a similar meeting held April 28, 1845, it was resolved that " the trustees hire a male teacher for five months, and, if they deem it expedient, that they employ an assistant female teacher." In October, of the same year, it was decided " to move the schoolhouse on to Lot No. 4, in Block No. 32, provided it be moved by Cole, Bailey & Co., at their own expense, and provided further, that the said Cole, Bailey & Co. give the district as good title to said No. 4 as it has to the one on which the schoolhouse now stands." It was also resolved at this meeting "that $80 be raised by tax for the purpose of hiring a schoolroom the coming winter." At the annual meeting held in October, 1846, it was " resolved that the Trustees be empow- ered to sell stove and pipe, the proceeds to go into the contingent fund." The struggles of these early pioneers to establish educational facilities for their children were not without avail. As the population of Watertown increased, in the same measure did a substantial school system become necessary. The log schoolhouse, with its puncheon floor, was ibandoned for the more commodious and genteel frame or brick, with seats of surfaced lumber md soft pine backs, on which the " a-b, ab " student might test the edge of his first jack-knife. Instead of Trustee, the more exalted title of " Director " was written, and finally Superintendent jf Schools became a necessary office, as the following will show : Watebtown, December 19, 1849. To Heber Smith : The office of District Treasurer, in School District No 1, in the town of Watertown, having jecome vacant, and the District Board [Directors] of said district having failed to fill the same within ten days, you ire hereby appointed to fill said vacancy until the next annual meeting in said district. Melancthojj Hoyt, Tntcn Superinlendenl of School.i of said Town of Watertown. 408 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COLNTY. On the Ist day of April, 1850, William C. Fountain. Clerk of the Board, made the follow- ing report : '• To Rev. Melancthon Moyt, Superintendent, etc.: I hereby certify that the number of children between the ages of four and twenty years residing in School District No. 1 is as fol- lows : Male, 138 ; female, 166 ; total, 304. I also certify that school has been kept in said district by a qualified teacher for three months during the vear ending with the 31st of March, 1850." September 4, 1850, the Clerk of the Board reported that " school had been taught during that year by qualified teachers, eight and three-quarters months, as follows : By C. A. Abel, three months, at §28 per month ; by Mrs. Newcorab, three weeks, at §3.33 per week ; by H. P. Chamberlain, three months, at $28 per month, and by Miss Jane Burnham, two months, at $8 per month. Amount of money received from the Town Superintendent within the year, $174.46 ; amount raised by the district, §89.09. Applied to the payment of teachers' wages, §193 ; repairing schoolhouse and for fuel, §7.84 ; collecting school-tax, §4.45. Books used in schools : the Eclectic series of Readers, Ray's Arithmetic, Smith k Pruner's Grammar, Comstock's Nat- ural Philosophy, McGuffey's Spelling-Book." In July, 1850, School District No. 5, in the town of Emmett, Dodge County, was formed. Thus, a large portion of District No. 1 was cut off, causing a noticeable diminution in the num- ber of scholars in the latter district, while the expense remained quite as large, as is shown by the following report of Heber Smith, Board Clerk, dated September 26, 1853 : " Number of children in said district (No. 1) on August 31, 1853, under twenty years and over four years, 263 [against 304 in 1850]. Number of months a school has been taught, eight and a half, as follows : By A. Brooks and associate, six months, at an expense of $235 ; by E. Tompkinson, two and a half months, §78. Amount of moneys received from district tax, $199.35 ; amount delinquent, §48.13." Other districts were formed within the limits of No. 1, still further reducing its territory. This was made necessary by the rapid increase in population ; but, instead of a decrease in the number of pupils belonging to No. 1, the report of A. F. Cady, the Board Clerk, made Sep- tember 1, 1855, shows 426 in attendance during that year. The expense account of the district for the same period was §460.48. In March, 1856, the Legislature passed an act authorizing the organization of the schools of Watertown under the system known as the Union School System, and on the 12th of April, same year, the provisions of the law were carried out. Under this act, the schools of the city are controlled by a Board of Education, consisting of seven Commissioners, one from each ward, to which the Superintendent belongs as ex officio member, though not qualified to vote. The Commissioners are elected at the spring elections, for the term of two years, while the Superin- tendent is elected by the Board, whose meetings arc held on the first Wednesday of each month. The fir.st Board of Education elected under the new system was as follows: First Ward, L. R. Cady and Myron B. Williams ; Second Ward, Lawrence FribeVt and Heber Smith ; Third Ward, Samuel Ford and Peter Rogan ; Fourth Ward, James Cody and Patrick Rogan ; Fifth Ward, Jacob Baumann and William ISI. Dennis; Sixth Ward, John Ford and Fred Hermann. William M. Dennis was chosen President of the Board at its first meeting, held April 12, 1856, and C. B. Skinner was appointed Superintendent of Schools. One frame and three large brick buildings are now in use for the accommodation of those attending school under the Union system. Union School No. 1 contains all the grades, from the first High School to the lowest Primary grade. No. 2 commences with the first Grammar grade, and No. 3 (in Dodge County) with the first Intermediate grade. The First Ward School contains two primary grades. The edifice of Union School No. 1 is in the Second Ward, and was erected in 1863 ; No. 2 is in the Fourth Ward, and was built in 1867 ; No. 3, Sixth Ward, Was completed in 1871, and that in the First known as the First Ward School, in 1878. The cash value of the school property of Watertown is placed at §31,000. The number of children in the city August 31, 1878, over four and under twenty years of age, was 3,672 ; number in HISTORY OF JEFFERSOK COUNTY. 409 atte.'idance at the public schools, same date, 1,247 ; percentage of attendance on the enrollment, 83 ; number of teachers employed at that date, 20 ; average salaries paid male teachers, $866.6(j| per annum ; female teachers, $350 per annum. The present Board of Education consists of one Commissioner from each ward, as follows : First Ward, Eugene Wiggenhorn ; Second Ward, E. C. Gnebler; Third Ward, A. SoUiday ; Fourth Ward, E. Sweeney ; Fifth Ward, H. Wilber ; Sixth Ward, C. Reubhausen ; Seventh Ward, J. M. McGolrick. E. Sweeney is President of the Board, and Charles F. Ninman, City Superintendent of Schools and Clerk of the Board. At the last meeting of the Board, the fol- lowing teachers were appointed : Union School, No. 1 — Principal, Prof. W. E. Stroetzel ; High School Department, Miss Pauline Voss and John Moran ; Grammar, Miss Margaret Corbett and Miss Rose Bernhard ; Intermediate, Miss Electra Wilder, Miss Mary Lerabcke, Miss Maggie McMahon, Miss Ella Cohoe and Miss Ida Kopp. Union School, No. 2 — Principal and Teacher of Grammar, J. M. Turner ; Miss Minnie Voss, Assistant ; Intermediate, Miss Cora Bradbury, Miss Emma McMahon, Miss Emma Schochert, Miss Lizzie Davis and Miss Sarah McMahon. Union School, No. 3 — Principal and Teacher of Intermediate Department, W. D. Parker ; Primary, Miss Attila Stallraann and Miss Celia Bouton. First Ward Primary School — Principal, Miss Anna Norris ; Assistant, Miss Lizzie Price. The Northivestern University. — This institution was organized in 1864, by the Lutheran Synod of Wisconsin. A large brick structure was erected on the east side of the river, within the limits of the city of Watertown, at a cost of |!24,000, and was opened for the admission of students on the 1st of September, 1865, with Dr. Moldehnke as Principal, and Prof. Adam Martin as Assistant. There were but seven students who availed themselves of the advantages of the institution at the date of opening, but the number increased to forty before the end of the year. In 1867, a building was erected to afford boarding facilities for students. This was destroyed by fire on the 28th of December, 1874 ; loss, about $3,000. In the spring of 1875, a similar addition to the University was erected, at a cost of $16,000, being more commodious and better calculated to answer the purposes for which the original was intended. Prof. Martin was the first President of the University. He was chosen in 1866, and held the position for three years, being succeeded by the Rev. L. 0. Thompson. The latter retired in 1870, when the present incumbent, the Rev. August F. Ernst, was elected. The expense of an education at this institution is very slight when compared with the results which must accrue. The can- didate for admission as a student is required to pay $30 for tuition and $2.25 for incidentals. He can also obtain board in the University for $100 per annum. Those studying theology and intending to engage in the ministry are not required to pay for tuition. There are now in attendance about two hundred students. Of this number, about two-thirds are from diff'erent parts of Wisconsin, the others belonging, principally, to Minnesota. The expense of carrying on the institution, not covered by the moneys received for tuition, etc., is defrayed by the Synod. Tiiere are seven professors now employed, namely : Prof Ernst, teacher of Moral and Mental Philosophy; Prof. William A. Notz, Greek; Prof Andrew W. Easterday, Mathematics; Prof. Andrew Peller, Assistant in various departments, and, at present, occupying the Latin Chair; Prof Oscar W. Easterday, Assistant in Natural Sciences ; Prof Thomas Snyder, Teacher of English. The school term begins the first Wednesday in September, and ends the last Tuesday in June. College of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart. — This institution is situated in the western limits of the city, and is one of the first objects to attract the attention of the traveler as he alights from the coaches of the Chicago & Northwestern road. Its history as given in the Milwaukee Catholic Citizen is as follows : In acquiescence to the formal invitation of his Grace, the Right Rev. Archbishop of Milwaukee, the Fathers of the Congregation of the Holy Cross took charge of St. Bernard's Parish. Rev. P. P. Cooney, C. S. C, was appointed Pastor by the Very Rev. A. Granger, Provincial at Notre Dame, Indiana. But the zeal of the Rev. 410 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. Fathers did not limit itself to the spiritual wants of the parish, and consequently they conceived the grand idea of establishing a college adapted to tlie wants of all. For tliis purpose they solicited and obtained from the Right Rev. Archbishop a beautiful tract of land to the west of the city, and erected thereon a splendid mansion surrounded by delightful and picturesque ground. In the beginning of September, 1872, it was opened for the reception of students under the administration of the Rev. W. Corby, C. S. C, who had held the position of Pro- vincial and Superior at Notre Dame, Indiana, and President of that University. The young institution could not fail in being a success. So great was the number of students who flocked thither, the capacity of the building was inadequate to their accommodation. Hence, in the spring of 1873, President Corby set about erecting a commodious college, in order to have it ready for the first session, commencing the following September. This undertaking was carried on with such energy, that the institution was completed, chartered by an act of the Legislature, granted university privileges, and prepared for the reception of pupils in September, 1873. Some of the ablest men in the Congregation of the Holy Cross were appointed as officers and professors in it. Rev. P. J. Colovin, C. S. C, was Director of Studies, and Professor of Moral and Mental Philosophy and Classics. The Rev. Mr. Colovin being called to the Presi- dency of Notre Dame, he was succeeded in turn by the Rev. Fathers Brown, Franciscus, O'Connell and Carroll, the latter of whom had acquitted liimself in a most able manner as Pro- fessor of Classics and Higher Mathematics in 1876-77. Bro. Marcellinus, C. S. C, the present efficient Superior of the Academy at La Salle, 111., creditably acquitted himself as Professor of Book-keeping and Commercial Law, from 1872 to 1878. Bro. Gabriel, C. S. C, who now directs the Cathedral School at Milwaukee, managed the financial affairs of the college. In 1876, Rev. P. W. Condon, C. S. C, for several years Provincial and Superior of the South, was appointed President of the College. More recently the Rev. Mr. Colovin became Presi- dent of the institution, and still holds that position. The Sisters of tlie Holy Cross have charge of the domestic department. The institution is in a flourishing condition. Connected with the Evangelical Lutheran Church are two parochial schools — one being sit- uated in the country, but the principal one is in Watertown, located directly opposite the church building on Jones street. In the latter, there are three classes, comprising about two hundred scholars. Both German and English are taught. The schoolhouse was built in 1864, and is of brick, two stories high. The children of parents belonging to the congregation are admitted at the rate of " two shillings " per month each. If there are more than two of the same family, the third and fourth are admitted free. Double rates are charged for children not of the Church. The German Lutheran (St. John's) Society also supports two schools, one being in the country and the other situated in the Sixth Ward in Watertown. The latter was established twenty-four years ago, and now has over one hundred and ninety scholars. The teachers are F. W. Fuerslenan, First Class, and F. H. Meyer, Second Class. Soon after the organization of the Moravian Church Society, a school was established by them, but under the influence of the public-school system, the institution suspended. Each of the Catholic congregations in Watertown supports a parochial school. The old frame building, wherein St. Henry's (German) Society first worshiped, is now occupied as a schoolhouse by four Sister teachers who have presided over classes of Catholic children for the past twenty years in Watertown. During the ministry of the Rev. Dr. Norris, of St. Bernard's, a parochial school was established, which now consists of about two hundred pupils. In 1861, A. S. Dantz opened a commercial college in Watertown Bank Block. It sur- vived but a short time. July 28, of the present year, Wilraot, Deming & Marsh, of the North- western Business College in Madison, opened a branch of their institution at the corner of West avenue and Water street. THE WATERTOWN PRESS. To the local newspapers — those engines of civilization, liberty and progress — the people of Watertown owe an everlasting debt of gratitude — a debt that can only be repaid by the most HISTOKY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 411 liberal patronage and the profoundest respect. While the power of the press cannot be denied, the effects of its correlative influence are so gradual and imperceptible as to be rarely appreciated. Philosophers have frequently acknowledged themselves unable to decide in their own minds which of these institutions — the school or the printing press — is the most essential to the well-being of mankind. It is quite certain that either would make slow progress without the aid of the other. True, the editor must have had the benefits of schooling to be able to set himself up as a public instructor througii the columns of his journal ; but the strength of this argument in favor of the superiority of the school is sadly weakened when we consider that the books from which he acquired sufficient knowledge to enable him to write even an intelligent account of the veriest dog-fight, were the fruit of the printing press. Horace Greeley, in a lecture before a Piiiladel- phia audience, a few years before his death, said this was a question which resolved itself into an endless number of unanswerable arguments. So convinced was he that the school and the press were of parallel usefulness, he would not advocate the suspension of either in order to test the merits of the other. He believed they were identical, both the handiwork of the Great Designer. To A. Hadley belongs the honor of being the pioneer printer of Watertown. D. W. Ballou, Jr., founder of the Watertown Democrat, gives the following interesting account of his first nieeting with Mr. Hadley : " While setting type at the case in the office of the Niagara Democrat, in Lockport, N. Y., in the early part of April, 1846, my attention was arrested by the appearance of a tall, serious- looking gentleman, who approached me, and in a very deliberate tone of voice inquired if the proprietor was present. I replied by pointing out to him Mr. Orasmus Turner, the editor of the paper, who was sitting at a table on the opposite side of the room, and engaged in writing. After exchanging the courtesies usual at the meeting of persons wholly unacquainted with each other, the stranger, in a manner at once brief and direct, made known his business by remark- ing that he had seen an advertisement in the Democrat o^evmg two fonts of type for sale, and, if convenient, he would like to see them. His request was immediately complied with, and, after a few moments' examination, a bargain was closed, and the two lots of half-worn long primer and bourgeois were his. Taking off his coat, and calling for a composing-stick, he went at the work of putting his newly bought type in a condition to be safely packed and sent away ; nor did he stop, leave the office or allow anything to interrupt him for a moment until near sunset, when every letter had been taken care of, the last nail driven, and the boxes plainly and neatly marked, 'J. A. Hadley, Watertown, Wisconsin.'" Watcrtozvn Clironicle. — The history of this, the first newspaper ever published in Water- town, is better told in Mr. Hadley's own language : " My first visit to Wisconsin was in the summer of 1846. My object was threefold — first, to break away, for a brief season, from the drudgery attendant upon the foremanship of a daily morning paper; second, to visit some friends in this (then) Territory, and, third, to find a loca- tion for a paper. I returned without accomplishing the latter object. Early in October follow- ing, a copy of the Milwaukee Sentinel and Gazette fell into my hands, and, among the adver- tisements, I discovered the list of letters remaining in the post office at Watertown on the first day of that month. It was a list of goodly proportions, and directed my attention at once to this point. I immediately wrote to a friend here (Henry Shears), and expressed a willingness to add to the institutions of Watertown a weekly newspaper, provided the enterprise would, in his opinion, pay. He replied, and suggested to me that I open a correspondence with certain citizens here on the subject. I did so, and the result was, in April, 1847, I left Rochester, N. Y., with my family, and materials for a paper. I arrived here early in May. At that time, the village contained a population of perhaps 800 souls. It was certainly a rough-looking place, surrounded by dense forests, its plat newly cleared, its streets studded with stumps and, just then, knee-deep with mud, with not a rod of sidewalk in the town. * * * * I ^gll remember my wife's look of blank astonishment when I. commenced unboxing our household goods. She thought I was ' perfectly crazy ' to think I could obtain a living at the printing business in such a place. 412 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. * * * * "My press was an old Ramage, a style well enough known to the earlier disciples of Faust ; an uncouth wooden structure, requiring two pulls where one suffices on a common hand-press ; a slow, muscle-trying machine, that long since gave place to more modern inventions ; a relic of the past, and a curiosity to the craft of the present generation. I paid for this press $35. " My types were all second-hand, and were purchased at the different offices in Rochester and Lockport. My job type cost me 10 cents ptfr pound, that being the foundry price for old type metal. For some months, I had but two sizes of type for my paper — bourgeois and long primer. I paid 16 cents a pound for the former, and 17 for the latter. * * * * j j,mj but one font of new type; my cases were new, and for a long time appeared ashamed of their contents. * * * * Yov four years, my only imposing-stone was a plank, badly warped by the lye, and having an ugly crack near the center. My entire material inventoried at less than aiT.'^ ********** " When Sam Ryan called upon roe, a few weeks after my first number was issued, he could hardly restrain himself from laughing outright at my old traps, and was compelled to whistle, when not talking, to prevent himself from doing so. I felt mortified, and cast my eyes occasion- ally at my new cases, as much as to say, ' Brother Ryan, perhaps you havn't noticed these.' And when Charlie Robinson dropped in some months afterward, I elbowed him out of the office as soon as good manners would ])urmit. "The first number of the Chronicle was issued June 2-3, 1847. For the first six motiths, it was a five-column sheet, the printed matter on each page occupying a space of eleven and one- half by eighteen and three-fourths inches. * * * * jj became necessary for me to labor hard myself, and I did thus labor, always performing a regular day's work, either at the case or at press, and making my selections, writing my editorials and keeping my books when other people were asleep. * * * * Jn December, 1847, I purchased of Cramer k Curtis, of the Milwaukee Wineonsin, a fifty-dollar font of second-hand minion, spliced the bed and platten of my press and enlarged my paper to a six-column sheet. * * * * On the 5th of November, 1851, having purchased one of Hoe's excellent presses, and added about $100 worth of material to the news and jobbing departments, I enlarged to a seven-column sheet ; and, if that was not a proud day for me, I have never seen one. * * * * " My business proved a paying one. By hard work and close economy. I was able, in the course of about four years, to li(juidate all demands against me. But my health began to fail in the spring of 1852, and, with the exception of a few months the following fill and winter, continued poor, until I disposed of the Chronicle establishment in September, 1853. Minor & Skinner were my successors, they paying me $1,500 for the establishment and its good will. After that, the paper was subjected to frequent changes of proprietorship. Mr. Minor was connected with it about two years. The subsequent proprietors were Culiaton k Rose. Rose & Stevens, McBride ifc Stevens, Stevens k Brother and E. B. Quiner. The publication of the paper was finally suspended in the fall of 1857, and upon the same materials the Beaver Dam Democrat is now printed." Mr. Hadley has forgotten to mention the fact that while the Chronicle was in the hands oi Messrs. Culiaton k Rose the publication of a daily issue was begun. It made its appearance September 2, 1855, and was the first and only ilaily paper ever issued in Watertown. Mr. Hadley died September 24, ISCS. 'He was born a- Goifstown, N. H.. May 9. 1800, and had been identified with the press for forty years. Under his management, the Chronicle became prominent as one of the leading journals in the State. Mr. Hadley wrote for its columns the first article that ever appeared in favor of the construction of the Chicago & North-Western Railway. In 1850, he Wiis elected Clerk of the Court of Jefferson County. In 1853, he was the Whig candidate for Secretary of State ; twice nominated for State Senator ; for several years held the office of Police Justice in Watertown ; at one time Sergeantat-arms of the Senate ; afterward Printing Clerk in the Secretary of State's office, and finally Assessor of the First Reve- nue District. He was a man of untiring industry, and possessed a character above reproach, HISTOllY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 413 Rock River Pilot. — Established in 1847, by George Hyer. Judge William T. Butler soon became the proprietor of the Pilot, but it did not long survive. Democratic State Register. — A seven-column weekly paper, whose name indicated its poli- tics ; established by E. B. Quiner in 1850. " The Register," says Mr. Quiner, "enjoyed a lib- eral support in both Dodge and Jefferson Counties, and I continued its publication as a Demo- cratic sheet until that party passed under the control of ' Barstow and the balance,' when I deemed it my duty, as the conductor of a public press, to refuse to support a portion of its can- didates for State offices, * * * * j^j,j declared my independence of party control. Hence- forth the Register stood upon independent political ground, and so remained until I sold out my establishment, the materials passing into the hands of Chubbuck & Sanborn, who used it in the publication of the Central Wisconsin at Warsaw." The Register suspended publication in October, 1854. The German Press — The Anzeiger. — In the summer of 1853, D. Blumenfeld and John Kopp — the one foreman, and the other pressman in the office of the Milwaukee Banner, a Ger- man daily and weekly paper — encouraged by prominent German citizens of the then young and rising city of Watertown, removed thither, and brought the necessary material with them for the publication of a German paper, the Anzeiger, the first number of which was issued Septem- ber '21 of that year. It was Democratic in politics. Emil Rotlie, a young lawyer of Water- town, with some journalistic experience in the Fatherland, and at that time a contributor for some of the leading papers in Berlin, Breslau, etc., was its chief editor. He wrote in a style that soon made him favorably known among German publishers all over the United States. The initial number of i\\e Anzeiger contained the advertisements and cards of *Joseph Schubert, druggist ; J. S. Foote, attorney ; *Thoodore Bernhard, Notary Public ; H. Bertram & Co., shoe-dealers ; G. S. Schempf k, Brother, dry goods ; Peterson & Maldaner, dry goods and gen- eral merchandise ; *L. J. Fribert, dry goods ; *C. M. Ducusse, tavern keeper (Schweitzer House) ; *Ad. Beurhaus, saloon ; L. Stallman, grocery ; John Luber, grocer ; *John Becker, grocer ; John Keck, cabinet-maker ; William Buchheit, saloon and insurance ; *Joseph Fischer, dentist and land agent ; William T. Butler, County Judge and land agent ; M. B. Williams, Postmaster ; William Roeber, boots and shoes ; J. H. Koch, tailor ; Joseph Salick, watchmaker; Ambrosius Pernis, watchmaker ; *Martin Hopf, tanner; Chr. Schroeder, car- penter ; H. Boegel, Boegel's Hall ; *Jacob Baumann, ball alley ; G. Werlich, Secretary German School Association. In 1857, Mr. Rothe's editorial contributions becoming irregular, the proprietors accepted the offer of Carl Schuiz (now Secretary of the Interior), then a resident of Watertown, to take editorial charge of the paper, provided he would conduct it as an independent journal. When the first number of the Anzeiger appeared under the new management, its previous politics had undergone a wonderful change. It was, in fact, what would now be termed a "Stalwart" organ. Mr. Schurz was forthwith deposed, a former theologian, named Engelmann, succeeding him. Der Weltburger und Anzeiger. — In February, 1858, the Anzeiger was consolidated with Dcr Weltburger, a new Democratic German paper established by Erail Rothe in October of the previous year. The new journal bore the title of Der Weltburger und Anzeiger, Mr. Rothe becoming the responsible editor. In the fall of 1858, the paper suspended, and the old mate- rial was sold. Der Volkszeitung. — In September, 1857, Carl Schurz, Herman Von Lindermann and C. J. Palme established Der Volkszeitung. Mr. Lindermann, who was a literary gentleman, and a refugee after the German revolution of 1848, was the chief editor, and Mr. Palme his assist- ant. The Viilkszeitung was radically Republican. It suspended soon after the Presidential election in 1860. Messrs. Lindermann and Palme, when the war broke out, were appointed to positions in the State Quartermaster's department, at Madison. From there they went to St. Louis, where Mr. Lindermann was connected with the Westliche Post, which was afterward 414 HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COOfTY. under the editorial management of Carl Schurz. From there he went to St. Charles, Mo., and €dited a German Republican paper until his death, in 1872. Mr. Palme was in the United States Revenue Department in St. Louis ; was afterward chief editor of the Milwaukee Herold from 1869 to the summer of 1879, when he received the appointment, through his old friend, Carl Schurz, of Superintendent of the Government Paper Factory, at East Pepperell, Mass., where he died in September, at the age of si.\tj'-two years. Der Weltburger. — On the 1st day of January. 1859, new material having been purchased by Mr. Blumenfeld, the first number of Der Watertoicn Weltburger (new series) was issued, with Mr. Emil Rothe as chief editor. Mr. Rothe having retired in 1862. Mr. Blumenfeld assumed entire charge of Der Weltburger, which he has maintained to the present time, making it one of the best German weeklies in the Northwest. In 1864, Mr. Blumenfeld published a monthly literary magazine called the Westliche Monats-Schrift. A full volume of it appeared. 2.200 copies of it being printed, of which 1.100 copies were sold in Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, 100 in San Francisco, and 1,000 in St. Louis. The Gemeindeblatt, published by the German Lutheran Synod of Wisconsin and other States (first issued monthly, and afterward semi-monthly), was also printed, from the time of its beginning until it was removed to Milwaukee (over five years), in the ofiice of Der Welt- burger. In 1869, Mr. Rothe accepted the position of editor of the Cincinnati Volksfreund. Der Weltburger is an eight-column paper, published every Saturday, accompanied regularly by a supplement. The Watertoivn Democrat. — The first number of this paper was issued on the 18th of Octo- ber, 1854, by D. W. Ballou, Jr., and it has been regularly published ever since, "'without the failure of a week or any apology for a half-sheet." Mr. Ballou's first editorial experience was in 1846. on the Niagara Democrat, a weekly journal published in the village of Lockport. N. Y. He came to Wisconsin in 1852, and. in the autumn of the following year, became associate editor of the Green Bay Advocate, which position he held for about one year, when he came to Watertown and established the Democrat. Mr. Ballou was a powerful and fearless writer, a scholar and a gentleman, and, perhaps, did more than any one who lived in his time to promote the interests of Watertown and imbue its citizens with the spirit of enterprise which has resulted in the building-up of one of the prettiest cities in the great Northwest. His journal was Demo- cratic both in politics and principles. June 28, 1860, the Democrat hoisted its colors as fol- lows : " For President, Stephen A. Douglas and Herschel V. Johnson." and, at the solicitation of Mr. Ballou and others, Mr. Doughis. on the 12th of Otober, 1860, made a political speech in Watertown. We have the authority of the Democrat, also, to the effect that Matt Carpenter made a ringing Bourbon speech in Watertown about the same time. This is of interest as showing that great men sometimes change their political opinions. But the most remarkable feature of the Democrat was its true Jacksonian utterances. A firm supporter of James Buchanan, it did not hesitate to censure in the strongest terms the unfortunate course pureued by him toward the close of his administration. In its issue of Feb- ruary 14, 1861. we find the following outspoken article: '•It is strange talk for Democrats, but there are a few of those who voted for James Buchanan wlio count with eager delight the days that lessen the term of his ofiice. The present administration will be recorded in the pages of history as the weakest and worst that has ever been placed at the head of national affairs." When the nation was upon the eve of being plunged into a cruel war, the editor of the Democrat paid his compliments to the fire-eaters of both North and South. In noticing Presi- dent Lincoln's memorable journey to Washington to take his seat, he said: •' To the last degree it is humiliating to believe that a President-elect is compelled to go to the capital of the nation in disguise. * * * Mr. Lincoln cannot and will not fall unavenged. * * * Wo to the hand, the party, the section that strikes the blow." PUBLISHER WATEFTOWN WELTBURGER CITBURGER " y^ i HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 417 Later, when the brave Anderson was defending the flag of the Union against rebel hosts, and the news of his imminent peril was flashed over the wires, we find the following patriotic sentiments in the Democrat : * * * * " This state of things cannot last long, but that will be a day of humiliation when the Stars and Stripes give place to so insulting and ignoble an emblem as the serpent- twined palmetto." The fall of Sumter was announced in an article concluding with a vigorous warning to Northern sympathizers with Southern secession. The Democrat mourned the fate of the martyred Lincoln with turned column-rules, and an eulogy as touching and sympathetic, as the following concerning his assassin is earnest and bitter : " The rotten carcass of the brutal murderer. Booth, has been hid away from the knowledge and sight of mankind. Now let him be forgotten. He was only a common, vulgar villain, and it is only the eminence of his victim that will give his fiendish act a place in history." Mr. Ballou was severely punished for his strong Union sentiments, by a marked decrease in patronage, but he lived long enough to convince most of his opponents that he was right in the bold stand he had taken in defense of free institutions. He died in July, 1876, in the fifty- second year of his age, leaving a wife, who still resides in Watertown. He was a thorough journalist, and for a long time a prominent member of the Wisconsin Editorial Association. Mr. Ballou was a native of Richmond, Vt. The Democrat was purchased July 24, 1876, by Thomas E. Jones and James McHugh, both of whom had for some time been connected with the oflSce, the former in the capacity of associate editor, and the latter as foreman of the mechanical department. In March, 1877, Mr. Jones bought Mr. McHugh's interest, and thenceforward became the sole proprietor and editor of the Democrat. He is a young man of ability and his articles have the true journalistic ring, while the local news and general management of the paper indicate the presence of a veteran publisher. The Democrat is in politics everything its name indicates. Watertown City Times. — This was the title of a weekly paper which laid claim to public patronage in 1855, its first issue bearing date of March 22, of that year. George Hyer was the editor, and William T. Butler & Co., the proprietors. The Times' had a precarious and check- ered career, and it ceased to exist in September of the same year that witnessed its birth. The Representative was the name of a Republican journal issued by M. Cullaton, in the fall of 1857. It was a sort of campaign sheet, and did not live to serve any other purpose. Feb- ruary, 1858, was the date of its death. The Independent. — Published semi-occasionally in the spring of 1858. It was noticed by its cotemporaries as being " a sprightly little sheet." It was very personal in character, and a per- petual source of annoyance to vulnerable individuals. It died unhonored, but not unknown. Watertown Transcript — Another journalistic venture, under the authorship of M. Cullaton. Issued January 5, 1859 ; suspended March 16, same year. It was an able and interesting journal. The Democrat commenting upon its suspension, said : " The Watertown Transcript is no more. Cullaton lost money. He has gone to Waukesha to publish the Freeman. Since we begun the publication of this journal, we have witnessed the extinction of the Chronicle, the State Register, the Home Circle (a small temperance sheet), the City Times, the Representative and the Transcript, four of the six being Republican in politics." Watertown Republican. — Established June 15, 1860, by J. W. Lawton, who published it, with JustusT. Moak as editor, until February, 1862, when it passed to the hands of D. T. Lindley. J. E. Atwater had editorial charge during the proprietorship of Mr. Lindley. In April, 1864, Messrs. Tompkins & Howland purchased the concern, Mr. Tompkins being the editor, and two years later Mr. Howland disposed of his interest to Mr. Tompkins, who a few months later sold to William Innis Martin. In February, 1867, Col. Gill, having returned from fighting the battles of his country, relinquished his sword for that other mightier instrument, the pen. He bought the Republican, but was not generally known as its manager, although furnishing the editorial pabu- lum. In August, 1868, the Colonel stepped down from the tripod. Julius H. Keyes became 418 HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUNTY. the proprietor. Almost simultaneous with this transfer, E. D. Coe purchased a partner- ship with Mr. Keyes, which lasted fourteen months, at the end of which time Mr. Coe retired, leaving Mr. Keyes in full possession, which he has continued to hold to the present time. Mr. William L. Norris has for several years been associate editor of the Republican. During the proprietorship of Keyes & Coe, the Republican was enlarged from a six to a seven column paper. May 26, 186U, the size was increased by the addition of an eighth column, and on May 21, 1873, the form was changed to that of a six-column quarto (eight pages), its present size. On the morning of July 27, 1879, the ofBce of the Republican was badly damaged by fire and water, the body-type on which the paper was printed being entirely destroyed. Not an issue of the paper was missed, however, on this account. The Republican is the largest paper in Jefferson County. Aside from being a first-class newspaper, its editorial columns reflect the genius of a master-hand. In politics, it is a stanch supporter of the Administration, and has ever been a reliable and trusted friend of the Union, one and inseparable. It is frequently referred to by its political opponents as a " Radical " or " Stalwart" organ. Harger's Times. — This was the title of the most recent newspaper publication in Water- town. It was first issued in March, 1878, by Ashley D. Harger, and suspended the following September. It was a Greenback sheet of the most violent character. Altogether, the press of Watertown presents a history of deep interest. Few people pause to think of the important part taken by the newspapers in every industry; in every phase of development, in every step of advancing civilization. The editor gets few thanks, and less pay, for his untiring efforts to advance the interests of all those about him — efforts whose measure of appreciation has never been known to be filled. THE CHURCHES. If the people of Watertown are not all good Christians, the fault cannot be attributed to a paucity of churches. Since 1843, fifteen houses of worship have been founded, and are now in active operation. Their history presents an interesting subject, full of important detail, and if the reader could but realize the amount of labor necessary to collect the vast array of names, dates, etc., which are included in this single chapter of the history of Jefferson County, any oversight or mistake that may be discovered in the entire work would be excusable. St. Bernard's {Catliolic) Church. — Among the early settlers in Watertown, there was quite an admixture of those professing Catliolicism. Their number was not great enough, how- ever, to command the attention of the Bishop having charge of the Northwest, until 1841, when Father Martin Kundig paid missionary visits to Watertown. In 1842, a lot of ground having previously been donated by the brothers Rogan, the erection of a church edifice was begun. The structure was built of wood, and was of small dimensions. It stood upon the site now occupied by the imposing cathedral on Main street, on the ^Vest Side. The expense of construc- tion was borne from a small contribution fund, and the work, for the most part, was performed by members of the congregation, wlio volunteered their services. The first resident Pastor was the Rev. Patrick McKernan, who came to the charge in 1846. He remained but a short time, being followed by the Rev. John Healy, whose ministry dated from September 20, of the same year. Father Healy remained for over eleven years. His successor was the Rev. F. Tierney, who came July 15, 1855. He was followed within six months by the Rev. P. Mullor. In March, 1856, the Rev. Joseph Smith (now in Waupun) was assigned to the parish. He was succeeded by the Rev. John Norris in November, 1862. Mr. Norris, it will be remembered, was a man of considerable distinction as a lecturer. In 1866, he went to Ireland, to reco\'er his shattered health. The Rev. William Mahone occupied the pulpit in the absence of Mr. Norris, who. returning very little improved, died in February, 1869. The Rev. Patrick Pettit was the next Pastor in charge. He remained about three years, and was followed by the Rev. Peter Paul Cooney. In August, 1872, Mr. Cooney was succeeded by the Rev. Father Corby, then Pres- ident of Notre Dame, Ind. During his pastorate, the old frame church was torn away, and, in HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 419 1873, the present brick structure was commenced. The corner-stone is from the rock of Cashell, Ireland. Tiie building is 160^x76 feet, while the spire reaches 197 feet from the ground. In 1875, the Rev. Patrick Colovin was assigned to the parish as assistant to Father Corby, and, in 1877, when the latter was sent to other parts, Mr. Colovin became the Pastor, and has remained in charge to the present time. The congregation shows a wonderful increase, there being now over one thousand five hundred communicants, large and small. The church building cost $100,000, on which there is still a debt of $20,000. Methodist Ephcopal Church. — In 1844, there being a large number of Protestants of the various denominations in Watertown, it was agreed that a church edifice should be built for the convenience of all concerned. The Rev. John Jones was the first resident Pastor called to the charge. Services were first held in a building which stood somewhere in the vicinity of what is now South Eighth street. The Methodists evidently predominated at these meetings, as an organization was soon effected under the title of the " Methodist Episcopal Church Society of Watertown." At a meeting of the Trustees, Walter Andrews, Heber Smith, Cheney Adams and Albert Cook, held in January, 1845, the following resolution was adopted : Resolved, That the s1>356, including §200 paid Mrs. Adam Muck for the realty. At present, the Department is in perfect order, ample for any requirements in subduing the elements, and consists of an engine. Hook and Ladder and Hose Company, known and offi- cered as follows : Eureka Engine No. 1. — F. E. Illing. Foreman; Charles Illing, First Assistant; George Kiesling, Second Assistant ; Michael Beck, Secretary ; Adam Kispert, Treasurer, and thirty- five men. Hook and Ladder No. 1. — Christopher Bienfang, Foreman ; George Fuchs, First Assist- ant ; G. J. Loetz, Second Assistant ; John C. Fircher, Secretary ; Otto Kirschensteiner, Treas- urer, and forty-four men. The Hose Company is made up of thirteen men, commanded by Peter Schweiger, the entire force being under the control of Adam Spangler as Chief, with .James R. Garrity, Assistant, being the successors of James W. Ostrander, who was Chief of the Department from its organ- ization to the appointment of Mr. Spangler. The Department is supported by a tax levied on the assessed property of the city, and water is procured for the extinguishment of fires from cisterns distributed about the city, as also from Rock River. The value of property owned by the Department is stated at $16,000. WATER POWER. During the session of the Territorial Legislature, convened and held in 1842, an act was passed empowering D. G. and Gilmore Kendall to construct a dam across Rock River for the purposes of improving tbe navigation of that stream and affording motive power, to be applied to the running of mills, etc. The act was approved on the 4th of February, 1842, and, on the 1st of May, the construction of the dam was commenced by D. G. Kendall and E. G. Darling, to whom Gilmore Kendall had conveyed his interest. The work was done by these gentlemen, assisted by George Crist and others. They con- structed a crib-work of logs for piers, at short distances from each other, across the river, on the top of which were placed stringers of heavy logs, surmounted by spars of tamarack timber from eight to twelve inches in thickness and about twenty feet long, one end of which was supported by the stringers, the opposite end slanting down on the up-stream side and resting on the river bed. The interstices were filled up with thin hewn pieces of timber, gravel, etc., and the work was completed during the winter of that or the following year. During the next spring, Messrs. Darling & Kendall constructed a saw-mill on the east side of the river, near the foot of Dodge street, which was also built under the supervision of Mr. Kendall, who raised the frame on November 1-3, and, during the winter, sawed the boards with which to roof the building. The premises were completed and became the scene of busy labors, continuing many years, until they were torn down in 1877. On the 8th of July, 1843, Alonzo Wing purchased E. G. Darling's interest in the water power, and, on the loth of the following February, became sole owner of the franchise by the purchase of D. G. Kendall's share, and so remained until 1848. The season of 1844 witnessed an unusual rise in the river, causing some damage to adjoining property, which was made the HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 477 basis of a suit by the town of Aztalan. During this summer, a steamer made its way from St. Louis to Jefferson, via Rock River, and " tied up" for a few days at a point immediately north of the bridge at present crossing Crawfish River, on the west side, where it remained for a "few hours," an object of special interest, and then returned to the bosom of the Father of Waters. On the 29th of May, 1845, the dam was indicted as a nuisance by the grand jury of Jefferson County, to which a plea of not guilty was made, and, upon the issue being joined, the case proceeded to trial, resulting in a verdict of acquittal, rendered on the 26th of May, 1846. It might be here observed that four actions have been instituted against the dam at various times by plaintiffs who alleged that they had sustained serious injuries to their lands by reason of over- flow, in three of which the plaintiffs have been compelled to pay the costs. On the 23d of February, 1848, Mr. Wing sold a quarter-interest in the property to Mer- rick Sawyer, and, with that gentleman, began the erection of a saw-mill on the present site of the woolen-mills. Mr. Wing had charge of its construction, raised the frame in September and the building was completed and in running order in the following winter. The spring-water, which is so much resorted to by invalids now, came out of the ground under the west sill of the mill with such force that it was carried to the second story, where it supplied the mill-hands with drinking and bathing water. The old mill did faithful service until ao;e and rivals unfitted it for duty, when the building was torn down and its site appropriated to the occupation of the Jefferson Woolen Mills. On the 8th of August, 1849, Wing & Sawyer disposed of three-sixteenths of the dam property to George Hulburt, who, in conjunction with James Wadsworth, put up a large brick flouring-mill. The same year the purchase was made, they dredged a supply canal and utilized the water-power purchased to milling purposes to such advantage that the property now owned by Johnson & Wolf is one of the most valuable and extensive in this section of the State. On the 21st of January, 1851, Mr. Sawyer purchased an additional interest in the enter- prise, and, on the 27th of June, of the same year, the dam was pax-tially carried away by high water, which, however, was rebuilt soon after its destruction by Wadsworth. Hulburt & Wing, who, with Mr. Sawyer, owned the property jointly until March 13, 1852, when Mr. Wing repur- chased Mr. Sawyer's interest, and, on December 31 following, sold seven-sixteenths of his estate to Dwight Hillyer and Orrin Henry, who held title until November 1, 1854, when the latter disposed of his share to his partner, and, within a year thereafter, Mr. Wing sold the balance of his interest to John Seifert, who, with Wadsworth & Hulburt and Dwight Hillyer, became owners of the entirety. In 1857, W. D. Hillyer disposed of his interest to Charles Stoppen- bach, who, with John Seifert and Wadsworth & Hulburt, were proprietors of the premises until 1864, when David Johnson purchased the latter's shares for $10,000. On the 19th of May and 21st of July, 1866, Stoppenbach and Seifert sold their stock to the Jefferson Woolen Mills, a corporation chartered in the spring of that year, the buildings of which were immediately erected and have since been run by the power thus afforded. This season (1879), the water has been unprecedentedly low and many repairs have been completed which will bear fruit for many seasons yet to come. The dam property is owned by Johnson & Wolf and the woolen mills, in the proportion of five-eighths to three-eighths, and is valued at $24,000. MANUFACTURES. Jifferson Woolen Manufacturing Company. — This manufacturing industry, one of the most extensive, prosperous and valuable in the county, is located on the west bank of Rock River, from which stream it is supplied with its valuable motive power. The Company was incorporated April 2, 1866, by Alonzo Wing, Edward McMahon, N. Jung, Charles Copeland, Charles Stoppenbach, William A. AVhipple, N. Groh, J. Bruenig and A. Grimm, with a capital stock of $25,000 (privileged to increase the same to $100,000), to be expended in the purchase 478 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. of water power and lots, the erection of buildings and warehouses, and the. purchase of machinery. On the 8th of May following the act of incorporation, a meeting of the stockholdei-s was held at the Court House in Jeffei-son, at which a Board of Directors was elected, consisting of Alonzo Wing, Conrad Heger, Edward McMahon, Phillip Johnson, Jacob Bruenig, Niciiolas Jung and Charles Stoppenbach. Thereupon, A. Wing was elected President, Edward McMahon, Treasurer, and W. H. Porter, Secretary of the Board, and the erection of the building at present occupied by the works proper, together with dyehouses, warehouses, etc., was begun. These buildings were constructed after the most approved designs, supplied with machinery of the most complete pattern, and, in a year from the organization of the Company, work therein was commenced. On July 5, 1870, Charles Stoppenbach was elected President, John Mullanney, Secretary, and E. ISIcMahon, Treasurer, which administration was continued until May, 1871, when the offices of Secretary and Treasurer were consolidated, with John Mullanney as incumbent, who served until 187.3, when his interest was purch:ised by Frank Stoppenbach. who succcetp J *i5£. aer^ieet were hdl m a krkk m n*^!*** ' «r «ae of Ae Hiajineiiiiw at f a ^Mja oce^ied by Snest Batz. Later «a. aad as de SKioy e c a agiegi naa ■ pi ■Mid a the Coart TTiia i whoe ie we^ir ^ haSfi^ t£ As chareh efifice a«w ^iW B uied hj that sect oa ^xA Maia street, whi^ was aeea^ffiAed abo^ the jear 18^ or 1870. A: iveseat. lhiiaj_h the m^tttx^ap e aaafl. Ae Cfaxeh is m a ycaigeiya^ eaafiti^ ; as The aiaistas who fane ngiiirirl ace the Bevs. Mesas, ^hrksr. Br>}&3. La&£. Lawtaa. B. T. White, Ftater. I^ CliMrihiiliia aad J. Bkhar^oa. The chareh lau y eit* is raiaed at ahsas ^o^^X TktS^ Ji ■ aiaiii ■ Swod^ fcr««5. T^ fast hanak ia the pns^ cxr af JJusaa, m£ afcich a ccaiied aboat the year 18MI, vhea dbe vfflage e ha ichja id aa HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COIXTY. William Sanborn, now known as Sanborn & Barber's Addition, near the corner of Racine an Marian streets. After several years' sojourn here, the cemetery was removed to a half an acre of ground o North Main street, owned by E. G. Darling, where it remained until 1853, when the propert was purchased by George Crist, and another move was necessitated though not completed unti some time later, when the Greenwood Cemetery Association was proposed. The proposal wa favorably received by those interested, and, on the 9th of July, 1853, its organization wa effected at a meeting held at the office of Dr. W. W. Reed ; W. E. Holmes was elected Chairman Henry F. Pelton acted as Secretary, and tliere were present W. W. Reed, W. P. Ward, D. D Lansing, William Woolcox, Joseph Mansfield, John T. Smith, William M. Watt, N. C. Hulbur and Charles Wade. " The Greenwood Cemetery Association, of Jefferson," was decided upoi as the corporate name, the business affairs of which were to be managed by five Trustees, to bi divided as follows : One until the first annual meeting, two until the second annual meeting, am two until the third annual meeting, to be determined by lot. At that meeting, William P. Wan qualified for one year, John E. Holmes and N. C. Hulburt for two, and W. M. Watt and Johi T. Smith for three years. On the 9th of January, 1854, a meeting of the Association was held, at which a resolutioi was adopted, providing for the purchase of four acres of ground in the southeast quarter of Sec tion 2. belonging to George Crist, and the Treasurer directed to procure title thereto. This wa done, and the burial ground now known as " Greenwood Cemetery," half a mile from the Cour House, in a northeasterly direction, became the property of the corporation. The first burials in the present necropolis of Jefferson, were the re-interments of the bodie exhumed from the old cemeteries. Since then, new mounds have been added and monument have been raised above the silent graves of those who sleep forevermore. The grounds ari beautifully located on the brow of a hill overlooking the city, divided into plats and subdividei into lots, "with walks and avenues distributed about the grounds, planted with trees and flowers and ornamented with very many tombs and monuments of exquisite design and finish. The business of the corporation is transacted by a President and Board of Trustees, whi have exclusive control of affairs, disposal of lots, etc., and in whom the title is vested. The first Board of officers is cited above. The present Board is : President, J. W Ostrander ; Treasurer, Solon Brown ; Secretary, A. Sanborn ; I. W. Bird and J. W. Ostrander Trustees. THE PRESS. The entire absence of records bearing upon this important subject, renders the collation o accurate data in that behalf a labor attended with difficulties and uncertainties. The early settlen in Jeffei'son readilv appreciated the necessity for some medium that would maintain a succinci and comprehensive connecting link, as it were, between the past and present, between the preseni and the future; but it was not until Jefterson had become prosperous that any move was mad« toward the accomplishment of that object. Until then, the inhabitants were dependent for theii weekly record of current events upon the publications issued in neighboring cities, towns and villages. Durinc the summer of 1851, William M. Watt, an earnest Scotchman, realized the absenct of a weekly paper, and determined by his own efforts, aided by the patronage of those who wert equally alive to the importance of the existence of a "sheet" at the county seat, to supply such "absence." He accordingly procured material, and, after the delays incident to so grave ar undertaking in those days, established the Jeffersonian in the second story of the building h1 the corner of Racine and Main streets, then, as now, in part occupied by Breunig's saloon. The pa])er was a six-column folio. Democratic in politics, and is reported to have furnished its subscribers with full complements of local, legal, legislative and editorial pabulum. Mr. Watt provided the intellectual and financial resources of the establishment, while the composition and mechanical laboi-s were discharged by Charles Hoyt, now a resident of Madison, Webster Colburn HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 498 and Henry Kelsey, the latter engaged at present in publishing a paper in Minnesota. The " impression " was made on an old-fashioned Washington hand-press, worked by Jesse Nevin.s, who also officiated in the capacity of "head devil," an indispensable unknown quantity, who "ranges" about every well-regulated newspa])or. The fact that the Jefferson ian continued for ten years to expound tlie inner consciousness of Jeffersonian Democracy ; to detail the various occurrences that happen in a growing town ; to record tlie litigation that found expression in the courts ; the pleas that were made there, the minutes of the Assembly and other authenticated facts, to say nothing of the births, marriages and deaths that its columns promulgated, is evidence conclusive to the least credulous that the editor did his duty by the public. That it "didn't pay," is hinted at, and this suggestion must be considered when it is known that after ten years buft'et with fortune in Jefferson, Mr. Watt retired from the field of journalism in that section and removed with his material to Menasha, accompanied by F. E. and F. J. Illing, then " jours ' in his employ, where he established the Weekly 3fanufacturer. This he published for nearly two years, when he returned to Jefferson and began preparations for the publication of an inde- pendent weekly. But after canvassing the situation, and while the paper was in type, he decided that the patronage promised would not justify the venture, and it was accordingly abandoned. He disposed of his type, press, etc., to ambitious publishers in Baraboo and is now a resident of Milwaukee. The liepublican. — -In 1856 and while the campaign for the election of Fremont and Day- ton was at its height in Jefferson County, Alden Sanborn and C. E. Hoyt bethought themselves of the apparently fortuitous times to begin the publication of a campaign sheet in the interest of the Republican candidates, proposing, if their overtures were received with favor, and success attended their undertaking, to make the paper an organ of Republicanism in Jefi'erson County that would be deferred to. The prospective formulators of Republican opinion procured a press, which had served to disseminate pure Democracy in Watertown for several years under the direction of William Butler, subsequently County Judge of Jefferson County, and bringing the same to the scene of active operations in the city of Jefferson, " set it up " in the second story of the building, corner of Dodge and Second streets. The infant advocate of Fremont's election, though clean and neat and presenting a singular but commendable absence of childish ways, was not received by the public with the enthusiasm expected or deserved. It was considered in the light of a curi- osity for a brief period and appeared at occasional intervals in the Locofoco lodges an object of interest rather than apprehension. Thus it ran its raf^e with popularity, but, casting a shoe, so to speak, was distanced on the first quarter and withdrawn. The effort to sustain a Republican weakling on Democratic pap was without precedent and met with the fate of one who if he isked for bread would be given a stone. Its latest breath was drawn when the defeat of Gen. Fremont became assured, and with it died the first attempt in the city of Jefi'erson to air a Republican sheet in Democratic camps. The remains were tenderly gathered together by J. W. Chubbuck, brother of the well-known luthoress, "Fanny Forrester," and taken to Warsaw, Wis., where they have since remained. The Jefferson Banner was the second paper that was commended to the people of Jefferson )n the score of its Republican proclivities, and escaped the fate of its predecessor by a political ;hange of base, almost at the hour of final dissolution. The paper then known under the titular nomen o( the Jefferson Counti/ Republican was introduced to public favor in the first instance at Fort Atkinson, as the Wisconsin OA/ef, having previously run the gamut of a variable success n the State of New York, where it was known as the Cayuga Chief, its editorial department leing managed by Thurlow Weed Brown, subsecjuently identified with the cause of teetotalisra. )f which he became an ardent and able advocate. After a sojourn of several years at the Fort, ;he Chief was removed to Jefferson in 1858, where, as stated, it became a candidate for pat- •onage and popularity as the Jefferson County Republican. The length of time ic remained n charge of J. W. Blake, its editor, is not of record ; the files are missing, and, in their 494 HISTORY OF .TEFFER80X COUNTY. absence, the memory of the proverbial "oldest inhabitant" is at fault, and refuses to assist the historian in his efforts to reach a satisfactory solution of the query. Common rumor alleges that Mr. Blake had charge a year or more, when he sold out to George W. Peck (at present engaged in educating his Sun up to the proper standard of excellence required by the readers of the Milwaukee press) and Robert Tompkins. These gentlemen maintained their management of the Republican m\ti[ the breaking-out of the war, when Mr. Peck buckled on his saber and marched with his face to the foe. He was succeeded by W. H. Tousley, now part owner of the Janesville Times, who assisted Mr. Tompkins in supplying their patrons with choice selections, original paragraphs and the Republican platform, until the latter gentleman dropped his " composing stick," and, shouldering a musket, marclied down into Georgia, leaving Mr. Tousley to discharge the duties of editor and proprietor without assistance. The politics of the paper, however, always an embargo to its success from a monetary stand- point, became about this time an insuperable objection, and its diminished patronage on that account was steadily resolving the concern into a condition of hopeless bankruptcy. At this critical juncture, Mr. Tousley, who had in the mean time become sole owner, acting upon the admonition that was daily proffered, changed the politics of the paper, rechristened it the Jeffer- son Banner, and with the Hon. Gerrit T. Thorn as editor, made a second bid for populai favor, that was responded to with an earnestness that has increased with years. Under the ne'B regime, the paper was newsy, spicy and interesting ; politically, it favored the true Democratic doctrine, " equal and exact justice to all men." and promulgated such doctrine with each suc- ceeding issue. During the administration of President Andrew Johnson, when that Executive Do ... became involved in trouble with the Senate as to the exercise of his Constitutional prerogatives with Grant, regarding the hitter's veracity, and when threatened with impeachment, the Banyiei espoused his cause, and, in a series of editorials, clear and concise as they were convincing, die much to frame public opinion and dissipate prejudices. With the issue of May 5, 1867, the paper was enlarged to a seven-column sheet, Mr. Tous ley officiating in the double capacity of editor and publisher, advocating the application of Dem- ocratic principles, and supporting Seymour and Blair as candidates in 1868. On Wednesday, November 13, 1872, the publication is made that the Banner has beer sold to Maj. M. G. Tousley, late of Mendota, III., who is represented as an old publisher anc an energetic business man. That gentleman made his salaam to the readers in the same issue assuring them of his intentions, which were to adhere to the interests and fortunes of the Demo cratic party, to the upbuilding of local and county interests, to the improvement and enlighten ment of the young, and the benefiting of all classes. This was continued until February 26, when, following Miron G. again associated W. H Tousley with him in his efforts to " contribute to the improvement and entertainment of th( young,'' etc., and so labored until May 21, 1873, when Alden Sanborn purchased the establish ment for $2,300 and took personal charge of his investment. He announced the purchase : tha the policy of the Banner would remain unchanged, and, with George W. Bird as politica editor, he was confident that the editorial department would, in its maintenance of right agains wrong, morality against immorality, give entire satisfaction. In May, 1874, the paper was changed to a quarto, but changed back to a folio in August 1876, though in an enlarged and improved form. The Banner supported Tilden and Hendricki in the memorable campaign of 1876. On the 1st day of May, 1878, Capt. I. T. Carr, formerly editor and proprietor of thi Green Oounti/ Reformer (the first editor in the Northwest to urge the nomination of Samuel J Tilden), and later, business manager of the Milwaukee Daib/ Commerrial Times, purchased i half-interest in the Banner and contributed materially by his energy and ability in doublin; the subscription list, at the same time maintaining its high standard as a Democratic and loca newspaper. On the 1st of November last, he became sole owner of the ])aper by the purchase of Mr Sanborn's interest, since which date, he has conducted its editorial and business managemen HISTORY OF JEFFERSOIS" COUNTY. 495 with signal success. The Jefferson Banner is to-day an ably edited, thoroughly reliable, inter- esting sheet. Democratic in politics, it goes far toward indexing public sentiment, suggesting remedies for existing evils and promoting public confidence. In its capacity as the truthful chronicler of daily events, the formulator of public opinion, the conservator of local interests and the disseminator of news, the i?a«7U'?' deserves an encouragement and success, which even its enemies admit is its portion. The paper enjoys a weekly circulation of one thousand copies and is valued at .^3,000. The Independent is of recent origin, having been established by Odell & Hillyer, on the 23d of July, 1879. The paper is a four-column quarto ; its object, or rather the object of its publishers, being to present the news of the day in a condensed form, without any attempt to graduate the quality of the paper by the space filled. The projector of this new journal- istic enterprise claims, in the short time during wliich the paper has been in existence, he has received three hundred subscribers and is sanguine of the success of his venture. Dur- ing August, 1879, Mr. Hillyer withdrew, since when, J. W. Odell has been sole proprietor. Politically, the Independent, as its name indicates, declines any preference, reserving to itself the privilege of advocating the claims of men and principles whom it is assured are beyond reproach. The amount invested is stated at $350. THE SCHOOLS. The cause of education early found an abiding-place in Jeiferson, and nurtured and sus- tained by the liberal patronage of the inhabitants, has grown into features of daily life in this thriving city, the influence of which is not more pronounced than universal. The first school building, of which there is any existing report, was built in 1839 on a point on the West Side, a few rods west of the present Maydole homestead. It was constructed of logs, supplied by the forests as they then existed, they being the only building material attain- able by the hardy pioneers in days when money was scarce and brick and mortar were factors of present improvements, purchasable only in the then growing cities. Dr. Bicknell was the first to undertake the education of the ambitious youth in those times ; and, though but com- paratively a brief period of time has since elapsed, few of the fathers and mothers of the pupils who attended yet survive to recall the days when they sat around the household hearth, waiting the return of their boys and girls from the old log schoolhouse with their elementary speller and reader under their arms. The pupils were composed of the children of early settlers, who have since separated, have gone the way of all flesh or are to-day the pioneers who contributed to the building-up of new homes in sections still further west. The school, according to such information as can be obtained in that connection, pros- pered for the time, and laid the foundation for futures that have since been realized unto the scholars. But it is difficult to trace the lives of those who taught, or of those wiio listened. They ran the race that was put before them with diligence and profit, and those who yet survive rise up to bless the days when they attended, and were benefited by the impressions they obtained in the old log school. The next school taught in Jefferson was on the east side of the river, where a modest frame schoolhouse was put up on the lot of land at present occupied by the imposing residence of Charles Stoppenbach. This was early in the forties, when schoolhouses and scholars were exceptions among the settlers who raised their fiimilies in the wilderness. The attendance was small, of course, but, as the fame of the institution came to be bruited abroad, the attendance increased proportionately. During the session of 1848, Clark Walterbury taught the young idea, and curbed the mercurial tendencies of his pupils by wliolesome admonitions and convincing discipline. Among the latter were William H. Hake, Elbert, Egbert, Emma and Elmira Masters, Harriet and Moscow Burton, Mattie and William Sawyer, Aldon, Caroline and Anne Sanborn, Rockwell, Candice, Charles, Milton, Zebulon, Sarah and M. Whipple, Marshal. Edward, Calvin, Grustavus, Harriet and Gloriana Potter, George, Cynthia, Lizette, Lucretia and Anna Crist, Emma and Henry Howe, Lisetta Hannon, and others. 496 HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUNTY. In 1851, as the population increased and the number of pupils seeking to avail themselves of the advantages to be derived from a regular attendance became greater, the school district on the East Side was divided, and a brick school building was erected near the corner of Condire and Main streets. About the same year, a frame schoolhouse was built on the West Side, which was designed to furnish educational facilities to the residents of School District No. 12. These were continued until 1870, when it again became necessary to enlarge the buildings, when a new brick edifice was erected on Church street, between Sanborn and Center, divided into tiiree departments — elementary, intermediate and high, at a cost, including the price paid for the lot, of $10,000. District No. 12, emulating the example thus set, built a new sciioolhouse, also, on the West Side, costing, with the property on which it is situated, $7,000. These were the facilities ofiered, until, in 1879, it became evident that more school room was indispensable for the benefit of the cause of education, and the city, being thereto instructed by a special act of the Legislature, consolidated the city into one district, and purchased the build- ing formerly occupied by the Jefferson Liberal Institute, to be used for the occupation and instruction of the higher grades of pupils. At present, the schools are under the supervision of a Board of Education, consisting of one member from each ward, appointed by the Common Council, and, as constituted now, con- sists of W. H. Harke, C. Grimm and Adam Kispert. The number of pupils enrolled in the city is 249, exclusive of those in attendance upon the schools supported by denominational subscription. The curriculum consists of the regular course of mathematics, physiology, physical geography, history, civil government, etc., and the students are examined at the close of each month and term, the same being conducted in writing. The teaciiers employed for the schools are: One Principal in each, at an annual salary of $700; one teacher in each of the intermediate and one each in the primary departments, at a monthly salary of §30. The amount invested in school property is stated at $30,000. The following is the list of teachers employed in the East Side School since 1870: Priaci- pals — G. A. Williams, from 1870 to 1874 ; B. F. Anderson, to 1876 ; Amos Squier, present incumbent ; Intermediate — Mary Thompson, from 1870 to 1873 ; Miss Kline, during 1874 ; Flora E. Reed, to 1878: E. E. Henry, during 1878. and Charles Fredel, during 1879; Primary— Sarah Brayton, from 1870 to 1874 ; E. E. Henry, 1874 to 1878 ; Lelia Clothier, present employed. West Side: Principals — George Brown, Mr. Hawes, Mr. McConnell. S. S. Cornee, W. F. Bundy, E. Ewing and W. C. Gordon ; Primary, May Perkins, Mary Judd and Ellen Spangler. THE INSTITUTE. During the winter of 1865, a meeting of the citizens of Jefferson was held for the purpose of devising means for the promotion of a more perfect system of education than was at that time available. It was largely attended by citizens and friends of the cause, including the Rev. B. F. Rogers, Dr. W. W. Reed, Nelson Bruett, Solon Brown, George W. Bird. C. A. Holmes and G. T. Thorn, but the meeting adjourned without reaching any satisfactory conclusion in behalf of the object for which it had been convened. At a second meeting, held on the 16th of February, 1866, a resolution was adopted favoring the establishment of an institute of learning. Hons. W. W. Reed, G. T. Thorn and Capt. C. A. Holmes, were appointed a committee to draft a charter and procure its granting by the Legislature then in session. The charter of the " Jef- ferson Liberal Institute," was thus drawn, passed by the Legislature and approved by the Governor April 12, 1866. and within twelve days thereafter scliool was opened with the Rev. B. F. Rogers as Principal, assisted by Mrs. F. B. Brewer. The organization of the corporation under its charter followed by the election of the Hon. G. T. Thorn, President ; Rev. B. Rogers, Secretary, and E. McMahon, Treasurer, with E. D. Masters, Alonzo Wing,, J. W. Ostrander, HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 4'J7 Charles Stoppenbacli, Homer Cook, Adam Grimm, Harvey Foster, Austin Kellogg and Henrv Harnden, Executive Committee. At the annual State Convention of the Universalists of Wisconsin, held in Columbus in .June, 18l36, it was formally decided by that body to adopt the "Jefferson Liberal Institute" as a denominational school, and erect suitable buildings, provided the sum of $12,000 for tliat pur- pose should be subscribed by the citizens of Jefferson. Subscription-books were accordingly cir- culated, and during the year 1867, the requisite amount having been obtained, plans were pro- cured, ground purchased and preparations for the erection of the building on its present site at the intersection of Milwaukee and Second streets were completed under tlie direction of Capt. Nelson Bruett, Chairman of the Committee on Building. During the winter, the school was conducted in the Watt Building and Universalist Church, with upward of 100 pupils, and the Rev. A. Vedder was engaged to travel and secure subscrip- tions. On the 6th of May, 1868, the corner-stone of the Institute was laid with impressive cere- monies, Col. Thomas McMahon officiating as Marshal, and the Hon. G. T. Thorn, Orator of the day. Meanwhile the direction of the educational departments was delegated to Prof. Elmore Chase and wife, assisted by an able corps of teachers whose administration was attended by most gratifying results. In course of time, the expenses incurred in the purchase of ground and the erection of the building, had reached a sum approximating $30,000, a part of which had been obtained by loans, the interest on which, together with the heavy cost of carrying on the sciiool, seriously impaired its usefulness. To pay this indebtedness, the Rev. James Eastand, of Vermont, was, in the spring of 1872. employed as financial agent of the Institute, and, in the spring of that year, commenced a vigor- ous and successful canvass of the State. During that year and 1873, the Institute liabilities were all discharged, and the school, which, during the pending embarrassments, had been sus- pended, was re-opened, on September 10, of the latter year, again under the .administration of Prof. Chase, and with a large attendance of students from all parts of the State. To aid in support of the undertaking, subscriptions to the amount of $1,500 per annum, for the period of five years, had been obtained from those friendly to its objects, but the financial disturbance of 1873, and the business depression that followed, so far interfered with the collec- tion of this subscription that the school soon became embarrassed again, which embarrassment culminated in the year 1876, in the forced sale of the property, which passed into private hands, and was again discontinued. It so continued until the spring of 1879, when the premises were purchased by the city of Jefferson for school purposes, to which it will be appropriated when- ever the necessities of the case reiiuire. Prior to its purchase by the city, a portion of the building was occupied by Edwin Marsh for school purposes, and he will doubtless remain in such occupation until the overcrowding of the city schoolhouse capacities necessitates the city's taking possession of the Institute. THE POST OFFICE. Enoch G. Darling was the first Postmaster in Jefferson. The post office was established early in the forties, and the headquarters of the Postmaster was at the Jefferson House, the property of A. T. Holmes. Mr. Darling carried the mail in his hat during the earlier part of his official career. He was succeeded by Mr. Holmes, who removed the " post office " to a small house which stood on the present site of Brandon's store. A. T. Weymouth was the next individual honored with appointment to this important Federal office. He kept it in the store of James Barr, on ground now occupied by Jacob Breunig's saloon, adjoining the Sawyer House. Mr. Weymouth was succeeded by George Trucks, who kept the office in what is now a part of Schweinler's livery stable ; then at the premises now occupied by the office of the American Express Company, and later, on the opposite side of the street. The removal of the 498 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. office while Mr. Trucks had it, became so frequent that it was quite a piece of pleasantry foi waggish citizens to refer to the matter as a pardonable eccentricity of the Postmaster, '' th( post office being on Trucks any way." James Berger was the successor of Mr. Trucks, wh( was wheeled out of office in accordance with an edict from President Buchanan. Winslow Blake succeeded' Mr. Berger, and held the office till 1869, when Charles A. Holmes wai appointed by President Grant. Mr. Blake removed the office to a small building which stooc where Bullwinkle's store now stands, and, toward the latter part of his term, relocated where i is at the present time. In 1871, W. P. Forsyth received the appointment, and is the presen incumbent, having been re-appointed to the position by President Hayes. During the year 1878, the total receipts of the office for stamps, rent of boxes, etc. amounted to ^2,458 ; 2,220 money orders, aggregating $30,114.37, were paid out for the sami period, and 1,.330, amounting to $14,037.G8, issued. The annual expenses of the office are stated at $1,300. FORT ATKINSON. EARLY HISTORY. Fort Atkinson, one of the most delightful of the many delightful villages that dot the land scape of Jefferson County, is situated on both sides of Rock River, equidistant from Jefferson the county seat, and Lake Koshkonong. The early history of what now lays claim to thi considerations, privileges and immunities of a city is a combination of the romantic, mingled wit) the real features of pioneer life everywhere experienced in the great West; everywhere experi enced as the wheel of human progress advances into the interior of semi-civilization an( barbarism, crushing down with each revolution the bulwarks of that which impedes its progress and substituting in their stead a better, happier and more perfect type of life. From the statements of the few who now survive, the settlement of the present cit; was begun in December, 1835, by a party representing a land company, having its headquarters a Milwaukee. The company was composed of Milo Jones, Solomon Juneau, Elisha W. Edgerton Henry Hosmer and a Frenchman named Le Tender. Mr. Jones was in the capacity o Government Surveyor, and, in the seven or eight years he was thus engaged, ran lines through out the Northwest. Solomon Juneau was a leading member of the fur companies. Edgertoi and Hosmer afterward settled at Genesee. Le Tonder was Juneau's packman and genera utility man, and withal a good, jolly Frenchman. He was known by his comrades as "General,' for the reason that he exercised a general supervision of the camp. Mrs. C. A. Southwell delivered an address at a meeting of the old settlers held in 1874 on "Fort Atkinson as It Was," which is said to be correct in detail, and this will be readil; believed when it was remembered that Mrs. S. was known in the early days as Celeste daughter of Dwight Foster, one of the original settlers of Jefferson County, and the firs white girl seen in what was first known as Finchtown, then Koshkonong, and, finally. For Atkinson. She begins her address by referring to the Black Hawk war, and the building of the fort o stockade from which the city derives its name. " It was constructed," she continues, "of burr oak logs cut in half the ends of wliich were set in the ground so as to stand about eight feet high It was located a little east of north of where the residence of E. P. May now stands. At on^ time, there were 4, .500 United States troops under command of Gen. Atkinson encamped arounc the Fort." Another place of interest to Mrs. Southwell, when a child, was what was known a the " Soldier's Grave " on the hill, a little northeast of the Lutheran Church ; it was, like th HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 499 fort, picketed with logs, the grave being covered with beautiful pebbles taken from the river bank. At the head of the grave, carved on a barrel-head, was the following inscription : LIEUT. DANIEL DOBBS, Shot by tlie Indians in the year 1832. "What was known as the old army trail ran up through the valley of Rock River, in the vicinity of Janesville, and crossed the river at this place a little east of the fort. " In 1836, it was a hard-beaten path from six inches to a foot in depth, and wide enough for two to walk abreast, while the Indian trails that crossed the country in every direction were only wide enough for one to follow another in single file. Time with its effacing hand is passing, each year carrying with it some old landmark of the past. Our little circle is drawing closer as it grows less and less ; one after another lays down life with its burdens, until soon there will be none to remember the perils and adventures of the brave and hardy band of pioneers who left comfortable homes in the East to seek new homes in the then almost unknown Northwest. The objective and starting point for all was Milwaukee. " From there, the early settlers radiated and selected the spot nearest answering their individual wants and ideals for their future homes ; made their claims and erected their houses, which often proved the nucleus around which the cities and vdlages of the present day have grown." But, as facts connected with the early settlement of Fort Atkinson were wanted, Mrs. Southwell abandons reflection and proceeds to narration in that behalf. "The Rock River Claim Company," she states, "was organized in 1836, composed of the following members so far as I am able to remember: Solomon Juneau, Sylvester Pettibone, Milo Jones, David Sargeant, Dwight Foster, Alvin Foster, William Barrio and George Ser- comb. Some members of the company went out to Rock River on an exploring expedition, and made claims at Fort Atkinson, Jefferson and Hebron. In the summer of 1836, a saw-mill was commenced where the village of Hebron now stands (then called Bark Mills), under the supervis- ion of Samuel Wales, now living at Brodhead. "In the fall of 1836, it was decided best for some family to move to Fort Atkinson in order to hold the claim. " Accordingly, Dwight Foster, in company with David Bartlett and William Prichard, visited Fort Atkinson in October and selected the site where E. P. May's house now stands to build a house. Leaving Prichard and Bartlett to build the log cabin, Foster returned to Mil- waukee for his family. Returning, he reached the fort November 10, having his family with him ; also Aaron Rankin. Mrs. Foster resided at her new home nearly four months without seeing a white woman. "In February, 1837, Edward N. and' Alvin Foster settled at the fort with their families, and built them log cabins only a few rods apart, about one mile up Rock River, on the north bank. " It may not seem amiss here to state that Alvin Foster and Sylvester Pettibone took the first contract for the grading of streets in Milwaukee, Milo Jones surveying the work and estab- lishing the grade. I was," continues Mrs. S., " the first white child brought into Jefferson County, and Edward J. Foster, son of E. N. Foster, was the first one born in the town of Kosh- konong. In 1837, Edward Mason and William Reynolds made claims between Koshkonong and Jefferson. R. C. Dodge and family, with Robert Barrie, settled here in June, 1837, and Charles Rockwell, with liis family, came about the 1st of July in the same year, as did, it is believed, Calvin West, Elijah Kinney and James and Gerard Crane. "Tiie first death among this little band of pioneers was Edward Foster, Sr.,who died at the residence of his son, Edward N. Foster, October 10, 1837, and was buried at Big Bend, on the river, Charles Rockwell reading the burial service of the Episcopal Church. 500 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. " The first marriage was that of AVilliam Prichard to Susan Lems, the ceremony being performed in Milwaukee, whither Pricliard went for that purpose, in the summer of 1837, after which he returned to his home, at that day located on the farm now owned by Mr. Wood. "In the spring of 18-37, th^ Winslow brothers, the Finches and a Mr. Gorton, settled in Koshkonong, and Aaron Allen, with his family, moved into the cabin of John Allen, on what is now the Beemer farm, near Lake Koshkotioiiff, in which -John Allen lived a hermit life, after he came to these parts in 1836. "This brings us to 1838, during the spring of which year Charles Rockwell bought the first stock of goods, consisting of ready-made clothing, cloth, groceries, etc., he at that time residing at what was known as Rockwell's Crossing, his claim covering the tract of land owned in 1874 by James McPherson, Alvin Strong, Joseph Morrison and others. "Among those who became settlers in that year were S. A. Rice, Robert Greives and family, Cyrus Curtis, and the family of Milo Jones, Mr. Jones having come at an earlier day and sur- veyed the country. It might here be mentioned that Dwight Foster kept the first ferry, crossing the river just east of the present May residence. It originally consisted of two large canoes lashed together so as to hold a wagon, the horses and cattle being obliged to swim, and a canoe for the conveyance of foot passengers. In the spring of 1838, a man named Lonsdale built a scow and skiff for ferrying purposes, and moved the ferry site to the point on Main street, where the river is now bridged. The ferry was pulled across the stream by chain ropes, manufactured by R. C. Dodge, who was a blacksmith, and opened a shop in 1841, on Main street, near the bridge. " The first post office in Fort Atkinson was established in 1838, Dwight Foster being the first Postmaster, and Solomon Hudson, mail carrier, his route being from Janesville to Water- town and return. These were the first facilities for receiving the mail, except as some one from the neighborhood went to Milwaukee, taking with them a list comprising the names of settlers and procuring their papers or letters. At that time, postage on letters to and from the Eastern States was 25 cents. "George P. Marston came to the fort in 1838, also, and was the defendant in the first jury trial of record in the settlement, Mary Bennett being plaintiff. She sued him for the amount of a wash bill, and the hearing of the facts was had at the house of Charles Rockwell, first Justice of the Peace. " The first sermon preached in the settlement was by the Rev. Mr. Pilsbury, a Methodist clergyman, in the winter of 1837, at the house of E. N. Foster. Afterward, the Revs. Pilsbury and Halstead preached occasionally. The first Congregational society was formed in 1842, at the residence of Milo Jones, by the Rev. Mr. Peet, with a membership of fourteen persons, and Dr. Arms as the preacher in charge. The first Sabbath school was held at the house of Dr. Morrison in 1840 or 1841, Cornelia Veeder being Superintendent. " The first steamboat was built at Aztalan, by Nelson P. Hawks ; came down the river in 1839, and went to the Mississippi, where it afterward ran." The history of the first financial panic is related by Mrs. Southwell, as follows : " Jefferson County was first organized under the Commissioners' system ; among the first necessities was that of claim regulation, which required all claims of land made by settlers to be registered, whereby all trespass was forbidden, and all differences adjusted. E. N. Foster was the first Register of Claims, and the estate of William Prichard, wlio died August 12, 18311, was the first estate to be administered upon, Milo Jones being the administrator. The land sale of 1839 was held in the fall, and many of the settlers were unable to attend in consequence of fever and ague. Being an.xious to secure their homes, they intrusted the money to pay in their names to E. N. Foster, who proceeded to Milwaukee for that purpose, with §200 in specie in his saddle- bags, and the balance in treasury notes in his pocket. Honest himself, and supposing every one else to be as honest, he gave the saddle-bags to the landlord to take care of, who put them under his wife's bed. When inquired for, the money was missing, and no trace of it could be found until the ne.xt spring, when the saddle-bags and §300 were found in the root-house of Mr. Vail. The hostler of the house was accused of the theft, arrested, tried, found guilty and sentenced to HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 501 three months' imprisonment in the county jail. The loss at that time was a terrible blow to the little settlement." There has always been a general impression that the hostler was innocent. "In the year 1839, there were new accessions to the neighborhood in the families of Chester JVIay, Sr , Dr. Morrison, A. F. Snell, Freeman Morrison, Mrs. Barrie and two sons, with others. " The first frame house in the vicinity was built by Asad Dean Williams for Chester May. Sr., on the farm recently owned by William Benham. Mr. May had part of the house fitted up as a .store, and brought in a stock of goods. "In the spring of 1840, Charles Rockwell, the first carpenter locating at the fort, built a house for Dr. Morrison, the first practicing physician. In the same spring, Mr. Rockwell also built the first framed house in the village, near tlie present corner of River and Main streets. The same spring, Mr. Rockwell purchased a block of land for $20 of D wight Foster. In 1841, he built the frame house now occupied as a millinery store, at the corner of Main and Milwaukee streets, and sold it to Lyman Hickcox, who brought the first stock of goods ever sold in the vil- lage. The same year, Mr. Rockwell built a residence for himself adjoining the grocery store of Hickcox, which, subsequently, was occupied by the family of H. E. Southwell, and was the scene of the first prayer-meeting and Episcopal service held in the village. Mr. Humphrey, from Beloit, delivered the first Fourth of July oration ; Mi's. Dwight Foster prepared the dinner, the day's festivities closing with a dance in the evening, at the house of D. Foster." E. N. Foster built what was, at the date of Mrs. Southwell's address, known as the Eagle Hotel, on the North Side, subsequently destroyed by fire. " The first school was taught by Jane Crane, in the spring of 1839, on the north side of the river, in what was known as the ' Barrie boys' shanty,' on the bluff a little west of the railroad crossing. The first schoolhouse was built by Charles Rockwell, in 1844; the first summer school was taught by Martha Rankin ; the first winter term by the Rev. Simeon Bicknell ; the first select or high school was taught by Benjamin F. Adams. The first jeweler was Perry Hickcox, who occupied a desk in the store of Lyman Hickcox. " George Cooper's was the first cooper-shop, standing on the site of the house subsequently occupied by Mr. Warnschneider ; George Dix was the first shoemaker; R. Covey, the first wagon- maker ; R. C. Dodge's the first blacksmith-shop; Robert Bruce, the first tinsmith; Robert Greives, first tailor ; Edward Rankin taught the first singing school ; Franklin Utter brought the first job printing press ; T. W. and Emma Brown published the first newspaper, the Wisconsin Chief, and, in 1850, Charles Rockwell built the first church erected in the village." Supplementary to Mrs. Southwell's address, it may be added that some claim that the first hotel in the village was built by Dwight Foster, in 1841, on Main street, opposite the Green Mountain House, on the corner now occupied by H. A. Porter's grocery. During the same year, E. N. Foster erected the hotel above referred to, which, with the bachelors' hall of Will- iam Barrie, on the West Side, and Rufus Dodge's blacksmith-shop, were the only buildings to be seen at that time. The first shoemaker, it is also claimed, was not George Dix but Owen Duffey, who maintained a shop on the left bank of the river east of the bridge, and the first cabinet-maker was Josiah Goodrich, who is remembered as coming here about 1843. THE BRIDiiE. The point on Rock River, now spanned by the bridge, which connects north and south towns was, as is already known, originally a ferry. The first bridge was projected in the fall of 1842. During that winter, the settlers went into the forest and "got out" tlie timber for its construc- tion. It was of the truss pattern with oak bents and stringers, and completed so that teams could cross about June, 1843. In the winter of 1844-5, a man residing in Dodge County, while driv- ing cattle across the bridge, was kicked by an animal of his herd, falling upon the ice and receiving injuries from which death resulted saon after. The structure was worn out in time, and has been succeeded by several bridges of different patterns, the last being completed some seven years ago. 502 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. Main street was originally an old Territorial road from Racine to Madison, but changed into its present form at an early day and annually improved. Milwaukee was the first cross street surveyed, laid out and put in order for travel. THE city's progress. During the decade from 1840 to 18'/0, the first harness-shop, in addition to other business interests cited, was established by Joel L. Walker ; a military company was improvised, but fell through ; the Green Mountain House, Congregational Church and other buildings were erected. During the succeeding ten years, the future city improved materially, schoolhouses were built, manufacturing interests established and other ventures which have since grown into exten- sive corporations, though limited, were objects of special importance. THE MORMONS. In the summer of 1852, a number of Mormon saints from Beaver Island, in Lake Mich- igan, on a proselyting tour, made their appearance in the vicinity of the fort and attracted a number of converts from the settlement. They established themselves on the northwest side of Lake Koshkonong, whence they made predatory levies, their former neighbors being the victims. These felonious incursions were endured for a season, but culminated when the mob broke into the house of Joseph Horan one night, and at the muzzle of a gun robbed him of vari- ous household articles. This aroused the village to an appreciation of the situation and induced pursuit, resulting in the capture of Preston Downing, and a man named Heth, former residents of Koshkonong, who were tried, convicted and imprisoned in the penitentiary. This prompt interference was the means of breaking up the raids, as also Mormon influence in this vicinity. HORSE-THIEVES. In the winter of 1855, John Conway, a peripatetic adventurer, but known to modern enact- ment as a "tramp," visited the house of Rufus Dodge, craving hospitality and rest. His wants were supplied, and in the evening, while his host's back was turned, the ungrateful mendicant slipped into the barn and fled upon one of Mr. Dodge's horses. He was pursued southward along Rock River into Illinois, but escaped, the horse being captured by P. G. Bowen, of Fort Atkinson, and this circumstance was the prime cause of the creation of the " Anti-Horse- Thief Society," an organization still in existence, and represented all over the Northwest. THE FIRST TRAINING. The first "militia training" is spoken of by the old settlers with some humor. This his- toric event, according to their statements, was unaccompanied by much of the spirit ordinarily attendant upon " grim- visaged war." It occurred about 1841. The settlers were ordered by Gov. Dodge to rendezvous at a stated place. Arms were scarce, but their absence was supplied by an excess of canteens. Capt. Finch commanded, and, there being no subordinate officers, he appointed them, including a Corporal. This latter, unappreciative of the distinguished honor, and unmindful of his obligations to obey, resented what he considered an affront, and, as the chronicler relates, "booted the Captain." No arrests were made, but the company disbanded without leaving any record to guide the historian regarding its future engagements. ITEMS OF INTEREST. Many other events of importance occurred in the early days of the city, but, owing to the defective memory of those who should be familiar with the facts, their elaboration is denied the historian. HISTORY OF JEFFERSOK COUXTY. 503 During the war, Fort Atkinson and her citizens were fully alive to the demands of the Government, and contributed men and money to the support of the Union arms. After the war, the vast manufacturing interests which are now maintained in that vicinity received a new impetus, and have grown into values of great proportions. Situated in the valley of Rock River, almost within sight of a sheet of water equaling in beauty and history the lakes of the Old World, about which cluster hallowed memories and romantic associations. Fort Atkinson contemplates a future as peaceful in its surroundings aa '• Sweet Auburn," the home of wealth and influence, and a happiness born of simplicity, as elegant as it is unusual ; inseparable from true worth, and a golden age of social superiority. Among the pioneers who still survive are the following, whose names have been collected for the city's history : Stephen A. Rice, Laura Rice, Milo Jones, Charles Rockwell, Rufus Dodge, Rebecca Dodge, H. S. Prichard, Sarah L. Prichard, Mrs. Martha Lewis, Darwin and Alonzo Morrison, of Denver; Mrs. Maria ^lorrison, Mrs. Sophia Wilcox, Edward and Mariette Foster, of Fond du Lac ; Aaron and Sarah Rankin, Mrs. Caroline Snell, Mrs. Aaron Allen, of St. Paul ; Mrs. Dwight Foster, of Milwaukee ; Mrs. C. A. Southwell, of Mil- waukee; Mrs. Fidelia Shepherd, of San Diego, Cal. ; Dr. Joseph Winslow, A. Winslow, Milton Snell, Wirt Snell, Newton Snell, of Missouri ; Mrs. Anna Wheeler, of Janesville : Misses Susan and Maria Snell, of Janesville ; Mrs. Ellen Carey, of Fond du Lac ; Chester May, E. P. May, George May, Mrs. Elizabeth Caswell, Alvaron Allen, of St. Paul ; Quincy Allen, of Memphis ; Mrs. Mary Foster, of Appleton ; L. M. Roberts, Samuel and Daniel Finch, of Cambridge, Iowa ; Lewis and John Waldref, of Oxford, Mo. ; William Wheeler, Lyman Hickcox, Joseph Morrison, M. L. Bates, Mrs. Martha Bates, of Salem, Mo.; Gerard Crane, of Pennsylvania ; James Crane, of Neosho ; Edward Rankin and Mrs. Amelia M. Rankin, daughter of Milo Jones ; Adna J. Rankin, Thomas Crane, Deborah Crane, Newton Jones, Geneva, Ohio ; Harrison and Eli Kinney ; James Bliss and wife ; Joshua Kirkland and wife, Carlos Curtis, Mrs. H. E. Caswell ; Mrs. A. E. May, Mrs. Cordelia Warne, Whitewater, and others. At the request of the editor of the Union, Mr. Charles Rockwell, one of the pioneers of Fort Atkinson, who died Oct. T, 1879, contributed the following incident of the early history of the city to the columns of that paper : '•At the time of the occurrence narrated here, the writer had selected for his 'home in the wilderness' Section 11, Town 5, Range 14, comprising at this date the farms now owned by J. F. Morrison, James McPherson, A. Strong and H. Merriman. My log cabin I built new, near Bark River, on account of two beautiful springs, on the land owned by J. F. Morrison. This has ever been to me a consecrated spot, and is the place where the farmers and Old Settlers held their picnic last Fourth of July. When I located my claims, in 1837. the land was not in market, neither had the Indians been removed from their old and favorite hunting-grounds in this vicinity ; Bark River was a hunter's paradise to them, and, as soon as the ice was out in the spring, fleets of canoes were seen on the river. Whenever they passed the shemokoman s cabin, they were pretty sure to call. Their stock in trade was furs, venison and fish, with an occasional Indian-tanned buckskin, brought out from under the old squaw's blanket. An Indian never traded, if he owned a squaw ; still there were exceptions, as the sequel will show. I give this story the name of " ' shemokoman's squaw, or, the heroine of bark river.' " One day in the spring of 18-38, myself and hired man had gone to the woods to prepare for sugar-making. To find a good bush, we had to cross the river opposite my cabin and go four miles into the big woods. We selected a bush that suited us, near which were encamped about forty Indians, big and little. They would frequently come to the cabin to trade with the 'shemokoman's squaw ' (white man's wife). We had a large dog that was death on Indians if they meddled with anything about the cabin, and he usually stayed at home with my wife and 504 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. little boy, two years old. On the day on which occurred the incident I am about to relate, the dog went with us to the woods. We were gone all d:iy, and when we returned to the cabin that night, my wife said to me, 'That Tonta Buck and his brother have been here today.' These were two powerful Indians, about thirty years of age, and both splendid specimens of the Pot- tawatomie tribe. Tonta had been to the cabin before, to swap venison, honey and fish for flour and poik. This time he had honey. Both Indians came in and sat down awhile, waiting till they were satisfied the dog was gone. Tonta offered to swap honey for pork, and said : ' Heap kokosh (pork), heap honey.' My wife said she saw he was bound to have things his own way. She got him some pork and flour, and told him she would give him so much for his honey. He said, 'No! swap petite' (too little), and began to flourish his knife. We had a fire-place at that time, and we had brought with us from the East the old New England shovel and tongues. The shovel was about four feet long, with a wide, strong blade. My wife .saw her chance, and placed herself between the shovel and the Indian. She saw he intended to scare her, so that she would run from the cabin, like most of the other women of the settlement ; but in this he was sadly mistaken, for, as he came toward her, she reached for the shovel, and, with a swift motion, brought it down with a sounding whack on his ugly head. He gave a grunt and retreated, saying : ' How ! Nishashin shemokoman's squaw ; me nishashin ashanobba ; ' which meant: Good white man's squaw, me good Indian. ' Me swap and puckachee wigwam ' (me trade and leave house). His brother, who had been a looker-on all this time, gave a loud laugh and called Tonta a squaw, and said : ' Heap brave shemokoman's squaw.' They took the pork and flour my wife had first ofl'ered, left their honey and ' puckacheed.' Never after that did the Indians dictate about trading in my cabin. I did not tell my wife she was a little heroine of a woman, but I thought so, nevertheless. I felt proud of being the husband of a woman who dared defend her home and property from such devils. Two weeks after this occurrence, a party of Indians came to a neighbor's house and found the wife all alone ; they made a few demon- strations, and the woman fled through the woods to my house, half dead with fright. The Indians gobbled ten bushels of potatoes and all the other provisions. My neighbor brought his wife to my house until we got through making sugar, and she had a fit of sickness consequent upon her fright. This is one of many incidents of like character, that marked the pioneer life of this town at that early day." As an evidence of the city's growth and prosperity, the following figures are taken from the annual exhibit of the city's progress, published in 1878 : The sales of goods, wares and mer- chandise are .stated at about $1,000,000 ; 680 messages were sent and 887 received at the tele- graph office dining the year; tlie bank paid $586,143 in drafts, and the business men $17,377 for hired help during the year. TOWN MEETINGS. The first record of any town meeting, according to the statements made regarding old set- tlers, and published in the Union .luly 7, 1876, was held April 5, 1842, at the house of Ches- ter May, Sr., at which Charles Rockwell presided as Moderator, and George P. Marston, Clerk. One hundred dollars was "raised for town expenses. J. Bliss, A. Finch, P. S. West and Milo Jones were appointed Pathmasters, and the Commissioners of Highways laid out nine road dis- tricts that year. April 4, 1843, the town meeting was held at S. Waldo's house, J. T. Ilaight, Moderator; Milo Jones, P. F. Morrison and James Bliss, Supervisors ; John A. Morrison, Clerk, and Ches- ter May, Treasurer. Thereafter until May 20, 1860, when Fort Atkinson was incorporated as a village, the settlement was under township organization, and the following oflicers were elected : Super- visors — E. H. Bingham, Chairman in 1844, William Waldruff, Jr., P. S. AVest and D. H. Peck receiving a tie vote, no choice was made; 1845, Norman Horton, M. L. Bates and P. L. Morrison; 1846, the same officers; 1847, David Wood, D. Foster and James Bliss; 1848, D. Wood, Anson Stone and P. S. West ; 1849, A. F. Snell, P. F. West and X. Horton ; 1850, X3?-'i'<-^'^S^^'^^$^ HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 507 Oeorge P. Marston, C. May and E. T. Sheffield; 1851, Alva Stewart, N. Needliam and Squire Dunn ; 1852, John W. McPherson, E. H. Bingham and Charles Hummel ; 1853, E. B. King, W. T. Davis and Daniel Finch ; 1854, Daniel Finch and John Wentworth ; 1855, no record ; 1856, E. P. May, Charles Hummel and Joseph Widner; 1857, Charles Rockwell, Edward Rice and Gustuf Melberg ; 1858, Edward Rice, W. M. Dunn and Daniel Finch ; 1859, David Wood, William Simonds and J. F. Morrison. C^erA's— 1844-46, Pascal P. Winslow ; 1847-48, H. F. Pelton ; 1849, W. F. Hovey ; 1850-51, E. B. King; 1852, Aaron Rankin; 1853, L. P. Caswell; 1854, L. B.Gilbert; 1855, no record; 1856, S. R. Crosby; 1857, George Stafford; 1858-59, Wesley Root. Treasurers— ISU, Dwight Foster ; 1845. Anson P. Stone ; 1846, Erastus Willard ; 1847, Milton Snell ; 1848, Thomas Barrie ; 1849, M. L. Bates ; 1850, J. H. Rawson ; 1851, S. C. Hall; 1852-58, Silas Wood; 1854, W. T. Davis; 1855, no record; 1856, B. Davis; 1857, Marcellus Finch; 1858, James Crane; 1859, D. Alworth. VILLACiE ROSTER. The records of Fort Atkinson, from the incorporation of the village until the 18th of 6ctober, 1870, and everything belonging to the Village Clerk's office, was contained in Lohmil- ler's block, corner of North Main and Germany streets, and entirely consumed by fire on the morning of the 13th of October, 1870. At an election held in the spring following, the officers chosen for the village for that and subsequent years, were recorded and preserved, as will be noticed from the subjoined roster: Chairmen of Board of Trustees — 1871, .Joseph Winslow ; 1872, George W. Webb ; 1873-74, 0. S. Cornish; 1875, Reuben S. White; 1876, L. B. Royce; 1877. AV. D. Hoard. Trustees of the Village — 1871, W. E. Smith, D. G. Snover, R. Emery, 0. S. Cornish, D. Bullock and J. C. Widmann ; 1872, N. F. Hopkins, R. S. White, Phil Eckhardt, Robert Bar- rie, John Wilderman and Jerry INIason ; 1873, D. Bullock, A. J. Rankin, A. Winslow, J. Wid- mann and Samuel Bishop ; 1874, D. Bullock, John Wilderman, S. A. Bridges, A. J. Rankin, Samuel Bishop and W. E. Smith ; 1875, Francis H. Allen, J. F. MuUer, Joseph Winslow, J. C. Widmann, Stephen Payne and Gilman Sargeant ; 1876, N. F. Hopkins, L. M. Roberts, Robert Barrie, George Landgraf, Jerry Mason and Thomas Brown ; 1877, G. W. Burchard, J. W. Lohmiller, D. Bullock, S. A. Bridges, E. E. Sheldon and F. Longholff. Clerks— 1^1\, Henry Wernicke; 1872, Samuel A. Craig; 1873, Frank Hoffman; 1874-75, Henry Wernicke ; 1876, Sherwood Ball ; 1877, A. E. Baldwin. Treasurers— 1^11, A. Winslow; 1872, E. S. Rice; 1873, H. B. Willard; 1874-75, Frank Vickery ; 1876, E. S. Rice : 1877, S. S. Curtis. Marshals— im\, A. B. Emery; 1872, Robert B. Smith; 1873, J. B. Preston; 1874-75 0. Vaughn ; 1876, James Flint ; 1877, S. C. Sawyer. Supervisors— \mi, Joseph Winslow ; 1872, G. W. Webb ; 1873-74, 0. S. Cornish ; 1875, Reuben S. White ; 1876, L. B. Royce ; 1877, W. D. Hoard. Police Justiees—\B12, D. B. Peck; 1874, S. A. Craig; 1876, D. B. Peck. THE CITY ROSTER. As stated above. Fort Atkinson was incorporated as a city April 5, 1878, and at an elec- tion held in accordance with the provisions of the act thereof, the following officers were chosen for that year : Mayor, Milo Jones ; Police Justice, H. A. Porter ; Treasurer, A. Winslow ; Clerk, A. E. Baldwin : Supervisors— E. P. May, of the First Ward ; D. H. Walker, of the Second, and J. W. Lohmiller, of the Third ; Aldermen— R. S. White and F. M. Allen, of the First Ward ; T. T. Proctor and George H. Pounder, of the Second, and S. Payne and J. C. Widmann, of the Third ; C. A. Caswell appointed City Attorney ; A. E. Jaycox, City Marshal ; Adelbert Rockwell and J. D. Flint, Street Commissioners. 508 HISTORY OF JEFFEHSON COUNTY. The election of 1879 resulted in the followint; choice : Mayor, S. S. Curtis; Treasurer, . W. Hanson; Clerk, D. G. Craig; Supervisors— E. P. May, of the First Ward; E. P. Hull, . the Second, and W. H. Rogers, of the Third; Aldermen — N. F. Hopkins and L. B. Royce, < the First Ward ; G. H. Pounder and L. Gooselin, of the Second, and D. W. Curtis and Joh Wilderman of the Third. BANKS. The First National Bank of Fort Atkin»on was incorporated on October 27, 18G3, with capital stock of §75,000, and on January 1, 18(34, the doors of the new and now prosperous institi tion were thrown open to the rush of an eager multitude who came, some to deposit their han earned "pennies," others to open negotiations with and transact business involving thousanc of iloliars. The shares were of $100 each, and were divided among the following gentlemer who held them in sums varying from §5.000 to §100 each : Joseph Powers, Chester May, El P. May, George H. Stafforcl, VVilliam Eustis, George P. JIarston, J. D. Clapp, L. B. Caswel G. W. C. May, William Taucre, A. D. Wilcox, R. Manning, A. M. Morrison, A. AVinslov J. Winslow, J. F. Morrison, Caroline B. Snell, J. D. Waterbury, D. C. Curtis and D. Holme; Of these gentlemen, who constituted the original stockholders, there are now only eigl remaining, viz., J. D. Clapp, L. B. Caswell, George W. C. May. J. D. Waterbury, Ely I May, William Eustis, George H. Stafford and Mrs. Caroline B. Snell. After the organization was completed, the following officers were elected, and they still hoi their positions, the only change being the appointment of a Vice President, Mr. E. P. Ma having been called upon to fill that position about a year ago. They are Messrs. J. D. Clap} President ; and L. B. Caswell, Cashier. This bank has the honor of being the third organized in the State of Wisconsin, and th one hundred and fifty-seventh in the United States. The surplus stock now amounts to §16,00( MANUFACTURING. The Northwestern Furniture Company was organized in 1800, and commenced busines with a capital of §25,000, which was increased in 1858 to §50,000, again, in 1871. to §75,00( and, in 1879, to 100,000. The cash dividends paid to stockiiolders thus far aggregate upward of §10,000 in exce? of the amount paid in by them on the §75,000 subscribed, and the undivided surplus earning amount to fully 50 per cent of the capital stock. In September, 1878, the wagon and carriage business of Widdmann, Wandschneider & C( and the foundry and machine business of the Foundry and Machine Company, were absorbed b the Fiirniture Company, and the name changed to the Northwestern Manufacturing Company §25,000 additional capital invested an!., C. G. Hammerquist; S. W., W. II. Tanare ; J. W., Joseph Winslow ; T., W. Tancre ; Sec, J. Young; S. D., J. C. Young; J. D., Joseph Walton; Tiler, C. B. Midgely. The remaining members were 0. Epengree, 0. S. Cornish, T. A. Pratt, John A. Head, AV. B. Parmelee and Norman Hall. The Lodge has now a membership of about seventy ; possesses property worth $300, and is out of debt. The following are the present officers: W. M., J. W. Hanson; S. W., J. H. Davis; J. W., George Pounder; S. D., F. M. Vickery ; J. D., J. J. Walter; T., T. xM. Vickery ;' Sec, J. A. Emery ; Tiler, J. L. Preston. The Fort Atkinson Anti-IIorse- Thief Society was first organized in 18.33, it is said, and rumoi must be taken in the absence of facts, there being no records bearing upon the subject, com- pelling this admission. The object of the Society is stated to be the recovery of stolen horses and their return to their lawful owners, but more especially to arrest horse-thieves with their aiders and abettors. Its protection is confined to citizens of Koshkonong, Cold Spring, Hebron, Oakland, Jefferson and Sumner. The Society was re-organized on .January 10, 1874, when the following board of officers was elected, and the duties disposed of so satisfactorily as to commend the continuance, growth and influence of the organization: Robert Barrie, President; E. Rankin, Vice President; J. D. Clapp, Treasurer ; D. W. Curtis, Secretary ; H. G. Tousley, P. G. Brown and 0. S. Cornish. Vigilance Committee. The present officers are : J. H. Davis, President ; E. Jacobus, Vice President ; D. W. Cur- tis, Secretary ; 0. S. Cornish, Treasurer ; S. E. Bright, Milo Morrison and Joseph Dobbins, Vigilance Committee. The meetings are held annually, and the Society's assets at present are stated to be aboul Fort Atkingon Band was organized in 1866 ; is composed of thirteen pieces, and bears an enviable reputation throughout the State for the excellence of its collections and execution. The present members have been enlisted from time to time, scarcely any of the original organi- zation remaining, and are as follows : S. Abbott, Leader; Herman Zeuchner, Treasurer; Charles Leonard, Secretary; S. A. Bridges, Cheney May, William Zeuchner, Fritz Ilerkel, John W, Foote, Frank Hoffman, Clarence Curtis, A. E. Baldwin, Charles Bingham and Frank Zeuchner, THE SCHOOLS. The cause of education early found an abiding-place in Koshkonong, and the first faini glimmerings of the light of this advance type of civilization has, under the benign influence e.xerted, long since risen to noonday splendor. The pioneers who began, in a simple way, th( building-np of what is to-dav the superior system of learning, accessible to the most humble, labored with a faith and love which has brought forth an abundant harvest. Though gone their works do follow them, and the present generation, when contemplating a future picturei: with promise, faifnot to rise up and bless the memory of th.ose who have long since crossed ovei the beautiful river and sleep beneath the shade of trees which line its banks. In presenting this cursory review of the schools of Fort Atkinson, nothing has beer attempted beyond the collection of such fiicts, bearing upon the subject, as were open to inquiry HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 513 and examination, and the historian desires, in limine, to here make his acknowledgments to Miss Lillie Roberts, of that city, for appropriations from her carefully prepared article on the schools, published in the edition of the Jefferson County Union of June 27, 1879 ; to Mrs. Edward Rankin, for valuable notes, and also to others, whose generous contributions of informa- tion have rendered the task, as a summer's day, full of sunshine and pleasant memories. The first school opened in the present city was taught by .Jane Crane, in the summer of 1839, in a log cabin on the North Side, owned and occupied by the Barrie boys. At the con- clusion of the summer term, the advent of Mrs. Barrie, mother of the " boys," necessitated a removal, and, during the winter of 1839-40, she maintained her presence in the private resi- dence of Milo .Jones, her pupils being Elizabeth May, Amelia Jones, Newton Jones, Susan Snell, Celeste Foster and Mary Ann Foster. In the summer of 1840, Miss Anna Snell succeeded to the charge, teaching in the resi- dence of Asa Snell, her father, Mr. William .J. Barrie following her in the winter. During the summer of 1841, Mrs. Charles ^arnsworth took possession of a shanty on the farm at present owned by Mr. Wood, and devoted its occupation to educational purposes. In the winter of 1841-42, Dr. Henry Morrison taught in a log house belonging to Calvin West, his labors con- tinuing until summer, when Miss Rhoe West was substituted. The ensuing winter witnessed the school's return to its first habitation — the cabin of the Barrie boys, where Mr. Moore, assisted by Mr. Farnum, presided. During the summer of that year, another move was made to a room in Charles Rockwell s residence, the teacher being Miss Malvina Stewart, \Vm. J. Barrie succeeding Miss Stewart in the winter, who, by the way, was the first teacher awarded a certificate. In the spring of 1844, Charles Rockwell built the first schoolhouse proper erected in Kosh- konong. It was of frame, 25.\30, located opposite the present site of Tousley's livery stable, costing $100, and is now occupied as a dwelling. Besides being used as a schoolhouse, religious and other meetings were held there, and the following list of teachers instructed pupils in the then modest curriculum : In the winter of 1844-45, Rev. Simeon Bicknell ; Miss Martha Rankin, summer of 1845; the Rev. Simeon Bicknell. winter of 1845-46; David Brewer, winter of 1846-47 and summer of 1847 ; George H. Stafford, winter of 1847-48 and summer of 1848; Miss Jerusha E. Swain, winter of 1848-49 and summer of 1849, and Lyman Stewart, during the winter of 1849-50. These do not include all the teachers, some being omitted, owing to the absence of records. In 1851, the number of scholars enrolled was 106, being an increase of 80 in ten years. Miss Swain, after completing her duties in Fort Atkinson, visited her parents, and went as a missionary to the Indian Territory, where, after remaining a number of years, she returned home to die of cancer. During the early school days, two men named Stanley came to the village, pretending to be deaf and dumb, and opened a writing-school. They remained here about three months, board- ing at the Green Mountain House, at that time kept by Milo Jones, and succeeded in attracting a generous patronage, as much by their merit as by the sympathy their aftiiction excited. They left, and went to Jefferson, but failing to impress the residents of that vicinity with their worth, continued on to Watertown. En route thither, the coach in which they embarked succumbed to hard roads and weak timber, when the Stanleys charged about like dismantled chimpanzees, uttering imprecations so emphatic and original as to not only establish a new school of profanity, but also to unbosom a fraud that had only lain dormant. In 1851 or thereabouts, the district was, for some unexplained reason, divided. That on the South Side remained' in the building opposite Tousley's stable, while the school on the North Side was kept, most of the time, in private houses, as it was not until 1858 that the brick house, which stood near the Furniture Company's buildings, was erected. The following are some of the teachers who taught in this schoolhou.se from 1858 to 1867 : Miss Hamilton, 1858—59 ; Mrs. Elizabeth Wilson and .Joseph Snell, 1861-02; Miss Adelaide Rankin, winter of 1862-63. and summers of 1863-64 ; Mark Curtis, winter of 1863-64 ; Dr. Stone ami Miss Emma Everdell, 1866-67. In the South Side School, Mr. Lamphear, Misses Eliza Ingerson and Elizabeth May taught. 514 HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUXTY. During the time when schools were taught in the first public schoolhouse, private schools were opened in private houses, but chiefly in the basempnt of the old Congregational Church. During the winters of 1849-50, the Rev. Meliser Montague maintained a private school at his residence on Whitewater avenue, patronized chiefly by young lads from Milwaukee. In 1848, B. F. Adams opened a school near where Merriam & Siraonds' store stands, now the postofEce building, and afterward in what is known as the " gravel house," nearly opposite J. D. Clapp's residence. iMiss Simmons began, in the spring of 18-56, in the Congregational Church base- ment, and continued her school until 1858. This was a large institution, requiring an assistant part of the time. Others who taught were the Rev. Mr. Atherton, Mr. Maxon, G. Southwell, Cordelia Curtis and Adelaide Rankin. In 1859, the first brick schoolhouse on the South Side was completed, at a cost of $5,500. The upper rooms were leased to J. K. Purdy, who had previously taught a pri- vate school in a building that stood on the present site of J. Kirkland's store, the lower rooms being used by the city. In 18GG, the two districts were again united, and the site for a high-school building purchased. The edifice was soon after commenced and completed, at a cost (with the prop- erty on which it stood) of §13,850. It is a two-story brick structure, containing five rooms, well lighted and heated, 'and possessing ample facilities for school purposes. The building is also provided with an assembly-room that will comfortably seat 120 scholars. Three teachers — a principal and two assistants — are employed. About the same time, the brick schoolhouse on the North Side was built for about $3,200, and completely and appro- priately furnished. These schools furnish the means of education from the department of primary to the higher branches, to all who desire to avail themselves of their benefits. The school year is divided into three terms. At the close of each, the students are required to submit to and pass a written e.xamination in the course which has been pursued. Scholars who go through the prescribed studies creditably receive a diploma. The class of 1871 was the first that held graduating exercises, and thus far seven classes have graduated, containing, respectively, five, five, ten, seven, fourteen, nine and fifteen members each, — making, in all, sixty-five who have graduated at the graded schools of Fort Atkinson. The number of scholars enrolled from 18(i9 to 1879, inclusive, is : 18(59, 705 ; 1870, 631; 1871, 652; 1872, 592; 1873, 581; 1874, 611; 1875, 655; 1876, 658; 1877, 580; 1878, 619, and 1879, 615. The salaries paid teachers are : Principal of High School, $1,300 per annum, with two assistants at $45 per month each. On the south side of the river there are one grammar, one intermediate and first and second primaries, giving employment to four teachers, one of which receives $40 per month, one $30, and two $28 each. On the North Side, the departments, teachers and salaries are the same. On the south branch of the river, there is a " mixed school," embracing first and second primaries and intermediate, all under one teacher, who receives $28 per month. The present value of school property is $30,000. The present School Board is made up of A. D. Wilcox, Director; M. H. Gaiiong, Clerk, and L. B. Caswell, Treasurer. THE PRESS. In attempting to prepare a history of the press in Fort Atkinson, the historian has encountered the utmost difficulty and innumerable cmbargos against a successful undertaking that could not be overcome. There were no files of the papers heretofore issued to be had, or, if obtainable, were imperfect, afl^iirding the sparsest aid to direct the pursuit of facts or guide the pursuer in his labors ; with this knowledge, the reader is able to appreciate the causes which liave served to render thisdcpartraent of the work seemingly imperfect, but not so in fact, when it is considered that without files or authentic information on the subject from those who should be familiar with its every detail, the matter has been arranged and is submitted. HISTORY or JEFFERSON COUNTY. 51o The Wisconsin Cliicf, now in its twenty-second volume, is a four-column folio, edited and lublished by Emma Brown, surviving sister of Thurlow Weed Brown, its founder. The paper was brought from New York over twenty years ago and set up in Fort Atkinson, ince when, through storm and sunshine, it has maintained its presence, commanding the honor- ble regard of its immediate associates, and the esteem of its cotemporaries. The Wisconsin Chief is the lineal descendant of the Cayut/a Chief, a paper of distin- ;uished reputation a quarter of a century ago, published at that time in Geneva, N. Y., to whose fForts in the cause of temperance, whatever of success that cause attained, is mainly due. In 1852, Mr. Brown visited the West to attend a temperance convention held during that ear in Chicago, and repeated his visit the following summer, when he passed several weeks at lebron, near Fort Atkinson, in rebuilding a system enfeebled by professional labors. The enefit thus derived persuaded Mr. B. to establish himself at Hebron, and, after a season, to love the paper of which he was the head to his new field of labor. This was done, and he first Western issue of the Cayuga Chief published on Wednesday, October 15, 1856, from i'ort Atkinson, the office being that now devoted to the use of the Jefferson County Union. Soon after, its name was changed to the Wisconsin Chief, under which it has since been nown. It was a folio 24x36, of six columns, issued weekly on Tuesdays and edited by T. W. Jrown, assisted by Emma, his sister, who, as stated, still directs the editorial and business man- gement. The first object of the publishers was the promotion of the cause of temperance. Politically, the Chief was foremost in its support of Republican principles, as enunciated in he platform upon which Fremont and Dayton were nominated. In 1859, the place of publication was removed to a building further west on Milwaukee treet, where it has since remained. The Adams power-press of the paper, the first of that attern, by the way, brought into Wisconsin, not only serves its owners here but patrons from the urrounding country. In 1861, the publication of the weekly edition was abandoned, and an issue put forth lonthly in its stead. This was continued about one year, when the paper became semi- lonthly. The death of Mr. Brown occurred in May, 1866, when Miss Emma Brown ssumed the management, resuming the issue of the weekly edition, which was, however, again bandoned in 1870, and the monthly once more substituted. Jt is still a " monthly periodical," devoted to the temperance cause, literary selections and riginal matter of merit on subjects of general import, but more particularly on that with which he paper is so cordially in harmony. The monthly edition is stated at 600. In 1859, the Standard was started, by J. A. Shepherd, a folio of six columns. Repub- can in politics, and ambitious of success. After a brief proprietorship, Mr. Shepherd isposed of his venture to J. C. Keeney, under whose administration the publication was sus- cndcd. The files of this paper were not preserved; and save a few which contain nothing caring upon the subject in hand, all have disappeared, thus preventing a detailed account of he origin, rise and final demise of the Standai-d. Fort Atkinson Hei-ald.^Whnt has been stated .regarding the Standard is also true of this Durnalistic venture. Little remains of its existence to indicate much beyond the bare fact that ; was started, so says general rumor, in the summer of 1867, by H. S. Ehrman, in the building t present occupied by Hoflhians shoe store, on Milwaukee street. A reasonably lengthy ojourn here was fijllowed by its i-emoval to a building on Milwaukee street, immediately east f the Green Mountain House, where it survived until H. M. Kutchin,^now of the Fond du iac CommonwealtlL, became the owner, and in turn sold to J. C. Keeney, who took the aper's effects to Sharort, \Vis., thence to Weyauwega, also in this State, where they serve their urjioses in the weekly issue of the Chronicle. In size, the Herald is said to have been a six- oluiun folio. Republican in politics, and a fair medium of news, national and local. The Jefferson County Union was born at Lake Mills on St. Patrick's Day. 1870, W. D. loard, the present editor, introducing the '' new revelation " and vouching for its purity, per- lanence and Republicanism, though the circumstances under which the " puling " journalistic 516 HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COtTN^TY. infant was thus put forward, the guardian asserts, were in the last degree discouraging. Mr Hoard knew nothing of printing or journalism ; was more familiar, he says, with the variou grades of " garden sass " than type ; but, having lost heavily in a " hop speculation," venturei into the newspaper business in a condition of desperation which he regarded in the light of i dernier resort. Having concluded upon the move, a contract was closed with J. H. Keyes, of the Water town liepublicaa, by the terms of which Mr. Keyes was to furnish the paper and do the printini for a consideration of two-thirds of the receipts. The first edition numbered three hundrei copies, and was awaited by the editor and subscribers in Lake Mills with an an.xiety approach iiig the ridiculous. When it came, the copy was warmly welcomed, and increased in strengtl from the day of its introduction. Politically, it was square-toed Republican, and so continues. But, as an agricultural paper devoted more particularly to the interest of farmers and especially to dairying, has the paper beei found invaluable. Under this wise policy, the Union soon found favor with a large class who up to its issue, had never subscribed for a paper, and gained in circulation with a rapidity almos unprecedented. In 1872, the Wisconsin Dairymen's Association was organized at Watertown, largel; aided through the Union s influence, which was made the official organ of the Association. In April, 1873, a copartnersKip was formed by Mr. Hoard with Charles Fullerton, of th Lodi Journal, whereby the Jownal and Union were consolidated. This proved a prosperou move, as, on the 1st of January, 1874, the circulation of the consolidation was found to b fifteen hundred. At that date, Mr. Hoard purchased Fullerton's interest, and has since con ducted the paper alone. The sheet is Republican politically, interesting locally, prosperou financially and steadily maintains an enviable position among the papers of the county. POST OFFICE. The old post office of Fort Atkinson, used in the early days of the settlement, is a fane bo.x, the property of Mrs. C. E. Southwell, of Milwaukee, but, at present writing (1879), in th possession of the family of Rufus Dodge, by whom it is treasured as a valuable reminder of day lang syne. This was some time about 1840, when Dwight Foster was the power behind the throne, an transacted the office business in his private house; but, as there was but one mail a week, born on the back of an Indian pony, directed by Silas Stevens, the official business was not of character that deprived him of sleep. Mr. Foster remained in charge for some years, being succeeded by John T. Ilaight, whc in turn, gave place to D. S. Morrison, who retained possession until 1850, when Milo Jones wa substituted, and remained the incumbent until 1858. In that year, A. J. Rankin was appointed and retained the office until April. 18G1, yielding precedence to A. M. Hurd, who remained ii power until 18(35, and was succeeded by ^I. H. Ganong, who "still lives" in possession of th fees anil emoluments attending the office of Postmaster. When Mr. Ganong assumed charge, the office was located in the store two doors south c the present location of Wolf's .saloon, where, in April, 18(36, it was completely destroyed by fir Thereafter, it was removed until the present location was settled upon, and has since been retained Since 18(36, the business has increased almost double and the quarters now used will soo: have to be enlarged to accommodate the growing demand. In that year, the gross receipts wer 31,582.35; to-day, they will aggregate fully $3,200. From the pony mail of 1S40, there ar to day three daily mails from Milwaukee and Chicago, one from Cambridge and a tri-weekl mail from Hebron and Cold Springs. The money-order business was established in 1867, ani is weekly increasing. From January 1, 1878, to January 1, 1879, there was received from the sale of stamp! envelopes, etc., the sum of $2,763.91 ; from other sources, $356.18. There were 276 registere HISTORY OF JEFFERSOX COUNTY. 517 ettors sent and 382 received; money orders amounting to ^25,071.76 issued and money orders )aid aggregating $17,498.49. The annual salary is $1,400. CHURCHES. Methodist Church. — The nucleus of the present Methodist Episcopal Church of Fort Atkin- on was a class organized in 1840, at the residence of Jesse Roberts, north of the village, con- isting of the following persons : Jesse Roberts and wife, F. J. Roberts and wife, Mr. and Mrs. Vdams, Mr. and Mrs. Carter, and Mr. and Mrs. Wade with their two daughters. The preach- ng was sometimes at Mrs. Robert's house, but more generally in the village at private houses, iccasionally in a cooper-shop and subsefjuently in tlje schoolhouse. The diocese was origin- dly an appointment on the old Aztalan Circuit, which was organized in 1837, then within the Uinois Circuit. The first ministers were the Rev. Samuel Pillsbury and Jesse Halstead. In 1852, the congregation erected a church, and, in 1854, Fort Atkinson becamea separate iharge, and has so remained from that date, the congregation worshiping in their own church m South Main street. The following have served the station and circuit as Pastors: Circuit — Revs. H. W. Frink, 1839; John Hodges, 1841 ; C. G. Lathrop, 1842; Stephen Jones, 1843; Asa Wood, 1844; C. I. Wager and S. B. AVhipple. 1845; William Millard, 1846; S. W. Martin, 1848; J. Pearsall, L850 ; S. L. Brown and R. Moffatt, 1851 ; M. Bennett and P. B. Pease, 1852. Station— Revs. D. 0. Hollister, 1851; R. Blackburn, 1855; Milton Rowley. 1856; J. Cushing, 1857; E. P. Beecher, 1858 ; H. Frink. 1859 ; J. Howard, 1860; R. 0. Kellogg, 1862 ; D. 6. Jones, 1865 ; 5. Smith, 1807; W. W. Warner, 1870; S. C. Thomas, 1872; H. Colman, D. D., 1874, and P. B. Pease, present incumbent. The present Trustees are E. P. Hull, U. A. Porter, 0. Wigdale, J. Loxley, G. J. Kirk- and, H. W. Simonds, G. Pounder and R. S. Gates. Stewards — J. Loxley, J. W. Hatch, G. J. Kirkland, J. R. Steenson, G. Prestige, E. P. Hull, J. Hutchins, W. Westcott and N. D. Carey. Chorister, C. Larned ; Organist, Miss Ida May Clapp. The Sunday school has an average attendance of 180 pupils. The church is a neat and commodious building, well furnished, supplied with a pedal-baToarc and it was the htst trip they were going to make, .\fter remaining in Detroit five days, at a cost of §10, there cam a man to the tavern with a team and double wagon without any cover on it. He w:is accompanied by his wife, an ihey were going to .Milwaukee. They agreed to take our family through for ?2il, we to bear our own expenses; s< on the 3d of November, we set out upon a journey in an open wagon, for which we were little prepared. Th ground had frozen very hard the night before, and upon it had fallen about four inches of snow. For two weeki we had very severe weather, when it moderated and the ground and snow thawed together; then it was nothin but mud. Thus we traveled around Lake .Michigan through snow and mud and rain and shine, until we reache Racine. There we heard that the smallpox prevailed in Milwaukee, anil so we hired the man to take us across Ih country to Prairieville (now Waukesha). I had two brothers living at Cienesee, in that direction ; hut when we g< within three miles of their place we heard that they also had the sni.allpox in both families, and had each lost child 'with it. There we were, worn out with fatigue, and my little children sick from the lime we first put fool o ihe steamboat at Bufl'alo ; lotking forward to an hour of rest, the society of friends and a temporary home ; then i a uiomenl to have our hopes dashed to earth — it was too much. It seemed as though I must sink down and die. W had then traveled eighteen days, and I had carrie, C. L. Hubbs. The present Trustees are: Messrs. B. B. Sanborn, Director; G. S. Griswold, Treasurer R. Fargo, Clerk. MANUFACTURINCi INTERESTS. Principal among these important factors to the ultimate greatness of the village, are th Agricultural Company's works, which were started in 1847, by Miles Millard, Ambrose Foste and Enoch and L. B. Fargo, in a brick building 70x40 feet. The work then turned out was ( the most ordinary character, being, in fact, such as is performed in almost any small foundry a the present day. Mr. Millard remained in partnership for about a year, selling out his interest at the end ( that time to Mr. Hugh Sells, who subse([uently sold to Messrs. AV. R. and George S. Griswolc In 1800, Mr. E. B. Fargo also retired, his interest passing into the hands of Mr. J. E. Farg< to whom lie sold for §2,UU0. The business was then conducted by Messrs. Griswold, Fargo ( Co. until 1868, when the Agricultural Manufacturing Company of Lake Mills was formed, wit a stock company of §30,000, in shares of $1,000 each. These were held as follows : Fargo • Harvev, §1,000; E. B. Fargo, §1,000; S. B. Gris^^old, §2.000; J. H. Myers, §1,000; S. I Hitchcock, §3,500 ; E. Styles, §500 ; S. Doty, §500 ; S. W. Hoyt, §1,000 ; G. W. Bisho] §500; W. R. Taylor, §1,000; M. N. Seward §1.000; J. E. Fargo, §4,000; W. R, Griswoh §7,000 ; George S. Griswold, §3,000 ; E. P. Brooks, §1,000, making a total of §28,000 paid-u HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 545 apital. The Company remained in force until 1876, ivlien the present proprietors, Messrs. Jeorge S. Griswohl, S. P. Hitchcock and G. A. Williams, bought out the concern for 25 cents n the dollar of the amount above represented. In June of the same year, Mr. Williams pur- hased Mr. Hitchcock's interest, thus constituting the firm of Williams & Griswold, who, how- ver, continue to do business under the style and title of the "Agricultural Company." The Qost recent change is the purchase of the entire concern by Mr. Williams. The machinery principally manufactured consists of plows, seeders, wagons and general isirming implements. The amount of work turned out annually is worth about $30,000, and, n the season when seeders are in most demand, the firm employs some thirty men. The .mount of capital invested is about $20,000. Seaver's Oil-Tempered Knife Manufactory was started in 1875, by Mr. F. A. Seaver, fith $4,000 capital. He now has $5,000 invested, and will turn out this year, with five hands, ,bout $5,000 worth of work. These knives find considerable favor throughout the States of iVisconsin, Illinois, Iowa and Minnesota, with all of whom he has a large trade. Next year, he vill increase his facilities by the addition of a large trip hammer, which will enable him to pro- luce ten times more work than he has been in the habit of doing. Cigar Manufactorij. — In May, 1876, Messrs. A. P. Newton, A. Newton and G. H. New- on, trading as "Newton Bros.," started this important adjunct to the comfort of the sons of nen, with about $1,000 capital. The first year they employed three hands, and turned out 500,000 cigars. They have now a capital of $3,500 invested, and give employment to six hands, vhose pay-roll foots up $70 per week. Tliey sliip principally to Denver, Colo., and manufacture argely for home consumption. The leaf used is purchased principally in Milwaukee. The Flouring- Mill. — Upon the completion of the mill, in 1842, Capt. Keyes ran it during he winter, and in the spring Messrs. Miles Millard and Roswell Picket bought the property, ncluding nearly all of the present site of the village, and 120 acres of farming land adjoining jaying for it $5,500. Mr. Picket retained possession of his share until 1846, when he sold t to Mr. Millard, who controlled it until 1850, when he sold out to Mr. Enoch Fargo. That jentleraan retained it until 1854, but again disposed of it to a Mr. Hulburt, who sold out to Vlr. Samuel Lewis, who traded it back again to Mr. Fargo. He kept it for about eighteen nonths, and then disposed of it to a Mr. Buck, who retained possession of it until 1874, when he sold out to the present proprietor, Mr. C. C. Smith. In 1875, that gentleman added iteam power to it, so that he has now about $12,000 invested in the venture. It is a two-run Bill, with a capacity of about one hundred bushels per day. The grinding done is principally [or home consumption, and that known as " custom work." Lake Mills Cheese Factory was started in April, 1878, by Mr. E. B. Fargo, with $1,400 capital. That year he turned out, with one man, 72,000 pounds of cheese. This year, he thinks he will turn out about the same amount. His trade is principally with New York, to which city he ships very largely, although he manufactures considerably for home consumption. THE PRESS. Lake Mills has a weekly newspaper, the Spike, published and edited by A. G. Bernard. It is a twenty-eight-column journal, bright and spicy, full of news, good advice and sound opin- ion. The Spike has just entered upon its second volume, and has the appearance of being in the enjoyment of liberal support and extended patronage. It is independent in politics. EARLY INCIDENTS. The First Brick House vias built in 1845, by Mr. William Bragg, directly opposite the old tavern on the Aztalan road, and still stands. The First Store was opened in 1842 by Boyington Paine, who kept all manner of goods, but few of them. 546 HISTORY OF .TEFFERSOX COUXTY. The First Tavern was opened in the building now known as the " Lakeside House," ir 1843, by Morgan L. Bartlett, the only change being the addition of a new front which has been made within the past few years. The First Marriage. — The young people credited with having first called the attention ol that much-abused myth, the "pilgrim of love," to Lake Mills, are Thomas C. Dancy anc Arvilhi Wordwell, now residing in Palmyra. The next was a double marriage, that of Mr Abel Keyes and Miss Mary Cutler and Mr. George Hyer and Miss Katie Keyes, who wen married upon the same day. in the year 184-3, the day being observed as one of general rejoic ing, the whole village and part of Madison being present. The First Birth. — The hero of this most important event is believed to have been i daughter to the wife of George Farmer, who first saw light in the village of Lake Mills, ii the year of grace 1839, though it is conceded that Henry Atwood was the first in the neigh borhood, he having become an inmate of this vale of tears as early as 1840. The First Death in this village was that of the father of Capt. Joseph Keyes, who driftec out on to the unknown sea in 1843. ET CETERA. There are three Lodges in Lake Mills— Sagola Lodge, No. 27, I. 0. 0. F., D. G. Frazer N. G., and 0. L. Ray, Secretary ; Lake Mills Lodge, No. 46, F. & A. M., 0. L. Ray, Wor shipful Master, and S. R. Teed, Secretary; Rock Lake Temple, T. of H. & T., F. Crump. W C. T., and M. Myers, W. R. Lake Mills is situated on the east side of Rock Lake, a romantic sheet of water mucl admired by tourists and others. The village limits comprise one-fourth of Sections 11, 12, 1-: and 14, Town 7 north. Range 13 east. J. B. Chesmore is the present Postmaster. Kroghville Post Office. — Located in Section 19, town of Lake Mills. It was surveyed ii 1852 by J. D. Waterbury, and platted as a village by Casper Krogh, who built a saw-mil there in 1845. The leading industrial enterprise in Kroghville is the patent-cultivator factory of Mi Krogh. There are also a cheese-factory, an artificial limb factory, a post ofiice, stores, black smith-shops and other institutions going to make up an enterprising and prosperous settlement The town of Lake Mills comprises within its borders some of the finest agricultural lam in the State. HEBRON AND ITS SURROUNDINGS. The following historical sketch, from the pen of Mr. Mark Curtis, now a resident of Hebron is a most interesting paper on the subject of the early settlement of the southeastern portion o Jefferson County. Mr. Curtis proves himself to be a close observer of passing events, and h has labored with a zeal, untiring and faithful, in collecting his facts, that is only equaled by hi extraordinary ability to thoroughly develop and bring to light the' reminiscences of the pasi The article speaks for itself: " A correct history of the town of Hebron embraces many things that are outside of th town, but are intimately connected with it, and a history of Hebron is of itself a history in pai of the adjoining towns. Hon. Milo Jones, of Fort Atkinson, who was one of the Governmen Surveyors, and had a large contract for surveying in the eastern portion of Wisconsin, am whose services ran back to 1834, while on a visit to Milwaukee, made mention of the fact tha there was a good water-power out about fifty miles on Bark River. "A party, consisting of Solomon Juneau, *Daniel Willis, Jr., *Elisha W. Edgertor David Sargent, *Thomas Holmes and Henry Miller (the last-named was for twenty-five o •still living. HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 547 more years connected with the great banking-house, as an employe and partner, of D. 0. Mills & Coe), left Milwaukee, and, after a journey of seventeen days, arrived at the site of where the tillage of Hebron now is, during the month of November, 1835, and immediately built a claim Bhanty on tlie point of land that runs into the pond, and near where the present dam is thrown icross the river. This being the first claim, and the parties improving it, made in Jefferson County. " The parties who made this claim formed a company, known as the Rock River Land and Claim Company. David Sargent passed the winter of 183-5 and 1836 here, living alone and looking after the interests of his company, being the first white man to pass an entire winter (v'ithin what is now the boundaries of Jefferson County; although there are traditions that trap- pers had lived here portions of the year previous to this, but the claim that Sargent was the first ffhite man to winter here in Jefferson County, cannot be successfully disputed. The Company before mentioned sent out a working party and dammed the river about eighty rods above the present dam during the spring and su-mmer of 1836, and also commenced a saw-mill, which was located very near where the flouring-mill of L. Doud now stands. A race was dug that was near sixty rods long. The mill was completed so as to commence work, and sawed the first board February 11, 1837. There were two living witnesses of the 'opening' — Rufus C. Dodge, of Fort Atkinson, and Zenas Roberts, residence unknown to the writer. Dodge was a blacksmith, md was the 'smithy ' of the saw-mill, as well as the cook for the men working during the winter. Phis mill was the first one built north of Dixon, 111., on Rock River, or any of its tributaries. " The mill was put under the charge and management of Horace Churchill (who was irowned near Sacramento, Cal., in 1878), but did not prove a financial success to its projectors ind builders. It changed hands a number of times, and, finally, was transferred to John T. Fields, and by him it was sold to Joseph Powers, Esq., in 1845. Mr. Powers was a machinist 3y trade, a man of energy and indomitable perseverance, and, from the time he became the pur- chaser, the mill was a success, doubtless owing in part to the rapid settlement of the country, and ;he increased demand for lumber. Soon after becoming proprietor, he built a factory for the uanufacture of bedsteads, the first one for the manufiicturing of furniture by machinery west of ;he lakes, and, in the little shop here in the heavy timber, was the pioneer in making cheap iiirniture in Wisconsin. It might be here stated that the Wisconsin Furniture Manufacturing [Jompany, with its immense business at Fort Atkinson, is but the outgrowth of this little shop jrected here a third of a century ago. The products of the factory were hauled by teams to the ;hen rapidly growing towns that had sprung up in Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois. " About 1852, the saw-mill was rebuilt upon its present site, and the same year a flouring- nill was erected by Mr. Powers. The flouring-mill was burned down in the spring of 1855, and •ebuilt the same season, by C R. Barnes, now of Kansas, who had a contract for the purchase )f the property. The shop grew to be a building over one hundred feet long, and two stories ligh, and was burned in 1866. The burning of the flouring-mill was the first fire of any amount )ccurring in town. It cost $10,000 to rebuild it, which so crippled Mr. Barnes financially that ;he property came back into the hands again of Mr. Powers. The loss by the burning of the shop was fully $10,000 more, which was not oidy a loss to Mr. Powers, but to the entire town, 'or it was the cause of removing an established industry, and took away from town thirty to fifty aboring men. " Cyrus Cushman erected a saw-mill since known as Cushman's Mill, situated two and a half niles north of Hebron Village, in 1844, and afterward added a turning-shop for the manufacture )f bedsteads and such other articles as he could find a ready market for. It took two days to •aise this mill. Cushman had fifty men at the raising. A storm of sleet and rain came on, fili- ng the mortices, :ind froze so hard, and it was nearly as much work to cut out the ice as it was ;o frame the building in the first place. "Jesse Wright built the steam saw-mill known as Wright's Mill in 1852. Previous to the )uilding of the mill, he was engaged in the manufacture of flour-barrels on an extensive scale, carrying on other branches of coopering. 548 HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUXTY. " In 1853. Thuvlow W. Brown, renowned as a temperance lecturer, and the editor of the Cayufia Chief, of Auburn, X. Y., together with Samuel T. Clothier, purchased a tract of land on the north side of the river, and opposite the village of Hebron, and laid out an addition to the village. In 1854, they built a steam saw-mill, which was torn down in 1868, and now forma a part of the warehouse of the Wisconsin Manufacturing Company, of Fort Atkinson. "BARK RIVKR. " Previous to the year 1840, the Territory of Wisconsin was divided into three counties for judicial and other purposes, viz. : Brown, Crawford and Milwaukee. During the session of the Territorial Legislature of that year, new counties w^ere created, and, among them, the county of Jefferson, and subdivided into towns, the four government townsliips of the southeast corner taking the name of Bark River, which comprised and included what is now the towns of Cold Spring, Hebron, Sullivan, Palmyra, and all that part of Town 6, Range 15 east, which is now a part of tlie town of Jefferson. '■The first town meeting of the town of Bark Kiver was held April 5, 1842, at the house of Abram Brink, in what is now the village of Cold Spring, and from the minutes of that meet- ing we copy : " Mectiiig ciUeil to order. .Vhram Brink was elecleil Cliairnian of the meeting, and D. Merrill electeil Clerk. The following named were elected by ballot to fill the various offices: Supervisors — D. Merrill (Chairman). V.. Dames and Cyrus Cushraan ; -Vbrarn iiriiik, Town Clerk ; 1). Merrill, Assessor; Ira Fisk, Trea-surer; Selli Siiialley, A. Balser and .Justus Carpenter, Commissioners of Schools ; .V. IJradley, KenslaerRing and K. \V. Crawe, Commission- ers of Highways. Cyrus Cushman was elected Overseer of Highways for Towns 5 and (i, Range llj, now Palmyra and Sullivan; Harrison 1*. Willard, Seth Snialley and E. Uaws elected Fence Viewers. C'ompensalion voteil to ofiiccra for the ensuing year : School Commissioners, $2 a day; Commissioners of Highways, $1..'>0; Town Clerk, SI 50; Supervisors, $1 Number of voles polled, 32. " The amount raised by general tax for the year, as certified by Abram Brink, Town Clerk, was $1.35. "The first election held was for Delegate to Congress, and held at the mill-house of the Bark River Mills, now Hebron, September 10, 1837. There were seven votes cast, Cyrus Cushman being selected as the messenger to carry the returns to Milwaukee. Mr. Cushman was paid $8 for this onerous task. Horace Churchill was one of the Inspectors of Election. James Duane Doty was ihe man voted for and elected. " The ne.xt annual t)wn meeting of the town of Bark River was held at Abram Brink's, in April, 1843. Willard Grant, William Mulks and Justus Carpenter, were elected School Com- missioners, and met April 17, and divided the town into nine school districts. They reported that there were seventy-eight children of school age in town, and §140 of public money to be apportioned. " At an election held at the house of Abram Brink, in the town of Bark River, Septem- ber 25, 1843, there were 20 votes cast for Delegate to Congress. Henry Dodge received lU, and George W. Hitchcock 1. George F. Markley received 19 for Register of Deeds; Enoch G. Darling, 16 for County Treasurer ; Russell M. Nevens, 16 for Coroner ; Chester May, Sr., 3 ; Milo Jones for County Surveyor, l'.'. The following named, long-since residents of Hebron, appear on the poll list, namely, D. F. Jones, Amos Gibbs, William Whopples, James R. Fuller and H. J. Munro. •• A special election was held at the house of H. P. Willard for the election of a Justice of the Peace, and Albert Burnham was elected, being the first to hold that office within the present boundaries of the town of Hebron. " At the annu;il town meeting held in the house of A. Brink, Cold Spring, in 1844, D. J. Powers, S. M. Jones and Ashel Boyington were elected Supervisors : N. S. Ilibbard, Allen Hays and Jonas Foils, Commissioners of Highways; Darius Reed, Justus Carpenter and P. H. Turner, Justices of the Peace ; Peter II. Turner, Assessor. Fifty-one votes polled. " In 1845, D. J. Powers was again elected Chairman of the Board of Supervisors, and John Fish, Town Clerk. HISTORY OF JEFFERSON COUNTY. 549 "The Territorial Legislature of 1846, passed an act dividing the town of Bark River, as follows : Town 5 north, of Range 16 east, in Jefferson County, is hereby set off into a separate town by the name of Sullivan, and the next town meeting shall be held at John Nutters. Town 6, north of Range 1-5 east, in said county, is hereby set off into a separate town by the name of Tunbridge, and the next town meeting to be held at the house of Cyrus Cushman. Township 5, Range 16 east, is hereby set off into a separate town, by the name of Palmyra, and the elec- tion to be held at the schoolhouse in the village of Palmyra, and Town 5, Range 15, to be known as tlie town of Bark River, and the election to be held at the schoolhouse in the villacre of Cold Spring. " At the town meeting held April 7. 1846, at Cold Spring (Brink's Mills), Jonas Folts, E. T. Williams and Samuel Wing, were elected Supervisors; Ebenezer Giles, Town Clerk; D. B. Peck, J. K. Pike and P. A. Fenner. Justices of the Peace; Nelson Freyer, Assessor; Noah Grover, Collector; Isaac Joslin, Noah Grover and Elijah Higgins, Constables. The sum of $150 was voted for incidental expenses, and there was also voted ' to E. Giles and J. H. Fuller, $6 for making a coffin for Mrs. Smith's mother.' During this year an election was held to ratify the Constitution and to vote for or against a State government ; 54 votes were polled ; 31 in favor of the Constitution and in favor of a State government, and 33 against. This year, a post office was established at Bark River Mills and D. P. Jones appointed Postmaster. The list of Postmasters of Bark River Mills is as follows : D. F. Jones, Seth Patee, George Trucks, S. T. Clothier, James M. Fitch, Mathew Washburn, E. S. Snow, S. W. Bailey, James M. Fitch, C. W. Biden. In 1868, the name of the office was changed from Bark River Mills to Hebron, and C. W. Biden appointed Postmaster. He was succeeded by C. W. Biirrington, and he by James B. Miner, he by Mrs. Justin Alvord, and she by Mrs. Amelia J. Norman, the present incumbent." THE TOWN OF TUNBRIDGE. The town of Tunbridge was Township No. 6, Range 18 east of the Government Subdivis- ion, and being the north half of the town of Hebron and the "' L " part of the town of Jeffer- son, and was organized pursuant to an act of the Legislature, and named by Cyrus Cushman after his native town in the State of Vermont. The first town meeting was held at his house April 7, 1846. There were 52 votes polled. The officers elected were as follows : Samuel T. Clothier, Chairman, S. B. McCune and John Jackson, Supervisors ; Edward F. Hutchins, Town Clerk : Samuel T. Clothier, Justice of the Peace ; Rufus H. Parker, Dan- iel Marble and Spencer Thayer, Commissioners of Highways ; Samuel T. Clothier, Edward F. Hutchins and Willard Grant, Scliool Commissioners ; William Reynolds, Collector ; H. J. Munro, Treasurer ; Truman Martin, Sealer of Weights and Measures. Willard Grant was Moderator, and S. B. McCune, Clerk of the meeting. LET THE EAGLE SCRE.4M. There was a Fourth of July celebration held in the town that year, in the grove of David S. Wilcox, and a the brewery about six months ; then commenced mercantile business. Mr. Bieber has served thirteen years as a member of the School Board, seven years as School Superintendent, six years as School Com- missioner and Clerk ; he is now serving liis fourth term as County Supervisor; he was twice elected Alder- man. Probably no citizen of this city has taken more interest in educational matters and other interests of the place than Mr. Bieber. June 15, 1853, he was married to Agatha Strohmenger; she was born in 600 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES. Bavaria May 12, 1835; they have eight children — Annie Tnow Mrs. John Matzek. of Milwaukee), Charle William. Jr.. Frank. Lena, Laura, Minnie and Henry. Mr. B. is a member of the Turner Society. JOHN BIRD, Fifth Ward, Dodjie Co.; with S. E. Randall in agricultural implement businesf born ill Canada Sept. 29, 1831 ; sun of Isaac and Hannah (Hodgson) Bird, both natives of Westmori landsliire, England ; they came to Canada in 1831. Mr. John Bird has been a resident of Wisconsi since January, 1867; he has been engaged in pork buying, packing and shipping, and dealing in far: implements ever since he came here except two years that he devoted to farming. He was married De 24, 1870, to Eliza Raison, a native of England; they have five children — Louisa Hannah, Harry Hodgsoi Hatlic Mav, Wilber Howard and an infant son. Mr. Bird has been Supervisor of Fifth Ward, Dodge C WILLIA^H BITTNER, butcher and proprietor of meat market; born in the town of Mi waukee, Wis., April 22, 1847; lived in Milwaukee until he came to Watertown in 1865. July 2, 187 he married Bertha Xowack ; she was born in Germany ; they have two children — Clara, aged 7 years, an Rosa, 3 years of age. Mr. Bittner has been a member of the Hook and Ladder Company for sevt years ; he is also a member of the Sack Company. ADOLPHUS BLAIR, saloon keeper; was born in Canada in 1833, and, with his parent moved to the State of New York in 1835, where be remained t«n years, when, with his parents, he can to Wisconsin and located on a farm in the town of Milford, where he was educated and where he wi elected Chairman of the Town Board in 1873. He married Miss Mary Filiatrau, of Milford, Jan. 2 1861 ; they have eight children— Charles E., Mary E., Gertrude, Elizabeth, Ruth, Walter, Carrie an Edward, all of whom, with parents, are members of the Catholic Church. HENRY A. BLACK, grocer; is the son of August Block, who came to this country i 1854, settling in Wisconsin, where he died Sept. 18, 1878. The subject of this sketch w;ts born Ms 21, 1858, and early became a.ssociated with his father in the flour, feed, saloon and brickyard busines with whom he remained until Jan. 1, 1878, when he succeeded to the business himself and has since coi ducted it. The family originally consisted of six children — Henry A., Martha, Arthur, Ruphena, Augu and Olga, the mother of whom, Wilhelmina, still lives, a resident of Watertown. Mr. Block is a merabi of St. John's Lutheran Church. I>. BLUMEXFELD was born in the ancient city of Creglingen, Kingdom of Wurtemberi Feb. 13, 1828; received a common-school education and in 1841, entered a printing office at Stuttgar the capital city of Wurtemberg ; left that city in February, 1848, and worked at the case as a journey ma type-setter, in the cities of Xeuwied, Dusseldorf and Schwerin , emigrated to America in June, 1850, v Hamburg, and landed in New York Aug. 15, 1850; stayed there and in Philadelphia a few weeks an came to Wisconsin in the month of September of that year ; entered, a few days after his arrival in th State, the service of Messrs. Kohlmann Bros, who intended to publish a German paper in Racine, and i October, set the first stickful of German type that ever was set in that place. [See Racine History.] Tl Messrs. Kohlmann are now citizens of Oshkosh and publish a well-knuwn German paper there — the Td graph. In April, 1851, he left Racine and accepted a position as foreman in the office of the Dnilt/ Ba, ner and Vo/kii)'reund, at Milwaukee, published by Morritz Schoetlier, who was well known among all tl printers in Germany, having been, for a number of years, first foreman and manager of the world-renowne printing establishment of Baron von Cotta, in Stuttgart; in September, 1852, went to New York to gi married to Nancy Lewensen, of Schwerin, Germany, and in August, the following year, removed fro: Milwaukee to Watertown, in company with John Kopp, from Augsburg, a pressman who worked in tl same office with him in Schwerin, and afterward in Milwaukee. They commenced the jjublication of Democratic German weekly paper, called the Watertown Anzetgir, and issued their first number Aug. 2' 1853. D. Blumonfeld has since that time continued in the printing business, since 1859 as sole pr prietur of the Watertown Welthnrger. His family consists of his wife (with whom he celebrated his si ver wedding on Sept. 11, 1877) and seven children, of whom two are married ; has been a member i the School Board and Common Council from 1868 to 1872. JOHN BOXEY, carpenter and joiner; born April 15, 1823, in Cornwall, England; wi educated and learned his profession there; came to America in 1849, landed in Quebec, and stayed i Canada till May 10, 1850, when he came to Watertown and worked for himself as carpenter and houi joiner, till 1863, when he went to Little Rock, Ark., in Government employ, and stayed there till withi ten days of the close of the war; in 1865, he entered the employ of the C. & St. P. R. R.; in 1874, \ left tliem and built the Catholic Church on the west side of the river, but in June, 1878, returned I work for the railroad company. Married Miss Sarah Jane Nettleton, of Watertown, in March, 185£ she died Jan. 25, 1878, leaving three children — Delia, Zina and George. Members of the Episcop Church ; Republican. CITY or WATERTOWN. 601 REV. JOHN H. BROCKHANN, Pastor of the German Evangelical Lutheran Church of ^''atertown and vicinity ; born in Hanover Feb. 8, 1833 ; educated in Kurope ; ordained to the Christian linistry in Germany in 18G1 ; came to America in 18G2 ; he preached at Ahnapee, Wis., four years, ilerward two years at Mosel, Sheboygan Co. ; in 1868, he went to Fort Atkinson, where he remained ntil he came to Watertown, in January, 1875. Mr. Brockmann married Sophia Scheele Oct. 3, 1862 ; le was born in Germany. They have three children — Johanna, Theodore and Paul. F. P. BROOK, groceries, fruits and confectioner ; was born in Veldenz, near the river Moselle, russia, June 22, 1835, and came to Wisconsin in the summer of 1850 ; located in the town of Water- iwn, on a farm that his father purchased from Mr. McCready ; he then came to Watertown and learned le barber's trade ; he remained at his trade for five years, and, in 1857, started a fruit and confectionery, hich he carried on for about eighteen years ; in 1866, he started the Red Front Store, adjoining the ank ef Watertown, which he carried on in connection with his other store. For about two and a half ;ars, Mr. Brook quit business, for a rest, and then started the store he now occupies and in which he i& 3ing a successful and profitable business ; he was elected School Commissioner and resigned on account ■ his business ; in 1877, was elected as Supervisor and again in 1870, which position he now holds. He arried, Dec. 31, 1857, Christiana Esslinger, of Buffalo, N. Y. He has five children — Amanda, Edward, mnia, Charles and Ida. WILiLiIAlfl BITCHHEIT, grain-dealer; bnrn in Bavaria, Aug. 15, 1827; came to America 1851; landed at New York City April 8, 1851 ; came to Milwaukee in May of the same year; came I Watertown and located in August, 1852 ; engaged in the liquor bu.siness for a number of years ; carried 1 a rectifying establishment and did a large wholesale business after doing a retail business for some sars ; he also built and carried on a brewery for awhile ; in 1860, he commenced business as a commis- m and produce merchant ; in 1865, he commenced buying grain and is now one of the largest and most ■osperous grain-dealers in the West. July 30, 1857, he was married in Watertown, to Helena Weis, a itive of Prussia ; they have ten children living — Anna, Helena, Mena, Amelia, Josephina, William, Jr., lesander, Henry. Gu.^tav and Albert. CHARLiES BUNTROCK, house, sign, carriage and ornamental painter ; born in Watertown ov. 10, 1848 ; he is a son of David F. Buntroek, who came to this county in the summer of 1848, and is )w a resident of Shields Township, Dodge Co.; although he was first located on a farm in Watertown Town- lip ; Charles was engaged in farming until he was 18 years of age, then he commenced to learn his trade ' painter and has worked at it ever since. Feb. 11, 1877, he was married in Watertown to Amelia M. onn ; she was born in Prussia Dec. 13, 1856. Mr. and Mrs. Buntroek are members of St. John's utheran Church. R. H. BURKE, druggist, agent for rubber and paints, and dealer in toilet articles, perfumeries, ines, liquors, ciijars, etc., corner of Main and Washington streets, prescriptions carefully compounded ; Mr. urke was born in Canada West May 15, 1854; in 1863, he came with his parents to Emmett Township, odge Co., Wis., where he was engaged as a farmer until he commenced the study of medicine at Rush edical College, where he has attended two courses of lectures ; he graduated from the College of the lered Heart in 1876. His father. Richard Burke, died in town of Emmett in 1874. .lOiiiEPH BURSINGER, brewer, was born in Baden, Germany, Feb. 17, 1822, and came Wisconsin in July, 1853, and located in Milwaukee, where he engaged in brewing beer and cooperage; Dm Milwaukee he went to Waukesha Co., and farmed for one year ; then he came to Watertown and cora- eneed the brewing of beer, which he has continued up to the present time. He married, in November, 549, Mary Voppiller, of Sigmeringen, Prussia; he has two children living — Ferdinand and Ellanora. Mr. id Mrs, Bursinger are members of St. Henry's Catholic Church. CHARLES CECH, proprietor of tannery, dealer in leather, shoe-findings, hides, pelts, etc.; irn in Bohemia Feb. 29, 1844 ; landed in New York City Sept, 28, 1850 ; came to Watertown the same :ar ; engaged in present business most of the time since, except two years in the saloon business and a year two that he was employed as a traveling agent; commenced present business for himself April 1, 1873. ily 18, 1871, he was married to Carrie Derksen (daughter of Theodore V. Derksen, then a resident of jrtage City, Wis., now a citizen of Watertown ) ; she was born in Germany ; they have four children — iura, Toni, Alma and Hugo. Mr. Ceeh has been a member of the Turner Society for sixteen years; : is also a member uf the Sons of Hermann and of Pioneer Fire Company, No. 1. WESfZELi CECH, proprietor of saloon ; born in Bohemia May 2, 1845; came to Watertown 1856. He was married here, July 18, 1868, to Creszenz Gebhardt ; she was born in Germany; they ive four children living — Charles, Amelia and Emily (twins), and Clara; lost one daughter — Franeisca. r. C. is a member of the Sons of Hermann and Turner Societies. He is a son of Jacob Ceeh, one of 602 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES; the early tanners here, and who is now a resident of Chicago. Mr. C. commenced business near tl C. & N. W. Railway depot in 1870; he has been doinj; business in his pre.few York; he has two children — Adeline ai William Gnrdim. Mrs. Cody died Aug. 12, 1872. Dr. Cody is a member of St. Bernard's Catho Church. LLTHKR A. COIjK, Watertown, whose portrait appears in this work, was born in W( Charleston, Orleans Co., Vt., Nov. I, 1812; his father, Ebenezer Cole, was the fourth settler in tli town; at the age of 22, he started West, and landed at Detroit in 1834; the following June he to passage in the schooner Supply, a little craft of but fifty feet keel, for Green Bay and Grand Kivi The passage to Green Bay occupied twelve days; after remaining there two days they started for Gra: River, which they re;iched the fourth day, making sixteen days' sailing from Detroit. He remained Grand River, and in its vicinity, for about eleven months, being employed most of the time at buildi: saw-mills and log houses. He then resolved upon visiting Wisconsin, and, taking passage at Grai Haven, at the mouth of Grand River, in the schooner White Pigeon, in company with Philander Baldw and Kli.sha M. Osborn, reached Chicago after a sail of about twenty-four hours. Two or three da afterward they started on fiiot for Milwaukee, following Indian trails most of the way, and finding on t route but an occa.sional settler. They arrived at Milwaukee on the 10th day of May, 1830. There worked at the carpenter and joiner business until December, when, taking his blanket and provisions up his shoulder, he started for Johnson's Rapids ( now Watertown ) passing over the road which had be cut out by Mr. Jnhnson a few week's previously, arriving on the evening of Dec. 27, 1830. Ama Hyland accompanied him. A few months before, Mr. Cole had, through the agency of a friend, ma two claims at the Rapids, one covering the farm now owned by John W. Cole, and the other the fai now owned by heirs of Benj. A. Morey. About the same time, he also made a claim throe miles sou of Prairic'ville. In January following, he purchased, at Milwaukee, three barrels of flour, and three pork. He paid S20 a barrel for the floun, and §40 a barrel for the pork. Building a cabin, in co pany with Mr. Hyland, and his brother, John W., they commenced keeping what they called " bachelo distre.s.s," which they continued for nearl}' fmr years. In the season of 1837, Mr. Cole worked on t saw-mill and dam of Charles F. H. Goodhue & Son, at Watertown. From that time, until the fall 183!t, he was occupied mainly at lumbering and farming. In November of the latter-named year, company with Mr. Hyland, John A. Chadwick, David GriflSth, William P. Owen, William Stanton, J Brice Hall, John Diniick. he .started for Arkansas, for the purpose of spending the winter in choppi steamboat wood. They floated down Rock River in skiffs, and were eight days reaching the Mississip They remained in Arkansas until the following spring, each making a clever-sized '' pile," when th returned to Watertown. The same season, Mr. Cole, in company with Mr. Hyland. Mr. Stanton, Edmu S. Bailey and his brother, John W., purcliased 400 acres of land on what is known as Hyland Prairie, Dodge Co. There was then no inhabitant in the town of Fairfield, in which that prairie is situated. T only thing in the shape of a road, at that time leading north from Watertuwn, was an Indian trail. 1841, he and his brother. John W., erected the building on the corner of Main and Second streets (m occupied by Ausust Fuerniann as a saloon and restaurant), and opened the first store in Watertown. T next year, .Mr. Bailey and Mr. Cole purcha.sed of Seeley Kidder 750 acres of land on the east side of t river, at Watertown, including the present site of the village, as also the mill and water-power. They w( to pay 1,000,000 feet of lumber, to be delivered at Beloit within seven years. They a.ssoeiated with th( the next year Linus R. Cady and his brother, Ebenezer W., and in three years and a half from the date the purch;ise, made the last payment; since which time the general business of Mr. Cole has been millir Selling out his intt^rest in the mills at Watertown, in 1854, he carried on the " Rough and Ready Mil jjne mile east of Watertown, up to 1865. In 1866, he went to Nebraska with Mr. Lyons, and built a »i CITY OF WATERTOWN. 603 and grist mill forty miles above Omaha, on the Missouri River. In 1867, he also built a mill on Platte River, ten miles south of Denver. In 1869, he sold out his interest in milling, having been engaged in it for twenty-eight years of his life, since which time, having retired from active business, he has resided at Watertown. Mr. Cole married Miss Mary Jane Brackett (daughter of Jerry C. and Uranah Brackett, of Vermont) Aug. 29, 1842, at Charleston, Orleans Co., Vt. ; they have four children, two living — Guy L. and [Jranah B. (^now wife of F. L. Clark, of Watertown), and two deceased — Guy G. and Martha. JOHN W. COLiE, Watertown ; is the third son of Ebenezer Cole, and brother of Luther A. Cole, whose biography precedes this one, and was born the 2Sth day of December, 1814, in Charleston, Orlean.s Co., Vt. ; until the age of 22, he worked upon the farm of his parents, and with his father at his trade of carpenter and joiner. In the fall of 1836, he started West, and first came to Milwaukee, where he remained until January, 1837, cutting timber on the Milwaukee River, when he moved to Watertown, making the trip with ox-teams, carrying flour and pork, and with his brother, Luther A., and five others, kept what was called the " bachelor's distress '" for four years. He engaged with his brother in the gen- eral merchandise business, having built the first store in Watertown. Having dissolved partnership with his brother, Mr. Cole built a store on the north corner of Second and Main streets, and carried on a gen- eral merchandise business for about fifteen years, part of this time being also engaged in the manufacture of saleratus and potash. In 1854, he built the block of stores on the southeast corner of Second and Main streets, since which time Mr. Cole has lived retired from active business in Watertown. For two years he held, in Osage Co., while living there, the oiEce of County Commissioner. In 1855, he held the oflSce of Mayor of Watertown, and has also been Supervisor of Jefl'erson Co. He married Miss Eliza C. Fisk (daughter of James L. and Laura Fisk, of the State of New York) Nov. 19, 1844; they had three chil- dren, one living — Oscar A., aad two deceased — one named Johnnie, the other dying in infancy. RKV. P. J. COIjOVIN, Pastor of St. Bernard's Catholic Church, at Watertown ; was born in London, Canada West, July 4, 1842, and came to Wisconsin in 1872, locating at Watertown. He received his literary education at St. Hyacinth College and at St. Laurent College, after which he was Profes-or of Moral Philosophy at St. Laurent and Notre Dame for ten years, and was Superior of St. Laurent for one year. In August, 1871, he was sent to Notre Dame as Professor of Dogma. In 1872 to 1874, was Assistant Pastor of St. Bernard's Church, then returned to Notre Dame as President of the College until 1S77, when he returned to Watertown and took charge of St. Bernard's Church, as Pastor. Id. H. COROES, proprietor of billiard and beer saloon; born in Watertown July 29, 1852; engaged in present business in February, 1879. Mr. Cordes is a son of Joachim C. Cordes, who came to Watertown in 1847. JOACHIM C CORDES, dealer in agricultural implements; born in Germany; came to New York City in 1846; lived there until 1847, then came to Watertown, engaged in farming fourteen years, then came to this city, and was engaged in mercantile business until 1869 ; afterward in saloon bus- iness, and now dealing in farm implements. Mr. Cordes was one of the first musicians of this place; con- ducted a string band for several years. He has been Township Assessor and Supervisor. He was married in Watertown, Sept. 14, 1850, to Minnie Hoaffer ; she was born in Germany; they have eight children — Louis H., Minnie. Frances, Martha, Ida, Emma, Anna and Ernst August. MICHAEL, CUNXIIVGHAM, Deputy Sheriff; wasbornm Hollowell, Steuben Co., N. Y., Sept. 17, 1842. He is a son of Patrick Cunningham, who came with his family to Milford, Jefferson Co., Wis., in 1846. Patrick Cunningham was engaged in farming until he retired from active life, in 1865. He died Aug. 17, 1879, his wife, Nancy, died Nov. 4, 1848. The subject of this sketch was engaged in farming pursuits until he enlisted Aug. 12, 1862, in Co. D, 3d W. V. C. Nov. 25, 1862, he was wounded at Cincinnati, Ark. ; seven months afterward, he was appointed Hospital Steward, and served in that capacity until he was mustered out at St. Louis June 19, 1865; he then returned to Jefferson Co. He was married at Riehwood, Dodge Co., Oct. 9, 1865, to Mary Woods. Mr. Cunningham was in the employ of the American Express Company, at this point, for nine years (he was transfer clerk for that company fur a period of four years and a half). He carried on city express business for two years. Appointed City Marshal in 1876. He was for a year and a half with S. E. Randall, dealer in agricultural implements. Jan. 6, 1879, he was appointed Deputy Sheriff, which position he now holds. N. C. DANIELS, Superintendent of the C, M. & St. P. Ry. Co.'s Rail-mill, Machine and Black- smith Shops ; born in Windsor Co., Vt., Oct. 3, 1825 ; came to Dodge Co., Wis., in 1855, having been for eight or nine years prior to this time a resident of Massachusetts. While he resided in Dodge Co., he was elected to fill various town offices in Lowell. In 1861, he became connected with the railway company, and has been in the employ of this company ever since. In 1868, he came to Watertown to reside. In January, 1848, he was united in marriage to Mary C. Joselyn ; they have three children living — Helen 604 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: M. (now Mrs. J. W. Laflin of Oshkosh, Wis.), Emma F. (now Mrs. 0. M. Burhaus of Essex, Page Co., Iowa), and Anna M ; their youngest daughter, Jessie Benton Daniels, died Sept. 4, 1879, aged 18 years 1 month and 19 days. HKXRY DAl'B, proprietor of the Excelsior Beer Hall and Restaurant, and sole agent for the sale of Fred Miller's Milwaukee hger beer. Mr. Daub was bnrn July 28, 1848, in Hamm, a city in the Province of Westphalia ; he attended the Universitj' until 1862. and then engaged in the business of telegraph operator for railway company ; worked at that busines.s until May 1, 1869 (seven years); at that time, being called on to serve in the army, he decided to emigrate to America, which he did, arriving at Watertown June 3, 1869 ; for sis months, he was employed as book-keeper in the Empire Brewery, owned by his uncle, A. Fuermann ; afterward he was engaged as book-keeper and clerk in the boot and shoe establishment of H'.nry Bertram ; remained in that position for four years ; after leaving the retail boot and shoe business, he entered the employ of the wholesale boot and shoe house of Shay & Pearson, of Chicago, and continued with this firm as traveling salesman through Wisconsin, Minnesota and Iowa, for nearly two years ; afterward, for one year and a half, he was with the Janesville Shoe Manufacturing Company in the capacity of traveling agent ; after the failure of the last-named company, in 1877, Mr. Daub discontinued traveling and engaged in present business for himself He is a member of Washington Lodge, I. 0. 0. F., Guttenberg Lodge, 13, 0. D. H. S., and of the Concordia Musical Society. Oct. 27, 1872, he married Amalie Bertram,' daughter of Henry Bertram ; she was born in Watertown Oct 26, 1852 ; they have two children — Loui.se, aged 4 years, and Mary, three years of age. JOHN DEITJEN, grocer; born in Bremen, Germany, June 18, 1846 ; came to America and located ill New York City ; employed as a clerk in grocery store until 1865, when he entered the United States Navy and continued in that service until 1S6S, when he came to Watertown. He was married here, Oct. 24, 1871, to Amelia Frederick ; she was born in Germany Sept. 19, 1851 ; they have four children, Hermann, born Oct. 31,1872; Bernard, April 7, 1874 ; Clara, Oct. 5, 1875, and Emma, Aug. 3, 1879. Mr. and Mrs. D. are members of the Baptist Church. JOHN B. DEjVXIX«ER, Principal of the Lutheran School; born in Berlin, Prussia, Jan. 18, 184t); came to America in 1S()2; located in Addison, Washington Co., Wis., and resided there about five years, then came to Watertown and entered the Northwestern University, where he remained as a student about three years; he taught two winters in Addison, one year in Lomira and Teresa, in Dodge Co.;inOctober, 1869, went to Oshkosh ; remained there until 1873; Jan.l, 1874,he went to Milwaukee ; was engaged in teaching there one year and nine months; in September, 1875, he came to Watertown. Mr. D. married Emma Lindenstruth in Oshkosh, her native place, April 23, 1872 ; they have two children — Paul G. B. And Otto J. M. WIIjLIAJI E. DERVIN. painter and paper-hanger; was born in New York Stat«in 1849 ; moved to Pennsylvania when quite young, where he remained eight years ; he then moved to and located in the town of Clyman, Dodge Co., Wis., and lived there till the year 1860, when he moved to Water- town and began clerking in a grocery store for his brother; in 1861, he enlisted in Co. F, of the 16th United States Infantry; he was wounded in the right limb at the battle of Stone River, near Murphys- boro ; on account of the wound he was discharged at Louisville, Ky., May 6, 1863 ; he returned to Water- town in 1863, and, in 1864, he went to St. Louis, Mo., where he learned the painter's trade and remained till September, 1868, when he again returned to Watertown, and, most of the time since, has been employed as painter for the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Co. He married Miss Mary Dillon, of St. Louis, Feb. 10, 1867, by whom he has four children — Alice, born in January, 1868; William T., Oct, 5, 1869 ; Eugene, .March 4, 1871, and Arthur, Feb. 1, 1879. Mr. Dervin and family are members of St. Bernard's Churth ; he has been JIarshal of the Catholic Total Abstinence Society during the years 1878 and 1879. C'OXRAD DIPPEIi, Sixth Ward, D,)dge Co; born in Saxony Nov. 2, 1831; came to America in 1849; located on Staten Island; there and in New York City he learned the trade of plasterer and stone and brick mason ; resided on Staten Island, New Y^ork Citj' and New Jersey until 1855, except a few months spent in Indiana and St. Louis iu 1852 and 1853; in May, 1854, he married Louise Hoerger; she died in Cottage Grove, Dane Co., Wis., in October, 1861 ; by thb marriage he had three children, two of whom are now living — Louis and Caroline ; one son, John, died when only about 6 months old. Mr. Dippel's present wife was Mrs. Wilhdmina Niemann; they were married in April,- 1862 ; she had one daughter by a former marriage — Augusta (now Mrs. Wendtland of Watertown). Mr. Dippel came to AVatertown in 1855 ; lived here until March, 1861, then he removed to Cottage Grove, Dane Co., where he resided until April, 1862, then returned to Watertown; he served one year and one month in Co. I, 37th Wis. V. I.; was wounded and lost right arm, near Petersburg, Va., June 17. 1864; discharged and pensioned in December, 1864 ; since that time he has lived in Watertown, He was educated at the GITY OF WATERTOWN. 605 Polytechnic Institute of Drosden, Saxony. For six years, he taught in the Sixth Ward Public School of Watertown ; he is a member of the German Reformed Church ; he is Secretary and Treasurer of the Bible Society, and is a member of the Northeastern Wisconsin Bee-Keeper's Association. Mr. D. is a bee-keeper of considerable prominence, being a producer to quite an extent. JACOB DITSCHLiER, proprietor of saloon ; burn in Germany June 21, 1845 ; came to New Orleans with his father in 1S47 ; remained there eight months; then they came to Cincinnati, Ohio ; lived there six years ; then resided in Hamilton, Ohio, two years ; returned to Cincinnati and remained one year, then went to Peoria, where ho resided until 1856, then came to Milwaukee; lived there eleven years, except three years spent in the army ; came to Watertown in 18(37 ; remained here six months, then went to Beaver Dam, where he stayed one year, when he returned to Milwaukee and spent two years more, and then finally returned to Watertown ; engaged in cit'ar-making until the fall of 1878, when he engaged in saloon business. Oct. 8, 1861, he enlisted in Co. B, 1st Wisconsin Mounted Infantry; he served as Corporal ; was in all engagements his regiment participated in ; served three years. He was married. May 26. 1870, to Augusta Schmidt; she was born in Prussia; they have four children — Anton, Clara, Edward and Ferdinand. Mr. D. is a member of the Corcordia Musical Society, also of the Harugari. H. B. BODD, representing the express and telegraph companies; was born in Toledo, Ohio, iu October, 184'J ; when 9 years of age, he removed to Indianapolis, where he resided seven years; going thence to Canada ; remaining there two years and removing to Kalamazoo, Mich., residing there one year, when he again removed and established himself at Fond du Lac; whence, after four years' residence, he again moved to Watertown, reaching his present home in the spring of 1872 ; he has been in the employ of the American Express Company thirteen years. On the 29th of May, 1872, he was married to Adelaide 0. Lewis, of Fond du Lac, a native of New York State, by whom he has one child — Carrie Olive, born Dec. 23, 1874. S. M. KATOX, manufacturer of mineral waters; born near Kingston, Canada, Dec. 26, 1832. His father, Almon R. Eaton, came with his family to Whitewater, Wis., in 1842 ; after two years' residence there, ho removed to the town of Hebron, Jefferson Co., where he now resides. S. M. Eaton came to Watertown in 1868, having been located at Fond du Lac for two years prior to that date, engaged in the manufacture of soda and mineral waters since 1866. April 1, 1855, he married Eleanor J. Green, daughter of Joseph Green (deceased), of Hebron ; she was born in Saratoga, N. Y., July 28, 1832; they have four children — Frank M., Edward 0., Clarence C. and Ella A. IwHSTAV KBERLE, druggist ; born in Greenland Nov. 4, 1826 ; he is a son of a missionary who was in that northern country for over forty years. Gustav was educated in Germany and came from there to America in 1850; resided in the East until 1853, when he came to Watertown, arriving here May 11 ; he was engaged in carrying on a soap and candle manufactory here until 1873; he then engaged in the drug business with his son, Hermann T., who is a graduate of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy. Mr. Gustav Eberle was married, Dec. 23, 1851, to Mary Kaltenbrunnen ; she was born in Germany; they have five children living — Hermann T., Emily, Eugene, Bertha and Albert. Mr. and Mrs. Eberle are members of the Moravian Church. REV. AUtJlTST F. ERXST, President of the Northwestern University; born in Hanover June 25, 1841 ; educated in the colleges oF Celle and at the University of Gottingen ; taught one year in Germany; then, in 1863, came to America and located in New York City, where he was engaged in the holy ministry; in 1864, he was ordained at Pottstown, Penn. ; preached in New York City until 1868; for ten months thereafter, he had pastoral charge of a congregation at Albany, N. Y.,then came to Water- town. Prof Ernst married Agnes Hartwig Jan. 7, 1868 ; she was born in the city of New York ; they have .six children — George R. A., Charles P. A., Adolfine W. B., Elizabeth D. G., Mary A. G. and Frederick H. W. EDWARD R. EVANS, proprietor of livery stable ; born in Cardiganshire, South Wales, Nov. 21, 1822 ; came to America in 1840 ; located in Utica, N. Y., one year; spent two years in Lexing- ton, Ky., and some time in St. Louis and other places before coming to Watertown in the spring of 1846 ; engaged in blacksmith and wagon-making business here until 1870, when he engaged in livery business. He was married in Delafield, Waukesha Co., Wis., Nov. 13, 1846, to Sarah Jones; she was born in Cardiganshire, South Wales ; they have six children — George W. (associated with his father), Sade (now Mrs. Eugene Bradbury, of Watertown ), Gomer E. (a resident of Chicago"), Eliza, John Quincy (telegraph operator for the C, JI. & St. P. R. R. Co. at this place) and David C. (who resides with his parents). THOMAS B. EVAXS, carpenter and joiner; born Dec. 16, 1823, in Carmarthenshire, Wales, where he was educated and learnt his profession ; came to America in 1853, and located in Water- town, Wis.; worked for himself till 1856, when he entered the employ of the C. & St. P. Railroad, and 606 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: worked in several departments till, in 1869, he became foreman carpenter, and still holds that position. Married Miss Margaret Jones, of Wales, in September, 1S51 ; have one child — David T. Membere of the Welsh Presbyterian Churuh ; Republican. JOHN fOKD, of the firm of Hamlin & Ford, dealers in lumber, building-paper, paints, coal, etc.; born in .Scotland June 30, 1825; came to America and located at Watertowu in August, 1849; for sixteen years, he worked at his trade of plasterer, stone and brick mason ; in 1803 and 1864, he spent a year and a half in Arkansas in the Quartermaster's Department of the United States Army ; afterward, he worked for a year at his trades and for seven years he was in the office of the Chief Engineer of the Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railway Company; Feb. 1, 1873, he engaged in the lumber business with Mr. Ham- lin, and they have be(!n as,«ociated together in the same bu.siness ever since. Mr. Ford was first Superin- tendent of Schools under the union plan, afterward Commissioner of Schools for the Sixth Ward for one year, and in 1878 was Commissioner of Schools for the First Ward. Dec. 3, 1847, he married Martha McKritchie ; she was born in Scotland ; they have had six children ; the living are James Gr., John C. aud Julia J.; lost three children; two sons died in infmcy ; one daughter, Anna, died Dec. -'9, 1866, aged 17 years. Mrs. Ford and Julia J. are members of the Congregational Chnrch. AIJtrL'ST FUKRMAXX, brewer; was born in Germany .Ian. 8. 1822; came to Wisconsin in 1847, locating in Milwaukee, where he opened a grocery and saloon ; he then moved to Watertown and engaged in the brewing of lager beer in a building 24x50 and gradually made additions to the same until he has the handsomest brewery in Watertown. He married, in 1840, Christiana Ilengott, of Prussia ; he has nine children — Charlie, August, Amelia, Ju'ius, Aida, Henry, letle, Albert and Gerhard. AlJGrST FI'ERMAXN, Jr., proprietor of saloon; born in Watertown Sept. 3,1850; associated witli his fkther in the bnwing bu>iiiess here, and Chicago agent of the Fuermann Brewing Com- pany from October, 1871, until he returned to Watertown, and engaged in present bu.sinessin February, 1878. Dec. 19, 1874. he was married to Eliza Speer (daughter of Ferdinand Speer) ; she w;is born in Water- town; they have one child — Amanda, born April 29, 1878. Mr. F. is a member of A., F. & A. M., I. O. O. F., Turners' and Concordia Musical Societies. WM. FUERSTENAU, teacher; born in Prussia April 16, 1830 ; came to America in 1857 ; located in Chicago; was employed as a teacher there and in that vicinity for seven years; then he came to Watertown, and has been engaged in teaching here ever since; he is Prit;cipal of the school which he is now connected with ; educated at Stettin Seminary, in Germany. Mr. F is a member of "the Mis.souri German Lutheran Synod. Oct. 12, 1854. he was married, in Germany, to Wilhelmina Gramzow ; she was born in Prussia; they have six children — Martha (now the wife of Rev. .Mr. .^lachmiller, of Fair- bank, Iowa), Renata (now teaching in Milwaukee), Martin (a student in the Northwestern University), Paul and Anna. S. B. FFCIjER, wholesale and retail dealer in new " Home," " Eldredge," and the best makes of Singer Sewing Machines. Mr. Fuller came to Watertown in August, 1866; he has sold about 4,000 sewing machines since he engaged in that business in 1869 ; the first three years of his residence here, he was in insurance business ; then, for nine years, he was district agent for the •' Singer Manufacturing Com- pany ;" he was borti in Milford. N. H., June 24, 1841 ; from 1855 to 1866, resided at Fond du Lac. In April, 1870, he was married to Mary L Avery, daughter of Dr. Avery, of Richmond, Ind.; she was born in Ohio; they have three children — Gertrude, Anna and Abbie. Mrs. Fuller is a member of the Congre- gational Church. EMILi C. CjrAEBIiER, musical instruments and musical merchandise, Watertown ; was born in Eisenberg, Saxony, Sept. 30, 1828, and came to Wisconsin November, 1856, locating at Lake Mills; he received his lileiary education at the college at Eisenberg, and after that taught school for two years. On Aug. 15, 1849, he came to the United States to look after some land that was ceded to his father by a brother who was engaged in the Mexican war in the 15th Wis. V. I.; he then went to Danbury, Conn., and became teacher of mu.sic and languages in John W. Irwin's Institute, six months after which he estab- lished himself in the teaching of music, tuning anORF, grocer and saloon-keeper. Sixth Ward, Dodge Co.; born in Prussia Dec. 21), 1832; came to AuiL'rira and located in Watertown in 1854; for sis months he was engaged in brickniaking; clerked two months for H. Bellach ; for twelve years, he was with William Buehheit ; afterward, for two years he carried on business as commission merchant at Beaver Dam, Wis. ; in May, 1878, he commenced the business he is now carrying on. Mr. Hilgendorf's first wife was Louise Roeber ; she died Sept. Iti, 1878, leaving two children — Cliarles and Anna. March 1, 1879, Mr. H. married Mary Roeber, his present wife. Mr. H. is a member of the Sons of Hermann and Workingmen's Societies. M. A. HIRSH, dry-goods merchant; was born in Follheim, Bavaria, Aug. 8, 1838, and came to Wisconsin in March, 18G0), locaiingin Watertown. Mr. Hirsh landed in New York without one cent and immediately went to work at any honest employment he could find to do, such as carrying newspapers, driving express wagon, porter in stores, etc. In 18.54, he went to Chicago and became a clerk in the wholesale dry-goods house of Rosonfield & Rosenberg, after which, he moved to Wilmington, 111., and, in Connection with Mr. Levi Abt, under the firm name of Hirsh it Abt, opened a dry-goods store, which continued about three years, or until burnt out by fire, the insurance just paying the indebtedness. Hav- ing lost every cent by this disaster, became to Watertown, Wis., when his old cm]iloyers, Me.s.srs. Rosen- field & Rosenberg, loaned him mtmcy to again start in the dry-goods business ; this business he has carried on to the present writing with the most gratifying success. He married, June 17, 18(iS, Fannie Gold- man, niece of Levi Rosenfield, of Chicago ; he has three children living — Emma, Henry and Mas. HENRY S. HOWELL., general merchandise; born in Branchville, Su.ssex Co., N. J., Nov. 6, 1811) ; came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1848, locating at Milford. In 18.'>G, he went to Mississippi as Government Surveyor; in 1837, he went to Davenport, Iowa, and surveyed there for the Government ; he then went to New Jersey and .studied law with his brother, George R. Howell, for four years, and upon examination was admitted to practice, in 1843, before the United States Supreme Court; he then went to Carthage, Tenn., and taught a male academy at that place; then, in 1848, he moved with his father to Milford, where ho farmed one year. He re-engaged in surveying, receiving a contract to survey the Dells, embracing the Portage, and down the Fox River and u]) the Wisconsin River. In 1852, he returned to Davenport, and engaged for three years in the office of Cook & Sargent as book-keeper; in 1855, he returned to Milford and engaged in the general store business, under the firm name of R. & H. S. Howell; in 1857, he came to Watertown and opened a general store under the same firm name; this store was located on Main street, west of the river; in 1869, they removed to the present location on the east side of the river on Main street. In 1S49, he was Justice of the Peace of Milford; in 1868, was a member of the Legislature from the towns of Watertown and Ixonia. Mr. Howell married, in March, 1861, Ann Janette Nute, of Vernon, N. Y. Mr. and Mrs. Howell are members of the Episcopal Church. REV. J. HOVLER, Pastor of the Moravian Church at Watertown; was born in the King- dom of Wurtembcrg, Germany, March 24, 1838 ; came to Wisconsin Jan. 9, 1879, locating in Water- town. Mr. Hoyler has engaged in farming in New Jersey, and also in Minnesota; on Oct. 4, 1871, he received a call from the Jloravian Church at Lakotown. Carver Co., Minn., as Pixstor, where he remained for seven years ; he then received a call from the Moravian Church at Watertown, of which Church he is now Pastor ; in 1871, lie was clerk of the School Board in Laketown. Minn.; it was through his instru- mentality that the church at Laketown was built. He married, Oct. 2; 186-1, Emclinc Rupprecht ; has four children — Emanuel, Elizabeth, Nathaniel and Clemens. Mr. and Mrs. Hoyler are members of the Moravian Church. CAPT. LEONARD JAEHRLIN(,i, proprietor of saloon; born in Germany Aug. 9. 1817 ; came to America in 1846 ; located in New York City ; resided there until 1852 ; he then went to Baltimore, where he resided until 1857 ; then came to Watertown ; remained here until 1859, when he returned to New York City; in 1861, he entered the army ;i.s Captain of Co. C, Idth N. Y. V. I.; after three months' service, he came to Watertown, and was recruiting officer in this district until 1864 ; in 1864, returned to New York City; in 1865, came to Watertown again, and has resided here ever since. Before leaving Europe, Mr. J. served as an officer in the Hessian army ; he has held various city offices in CITY OF WATERTOAVN. 611 WatertowQ, such as Alderman, Captain of Rifle Company, Captain of Hose Company, Captain of Sack Company. Hay and Wood Inspector, etc.; he is a member of Turner Society, Concordia Musical Society, I. 0. 0. F., Fire Department and Sons of Hermann ; he was one of the founders of the latter Society. He wiis married to his present wife in Watertown July 4, 1857 ; her name was Augusta Kuckhan ; she was born in Prussia ; they have two children — Leonard, Jr., and Julia. Ei>WARD JOHIVSOX, retired dru'jijist ; first came to Watertown in the spring of 1843 ; he has been a permanent resident of this place since the fall of 1844 ; he commenced business here as a druggist, and carried on that business until 1874, being located where G-. & H. T. Eberle now have a drug store. Dr. Johnson was born in Ireland ; came to America in 183G; lived in Louisiana, Ohio and Alabama, prior to coming to Wisconsin ; he has held various city and county offices, such as Alderman, Supervisor, etc. In June, 184G, he was married, in Watertown, to Mary Crowley, daughter of Daniel and Ellen Crowley, who located in this town, near present city limits, in 1836. DANIEL JONES, PresidenUif the Wisconsin National Bank, is a native of GroflFstown, N. H.; at an early age, his parents removed to Jefferson Co., N. Y., wherefrom, after a brief residence, they once more removed to Oneida Co. In 1843, the subject of this sketch joined the Western tide and cime to Milwaukee, where he was engaged in mercantile ventures, one year of his residence being engaged with a partner in conducting the American House; in October, 1845, he settled in Watertown, where he carried on merchandising, which was further enlarged in 1852, by the establishment of a banking and exchange office, which he conducted suocessfiilly for many years, the same finally becoming the Jeffers(m County Bank, which was organized under his direction, and was largely controlled by him until 1863, when the ■bank discontinued business, and he identified himself with the Wisconsin National Bank, which was organ- ized soon after; his mercantile undertakings were continued most of the time until 1864, when he turned his attention to the manufacture of woolen goods, being the part owner of the woolen mills at Watertown, which were operated for four or five years under the firm name of S. Ford & Co., afterward D. Jones & Co., until two years ago, when Mr. Jones leased them to D. P. Price, by whom they are at present oper- ated ; Mr. Jones has been not less prominently identified with transportation facilities, the plank-roads of the early days, and later, the railroads, owing, in a large manner, their success and efficiency to his energy, enterprise and foresight ; the confidence felt in his judgment and capacity has found frequent expression among his friends and neighbors, by whom he has been several times elected Alderman, Chairman of the Board of Supervisors, and to other offices of honor and trust. THOMAS C. JOXES was born in Watertown, on the 13th of March, 1850. At the age of 14, having received a common-school education, he entered the curriculum of the Northwestern Uni- versity, in which he remained until the age of 18. He then went into the dry-goods house of M. A. Hirsch & Co., in a clerical capacity, and, at the end of two years, engaged in the same business with H. S. Howell, with whom he remained for six years. In 1875, he became connected with the Watertown Democrat as associate editor, and upon the death of Mr. Ballou, its chief editor and proprietor, took entire charge of the paper ; six months later, he purchased the Democrat, and has since remained to the present time its proprietor and editor. At the present writing, Mr. Jones is unmarried. JOSEPH JUlVCirMAN, furniture dealer ; born in Ixonia Township, this county, March 17, 1848. He married Mary Slangier Nov. 12, 1872; she was born in Austria; they have one child — Joseph, Jr. Mr. J. commenced working at the trade of cabinet-maker in 1861 ; in 1872, he commenced business for himself, purchasing the interest of his former employer — Peter May. Mr. Jungman's father, Allis Jungman, who came to America in 1845, died in Ixonia in 1851 ; his widow removed to Watertown in 1852. Mr. J. is a member of the Fire Department, (jerman Catholic Church, St. Henry's Society, etc. HENRY JIISTMANN, produce and commission merchant; born in Prussia Feb. 5, 1836 ; came to Watertown in June, 1866. Ho was married to Mena .Indnechel Oct. 30, 1857 ; she was born in Prussia ; they have five children — Hermann, Robert, Bertha, Martha and Annie. JOHN KECK, furniture dealer; born in Germany Deo. 19, 1818; came to America and located in New Y(irk City in April, 1850 ; remained there until he came to Waitertown in June, 1851 ; Worked at trade of cabinet-maker until 1853, when he commenced business for himself He is one of the first Odd Fellows of this place, he has been a member of that Order for over twenty-five years. He was married in Watertown, Aug. 9, 1851, to Rosina Seagel ; she was born in Germany ; they have five chil- dren living— Anna, Auiiust, Amalia, Albert and Freddie ; lost two sons who died in infancy. JUL.IUS H. KEYES was bom Sept. 21, 1840, in Randolph, Vt. ; removed from there with his parents to Garrettsville, Ohio, in 1844 ; from there the family went to Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio, and, in July, 1849, they removed to Watertown, Wis.; received a common-school education, and assisted his father in his hoe and pitchfork factory until 1853, when he began to learn the trade of a printer, at the 612 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: same time " carrying the routes " of several weekly papers. Left the case to go to the war in defense of the Union in August, 1862, enlisting as Second Corporal in Company B, 2yth W. V. I. ; was in the battles of Port Gibson and Champion Hill, Miss. ; was seriously wounded in the latter engagement, receiving a minie ball in the right temple, which passed back of the right eyeball and lodged in the right cavity of ihe nose, where it remained for two years, when it was removed by Dr. Brainard, of Chicago. Mr. Keycs, with many others of his comrades, laid on the battlefield at Champion Hill for three weeks after the engagement, when he was removed to Memphis and placed in the hospital. Discharged from the service Oct. 16, 18ii3, and was soon afterward removed to the hospital in St. Louis. Returned to Watortown six months after being wounded, and after the surgical operation above referred to, he resumed his place at " the case " on the Z^emocca/. In February, 1866, became connected with the Watertown Repiih/i'can, and, in August, 1868, became the purchaser of that journal, and has remained its proprietor and editor ever since. In January, LS68, Mr. Keyes was appointed by Secretary of State Warren as insurance clerk in his office, and still continues to hold the position. Oct. 15, 1873, was married at Lake Mills to Miss Martha Churchill of that place. Mr. Keyes is ably assisted in his editorial duties by Mr. William L. Norris. LEWIS KNIESEIj, proprietor of butchering establishment; was born in Hessia, Germany, Jan. 31, 1819; he learned his trade in his native country, and, about the year 1845, he went to Frank- fort on the Main, where he was in the employ of one man for seven years; came to Watertown in 1853, where he has since lived. Married Miss Mary Wahg, of Frankfort, in 1846, with whom he lived till June, 1875, when she died, leaving one son — Lewis, who is now in Dakota. C. KOEXIG, born in Southern Germany July 25, 1822. Married Louisa Menz in February, 1847 ; she was born on the river Rhine Dec. 18, 1822 ; they came to Watertown in 1853 ; worked about three months in brewery, and, fir f )ur years, worked by the month in a mill, having learned the milling business in Europe; rented a mill at Marshall, and carried it on for two years, then returned to Watertown and remained for a year; he then bought a mill at Beaver Dam and conducted it for four years ; he then came to Hustisford and carried on milling there for four years, afterward returned to Watertown and pur- chased the Rough and Ready Mill, of which he is still a half-owner ; he is now interested in grain and elevator business. Mr. Koeni'.; visit'xl Europe in 1873 and 1878; when he returned from his last trip, he brousiht with him two of his wife's brother's children — Fred and Louisa Mentz. ■^FRANK KOENIU, farmer, Fifth Ward, Dodge Co.; born in Germany Oct. 16, 1827 ; came to Watertown in 1852; until 1874. he was engaged extensively in milling business; operated in that business in Beaver Dam, Hustisford, Watertown, etc., also carried on brewing some ; since 1874, he has been engaged in farming. He is Chairman of the Board of Supervisors ; has held that position several terras ; he is a member of the A., F. & A. M. May 10, 1855, he was married in Watertown to Sophia Gales ; she was born in Germany ; they have five children — Ferdinand, Kdward, Rudolph. George and Ida. AtHwUST KRAMP, wagon-maker and blacksmith; born in Prussia July 2, 1837; com- menced learning the blacksmith trade when he Wiis 16 years of age. Married Alvina Sehroeder, daughter of Caspar Sehroeder, Nov. 7, 1862; she was born in Prussia; they have eight children — Robert, Matilda, Leonard, Theodore, Bernard, Alvina, Henry and Oscar. Mrs. K. is a member of St. John's Jjuthoran Church. Mr. K. came to Watertown with his father, Gottfried Krarap, in 1857. Gottfried Kramp died here in lS(i2. E.7IIL KRAJIER, cigar-maker (wifh Wigaenhorn Bros.) ; born in Saxony Aug. 22, 1853 ; came to Watertown in 1867; engaged in cigar-making ever since. He was married, Oct. 19, 1878, to Mollie Baumann : she was born here. Mr. Kramer is a member of the Turner Society, Harugari, etc. WILililAJI K RE BS, grocer and proprietor of saloon ; born in Brunswick, Germany, June 25, 1845; came to America in 1867 ; arrived at Watertown May 11 of that year; worked at his trade of ma.son until 1875, when he engaged in the business which he now carries on. He married Alma Kramer, in Watertown, Feb. 21. 1869; she was born in Saxony; they have four children— William, Jr., Zetonia, Max and Arthur; lost one daughter — Helena, who died Aug. 20, 1875, aged 4 years and 3 months. Mr. Krcbs is prominently connected with several of the societies, I. 0. 0. F., Jeflerson Co. Benefit Society, Harugari, etc. FRED KN^OXITZ, proprietor of the Washington House; born in Lebanon, Dodge Co., Wis., March 29, 1846; engaged in tarming until he came to Watertown, in October, 1875; engaged in hotel and saloon business since he came here. June 24, 1871, he married Minnie Gorder ; she was born in Prussia ; they have three children living— Louis, Eda and Henry ; they have lost one infant. L. W. KRUEGER, proprietor of the Wisconsin House; born in Prussia Sept. 26, 1844 ; came to America in May, 1852 ; located at Buffalo, N. Y. ; lived there until 1854 ; July 4, of that year, jS!?^-: e^/^ t^^-n^n-jt^ wate:rtown CITY OF WATERTOWN. 615 he arrived in VVatertown ; worked for B. 0' Byrne, as shoemaker's apprentice, for three years ; after serving his apprenticeship with Mr. 0' Byrne, he worked two years longer for him ; concluding to engage in other business, he went to Chicago and was employed as a grocery clerk there for one year, then returned to Watertown, and was engaged in farming one year; farming not being congenial to him, he went to Ocono- mowoc and carried on business for himself, as shoemaker, for four years ; then sold out and kept a board- ing-house one year; afterward carried on the grocery and commission business for years, when he sold out that business and returned to Watertown in 1874, since which time he has been engaged in keeping hotel. He was married, in Chicago, April 2, 1868, to Bertha Muth, a former schoolmate and neiuhbor for sev- eral years ; she was born in Nassau June 7, 18-16, and came to America, with her parents, when she was 4 years of age ; they have five children — ^Emma, born Feb. 2, 1869 ; Charles, born Dec. 26, 1871 ; Louis, born Nov. 4, 1873; Hattie, born Dec. 11, 1876, and Celea, born July 13, 1878. Mr. Krueger is one of the orii^inators of the Concordia Musical Society. WILIilAM H. KRUKGER, proprietor of bakery; was born in Germany July 5, 1843; learned the baker's trade at the age of 14, which he has since followed. He came from his native country to Watertown in 1869. Married Miss Henrietta Buchmald July 14, 1869. Both are members of the Lutheran Church. Have five children living, and one dead ; those living are Mary, born April 2, 1870 ; Martha, Feb. 26, 1871 ; Teresa, Feb. 11, 1873; Bernhardt, Nov. 26, 1875 ; Emma, Aug. 9, 1877. Mr. Krueger has been a member of the I. 0. 0. F. since 1876. JOHN li. KUBK. Justice of the Peace ; born in Poland Nov. 25, 1816 ; studied jurisprudence in the schools of Berlin for three and a half years, and then went to the Province of Posen, Pru,ssia, for nine months a.s a student ; then to the Courts of Birnbaum for more than three years. He was then sent to the town of Frankfurt, on the River Oder, in February, 1848; thence to Koenigsberg as an Associate Judge, where he remained till 1854, when he came to New York State, and thence to Fond du Lac, Wis., where he remained till 1855 ; then he moved to Mayville, where he remained till the year 1858. He moved to Watertown in 1858, where he has since lived, and has been Deputy Sheriff and Justice of the Peace most of the time, and is at present Justice of the Peace. Married Miss Ida Doering in jMarch, 1853, by whom he has had four children — Laura, born Jan. 7, 1861 ; Alfred, Nov. 15, 1863; Ida, July 25, 1867 ; Adolph, May 26, 1871 ; all of whom are single and with their parents; are members of the Cath- olic Church. JERBfEST KLINERT, of the firm of Kunert Brothers, machinists; was born in Austria April 25, 1847 ; came to America and located in Watertown in 1851. At the age of 14 years, he began the machinist's trade, having for a year previous to that time been employed as an assistant to a watchmaker, and has, since April, 1875, been engaged in business on his own account. On New Year's Day, 1871, he married Lucinda Quies, who was a native of Bohemia ; they have four children — Charles, Tena, George and Frances. Mr. Kunert is a member of the Odd Fellows' Fraternity, Turner Society and Fire Depart- ment, being engineer of Pioneer Company. ERANK KUNERT, of the firm of Kunert Bros., proprietors of machine shops, dealers in guns, etc. ; born in Austria April 27, 1S50 ; commenced learning the machinist's trade in 1866 ; engaged in business for himselt for the last five years. Kunert Bros, do a large business in steam and gas fitting. F. Kunert was married to Katherine Urban March 13, 1872; she was born in Prussia Jan. 31, 1851 ; she died June 6, 1877. leaving three children, all of whom are now living — Rosa, born June 27, ; Edward, Feb. 12, 1S74, and Ottelia, April 14, 1877. JOHN KUESTER, cigar-maker; born in Milwaukee Sept. 2, 1852; lived there until he was 9 or 10 years of ase ; then for two or three years lived in Hartford, Washington Co., Wis.; from there he came to Watertown, where he has since resided ; commenced work as cigar-maker for Wiggenhorn Bros, ten years ago; in December, 1876, he commenced business for himself and continued until May, 1878; worked at machinist's trade for Kunert Bros, several months. Mr. Kuester is a member of Pioneer Fire Co., No. 1. Oct. 16, 1875, he married Miss Mary Kunert; she was born in Watertown ; they have two children — Rosa and Fred. , D. Kl^SEIi, hardware merchant; was born in Doenitz, Mecklenburg, Feb. 28, 1838; came to Wisconsin June 16, 1S49, locating in Watertown. In July, 1849, his father, Daniel Kusel, started the stove and tinware business, and afterward, as the business and place grew, added the hardware line. Mr. D. Kusel learned his trade with his father, and, in 1864, in cunnection with his brother, Mr. F. Kusel, bought out his father's interest, and together they have since carried on the business with the most gratify- ing success, they occupying two large stores on Main street and Western avenue. They also manufacture tin, copper and sheet-iron ware, In about 1862, he was elected Alderman of the Fifth Ward. He was married the first time, in September, 1866, to Sophia Thiessenhausen, who died Jan. 8, 1873. He married B 616 BlOCiRAPHICAL SKETCHES: the second time, November 29, 1874, Christina Huether, of Salzunjen, Saschmciniger ; has six children living — Louis, Daniel, Ernst, Sophia, Jennie and George. Mr. Kusel belongs to the German Lutheran Church. F. KI^SiiLi, hardware merchant, etc.; was born in Docnitz, Germany, Nov. 1, 1839; came to Watertuwn in 1841) with his father and learned the hardware and tin trade with him; in 1864, in con- necticiu with his brother, D. Kusel, bought out his father and they still continue in the hardware business under the firm name of D. & F. Kusel. Mr. Kusel went to Texas for a short time, and, on the outbreak of the war, cime home and raised a company of 104, which was attached to the 20th Wis. V. L, Col. Pinckney, and was known as Co. E, and in which he enlisted Aug. 16, 18G2 ; Mr. Kusel was engaired with the regiment in the following battles: Prairie Grove, Ark.; siege of Vicksburg, Yazoo City, Pore Hudson and a number of skirmishes; he was wounded slightly in the hip at the battle of Prairie Grove; received his discharge in October, 1863. He has held the following offices: In IStiS. Alderman of the Fourth Ward; 1872, Mayor of Watertown; in 1875, Supervisor of Fourth Ward, also Alderman of Fourth Ward; in 1879, Mayor of Watertown. He married, March 4, 18(54, Mary Bodien, of Germany ; he has four children living — Theodore D., Bertha, Edward H. and Arthur, all born in Watertown. CLEMENT LAL^B, carpenter, contractor and builder; born in Germany Jan. 10, 1837; came to America and located in Watertown in 1806. He was married, Nov. 10, 1869, to Eliza Buck ; she was born in Watertown ; they have four children — Dora, Casper, Anton and Constantine ; lost one daughter — Katie. FERDIN^AND LiEflKE. butcher; born in Prussia Nov. 12, 1845; came to this county in August, 1861 ; fi>r two or three years, he was engaged in firming; since then, he has been engaged in butchering; for the last seven years, in business for himself In 1871, he was married in Watertown to Bertha Eiffler; they have three childr.'n — Henry, MoUie and an infant son ; lost two children, one daughter died in infancy, another daughter, Lillie, died at the age of 3 years. JOSEPH LjINDOX, proprietor of the Lindon House; born in England. Mr. L. is among the prnminent citizens of this city. He has been largely interested in pork-packing, stock-dealing, etc., for many years, and, at the same time, has been the proprietor of the Lindon, one of the best-conducted houses in the State. OTTO F. W. LiOEFFIiER, hardware salesman; came to Wisconsin in 1867; he was engaged in nursery business for J. C. Plumb, at Milton, fir two years ; afterward, resided in Milwaukee and Iowa until he came to Watertown ; engaged in present business for five years. Nov. 11, 1876, he married Augusta Reichow ; she died Aug. 16, 1877. Mr. Loeffler is a member of St. John's Lutheran Church ; he is also connected with Pioneer Fire Company, No. 1, and Workmen's Society. HE\RY A. LOEHR, proprietor of saloon ; born in Hanover Feb. 22, 1837; came to Watertown in 1857 ; engaged at his trade of shoemaker until 1875 ; from that time until July 1, 1879, he was engaged in butchering business. Sept. 5, 1868, he was married to Caroline Uhlrich ; she was born in Germany ; they have two children living — Caroline and Amelia ; they have lo.st five children. Mr. L. is a member of the Sons of Hermann and Harugari Orders. C. T. liOTK, proprietor of one of the most complete hot-houses in the West ; he was born in Germany March 19, 1836; came to America in 1856 ; remained in New York City a few months; then he came to Richmond, McHenry Co., 111., where he resided until February, 1858, when he came to Water- town ; engaged in cigar business from the summer of 1858 to May, 1863 ; then he was engaged in farm- ing until the spring of 1864; for a short period, he was not in active business; then he carried on saloon business with a partner for two years; afterward, alone in same business, until he sold out in the spring of 1879. He married Jjouisa Engelbracht Jan. 10, 1861 ; she was born in central part of Germany ; they have four children — Theodore, Amelia, Maria and Caroline. Mr. l^otz is a prominent member of the I. 0. 0. F ; he is one of the originators of the Turner Society here, and its establishment and success is largelv attributalile to his efforts. HEXRV A. Ll'THER, merchant, Richwood, Dodge Co.; born in Germany April 5, 1832; came to America in 1857 ; located at Shields, where he remained throe years ; then he went on a farm in the same township ; carried that on for seven years ; then came to Watertown ; resided here until 1875, when he removed to Richwood. He was married, in Watertown, in September, 1857, to Margaret Wether ; she was born in (Germany ; they have two children — Lizzie and Emma. MARTHA liHTHER, foreman of blacksmith's shop of C. & St. P. Railroad ; born Sept. 18, 1834, in Prussia; was educated there, and followed his father's profession as a blacksmith: came to America in 1856 ; stayed in Milwaukee till 1862 ; then went to New Li.sbon, Juneau Co., where he worked in a buggy and wagon shop; in 1859, entered the employ of the railroad, and in November, 1869, was CITY OF WATERTOWN. 617 moved to Watertown ; was made foreman in 1S62, and still holds that position. Married Miss Charlotte Prebnow, of Prussia, Oct. 13, 1858, and has three children living— Charlotte, Alouis and Laura. TJHOS. McC ABE, jiroprietor of marble works ; was born in Ireland in 1834; came to America in 1840; located in Philadelphia, where he learned and followed the marble trade till 1 8(51), when he moved to Watertown and continued his business ; he is now proprietor of the marble works on north side of Main street, we.st of the river. Married Miss Catharine Dugan, of Milwaukee; they have eiglit chil- dren, as follows: Mary -P., born Oct. 14, 18(50 ; Andrew, Sept. 10, 18(52; Sheridan, Sept. 7, 1864 ; John, Oct. 10, 18(5(5; Kate, June 16, 1869; Susan, Oct. 25, 1871 ; Thomas, Nov. 13, 1874; Isabel, Feb. 7, 1877. He, wife and children are all members of the Catholic Church. Was in tlie 23d 111. V. I., under Col. Wosen ; enlisted in the spring of 18G5, and was mustered out in August, 1865; was elected Alder- man in the spring of 1879, but resigned soon after his election. MICHAEL. McHl'GH, retired merchant; was born in Maine Doc. 9, 1833, located in Watertown in 1846; he went to California in the year 1854, where he remained till 1856, when he returned to Watertown, where he has since resided and been engaged in the mercantile business until recantly. Married Miss Bridget Weaver Feb. 13,1861 ; has four children — Terresa, born Jan. 22, 1862 ; Ch:.rles, Oct. 21, 1865; ■\Villie, March 20, 1869; Edward, March 17, 1875. Mr. McHugh was elected School (Jonimissioner in 1862, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of his brother Francis; in 1863, he was elected Alderman, which office he held during the years 1863 and 1864 ; he was again elected to that office in the spring of 1878, but resigned soon after his election. He and his family are members of the Catholic Church. FREDERICK MAERZKE, wagon-maker. Sixth Ward, Dodge Co.; born in Prussia March 2i, 1827 ; came to America ia 1852 ; lived in Milwaukee one year and a half; came to Watertown in 1854 ; commenced wagon-maker's trade when only 14 years of age ; he has been five terms Alderman of the Sixth Ward ; he is a member of the I. O. O. F. May 27, 1867, he was married to Mary Ann, daughter of John Habhegger; she was born in Switzerland July 13, 1840, and died in February, 1877 ; >even children survive her — Philipp, Frederick, Jr., Charles, Oscar, Sophia and Lina ; lost one son and a daughter. HENRY MALI>AXER, retired merchant; came to Watertown in the fall of 1848; he was associated with Andrew Peterson in mercantile business until 1854. In 1856-57, he was in partnership with a cousin for about a year and a half ; since that time he has given his attention to the profitable investments made b_v him. Mr. M. has been remarkably fortunate in his enterprises, never having been compelled to defer payment of his obligations. He has been Alderman of his ward. He was born in the Province of Nassau, New Prussia, May 31, 1821. His first wife was F. Fels ; they were married in September, 1849; she died in March, 1862, leaving four children — Henry, Frank, Paulina (now Mrs. William A. Bierhaus) and Matilda. Mr. Maldaner's present wife was Mary Racek ; married July 9, 1870 ; they have two children — Edward and Arthur. A. iP. MANXECJOLiD, retired, Watertown ; was born in Saxony, now Prussia, March 5, 1817; when he was 9 years of age, his parents died; his father having been a Second Lieutenant in the Prussian Army, the son became a cadet in the military school at Langdorf, Waisanfels, Prussia, where'he roiuaincd until he was 14 years of age, when he was compelled to give up the profession of arms ort aeccjunt of the breaking of his leg. He then engaged as a cook on board the ship " Statesman." Having broken his arm, he left the ship, and landed at Sheboygan, in this State, on the 24th day of September,- 1847. That fall he worked upon a farm, and the next spring learned the trade of milling, paintin 618 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Frederika Melcher Oct. 18, 1855 ; she was born in Prussia Nov. 20, 1832 ; they have twelve children — Lizzie, Augusta, Hermann, Louis, Henry, William, George, Annie, Clara, Ottillie, Emma and Amelia. Mr. Mayer worked at the carpenter and joiner's trade in Brooklyn, and was with Dart Brothers, proprie- tors of the Buffalo City Planing-mills, while in Buffalo; came to Watertown in 1856; worked at the car- penter's trade here until 1861. He then engaged in the manufacture of sash, doors and blinds, and run- ning a planing-mill. Mr. Mayer has been Alderman of this city nine years, elected Mayor once, served in the State Assembly one term. He is one of the most popular and public-spirited men in the com- munity. CHRISTIAN MAY, cooper, also member of the firm of F. Miller & Co., proprietors flouring- mills ; was born in the south part of (xerniany, on the river Rhine, Aug. 28, 1824. In 184G, he emi- grated to America and located in Buffalo, N. Y., where he remained a little over a year, and moved to Michigan, staying there, however, but a short time. He passed two years between Milwaukee and Chi- cagc), the winters being passed in the latter city, working at his trade of cooper, when he made his resi- dence in Wat^rtown, where he began business in the summer of 1849. During Mr. May's residence in Watertown, he has been identified with all that contributed to the welfare and prosperity of his adopted residence, and the citizens have, on several occasions, testified their appreciation of his efforts by his elec- tion to city offices. Nov. 28, 1852, he married Lena Kloger, a native of Germany, but raised in Massa- chusetts, whence she was brought with her parents when 4 years of age. They have two sons — Gusta- vus, born Dec. 22, 1853, and Edward, Deo. 28, 1856, who are engaged in looking after the varied inter- ests of their father. A. B. MAY, photographer; born in London, England, Sept. 14, 1847 ; came to Wisconsin in July, 1855, locating at Milwaukee. He was with W. H. Sherman, photographer, of Milwaukee, as appren- tice, for three years, and afterward was operator for Brand, of Chicago. On Aug. 10, 1869, he came to Watertown as operator for F. Bishop & Son, photographers, with whom he remained six years. In 1875, he engaged rooms on Main street, and went into the photographic business on his own account, which he has continued up to the present time. Mr. May is considered the best photographic artist in Watertown. He married, Oct. 1, 1870, Amanda Henrietta Bischoff, of Sheboygan ; has three children — John Francis, Henrietta Elizabeth and Alice. A. W. MEYER, grain-buyer; born in Germany July 8, 1826; came to America in 1851 ; located at Springfield, Ohio, for three years, then came to Watertown. He was married in Waukesha, March 11. 1854, to Laura Lasier ; she was born in Germany ; they have one child — Louis. HENRY MEYER, manufacturer of boots and shoes, and dealer in leather, hides, furs, pelts, etc. ; boru in Germany Aug. 24, 1824 ; came to Springfield, Ohio, in spring of 1853, resided there until he came to Watertown in 1855. Mr. Meyer has been engaged in present business ever since he came here. He was married in December, 1852, in Germany, to Marie Thompson, a native of that country ; they have six children — -Henry, Jr., Adolph, Agnes, Leonard, Ida and Eugene ; lost two children that died in infancy. E. H. MEYER, teacher; born in Hanover, Germany, April 20, 1847; when he was only 3 years of age, his father, H. Louis Meyer, came to America with his family and located in Cook Co., 111., where they lived until F. H. was 14 years of age; then removed to Minnesota; he lived there until 1866, when he entered the Lutheran Seminary at Addison, 111., from which institution he graduated in 1868 ; since tliat time, he has been engaged in teaching, all the time in this place. He is a member of the Evan- gelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and other States, Northwestern District ; also a member of St. John's Church. Oct. 4, 1871, he w;is married in Watertown to Augusta Harte; she was born in Ger- many ; they have two children — Ilenate and Theodore. JULiIUS MEYER, grocer, proprietor of saloon, and dealer in hides, etc. ; born in Hanover, March 7, 1826. Mr. Meyer has had a remarkable military career; he served a year and a half in the army of the Pope; in 1854, 1855 and 1856, he served in the 13th Regiment, English Army (was at the battle of Sebastopol) ; came to America Dec. 31, 1860 ; enlisted in 1861, in the i3th U. S. Regulars at Newport, Ky. ; served until the close of the war ; he then returned to Germany and served for six months in the German Army. In 1866, he returned to America and was located in Milwaukee until 1868, when he came to Watertown. He was married here July 24, 1871, to Amalia Brandt; she was born in Ger- many ; they have two children — Hulda and Techle. Mr. Meyer is a member of I. 0. 0. F. and Work- men's Societies. F. MILLER, manufacturer of flour; was born in Standenbuchl, Bavaria, Oct. 26, 1833, and came to Wisconsin in July, 1855, locating in Watertown, Wis. He first came to New York City; remained for two months, and from there moved to Watertown. In 1855, he entered the employ of William Bokite, lif|uor dealer, and afterward engaged in the same business on his own account in connection with Mr. CITY OF WATERTOWN. 619 Jacoby, under the firm name of Jacoby & Miller, which business he continued for twelve years. In 18G7, in connection with Mr. May, started a saw-mill and stave manufactory, which he continued for four years; he then engaged in the milling business, is now engaged in the same under the firm name of F. Miller & Co., their mills manufacturing over seventy thou.sand barrels of flour per year. Mr. Miller married Minnie Riehl, of Milwaukee ; he has two children — Clara and Eliza. A. F. MIliliER, manufacturer of cigars, and dealer in tobacco, smokers' articles, etc. ; born in Hanover Sept. 29, 1834 ; came to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1854 ; resided there two years ; then came to Watertown, employed as clerk in mercantile business until 1861 ; one year was clerk in the Post Office here ; in 1862, he engaged in present business. Mr. Miller has served two terms as Supervisor; he is one of the present Aldermen. Mr. Miller is a representative man of this city. JOHX HI, llIUdliVjR, musician ; was born in Denmark April 30, 1833, and came to Wisconsin in June, 1848, locating in Hartland, Wis., where he assisted liis father on the farm ; from there, he moved to Watertown, and was for four years clerk in the Post Otfice, after which, he engaged in the profession of music, teaching the piano, organ, violin and all brass and string instruments ; he is leader of the Watertown Cornet Band and Orchestra. Mr. Jliller enlisted during the war in the- 24th W. V. I., and was detailed as leader of the Brigade Band underGen. Greusel. He married, in 1869, Margaret Reilley, of Watertown, Wis. ; has three children — Emma, Arthur and Gertrude. Mrs. Miller is a member of the Catholic Church of Watertown. J. T. 3IOAK, Postmaster; was born in Sharon, Schoharie Co., N. Y., Feb. 4, 1830, and came to Wisconsin Aug. 15, 1854, locating in Watertown ; from Sharon, he moved to Chenango Co., N. Y., and thence to Jersey City, where, for two years, he engaged in the grocery business under the firm name of Piandall & Co. ; from Jersey City, he moved to Watertown and engaged in the dry-goods business for seven years. In 1864, he was elected Alderman of the First Ward, and resigned on account of an order of President Grant forbidding Postmasters to hold office ; after one year, permission was given by the General Government, and he was again elected, and has held the office of Alderman of First Ward conlin- uously up to the present writing. In 1867, he received the appointment of Postmaster of Watertown, which position he now holds. He married, in 1853, Eliza Pearce, of New Hartford, Oneida Co., N. Y. ; he has one child — Eliza. Mrs. Moak is a member of the Congregational Church. J0H:K J. MOULDING, book-keeper for the C, M. & St. P. R'y Co. ; born in Warrentun, Lancashire, England ; came to America and located in Chicago in 1853 ; was engaged in printing business there for one year; he then went to Batavia, Kane Co,, 111., and conducted the Fox River Expositor for one year and a half; afterward he removed to St. Charles, 111., and for five years he published the K(tiie: County Democrat ; he served one year as bugler in the regimental band of the 36th 111. V. I. ; in 18li(), he came to Watertown, and has been in the employ of the railway company ever since. Dec. 20, 1858, he married Phoebe A. Cole, of Warsaw, Wyoming Co., N. Y. ; they have three children — Artie J., Charles A. and Josephine E. JOHN MUTH, foreman of Wiggenhorn Bros', cigar factory ; born in Birlenbach, Nassau, Oct. 16, 1838 ; came to America in 1848; was in New Orleans sis months, then came to Watertown ; engaged in cigar-making since 1850. In April, 1860, he was married, in Watertown, to .Mary Biesner ; she was born in New York City ; they have five children — Amelia, Matilda, Mary, Ida and John. Mr. Muth enlisted, Aug. 12, 1862, in Co. E, 20th Wis. V. I.; served until Aug. 2, 1865; he was in all engage- ments his regiment participated in ; he has served one term as Alderman of the Second Ward, and one term in the Sixth Ward ; he was Chief Engineer of the Fire Department one year ; he is now Foreman of Pioneer Fire Co. ; he is a member of the Sons of Hermann. C. F. NI\J1AIV, Superintendent of Schools; was born in Emmett, Dodge Co., Wis., Dec. 27, 1849; he received his education at the district schools, the High School of Watertown and the North- western University; until 1866, he assisted his father on the flirm ; he taught three years in the district school, then for eight years in the public schools of Watertown ; in 1875, he passed the State Teachers' examination and received a teacher's certificate of the first grade ; in 1877, he commenced the grocery business, which he is now carrying on ; in the spring of 1878, he was elected Superintendent of Schools of Watertown, Wis., which position he now holds. He married, May 10, 1870, Sophia Stoeohase, of Mecklenburg, Germany ; he has three children living — Edward, Theodore and Maximilian. Mr. and Mrs. Ninman are members of the German Protestant Church. E. C NIXON, grocer, confectioner ; is a native of Watertown, where he w;x,s born Oct. 23, 1854, and has been engaged in his present business since October, 1876. His father, George E. Nixon, came to Watertown in October, 1847; commenced the cooperage business in the following spring, and has continued to carry on the same business ever since; he came to Canada in 1844; there he learned the 620 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: cooper's trade ; in the spring of 1847, he came to Penfield, Monroe Co., and resided there six montlis prior to coming here. He was married, in VVatertown, in April, 1S43, to Eliza Grout, a native of Queens Co., Ireland ; they have three children — Mary Ellen, Fannie (now Mrs. Cyrus Stevenson, of Sturgeon Bay) iind Edward C. Mr. and Mrs. Nixon are members of the M. E. Church. PROF. W. A. NOTZ, Northwestern University ; born in Wurtcmberg, Germany, Feb. 2, 1841; received his literary education at the University of Tubingen : in 1863, he took his degree of Doctor of Philo.sophy ; was private tutor until 18(i8, when he became Professor of the German Languag; at the Pennsylvania College, located at Getty.sburg ; in lSti9, he accepted the same chair in the Muhlen- berg College at Alicntowu, Penn. ; remained there until September, 1872, when he became connected with the Northwestern University as Professor of Classics and Hebrew History; in 1873, he was chosen Inspector of this institution ; the Professor is editor of the Lutherlsche Schutzeetimg, a monthly, published in Milwaukee, now in the fourth year of its existence ; has also translated " Institutiones CatechelicaS, ' by Dr. Conrad Dietcrich, published in l(il3; also wrote a Latin essay, " Character and Qualifications of Lutheran Colleges." Prof Nutz was married. June 20, 1875, to Julia Sehutz ; they have two children — Minne and Natalie. The Prof, s.^or and his wife are members of the Lutheran Church. BEXJAMIX Nl'TE, deeea.«ed; was born in Farmington, Strafford Co., N. H., Aug. 12, 180U, and died Dec. 1, 1877 ; he came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1837, and located in Milford ; he made large purchases of land, and, in 1840, in connection with W. H. & Eiisha Lamphear, built a dam and erected a saw-mill at Milford ; he also built the Milford Hotel and ran it a short lime ; he then moved to Watertown, and, in 1870, entered the firm of H, S. Howell & Co., dry goods, etc., and continued until the time of his death ; he also owned the stave-heading and barrel manufactory and saw-mill near the C. & N.-W. Ry. depot, called the Boomer Mill ; this mill he remodeled and turned into the Eclipse Flour ing-Mill ; on June 13, 1829, he was appointed Postmaster of Vernon, (3neida Co., N. Y., under President Jackson; was Justice of the Peace of Jefferson Co. in 1842, and, in 1848, was appointed Notary Public by Henry Dodge ; was also, in this year, elected to the Legislature, to represent the towns of Watertown. Milford, Aztalan and Waterloo ; was, for a number of years, Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Milford. He married, June 30, 1824, Sarah Brooks; they have six children living — Benjamin, Dwight B., Horace, Ansenette, Miiry C, Sarah Lucretia. Mr. Nute was a member of the Cnngresational Church. DEXXIS PETERS, firm of Benkendorf & Peters, flouringmills; born Jan. 10, 183ii, in Tip- perary Co., Ireland; came to America with his parents in 1845, who first located in Albany, N. Y.; in 1846, came to Milwaukee, Wis., where he was educated; in 1851, moved to Watertown City and worked for Mr. Potter in a hotel ; in 1855, went to work for the M. & St. P. 11. R., as foreman of the stables : in 1858, began to work in L. A. Cole & Co.'s fluuring-mill ; in 1859, went to Lowell, Wis., and ran the mill there for ten years, when he returned to Watertown and ran Koenig & Co.'s mill for seven years ; in 1876, he went into ]iartner.ship with .Mr. Benkendorf ; the capacity of this mill is one hundred barrels ol flour a day, and they have four runs of stones. Married Miss Jane Kenney, of Dublin, Ireland, Jan. 15, 1860 ; they have five children — Ella Jane, Anna Isabel, Mary Frances, Henrietta and Susan. Member; of the R. C. Church. XELSON W. PIERCE, Agent of the M. & St. P. R. R. Co. at Watertown Junction, and proprietor of the Railway Eating House and Hotel ; born at Kingston, N. J., April 10, 1848 ; he was in the employ of the Camden & Amboy Railway Co. for three years prior to coming to Watertown in 1866 one year, he was at Watertown Station ; for the last twelve years, he has been agent at the Junction, and for four years, he has carried on the hotel and eating-house. Sept. 9, 1869, he married Miss >Liry Mitchell daughter of Thomas Mitchell, a native of England, who came to America about the year 1836, worked ic New York State a short time, and afterward for a short period in Ohio ; then came to Watertown, anc was for many years engaged in farming on Sec. 11, Watertown Township, where he died. Mrs. Pierce was born here July 22, 1849. Mr. Pierce's family of children are named Helen Augusta, Walter GriflBt: and Roy ; they have lost two — William A. and Herbert Vaughan. HERMAX!¥ A. PODEWELIi, clerk for E. C. Wickert, produce merchant; born ir Prussia Jan. 1, 1857; son of Ludwig and Ernstine Podcwell, who came to America in 1857; father died Dec. 18, 1876 ; niothir resides on the farm in Farmington. FRED POHIjMANN, manufacturer of and dealer in boots and shoes; born in Mecklen burg, Germany, July 26, 1845; worked at the shoemaker's trade since 1861 ; commenced business foi himself in 1870. He was married in Watertown, Jan. 17, 1874, to Elizabeth Piper, daughter of Phillip Piper; she was born in Watertown; they have two children — Henry and Arthur. Mr. Pohlmann is a member of the Watertown Band; he is a son of John Pohlmann. who came herewith his family July 10 1853. John Pohlmann died April 10, 1870. CITY OF WATERTOWN. 621 JUDSOIV PREKTICE, surveyor; resides in Sixth Ward, Dodge Co.; born at Oriskany Falls, Oneida Co., N. Y., March 2, 1810; lived in Erie Co., N. Y., from 1813 until he came to Wisconsin, in 1844 ; located in the town of Trenton, Dodge Co.; engaged in farming there for six years; since then, he has served as County Surveyor and Deputy Surveyor of Dodge Co. nearly all the time (except three years, from 1864 to 1867, that he spent in Virginia City, Nev., and in the Western mining country of that sec- tion ). Mr. Prentice has filled variuus important positions — State Senator, Supervisor, Justice of the Peace, Alderman, etc. He' resided in Juneau from 1852 to 1854; in the latter year he came to Watertown. His fir.st wife was Almira Woodruff, married at Aurora, Erie Co., N. Y.; she died in Milwaukee in July, 1844, leaving two children — Lawrence J. and Elizabeth. Mr. Prentice married his present wife in Tren- ton, Dodge Co., in October, 1848 ; her name was Olive Thompson, and is a native of Riga, Ontario Co., N. Y.; tiiey have three children living — Thomson J., Millard F. and George Clifford ; they have lost two daughters — Lucy, who died at the age of G months, and Bertha, aged 12 years at the time of her death. Mrs. Prentice is a member of the Cnnuregational Church. THEODORE PRENTISS, capitalist; bom at Montpelier, Vt., Sept. 10, 1818; educated at the Montpelier Academy and at the University of Vermont, at Burlington ; admitted to the bar of Vermont in 1844 ; came to Milwaukee in October, 1844; came to Watertown in February, 1845 ; engaged in the practice of law until about twenty years ago ; he purchased considerable real estate here and in this vicinity soon alter he came here ; also, became connected with railroad, banking and other interests >o extensively that he was compelled to give up the general practice of his profession in order to give liis exclusive attention to his own investments. He was the first Mayor of this city, and has served several times in the same capacity since ; he was a member of the first Constitutional Convention, held in Wisconsin in 1846 ; also a member of the second one, which was held in 1847 ; he has served several terms as Alder- man, and was Member of the Assembly in 1860 and 1861. Dec. 4, 1855, he was married, at Montpelier, Vt., to Martha Jane Perry; she was born in Fairfax, Franklin Co., Vt.; they have three sons — Theodore, 0., James Frederick and Georffe Nathaniel, aged 19, 15 and 10 years, respectively. Mr. and Mrs. Pren- tiss are members of the Episcopal Church. 1>AXIEL P. PRICE, proprietor of woolen mills ; born in Wales Oct. 16, 1829 ; came to America in 1852 ; resided in Onondaga, Madison and Oneida Cos., N. Y., until he came to Cambria, Wis., in 1874; resided there three years, then came to Watertown ; Mr. Price has worked in woolen mills since he was 7 years of age ; having been brought up to the business he is thoroughly actiuainted with all its details, and few men can be found in this country who are capable of doing as good work as he. In 1849, he was married in Wales to Margaret Pugh ; they have five children — Daniel H., William P., Lizzie, Emory J. and Edwin. The entire family are members of the Good Templars Lodge. Mr. and Mrs. Price are members of the Consjregational Church. HEIVRY PRITZLAFF, grain-dealer; born in Prussia Nov. 22, 1824 ; came to America and located in Milwaukee in 1856; engaged in the hardware business there for eight years ; June 1, 1864, he came to Watertown, and carried on the same business here until the spring of 1877, making nearly a quarter of a century that he was engaged in the hardware trade; in 1878, Mr. Pritzlaft' com- menced his present business of dealing in grain and general farm produce. He was two years Alderman of this city. Jan, 9, 1859, he was married in Milwaukee to Augusta Benter, a native of Prussia; they have fiiur children — Lizzie, Bernard, Willie and Rudolph; they have lost two children. R. PRITZLAFF, tinner; born in Prussia Feb. 26, 1852 ; came to America in 1867 ; located in Milwaukee until he came to Watertown in April, 1877. He married Johanna Schoenhols Sept. 21, 1876; she was boru on Staten Island, New York ; they have two children — Reinhard A. J. and Walter H. C. Mr. Pritzlaff is a member of St. John's Lutheran Church. PHILIP C. QFENTMEYER, retired ; born in Prussia July 5, 1826 ; came to Wiscon- sin in the spring of 1849 ; located in Fond du Lac, where he remained one year and a half; afterward, for a year in Neenah ; in 1852, he came to Watertown ; engaged in the manufacture of brick until 1870 ; he was engaged buying wood for the railway company for one year; four years in the milling business, associated with F. Miller; retired from active business in April, 1877. Mr. Quentmeyer has served as Alderman of the Seventh Ward .several terms, and two terms he has represented the Third Ward in the Common Conncil ; School Commissioner for several years. Jan. 13, 1854, he married Dorothea Koenig ; she was born in Prussia ; they have four sons — William, Louis, Albert and Hermann. MICHAEL QLIGLEY, undertaker; born in County Donegal, Ireland, Sept. 29, 1822; came to Watertown in July, 1848 ; engaged in furniture manufacturing for about twenty-six years ; since then in the business of undertaker. Mr. Quigley has been Alderman, City Treasurer, etc. His present wife was Mary Clifford; they were married in Watertown April 14, 1855; they have eight children — 6-'2 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Ann, John, Mary, Michael, Jr., Catherine, Charles, Winnifred and Frank ; they have lost two sons and one dauL'hter. >Ir. and Mrs. Quigley are members of the Catholic Church. EDWARI> RACEK, creneral store; was born in Polna, Bohemia, Oct. 11, 1847; came to Wisconsin about 1853, locating in Watertown, where he served an apprenticeship as clerk with R. & H. S. Howell & Co., general store ; he received his commercial education at Bryant & Stratton's Business College, both at Milwaukee and Toronto, Canada ; at the early age of 19, he was appointed Teller of the Wisconsin National Bank, in which position he continued for three years. In 18G6, in connection with his brother, under the name of Racek Bros., he entered the general produce commission business, which he carried on for two and a half years. In 1871, he bought a half-interest in the general store of Jesse Moulton, and remained in partnership one year and then bought out the other half-interest and conducted the business on his own account for one year ; he then admitted his head salesman, Mr. Jones, into part- nership under the firm of Racek & Jones, and they are now doing business on Main street, with the most pleasing and profitable success. He married, Sept. 29, 1876. Gertrude W. Gallup, daughter of Henry Gallup, of Watertown. He has two children living — Helen Gertrude and Edward Henry. Mrs. Racek is a member of the Episcopal Church. S. K- RAXDAlilj, dealer in agricultural implements ; was born in Rensselaer Co., N. Y., March Hi, ISM-t; on the 1st of June followinsr he came to Watertown with his parents. His father, Benjamin Randall, deceased, was a farmer in Jefferson Co. two years, when he removed to Lebanon, Dodge Co., where be was engaged in agricultural pureuits for twenty-five years, the subject of this sketch now owning the family homestead ; he was a farmer until 21 j'ears of age, though at the age of 19 years he became attached to the manufacturing implement business of F. H. Manny, of Rockford, with whom he remained nine years, afterward representing other reaper and mower firms until thirteen years ago, when he opened a general agricultural depot at Watertown, at which point he represents D. S. Morgan & Co., for the east half of Wisconsin, in the sale of their goods, making the Triumph Reaper and Seymour Mower specialties. In November, 1866, he married Martha A., the daughter of Abraham Kern, one of the early settlers of Ashippun, Dodge Co., this State ; she was born in South Bend, Ind. ; they have one child— Mable C. born April 10, 18G9. JOHN REICH ARDT, Deputy City Marshal ; born in Germany Jan. 15,1837; came to America in 1853 ; located in New York two years; he then came to Fond du Lac, where he was engaged in clerking until 1869, when he came to Watertown ; since he came here he has been Marshal, is now Deputy ; also doing business as auctioneer ; .started the Hook and Ladder Co.; he is a member of the Fire Department, Turner Society, I. O. 0. F., etc. He was married in Fond du Lac in October, 1856, to Leo- puoltena Lopper : she was born in Germany ; they have seven children — Lena, Willie, Anna, Emma, John, Tilda and Louis; lost a pair of twins, they died at the age of 6 months. JOHN RICHARDK, deceased; born in Hinsdale, Berkshire Co., Mass., April 13, 1806 ; he studied law with Edward F. Ensign, at Shefiield, and was admitted to the bar in Lenox, Mass., March 2, 1837; graduated from Williams College, and taught for a time in the Academy at South Egremont ; on the day of Martin Van Buren's inauguration as President, Mr. Richards started for the West and was among the []ioncers of Jefferson Co. He was the first District Attorney for the county, appointed by Gov. Dodge; afterward held the oflBces of Justice of the Peace, Supervisor, Mayor, etc. He was married, in Albany, N. Y., to Eliza Forbes, the ceremony being performed by Rev. Mr. WickofT, in the Dutch Reformed Church ; Mrs. Richards was born in North Brookfield, Mass., April 3, 1816, daughter of Moses Forbes, proprietor of the old stage line between Hartford and Albany. Mr. Richards died in Fond du Lac in Feb- ruary, 1874; his widow and five children are living; the children are Anna M., now Mrs. George W. Thomas, of Beaver Dam ; Moses F., of Nunda, 111.; Alice M., now Mrs. Louis Cass Green, of Watertown; ■William Henry, residing at home with his mother in this city, and Charles D., Indian Agent at Fort Peck, M. T. Those who have died are as follows: Harriet Eliza, died June 9, 1854, aged 11 years; Frances Emma., died March 7, 1853, aged 2 years, and Irene, died September 19, 1856, at the age of 3 ^^^^SIMOX JOHN RICHTER, teacher in Lutheran School ; born in the village of Mengels- dorf near Goerlitz, in the Province of Silesia, Nov. 5. 1850 ; came to America with his father in January, 1854 ; located in Houston, Texas, remaining there six months ; then they went to Pittsburgh, Penn., where his father died; S. J. Richter remained in Pittsburgh until 1870; attended the parochial school, also the Franklin Public School in that city; then he was a student at the Normal School at Addison, 111.; for two years he taught at Sheboygan Falls, since then in Watertown ; he was a member of the Young Men's Lyceum for several years. Sept. 9, 1876, he was married, at Beaver Dam, to Miss Ida Nimmer ; she was born in Wusterhausen, Prussia ; they have one child — Flora Helena Maria, born Jan. 14, 1879. I CITY OF AVATERTOWN. 623 ()!EOR(iiFi P. RINEHART, stone and brick mason ; was born in Pennsylvania Sept. 9, 1840; came to Watertown in November, 184;i. Slarried Miss Catherine Scanlon in June, 1861, who died on the 3d of November, 1873, leaving three children — John Thomas, William Henry and Georiie William. Was married to Miss Kllen Carigan, on the 25th of November, 1874, with whom he now lives and by whom he had one child — Terresa Maude, born July, 1876, and died July, 1877. Mr. Rinehart was elected Alderman in the spring of 1877, but resigned the oiEce soon after the election. He has been a resident of Watertown for thirty years. WILLIAM I.OMIS ROEBER, boot and shoe maker; born in Hanover, Germany, Oct. 4, 1814 ; came to America in 1845 ; spent seven months in Buffalo, N. Y., then went to Cleveland, Ohio, where he remained only three months; from Cleveland, he went to St. Mary's, Wis., and spent three months; from there he came to Milwaukee, Wis., where he remained until June, 1847, when he came to Watertown ; learned the shoemaker's trade when 15 years of age, and he has always worked at that trade since. April 17, 1849, he was married, in Watertown, to Doris Stolle ; she was born in Hanover Feb. 2, 1823, and died May 8, 1875; they have had six children— Marie Louise, born May 19, 1852; Fred- erick W. J., Dec. 19, 1853 ; Henry C. F., Aug. 7, 1855 ; Sophie H. M., Aug. 13, 1861 ; Frederick H., Sept. 4, 1863, and Lena. Mr. R. is a member of I. 0. 0. F. and Workmen's Societies. JAMES ROtirAN, farmer; born in County Down, Ireland, Aug. 12, 1801, and came to Wis- consin in the foil of 1835. locating in Green Bay. Mr. Rogan was engaged in the distillery business in Zanesville, Ohio ; he then moved to Cleveland, Ohio, and bought a grocery and provision store, which he continued until he was burnt out, when he bought a lake vessel, the Grampus, which he ran from Buffalo to other points on the lakes ; on March 2, 1837, he moved, with his family, to Watertown, Wis., and made his claim in Sec. 4, Town 9, Range 15 east; in 1848-49, he was appointed lighthouse-keeper at Milwau- kee ; he was also one of the committee that named the county and town where he lived. He married, May 16, 1S29, Sarah Duffy, of Ireland; he has one child living — Sarah Jane, now Mrs. Tenney. Mr. and Mrs. Rosran are members of St. Bernard's Catholic Church. PATRICK ROdrA^, farmer; born in County Down, Ireland, Sept. 26, 1808; came to Mon- treal, Canada, in 1823; lived two years there, then removed to Jefferson Co., N. Y., where he resided until 1837, when he came to Watertown, arriving here May 15 of that year; made a claim to a fractional ijuarter-section. Sec. 11 ; was engaged in farming where the city now stands, on west side of the river; the spring he came here, he plai^ted potatoes where the College of the Sacred Heart is now located ; never, since he came here, has he entirely relinquished his farming interests ; six or seven years after he came here, he erected a saw-mill where George B. Lewis' factory is now located; carried on the mill until 1858, in connection with his other business of contracting, building, farming, etc. ; he has invested largely of his means in the building improvements of the west side of this city ; he has also invested, to a great extent, in plank-roads, railroads and other enterprises likely to benefit Watertown, being among tbe most public- spirited of its citizens ; he was a member of the first Wisconsin Constitutional Convention ; he has been four times a member of the State Legislature; he organized the school .system here in 1855, having secured the passage of the act providing therefor ; he was Postmaster of this city for eight years ; first appointed by President Tyler, re-appointed in 1845, by President Polk ; he was one of the original corporators of the Watertown Gas Co., also a director of plank-road and railroad companies ; he has held nearly all city and town nflices within the gift of the people ; he never attended school but three months ; he acquire d some book knowledge while he was employed as errand boy in the office of a Notary Public in Montreal ; experience has been his teacher, and it would he difijcult to find better-informed men than Mr. Rogan is at the present time. He was married, in Chicago, Jan. 17, 1846, to Rose Craugle ; she was born in County of Down, Ireland ; they have six children — Robert Emraett, Charles Eugene, Edwin B., Louis P., Rose and Ellen E. ; lost one daughter, who died at the age of 6 years. Mr. and Mrs. Rogan are members of the Catholic Church. Mr. R.'s fiither, Peter Rogan, died at Rochester, N. Y., three years after he came to America with his family. WIELIAM H. ROHR, merchant tailor and clothier; was born in Prussia Oct. 1, 1842, and came to Wisconsin the middle of June, 1853, locating in Watertown ; he then went to Beloit and attended the college there for three years ; in 1859, was teacher in the public school at Beloit for three years ; in 1862, and for three years after, was clerk with Fisher & Rohr, merchant tailors and clothiers; in 1865, he took his fsither's place in the firm; in October, 1876, Mr. Fisher died, and, from that date, he carried on the business on his own account. Mr. Rohr was School Commissioner of Watertown for two years and Superintendent of Schools for three years; in 1876, he was Alderman of the First Ward, and was Chairman of the Board of Street Commissioners; he was appointed City Treasurer, to fill a vacancy, which he held for three months, the term of office then expiring ; in 1873, he was a member of 624 BIOGKAPIUCAL SKETtllKS: the Board of Supervisors, of which body he was Chairman three years. He married, June 7, 18GS Sophia Bertram, of Hanover, who died Dec. 19, 1878 ; he has four children — Amalie, Isabella, Gustavu and Max. WILLIAM A. AND JOHN H. SCHLITETER, ciirar manufacturers. William.^ Schlueter wa.s burn in Buflfiilo, N. Y., in 1849 ; came to Watertown with his parents when quite young learned his trade under Mr. Eugene Wiggenhorn, of Watertown. Married Miss Louisa Glaser in 187- has two children — Willie, aged 6 years, and Henrietta, aged 4. Mr. Schlueter is a member of the Turne Society, of Watertown. John H. Schlueter, the junior member of the firm of Schlueter & Bro., was born i Watertown in 1854 ; learned his trade with Mr. Miller. Married Mi.-s Amelia Kreusky, of Clyman, Wis in 1S75 ; has one child dead and one living who.se name is John. He and wife are members of the Lutb eran Church and are members of the Harmonia Society also. John H. has been a member of the firm c Schlueter & Bro. since the origin of such firm, in July, 187'J, but has worked at his trade eleven years His brother, William, has worked at it about sisteen years. They now do business on Main street, betwee Eishth and Ninth streets. CHRISTIAN SCH9IIJTZLEK, carpenter and builder; was born in Saxony in 183C where he lived on a farm with his lather till 1S51, when he came to Watertown, Wis., learned thecarpente trade and has since followed it. Married Miss Caroline Zeas the same year he reached Watertown ; ha five children — Edward. Minna. Ferdinand, Kmmaand Elcda. All are members of the Presbyterian Church Mr. Schniutzler has belonged to the Odd Fellows Fraternity for about fifteen years. PHILIPP SCHjIIDT, manufacturer of toilet and laundry soaps. He was born in Prussia i 1832; came to Watertown in January, 1S55 ; for one year, he worked in the confectionery business here afterward in same business two y«.ars at Mayville, Dodge Co.; in the liquor business at Hastings, Minn two years; then, until 1801, he did fresco-painting in Jleinphis, Tenn. In 18(j1, he returned to Watei town and engaged in the manufacture of soajis; he has now one of the best manufactories in the WesI and is making thirty different varieties of laundry and toilet soaps. Mr. Smith is a member of the Con cordia Musical Society, Sons of Hermann; luis served as member of the School Board, etc. He was mat ried at Oconomowoc, May 22, 1862, to Augusta Krueger; she was born in Germany; they have fou children — Willie, Huso, Minnie and Eniuia. JOHN P, SCHOENHOLS, hardware merchant; born in Germany Feb. 2, 1825; came t America in 1846, and resided in New York until 18511, when he came lo Milwaukee; engaged in rectify ing business thereuntil he came to Watertown in 1877. He was married in New York to Mary Gilde meister, April 21, 1853 ; she was born in Prussia ; they have seven children living — Lena, Johanna, Mag dalena, Martha, Lydia, Emelia and Maria ; they have lost one daughter and four sons. Mr. S. is a mem ber of St. John's Lutheran Church. CHRISTOPH SCHROEDER, retired undertaker; burn in Vorbruck Walsrode, Hanovei Feb. IS, 1S17 ; came to America in 1844; located in Cleveland, Ohio, for about one year and a half; thei he came to Watertown ; for a number of years, he worked at the carpenter and joiner business; then h Was engaged in business as undertaker for twenty-five years ; three years ago, he retired from tha business. Mr. Sehroeder laid out and started Oak Hill Cemetery, and now has charge of it. H deserves great credit for the judgment displayed in the location and arrangement of this cemeterj He has one of the best-constructed family vaults in the country, in which rest the remains of hi children, of his mother, Mary Sehroeder, and Mary Arntz, his wife's mother. In 1843, Mr. S. mar ried Mary Arntz; she was born in Altenboetzen, Hanover, Dec. 15, 1820; they have seven childrei living — Teresa (now Mrs. John K , of Fond du Lac), Henry, Mena (now Mrs. Frederick Wil kopsky ), Snphia (now Mrs. Hermann llappi. Mary, Ernst and Lena. ANTON SCHUMACHER, Ciiy Treasurer and manufacturer of and dealer in boots am shoes; born in Vinesbeck, Westphalia, Pru.ssia, Dec. 9, 1833; came to Watertown May 12, 1855 Worked at his trade of shoemaker over nine years for Henry Bertram. In August, 1864, he com menced business for himself on Third street; Aug. 20, 1877, his store was destroyed by fire; not withstanding his misfurtune, he immediately resumed business on the same street, and is doing thiiving trade. Mr. Sehuniaiher is one of the leading citizens of Watertowi . In April, 1878, ti was first elected City Treasurer; in April, 1879, he was re-elected by a majority of 870 — the larges majority ever given to a candidate for Treasurer. Such testimony is the best manifestation of th confidence repo.sed in Mr. Schumacher by his fellow-citizens. He was married in Watertown, Nov 23, 1863, to Frances Korherr, niece of Joseph Bursinger, of this city; she was born in the Duke dom of Baden, Germany; they have five children — Joseph Anton, born Nov. 4, 1S64 ; Ferdinand 11. July 24, 1866; Mary, Oct. 2, 1870; Caroline, Dec. 24, 1872, and Anna, Dec. 31, 1877; lost twi CITY OF WATERTOWN. 625 children— Mary Elizabeth, died Aug. 1, 1870, aged 2 years; Rosa, died Oct. 30, 1875; she was only 2 days old. Mr. and Mrs S. are members of the German Catholic Church. Mr. S. was Sec- retary of the Church nine years, and he was for five or six years Secretary of St. Henry's Society. He is a member of the Concordia Musical Society ; was Secretary of that Society one year. JOSEPH fSCHlTBERT, M. I>. (dece.ised) ; was boru at Neustadt, Germany, in 1820; came to Watertown Sept. 9, 18-17 ; engaged in the drug Dusiness immediately after his location, his being the first store in the place doing an exclusive drug trade; the Doctor practiced medicine a few years in connection with his other business; he continued in the drug business until the time of his death, which was June 6, 1870. He was married in (Jcrmany June 7, IS-IO, to Kathinka Erb ; she was born at Fulda, in Germany, May 22, 1822; the children are Josephine (now Mrs. Louis Kehr), born Dec. 11, 1849, and Max J., Nov. 17, 1851 ; lost one daughter— l-'auline ; .she was born Aug. 29, 1853, died Aug. 19, 1854. Mrs. K. Schubert and her son carry on the business established by Joseph Schubert in 1847, the firm name being K. Schubert & Son. MAX J. SCHUBERT, of tlie firm of K. Schubert & Son, druggists; was born in Water- town Nov. 17, 1851. He was married at Juneau, Dodge Co., Wis., May 20, 1877, to Ella Mertz ; she was born in Juneau March 30, 1859 ; they have one child — Tlma, born Sept. 6, 1878. Mr. Schubert is Treasurer of the Turner Society. €. W. SCHULTZ, merchant and proprietor of saloon ; born in Germany Dec. 25, 1825 ; came to Watertown June 15, 1846 ; engaged in manufactnring wagons until 1858 ; engaged in saloon and mer- cantile business ever since. Mr. S. was Supervisor of the First Ward in 1875-76. In December, 1846, he married Caroline Ehl ; she was born in Germany ; they have six children — Caroline, Albert, Charles, Emma, Hattie and Matilda. Mr. Sehultz has been prominently identified with the Fire Department, the military organizations and the various other interests of this city. A. G. SCHWANKE, teacher in the German Evangelical Lutheran School ; born in Prussia Jan. 29, 1847 ; came to America in 1863; located at Newton, Marquette Co., Wis.; engaged in farming until 1868; Mr S. received his elementary education in Europe, and, in 1870, he graduated from the Addis(m Lutheran Seminary in Illinois; he then taught school in Winnebago Co., Wis., for three years and a half; afterward, taugiit in Washington Co. one year and a half; came to Watertown in 1874, and has taught in the school he is now connected with ever since he came here. Oct. 6, 1872, he married Mary Otto; she was born at New London, Wis., Feb. 11, 1853; they have two children — Clara, born Aug. 25, 1873, and Louis, June 18, 1876. Mr. and Mrs. Schwanke are members of the Lutheran Church. H. P. SEIBEL, proprietor of saloon ; born in Prussia Aug. 17, 1826 ; came to Watertown in 1853 ; remained here two years, then went on his ftrm in Waterloo Town.sbip ; after a residence of a year and a half there, he returned to Watertown and engaged in grocery and saloon business ; afterward, dis- continued the grocery business and has since conducted the saloon ; Mr. Seibel first located at Philadel- phia when he came to America ; resided there two years and a half, then came to Wisconsin. He married Lizette Wegeman Dec. 6, 1853, in Milwaukee ; she was born in Prussia; they have five children— Emil, Laura (now Mrs. Hermann Straus), Ida Bertha and Max. AUGUST SEIFFERT, contractor and builder; was born in the Kingdom of Prussia Oct. 24,1840; in 1869, he emigrated to America and settled in Chicago, where he was engaged as a con- tractor and builder, prominently identified with the erection of some of the elegant structures to be seen in that city ; after a residence of eight years in the Garden City, he removed to Watertown, where he has been extensively engaged in building, etc., having been the contractor for the erection of Turner Hall and other structures, and being at the present time City Surveyor and Engineer. April 29, 1866, he was married to Wilhelmina Puthar, also a native of Prussia, the ceremony being performed in Germany, by whom he has had three children — Anna, Lizzie and Richard. C. B. SKIKXER, lawyer; was born in Adams, Jefferson Co., N. Y., Oct. 10, 1828, and came to Wisconsin March 15, 1855, locating in Watertown; while in Adams he prepared for college, and, in 1847, went to Hamilton College, at Clinton, N. Y., graduating there in 1849; he then entered the Albany Law School, at Albany, and was a member of the first class; he then went to Cape Vincent, N. Y., and practiced law two years and a half; from Cape Vincent he went to Watertown, Wis., in 185.5, and has practiced law since that time. In Cape Vincent he held the offices of Town Clerk and Justice of the Peace; Mr. Skinner has held the following oflices in Watertown : In 1857, he was Superintendent of Schools for one term ; was Alderman of the First Ward one term, and also Mayor of Watertown one term ; in Dec. 20, 1870, he was appointed United States Commissioner for the Western District (.f Wis- consin. He married, in November, 1856, Frances M. Lee, of Cape Vincent, N. Y.; he has four children 626 BIOCxRAPHICAL SKETCHES: — Idaline M., Lee B., Charles A. and Laura M. Mr. and Jlrs. Skinner are members of the Congrega- tional Church at Watertown. JONAS H. SLEEPER, agent C, M. & St. P. Rj. Co., and grain-dealer; born in Bristol, Grafton Co., N. H.; lived in that State until 1857; he then went to Washington, D. C., where he con- ducted a hotel for one year ; afterward one year in Leavenworth, Kan., when he returned to Washington, where he carried on the hotel business again for one year ; in 1860, he came to Watertown and has been con- nected with the St. Paul Railway ever since ; he was also for a year and a half a member of the firm of F. Miller & Co., proprietors of flouring-mills here; from 1802 to 1873. he was also engaged in the lum- ber business; for the last ten or fifteen years, he has been dealing in grain to sotue extent. Sept. 3, 1863, he married S. Annie Hamlin ; she was born in Middletown, Vt. She is a member of the Congregati' nal Church. (jrEORCwE W. SL.OAN; born in Farmington. this county, Jan. 24, 1850 ; graduated from the Michigan University at Ann Arbor in 1873 ; since he was 17 years of age, Mr. Sloan has been prominently identified with the educational interests of the State, particularly with the schools of Jeffer- son and Dodge Cos.; he taught in the public schools of these counties during the winter terms for six years prior to entering college; since then, he was for nearly two years Principal of the Juneau Graded School; one year Principal at Milford, and taught one term at Waterloo; in connection with his other school work, and during vacations for the last ten years. Mr. Sloan has given much attention to penman- ship classes ; he read law in the office of Enos &, Hall, of Watertown, and was admitted to the bar in 1875; he is a son of Patrick and Ann ( Killoy i Sloan, who located on Sec. 1, in Farmington, in 1846; they removed to Sec. 22, Watertown Township, in 1853, and still reside there. (irEORdrK A. SXERE, marble dealer, associated with Josejih Walter; born in Watertown April 24, 18.')6 : worked at jireseut bu^iness for five years; in partnership with Mr. Walter since Jan. 1, 1879. A. SOLLIDA^ , dentist; born in Lehigh Co., Penn., Feb. 13, 1842; came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1868, locating at Watertown ; he practiced on his own account in 1867, in Circleville, Ohio, under the firm name of Solliday & Moore; this he continued for one year, when he moved to Watertown and opened parlors over the Bank of Watertown ; remained for three years, then moved to his present location on the south side of Main street between First and Second, where he has been doing a highly successful business. In the spring of 1879, he wa.s elected School Commissioner of the Third Ward. He enlisted, in the foil of 1862, in the 114th Ohio V. I. a.s Principal Musician, and was after leader of the division band attached to Gen. Lawler's headquarters, and also of the post band at Galveston, Tex. He married, Oct. 28, 1869, Elizabeth A. Van Ness, of Watertown; he has one child — A. Fayette. >-rs. Solliday is a member of the Episcopal Church. FERDINAND SPEER, butcher; born in Germany Aug. 2, 1822; came to Watertown in September. 1>47 ; he spent about two months in Milwaukee prior to coming here; Mr. Speer is the pio- neer butcher of this place; he has carried on the business ever since he came here. He was married, in Watertown, in December, 1847, to Catharine Ullrich; she was born in Germany in December, 1825; they have seven children — Amelia, Bertha, Eliza, Paulina, Emma, Laura and Emil ; lost one daughter, who died at the age of 8 monlhs. JONAS STAHL,, with the C, >L & St. P. Ry. Co., freight department ; born in Sodus Point, Wayne Co.,N. Y., June 12, 1836; came to Wisconsin in 1859; located at Oconomowoc ; remained there until Aug. 16, 1861, when he enlisted in Co. A. 1st W. V. C. ; was First Sergeant of his company; participated in all the battles his regiment was engaged in ; mustered out Sept. 10, 1864, having served over three years; <;ame to Watertown in September, 1864; was in the employ of the M. & St. P. Ry. Co. one year, then eni;aged in business as traveling salesman for H. S. JIanville, wholesale dealer in notions, etc. ; was with him six years ; then traveled in notion business for two years for himself; after- ward three years and a half for prominent Milwaukee firms; he was in Junction Hotel one year with N. W. Pierce; March 1, 1878. he re-entered the service of the railway company. In September, 1861, he married Mary M. Blake; she was a native of Camden, N. Y. ; she died Juno 14, 1 S()6, leaving one son — Frederick B.. who died in August, 1867, aged 21 months; Mr. Stahl's present wife was Mrs. Mary V. Seaman, a native of Brattleboro, Vt. ; they were married in March, 1868; Mrs. Stahl has one daughter by former marriage — Hattie JI. Seaman. Mr. and .>Irs Stahl and Hattie are members of the M E. Church. A. a. STEINER, lawyer; born in Huntingdon Co., Penn., April 15, 1851 ; came to Wis- consin in April, 1877, locating in Watertown; he received his literary education at the Hullidaysburg Seminary at Hollidaysburg, Penn. ; he commenced the study of law with Congressman S. S. Blair, of CITY OF WATERTOWN. 627 Hollidiiysburg, and finished his law studies at Ann Arbor, Mich., and, shortly after, entered the United States District Attorney's oiSce at Grand Rapids, Mieh., as Clerk; in 1877, he came to Watertown, and, Nov. 5, 1878, was elected District Attorney of Jefferson Co. KICHARD STEIXBKRtr, butcher, and pork and beef packer, wholesale and retail dealer; born in Germany March 18, 1844; came to America in 18(30; located in Milwaukee. In 1861, he enlisted in Co. H, 2Gth W. V. I. ; afterward served three years in the 1st Cav. of Wa.shington, D. C. ; he served until after the close of the war in 1865, then he returned to Milwaukee and remained there until he came to Watertown in 1867. In 1868, he was married, in Watertown, to Augusta Seibel ; she was born in Prussia ; they have four children — Awald, Julia, Elanora and Amatia. JE^JSE STONE, manufacturer; was born in Lincolnshire, England, Aug. 23, 1836; came to Wisconsin July 27, 1869, locating in Watertown; in 1861, in connection with Mr. Joseph Fox, was engaged in the cracker business; in 1867, was engaged in the same business in connection with John A. Dick; in 1869, he was admitted as partner in the firm of Woodward & Stone in the manufacture of crackers and confectionery. He married, in July, 1854, Sarah J. Welsh, of Ticonderoga, N. Y. ; he has one child — William C. CHARLES E. STRAW, engineer of Phoenix Fire Company; born Oct. 21, 1851, in Watertown ; was educated here, and worked for his father in the painting business till 1869, when he entered the employ of the C, M. & St. P. R. R. as fireman ; served in that capacity for three and one- half years, when he was promoted to engineer, and acted as such for two years and one month ; Oct. 9, 1874, he left the employ of the railroad company and accepted the position of book-keeper for Straw & Murphy, and was appointed to his present position of engineer of Phrenix Steamer No. 2, June 5, 1876. He is a member of B. of L. E.. Division No. 66, of Milwaukee; member of Jjodge No. 49, Masons. REV. CiiEORGE STRICKNER, Pastor of St. Henry's Catholic^Church at Watertown ; born in Bavaria Dee. 6, 1833, and came to Wisconsio in Januiry, 1857, locating in Milwaukee; he studied philosophy in Bavaria and continued his studies with the addition of theology, at St. Francis Col- lege, near Milwaukee ; he was ordained Dec. 16, 1859. He went to Portage City and held service in the Irish church at that place until May, 1860, when he came to Watertown as Pastor of St. Henry's Cath- olic Church, where he remained one year; he then went to Germantown, Washington Co., Wis., and was Pastor of St. Boniface Church for four years ; from there he went to Saukville, Wis., to St. Mary's Church ; then to There.«a, Dodge Co., Wis., and was Pastor of the Catholic Church there ; then to Water- ford. Racine Co., and was Pastor of St. Thomas' Church ; then to Racine to St. Mary's for one year; on account of his health, he went to Germany and on returning to this country was again appointed Pastor of St. Henry's (Jhurch at Watertown. The St. Joseph Catholic Church at Racine was built through his efforts while Pastor of St. Mary's, he raising all the funds. In Saukville, he built the school attached to St. Mary's Church, FRED STVIiOW, shoemaker; born in Prussia Jan. 25, 1828 ; commenced shoemaker's trade when only 14 years of age; came to America and located at Watertown in 1856. Married in Germany to Mary Wruck Feb. 17, 1853; she is a native of Prussia; they have three children — Albert, Louise and Minnie. Mr. Stylow has represented the Second Ward twice in the Common Council. He is a member of the I. 0. O. F., Workmen's Society, Hook and Ladder Company, and is one of the Trustees of the Fire Department. EDMUND SWEEXEY, general merchant; born in County of Kerry, Ireland, in 1824; came to Clyman, Dodge Co., Wis., in 1846 ; engaged in farming in that town until 1854. He served two years as Clerk of the Board of Supervisors of Dodge Co. Came to Watertown in 1856 ; engaged in mercantile business here ever since. Mr. Sweeney has been selected by his fellow-citizens to fill various important offices in the county — Supervisor several terms, Chairman of the County Board, County Treas- urer, etc. ; he is now President of the Board of Education. He was married in Watertown April 16, 1856, to Margaret Farmer, a native of Ireland ; they have two children — Margaret and Elizabeth. Mr. and Mrs. Sweeney are members of the Catholic Church. A. TAUCK, manufacturer. Notary and loan agent ; was born in the village of Cismar, Holstein, April 22, 1833, and came to Wisconsin the latter part of September, 1854, locating in Watertown, where he learned the trade of cigar-maker with Mr. tjrossmann ; in 1857-58, he started a grocery on his own account; in 1863-64, he entered into partnership with Mr. Miller, under the firm name of Miller & Tauck, in the manufacture of cigars; in 1865-67, he went into the manufacture of cigars on his own account ; in August, 1867, in connection with Mr. Grossman, started the present manufactory under the firm name of E. Grossman & Tauck, manufacturers of cigars. From April, 1858, to January, 1860, he was City Marshal of Watertown; in 1860-61, was Deputy Sheriff of Jefferson Co.; he also served two terms as 628 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Assessor of Watertown, and two years as Justice of the Peace; in 1866—67, he was Alderman of the Fifth Ward; in December, 1873, he was appointed City Clerk of Watertown, to fill a vacancy on account of the death of the previous City Clerk, and was re-appointed for 1875-76. Ho married, in the fall of 1856, Rose Scheurm:inn, of Aari^an, Switzerland; married the second time, in December, 18till, Mar>;aret Scheur- mann, of Aar^an, Switzerland ; he has six children — Elizabeth, August, William, Lydia, Fritz and Emil. Al', manufacturer ; was born in New London, Merrimack Co., N. H., and came to Wisconsin in 1854, locating at Oak Grove, where he farmed for eight years; in March, 1865, he came to Watertown and started a retail bakery, in connection with his brother George, under the firm name of Woodard Bros., which continued for two years, when they commenced the manufacture of crackers, at first witb a hand machine and afier, as their business increased, added steam-power and put in improved machinery ; this business is now being carried on with the most pleasing and profitable success. Mr. Wood- ard was School Commissioner of the Fifth Ward about two terms, was also Alderman of said ward. He married, in 1855, Mary Spaulding, of Maine, and has five children — Frank, Dura, Lottie, William and Myron. STEPHEN H. WOODARD, real-estate agent ; born in New London, N. H.,Oct. 14,1827; came to Oak Grove, Dodge Co., Wis., in 1854; engaged in clerking there three years; afterward con- ducted the railroad restaurant and eating-house at Beaver Dam ; had charge for one year of a gang of men engaged in grading the railroad between Minnesota Junction and Beaver Dam ; afterward spent another year at Oak Grove ; then he took charge of a store at Rubicon, which he conducted several years. He helped to raise Co. E, 1 Oth Wis. V. I. ; enlisted in that company, but, after spending two months in camp, he was rejected on account of injury in his hand which he received while in the railroad business. Mr. Wood- ard was Doorkeeper for the Wisconsin Legislature during the extra session of 1861 and regular session of 1862 ; in 1865, he came here and engaged in the bakery business, continued in that business .several years, then engaged in real-estate and commission business ; Mr. W. has served two terms as Alderm in, and has also been elected twice to fill vacancies and has served for the unexpired terms. He was married, at Oak Grove, to Caroline Bortle, a native of Lenox, Madison Co., N. Y. ; they have two children — Emma J. and Wesley Ellsworth. CHARLES F. ZAUTNER, manufacturer of and dealer in boots and shoes; born in Prussia Feb. 22, 1849 ; he has worked at the trade of shoemaker for seventeen years; for the last six years in business for himself Dec. 26, 1870, he was married to Minnie E. Krahn ; she was born in Prussia ; they have three children — Charles, Lydia and George. Mr. and Mrs. Zautner are members of the German Evangelical Lutheran Church. Mr. Z. is a member of the Fire Department and Harmonia Singing Society ; he is a son of John H. Zautner, who came to Watertown with his family in 1856 ; he is now engaged in farming in this township; one of his sons, Christoph, enlisted in Co. E, 20th Wis. V. I., in Augu.st, 1862 ; he was wounded at the battle of Prairie Grove, Ark.; he died Oct. 10, 1863, about two months after receiving his wound. ANDREW ZICKERT, cooper; born in Prus.sia March 21, 1832; came to Watertown in 1857, having lived six mouths in Canada prior to coming here; engaged in present business for himself for the last fifteen years. Dec. 17, 1865, he was married to Otillia Steinbring ; she was born in Prussia; they have three children — Samuel, Theodore and Otillia. Mr. Zickert is one of the Trustees of the Ger- man Evangelical Lutheran Church ; he has been Alderman of the Second Ward. WATERTOWN TOWNSHIP. MRS. ELIZABETH BAILEl', Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Watertown. John Bailey was born March 12, 183(1, in Pennsylvania ; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1837, and his father took up 300 acres of land in Watertown Township, Jefferson Co.; the country was quite new, woods coming to the door, through which pathways and clearings had to be made ; there was only one log house in Water- town, and they built a small shanty for temporary accommodation ; had to send to Milwaukee or Beloifc fot- provisions; wolves and wild animals surrounded them and came to the door at night, and the Indians at one time congregated so thickly as to scare the pioneers, but they were peaceable. In 1850, Mr. Jtihn Bailey bought forty acres, and his father gave him eighty, of which fifteen acres were afterward. sold. Aug. 11, 1862, he enlisted in the 29th W. V. I., and served twenty-two months; he was called the fighting-man of the regiment, and was at the battle of Port Gibson, siege of Vicksburg, the battle of Champion Hills, etc.; he fell sick at New Orleans ; Mrs. Bailey sent and had him brought home, and the disea,se he had contracted finally caused his death of consumption. He married Miss Elizabeth Terwilleger, 634 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: of Whitby, Canada, Oct. 20, 1850; he died Sept. 24, 1873 ; they had eight children— Harriett A., who died at 21 years and -1 months of ajre ; Mary A., Clara E., John T., Charles A., George, Isaac and Belle. The family are members of the Methodist Church. ALAXSOX BOOMER, farmer, Sees. 9 and 8 ; P. 0. Watertown ; born Feb. 14, 1815, in Jefferson Co., N. Y.; on June U, 1836, he came to Wisconsin and remained in Milwaukee, prospecting for about a year ; in August, 1837, he located temporarily on a school section in Waukesha, but left in Decem- ber and came to Watertown Township, Jefferson Co., and took up a claim of two quarter-sections, and at the Government sale the land was bought in his brother L. E. Boomer's name; the land was all wild, but Mr. ^Vood, who had S((uatted on one of the sections and whom they bought out, had built one of the earliest log houses erected in the township, in which Mr. B. lived till 1841, when he went back to New York ; from that time till 1845, it was in the hands of a tenant; then Mr. L. E. Boomer came West and took possession. Indians used frequently to come to trade, but they had no trouble with them, never even had anything stolen, which Mr. B. attributes to keeping whisky away from them and treating them as honorably as he would white men. At one time his brother anticipated trouble and wrote to the Governor, who sent arms to the settlers, but fortunately it proved a false alarm ; in 1849, Mr. L. E. B. built a dam and saw-mill, and made bricks as well as farming; in January, 1858, Mr. A. Boomer bought his brother out after being East sixteen years. He built himself the handsomest farmhouse in the county, in 1861, and also erected all the barns and outbuildings ; he now owns 35U acres of land, and raises principally wheat, oats, barley and corn, makes a specialty of fattening stock, keeping about forty head constantly ready for the market. Married Miss Lydia Van Wormer, of Watertown Township, January 12, 1862 ; they had one little boy who died when 1 month old ; he has since adopted two children, the first a boy, who was drowned when about 8 years old, and then a little girl named Alice, now living. He was Ward Supervisor two years. ADAM BRrCK, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Watertown ; born Oct. 10, 1828, in Prussia, and worked as a vine cultivator in the Rhenish Provinces ; came to America in 1849 and located in Wati-rtown Township, Jefferson Co., Wis.; bou ;ht forty acres of land and built his house and birns ; he now owns sixty-three acres and raises rye, wheat, barley, oats and stock ; he al.-^o makes butter for the market. He married Mi.ss Sophie Forfmann, of Prussia, July 11, 1851), and has had seven children — -Sophie, born May 4, 1851, died Aug. 2. 1854 ; Mena, born Dec. 28, 1852, died Aug. 1, 1854 ; Mena, born Jan. 29, 1855 ; Sophie, Oct. 1, 1856; Anna, Dec. 29, 1858; Emma, Sept. 29, 1860 ; Frederick, Sept. 21, 1863. He was Treasurer of Township one year. Supervisor of Township one year. Clerk of Schools fifteen years in succession, Treasurer of Schools three years; member of Lodge, No. 77, I. O. 0. F. He and his wife are members of the Congregational Church. A. W. CARLIIV, farmer. Sec. 5; P. O. Watertown ; born July 14, 1807, in Crawford Co., Penn.; came to Wisconsin in 1844, and settled in Ixonia, taking up 160 acres of wild land, cutting a road two miles long to get to it. He built the first log house in that neighborhood, there beins no one between him and Hu.stisford, going north, and the nearest west was six miles away. In 1865, he sold out and bought eighteen acres in Watertown Township, and then seventy-seven and one-quarter acres on the same road, of which he has sold thirty-five, retaining in all sixty and one-quarter aires, all in the city limits. He married Miss Ella Miller, of Erie Co., Penn , June 7, 1831 ; had six children — Avaline (who is dead), Addison, Henry, Josephine, Henderson (who is dead) and Mary. Addison was in the Government employ during the war, shipping animals to New Orleans. In 1862, Henry enlisted in the 28th W. V. I. and served with them three years ; was at the battle of Helena, the taking of Little Rock, etc. Henders n enlisted, in 1862, in the 17th W. V. I.; served three years; re-enlisted in the same regiment, and served in it till the close of the war. Mr. Carlin has been a member of the Good Templars for many years. Lr»WI« CORDE!^, farmer, Sec. 26; P. 0. Watertown; born Dec. 4, 1827," in Hanover, where he was a farmer; came to America in 1847, and located in Watertown Township, Jefferson Co., W^is.; bought 240 acres of land, half of it from the Government. He now owns 120 acres, and raises all kinds of grain and stock. Married Miss Henrietta Hoafer Aug. 10, 1S50; had eleven children — Sophie (who died), Ann (who died), Hermann, Henrietta, Amelia (who died), Henry. Frank, Ann, Otto, Helen and Marie. HON. H. ELIXN, nurseryman and farmer. Sec. 8; P. 0. Watertown; born March 7, 1825, in Leesville, Lawrence Co., Ind. ; moved to Illinois in 1830 with his parents, who located in Paris, where he learned his profession of nurseryman. In 1848, he came to Wisconsin and settled in Water- town Township, Jefferson Co.; bought two and one-half acres and afterward five acres of land near the College; then ten acres on Silver Creek, when he sold the first two pieces. About 1858, he bought ninety-nine acres of prairie and timber land, a tavern stand and ferryboat in Iowa, and sold WATERTOWN TOWNSHIP. , 1852; Cynthia, dan. 10, 1855 ; Jay, Jan. 13, 185!l, and Maryette, March 10, 184.5. Daniel is a Doctor, and now settled in Fairbiirv. Til. AliONZO K. BRO\V\, Jefferson; born in Vermont Oct. 11, 1819; son of Eliada and Nancy Brown ; removed to Wisconsin in 1837, in company with his mother and brother, and settled in what is now the village of Hebron, in the town of Hebron, on the site of Cook's Hotel ; in September of the same year, removed to Jefferson, and, on the 9th of October, assisted at the " raising" of the first frame' house built in the present county seat of Jefferson ; this building stood on the present site of the Jefferson House ; Nov. 20, 1837, removed to He Kalb Co , III., where he lived for fourteen years, return- ing to Jetter.son in 1852. In 1 Si! 1, enlisted in Co. E, of the 4th W. V. I.; was in the Peninsular campaign ; with Gen. Butler's expedition to Ship Island ; from there to the mouth of the Mississippi and New Orleans ; then at Bonieary Point, Louisiana ; with his regiment when it attacked the rebels at War- rington, below Vicksburg ; afterward five miles below Vicksburg, where he assisted in digging the famous " Butler Ditch ;" thence to Baton Rouge, August, 1802, and engaged in the tight between Gens. Williams and Breekenridge, in which the later was whipped ; back to New Orleans, and from there to New York, in company with several thousand convalescents. In 18li3, re-eulisted in the 4th W. V. C, which formed a part of the command of Gen. N. P. lianks, in his Bed Biver expedition, and assisted at the battle and taking of Port Hudson ; July 8, lSl)3, appointed by the Secretary of War Veterinary Surgeon for the r.gimeiit ; mustered out of the service June 2, IStili, at Brownsville. Texas, whi'n he returned to Jeft'erson and was elected to the office ot City Marshal three terms; afterward Deputy Sheriff for .several years ; in 1878, was elected to the office of Sheriff of Jefferson Co.. and is the present incumbent. Married, in 1844, in De Kalb Co.. III., to Emily Darling, the fruits of the union being three children, all dead. SOIjON brown, briekmaker and cheesemaker, Jefferson; born in Berlin, Vt., Aug. 13, 1824 ; is a son of Eliada Brown, who died in 1855. Mr. Solon Brown came West to .Milwaukee in June, 1837, and in company with a sister and mother, went to Sycamore, III., and thence to Jefferson, in Novem- ber, 1837, with a hdf brother, E. G. Darling, and lived with him till of age, then went to teaming between Jefferson and Milwaukee till 1850, when ho went to California ; returned in 1854, and the nest year engaged in brickuniking till 1877 ; sometimes had three yards. Started a cheese-factory in 1877, which he still operates. Married Miss Candis Whipple in 1848 ; they have two children — Carrie A., born Oct. 4, 1850, and William .\... born May 2, 1858. CAPT. NEIiSON BRITETT, attorney at law, Jefferson; was born at Massena Spring's, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Aug. 14, 1828 ; came to JetVerson, October, 1854; spent the summer of 1855 in Kansas ; returned in 185(i, and read law with Holmes <'^ Merriman three years, then was admitted to the bar; in the spring of 1859, he formed a copartnership with J. E. Holmes and continued law practice till 1801 ; enlisted under the first call for troops, in May, 1801, in a company intended for the 4th Wisconsin, but it did not muster with the regiment; in July, 18(!], he enlisted in Co. D, 1st W. V. C. and was elected Cap- tain of the company in September ; the regiment carried on an almost iiulependent warfare, and was in several severe campaigns through Arkansa-s ; was afterward under Kosecrans in the Department of the Tennessee; this rigorous service proved too severe for Capt. B., and he was compelled to retire from serv- ice Aug. 3, 1803 ; in 1SG5, owing to poor health, he bought a farm and farmed it until he regained health sufficiently to resume practice, in 1875. Married Anna A. Watt, October 24, 1800; she was born in 640 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Scotland in 1848; they have four children living — William Arthur, Bertha E., Walter C. and Marie de Lerba, aged 9, 7, 6 and 2 years, respectively. He has held the following offices : Superintendent of Town- slilp Schools, Justice of the Peace ten years, and Deputy Couuty Clerk, also Police Justice six years ending with 187(); religion. Universalist ; politics, Democrat. E. Li. BUCKIXOHAM, p;unting aud archery, JeflFerson ; born in Rochester, N. Y.; came to Geneva, Wis., in 1847, where he remained thirteen years; in 1854, came to Janesville and lived till 1858, and thence to Jefferson; wa.s in the furniture business from 18GG to 1871. Married Miss Lydia M. BaVcr, Jan. 13. 1872; she was born July 1.'). 18.52. CHARLEM V. BULLiWINKEL, dealer in hardware and agricultural implements, Jeffer- son ; is a son of Ortgies Bullwinkel, and came to Jefferson Co. with his parents in 1848, and settled at what is now called Helenville. Mr. C. F.'s father kept post office at Helenville, from 1851 till the time of his death, in 1873, and has also been Notary Public and Justice of the Peace; when he first came to the county, he bought land at Helenville and ran a hotel and general merchandise store. Helenville took its name from Charles' mother, whose name was Helen ; she died in 18(5(3. Mr. Charles B. was born in Dukedom of Oldenburg, Germany, Sept. 15, 1842; came to America in 1848; he has ageneral merchan- dise store at Helenville; came to Jefferson in 1869, and established in present business; he has held the offices of A.s.sessor and Village Treasurer, and is now Alderman. Married Miss Anna B. Grimm May 19, 1870; she was born in Jefferson. Jan. 22, 185(1 ; they have had three children, two living — George, born June 8. 1877 ; Charles, March 30, 1879, and Anna M., who is now dead. I. T. CARR, editor and proprietor of the Jefferson Banner, was born in town of Henrietta, Monroe Co., N. Y., July 5, 1831, being the closing figure of one of the grand celebrations of our nation's birth; he received a common-school education, and, at the age of 15 years, learned the printer's trade in the office of the Western New Yorker at Warsaw, N. Y., which business he has since followed most of the time. Enlisted Aug. 6, 1862, as private in Co. G, 22d W. V. I., and served thus nine months, when he was commissioned as' First Lieutenant of Co. K, 16th W. V. I., in which position he served through the Atlanta campaign, and, after the fall of the city, he resigned his commission at Eastport, Ga., and was next commissioned Captain of Co. A, 46th W. V. I., and served until mustered out Oct. 10, 1865; in the mean time, he joined Sherman at Ackworth, Ga., and was actively engaged in the various campaigns of this army for some time ; by order of Gen. Granger, was put in charge of the Frecdmen's Bureau at Huntsville, Ala. ; was next detailed as President of Military Commission at Huntsville, Ala., for the trial of civil and criminal cases, till September, 1865, after which he joined the army and wa.s mustered out. After Mr. Carr left the army, he worked at the printing business till 1875, then bought out and published the Green Count;/ Reformer at Monroe, Wis., for three years ; next came to Jefferson and bought out a half-interest in Jefferson Banner, and soon after became sole proprietor, and still continues in said capacity. Mr. C. is stnmgly Democratic in politics, and is well known among the press fraternity ; also has been prominently identified in the political affairs of the State. In 186t). he was Assistant Sergeaut-at-Arms in the State Assembly. His was the first n.'wspaper in the West to present Tilden's name as candidate in 1876 ; Mr. C. was Delegate to the National Convention that nominated Tilden, and labored with telling effect for his election both with his " pen and press," as well as " on the stump." Married Miss Nancy T. Popple Dec. 7, 1853; she was born May 'Z'l, 1833; there are three children — Ella E., born Oct. 1, 1854; Francis W., Jan. 31, I860 ; Charles M., March 28, 1862; these sons are in the printing business with their father; Mr. C.'s first wife died Oct. 26, 1871 ; he next married Mrs. Charlotte A. Moore for second wife May 1. 1878; she was born May 20, 1838. SHERWOOD CHASE, hand-turner of wood, with Wisconsin Manufacturing Co., Jeffer- son ; was born in Chenango Co., N. Y., town of Ncjrth Norwich, .\ug. 18, 1843. Enlisted in August, 1862, in Co. A, Ist Wis. Heavy Artillery, and was stationed in the fortifications in the defense of W;»sh- ington ; mustered out in July, 1865. He came to Palmyra, Wis., in 1854; removed to Rome in 1859, and settled in Jefferson in 1866, in present business. Married Miss M. M. Ho.'-kins April 7, 1867; she was born Sept. 27, 1849; they have three children— Bertha, born Feb. 3,1871; Roy D., Sept. 26, 1872, and Thaddeus, July 26, 1877. Mr. C. is a Mason. Family are Methodists. JOHN CHITTENDEN, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. O. Jefferson ; was born in Kent, England,Aug. 23, 1818; came to America in 1852, and to Jefferson in 1853. He married Mrs. Lucy Gilman June 2, 18()2. Mr. C. adopted one child named Emma, who married a Mr. Toplin ; they now reside in Dutchess Co., N. Y. Mrs. Chittenden was born in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Sept. 1, 1815. Mr. Chittenden's farm contains forty acres. R. W. CIjARK, dry goods and groceries, Jefferson ; born in Levant, Me., Nov. 14, 1808 ; came to Jefferson in 1S57 and connected himself with the Wisconsin Manufacturing Company and was JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 641 Presidi'iit of the same, and still has stock in it; commenced in mercantile business in 1S7-1-. Married Miss Riiiida Sinclair. Mr. C. is a Universalist. HENRY COIjONIUS, County Judge of Jefferson Co., Jeiferson ; was born in Waechter.?- bach, (iermany, March 12, 1831 ; was educated at Academic Gymnasium, in Hanan, and at Buedingen, Germany ; finished course in Primus Class in lull preparation for the University ; came to America in 1S49 and was for eight years engaged in manufacturing cigars in New York City ; in 1858-59, edited the Virijinia Staotsztitung, at Wheeling, Va.; was in the commission business in Watertown, Wis., for a time; came to Jeiferson in 18(J2. In 1870, was elected Register of Deeds, which oflfice he held for two terms; served as Town Clerk in IS75-76. Married Catherine Limper May 25, lS6ti ; she was born in Buediniren, Germany, Feb. 5, 1849. Mr. C. belonus to the Odd Fellows. K'|>WARD COPELAND, farmer. Sec. 10; P.O.Jefferson; born in West Bridgewater, Plymiiuth Co., Mass., Jan. 26, 1825 ; came West in 1848 and bought present place; went to California in 1850, returning the .spring of 1855. He has been Village Trustee three or four years; was Chairman of the Town Board of Supervisors three years, and member of Side Board three years. Married Mrs. Adelaide (Garfield) Harvey, daughter of Rev. Garfield, of Jefferson, Feb. 24, 1862; she was born April 29, 1832, in Barnard, Vt.; they have one child— Ethel, born Jan. 27, 1872. Mrs. C. has one child by her fir.-it husband — Kate A. Harvey, born Sept. 30, 1856. Mr. C. owns an eighty-acre farm. GEORGE COPELiAND, joint proprietor of the Jefferson Boot and Shoe Factory, Jefferson ; was born at West Bridgewater, Mass., Oct, 21, 1831, and was in the boot and shoe business here for two years; in 1868, the present factory was organized and Mr. C. has been connected with it ever since. He married Miss Sarali J. Paine Oct. 3, 1858 ; she was born in Winslow, Me., Jan. 10, 1830. They are of the Swedenborgian faith, THOMAS CONAN, merchant, Jefferson ; son of Daniel Conan, of this place ; came to Watertown with his parents in 1849 ; thence to Fox Lake, Dodge Co., Wis. Enlisted in Dodge Co. in November, 1861, in Co. A, 17th W, V. I., and belonged to the 2d Brigade, 3d Division of the 17th Army Corps ; was in all the skirmishes and battles of this division, from Sliiloh through the entire cam- paign of Sherman's march to the sea. Mr. C. first held the oflice of Second Sergeant, and in 1864, at Rome, Ga., was promoted to the office of Second Lieutenant, and afterward to First Lieutenant ; was then detached from the regiment and was a member of Brig. Gen. R. K, Scott's staff till the army reached Pocotaligo, S. C., where he was given command of Co. A, 17th W. V. I., which position he held till mus- tered out at Louisville, Ky., in July, 1865. He has been in the mercantile business in Jefferson since 1867. Mr. C. was in the drug business in Jefferson one year before commencing in the mercantile trade. His ftither Daniel was one of the first men in the mercantile trade in Watertown, GEORGE B. CRIST, carpenter, Jeft'erson ; was born in Jefferson March 6, 1844; has been in present business since youth. Married Harriet C, Tillotson May 2, 1870; she was born Aug. 22, 1845; they have two children — Marie Antoinette, born Jan. 4, 1874, and Adeline, Jan. 1, 1877. Mr. C. belongs to the Odd Follows; he enlisted, in December, 1861, in Co, D, 16th W. V. I., and mustered out July 12, 1865 ; was in the battles of Shiloh and Corinth, in the siege of Atlanta, and with Sherman all through his march to the sea. His father, George, is still living, and was one of the early settlers, coming to Jefferson in 1842, where he still resides. Mrs. Susannah R. Crist, mother of Geo. B,, died in 1856. EREO HANYl'S, night watcliman in Wisconsin Manufecturing Co.'s building, Jefferson; was born in La Fayette Co., Tenn., in 1845 ; he came to Wisconsin in June, 1864, and to Jeff'erson in 1867, and, for a time, ran the engine at the foundry till three years ago, when he engaged as watchman for the Wisconsin Manufacturing Co. E. G. OARIiING, deceased; came from the town of Berlin, Vt., in 1831, to Plainfield, 111., and served in the State militia about one year ; in 1832, went to Chicago and constructed the second frame building in Chicago, and, in 1833, built the first .stone house for John Kinzie ; then went to Milwaukee, and built the first stone house therein 1835; in 1836, he went to Bark River, now called Hebron, in Jefferson Co., Wis., when a company, called the Milwaukee & Rock River Claim Company, was organized in Milwaukee, in the year 1835, to take up land in Hebron, Fort Atkinson, Jefferson ; in 1835, he erected a dam across Bark River, at Hebron, and started a mill in 1836, under the supervision of Samuel Wales. In 1837, Mr. Darling built the first frame house in the county at Hebron ; in the fall of 1837, he built the first frame house in Jefferson, where he moved, with his half-brother, Alonzo, and two half- sisters, MelLssa and Marion Brown, and an adopted daughter of Eliada Brown. Mr. Darling's name is well graven upon the memory of Jefferson people as one of the early pioneers. JAMES ELLIOT, blacksmith, Jeffcnson ; was born in Merrimack Co.,N. H., March 12, 1837. Married Mary Ross May 24, 1863 ; she was born March 18, 1841. They are Baptists. Mr. E. enlisted 642 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: April 7, 1865, in Co. B, 52d W. V. I., as Corporal in company; was mustered out in August, 1875. Father',-! name was Geor;;e. ADAM FANHOIiTS, liveryman, Jefferson ; came to Jefferson about 1855 ; was clerk in Jefferson House seven years and at Sawyer House three years ; Mr. F. was born in Prussia Jan. 10, 1842, and came to America when quite young. Married Miss Sarah Wagner; there are three children — Joseph, Ellen and Lizzie, aged 10, 8 and 6 years, respectively. People belong to Catholic Church. Mr. F. has been in the livery business fur twelve years. C D. FOX, foreman in cutting-room of boot and shoe factory, Jefferson ; was born in Windsor, Conn., Aug. 5, 1851, and has been in present business since 1869; came to Jefferson in 1852. Married Su^an Beardsley, in Sparta, Wis, Dec. 25, 1871 ; she was born July 20, 1852; they have two children —Pearl, born Nov. 8, 1872, and Leonore, Aug. 30, 1874. ADAM (irRIMM, deceased ; born at Hohlenbrun, near Wunsiedel, Bavaria, May 25, 1824, died in Jefferson, Wis., April 10, 1876. Having received a good education, he entered the office of Justice Wachtel, of Wunsiedel, whom, after serving faithfully for several years, he left to take the position of head clerk under Lawyer Vogel, of the same place ; he occupied this position for about nine years. In 1849, he married Miss Anna M. Thoma, born Oct. 29, 1829, at Grafcnreuth, near Wunsiedel, Bavaria, and emigrated to the United States the same year. They settled in Jefferson, Wis., and for years lived the hard life of a Western pioneer, farming, nursery and the bee business being his chief pursuits; in 1861, he started a general grocery and dry-goods store in Jefferson ; sold out in 1865 and devoted his time during the summer months to the bee business, and, during the winter, to buying wood for the C, & N.-W. Ry. Co ; Aug. 17, 1867, he started for Italy to import to this country the Italian species of bees ; from that time dated his success in the bee business, and soon he became known as one of the greatest and most successful apiarists of the country; at the time of his death, he had on hand 1,397 colonies of bees; in 187,-!, he erected a bank building in the city of Jefferson and formed a stockholder bank, bearing the name of " The Farmers" & Merchants' Bank of Jefferson," and, next year, 1874, he started the Green Bay Savings Bank in Green Bay, Wis. : in the former he occupied the position of cashier to the time of his death. He left surviving his wife and all his children, whose births date as fol- lows : Anna B,, born Jan. 22,1850 (married C. F. Bullwinkel, of Jefferson ) ; Margaretha, Dec. 10, 1851 (married C. Kueslermann, of Green Bay); Katharina, Feb. 6, 1854 (married H. Gieseler, of Green Bay); f]lizaboth, born April 18, 1857 (married George J, Kispert, of Jefferson), and George, born Sept. 11, 1859, and still residing in Jefferson; he received a good common-school education, and, at the time of his father's death, was attending the Jefferson Liberal Institute ; he left his studies to undertake the man- agement of the extensive bee business, which liis father left; selling out most of the old stock, he started in anew, and his apiaries now number nearly seven hundred colonies; during the winter of 1876, he attended the Northwestern University of Watcrtown, Wis., and, in 1877, entered the Law School of Mich- igan University, where he graduated March 26, 1879 ; he is also engaged extensively in farming near Jamestown, Dakota, where he has about five hundred acres under cultivation. CHRISTOPHKR CrRIMM, merchant and apiarist, Jeffer.son ; was born in Bavaria, Ger- many, March 18, 1828; came to America in 1846 ; resided in Terre Haute, Ind., till coming to Jefferson ; has traveled through nearly all the Stati'S of the Union and visited most of the larger cities ; came to Jefferson in 1865 and bought out W. Hillier's store and established in mercantile business; in 1869, began in the bee business, also, and now has about five hundred swarms on farm near by and at other points. Mr. G. has been President of Village Board three terms, was appointed Commissioner of Public Debt, elected member of County Board of Supervisors and is now .Tustice of the Peace. .Married Caro- line Wahler March 4, 1851 ; she was born in Wittenburg, Germany, May 22, lS25; they have six chil- dren — Caroline, Emma, Otto, Menie, Thomas and Matilda, aged 25, 21, 20, 18, 16 and 13 years, respec- tively. Mr. G.'s family are Lutherans. He is a Mason. JOHN HACHTEL, flirmer. Sec. 13; P. 0. Helenville ; born in Wurtemberg in 1827; came to America in 1854 and remained one year in Phil idelphia, Penn. ; he then settled in Helenville; he spent a short time in Kansas and settled on the farm he now owns of 140 acres in 1859. Married Miss Catherine Lutz in 1855, who died in September, same year, leaving one daughter — Louisa. He married Miss Klizabeth Holzworth in 1859 ; they have eight children — George, Caroline, John, Charles, William, Mary, Andrew and Henry. Mr. Haohtel is a Democrat. The family are Lutherans, He is raising cattle and has seventeen head, also has twenty-four sheep, fifteen hogs and a pair of horses, having just sold a good team, DANIBLi HAKE, Jr., farmer. Sec. 26 ; P, 0, Jefferson ; born in Pennsylvania in Decem- ber, 1822, and settled on present place in 1843, Married Caroline Hobler July 15, 1849 ; she was born JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 643 June 28, 1831 ; they have had eif^ht- children, five living — Aaron, born Nov. 29, 1860; George, Feb. 2, 1852 ; Darwin, Feb. 29, 1863 : Edward, Nov. 5, 1866 ; Cornelia, Dec. 22, 1854 ; Joseph, June 8, 1850 ; La Fayette, Dec. 22, 1855; Ellen, Nov. 16, 1854, People belong to Evangelical Association. Mr. H. has 170 acres in farm. Joseph, La Fayette and Ellen are dead. (wEORdrE HAKE, farmer. Sec. 27; P. O.Jefferson; was born in Penn.«ylvania Jan. 27, 1822. Married Miss Sarah Hake Aug. 10, 1843; she was born May 16, 1825; they have eight chil- dren— Kasie, born July 27, 1844 ; Jacob, April 6, 1847 ; Sarah Ann, Jan. 27, 1849 ; Eli, Dec. 28, 1851 ; Charles, April 15, 1854; Eliza, April 11, 1856; Nelson, Oct. 1, 1862; George, July 9, 1865. Family belong to Evangelical Association. Mr. H. ha.s 148 acres in the farm on which he settled in 1844. W. H. HAKE, County Clerk i.f Jeffersm Co., Jefferson ; was born in Warren Township, Trum- bull Co., Ohio, Sept. 5, 1840 ; came to Jefferson, Jefferson Co., with his parents, Eev. Emanuel Hake and Jane Elizabeth, in 1844 ; he attended the early schools of Jefferson, and, after receiving a common-school education, fillowod teaching for three years ; afterward attended the High School two years. Married Catharine Hake in Jefferson in 1866 ; she was born in the town of Warren, Trumbull Co., Ohio, January, 1844, and came with her parents to Jefferson in 1852 ; there are four children — Etta Viola, Adda Vic- toria, Delbert Otis and Walter Scott, aged 12, 10, 7 and 2 years, respectively. Mr. H. belongs to the Evangelical Church, whereia he manifests a deep interest in the welfar; of the Church; is Secretary of the s pciety, and one of the trustees of church property. He was first elected County Clerk in 1874, which oflBce he lias held ever since, being twice re-elected; he is a member of the Board of Pjducation, and is also engaged in farming and mercantile business. Mr. H. is the oldest of the family; his brothers are D. A., Hiram, H. N., and si>ters are Martha A. and Minerva. HESfRY HAJ^KELL., farmer. Sec. 5; P. 0. Jefferson; born in Barnard, Windsor Co., Vt., Aug. 14, IS-'O ; came to Jefferson in 1848, and settled upon his present place of 170 acres, entering eighty acres from the Government. Married Miss May Chamberlain .Sept. 5, 1846 ; she was born June 25, 1823; they have two children — Kate, born in Royalton, Vt., Oct. 31, 1847 (she is now Mrs. Stevens) ; Hannah, born in Jefferson Dec. 7, 1853. Mr. H. has belonged to the Odd Fellows since Feb- ruary, 1848; has been Supervisor five years, and Chairman of Board three years. Mr. H.'s father, Michael, was born in Barnard, Vt., Nov. 30, 1793, and is still living with his son Henry. Michael's father (Prince), Henry's grandfather, was one of the first settlers in Barnard, and surveyed that town nearly one hundred years ago; was also a Revolutionary soldier; he was one of four men captured by the Indians in Barnard, and confined in Montreal two years before being released. Mr. Henry Haskell has the finest collection of geological and archmological specimens in this section of country, and several rare curiosities, which have been gathered making Mr. H. and his specimens a valuable cyclopedia of Jefferson Co. geology and arch.'volosy. GEORGE HEID, farmer, Sees. 20 and 21 ; P. 0. Jefferson ; born in Frankfurt, Germany, Jan. 9, 1829 ; came to America in 1849, and was in New York City one and a half years, and worked at black- smithing ; then came to Fort Atkinson, in 1 851 , and worked at same trade two years ; thence to Sumner, in same business thirteen years ; the question then rose in his mind whether he should be a farmer or blacksmith, but he decided the f|uestion in favor of the former; he sold some land which he then had, and came to his present location, and bought what was known as the old Barker and Waldo places ; he now has a fine fa'-m of 430 acres, and built the house and barn upon their present site ; he was the second German living in Port Atkinson when he settled there. He has been Supervisor in Sumner one year, and in Jefferson the past five years ; he has been a prominent member of the School Bjard, and was instrumental in building the present schoolhouse. Married Christiana Kurtz June 3, 1853 ; children — George, born Feb. 1, 1855, and married Peter Miller's daughter; the others are Jacob, John, Christian, Harriet Mine and Mary. Family are Lutherans. ORRIBi^ HENRY, farmer ; P. O. Jefferson ; is son of Elam Henry, and came to Jefferson in 1842, and took up land from the Government; bought farm, on which he has now resided since 1855 ; there were 140 acres in the farm ; sold sixteen and a half acres to the Agricultural Society ; has a hop- yard on the place. He was born in Stockbridge, Madison Co., N. Y., Feb. 24, 1818. Married Harriet Patrick ; they have three children living^Adner L., Hattie M. and Adele. Mr. H. has been Alderman the past four years ; they are Universalists. YAIjE henry, cashier of Farmers' and Merchants' Bank, Jefferson ; was born in Stock- bridge, Madison Co., N. Y., Aug. 7, 1829, and came to the town of Jefferson with parents in 1844 ; his father was Elan Henry. Mr. H. was farming till 1851, when he, in company with his brothers (William and Orrin) opened a saw-mill. At the age of 22, he bought a farm upon which he still resides ; carried on the farm till 1865, then bought one of the elevators in Jefferson, and commenced buying grain ; after 644 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: the first year, he took a partner and opened a lumber-yard in connection with the business till 18G8; ir> 1852, he started a hop-yard upon his farm, which he still cultivates, and has, from 1862 up to present time, been more or less engaged in buying and selling hops, doing a very heavy business in 1867. In 1869, bought one-third interest in flouring mill, and sold the same at the end of one year and a half. In 1873, in company with Adam Grimm, he arranged for the present bank ; in February, 1874, Mr. H. was elected its first President, and held position till death of eh(Ml f'luirch of En<;land. THOMAS P. JOSEIN, carpenter, Jefferson ; born in Richmond, Chittenden Co., Vt., Oct. 11, 1830 ; came to Hebron, Jefferson Co., in October, 1854, and to Jefferson in 1868. Married Dorcas Tenney Sept. 5, 1859; she was born May 12, 1842 ; they have two children — Clara, born April 5, 1860, and Maria, born Oct. 9, 1861. Mr. Joslin is an Odd Fellow; he enlisted March 24, 1861. in Co. E, 38th W^. V. I. ; w;is in the siege before Petersburg, Va., nine mouths ; he still carries a rebel bullet in his leg, which he received there, and was also wounded in the arm and breast at the same time ; he was discharged May 23, 1865. JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 645 HENRY KELSEY, carpenter, Jefferson; born in Salisbury, Conn., Oct. 13, 1808; worked in Canandaigua, N. Y., ten years, and five years in Danville, Livingston Co., N. Y., and also in Ohio one year; came to Jefferson in October, 18^3. Married Jane Ann Brown, Feb. 13, 1837; she w.is born in Sodus, N. Y., Sept. 15, 1818; they have three children— Henry, born Feb. 13, 1838; Maryette (now Mrs. Winterlina;), born Oct. 6, 1839, and Francis, born June 14, 1842; both sons enlisted in 18(31, in the 2d Minn. V. I., and were all through the war. Henry was clerk for Gen. Thomas, and is now at Beaver Falls, Minn. Francis was Second Lieutenant of his company, and was wounded at the battle of Chick- amauga, after which he came back to Minnesota and recruited a company with which he went to the seat of war in North Carolina, and met Sherman on the day of Gen. Johnson's surrender. Francis is now in Detroit. OTTO J. KERSCHENSTEINER, Assistant Register of Deeds, Jefferson; was born in Jefferson March 21, 1861 ; was educated at Jefferson Liberal Institute. Mr. K's. father, John K., was born in Bavaria, Germany, Nov. 14, lS2t(; came to America in May, 1853, and settled in Jefferson ; died Aug. 1, 1879. His wife", Magdalena, mother of Otto, was born in Switzerland. There is one daughter. Bertha, sister of Otto, born May 9, 1857. ROBERT B. KIRKLAIVD, attorney at law, Jefferson; born March 8, 1849, in Glasgow, Scotland ; entered the English Navy in 18(52, and served nearly eight years ; came to America in the win- ter of' 1809, and to Jefferson in the spring of 1870 ; studied law with I. W. & G. W. Bird, and was admitted to the bar in February, 1875, and has been in practice in Jefferson ever since. Married Miss Ella Antoinette Bird, daughter of Judge Bird, April 13, 1873 ; she was born Oct. 25, 1854, in town of Aztalin ; they have two children — Ira Bird, born in St. Paul March 25, 1874, and Jessie Louise, born in Jefferson Jan. 12, 187(5. GrEOR<]rE KISPERT, boot and shoe store, and shoemaker, Jefferson ; was born in Bavaria, Germany, Oct. 30, 1831 ; came to America in 1853, and settL-d in Jefferson in 1855. Married Henrietta StreseOct. 11, 1857 ; she was born in Prussia April 3, 1828. Mr. K. is independent in his religious belief iirEORGE J. KISPERT, assistant cashier in Farmer's and Merchant's Bank, Jefferson ; was born in Jefferson Dec. 23, 1855 ; was educated at Jefferson Liberal Institute and the German Luth- eran School of this place. Married Miss Lizzie Grimm, daughter of Adam Grimm, May 1, 1879. Mr. K. has been connected with the bank ever since its organization in 1874, entering at first as paying teller and book-keeper. CHARLES F. KREBS, Clerk of Circuit Court, Jefferson ; was born in the Principality of Saxe, Weiningen, Germany, Sept. G, 1827 ; came to America in 1854 and to Fond du Lac in 1855, where he lived four years ; was in the retail grocery business there ; then went to Watertown and kept a sum- mer garden ; was in the wholesale and retail liquor trade and harness business, and also served as Justice of the Peace for about eleven years ; in 1865, was book-keeper for Charles Stoppenbach in Jefferson ; was in the life insurance business two years. Mr. K. served four years in the army while in Germany ; this army service was during the revolution and was against Denmark, in 1849. Married Eva Mosel Aug. 29, 1S(;0; .she was born in the Province of the Rhine, Prussia, June 11, 1839; they had ten children; eight living; the oldest, Louise, born July 12, 1861 ; the others are Magdalena, Emily, Freddie, Charles Francis, Regina and Susan, aged 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6 and 2-2 years, respectively. EDWARD McMAHON, cashier of the Jefferson County Bank, Jefferson; was born in Canada, June 2, 1834, and came to Watertown, Jefferson Co., with his parents in 1849 ; he was with his father in the mercantile business till 1852; then went? to California, returning in 1855 to Madison, and was in the Comptroller's office, under J. C. Squireg^i 1859, when he came to Jefferson as cashier of the bank organized at that time with William M. Dennis as President. Thomas McMahon, father of Edward, was in the mercantile business in Watertown till his death in 1854. Edward M. has served as Deputy County Treasurer several years ; has also been Commissioner of the Public Debt fir Jefferson since 1867 ; was Alderman and President of the Council in 1878. Married JIary E. Dennis, daughter of William Dennis, May 20, 1861; she was born May 20, 1843; they have six children — Laura D.. William, Edward, Thomas, Charles and Mary, aged 16, 14, 11, 8, 5 and 3 years, respectively. Mr. M. belongs to the Catholic Church. CHRISTOPHER McXAMARA, Jr., shoemaker in the Jefferson Shoe Factory ; was born in Philadelphia, Penn., Feb. 3, 1846, and, when quite young, went to Massachusetts with parents ; was afterward for a short time in cotton factory, but spent most of his life at present business. His fither, Christopher, died in Bermuda in 1845. Mr. McNauiara, Jr., married Miss Mary Mahoney July 21, 1872 ; she was born March 17,1849; they have two children— Thomis F., born May 14, 1873, and Mary Ann, Aug. 646 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 28, 1875. The family belong to the Catholic Church. Mr. McNamara enlisted in the Md Mass. X. C, Co. E,in January, 1803, and was mustered out in September, 1865. He was under Sheridan two years ; was with Banks' Red River expedition ; in Virginia, was at the battle of Winchester and several other battles. J. W. OSTRAXDER, President of Farmers' and Merchants' Bank, and Secretary of the Wisconsin Odd-Fellows' Mutual Life Insurance Co., Jefferson ; was born in the town of Clay, Onondaga Co., N. Y., July 20, 1825 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents and settled in Jefferson in 1842; at that time, there was but one frame house in the place ; for a few years, was clerk in the first store of general merchandi.se kept in the place. Married Miss Sarah E. Ward Sept. 16, 1846. Went to California in 1851, and remained there two years ; returned to Jefferson ; buried his wife in 1854 ; she left one daugh- ter, Nettie, who married J. J. Post, and is now living in Washington Territory. Married Mrs. L. Poesons in 1855, and by her has had two children — Ellis and Nellie; Ellis died at the age of 21 ; Nellie is living at home, aged 14. Since 1857, he has for the most of the time been engaged in the manufacture of fur- niture, in which business he siill retains an interest. Mr. 0. started out in life as a Whig, aud has been a Republican since the org.inization of the party ; has always lived in a strong Democratic town and county, conse(|uently could not have been much of an oflSce-seeker, although he has served a.s Town Clerk, Assessor, County Surveyor, Treasurer, Register of Deeds, and has represented his district three times in the State Legislature. In 1847, he became associated with the Odd Fellows, and since that time has been an active member; represented his Lodge in the Grand Lodge of the State in 1851 ; in 1875, was elected Grand Master of the State, and served one year, to the satisfaction of the Brotherhood. A Universalist in faith, though he is always ready to aid in the support of the other denominations of the place. W. H. PORTER, lawyer, Jefferson ; born at Perrysburg, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., Nov. 4, 1837; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1845, and settled in York, Dane Co.; was admitted to practice at Jefferson in September, 1862; Dec. 22, 1862, came to Jefferson, and, Jan. 1, 1863, took charge of the office of Clerk of the Board of Supervisors, as Deputy, which office he occupied two years ; in November, 1864, was elected Clerk, and filled the office two years. In January, 1866, formed a part- nershij) with D. F. Weymouth, which was dissolved in the spring of 1872; in 1872, went to Iowa, and remained till January, 1874, and has practiced law at JeflTerson since that time. Held several minor offices in the town and city. Jan. 5, 1864, married Kate B. Montrose ; she was born in Jlichigan Aug. 13, 1843, and moved to Wisconsin with her parents in 1845 ; have three children — Clarence J., born Oct. 15, 1864; Frank ((., June 23, 1866; Walter D., Sept. 23, 1870. HENRY PUERXER, blacksmith, Jefferson; was born in Jefferson, Wis., Nov. 1, 1856. Married Miss Delia Keson May 13, 1879. He besan in present business in 1878. FATHER HEXRY REINHART, Priest of St. Lawrence Church ; P. 0. Jefferson ; was born in Altheim, Province of Rhine, Bavaria, Germany, Jan. 18, 1835 ; came to America Aug. 20, 1846, and commenced studying at Buffalo, N. Y., with Jesuits, in 1857 ; came to St. Francis' Seminary, near Milwaukee, Sept. 20, 1859 ; completed the course of study there, and was ordained Nov. 5, 1865 ; then went to Eau Claire Mission, and had charge there till July, 1867 ; thence to St. Louis' Church, Caledonia, for one year and a half, and also had charge of the Holy Family Church at Oak Creek ; after one year and a half, removed to Brighton, remaining about one year and a half, in charge of St. Patrick's and St. John the Baptist's Churches ; thence to St. Francis' Seminary, as financier and disciplinarian of school, for two years; thence to Madison, Wis., till March, 1877, in charge of Holy Redeemer's Church there, when he came to Jeflferson, where he still remains. His father, Simon R., was born Feb. 2, 1801, and now lives in Buffalo, N. Y., in charge of St. Francis' Convent. The grandfather of Henry R. was born about 1772. JOHX REIXELi, Jr., lumber merchant, Jefferson ; came to Jefferson with his father, John R., Sr., and family, in 1846 ; his father bought a claim, upon which John, Jr., farmed for four or five years ; then was in a saw-mill fourteen years ; since then has been in present business of lumber trade ; he was born in Bavaria, Germany, Nov. 20, 1827 ; came to America in August, 1846. Married Miss Ele- nora Miller; they have had seven children, six living — Barbara, Lisette, George, Franklin, Edward and Bernhart ; Henry, the second child, is dead. Mr. R. has served several terms as Supervisor, Town Treas- urer and Alderman ; was elected Mayor of Jefferson in 1879 ; belongs to Lutheran Church. JOHN M. REUIj, wagon-maker, Jefferson ; born in Germany Nov. 18, 1845 ; came to America and direct to .Jefferson Co. in August, 1852. His father, George A., still lives on farm in Farmington. Mr. John >L married Mary Ann Halfmann in October, 1869; she was born May 10, 1853; they have had six children, four living — Charles, born April 16, 1871 ; Henrietta, April 2, 1874; Frankie, March 16, 1876 ; Emil, May 22, 1877 ; Albert, a twin, was born at same time. Albert and another child, Eddie, are dead. Family belong to Lutheran Church. JEFFERSON TOWKSIIIP. 647 D. RUTLiEDtlrE, Register of Deeds, Jefferson ; came to Ixonia, Jefferson Co., in 1848; took up land from State Government and farmed it for some time, then engaged in a general merchandise trade till elected Register of Deeds in 1876, in which office he is now serving for the second term ; he held the office of Town Superintendent of Schools about eight years, and was Town Clerk eight years. He is a member of St. Bernard's congregation of Watertown. His father, Patrick, died in Ixonia in 1851, and his mother, Mary, died in 1875. Mr. D. Rutledge had five children — Mary, born Feb. 22, 1869, died in March, 1871 ; Ca'liarine, born Sept. Kl, 1871 ; Thomas, Dec. IS, 1873; Mary Jane, April 15, 1876, and Anastatia, March 11, 1879. Mr. R. married Anna Statia April 18, 1868; she was born in New York July 4, 1847. LiKiVIS RYDER, joint proprietor in Jefferson Boot and Shoe Factory, Jefferson ; was born in West Bridgewater, Ma.ss., Jan. 19, 1834; has been in the boot and shoe business since youth; came to Jefferson in 1868, and began present business in partnership with Mr. Copeland. Married Catherine Cojieland April 27, 1854; she was boru in West Bridgewater, Mass., June 10, 1834; have had three children — Herbert K., Arthur H., Fred A. ; all are dead. People are Swedenborgians. W. VV. REED, physician, Jefferson; born Feb. 8, 1825, near Versailles, Ohio, of Irish par- entage ; remained at home on the farm of his nativity until 18 years of age ; after leaving the parental roof, was employed alternately in teaching and attending school for five years, the means acquired by the former vocation being his only resource for defraying the expenses attending the latter ; his academic studies were prosecuted in Piqua, and his professional studies in Cincinnati, Ohio; on completing his med- ical course, he removed to his present home in Jefl'ersor), Wis., in 1849, where he has since resided, engaged, with a few interruptions, in the practice of his profession. Has held various local offices such as School Director, Village Treasurer, County Supervisor and President of the Board of Trustees of Jeffer- son Liberal Institute ; has been Health Officer for the local boards for town, village and city of Jefferson for twenty-five years; has had medical charge of Jefferson Co. Poor House, with an average of twenty- five insane inmates, for nineteen years. Was appointed and served as Examining Surgeon for the first draft of the rebellion ; was commissioned by the Governor as Assistant Surgeon of Wisconsin volunteers; was appointed by the Commissioner of Pensions as Examining Surgeon for Pensions in 1864, and still continues to discharge the duties of that office ; was appointed by the Governor a member of the State B lard of Charities and Reform in 1874; re-appointed in 1876, and again in 1878, and still holds the position ; was a member of the Committee on Insanity for the Conference of Charities in 1877 and 187'"^, and on Public Buildings for the Dependent Classes in 1879. Was elected and served as a member of the Wisconsin Legislature in the Assembly during the sessions of 1862, 1866 and 1867, and in the Senate during the sessions of 1875, 1876, 1877 and 1878, and was a member of the Committee on Charitable and Penal Institutions during every .session. His specialty in legislation was to establish the proper rela- tions between the State and its criminal and dependent classes ; made speeches in the Legislature in favor of founding an institution for the education of feeble-minded children, for the abolition of time sentences to the State Prison, for making incurable insanity a cause for divorce, in favor of smaller and cheaper asylums for the insane, in favor of greater economy in public expenditures, in opposition to the constant tendency in legislation to multiply offices and increase salaries, in favor of every proposition to increase the educational facilities of the people. Was originally a Whig in politics ; after the Whig party became defunct, helped to organize and acted with the Republican party until 1872, when, as a Liberal Republi- can, supported Horace Greeley for President, and has since acted with the Democratic party. Was mar- ried to Mary McCabe in 1853, who died in 1861 ; was married again in 1863, to Helen M. Maryrord, his present wife ; has three children by first wife — one son and two daughters. ALjDEN SAJiBORBT, proprietor of news depot and general store, Jefferson; came to Jeffer- son with parents in fall of 1839; his father, William Sanborn, first came to Jefferson the previous year, and got out timber for what is now known as the Sawyer House, and returned back to Vermont for his family ; when he returned, he completed the hotel, which was the second frame house built here ; he located quite an extensive tract of land where a large part of East Jefferson now stands ; he built the original Court House and also the old block jail which now stands and is used for a barn ; he was exten- sively identified with the early history of the town, and held several public offices; in 1856, was County Treasurer; was a member of the State Legislature while iu Vermont ; he died April 27, 1876; was born Nov. 18, 1800; he had eleven children, eight are living — Emily, born Nov. 3, 1826 (now Mrs. Farnam, and lives in Clyde, Kan.); Caroline, March 4. 1832 (now Mrs. Chubbuck, lives in Warsaw, Wis. ) ; Alden, March 24, 183-1, at Wheelock, Vt. (now in the Post Office Building here) ; Roswell, July 19, 1837 (was a member of the 3d Wis. Battery, and died in hospital at Nashville, Tenn. ) ; Anna J., March 19, 1840 (was the first white girl born in Jefferson ; married Mr. Kennedy, and lives at Sac City, Iowa) ; 648 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: George, March 1, 1842 fnow in Iowa); William, Sept. 11, 1844 (now in Clyde, Kan.); Mary, Jan. ~> 1848, died April 7, 1858. Mr. Alden S. is a printer by trade; in 185(3, in company with C. E. Hoyti S'arted the Jefferson County RepMican at this place, in the intere.sts of Fremont, which suspended after the campaign ; he also, with Mr. Chubbuck, published The Genlral Wisconsin for two years at Warsaw. Married Mary JefFord June 11, 1862 ; she was born in London, England, Jan. 29, 1840 ; they have five children living — Mary, born May 9, 1863; Edwin J., April 6, 1865; Wilfred Alden, April 9, 1867 ; Charlies, July 19, 1875 ; Eola, Oct. 19, 1878 ; Naomi, June 14, 1871, died at 22 months of age. M. SAWYER, proprietor of the Sawyer House, Jefferson ; was born in Templeton, Mass., and cime to Ohio Iti his youth, and was general contractor on the Portsmouth & Cleveland Canal ; completed the first canal tunnel in the United States, on a canal between Pittsburgh and Blairsvilie ; built several sec- tions of the railroad, the lock, canal and aqueduct at Hollidaysburg ; also the railroad from here to the summit of the Alleghany Mountains ; then came to Ohio and built a section of the Sandy & Beaver Canal; then two or three sections on Cross-Cut Canal ; also, widened and deepened Cuyahoga River for one mile ; built seven locks between Cuyahogi Falls and Akron ; came West in the winter of 1841, and settled about three miles south of Jefferson ; moved into his present house in 1844, and opened it as a hotel in 1858, in which he still continues. Mr. S. built a saw-mill in Jefferson about 1846. In 1852, went to California, returning in September, 1862; has been Under Sheriff in Jefferson Co. Opened a general merchandise store in 1844, which he carried on for two or three years; then sold out and ran a saw-mill on the present site of the Woolen Mills till 1852. Married Miss Caroline Boyden Dee. 10, 1834; have had two chil- dren — William M. and Mattie, now Mrs. Pearsons, of Washington, D. C. JOHN G. SCHMIDT, farmer, Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Jefferson ; born in Wittenburg, Germany, Oct. 15, 1837 ; came from Germany direct to Jefferson in 1854, and settled upon his pre.sent farm of 155 acres iu 1872. Married Miss Elizabeth Lang Aug. 22, 1862; she was born in Bavaria, Germany, Sept. 29, 1843 ; they have five children — Samuel, born March 27, 1869; Katie, Aug. 13, 1867 ; Maggie, Nov. 14, 1872; Eddie, Jan. 21, 1876 ; Lillie, Nov. 21, 1877. Family belong to the Evangelical Association. Mr. Schmidt enlisted in 1862, in Co. F, 29th W. V. I. ; was ic the battle of Champion Hill, under Grant at Vicksburg, and with Banks on the Red River expedition ; also at the faking of Port Gibson ; he belonged to the 13th Army Corps, and was in thirteen battles in all, and was mustered out in July, 1865. HENRY^" SCHLEY, farmer. See. 29 ; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; born in New York Aug 17, 1845 ; moved with parents to Waukesha in 1849, and worked on a farm ; settled on present place in 1870 ; farm consists of fif'tj acres. Married Miss Mary Knoepfel March 7, 1870; she was born Feb. 8, 1845; they have lost one child. Mr. Schley's parents, Daniel and Barbara Schley, are living and reside in Waukesha. IWICHOIiAS SCHOTT, farmer. Sec. 20 ; P. O. Fort Atkin.son ; was born in Belgium Feb. 2, 1816; came to America in 1844, and settled on present place in 1851. Married Miss Helen Voung Sept. 20, 1849 ; she was born in France May 12, 1827, and came to America iu 1842 ; they have four children living — Jennie (now Mrs. Sontag), born July 20, 1850 ; Mary (now Mrs. Groble), Nov. 2, 1851 ; Lillie (now Mrs. Pinger), March 2, 1858, and Emma, Jan. 29, 1862 ; lost three children — John, Phronia and Frederick. Family belong to the Catholic Church. Mr. Schott has 200 acres of land. ERXEST SCHWELLENBACH, farmer. Sec. 12; P.O.Jefferson; born near Cologne, Germany, C)Lt. 15, 1832; came to Jefferson with his parents in 1847; his father, i^rncst, bought eighty acres of canal land, which is now held by his son, E., where he now re.sides. Mr. Schwellenbach married Miss Arabella Brenner Jan. 22, 1855 ; she was born in Ireland March 6, 1833, and died Feb. 20, 1876 ; there are six children — Ernest J.,, born June 22, 1857 ; Nellie, March 9, 1860 ; Frank, Sept. 1, 1861 ; Bell, Sept. 16, 1864; Henry, Aug. 12, 1868 ; Maggie, Aug. 6, 1873. Family are Catholic*. Mr. Schwel- lenbach has been Asses.sor seven years. Under Sheriff' and Jailer in 1869 and 1870, Sheriff in 1871 and 1872, Deputy Sheriff in 1873 and 1874, Under Sheriff and Jailer in 1875 and 1876, Deputy Sheriff in 1877 and 1878; has been Village Trustee two terms, and at present is Alderman of the Third Ward. His .son. Erne-it J., is now station au'cnt at Great D.tlrvraple Farm, Dakota, near Casselton. SEBASTIAN JOSEPH SCHWELLEXBACH, Clerk of County Court, Jefferson; was burn in Aztalan, Jefferson Co., Wis., April 5, 1858; is the son of Joseph Schwellenbach, and lived with his parents till 1875, then went to Menominee, Mich., as scaler in a saw-mill, for a time, after which he returned, and remained at hijme till Feb. 6, 1878, when he cime to Jefferson and entered upon the duties of his present position ; was educated at the home schools, aud at the German school of Jefferson. CARL SEIFERT, foreman in lower and second departments of Wisconsin Manufacturing Co., Jefferson; was born in Bavaria, Germany, May 9, 1831 ; came to America direct to Jefferson in 1850. Married Margaret Zeither in October, 1854; they have had seven children, four living — Barbara, ■ I COUNTY CLERK JEFFERSON JEFFERSON TOWNSHIP. 651 born Aug. .31, 1855; Frank, March 28, 1857; Emma, March 20, 1859, and Freddie, Sept. 18, 18(>8. Members Lutheran Church ; Mr. S. is an Odd Fellow. His father was Nickol Seifert. JAMES SHERMAN, joint proprietor of broom-factory, Jeiferson ; was born in Genesee (^o., N. Y., Aug. 28, 1829 ; came to Little Prairie, Walworth Co., Wis., in 184S, and settled on a farm there, where he lived till coming to Jeft'er.son in 1877 ; in 1878, in company with Mr. GiiFord, he established the present iaetory. Married Mary- A. Drake Jan. 1, 1850 ; they have two children — Ada M. and ftiarah M., now Mrs. Clemmuns. Mr. S. is a Good Templar. ADAMS SMITH, retired, Jefferson; born in Henderson, Jefferson Co., N. Y,, March 8, 1821; came to Farmington, Jefferson Co., Wis., in spring of 1844, and took up a claim, on which he lived until 1807, when he removed to Jefferson, where he now resides. Married Miss Harriet Lewis Jan. 30, 1844; she was born in Brookfield, Madison Co., N. Y., Feb. 29, 1824. Mr. S. is an Odd Fellow ; he has held the offices, in Farmington, of Street Commissioner and Town Treasurer; he has also been a member of the Village Board in Jefferson ; was Postmaster at Farmington seven years. They have one adopted son — George L., born March 12, 1855, in Jefferson Co., N. Y. ; he graduated at Rush Medical College, Chi- cago.'in 1879. Married Miss Ella M. Conan May 14, 1879. JOHN J. SPAIVGLER, bricklayer, Jefferson ; born in Farmington, Jefferson Co., Sept. 18, 1854; has been in present business tlie past twelve years. His fivther, Joseph, was born in Bavaria, Ger- many, Oct. 12, 1818; came to America in 1848, and settled in Jefferson in 1851. His mother's name is Theresa Spangler. John S. was appointed Deputy Sheriff" under Mr. Brown, in January, 1879; he belongs to the Catholic (.'hurch. He has two brothers — Joseph G. and Goodhardt. NICHOLAS STEINAKER, attorney, Jefferson ; born in Germany Feb. 7, 1843; came to America in 1853, and, for a time, worked at coopering; wa.s admitted to the bar in Jefferson in February, 1808, and has been iu practice ever since; in 1802, was elected District Attorney in Jefferson Co., and served one term ; was also Town Clerk five years and City Clerk four years. Married Miss Kate A. Zim- merman Aug. 23, 1805 ; they have had ibur children, two living — Laura K., born July 9, 1808, and Mary K., Apiil 17, 1877 ; Edward and Mary A. died. Mr. S. is an Odd Fellow, and served one term as Past" Grand. S. R. STEVENS, farmer, Sec. 15 and 22; P. 0. Jefferson; came to Jeffer.'ion June 13, 1837, and made a claim one-half mile from the city, now known as the Schwellenbach tarm ; came to present location in 1839, where he has since resided ; in 1849, went to California with others, being gone onf year. Married Mi.ss Adeline Jackson Feb. 15, 1842,; she was born April 12, 1821 ; they have had eight children ; four livinu' — Jerome, born Feb. 19, 1843; William H., March 17, 1845; George, Aug. 12, 1852; Charles H., July 14, 185G; Maryette, Oct. 18, 1845, died July 18, 1805; Frank, July 10, 1847, died Sept 20, 1852; Ann Eliza, Oct. 12, 1849, died May 2, 1850; one other child, not named. Maryette married James Borrett ; they had one child — Merritt, born July 11, 1800. Mr. Stevens was born in the town of Brutus, N. Y. CHARLES STOPPENBACH, President of Jefferson County Bank, Jefferson ; was born in Cologne, Germany, Dec. 11, 1824, and came to America in 1848. Married Catherine Bruckner in April, 1854; she was born in Bavaria, Germany ; they have five sons — Frank, Emil, Joseph, Freddie and Eddie, aged 21, 19, 17, 13 and 7 years, respectively. Mr. S. first came to Jefferson Co. in 1849; spent two years in Watertown ; then .settled in Jefferson in 1851. Was elected first President of Jeffer- son County Bank, which oifiee he still holds ; from 1851 to 1855, was Deputy Register of Deeds, and was afterward twice elected Register of Deeds. Mr. S. was proprietor of a saw-mill iu Jefferson eight or nine years ; the woolen-mills were started in 1805, of which Mr. S. is now sole proprietor ; he is a partner with Mr. Reinel in a large lumber-yard ; he also owns quite extensive interests in real estate outside the city, as well as city property, including several fine buildings, several stores, Stopponbach's Hall and others. F. O. TIliTON, furniture dealer and undertaker, Jefferson ; was born in Kenduskeag, Me., Dec. 22, 1850 ; was educated at the High School of his native place and at the Jefferson liiberal Insti- tute. He came to Jefferson in 1874, and was in the insurance business in partnership with J. W. Ostrand ; about one year ago, he bought out his brother J. C., and still continues in the furniture business and makes a specialty of practical undertaking. Mr. F. 0. and his brother, J. C, are the only ones living of four children. Their father, J. 0. Tilton, died in the .spring of 1805, and their mother, Ann F., died in January, 1873. ^ CHRISTOPHER TROEGER, joint proprietor of tannery, Jefferson; was born in Bavaria, Germany, Dec. 19, 1823; came to America, direct to Jefferson, in 1846. Married Barbara Benfang in October, 1845 ; she was born Nov. 21, 1821 ; they had ten children ; nine living — -Kate, born 652 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Oct. 18, 1845, now Mrs. lUing ; Margaret, now Mrs. Regr, Dec. 10. 1847; Christiana, now Mrs. Zeid- ler, July 9, 1850; Elizabeth, now Mrs. Bairenther, March 17, 1852; Laura, Dec. 31, 1853, now Mrs. Christopher Bairenther; John, April 29, 1856, is now dead; George, March 5. 1858; Barbara, Oct. 18, 1859; Caroline, Dec. 22. 1861, and Ida. Sept 6, 1866. Family belong to the Lutheran Church. Mr. Troeger came to Jefferson and took up land in 1846 about one mile from the city, which land he still owns. He began io present bu.siness in 1876. GEORGE TRl'CKS, Overseer of Poor House ; P. 0. Jefferson ; was born in Richland Co., Ohio, Oct. 9, 1S16 ; came to Jefferson in 1844, and started the first tin store here in the fall of ^ame year, which he continued till about 1847 ; then ran a saw-mill three years, during which time he served two years as Justice of the Peace; next went to the town of Hebron, now Bark River Mills, and started a store, remaining there four years, when he returned to Jefferson and kept store two years; then sold to Mr. Ostrander ; at this time was elected Chairman of the Board of Supervisors for one term ; was Post- master at Hebron four years, and at Jefferson two or three years; in 1860. was elected Overseer of Poor and Keeper of the County House, serving thus three years ; next ran a furniture store two years ; next was foreman in Wisconsin Manufacturing Company six years, and ju.st previous to this was elected Sheriff for two years : in January, 1874, was again elected Overseer of Poor and Superintendent of County House, which position he still holds; was Town Treasurer one term in Hebron and one term in Jefferson. Mar- ried Miss Samantha Clothier March 2, 1842 ; she was born May 15, 1822; they have had five children, two living— Frank, born Nov. 16, 1858; George, Aug. 1, 1852; Nellie, Oct. 2, 1846, died May 3, 1874; Artemus, born June 9, 1845, died Jan. 2, 1861 ; fifth child, not named. Mrs. Truck's brother, Samuel Clothier, helped frame the first State Constitution. EDWARD IJGIiOW, farmer. Sees. 7 and 18; P. O. Jefferson; born in Cornwall Co., England, June 19, 1827; came to America about 1847 ; thence to Jefferson Co , and settled upon present place in 1850. Married Miss Emma Fox Feb. 20, 1859; she was born in England in April, 1840; they have four children — Francis, born Oct. 22, 1859 ; Agnes, December, 1861 ; John, March 19, 1870, and Minnie, July 20, 1874. Familv attend the Methodist Church. A. J. VANDWATER, Marshal of Jefferson ; was born in Wayne Co., N. Y., July 9, 1837 ; came to the town of Hebron, Jefferson Co., Wisconsin, with his parents, in 1838; his father, John, took up land from the Government, and died in 1872; his mother, Catherine, is still living in Hebron. Mr. A. J. has followed mechanical and engineering business most of his life ; worked four years as foreman in the turning- room of the Wisconsin Manufacturing Company ; has been engineer in the Fire Department the past eight years; was elected City Marshal in 1874, and has held the office ever since. Married his first wife Sept. 15, 1861, by whom he had two children — Willie and Frank, aged 14 and 11 years, respect- ively ; first wife died in 1872; for second wife, married Miss Emiline Baldwin, Nov. 14, 1874, by whom he has one child — Emiline, born Jan. 19, 1869. Mr. V. has been Constable several terms, and is an Odd Fellow. PHILIPP WOliF, joint proprietor of Jefferson Flouring-Mills, Jefferson ; was born in Alsace, France, April 15, 1825 ; came to America in 1841; farmed in early life; then followed the milling busi- ness. Married Miss M. B. Wcndling in 1859 ; they have four children — William G.. Charles M., Orrin P. and Edwin Eugene, aged 27, 21, 15 and 12 years, respectively. Mr. W. has been in the milling busi- ness about fifteen years ; came to Jefferson in 1869. He belongs to the Evancelical Association ; also to the Odd Fellows. JOHN ZEIDLER, Jr., shoemaker, Jefferson ; born in Jefferson, three miles southeast of the city, Sept. 30, 1848; farmed till 15 years of age ; then served apprenticeship at trade three years, and has since been engaged in present business. Married Miss Christiana Troeger Feb. 24, 1870 ; she was born July 9, 1850; they have throe children — Edward, born Jan. 24, 1871 ; Ernest, .Alarch, 1873, and George, Dec. 18, 1877. The family belong to the Lutheran Church. His father, John Adam Z., came to Jefferson in 1846, and bought a farm near Jefferson ; he was born in Bavaria, Germany, June 9, 1815. and died July 13, 1871. He helped build the first log schoolhouse in this vicinity, and also helped cut the first road from his place to Rock River. His wife, Catharine Zeidler, was born in Bavaria in 1826, and died in 1868; they had four children — John; Charles, born Feb. 28, 1850 ; Christiana. June 7, 1854, and Mary, Feb. 25, 1859. PALMYRA TOWNSHIP. 653 PALMYRA TOWNSHIP. CiiEORGE W. ALLEIV, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 0. Palmyra; born in Livingston Co., N. Y., Aug. 19, IS'I'J, ; lie came to Wisconsin in 1812, locating on the farm he now owns of eighty acres, which he bought of the Government at $1.25 per acre, when there were no families between Little Prairie and Palmyra except his own. He married Miss Margaret Jones May IS, 1844, who died Aug. 17, 1869, leav- ing three children — -Romanzo, Lucina and Willie. Mr. Allen is a Republican in politics ; has been Super- visor of the town twice. He is liberal in religion. Mr. Allen enlisted, Sept. 9, 1864, in the 42d W. V. L ; the regiment did guard duty, and was stationed at Cairo, 111., and other points. Mr. Allen served till the close of the war, and says he would go again, if necessary. He is one of the first settlers in his section of Wisconsin. JAMES A. AliTiEN^, lawyer and insurance agent. Palmyra; born in York, Livingston Co., N. Y., May 9, 1824; spent the early part of his life in New York, where he was educated, and where he learned the harne.ss-making business ; came to Palmyra in 1844, where he carried on the harness-making business eighteen years. He affiliates with the Democratic party, and was elected Justice of the Peace in 1849. and has held the office continuously since — a thirty years' term, or longer, it is supposed, than any man in the State ; has also been Chairman of Town Board, Town Supervisor, Town Clerk and Constable. Was appointed Chief Doorkeeper in Wisconsin Assembly in 1878. Mr. Allen is a Master Mason, a mem- ber of Palmyra Lodge, No. 68. He married Miss Augusta Jones, of Erie Co., N. Y., in 1847, who died in 1870, leaving four children — Mendana (now deceased), J. Edgar, Willis A. and Leona. Mr. Allen married Mrs. Caroline Adams, of New York City, in 1871. As will be seen, Mr. A. is prominently iden- tified with the hi.story of Palmyra. PHILIPP AiSTWEILER, farmer. Sees. 31 and 33; P. 0. Palmyra; born in Germany Aug. 15, 1836; eame to America in July, 1855, locating in Jefferson Co., where he has since lived; set- tled on the farm he now owns of 140 acres in 1871. He married Miss Marietta Bradway, daughter of Timothy Bradway, of New York, Dec. 27, 1859; they have four children — John H., Charles J., Willie E. and Mary E. Mr. A. is a Republican, and the family attend the M. E. Church. Mr. Antweiler enlisted in the 42d W. V. I. in 1864; the regiment was stationed at Cairo, 111., and did guard duty at various points until its disehariie in 1865. WILLIAM W. BABCOCK, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 0. Palmyra; born in Scott, Cortland Co., N. Y:, Jan. 15, 1830 ; came to Palmyra in 1847, locating on the farm he now owns of 160 acres in 1865. He married Miss Betsy Chapin, of Palmyra, April 18, 1854; they have three children — Ella D., Leora J. and Stella. Mr. Babcock is a Republican. He united with the Palmyi'a Baptist Church in 1854, and is now Deacon; is also one of the oldest members. He is a successful farmer, and is raising cattle, sheep, and full-blooded Poland-China hogs from Fowler's herd, Heart Prairie. His nephew, Charles J. NeflF, enlisted in the 37th W. V. I. in May, 1864, and was killed at Petersburg, Va., July 30, 1864. ARTHUR BEAMISH, farmer, Sees. 15 and 16 ; P. 0. Palmyra ; born in County Cork, Ireland, in 1831 ; the early part of his life was spent in Ireland; came to America in 1850, and located in Whitewater, Wis. ; removed to Palmyra in 1852, and to the farm he now owns of 240 acres in 1856. Mr. Beamish has twice been to Ireland since his settlement in the United States. He married Elizabeth McCarthy Nov. 14, 1852. He is a Republican, and Master Mason, and is now Senior Warden in Pal- myra Lodsie. No. 68. Is liberal in religion. Has served two terms as Supervisor in Palmyra. LIXDSEY M. BIGELO'W, barber. Palmyra; born in Reading, Windsor Co., Vt., Aug. 28, 1841; eame to Wisconsin Dec. 1, 1857; lived three years at Little Prairie; removed to Heart Prairie and lived one year; he then went to Ogle Co., 111., and taught school. Returning to Palmyra, he enlisted in March, 1864, in the 38th W. V. I.; while attempting the arrest of some deserters, he was struck on the head with an ax and badly hurt, but did some service, and was in the grand reconnaisance at Hatehie's Run ; he was sent to the hospital in consequence of the old wound, and honorably discharged Dec. 31, 1864 ; returning to Palmyra, he engaged in his present business in May, 1865 ; after three years, he removed to Rome, Jeffijrson Co., where he was in the hardware business about one year; he then bought his present property in Palmyra, where he has since resided. Mr. Bigelow married Miss Jennie S. Barron July 5, 1862; they have four children — Herbert M., Mary E., Irwin L. and Leon B. Mr. B. 654 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: is a Republican, and has served as Justice of the Peace for the past eight years; is also Secretary of the village Republican Club. JAMES M. BI^CwHAM, attorney and counselor at law, Chippewa Falls; born in the tow of Perry, Wyiiming Co., X. Y.. Feb. 3, 1828; his parents were farmers and members of the Congrega- tional Church, in which faith their son was reared ; he attended common schools until l(j, then attended an academy about four years, and began teaching ; taught eleven terms in schools and academies, mean- while pursuing the study of Latin and French. Gov. Bingham read law in the office of F. R. Bissell, Le Roy, N. Y. ; came to Palmyra, JeflFerson Co., Wis., in 1854; began to practice law in 185G, has prac- ticed ever since. While a resident of Jefferson Co., he represented the District in the State Assembly in 1863, 1864, 1869 and 1870; was Speaker in 1870, and Chairman of the Judiciary Committee in 1863 and 1869. He was Major of the 40th W. V. I. Regiment, and was stationed at Memphis during term of Service — 100 days; removed to Chippewa Falls in 1871, where he has since resided and practiced. Was elected to Wisconsin A.«sembly from his (then Democratic) county in 1874 ; was nominated and elected Lieutenant Governor of Wisconsin by the Republicans in 1877. On account of rheumatic troubles the Governor made a two-months visit to Hot Springi, Ark., and was completely cured during his first term. The Republican State Convention of July, 1879, renominated him for Lieutenant Governor. He married, in 1856, Miss Justina M., daughter of W. C. Dwight. M. D., of Moscow. N. Y. ; they have three chil- dren— Clitiord D., Walter P. and Katheriue O. ' WILLIAM J. BRAY, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Palmyra; born in Cornwall, England, Aug. 15, 1846 ; came to America with his parents, Stephen and Ann Bray, in 1848, locating in Sullivan, where they resided three years ; removed in 1852, to Palmyra, where Mr. Bray settled on the farm he now owns of 220 acres. He married Miss Maria J. Dodge May 13, 1869 ; they have three children — Lena J., Alvin J. and Luolla. Mr. Bray is a Republican, and has been several years an officer of School District No. 2. He is in accord with the B. C. Church. He is raising the usual stock and crops of Jefferson Co. WILLIAM BRADW AY, farmer, miller and wagon-maker, Sees. 32, 33, 34 and 6 ; P. O. Palmyra ; born in Schoharie Co , X. Y., Sept. 5, 1819 ; came to Wisconsin in 1846 ; lived one year in Delavan, Wis., and located in Palmyra in 1847, where he manuftictured wagons about three years, when he located on the farm he now owns of 220 acres. Married Mrs. Klizabeth Foote Dec. 16, 1868. His son John is in Ossiau, Iowa, and his son James is a resident of Palmyra ; Abel Bradway, his oldest son, served one year as First Lieutenant in Co. E, 46th W. V. I., and died Dec. 26, 1866, in Palmyra. Mr. Bradway is a stanch Republican, and, with his wife, attends the Palmyra Baptist Church ; Mr. B. is one of the successful pioneers of Jefferson Co., who had but little or no means to start in life, and who have succeeded by industry and prudence ; he has a feed and cider mill on his farm, run by water from a large spring on the farm. WILLIAM F. BRO WX, miller and engineer, Palmyra ; born in Fifeshire, Scotland, Nov. 16, 1819 ; the early part of his life was spent in Scotland, where he served a five-years apprenticeship as engineer in Glasgow; he was engineer of the ship Monarch at the age of 17 ; he came to America in 1844, locating on Rock Prairie, Wis. ; from there he went to Manistee, Mich., and put in the machinery for the first steam saw-mill in the city ; returning to Milwaukee, he was employed by Goodrich & Eastman to reconstruct their engine in the flouring-mill on Walker's Point ; his success here established his reputa- tion as a practical engineer. He remained in the employ of this farm thirteen years, and was promoted to head miller in Ottawa, III. ; with his savings bought an engine and a third interest in the mill at Oak Creek, Wis. ; after five years, he purchased the flouiing-mill at Palmyra, and paid for it in two years ; by application to his business he won the confidence of the surrounding community, and, after eight years, sold out his mill and settled in the village to enjoy his competence. He married Miss Philadelphia DIbley. of Milwaukee, Dec. 24, 1848; they have seven chUdren — Agnes T., Mary A., Emma D., Anna S., William J., Florence N. and Robert W. The family attend the Congregational Church. Mr. Brown is a Repub- lican. H, F. BUEJflXG, saddler and harness-maker. Palmyra ; born in Milwaukee, Wis., Dec. 7, 1851 ; removed to Whitewater, Wis., in 1864, where he learned his business in the shop of J. Haubert; Mr. B. came to Palmyra and bought the shop, etc., of V. H. Bundle, where he is now doing all the bus- iness of the kind in Palmyra. He married Sliss Hattie Rumary, of Fort Atkinson, Wis., in 1871 ; they have three children — William, Mary and a babe. Mr. Buening is independent in polities, and is a mem- ber of Palmyra Lodge, No. 160, I. 0. 0. F. He has a large stock of harness, saddles, trunks, carriage- trimmincrs, whips, etc., and is prepared to <_'uarantee satisfaction in quality and price of goods. (irARDXEiR H. BU^ZELL, shoemaker and liveryman, Pidmyra ; born in Chelsea, Orange Co., Vt., July 23, 1838; the early part of his life was spent in his native State; came to Wisconsin in PALMYRA TOWNSHIP. 655 1854, locating at Palmyra the same year. He married Misa Mary Alcorn, of Lancaster. Wis., Aug. 26, 18(i2; they have two fliilciren — Adelbert G. and Luclla M. Mr. Buzzell has alway.s been an active Republican, and was elected President of Palmyra in 1S78. He enlLsted Aug. 12, 18(!2. in Co. D, 24th W. V. I., and was with Gen. Buell at the battle of Perryville, Ky. ; was also in battles of ritone River, Tullahoma and Blue River; was under treatment for disability in Na.shville hospital two months; then transferred to the Reserve Corps, 8th Regiment, which was employed in guarding prisoners at Camp Douglas, Chicago, and other points ; Mr. B. was honorably discharged on account of disability in July, 18G4, and returned to Palmyra, where he owns a boot and .shoe store and livery stable. ISAAC COXGDON, former. Sec. 24; P. 0. Palmyra; born in Fort Ann, Washington Co., N. Y., April 10, 1811 ; came to Wisconsin in 1845, locating in Palmyra, where he owns a farm of 145 acres. He married Miss Sarah Woodruff', of Washington Co., N. Y., in 1832, who died in 1836, leaving two children — Simmons and Sarah A. ; Mr. Congdon married Miss Eliza Woodruil' in 1837 ; they have seven children — James, Esther, Jane, Harriet, Albert, JNLirion and Julia. Mr. Congdon is liberal in politics and religion. JOHN COTTINGHAIH, millwright. Palmyra ; born in Northampton Co., Penn., Oct. 26, 1823; the early part of his life was spent in his native State, where he learned his trade; he came to Ozaukee Co., Wis., in 1846, and built the first mill at Grafton, also the Concordia mill at Hamilton, the Riverside mill and many others on Cedar Creek ; has built mills at Marathon City and has rebuilt both mills at Palmyra, also Port Washington Mill ; after twenty five bu.sy years in Ozaukee Co., he removed to Palmyra, where he has one of the most pleasant homes in the village. He married Bliss Emma Miller March 20, 1844; they have eight children — Alice, Robert, John, Jlorris, Howell, Corinna, Emma and Miriam. Mr. C. is a Republican, and has been Supervisor of the town of Grafton. United with the M. E. Church in 1850, and with his wife is now a member of the Palmyra M. E. Church. HON. AliEXANDER J. CRAK,^, deceased; born in town of Wallkill, Orange Co., N. Y., Nov. 11. 1823 ; after receiving his early education in his native State, he came to Palmyra in 1843, where he resided until 1860, though he was editor of the State. Journal of Edvcation at Racine four years. Mr. Craig was elected to the Wisconsin Legislature in 1859, and was appointed State Assistant Super- intendent of Education in 1861, and held the office until 1867. when he was elected State Superintendent, and was re-elected in 1869 by a majority of 10,000 votes; before the expiration of his second term, he fell a victim to pulmonary consumption and died July 3, 1870. Mr. Craig enlisted in 1864, in tlie 40th W. V. I., and served as Adjutant to the clo.se of the war. He was a man of broad and liberal ideas, of sound and well-tramed judgment, as well as unusual industry; when called upon by the people to assume a responsible office, he ever performed the duty in an able and conscientious manner. Mr. Ciaig married Jliss Eliza Jl. Dibble, of Rochestir, N. Y., May 3, 1842; they have seven children — Elmer 11., Mary L., Alice J., Herbert E., Seward J., Allen A. and Julius R. ; Helen E. Craig died Feb. 26, 1872, in Palmyra; Elmer H. is United States Pension Agent ; Mary L. is the wife of A. E. Bourne, Superinten- dent of Schools, Sandwich, III. ; Seward J. is in Buffalo, N. Y. ; Alice J. is a teacher of elocution in the Wisconsin State University ; Herbert E. is a teacher in Texas ; .\llen A. and Julius R. remain in Pal- myra with their mother. A. J. Craig wa.s an earnest member of the Congregational Church, as well as of the Republican partv. DAVIO CRAIG, Palmyra; born in Chili, Monroe Co., N. Y., Sept. 28, 1833; the early part of his life was spent in his native State ; came to Palmyra in 1846, where he completed his education ; taught several terms of school in Jefferson and Rock Cos. ; he took the station at Lone Rock, Rich- land Co., with his brother, in 1856; remained until 1861, when he went to Jones Co., Iowa. Mr. Craig enlisted Aug. 15, 1862, in the 24th I. V. I., and was in all the Southern States except Florida, Alabama and Texas; was in many battles and skirmishes in Louisiana ; was also in the Siienandoah Valley with Sheridan ; he was in hospital in Baltimore two months, on account of sunstroke ; with his regiment, he joined Sherman at Goldsboro, N. C. The boys saw many long hard marches, and much of the bloody side of war. Mustered out at Savannah, Ga., July 17, 1865; Mr. C. took charge of the Palmyra warehouse in 1866, and has been in the warehouse and depot many years. He married Miss Teresa A. Crandall, of Lone Rock, Wis., Dec. 26, 1858 ; they have one son— Willie 0, born Feb. 23, 1859, and one daughter, Jennie May, born May 10, 1867. Mr. Craig is a Republican, and has been Town Clerk and Justice of the Peace, and is now serving his fifth term as Town Treasurer ; in 1872, he had all except two votes for Town Treasurer; he is a member of the M. E. Church and Palmyra Lodge, No. 160, I. O. 0. F. WIIiLIAlI CRAIG, farmer. Sees. 9 and 10 ; P. 0. Palmyra; born in Seottsville, Monroe Co., N. Y., Jan. 25, 1831 ; the early part of his life was spent in New York ; like his brothers, A. J. and David 650 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Craig, he was self-taught ; came to Palmyra in 1840; after one year, ho removed to Rock Co., Wis., where he resided four years ; returning to Palmyra, he lived there four years, then went to Lone Rock, Wis., where he was station agent twelve years and merchant four years; he resided in Richland and Sauk Cos., twenty-one years, and settled on the farm he now owns of eighty acres in March, 1877. Mr. Craig marri.d Mrs. Lavinia Francis, March, 18.50, who died, March, 1805, leaving two sons — -Charles Sumner and Corrie Jay ; Mr. Craig married Mi.ss Elvira Crittenden, July, 1800 ; they have one daughter — Dora Belle. Mr. C. a Republican and was Town Clerk seven successive years in Buena Vista, Richland Co.; was also Town Treasurer ; he is a member of of Palmyra Lodge, No. 60, A., P. & A. M.; is also a mem- ber of the Palmyra Congregational Church. OIjIVER p. DOW, merchant and editor of the ¥a\myra Enterprise ; born in Hudson, Hills- boro Co., N. H., Sept. 30, IS23; the early part of his life was .spent in his native State; he came to dhemung Co., N. Y., with his parents, in 1838 ; attended academy at Manchester, N. H., winter of 1844 and 1845. After several years of hard work as a farmer, he taught .several terms in Xew York. Mr. Dow came to Wisconsin and located in Palmyra in 1840; here he engaged in teaching school and in farm- ing ; has 110 acres of land on Sections 21 and 28, al«o five acres in the village; he opened a store in 1855, where he now has a stock of hardware, paints, oils, school-books, stationery, etc.; realizing the nejd of a local paper, he began publishing the Palmyra Kntcrprhe March 25, 1874, the first and only paper in the town. Mr. Dow married Miss Mary Boss, of Clienengo Co.. N. Y., in 1840, who died June 15, 1859, leaving four children— Katie L,, Edward E., Oliver P" and Delia M. On March 20, 1801, Mr. Dow married Mi.ss Emerett Graves ; they have five children — Nellie, Clifford, Lura J., Alice C. and Rer- tha. He is a strong advocate of Republican principles; he has served as President of the village, and, for several years, Chairmau of the Town Board, Town Superintendent of Schools and Justice of the Peace ; he has always been an active and earnest opponent of the traffic in inti^xicating liquors ; as a religionist, believes in the final restoration of all things, that Christ came to seek and to save that which was lost, and that the sjreat design will never be frustrated, as sure as God lives omnipotent. CHAKLE$!i F. EASTJIAN, cooper and job workman, Palmyra; born in Denmark, Me., Nov. 20, 1823; the early part of his life was spent in New Hampshire, where he learned his business; resided in Lowell, Mass., about three years, where he was a mill-watchman. He enlisted in the 12th N. H. v. I. in August, 1863 ; was with his regiment at Richmond and Petersburg, and was under fire most of the time ; his regiment was under arms, night and day, for about three weeks, and repulsed many des- perate charges. At the close of the war, Mr. E. returned to New Hampshire, but came to Palmyra in 1806, where he has since done a very satisfactory business. He married Miss Eleanor B. Hill July IS, 1848; they have five living children — Izora A., Edward C, Nettie, John M. and Charles F. Mr. F]astman is a Republican, and has been Trustee and Street Commissioner in Palmyra; is a member of the Palmyia T. of H., and has been an active supporter of the Gospel many years ; is now Deacon of the Palmyra Baptist Church. JAMES FRENCH, farmer. Sees. 12, 13 and 14; P. 0. Palmyra; was born in Cornwall, England, Nov. 18, 1832 ; came to .Vmerica in 1844, and settled, the same year, on the farm he now owns of 200 acres. Married Miss Amelia Lean, of Sullivan, Nov. 10, 1800 ; they have six children — Ida T., Dora E., J. Franklin, Thomas E. L., Harry J. and Ethel I. Mr. French is a Republican, and a member of the Bible Christian Church; also, a member of Palmyra T. of II. and Lodge of Good Templars ; also, of Palmyra Lodge, I. 0. 0. F. He is one of the successful farmers of Jeff'erson Co., and has remained upon his original location, and ])rovided a good home for himself and fiimily. JAIflES <]}ILBEKT, farmer,'Sec. 22; P. 0. Palmyra; born in Cornwall, England, in 1889 ; came to America in 1859, locating in Palmyra, where he has since lived ; settled on the farm he now owns of 100 acres, in 1S71. Married Miss Julia Stratfen Aug. 22, 1804 ; they have three children — Albert, Ada and Lillie. Mr. Gilbert is a Republican. Mrs. Gilbert was born March 17, 1845; she became impressed with the truths of the Gospel, and united with the M. E. Church, of Oxford, Oakland Co., Mich., at the age of 14; she is still an active and earnest supporter of the Gospel, and has been a mem- ber of the Palmyra !M. E. Church during the past nine years. THOMAS 3. In politics he is a Republican ; Mr. and Mrs. Lowe are members of the Congregational Church of Palmvra. ROBERT li. McCarthy', farmer. Sec. 2t) ; P. O. Palmyra'; born in London, England, Aug. 3t), 1842; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1842, locating in Palmyra, where he has since lived and been educated. He married Miss Melissa Elson, of Salina, C. W., Oct. 7, 1873. Mr. McCar- thy's father, William D., died in Palmyra Aug. 29, 1874; his mother died July 10, 1879, in Palmyra. Mr. AKCartliy is a Republican and a member of Palmyra Lodge, No. IGO, L 0. 0. F., and has been Senior Supporter, Conductor. Vice Grand, Noble Grand, Past Grand, and has been Secretary three suc- ci'.ssive years ; he is also a member of Walworth Encampment, No. 5 ; is in accord with the Episcopal Church, with which his family have been connected for generalions. Mr. McCarthy owns IGO acres of land. MONROE McKENZIE, boot and shoe maker. Palmyra; born in Vermont March 27, 1805 ; the early part of his life was spent in Woodstock, Vt.; came to Wisconsin in 1844, locating in Palmyra, where he manufactured and bought and .sold boots and shoes until 1871, when he retired from business. He mairied .Miss Clarinda Mather, of Woodstock, in 1825, who died in 1847, leaving five children — Char- lotte, Frederick, Pluma, Monroe and Eva. His polities are Republican, and he has served as Justice of the Peace several terms; he was commissioned Captain nf the Vermont State Militia when a young man ; Mr. McKenzie is a Universalist in belief; is a Master Mason ; ho is prominently identified with the early settlement and subse((uent growth of I'almyra, where he now has a pleasant home. JAMES MEGdilNSON, farmer, Sec. 30; P.O. Palmyra; born in Yorkshire, England, Nov. 14, 1810; came to America in 1844; he settled in Walworth Co., Wis., the same year, where he resided twenty-four years ; located on the farm he now owns of seventy acres, in April, 1871. Mr. Megginson married Mi.Iiss Sophia Zirbel Dec. 29, 1847, who died Jan. 7, 1876, leaving six children — Paulina, Charles, Emma, Albertina, Ida and Robert F. Mr. Hass married Mrs. Maria Gnewuch Nov. 11, 1877. He is a member of Rome Lodge, No. 279, I. 0. 0. F., and is in accord with the Lutheran Church. Mr. Hass is well known as an active and reliable business man. M. C HEATH, farmer and dealer in forming implements and lumber, Erfurt ; born in Erie Co., Penn., March 10, 1837; came to Wisconsin with his father, John Heath, who was among the pioneers of 1838 ; spent the first three years in Waukesha Co. without seeing a white face other than his lather's ; they then removed to Delafield and lived there five years; settled in Sullivan in 1845, and built the reaper and mower works at Heathsburg, now Erfurt ; continued the business about twelve years, then removed to Palmyra, where they continued their business two years; John Heath built the first mills at Oconomowoc and Delafield. M. C. Heath settled on the farm he now owns of 100 acres in 1859. Married Miss Angelina Kellogg, a native of Utica, N. Y., July 3, 1864: they have two children— Eva and Earl. Mr. Heath is a Democrat. He enlisted, Aug. 21, 1861, in the 28th W. V. I.; was stationed at Plelena, Ark., and was badly hurt by an accident; honorably discharged in 18G2. Mr. H. is in accord with and supports Christianity ; is a Master Mason of Palmyra Lodge, No. 68, and has served as Town Treasurer. N. S. HRBARD, firmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Hebron ; born in Shaftsbury, Bennington Co., Vt., Sept. 26, 1812 ; came to Wisconsin in October, 1842 ; located on the farm he now owns of 127 acres ; also owns eighty acres in Palmyra ; he pre-empted his land, built a log cabin, and began life as a Jefferson Co. pioneer, and is closely identified with its early history. Married Miss Phebe Pardee, of Sullivan, Feb. 15, 1846; she died Jan. 29, 1848. Mr. Hebard married Mrs. Catharine Perry, of Palmyra, Feb. 25, 1849 ; they have eight children — Burtis, Paul, Joseph, Giles, Ellen, Lillie, George and Samuel. Mr. Hebard is an advocate of the old-time Democratic principles ; was elected Road Commissioner in 1844; served seven years ; has been Chairman and member of the Board of Supervisors several terms ; he is one of the pioneer farmers of Jefferson Co. who made his choice of location and, by remaining upon it, has made a good home for himself and family ; his children were all born upon the homestead, and are all res- idents of Jefferson Co. 91ICHAEL HEL-n, miller and farmer, Erfurt; born in W;ishington Co., Wis., April 2, 1855 ; has spent his life and been educated in his native State; attended the Spencerian Business College of Milwaukee; graduated in July, 1872, when he began the milling business; owns a flouring-mill, with three run of stone, also a saw-mill furnished with a circular saw ; both mills run by water-power. Mr. Held is a Democrat ; he is a member of Palmyra Lodge, No. 68, F. & A. M. ; also of Rome Lodge, No. 279, 1. 0. O. F. ; also has fifty acres of land in Sec. 14. €H ARLEN J AQUITH, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. O. Oak Hill ; born in Lincoln Co., Me., March 1, 1818; the early part of his life was spent in his native State; he came to Wisconsin in 1847, remained five years; then went to California, and, after five years successful experience as a miner, he returned to t\n farm he now owns of 115 acres. He married Miss Mary Straiten, of Waukesha Co., in 1860 ; they have seven children — Helen, Charles, Celia, Dora, Emily, Alva and Arvilla. Mr. Jaquith is a Democrat, and is liberal in his relii;ious views. JOHN liEAN, Jr., farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Oak Hill ; born in Cornwall, England, June 19, 1839 ; came to America in 1847, locating in Eagle, Waukesha Co., Wis. ; after one year, he removed to Sullivan and settled on the farm he now owns of 105 acres in 1867 ; he enlisted, Aug. 18, 1862, in 1st Wisconsin Heavy Artillery ; was stationed at Alexandria, Va., and did guard duty ; was in the fight with Early when he attacked Washington, and was discharged July 1, 1865. He married Miss Hannah Bur- ton in November, 1867 ; they have three children — George, Clara and Olive. Mr. Lean is a Republican, and liberal -in religion. «. resent at the capture of Atlanta ; marched with Sherman to the sea, then through the Carolinas to Goldsboro, N. C; the regiment was discharged in July, 1865. Mr. Lockwood began the study of medicine with Dr. H. M. Edsell in 1866 in Orange Co., N. Y., I SULLIVAN TOWNSHIP. 671 entering the Medical Department of the Michigan University in October, 1868 ; he received his diploma as physician and surgeon March 30, 1870 ; he began practice in Rome in the same year and now has one of the most pleasant homes in the village. He married Miss Lummie Shakshesky, of Rome, Aug. 1, 1874; they have one daughter — Millie A., born Oct. .30, 1878. The Doctor is Independent in politics, support- ing men and principles instead of party ; he is in earnest accord with Christianity ; member of Rome Lodge, No. 279, I. 0. 0. F. IVORY LONGLEY, farmer, Sees. 13 and 24: P. 0. Sullivan ; born in Monroe Co., N. Y., Nov. 9, 1821 ; the early part of his life was spent in his native county, where he was educated ; came to Jefferson Co., Wis., in 1845, locating on forty acres of wild land, which he broke up and improved ; to this he has added wild and improved land, and now has 400 acres ; he began with but little, and is the archi- tect of his own fortune; was in partnership with his brother, and, after fourteen years, they divided 1,000 acres between them. Mr. Longley married Miss S. Elsie Cheever in 1845, who died in 1849, leaving one daughter — Adelia. He married Miss Mary Riddle in 1851 ; they have seven children — Antoinette, Adele, James, Byron, Arthur, Hattie and Pearl. Mr. Longley is a stanch Republican, and is in accord with Christianity ; he is closely identified with the growth and prosperity of his adopted county, and owns one of its best farms. W. H. LEAN, farmer, Sees. 15, 22 and 23; P. 0. P]rfurt; born in Waukesha Co., Wis., May 22, 1847. Mr. Lean has spent his life and been educated in his native State ; he settled on the farm he now owns of 160 acres in 1872. Married Miss Hannah L. Bray, of Palmyra, Aug. 22, 1872; they have two children — J]thel and Edith. Mr. Lean is a Republican, and is liberal in his religious views ; he is a son of G. L. L. Lean, a native of Cornwall, England, and one of the pioneers of Wisconsin. He has a pleasant home, si.x and one-half miles north of Palmyra and one-half mile from Erfurt. JAMES McCABJN, carpenter and joiner, Rome ; born iu County Antrim, Ireland, June 20, 1815 ; the early part of his life was spent in Ireland and England, where he learned his tra^e ; came to America in IS-tO, and lived nine years in Pittsburgh, Penn ; during this time, he spent one year in Min- nesota and Wisconsin, and erected the first building in P],au Claire; settled in Rome in 1849, and is one of its first settlers. Married Miss Mary H. Wright, of Pittsburgh, Aug. 4, 1849 ; they have five chil- dren — William A., Mary E., Joseph H., Daniel B. and Lorenzo C. Mr. McCann is a Republican ; has been Town Treasurer, Town Supervisor, and is United States Storekeeper by appointment in 1874; he is one of the pioneers of the Northwest, and is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. JOHN MeFAKLANE, farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. O. Hebron ; born in Glasgow, Scotland, May 23, 1845 ; came to America the same year, with his parents, John and Julia A. McFarlane ; settled on the farm now owned by the brothers John and George McFarlane, of 180 acres ; Mr. McFarlane has spent his life in Jefferson Co., and was educated at Milton ; he has taught eleven terms of school in Jefferson Co.; taught the village school in Rome during fall and winter of 1877-78. Mr. McFarlane is a Republican. His parents died on the homestead. GEORGE B. MATHEWS, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Rome ; born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., May 14, 1S31 ; spent his early life and was educated in his native county; came to Jefferson Co., Wis., in 1853 ; worked about ten years in the factory at Waitsville, then settled on his present farm of eighty acres; began with sixty acres of unimproved land, without buildings. Mr. M. went at his work with true pioneer grit, and now has his well-improved farm and pleasant home. Married Miss Zuletla Baldwin, a native of Racine Co., Wis., then a resident of Farmington, Sept. 18, 1859; they have two children — Carrie J. and Alice E. Mr. Mathews is a Republican and an enterprising farmer ; has twelve horned cattle, four horses, sheep, hogs, etc. JOHN MAUL, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. O. Rome ; born in Fifeshire, Scotland, Dec. 23, 1842 ; came to America in 1854, and located in Sullivan in 1855 ; settled on his present farm of 160 acres in 1856 ; the farm was then a forest, and has been cleared and improved by the pluck and industry of its owner. Married, in July, 1863, Miss Mary Turner; they have two sons — William and John. Mr. Maul is, in politics, a Republican, and is independent of church or secret orders ; he is one of the wide-awake farmers, and has made his own farm and home ; he has the usual stock and crops of his county. WILLIAM MILLER, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Golden Lake, Waukesha Co.; born in Germany in 1834 ; came to America in 1857, and settled on the farm he now owns of 120 acres in 1866 ; the farm was covered with timber, and by his own labor Mr. Miller has cleared it off and made a good home for himself and family. He married Miss Lucy Wilder in 1857 ; they have three children — William, Philip and Louisa. Mr. Miller is a liberal Democrat, and votes for the best men and measures. Is a member, with his fiimily, of the Lutheran Church. He is now a member of the Town Board, and is well known and respected. He came to America with but little, and is a self-made man. 672 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: EARL XEWTOW, farmer, Sees. 10, 5 and 2 ; P. 0. Erfurt; born in Windsor Co., Vt., in"" November, 1819 ; the early part of hi.s life was spent in Genesee Co., N. Y., where he was educated ; came to Palmyra. Jefl'erson Co., in 1842 ; went to California in 1853, and returned in 185tj ; settled on the farm he now owns of 320 acres in 1857. Married Miss Mary Brown, of Genesee Co., N. Y., April 27, 1841 : they have six children — Herman B., Hattie, Alta, Frank, Mary and Ada. Mr. Newton is a Democrat ; has been Chairman of the Town Board several terms, and was elected Sherifl" of Jefferson Co. in 1877 ; is liberal in religion. Mr. Newton is one of the successful pioneer farmers, and has just built a fine two-story brick farmhouse in place of the log house of earlier days. CHARLES L. NOTBOHM, farmer. Sec. 2; P.O. Golden Lake, Waukesha Co., Wis. ; born in Brunswick June 28, 1832 ; came tu America in 1848, locatin^on the faruv he now owns of 100 acres. His father, Henry Notbohm, built a steam saw-mill near this farm, which he kept in successful operation many years. Charles L. married Miss Jennie Furman, of Concord, Sept. 17, 1865; they have one son — Willard, born July 3, 18G8. Mr. Notbohm is a Republican, and is in accord with the Lutheran Church ; he is one of the .successful farmers of this county. IIE]VRV C. NOTBOHM, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Golden Lake, Waukesha Co., Wi.s. : born in Brunswick Jan. 20, 1830; came to America with his parents in 1848, and located on the farm he now owns of seventy-seven acres. Mr. Notbohm was with his father in the steam saw-mill several years. He married Miss Albertina Kruger, of Grafton, Ozaukee Co., Wis., July 25, 1871 ; they have two children — Arthur and Reynold. Mr. Newton is a Rejiublican, and a Director of the Town Insurance Co. ; is a mem- ber, with his family, of the Lutheran Church. He enlisted in 18G4 in 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery, and was stationed at Fort Lyon till the close of the war. AOOLPH SCHEUBER, merchant, farmer and Postmaster, Erfurt; born in Prussia Jan. 23, 1833; ho came to America July 18, 1849 ; resided three years in Waukesha Co. ; he then went to California via New York, Central America and Mexico, and remained two years ; returning, he settled in Waukesha Co., and located in Erfurt in 1855 ; he owns about 1,800 acres of land, mostly swamp in Sulli- van ; he owns the only store in Erfurt, where he keejis the usual assortment of a country store. Mr. Scheuber is a Democrat; he was ai)pointed Postmaster in 1867 ; was elected Register of Deeds in 1868, and to the Wisconsin Legislature, where he served the term of 1877 ; he has also served as Superintendent of the Poor four years. Married Henrietta Kraus May 9, 1854; they have eight children — Matilda, Charles, William, Adolph, Frank, Helen, Mildred and Clara, all residents of Jefferson Co. Mr. Scheuber is a member of several secret societies. THOMAS SCOLLARD, farmer, Sees. 5, 8 and 9 ; P. 0. Rome ; born in Kerry Co., Ireland, in 1838; came to America in 1846, with his father, David Scollard, locating in Sullivan, where he has since lived ; he settle 1 on the farm he now owns of 226ii acres in 1864. Mr. Scollard is a Democrat, and has held the office of Supervisor three terms ; he is a Catholic ; is raising cattle, hogs and Black Cloud horses ; owns four of the latter at the present time. LOWEIili C. SEARS, farmer. Sec. 17; P.O. Rome; born in Oneida Co.,N. Y., May 13, 1833; came to Wisconsin with his ]iarents in 1843, via Lake Erie to Detroit, and across the country to Jefferson Co., where he has since lived. As one of the first settlers, he saw many of the rugged experiences of those days. Mr. Sears settled on the liirm he now owns of eighty acres in 1848. Married Miss Catherine Bonheimmer in 1857; they have five children — Rhoda A., Lottie, Nellie, Clara and Bertha. Mr. Sears is a Repub- lican, and a member of Rome Lodge, No. 279, I. 0. O. F. ; is liberal in his religious views. He enlisted in November, 1863, in the 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery, and was stationed at Alexandria, Va., till the close of the war, doing garrison duty; with the rank of Corporal was discharged with his regiment .\ug. 31, 1865. ElItirEXE S. SHAKSHESKY, merchant and Postmaster, Rome^ born near the City of Posen in August, 1846; came to America with his parents at 4 years of age; lived several years in Bridgeport, Conn. ; removed to Janesville, Wis., where he attended the High School and Commercial College in that city ; after three 3'ears, tlie family removed to Potter Co., Penn., where they kept hotel. Mr. Shakshesky commenced his present business in Rome, in June, 1865, where he is doing a very satis- factory business ; has a complete stock of drj- goods, groceries, drugs, paints, oils, crockery, hardware, tin- ware, boots and shoes and furs, besides read^'-made clothing, hats and caps, sewing machines and farming implements. He will complete a large two-story brick store this fall. Mr. S. married Miss Clara Wilsermann, of Watertown, May 2, 1875 ; they have two children — Eugenie L. C. and Emma A. He is a Republican, and has been Town Treasurer two terms ; is a member of Rome Lodge, I. 0. 0. F., also of Watertown Lodge, Herman's Sons. li. \V. SHAKSHESKY, of Shakshesky & Friedel, merchants, Rome ; born in Bridge- port, Conn., March 17, 1854 ; spent four years of his life at Germania, Penn., where he attained the SITLLIVAN TOWNSHIP. 673 rudiments of his English and German education ; came to Rome and attended school until he was 14; then learned the business of cigar-making in Milwaukee and spent one year in Georgia; returning to Rome, ho attended school until he was 17, then went to Chicago and was in a store five years ; opened business for himself in Rome in 1S78, where, with his partner, he is carrying a large stock of dry-goods, groceries, hardware, paints and oils, crockery, hats and caps, boots and shoes, tinware of their own manufocture, sew- ing-machines, patent medicines, notions, etc. Mr. S. is Independent in politics, liberal in religion and is a member of Rome Lodi:e, I. (). (). F. CHARLEf>$ 'THOMPSON, blacksmith, Oak Hill; born in Dorsetshire, Eng., Feb. 14, 1842; came to America in 1855, locating in Wilmot, Kenosha Co., Wis., where he learned his trade ; after eight years, he removed to Ottawa, Jefferson Co. ; settled in Oak Hill in IStJG, where he has since done a successful business. He married Miss Mary Crerar Jan. 1, 18(37. Mr. Thompson is a Repub- lican ; is liberal in religion. He has a pleasant home in the village and owns 209 acres of land in Sullivan and Palmyra. Has had a long and satisfactory experience in blacksmithing. WALTER THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 0. Oak Hill; bwu in Rens.selaer Co., N. Y., Nov. 15, 1809 ; came to Wisconsin in August, 1845; settled on the farm he now owns of 150 acres in 1848. He married Miss Eliza A. Spicer, of Allegany Co., N. Y., Feb. 9, 1840, who died Sept. 10, 1874, leaving eight children — -Maria L., George, Mary, John, Catherine, Margaret, Walter and Willard E. Mr. Thomas is a Democrat ; is independent and liberal in religion, and is one of the early settlers who began with little and by his own eft'erts now has a good home. HENRY TURNER, farmer. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. Rome ; born in London, Ena:., June 14, 1830 ; came to America with his parents in 1833 ; settled in Jeiferson Co. in 1844, on a piece of Government land; now owns 200 acres. He married Miss Janette Maul in 1858 ; she died in 1869, leaving tw.i children — William and Mary. Mr. Turner married Miss Helen Smith in 1871 ; they have three children — Henry , John and Myron. Mr. Turner is a Republican, and one of the successful farmers ; is raising fuli- blood and grade Durham cattle, American Merino and Leicester sheep, Berkshire hogs, etc. ; is a life mem- ber of the Jefferson Co. Agricultural Society. Mr. T. enlisted in 1864 in the 1st Wisconsin Heavy Artillery and was stationed at Fort Willard. near Washiniiton, till the close of the war; discharged in June, 1865. ANDREW WAETHER, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Golden Lake, Wauke.sha Co., Wis.; born in Germany in 1829 ; came to America in 1854 and lived eleven years in Waukesha Co. and' settled on the farm he now owns of eighty acres in 1866. He married Miss Sophia Gaul in 1852; they have fi\e children — Charles, John, Philip, Sarah and Mary. Mr. Walther is a Democrat and a member of Summit Grange, No. 94. He came to America with little means and, by his labor and prudence, has improved his farm and now has one of the most pleasant homes in his town. His eldest son is a merchant at Ocono- mowoc ; John is farming in Summit, Waukesha Co., and Philip is on the homestead. JOHN WARD, farmer and blaok,smith. Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Oak Hill; born in Cornwall, Eng., Feb. 18, 1823; came to America in September, 1845, locating in the town of Aztalan, where he lived two years; he resided and worked at his trade in Fort Atkinson ton years, and settled on the farm he now owns of 140 acres in 1857. He married Miss Jane Uglow, of Sullivan, in 1847; they have two children — Mary C. and Clarence E. Mr. Ward is now a Republican and was a strong advocate of the Free Soil principles ; is in accord with the Bible Christian Church and gives it his hearty support. He saw many of the hardships of those early days and came near being devoured by a pack of wolves near Aztalan ; he is one of the successful farmers and has a well-improved farm, with sorghum mill, blacksmith-.shop, etc. JAMES WEBSTER, merchant and Postmaster, Oak Hill; born in Yorkshire, England, Feb. 12, 1832 ; came to America in 1853, locating in Knox Co., Ohio; from there, he went to Richland Co., Ohio; was in business with his brother; removed to Bloomington, 111., and was in a woolen-mill ; came to Wisconsin in 1865 ; firmed and dealt in stock in Green Co. several years; located in Oak Hill in 1869, where he keeps a general country stock of goods, and is doing a good bu.siness. Mr. Webster mar- ried Miss Alice S. Suttleworth, of Richland Co., Ohio, Sept. 21, 1860; they have four children— Will- iam, George E., Mary I*], and Alice S. Mr. W. has always been a Republican ; he was appointed Post- master in 1870. Has led a busy and useful life, and is known as a successful and reliable business man. DAVID J. WILLIAMS, former. Sec. 36; P. 0. Sullivan; born in Wales May 20, 1829; came to America in 1847, locating on the farm he now owns of 160 acres ; he also owns 120 acres in Waukesha Co. Married Miss Ann Parry, of Iowa Co., Iowa, Jan. 2, 1867 ; they have three children — Elizabeth A., Mary E., and David J. ; Ishmael M. died May 10, 1879 Mr. Williams is a Republican, and a member, with his fivmily, of the Bethel Church, of which he is Deacon. Mr. Williams is one of the successful farmers of Jefferson Co., who began with but little, and has since improved and extended his firm, and now has one of the best in his section. fi74 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : CONCORD TOWNSHIP. JOHN ii. AL'LMiEBROOK, farmer, Sec. 3; P.O. Concord; born in Nottinghamshire, England, in 1804; spent his early life in England as a farmer and miller ; came to America in 1842, and spent one winter in Waukesha Co. ; settled on the farm he now owns, of eighty acres, in 1843 ; the farm Wits a wilderness of heavy timber, and they were a pioneer family in earnest ; no roads or bridges then existed ; the family was the first to settle north of the Oconomowoc River in Concord. Married, May 5, 1834, Miss Martha Cocking, of his native country; they have four children — Edward. Alfred, Alexander and Eliza. Mr. A. is a stanch Republican, and is a well-known pioneer. His son Edward is on the farm with him. D. D. CAPEX, farmer, Sees. 23 and 24; P. 0. Oconomowoc; born in the town of Mansfield, Tolland Co., Conn., Oct. 4, 1820 ; his early life was spent in his native State, where he was educated ; he was engaged in selling goods many years, in various Eastern States about seven years; came to Wisconsin in August, 1845, and settled on the farm he now owns, of 137 acres; it was Government land, covered with heavy timber, and Mr. Capon led a busy life clearing up his farm and making a home; he .saw and experi- enced the usual privations of the early settlers, and has bought and sold much land since his first pur- chase. Married Miss Eliza Warner July 14, 1845 ; they have four living children — Orlando E. and Leaader E. (t^insj, Arthur J. and Ida. Mr. Capen is a Republican ; has been Supervisor, and took the first asse.-isment in Concord, in 1846. He sold his farm in 1876, but was obliged to take it again after a two years' residence in Waukesha Co. He has cattle, horses, hogs and the usual crops. EI»WARI> R. CHAPMAN, M. D., Concord;' bom in Harrisville, Ohio, Nov. 14, 1823 ; his early life was spent in his native State, where he was educated^ and began the study of medicine with Dr. Cass in 1847 ; he studied medicine in the Western Reserve College, Cleveland, in 1848 and 18411, and came to Concord, Jefferson Co., Wis., May 25, 1850 ; he has since been a resident of Concord, where he has practiced his chosen profession. The Doctor married Miss Teresa Burow Jan. 18, 1872. He is a stanch Republican in jiolitiei. and is a well-known practitioner in the county. NATHANIEL CRA.UER, deceased; born in Woodbury, Richfield Co., Conn., Nov. 10, 1814; he spent his younger days and was educated in his native State, working many years as a clock- maker in Bristol ; came to Watertown, Wis., in 1849, and after one year, settled on forty acres of wild land, with nothing upon it but heavy timber and a log house; here he began pioneer life, and here his wife and son now reside ; the farm now contains forty-six acres, with good improvements. He married Miss Almira A. Moore, of New Hartford, Conn., .May 28, 1837. Mr. Cramer died April 9, 1877, leaving one daughter, Mary F., now the wife of Daniel Lawson, and one son, Frederick A., who is now in charge of the homestead, and who has made many substantial improvements upon it. He married Miss Phebe A. Lindsley, of Petersburg, N. J., May 23, 1873 ; they have three children — Ada B., Blanche G. and Ber- tie A. Mr. Cramer is a Democrat, and one of the enterpri.sing young farmers. AV, farmer. Sec. 29; P.O. Concord; born in Saxony April 14, 1829; he spent his early life in his native country; came to America in 1848, locating in Cleveland, Ohio, where he worked on the first railroad in the city; spent six years in the Michigan copper mines, and came to Wisconsin in 1854, locating on Sec. 7, town of Farminsjton, Jefferson Co.; the land was covered with heavy timber, and, after many years of toil, he sold and removed to the farm he now owns of seventy-four CONCORD TOWNSHIP. 675 acres in 18G4. Married Miss Ann Connolly, of County Clare, Ireland, June 17, 1856 ; they have five children — Annie J., Harvey, William H., James A. and Mary F. Mr. Friday is a Democrat, and a member of the Lutheran Church ; Mrs. Friday is of the Catholic faith. Mr. and Mr,s. F. have seen their full share of this world's hardships, and now enjoy the fruits of their toil ; have a well-improved farm and a substantial brick house. ArSTIN HOLCOIIB, farmer, See. 7 ; P. 0. Farmington ; born in Lorain Co., Ohio, June 27, 1830 ; spent his early life in Ohio ; came to Concord in June, 1851 ; worked many years as a farm laborer, and, after his marriage, settled on his present farm of eishty acres. Married Miss Abbie J. Wanzer March 24, 1859 ; they have seven children — Martha E., Loammi, Charles W., Abbie M., Will- iam G., Austin and Maud L. Mr, Iloleomb is a Republican and a member of Farmington Lodge, No. 35, I. 0. 0. F. ; he began life with nothing, and is one of the self-made men of his county. AL-OXZO I]VGERSOL,L, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. Concord; born in Vernon, Oneida Co., N. Y., May 6, 1821 ; spent his early life in his native State, and came to Watertown, Wis., in 1842; after one year, he settled on the farm he now owns of eighty acres ; it was Governmept land, covered with heavy timber. Mr. IngersoU worked as a pioneer many years, and, as a result, has an improved farm and a good home ; he experienced many of the privations, but had true York State pluck. Married Miss Julia Walker in 1847, who died in 1849. Married Miss Adria Hill, of Concord, May 20, 1851 ; their only son, Julius L., was born April 18, 1854; he has spent his life and been educated in his native county ; was a student at Elroy Seminary about one year, and has taught two terms of school in the county ; the father and son are Democrats; J. L. lugersoll is a member of Farmington Lodge No. 35, I. O. 0. F. THOMAS jflcGEE, farmer, Sees. 23, 26 and 27 ; P. 0. Concord ; born in County Louth, Ireland, in 1818; his early life was passed in Ireland; came to America in 1849, locating in Concord; bought heavily timbered land, which he cleared and still owns ; bought his present homestead in 1851 ; has worked hard and been very successful, as he now owns 357 acres of improved land. Married Miss Mary McGorman July 17, 1855; they have seven children living — Michael, Mary, Rosey, Margaret, Annie, Emma and Martha. Mr. McGee is a Democrat ; has been Justice of the Peace two terms, and is Treas- urer and an active member of St. Mary's Catholic Church. As one of its successful farmers, Mr. McGee is identified with the history and progress of Jeflerson Co. JAjflES MctJINNIS, farmer. Sec. 29; P. 0. Concord; born in County Louth, Ireland, Sept. 25, 1832; came to America with his father, Patrick McGinnis, in 1848; has since resided in Concord, and settled on his present farm of 100 acres in 1858. Married Miss Margaret Garrity, of Sullivan, Feb. 15, 1838 ; they have nine children living — Mary, Margaret, Catherine, James, Barnard, John, Elizabeth, Frances and Thomas. Mr. McGinnis is a strong advocate of Democratic principles, and has been Town Treasurer, Assessor and Justice of the Peace many years ; is now Justice of the Peace ; is a Catholic and farmer, who has cleared his farm of heavy timber and made a good home. PATRICK McGIlV'JfIS, farmer, Sees. 29 and 32 ; P. O. Concord ; born in County Louth, Ireland, Feb. 14, 1838; came to America with his parents in 1848, locating in Concord, where he has since lived; enlisted in February, 1864, in the 36th W. V. I., and was with his regiment through the sieges of Richmond and Petersburg ; was in pursuit of Lee and a witness of his surrender ; then went to Lynchburg, Va., and returned to Washington, via Richmond, and took part in the final grand review; the regiment was discharged at JefFersonville. Ind., July 22, 1865 ; it is one of which Wisconsin should be proud, as it made a proud record. Mr. McGinnis settled on his present farm of ISO acres in 1868, and married Miss Mary Ward, of Ottawa, Waukesha Co., Wis., Oct. 19, 1868; they have four children — Ellen, hidward, Andrew and Mary. Mr. McGinnis is a Democrat, and one of the enterprising, self-reliant farmers of his county. JOHN MOORE, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Rome; born in St. Lawrence Co., Canada, March 16, 1826 ; removed to the State of New York with his parents, when very young, and remained five years: they then removed to Ashtabula Co., Ohio. Mr. Moore came to Sullivan, Jefferson Co., Wis., where he began as a farm laborer ; after foiir years, he returned to Ashtabula Co., Ohio, and married, Sept. 19, 1850, Mi.ss Luretta Hill, who was born in the county; they have ten children living — Hannah, Louisa A., Herbert L., Alice A., Emma S., Nancy G., William, Mary F., Jasper and Angeline. Mr. Moore is a Republican, and has been Treasurer and Asse.s.sor in Sullivan many years. He settled on the farm he now owns of eighty acres in 1866 ; has on his farm a sorghum-mill and lime-kiln. He made 2,600 gallons of soruhuni sirup in 1878, and sells from 2,000 to 3,000 bushels of lime per annum. SMITH MOORE, farmer. Sees. 12 and 13; P. 0. Oconomowoc ; born in Rutland Co., Yt., April 15, 1816 ; he left his native State at 10 years of age, with his parents, and settled in Essex Co., N. 676 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Y. He lived seven years in Monroe Co., then removed to Allegany Co., where he took contracts in build- ing the Genesee Valley Canal and New York & Erie Railroad. He came to Oconomowoc, Wis., in June, 1844; after two years, he removed to Summit, Waukesha Co., where he resided till 1S54, when he settled on eighty acres of land, which he now owns. By hard work, pluck and skill, lie now has a well-improved farm of 320 acres. He married Miss Emil}- Marchant, of Washington Co., N. Y., June 7, 1842; they have four living children — Ellen, Franklin W., La Fayette and Lucy F. Mr. Moore is a stanch Demo- crat ; was Supervisor, Town Treasurer, and has been Justice of the Peace twelve consecutive years ; he is one of the piogressive farmers, has been a grower of hops over twenty years, and has now thirty head of cattle, nine horses, beside sheep and hoirs. . PETBIE, farmer. Sees. 16 and 21 ; P. 0. Concord ; born in Little Falls, Herkimer Co., N. Y., Nov. 18, 1822 ; spent his early life in Little Falls, where he was educated, and came to Concord, Jefferson Co., Wis., in September, 1843. He bought State land which was at this time a wilderness of timber and brush. Mr. Petrie did his full share of the pioneer work incident to those days, as he had lit- tle or nothing to begin with ; he literally chopped out his farm and home, and now has 210 acres of well- improved land as a reward. He married Miss J. F. Holcomb Feb. 25, 1847 ; the}' have four children liv- ing — Ellen L., EUery C, Irvins; W. and Harley H. Mr. Petrie is a Republican, and has been Chairman of the Town Board and Town Clerk many years ; he was Town Superintendent of schools under the old system, and was a member of the Wisconsin Legislature in 1861 and also in 1867. As one of the success- ful pioneer farmers, he has full-blooded and grade Durham cattle, beside horses and hogs. ISAAC POE, deceased ; born in Medina Co., Ohio, in 1822; spent his early days in Ohio, and married, Jan. 11, 1843, Miss Polly Holcomb, of his native county; they came to Concord in 1846, and bought a piece of land so covered with timber that Mr. Poe had to cut trees before he could build. The young couple had their allotted share of the pioneer privations, but kept bravely at work, cleared up the farm and made a good home. Mr. Poe enlisted in 1862 in the 29th W. V. I. ; wa.s made Fourth Ser- geant, and died at Helena, Ark., March 7, 1863 ; he lies buried in Concord. His death was deplored by a large circle of old friends and numerous relatives ; he left seven children — Frances M., Chauncy W., Cinder- ella, David W., Flaville W., Theodore J. and Ida E. His wife still resides on the old homestead of 115 acres, with the two younger children. JOHX SEEL, farmer. Sees. 11 and 14; P. 0. Concord; born in Hessian Germany, Feb. 3, 1828; came to America with his parents in 1832, locating in Medina Co., Ohio ; after six years, they went to Cuyahoga Co., and remained till 1853, when Mr. Sell came to Concord, Jefferson Co., Wis., where he has since lived; sold his farm on Section 29, and settled.on his present farm of 160 acres in 1865; he has made all his improvements, built his large barns, etc., and has just finished a new brick farmhouse. Married Miss Catherine Usinger in 1853 ; they have twelve'children — Mary, Catherine, Susan, Margaret, Jacob L., John N., Rachel, Melvina, George, Herman, Edward and Frederick. Mr. Sell is a Democrat, and has been Chairman of his town thirteen years, and now holds the office ; is also a Director of the County Agricultural Society, and a member of the Temple of Honor ; he is a very successful farmer, and has twentv-two head of cattle, three horses, beside sheep and hoKS. CHARLES SPE\CE, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 0. Concord; born in London, England, Feb. 14, 1840 ; came to America with his parents in 184S, locating in Concord, Jefferson Co.. Wis. ; here he has since lived with the exception of six or seven years spent in the mines of Colorado, Utah, Montana and Idaho. HeVeturned in 1870, and located on the old homestead of 335 acres; this was the farm of his father, Richard Spence, who died May 19, 1875, leaving eight children — William. .Mary A.. Richard, Elizabeth, George, John, Charles and Edward. The subject of this sketch married Miss Mary E. Spauld- ing Maroh 5, 1875 ; they have three children — Lillie, Samuel and Myrtle. Mr. Spence is a Democrat, and is liberal in religion ; has been a Supervisor, and with his brother is well known and respected in the countv. MRS. LUCINDA TAYLOR, Sec. 9; P. O. Concord; bom in Schoharie Co., N. Y., March 31, 1816 ; at the age of 10, came with her parents to Michigan, where she lived until June, 1838, COKCORD TOWKSHIP. 677 when she came to Jefferson Co., Wis., with her husband, Williavn Dunning, whom she married in Wayne Co., Mich. ; the young couple settled on the farm of forty-nine acres, where Mrs. T. now lives with her son Clinton ; the farm was a wilderness of timber and brush, and they suffered the usual privations incident to the times. Mr. D. was a carpenter, and built many of the substantial old buildings in his town ; he had a good home fliirly under way when he died of cholera, July 23, 184(i, leaving four children — Jane, Miles, Charles and Clinton. Mrs. Dunning married Robert Taylor in 1851, who died in 1862. Clinton Dunning was born on the old firm Nov. 25, 1847 ; has spent his life and been educated in his native county, though he lived one year in Illinois, and was a raftsman on the Mississppi two seasons, he also resided two seasons in Minnesota. In Faribault, Minn., he married, Oct. 7, 1874, Miss Ella Piper, of Sauk Co., Wis. ; they have two children — Nadia Peari and Essie. Mr. Dunning is a Republican, and one of the successful young farmers of his native county. EHIERSOW H. THAYER, former. Sec. 16; P. 0. Concord; born in town of Concord, April 17, 1856 ; son of Rev. W. H. Thayer, who came to Concord in 1844. The family are closely identi- fied with the early history of this county, as three generations have lived here. W. H. Thayer died Oct. 15, 1876, leaving a wife and five children — Emerson, Nelson, Lewis, Sarah and Clara, who died in 1876. Emerson Thayer has spent his life in Jefferson Co., with the exception of four years in Sauk and Vernon Cos., as a student and teacher ; he has taught in his native county, and intends to continue the pro- fession. He has fifty acres of the old farm ; is a Republican and in sympathy with the U. B. Church of his fother. JOi^EPH T. VANDERVEEAR, farmer and carpenter. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Concord ; born in Montgomery Co., N. Y., Feb. 13, 1829; spent his younger years in his native State, where he was educated and learned his trade; he came to Dodge Co., Wis., in April, 1856, and after six months settled in Concord, where he has since lived. Enlisted in February, 1865, in the 47th W. V. I., and was with his regiment in Tennessee and Alabama in pursuit of guerrillas ; was discharged with the rest in Septem- ber, 1865. He married Miss Nancy A. Osterhout, of Montgomery Co., N. Y., Feb. 19, 1861 ; they have two children — Miles E. and Roba M. Mr. V. is a Democrat, and has been Town Clerk during the past eight years, and now holds the office ; he has been very successful at his business, and has erected many good buildings. LAURENCE VAIIGHX, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Concord ; born in County Tipperary, Ireland, in May, 1803 ; his younger days were spent in Ireland as a farmer; came to America in 1840, locating at Troy, N. Y. ; worked on the Erie Canal one year, spent three or four years in Rensselaer Co., N. Y., and came to Wisconsin in 1846 ; after three years' residence in Milwaukee Co., he located in Con- cord, settled on Section 24, and after two vears, removed to his present farm of ninety-five acres ; the land was heavily timbered, and Mr. Vaughn did good work as a pioneer; as a result, he has an improved farm and a good home. Married Miss Margaret Reardon, who died in September, 1877, leaving ten children — Phillip, Michael, Margaret, Catherine, Ellen, James, John, Laurence, Timothy and Peter. Michael served three years in the 28th W. V. I. Regiment, and is now living in Minnesota, as are Phillip, John and Lau- rence ; Timothy and Peter are on the old form, and the daughter resides in Jeft'erson Co. Mr. Vaughn is a Republican, and a member of the Catholic Church. JOHN WHITE, farmer. Sees. 14 and 11 ; P. 0. Concord; born in Orange Co., N. Y., June 29, 1843; he came to Wisconsin with his parents when 7 years of age, locating in Concord, where he has spent his life and been educated ; he is now on the original homestead of 161 acres, which his father bought in May, 1850. Married Miss Barbara Scheckelman, of Hebron, Oct. 29, 1872; they have four children — Annie, William, Mary and Flliza. Mr. White is a Democrat and a member of the Catholic Church. He is one of the go-ahead farmers and raises the usual stock and crops. J. M. WICSGINTON, merchant, farmer and Postmaster, Concord ; born in Monmouthshire, Eng., July 3, 1836 ; came to America with his parents in 1842. locating in Pewaukee, Wis.; after a few months, they removed to Summit, Waukesha Co., Wis., and after a residence of one year they returned to Pewaukee and lived one year ; they then settled in Concord. Mr. Wigginton began business for him- self in 1867 and has been very successful ; has a general stock, including dry goods, hats and caps, boots and shoes, groceries, drugs, hardware, paints and oils, farm implements, etc. Mr. Wigginton owns 165 acres of land on Sees. 10, 15 and 16; has the usual stock and crops, and has for many years been an extensive grower of hops. He married Miss Elizabeth A. Webb July 3, 1862 ; they have six children — William R., Mary F., John N., Edwin ^l., Walter W. and Clara M. Mr. Wigginton is a Republican; has been Town Clerk and was appointed Postmaster September 11, 1865. He is well known as an enter- prising business man and farmer of Jefferson Co., in which he has spent the most of his life and been educated. 678 BIOGR.VPHICAL SKETCHES: WILLIAII WILLARD, farmer, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Concord ; born in Sussex Co., Eng., June 4, ISuS ; spent his early life ia England and came to America about 1832; resided eleven years in the State of New York and settled in Concord in October, 1343 ; he began on forty acres in 1855 ; has bought some land and sold more ; now has thirty six acres and a good home. Married Miss Mary Crouch June 13. 1827, who died Oct. 11, 1872, leaving six children — Alice, Serena, James, Sarah J., Elizabeth A. and Mary E. Mr. W. is a stanch Republican in politics and is well known and respected. He married Mrs. Eliza J. Knapp Feb. 25, 1873. Mrs. Willard was born in Hampshire, Eng., July 9, 1826 ; came to America with her parents in 1831 and settled in Jefferson Co.. N. Y.: she left New York with her parents for Milwaukee at 17 ; here she married John Whittaker June 19, 1843 ; with him she began pioneer life in Concord on eighty acres of heavily timbered land; they had a good house fairly begun when Mr. W. died in November, 1848, leaving two children— Lettice and Mary J. On the 30th of March, 1851, Mrs. W. married H. L. Knapp, who died Jan. 7, 1852, leaving one son — Henry J., born on the day of his father's death. Mrs. Knapp married, March 19, 1853, Bartholomew Knapp, and resided with him on their Concord farm until his death, April 10, 1865; he left four children — Levina, Edith, Jasper and Jason. Mrs. Knapp continued to reside in Wisconsin and married Mr. Willard. They are quietly spending their days on his pleasant farm in Concord. Mrs. W. united with the M. E. Church at 25 and has since been an active worker in the cause of Christianity ; her children are all residents of Wisconsin and Minnesota. COLD SPRING TOWNSHIP. FRAXK E. AliLEX. bom April 3, 1853, in the town of Milford, Jefferson Co., Wis. ; son of F. M. Allen; removed from Milford, in 1873, to Fort Atkinson, where Mr. Allen, with his father, bought and operated the Fort Atkinson Flouring Mills. In the summer of 1879, the Messrs. Allen purchased the water power uf the old Brink Mill, at Cold Spring, and constructed a grist-mill, with four run of stones. In 1875, Mr. F. E. Allen was married to Miss Emma M. Manning, of Lake Mills ; two children have thus far blessed their union — Claud M. and Ethel I. Allen, the former now being dead. ,OR, farmer, Sees. 9 and 8; P. 0. Whitewater, Walworth Co. ; born in Somersetshire, Eng., March l.^i. IH'SA. The early part of his life was spent iu England ; came to America in 1856, locat-ing on his farm of 200 acres in 1857. He married Miss Maria Cocke Feb. 28, 1850 ; they have ten children — Ellen, Thomas, Edwin B., IMartha J., Frank, Alice A., Theodore, Lillie, Clement and Albert E. Mr. Taylor is a Republican, and a member, with his wife, of the U. B. Church. He is raising thorough- bred, grade of Durham and Holstine cattle, having 30 head, also has 60 Leicester grade sheep, 7 horses and 7 hogs ; he began life with but small means, and has wrought otit his own success. DELOS W. VAIL, farmer, Sees. 10 and 21 ; P. 0. Whitewater, Walworth Co. ; born in Chenango Co., N. Y., Jan. 0, 1817. The early part of his life was spent and his education obtained in his native county; he came to Jefferson Co., Wis., in June, 1842. and bought 120 acres of Government land, which he still owns. Here he began as a pioneer farmer and hunter; he broke up several hundred acres of wild land, as he was one of the very first settlers in his town ; he now has a well-improved farm of 240 acres. Mr. Vail married Miss Relief Wagner Jan. 13, 1839, who died March 13, 1807, leaving eight children— Ruth A., John D., Mary A., Frances C, Celia, Frederick C, Addie and Leoline. He married Mrs. Frances C. Butts March 15, 1868; they have two daughters — Alice and Susan. Mr. Vail is a Demo- crat, and has been Chairman of the Town Board, Supervisor, Assessor, Justice of the Peace, and was Road Commissioner iu the early days, and was one of a few to build most of the roads in his town. He is closely identified with the early history of Jefferson Co., and is one of her successful farmers ; is raising full-blooded and grade Durham cattle, and has 37 head, has 270 French Merino sheep, horses and 20 hogs. A. J. WADLiFiUJH, farmer. Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Whitewater, Walworth Co. ; born in Sutton, N. H., Oct. 13, 1827. His early days were spent in Sherbrooke Co., Canada, where he was educated; he came to Cold Spring, Jeff'erson Co., and settled on his present farm of eighty acres in 1845. As one of the hardy pioneers, he broke up hundreds of acres of wild land. He has also been an extensive dealer in livestock. Married Miss M. G. Wilbur, of Cold Spring, Dec. 25, 1860; they have three children — Walter, Clara B. and Martie. Mr. Wadieigh is a stanch Republican ; as one of the enterprising farmers of his counfy ; he is breeding Percheron horses, Durham grade cattle, beside sheep, hogs, etc. WATERLOO TOWNSHIP. C. (jr. BEIili, editor and proprietor of the Waterloo Journal ; born at Houlton, Aroostook Co . Me., July 1, 1852; came to Wisconsin in 1861 ; located at Marshall, Dane Co.; in 1873. went into the post office at that place as Assistant Postmaster, which position he retained until May, 1S79, when he pur- chased his present paper. He married at Marshall, Dane Co., Wis., May 7, 1878, Ada E. Fuller, a native of Pennsylvania. D. O. BENNETT, physician, Waterloo; born in McDonough, Chenango Co., N. Y., Jan. 10, 1843; came to Wisconsin in 1861 ; located at Juneau, Dodge Co., in 1S62. Enlisted in the 29lh W. V. I. ; went into active service, participating in several battles ; was wounded at the battle of Port Gibson, Miss., May 1, 1863; discharged on account of disability in February, 1804, after being engaged in the siege of Vicksburg ; returned to Wisconsin ; was employed as clerk in the mercantile business at Beaver Dam and Juneau, Dodge Co. ; in 1865, went into a drug store as clerk at Fond du Lac, where he also studied medicine, having previously commenced the study under his brother. Dr. H. J. Bennett, con- tinuing his studies under tuition of Dr. Lilly, of Fond du Lac ; graduated at Rush Medical College, Chi- cago, 111., in February, 1870; remained with Dr. Lilly until May, and began the practice at Waterloo. Married at Concord, Mich., Feb. 17, 1874, Miss F. E. Young, of Bergen, N. Y.; have two children. WATERLOO T0W:NSHIP. 683 OEORGE BLEECKER, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Ilubbleton ; born in Canada Nov. 30, 1820 ; came to Wisconsin in July, 1847; located in Waterloo Township; engaged in improving his land; in 1849, bought an interest in a steam saw-mill in Milford, which he sold in 1852 ; since then has given his attention entirely to farming. Married in St. Clair Co., Mich., Feb. 26, 1843, Eliza T. Burnham, of New Hampshire; has five children living, and lost two — William J., born March 20, 1844, died June 13, 1863; Jane A., born Jan. 13, 1S46, died in August, 1847; Mary E., born Feb. 10, 1849 ; John R.,born June 7, 1853 ; Harry 0., born July 6, 1860 ; Frank G., born Aug. 22, 1863 ; Arthur B., born July 26, 1866. Mr. Bleecker has a farm of 590 acres. WIIiLiIAlfl F. BOXD, hotel proprietor, Waterloo; born in Middlebury (now Wyoming), Genesee Co., N. Y., Dec. 28, 1818: came to Wisconsin in 1843; located in Grant Co.; engaged in farm- ing and mining; in the fall of 1846, moved to Portland, Dodge Co., where he bought and worked a farm of 100 acres; in 1850, sold this, and purchased 160 acres in Dane Co. ; in 1855, sold out and bought 400 acres in Lowell, Dodge Co., which he disposed of in 1866, and bought 320 acres in Waterloo Township; in 1870, he again disposed of his farm and purchased his present hotel, the Badger State House, and 155 acres in the village of Waterloo ; also started in connection with his hotel a livery and boarding stable. Married at Benton, Grant Co., Wis., June 15, 1846, Miss Emeline Price, of Missouri ; have three children. Has held various public offices. WILLIAM BOORMAX, mill owner and farmer; P. 0. Waterloo; born in Kent Co., Eng., June 8, 1824; came to America in 1848, remaining in Rochester, N. Y., until 1849, when he came to Wisconsin, and he and his brother, Benjamin Boorman, bought the mill now owned by Mr. William Boorman ; the joint capital of the two brothers was 82.50 ; the first lot of barrels purchased by them cos - ing'$3.50, they were obliged to run in debt for $1. Mr. William Boorman, in 1858, engaged in the mer- cantile business until 1861 ; in 1866, he was a member of a stock company, and started a machine-shop, which came into his possession in 1875. Mr. Boorman is owner of 697 acres of land. Married, in Wal- worth Co., Wis., Nov. 15, 1852, Miss Esther Boorman, of Sussex, Eng. ; have seven children. WILLIAM BITTH, blacksmith, wagon and carriage maker, Waterloo ; born in Prussia Oct. 4, 1836 ; came to America in 1857 ; worked at his trade in Milwaukee until 1858, when he came to Waterloo and worked at his trade; in July, 1862, started his present business. He is a member of the German Lutheran Church. Married, in Waterloo Township, Sept. 28, 1861, Miss Louise Smith, of Ger- many ; have six children — William C. F., August C. F., Eda, Hedwig, Anna and Fredrick. K. P. CLARK, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Waterloo ; born in Merrimack Co., N. H., Dec. 6, 1820 ; came to Wisconsin in 1843; located in Waterloo Township, Jefterson Co., where he entered Government land and went to improving it. Was a member of the General Assembly, elected in 1856; has been Chairman of the Board of Supervisors for seven or eight years ; County Surveyor for thirty years ; is a member of F. & A. M. and of Grange. Married, at Portland, Dodge Co., in 1848, Betsey L. Wicker, of Vermont, who died in 1850. Married, second time, at Portland, Dodge Co., Melissa L. Larrabee, of . N. Y.; has seven children living; lost one. Is the owner of 137 acres. EDWARD DOSCHADES, hotel proprietor, Waterloo ; born in Germany March 20, 1838 ; came to America in 1865 ; located at Watertown, Wis., and went to work at his trade of turner ; in 1868, went to Baraboo, Sauk Co., and engaged in the same business; in 1871, he opened a hotel at Everyman's S ation, which he kept until 1875 ; went to farming two years ; in 1878, came to Waterloo and started the Wisconsin Hotel. Married, in Germany, in May, 1864, Amelia Budach, of Germany; has one child — Otto, born Dec. 30, 1875. CONRAD FAILINGER, merchant, Waterloo ; born in Prussia Feb. 16, 1838; came to America in 1848, locating in Waterloo ; in 1850, engaged as clerk in the mercantile business at Port- land ; in 1859, went to i'arming until 1861 ; came to Waterloo as clerk in a dry-goods store; in 1862, went with an army sutler as clerk ; returned to Waterloo, where, in 1866, he went into the mercantile business at his present store. Has been Treasurer of the village and Treasurer of the town. Married, in Jciferson Co., Wis., Dec. 13, 1865, Lydia S. M. Forsyth, of Milwaukee; have two sons — Louis C.. born Nov. 2:;, 1867, and Zeno O., Oct. 29" 1878. JOHN J. FISCHBACK, shoemaker, Waterloo; born in Germany March 12, 1833; came to America in 1849 ; located at Watertown and went to work at his trade; in 1855, went to farm- ing, carrying on also his boot and shoe making ; in 1859, went to Minnesota ; returned in 1860 and worked at his trade until 1866, when he started his present business at Waterloo. Married, at Watertown, July 4, 1864, Rosaline Blachke, of Bohemia ; has four children — John J., F. M., Annie and Emma. JOHN 84 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: t I fanning until 1878, when he came to Waterloo to reside, retiring from active business. Married, in County Antrim. Ireland, June 11, 1835, Jane Wilson, of that county; have nine children; lost one. CARIj HAESE, harne.ss-maker, Waterloo ; born in Prussia Oct. 8, 1830; came to America in 1856; located at Watertown and enj^aged in the harness busines.s ; in 1858, came to Waterloo and went into the same business ; in 1864, started his presectshop; in 1873, went into the mercantile business until 1878. Has been Village Trustee three years. Village Treasurer three years and member of Village Board seven years. Marripd, in Waterloo Township, Sept. 24, 1858, Jliss Margaret Gritt, of Prussia ; have four children living — Fredrick, Helena, Augusta and Amelia; have lost two. S. L. HAZE3)% farn'er. Sec. 30 ; P. O. Waterioo; born in Franklin Co., N. Y., May 29, 1830 ; came to Wisconsin in 1S45 with his father, who died in 1871 ; in 1853, he went to California and engaged in mining until 1859, when he returned to Waterloo and went to farming. Has been DLstrict Clerk nine years ; is a member of the I. 0. O. F. and of the Good Templars. Married, in Waterloo Township, June 15, 1861, Frances M. Towsley, of Ohio, who died in June, 1863 ; has one child — Walter, born Sept. 11, 1862. Owns a farm nf 110 acres. 31. V. B. HtTTCHIXSOX, grain-dealer, Vv atcrloo ; born at Montpelier, Vt., March 23. 1835 ; came to Wisconsin in 1846, locating with his father at Janesville ; engaged in various pursuits, among them brickmaking; made the bricks with which the Topping House was built — one of the first brick houses -built in Waterloo. In 185S, began dealing in grain and produce. Enlisted Aug. 26, 1861, in Co. C, 11th W. V. I., participating in several engagements; promoted to Second Lieutenant in October, 1862, and to First Lieutenant March IS, 1S63 ; resigned June 15, 1S63 ; returned to Waterloo, and, in February, 1865, organized a Company, and went with 4Sth W. V. I., Co. E, holding commission as Captain ; went into active service, and was mustered out in January, 1866 ; returned to Waterloo and renewed his former business as grain-dealer. Married at Waterloo, Wis., in February, 1861, Miss Mary E. Babeock, of Cattaraugus Co., N. Y. ; have five children living, lost one. PETER JAXISCH, hardware merchant, Waterloo ; born in Bohemia, Austria, June 21, 1S42; came to America in 1S54, locating at Watertown, and learned the trade of tinsmith. In 1861, enlisted in 4th W. V. I. ; served a short time ; was mustered out, and re-enlisted same fall in Co. E, 20th W. V. I.; was wounded at battle of Prairie Grove, Dec. 7, 1862; was discharged in the spring of 1863. In 1867, came to Waterloo and went into hardware business. Has been Village Trustee, Justice of the Peace since 1875 ; is member of German Catholic Church. Married, at Watertown, Wis., in 1868, Amelia Pfifer, native of Bohemia, Austria ; have three children. BERNARD LESCHIXGER, bakery and saloon, Waterloo; born in Bohemia, Austria, Jan. 21, 183s ; came to America in 1S52; located at Waterloo ; went to farming. In 1S6S, started a saloon, and, in 1872, started the City Bakery; owns seventy-four acres in the village. Married, at Watertown, Oct. 1, 1862, Amelia Fibeger, of Bohemia, Austria, who was born May 8, 1846 ; have two children — Ella L., born June 13, 1868, and Erail, born Aug. 9, 1871. WILjLiIAII F. liUM, lumber dealer, Waterloo ; born in Medina, Ohio, June 3, 1833; came to Wisconsin in 1S45, locating in Dane Co. in 1856 ; engaged in lumber business at Black Earth ; in 1859, went into same business at Marshall ; in 1867, he started his present business at Waterloo, of Lum & Co. Married, at Madison, Maj' 19, 1857, Battle C. Lyon, of New York ; has three children. R. J. READIER, Postmaster, Waterioo ; born in Aurora, Cayuga Co., N. Y., March 27, 1837. Enlisted Sept. 17, 1S61, in Co. D, 75th N. Y. V. I. ; went into active service with regiment, and par- ticipated in all battles in which it was engaged; re-enlisted as veteran in same regiment; was wounded at battle of Winchester, W. ^'a. After participating in sixteen general engagements, was mustered out of service Sept. 25, 1865. Returned to Aurora, N. Y., and engaged as clerk in mercantile business; in 1867, came to Wiscon'-in, located at Waterloo, went to selling agricultural implement's and machinery. In 1873, went into Post Office as clerk ; in March, 1S74, was appointed Postmaster. In 1875, started also general mercantile business. Is member of A., F. & A. M., of Temple of Honor, and of Good Templars. Mar- ried, at .\urora, Cayuga Co., N. Y., Nov. 1, 1875, Jliss Janette Townscnd, of Troy, N. Y. ; have two chil- dren — John W., born Oct. 30, 1867 ; Charles E., born June 14, 1875. EIjI.IAH H. STIIjES, carpenter and joiner, Sec. 36; P. 0. Lake Mills; born in JefiFerson Co., N. Y., May 13, 1831 ; his father, Silas D. Stiles, was born in Massachusetts Oct. 31, 1788 ; moved from Cook Co., 111., to Wisconsin in 1838, locating in Milford, Jefferson Co. ; engaged in farming, and died Feb. 10, 1848 ; Elijah H. Stiles remained on the farm until 1861, when lie sold his 130 acres and went to work at his trade : in 1878, he built the house at Faville Grove, Waterloo Township, where he now resides. W. D. STILES, farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Lake Mills ; born in Franklin Co., Mass., Dec. 26, 1830: came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1843; located in 1844, in Waterloo Township; engaged in i 1: tl FORT ATKINSON KOSHKONONG TOWNSHIP. 687 farming and teaching school. Has held all the local offices. Married, at Waterloo, Wis., Nov. 7, 1855, Martha H. Hawthorn, of 'County Antrim, Ireland ; have four children. CORNELIUS VAN VECHTEN, retired; P. 0. Waterloo; born at Eagle Bridge, Rensselaer Co., N. Y. ; came West in 18G6; located in Waterloo Township in 1874 ; purchased the residence in Waterloo Village where he now lives, in 1875. He discovered on his premises two mineral springs, which he had analyzed, and the analysis i§ herewith attached of the first well, which he has named the Empire : GRAINS IN 1 GALLON U. 8. MEASURE. , Chloride of sodium 171.027 Chloride of potassium 14..565 Chloride of magnesium 12.016 ^ulphate of lime 2.3,444 Sulphate of iron 4.413 Carbonate of magnesia 17.811 Carbonate of iron 121.562 Carbonate of lime 41.015 Carbonic acid gas Muriatic acid gas Sulphuric acid gas Organic matter .' 0. The second well contains different properties, as shown by analysis ; in 187(3, he discovered a third well, which is called the Centerville ; the water of all these wells is believed by Mr. Van Vechten and family to be highly charged by electricity, and they have many testimonials from parties believed to be cured, by the use of these waters, of kidney disease, heart disease, dyspep.sia and many other diseases. H. A. WEDEMEYER, Notary Public, loan and collecting agent, Waterloo ; born in Ger- many Dec. 10, 1840 ; came to America in 1850 ; followed farming until 1868, when he engaged in busi- ness as Notary Public, real-estate and insurance agent, at Watertown ; in 1874, went into the manufacture of agricultural implements with Charles Wood; in 1875, went to selling their machinery ; in 1878, came to Waterloo and opened his present business. S. M. WIENER, merchant, Waterloo; born in Prussia Nov. 13, 1832; graduated at the gymnasium at Posen, Prussia, in 184!) ; left his native land on account of political troubles in 1850, and came to America ; engaged in mercantile business in New York ; returned to Prussia in 1851, remaining two years ; came to Wisconsin in 1860, locating at Marshall, Dane Co., and went into mercantile business ; in 1864, moved to Waterloo and started in business at that place ; in 1873, again visited his native country, bringing back with him his parents. Many of the citizens will remember the affable old gentle- man, Mark Weiner, who died a few years ago. Mr. Wiener has been President of the village two terms, and holds that office at present ; he is a member of the F. & A. M. and of Chapter 22 ; member of the Knights of Honor and of the B. B. Married, in New York, March 11, 1856, Miss Sophia Meyer, a native of Hanover ; have seven children. KOSHKONONC TOWNSHIP. STEPHEN ABROTT, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. O. Fort .Atkinson ; born in Bath, Somersetshire, England, May 29, 1821 ; son of James and Mary (Shepherd) ; came to America in 1845, and located in Onondaga Co , N. Y. ; came to Wisconsin in 1845 and located in Koshkonong ; purchased hi.s present homestead in 1867, consisting of eighty acres in Sec. 9. Married, March 18, 1844, Mary Atwood, daugh- ter of James and Hannah (Combs) ; had five children — Ellen L., Charles, Agnes, Eva and Florence. Liberal in religion ; Republican. F. M. ALLiEN, miller, Fort Atkinson ; born in Canaan, Columbia Co., N. Y., July 7, 1820 ; came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1844 and located at Milford, Jefferson Co.; worked for several years in the employ of Mr. N. Pratt, of Milford Mills, and when N. S. Green & Son purchased the mill entered their employ ; remained till 1873, then came to Fort Atkinson and engaged with Messrs. May, Water- bury & Co.; in 1876, purchased the Fort Atkinson grist-mill ; May 15, .1879, sold out to the old firm and purchased the Cold Springs Mills, which he and his sons are now fitting up to do business in. Mar- ried, July 4, 1852, Miss Mary J. Mills, daughter of George Mills, of Milford, Jefferson Co.; have four children living, one died in infancy — Frank B., born April 3, 1853; William H., Sept. 18, 1854 ; Ethan V 688 • BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: G., April 10, 1859. and Clarence, July 15, 1868. Mr. Allen wa.s elected first Alderman of the First Ward after the change of the charter. 3Iember of the Masons, Billing.s' Lodge, A., F. cV A. M. ; he is a Democrat. ' llANIEli AliWORTH, farmer, deceased; came to Wisconsin and located on Sec. 20, Kosh- konong, in 1845; born in Madison Co., N. Y., Dec. 2, 1820. Married Miss Abigail Butler Oct. 20, 1841 ; ihey have four children — Adelia M., Ella E.,.Orvin C, Emma R. Came to Wisconsin in 1845, and .settled in Koshkonong, where he resided till his death, Sept. 12, 1808. Was elected Treasurer one year, and Assessor one year ; politics. Republican. JOSEPH BAIL.EY, farmer; P. 0. Whitewater, Walworth Co., Wis. ; born in Edinburg, N. Y., Aug. IG, 1S24 ; came to Wisconsin in 1857, and settled on his present farm, on Sec. 33, town of Kcshkonong. Married, Nov. 28, 1849, Louise J. Ried, daughter of Francis Ried ; have twp children — Amos P., born Nov. 14, 1854; Louise, born April 4, 1858. Is a member of the Methodist Church ; Democrat. He was in the 4yth W. V. I, Co. H ; was in the service nine months. Sold his farm to his son, Amos Bailey, in January, 1870. (jiEORtiE W. BrRCHARD, Secretary to Gov. Smith; born in Remsen, Oneida Co., N. Y., Dec. 26, 1835 ; was the sou of Jabez and Lucy ( Mungerj Burchard ; they came to Wisconsin in 1850, and located in Waukesha, where they resided for some time, and finally moved to Fox Lake, Dodge Co., where Mr. Jabez Burchard died, and the following year Mrs. Burchard died ; both buried at that jilace. George W. received his early education in Chautauqua Co., N. Y., ; is a graduate of Carroll College, Wisconsin, and was admitted to the bar in 1859. Married, Sept. 26, 1866, Miss Lucinda E. Charles, daughter of Mr. J. S. and Elizabeth (Wilcox) Charles, formerlv of Ohio ; they have five children— John C, born Sept. 26, 1867 ; RobertC, June 16, 1869; Henry C.,'Sept. 7, 1872; Frederick C, Nov. 22, 1874; Paul C, Sept. 8, 1876. He enlisted, Aug. 21, 1862, in the 29th W. V. I., under Capt. Dunham; served one year and was then appointed Major to the 5flth Colored Troops; was afterward appointed to the staff of Gen. Randall, of Indiana ; also the staff of Gen. Solomon. Held the position of Provost Marshal General under Gen. Randall, in Arkansas, one year; was mustered out in September, 1866. Was elected President of Fort Atkinson one term. Appointed Director of Wisconsin State Prison in 1876; appointed Secretary to Gov. Smith, of Wisconsin, in 1878; is a mem- ber of the Masons and the Ancient Order of United Workmen. JAMES BLISS; P. 0. Fort Atkin.son ; born in Colerain, Franklin Co., Mass., March 4, 1798, where he lived till he was 18 years old, when, with his mother, he moved to Onondaga Co., N. Y., living there till 1840, when he came to Wisconsin and located in Koshkonong, Jefferson Co.; purchased 200 acres of land in Sec. 24, where he farmed till 1868 ; then retired to Fort Atkinson. Married, April 26, 1830, Elizabeth Seymour, a native of Chenango Co., N. Y.; children— Amelia E., born May 12, 1831, dead; Seymour H., born March 8, 1833, died aged 24 years; Augusta M., born Sept. 15, 1835; Orelia M., April 17, 1838. Mr. Bliss has held the office of Town Supervisor three terms, and on School Board as Trustee and Clerk ; Itepublican. FREDERICK BOLT, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. Fort Atkinson; native of Mecklenburg, Germany ; born Sept. 26, 1832 ; came to Wisconsin in January, 1857 ; he first settled in Watertown ; in 1867, he purchased his present farm of seven acres. Married, in November, 1857, in Germany, Sophia Rhode, who was born in Germany in 1828 ; have four children— Fritz, Amos, George and Willie. Mem- bers of the Lutheran Church ; Independent. CHESTER BRKwHAlfl, dece;i.sed ; born in Madison, Madison Co., N. Y., Aug. 17, 1816; came to Wisconsin and located on Sec. 15, Koshkonong, Jefferson Co., in the spring of 1856. Married Miss Alice Stoones Feb. 23, 1856; they have three children — Louis, born Feb. 1, 1857; Glen, Septem- ber, 1860; Bell M., August, 1862. The homestead is situated in Sec. 15, Koshkonong, consisting of 108 acres, all under cultivation ; raises the general products of the county, cattle and hogs. Mr. Chester Brigham died Dec. 14, 1869, and was buried in Lake View Cemetery, Fort Atkinson. Mr. Louis Brig- ham is a member of the Temple of Honor, and manages the farm for his mother. DAM^IEL BULLOCK, Superintendent of the Northwestern Manufiicturing Company ; born in Rehoboth, Bristol Co., Ma.ss., Nov. 24, 1827; son of Cyril and Betsey (Perry) Bullock; came to Wis- consin in 1852, locating in Grant Co.; bought a farm of 240 acres in 1853 ; gave up farming; moved to Hebron, Jeffenson Co.; entered the employ of Joseph Powers & Co., furniture manufacturers, fill 1855 ; moved to Whitewater and engaged with George Sisterly until 1861, when he leased the Bark River Mills (Hebron), and carried on business for three years ; then moved to Oil Creek, Penn., where he operated in the works two years; then returned to Fort Atkinson, Wis., in 1866, and was appointed Superin- tendent of the Northwestern Manufacturing Company, which position he fills to-day. He married, in KOSIIKONONG TOWNSHIP. 689 1849, Miss Caroline Rowe, daughter of Ira Rowe, of FarmingtoTi, Conn.; have one child — D. Adelbert born Jan. 31, 1851. They attend the Univcrsalist Church; Democrat. L.H. BrKLESOX, ftirmer ; P. O. Port Atkinson; born in Augusta, Oneida Co., N. Y., Jan. 31, 1835 ; son of Burleson and Lavina Sheldon, farmers; came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1864; bought 80 acres of land in Koshkouong ; sold his place in 1872, and purchased his present place of seventy-two acres, in Sec. 15 ; is raising fruit. Married, Jan. 1, 1857, Ann Kingsworth, daughter of Daniel Kingsworth and Myria (Ashbee), born Aug. 9, 1834; has four children — Aurora S., born March 13, 1861 ; George L.,Sept. 1, 180(3 ; Fred G., Sept. 20, 1868 ; May, May 7, 1872. Members of the Methodist Church ; Republican WILLIAM CAMPBELL, farmer; P. 0. Fort Atkinson; born in Cherry Valley, Otsego Co., N. Y., Oct. 8, 1814; came to Wisconsin in 1837; stopped in Milwaukee one year, and from there went, in 1838, to the lead mines in Illinois ; was there eighteen months, then returned and settled on his present farm-place in 1843, bought at the land .sale of 1840, of the Government, at $1.25 per acre. Married, in June, 1843; Emily Bartlett, daughter of Robert Bartlett; they have four children — Louise born Sept. 17, 1845; Jerome, Fob. 17, 1848; Arthur, Oct. 19, 1851; Frank W., July 26, 1854. Lib- eral in religion ; Democrat. Owns 200 acres of land on Sec. 27. L. B. CASWELL, attorney and counselor at law, Fort Atkinson ; born at Swanton, Frank- lin Co., Vt., Nov. 27, 1827; son of Beal and Betsey (Chapman) Caswell, his father dying when he was 3 years old ; in 1837, he came West with his step-father and mother, who located on Sec. 7, Fulton, Rock Co., where he passed his early life and received a common-school education ; in 1846, attended Milton Acad- emy ; then attended the Preparatory Class and entered Beloit College, when he took a partial collegiate course. In 1850, he entered the oflSce of Matt Carpenter, M. C.,to study law; at the expiration of a^ear and a half, was admitted to the bar, October, 1851 ; July 17, 1852, came to Fort Atkinson and com- menced practice. Married, Aug. 10, 1855, Miss Elizabeth May, daughter of Mr. Chester May, a resident of Fort Atkinson since 1840, and who died in 1849; Mrs. Caswell's mother, nee Hannah Damuth, died in April, 1879, and was buried in Lake View Cemetery. Mr. Caswell's mother, Mrs. Churchill, died in December, 1877, and her remains repose in Evergreen Cemetery. Mr. Caswell's family consists of him- self and wife, and six children — Chester A., Isabel, Lucian B., George W., Elizabeth M. and Harlow O. In 1854, he was elected District Attorney of Jefferson Co., and served two years; November, 1862 elected a member of the Assembly; in 1863, he was appointed Commissioner of Enrollment, with head- ((uarters at Janes\ille, serving till clo.se of the war; in 1871, again elected to the Assembly, and re-elected in 1873; elected on the Republican Ticket from the Second Congressional District (consisting of Dane, Columbia, Jefferson and Sauk Cos.), to the XLlVth,XLVth and XLVIth Congresses, serving from March 4, 1875; his present term of oifice will expire March 4, 1881. Member of I. 0. 0. F. JOHN CHADWICK, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; born in Stockbridge, Madison Co., N. Y., in 1827 ; son of John Chadwick and Lucretia Barker; he came to Wisconsin in 1848, and settled in Koshkonong, Jefferson Co.; he inherited the farm at his father's death, in 1858, consisting of 200 acres of land ; raises the general farm products. Liberal in religion ; Democrat. J. D. CLAPP, banker, Maine street, Fort Atkinson ; born in Westminster, Windham Co., Vt., Dec. 31, 181 1 ; son of Caleb and Nancy (Dorr) Clapp ; his father, Mr. Caleb Clapp, died at Westmin- ster May 19, 1829; Mr. Joseph D. Clapp, with his mother, came to Wisconsin and located at Milford, Jefferson Co., Sept. 21, 1839, where he purchased 400 acres, and, before the expiration of a year, bought 400 acres in addition on Sees. 8, 9, etc. ; his brother, M. R. Clapp, was e(|ually interested in these pur- chases ; he continued farming till 1857, when he purchased his present residence in Fort Atkinson, and about the same year, organized, with Mr. L. B. Caswell, the Koshkonong Bank. Married, in August 1841, Zida Ann May, daughter of Mr. Chester May, of Fort Atkinson; she died Feb. 14, 1868,^and was buried in Lake View Cemetery ; he married again, Mrs. S. C. Weld, widow of Dr. Weld, of Free- port, 111., Sept. 23, 1809 ; she is a daughter of Mr. Lyman Bartholemeau, and had two children by her first marriage— Will H. Weld, born Feb. 20, 1860 ; Nellie G. Weld, Oct. 10, 1867. Oct. 27, 1863, the date of organization of the First National Bank of Fort Atkinson, Mr. Clapp was elected President of that institution, and has been re-elected at each annual election ever since ; in 1863, elected to the State Senate for two years. Mr. Clapp is a member of the Univer.salist Church ; Democrat. OSCAR S. CORNISH, firm of Cornish & Curtis, Fort Atkinson ; born in Middlefield, Otsego Co., N., Y., Fell. 18, 1836 ; son of Henry N. and Diana (Salisbury) Cornish ; he came to Wis- consin in December, 1855, and located at Fort Atkinson, .Jefferson Co. Married, in 1859, Miss Elizabeth Whitney, daughter of Capt. A. and Mary { Hall) Whitney, of Tunbridge, Vermont ; have three children — Mary D., Warner W., Robert B. Mr. C. was President of the village two terms and member of Board of County Supervisors; is a member of Masonic Order, Knights Templar and A. 0. of U. W. e 690 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: BOYD CREIGHTON, farmer, Sec. 22; P. 0. Koshkonong ; born in Ireland March 10, 1812 ; came to America in 1839, landing in Philadelphia; came to Wisconsin on March 15, 1855, settled in Lima and engaged in farming ; settled at his present residence in 18G6, on 118 acres of land. Mar- ried, on Feb. 20, 1841, Fanny Creightou, daughter of John Creighton ; she died Jan. 20, 1844. Mar- ried the second time, March 20, 1844, Jane Thomson, who died in 187G. Married the third time, Jan. 13, 1877, Mary Jane Miller; they have two children — Sarah J. and Jenny B. He is a member of the Temple of Honor ; member of the Presbyterian Church. Politics, Democrat. CHARLEi^ CURTIS, farmer, Sec. 35; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; born in Tunbridge, Orange Co., Vt., June 2, 1829 ; son of J. P. and Philippi (Williams) Curtis; came to Wisconsin in 1843, and located on his present homestead, consisting of forty acres. Section 35. Married, in December, 1854, Olive Whit- ney; have one child — Orson C, born Sept. 25, 185G. Republican; religion, liberal. DAVID W. CURTIS, Fort Atkinson ; was born in the town of Chelsea, Orange Co., Vt., Nov. 14, 1833, being the second son and third child of Azro Burton Curtis and'Anna Whitney his wife. His grandfather's name, on his father's side, was Elias Curtis, who married Abigail Clement, and his great- grandfather's name was also Elias, who first settled in Royalton, Vt., before the Revolutionary war, and afterward in Tunbridge, Vt., and was one of the foremost men of his town and county during his day — a man of great energy and business capacity. He married Sarah Hutchinson, the heroine of the burning of Royalton by the French and Indians during the Revolutionary war; she lived to be 96 years old. His maternal grandfather, for whom he was named, was David Whitney, who was a lineal descendant of the Whitney that settled at Pepperell, Mass., in 1661, and it might be here stated that the farm on which the Whitney that came from England first settled, where David Whitney was born, Pepperell, Mass., remained in the Whitney family until five or six years ago. His maternal grandmother's name was Susanna Huntington, one of the family that helped to make New England famous. The subject of this sketch removed from Vermont to Wisconsin Oct. 8, 1845, with his parents, who settled in the town of Jefferson, on Deer Creek, near CurtLs' Mill, where they continued to reside until the death of A. B. Curtis Jan. 11, 1870. He helped to hew out a good-sized farm from the heavy timber-land, enjoying the advantage of three months' attendance upon the district school in the winters ; so it was with each succeeding year until he arrived at his majority ; then he apprenticed himself to learn the mason's trade, and the winters fol- lowing for a year or two, he qualified himself to teach writing, which occupation he was engaged in in the western part of the State, when he joined a party of young men at Prairie du Chien, who were on their way to the then Territory of Nebraska, and went with them, stopping at Nemaha City, Nemaha Co., about two years, when he returned to Wisconsin in the fall of 1859. He was married, Nov. IG, 1860, to Miss Jane A. Howard, of Hebron ; they have two children — Harry H., born Sept. 11, 1866, and Belle, born Aug. 27, 1870. After his marriage, he settled down to farming on the paternal homestead until the summer of 1862, when he enlisted as a private soldier; was soon after elected First Lieutenant of Co. D, 29th Regi- ment W. V. I., and served with Iiis regiment until near the close of the war, being with his company at the battles of Port Gibson, Champion Hill, siege of Vicksburg, Red River expedition, etc. He had com- mand of Co. A, of the regiment, nearly one 3'ear by detail ; he was also an Aid-de-Camp on the stafl^ of Brig. Gen. J. R. Slack, of Huntington, Indiana, and took part in the siege of Mobile in that capacity. In May, 1865, he was commissioned Captain in the Quartermaster's Department, when he received a fur- lough, thus enabling him to visit his home for the first time since his regiment left Wisconsin, arriving in June, and, as the war was then practically closed, he never again returned to the army. About Sept. 1, 1865, he formed a business partnership with Oscar S. Cornish, for the carrying-on of trade in lumber and produce, which has continued to this time. The firm business has been pushed with great energy, and " Lumber, Lath and Shingles, at C. & C.'s, Fort Atkinson," is a legend painted upon fences, stones and buildings in all directions by the road.side, for a distance of thirty or forty miles from their place of busi- ness. They also manufecturc the Rectangular Churn and Lever Butter- Worker, which is sent to all parts of the United States. Col. Curtis has had but little to do with politics, although he has run for a county oflSce once or twice, but without being elected, though always up with his ticket and generally ahead. In the fall of 187G, he received the nomination for Assembly for the Third Assembly DLstriet, Jeiferson Co., and was elected by 123 majority. Gov. William E. Smith appointed him one of his aids with the rank of Colonel in January, 1878. He was elected Secretary of the Wisconsin Dairymen's Association in January, 1876, which office he holds at this time. lie has been Secretary of the Jefferson Co. Agricul- tural Society four years, and during this time the Society has advanced from a mediocre place to the front rank of such institutions, its fairs being among the largest and best held in the Northwest by county societies, those of 1878 and 1879 being particularly fine as to exhibits, and the outside attractions on a scale scarcely ever attemjited by similar societies. KOSHKONONG TOWNSHIP. 691 STEVEN S. CURTIS; P. 0. Fort Atkinsou ; born in Tunbridge, Orange Co., Vt., Jan. 15, 1837 ; son of Cyrus and Mary (Smith) Curtis. His parents came to Wisconsin in May, 18.S8, and settled in Sullivan, his father building a saw-mill on Deer Creek, near Jefferson, which he carried on till his death, April 27, 1868; his wife, Mrs. C. S. Curtis, died in May, 1867, aged 58 years. Mr. S. 8. Curtis passed his early -life working with his father in the mill and on the farm till 1867, when he entered into partnership with his brother-in-law, in the drug business, in Whitewater, for six months ; retiring from the firm, he returned to Fort Atkinson ; since that, has been engaged in mercantile pursuits. Married, Dec. 20, 1868, Miss Annie Whitney, daughter uf Daniel and Julia (Hall) Whitney, of Brook- field, Vt.; has two children — Lola E., born Feb. 26, 1871 ; Jessie, April 15, 1877 ; Mary F., born March 14, 1876, died May 1-t, 1877. Was elected Mayor of Fort Atkinson in the spring of 1879. Member of the Masonic Order ; familj' attend Universalist Church ; Republican. HEXRY' DE LANO, farmer. Sec. 15; P. 0. Fort Atkinson; born in Watertown, Jeflferson Co., N. Y., Oct. 12, 1825, where he received his early education and learned his trade of cooper. In 1848, he came to Wisconsin and located at Fort Atkinson, working at his trade ; in 1866, purchased 166 acres of land, which now forms his homestead. Married, in the fall of 1860, Sarah E. Wesoott, daughter of Lawson Wescott, of Saratoga, N. Y.; they have two children — Mary E. and William H. Has held the office of Constable one term. Member of I. 0. 0. F., of Fort Atkinson. Attends Congregational Church ; Republican. RUFUS C. DODGE, Fort Atkinson ; born in Smithfield Township, Madison Co., N. Y., April 1, 1811 ; son of Abraham and Sally (De Mott) Dodge. Mr. Abraham Dodge died in Smithfield, in 1876, aged 88 years. Mr. Rufus C. Dodge came West and landed at Milwaukee Aug. 1, 1836, stay- ing there till the middle of August, and then moved to Jefferson Co. and settled on a (|uarter-.section in the town of Hebron, and his first work was to help build the first mill in Jefferson Co., in that town. Commenced farming in 1837, in Jefferson, on Sees. 32 and 33i, where he now lives; his homestead con- sists of 186 acres. Married, Juno 11, 1835, Rebecca Foster, daughter of Edward Foster, one of the first to settle in Fort Atkinson ; had eight children, seven living — Edward F., born March 19, 1836 ; Corne- lia, Sept. 19, 1840; Charles R., June 11, 1842; Francis Add, March 25, 1845, died June 27, 1868, and was buried in Green Cemetery; Mary A., born July 6, 1850; Celestia F., July 20, 1852 ; Anna F., Aug. 8, 1854 ; Willie W., July 22, 1856. Member I. 0. 0. F.; family attends Universalist Church ; Republican. Ali VIN H. DOWNINtir, dealer in furniture, music, and undertaker, Fort Atkinson ; born in Brookfield, Orange Co., Vt., June 27, 1837 ; son of Bela and Pernian (Hovey) Downing; came to Wis- consin 'in 1867, locating at Fort Atkinson, and entered the employ of Northwestern Manufacturing Co. ; in 1877, opened his present business. Married, March 4, 1861, Miss Lizzie P. Case, daughter of Hubert Case and Phileta Page of Vermont ; have four children — Edgar E., Alice M., Glen and Carrol. Mem- ber of L 0. 0. F. and Temple of Honor ; liberal in religion ; Republican. F. M. EATON, confectionery and ice cream, Fort Atkinson ; born in Hebron, Jefferson Co., Jan. 7, 1856 ; his father, S. M. Eaton, settled in Hebron about forty years ago ; Mr. F. M. began his present business about two years ago. He married Miss Emnia Nute Aug. 16, 1876; she was born July 26, 1838; they have one child — May Pearl, born June 16, 1877. The parents of Mrs. E. all live in Water- town. HENRY E. FARNSWORTH, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; born in Kosh- konong, Jefferson Co., in 1850; son of Charles Farnsworth, who came to Jefferson Co. in 1840; being the only son, he inherited the farm, consisting of 120 acres. Married, Dec. 2, 1869, Miss Annie E. Beach, of Koshkonong ; have one child — Ernest E., born July 23, 1875. Member of the Methodist Church. Republican. S. FIELD, farmer; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; born in Franklin Co., Mass., September, 1807 ; came to Wisconsin in 1855; settled on his present residence in Section 22. Married, in 1832, Miss Matilda Babcock, daughter of Johnson Babcock, of New York; had five children — -Francis, born June 7, 1834, died in 1866; Mary, born Aug. 17, 1838; Alvin, July 15, 1836; Nelson, Sept. 16, 1842; Ellen, Aug. 8, 1846. Liberal in religion ; Republican. M. H. drANONG, merchant and Postmaster, Fort Atkinson ; born in Townsendville, Seneca Co., N. Y., July 24, 1830 ; son of Gilbert and Maria (Coryell ) Ganong ; came to \Visconsin Oct. 6, 1859, remaining the following winter at Elkhorn ; March, 1860, he moved to Fort Atkinson and opened busi- ness for himself, which has been successful. Married, Nov. 11, 1857, in New York City, Miss Harriet A. Prentice, daughter of William and Fanny L. (Benton ) Prentice ; they have had three children — William G., born April 5, 1861 ; Lillian A., July 25, 1866 ; Fanny M., Aug. 9, 1863, died May 27, 1865. Has 692 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: been elected at different times Trustee of the village ; held the office of School District Clerk fourteen years and is now in his fifteenth year ; appointed Postmaster in 1865, and took possession of the office Jan. 1, 1866; April 25, 1865, was appointed Inspector for Internal Revenue Department; member of Masonic Order and I. 0. 0. F. ; with the exception of one or two years, was a member of Republican County Committee from 1863 to 1878. I..ESTER GRAVES, farmer; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; born Oct. 15, 1837, at East Hamburg, Erie Co., N. Y. ; son of Hiram and Sarah Beebe Graves ; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1844, and settled in Koshkonong, where he received his early education ; is a carpenter, has followed that trade for twenty years; also works twenty acres of land in Sec. 33. Married, on January 15, 1862, Mary E. Beach, daughter of Joseph Beach and Eliza Cliadwick ; had three children — Cyrus L., born Dec. 24, 1862 ; Sarah E., June 7, 1866: Lelia M., April 28, 1878. Members of the M. E. Church : Republican. JL. N. GOODHUE, farmer, Sec. 13 ; P. 0. Whitewater ; born in Cayuga Co.. N. Y., in 1836 ; spent his early life and was educated in his native State; came to Rock Co., Wis., in 1851 ; resided on a farm in Lima, Rock Co., about seven years, and spent about three years in Iroquois Co., 111., as a real- estate and live-stock dealer ; Mr. Goodhue settled on his present farm of 250 acres in 1862, where he lived until August, 1878, when he removed to his village home in Whitewater ; he still oversees his farm in Koshkonong, also his sixty-acre farm in Cold Spring. He married Miss Cynthia Burlingame, of Iroquois Co., III., June 5, 1862 ; they have three children — Frank B., Allie E. and Myra E. Mr. Goodhue is a Republican, and was a Supervisor of Koshkonong many years ; he has on his farm about thirty head of cattle, 25(1 Merino sheep. Id hor.ses, with hotjs, etc. FLOYD HANDY, farmer; P.O. Fort Atkinson; born in Monroe Co., N. Y., March 27, 1821 ; came to Wisconsin in October, 1840, and settled on his present farm. Married, Aug. 12, 1848, Mary Hall, daughter of Matthew Hall, of New York; have six children: Albert H., born April 6,1849, Cyrus F., Aug. 2, 1850 : Charles L., Aug. 8, 1854; Alina, March 29, 1862; Nellie, Sept. 9,1866; Sarah M., Dec. 4, 1869. Member of the U. B. Church; Republican. STEPHEBT C. HASKELL, of Haskell & Severence, marble dealers, Whitewater, Wis. ; was born in Windsor Co., Vt., May 12, 1835 ; the early part of his life was spent on a farm in his native State; came to Wisconsin in 1848, locating on a farm in Jefferson, where his father still lives. He mar- ried Miss Annie R. Sowle, of Oneida Co., N. Y., Jan. 1, 1861 ; they have one son, Herbert, born July 16, 1870. Mr. H. is a Republican, and a member of Fort Atkinson Lodge, No. 24, I. 0. 0. F ; is also, with his wife, a member of the M. E. Church ; he settled in Fort Atkinson, and began his present busi- ness in 1867, where he still resides, though the business was transferred to Whitewater, in 1876, where with his jiartner he is doing a very satisfactory business. The}' are prepared to guarantee satisfaction in price, quality of work, and deal in foieign and American marble, Scotch and native granite; they buy their sawed American marble direct from the famous quarries at Rutland, Vt., and their foreign stone direct from importers. Mr. Haskell is traveling most of the time in the interests of the firm ; his sales extend to Jefferson, Dane, Rock, Walworth and Racine Co.s ; the firm make a specialty of fine turned work. W. D. HOARD, Editor of .7«/fcr.so(i Omnti/ Union, Fort Atkinson; born in Stockbridge, Madison Co., N. Y., Oct. 10, 1836; son of Rev. William B. and Sarah C. (White) Hoard; came to Oak Grove, Dodge Co., Wis., October, 1857, there engaged in vocal and instrumental music teaching. Married, Feb. 9, 18(50, Mi.ss Agnes E. Bragg, daughter of "William and A. E. (Edgerton) Bragg, of Lake Mills ; has three children — Halbert L., Ralph A., Frank W. Enlisted May, 18(51, in 4th W." V. I. ; served till July, 1862, then went to New York, and, Oct. 1, 1864, re-enlisted in Co. A, 1st New York Light Artillery and remained in the service till the close of the war. participating (with his regiment) in the following bat- tles: New Orleans, Grand Gulf, Baton Rouge ; in 1865, returned to Wisconsin and located at Columbus, Wis., engaging in business till 1868, then moved to Iowa ; one year after, returned to Wisconsin, and located at Lake Mills. In 1870, he started the newspaper, Jefferson County Union; same year was appointed Deputy U. S. Marshal, and took the census of the towns of Waterloo, Aztalan and Milford ; in 1872, was elected Sergeant-at-Arms to the Wisconsin Senate; in 1871, commenced taking a deep interest in the dairy business ; in 1872, was largely instrumental in organizing the Wisconsin Dairymen's Association, and was Secretary of that body for three years; in 1878, was elected President of (he North- western Dairyman's Association; in 1873, removed his paper from Lake Mills to Fort Atkinson, entering in partnership with Charles Fullerton, who retired fmra the firm after six months, leaving Mr. Hoard sole proprietor ; he was elected Justice of the Peace in Lake Mills, in 1871, which office he held till 1873 ; elected President of the village of Fort Atkinson, and to the County Board of Supervisors, in 1877, serving one year ; member of Masons, I. 0. 0. F. and United Workmen; A^ice President of Wisconsin Editorial Association. KOSHKONONG TOWNSHIP. 693 W. H. HUDSON, of the firm of Whitcomb & Hudson, Lake Koshkonong Hotel ; native of Ohio ; born in the town of Chillicothe June 17, 1833; son of James Hudson and 5Iary Beaudo, of Vir- ginia, who came to Wisconsin in 1849, and settled in Dane Co., on Section 29, and engaged in farming. Had nine children, six sons — W. H. was the second son. He started out for himself in 1851, working out by the month ; in thirteen months, he commenced fJirming and running a thrashing machine, which business he remained in about six years. Married, in 18fi5, Miss Helen P., daughter of Asahel Hill and Julia Schultz, of New York ; they had one child — Ada E., born July 11, 18G6. Mr. Hudson is a mem- ber of the Odd Fellows' Fraternity ; liberal in religion and politics. CHARLES HL.lI^nEL, fanner. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; was born in New York City June 19, 1836 ; son of Charles and Frances Hummel, the former a native of Baden Baden, Germany, born April 6, 1801 ; came alone to New York in 1827, and engaged at his trade of baker. He married Miss Frances Meyer, a native of Alsatia, born in 1811. In 1850, they came to Wisconsin and bought 240 acres of land, in working which he was assisted by his son. Charles married in 1851 ; had nine children — Albert, George, Frances, Charles, James, Gustavus, Edward, Elizabeth and John. He enlisted in Co. C, 4th W. V. I., as Lieutenant, at Fort Atkinson, in 1861, and went to Milwaukee, where they were ordered to fire on the rioters, but refusing, were disbanded ; part of them re-enlisted in Co. C, 3d W. V. C. Mr. Hummel was wounded when coming home, in the Morgan raid, at Cynthiana, Ky., and was mustered out at Fort Riley, Kan., July 1, 1865. THOMAS HIITCHENS, former. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; born in Ontario Co., N. Y., Fe^ 14, 1830 ; son of John and Catherine, nee Wagger; came to Wisconsin and located at Fort Atkinson in 1856, and commenced working at his trade of shoemaking, remaining four years, then moved to Section 15 and commenced farming. In 1872, purchased eighty acres on Section 14, which now forms his homestead. He married, December 16, 1858, Miss Sylvia A. West, daughter of F. West, of Fort Atkinson ; have four children- — Lovell W., Maude M., Francis E., William H. Elected Clerk of District School Board one term. Member of the I. 0. 0. F. and Farmers' Union Association ; attends the Metho- dist Church ; Ile])ublican. MILO JONES, surveyor, Fort Atkinson ; born in Richmond, Chittenden Co.,Vt., Feb. 16, 1809 ; son of Edward and Lucy (Farnsworthj Jones; came West in 1832 ; came through Michigan, remaining till 1834, engaged in the Government employ, surveying, making Milwaukee his headquarters. Nov. 29, 1838, settled in Fort Atkinson on his present homestead ; was very active in organizing the village of Fort Atkinson. Married, in 1832, Miss Sally Crane, daughter of James and Clarinda (Hallock) Crane; their children are Newton, Amelia M., Fanny C, Milo C. and Melvin A., twins, born in tlie Green Mountain House ; Edward, Anson and George died in infancy. Was appointed aid-de-camp to Gov. Dodge ; held the oflSce of Supervisor and Justice of the Peace four years ; was one of the first Presidents elected to the village of Fort Atkinson. In 1878, was elected Mayor; held the ofiice of Postmaster a number of years. June 29, 1871, Mrs. Jones died, and was buried at Lake View Cemetery, Fort Atkinson. Mr. Jones is a member of the I. O. 0. F. ; Democrat. STEPHEN KEMP, former; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; born in West Kent, England, Oct. 29, 1822 ; son of M'illiam Kemp and Lida Walker, who both died in Kent. Stephen came to America in 1847, and lived in Oneida Co., N. Y., till 1852, when he came to Wisconsin, settling in Oakland, Jeffer- son Co., on a farm; settled on his present farm in 1867, 73 acres on Sec. 10, purchased of Archibald Grimes. He married, Dec. 25, 1850, Emeline Ottaway, daughter of John Ottaway , formerly of England ; had ten children — Ada A., born November 10, 1851; Alice J., August 25,1853; Florence, January 24, 1855; R., October 24, 1856; Hannah, December 26, 1858; Emma, December 16, 1860; Frances, September 4, 1865; Nettie, May 24, 1867; Abbie, June 25, 1872; George, March 1, 1873; Florence died August 29, 1861; Emma died June 27, 1863, buried in Oakland; Frances died September 28, 1865 ; Abbie, died August 23, 1872. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. P.; member of the Methodist Church ; Republican. CHARIjES Q. lilRKEAND, wind-mill and pump dealer. Fort Atkinson ; born in Kosh- konong, Jefferson Co., Wis., Oct. 9, 1848; son of Joshua G. and Nancy (Eisabroadt) Kirkland ; his father, Mr. Jo.shua Kirkland, came and settled in Jefferson Co. in 1844. Mr. Charles Kirkland received his early education and passed his early life on the farm with his father, and was the first in Fort Atkin- son to start his present business. Married, Oct. 19, 1868, Miss Jane P. Curtis, daughter of John Curtis, of this county; they have five children — Curtis J., Armer D., Jessie E., N. Inez, Burton F. Member of United Workmen and Methodist Church. FERDINAND KLUCK, former; P. 0. Fort Atkin.son; born in Prussia Feb. 22, 1845 ; came to Wisconsin in 1845, and located in Hebron. Married, Jan. 18, 1870, Julia Krager, daughter of 694 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Gotlieb Krager; had one child — Willie, born in 1874. Purchased his present homestead of sixty-two acres in October, 1878. Member of the Lutheran Church ; Kepublican. GEOR(wE A. LAXDGRAF, carriage-maker; settled in Fort Atkinson in 1863, where he has worked at present bu.siness ever since; he was born in the town of Sullivan, Jefferson Co., Oct. 6, 1845; his father, John H., lives in Sullivan, and first settled in Jefferson Co. in 1842. Mr. Georfje A. married Miss Mary Warnhoffer March 8, 1868 ; she was born April 28, 1846 ; they have four children — Gecrgo, boin Jan. 23, 1869; Eda, Jan. 1, 1871; Willie, Jan. 13, 1873; Freddie, Aug. 28, 1876. Family attend the M. E. Church. Mr. L. has been a member of the City Council. He belongs to the United Workmen. GEORGE JIcDONALD, farmer; P. 0. Whitewater, Walworth Co.; born in Ayrshire, Scotland, May 3, 1808; came to Lycoming Co., Penn., in 1828; went into the coal mines, where he remained ten years ; from there he went to Canada ; remained seventeen years, farming ; came to Wis- consin in 1855 ; settled on his present farm in 1859. Owns 202 acres — 80 in Koshkonong and 122 in Lima, Rock Co.; he lives on See. 35. Married, Sept. 27, 1829, Margaret C. Gunning, daughter of Thomas Gunning; she died July 12, 1875 ; had twelve children — Elizabeth, born Dec. 18, 1830; Mar- garet, Feb. 8, 1832; Alexander, Feb. 10, 1834, died in infancy; Adam, March 1, 1835; George, May 10, 1837 ; Jane, March 28, 1841 ; Alexander, Feb. 25, 1843 ; Thomas and John (twins), Oct. 3^ 1845 ; Darid, Oct. 18, 1847 ; James, June 12, 1850; Mary, March 31, 1852 ; George died in the army. Mem- bers of the Presbyterian Church ; Republican. A. V. MIIjIjS, farmer ; P. O. Koshkonong ; born in Orange Co., N. Y., Sept. 3, 1833 ; came to Wisconsin in July, 1846, with his parents and settled in Whitewater; purchased his present farm on Sec. 32 in 1866. Married, March 15, 1855, Miss J. Hamilton, daughter of David Hamilton, of Tomp. kins Co., N. Y.\ they have five children — George William, born Jan. 20, 1856; Kate A., Aug. 7, 1858 ^ Lynn E., Feb. 9, 1862 ; Jessie A., Oct. 5. 1866 ; Clarence B., May 13, 1868. Members of the Congre- gational Church ; Democrat. Clerk of the School District for a number of years. PETER niLrLER, farmer; P. 0. Fort Atkinson; a native of Prus'sia; born May 17, 1821 ; came to America in the fall of 1845, to St. Louis, where he engaged to work on a steamboat as fireman for two years; he came to Koshkonong in the spring of 1847. He first purchased forty acres of the Government for $100 and sold it for $300 ; he afterward purchased 100 acres; he now owns 273 acres. Married, in December, 1840, Louise Becker, who was born in Prussia in June, 1826; they have eight children — Charles, Louisa, William, Emeline, Peter, Henrietta, Amelia and Kate. Democrat ; member of the Lutheran Church. JOSEPH F. :VIORRI$$OIV, farmer; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; born in Franklin Co., Mass., in 1825 ; son of Phineas F. Morrison ; came to Wisconsin June 4, 1840 ; settled on his present residence in the spring of 1863. Married, in 1835, Miss Mary M. McPherson, daughter of John McPherson ; they have four children — Smith D., Charlotte, William and Amelia. He held the office of Supervisor of his town one year. Members of the Congregational Church ; Republican. THOMAS MOUIiD, farmer ;""P. 0. Whitewater, Walworth Co., Wis.; born in the Parish of Northampton, England, Aug. 21, 1822; came to America in April, 1835; landed in New York; settled in Saratoga Co.; in 1862, he came to Wisconsin and settled on his present farm in Section 34. Married Sept. 5, 1843, Sarah Codding', daughter of Hosea Codding; had five children — Harriet, born Sept. 10, 1846; Charlotte, June 21, 1848, died Sept. 17, 1864; George H., born Oct. 10, 1849; Almira, Sept. 8, 1851 ; Catherine, Nov. 25, 1857. Members of the Methodist Episcopal Church; Republican. PHIIiLIP H. NOEIi, Jr., farmer; P. 0. Whitewater; born in Koshkonong Township, Jefferson Co., Wis., in 1855; attended Whitewater Normal School eighteen months and Madison Univer- sity fourteen months. Married, August, 1878, Miss Louisa, daughter of John and Mary (Gottlieb) Krebs. Manages 328 acres of land for his father, who resides in Whitewater. Liberal in religion ; Republican. JAIIES PAYXE, farmer; P. 0. Cold Spring; born in Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, in June, 1825; came to Wisconsin Oct. 20, 1844; settled in Koshkonong; .settled on his present residence in 1849; went to California in 1850, going by teams across the plains; was four months on the road; stopped in the mines nine months, then came home by way of the Isthmus and New York. Married, Nov. 12, 1845, Mrs. Rose Ann Allen, daughter of John Pierson ; have five children — Ellen E., born June 28, 1852; Rosanna, Dec. 15, 1854; Mary I., Oct. 3, 1856 ; George E., April 26, 1859; William E., Aug. 6, 1861. Members of the United Brethren Church ; Republican. STEPHEN PAYNE, flirmer ; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; born in Newburg, Cuyahoga Co. Ohio, Aug. 23, 1823; came to Wisconsin April 30, 1842, and settled in Jefi'erson Co.; purchased KOSIIKONOXG TOWNSHIP. 695 his homestead in 184a; owns 244 acres, part in Cold Spring Township. Married, Feb. 20, 1840, Mrs. Clarisa Williams, daughter of William Cornish, formerly of New York; have three children— Charles, born Jan. 20, 1847; James A., September, 18.50; Joseph S., Dec. 9, 1857. Mrs. Payne, by her first husband, had two boys and two girls — Eyra, Eunice, William and Stephen. Held the office of Supervisor five terms ; also has been Justice of the Peace eleven years ; has been Alderman of Fort Atkinson two years ; in 1868, moved to Fort Atkinson, where he now lives ; liberal in religion ; Republican. Charles and James Payne work the farm for their father. Charles married, September, 18G8, Statia Groton, daughter of Joseph Groton ; has two children — -Lillian and Marion. Enlisted in Co. C, 49th W. V. I., January, 1865 ; discharged November, 18G5 ; is a member of United Brethren Church; Republican. He was Township Supervisor for two years. James Payne married, April 21, 1872, Elizabeth Boyle, daughter of Felix and May Boyle ; born in Albany, N. Y., April 10, 1851 ; has three children— IMay, born May 31, 1874 ; Ida, Nov. 11, 1876 ; Bertie, May 14, 1879. Liberal in religion ; Republican. REV. P. E. B. PEASE, Methodist Church ; born in Lee, Berk.shire Co., Mass., June 6, 1819 ; son of Hiram A. and Lydia R. (Remely); lived in Massachusetts till he was 12 years old, then removed with his parents to Ohio in 1833; they located at Oberlin, Ohio, where Mr. Pease attended Oberlin College, also Berean College; in 1843, he removed to Olivet, Mich., with Mr. John G. Shepherd, who came for the purpose of organizing the college of that place, where he also studied here some time ; in November, 1845, he came to Wisconsin and located at Milford, Jefferson Co. ; in 1846, he organized the first Sunday school in Lake Mills, there being no church services held at this time in this vicinity ; also organized a Sunday school at Table Grove about the same time. In the fall of 1854, was ordained Deacon by Bishop Morris ; in 1856, was ordained Elder by Bishop Simpson, and preached his first ser- mon at the old red schoolhouse, Lake Mills Township; then preached two years on the Aztaian circuit; then two years on Wauwatosa circuit ; preached two years on Palmyra circuit; then statijned two years at Appleton ; stationed at Kenosha two years, at Beloit two years ; preached for three years in Summer- field Church, Spring street, Milwaukee ; four years as Presiding Elder in Appleton District ; four years in Janesville District ; has been Presiding Elder at Fort Atkinson the past three years ; was a member of the General Conference that met at Brooklyn, N. Y., in 1872 ; received the complimentary A. M. from Lawrence University and honorary degree in 1870. Married, in 1840, Miss Cornelia Reed, daughter of Carlo Reed ; have had eight children, seven living — Sarah L., born Sept. 29, 1841 (married S. F. Stark- weather, of Chicago); Marcus, Dec. 24, 1843 (who died in United States army service of cold and expos- ure Aug. 4, 1862) ; Louisa M., Aug. 9, 1846 (married John H. Houser, Postmaster at Fond du Lac) ; Hiram L., Feb. 12, 1849 (who is a physician and practices at Grand Crossing, 111.) ; Emma C, Aug. 27, 1851 (married W.Scott Pierce, of Minnesota); Rev. Francis A., July 2, 1854 (stationed at Broth- ertown, near Fond du Lac) ; Mary E , Aug. 18. 1856 (married G. W. Blay, of Janesville) ; Medora M., May 13, 1860. Mr. Pease is a member of the Temple of Honor. H. A. PORTER, merchant; dealer in groceries. Fort Atkinson; born in Jericho, Chittenden Co., Vt., Feb. 30, 1831 ; son of Orlin and Parmclia (Allen) Porter; came to Wisconsin in May, 1855, locating in Jefferson Co. : in the spring of 1856, started business in Fort Atkinson. Married, in Decem- ber, 1856, Miss Hattie E. Kimbell, daughter of Myron Kimbell, of St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. ; have four children living, one dead — Charles M., Minnie E., Carrie S., William K. ; Lily died in infancy. Mr. Porter was elected Constable in 1857 ; in 1861, was elected Justice of the Peace, serving till present time except one year; elected Police Jut.tice in the spring of 1878; Past Grand Member of the Grand Lodge of I. 0. 0. F., and is one of the oldest members of the temperance society of this place ; has been in the Lodge twonty-two years. Family attend the Methodist Church ; Republican. T. F. POWERS, farmer; P. 0, Koshkonong; born in New York City Nov. 11, 1854; came to Wisconsin with his parents in April, 1857, and settled in Jefferson Co., Wis.; received his educa- tion in the district schools. Married, Sept. 3, 1878, Eliza J. Armstrong, daughter of James Armstrong; settled on his present place of residence in 1879, consisting of forty acres of land. Section 32. Members of Catholic Church ; Democrat. trEORCjrE PRESTON, farmer, Sec. 20; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; born in Jackson Co., Mich., Aug. 5, 1846 ; came to Wisconsin in March, 1865, and located on his present homestead. Married, Nov. 6, 1868, Daphne Ellis, daughter of John Ellis, of Jefferson Co.; have two children— Winnifred, born Sept. 25, 1876 ; Ray, born April 5, 1878. Member of Farmers' Association ; liberal in religion ; Republican. T. T. PROCTOR, Fort Atkinson; born in Derry, Rockingham Co.,N. H.,Sept. 9, 1824; sou of Joseph and Mary (Hughes) Proctor ; came to Wisconsin in 1856, stopping at Janesville for six months ; then purchased a saw-mill and settled in Fort Atkinson, shortly afterward added a grist-mill to it, which was 696 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: afterward consumed by fire. Married, Dec. 5, 1858, Miss Laura S. Davis, daughter of Mr. Steven Davis, formerly of Maine ; they have two children — Francelia H., born Feb. 2(5, 1864 ; George S., born Feb. 25, 1867. Member of Masonic Order ; family attend Universalist Church. L. MARVIX ROBRRTS, briekmaker, Fort Atkinson ; born in Fenner, Madison Co.,N. Y., Aug. 18, 1831 ; son of Jesse and Betsey (Ives) Roberts, who came to Wisconsin in October, 1839. Mr. L. M. Roberts inherited his farm from his father; his homestead is situated near Fort Atkinson ; he followed farming till 1867 ; in 1868, started the manufacture of brick ; makes white and cream brick to the aver- age per year of (iOO,0()0. Married, Nov. 16, 1854, May I. Hopson, daughter of Simeon Hopson, of Oswego Co., N. Y. ; they have had seven children (six now living) — Lillian B., born June 24, 1859; Ellsworth, May 31, 1861, who died April 29, 1867, aged 6 years ; Earle G., born Nov. 11, 1862 ; Bonibel L., Aug. 25, 1864 ; Daisy G., Aug. 25, 1866; Dean E., June 22, 1868; Alva Ives, Jan. 19, 1876. Mr. Roberts has held the following offices : Town Superintendent of Schools two years ; Justice of Peace two years ; Chairman Board of Supervisors two years ; in Oakland Township, Trustee of Village one year ; Past Grand in I. 0. 0. F. ; member Temple of Honor. CHARLES ROCKWELL, Fort Atkinson ; born in Paris, Oneida Co., N. Y., May 11, 1810 ; son of Thomas B. and Mary (Dunham ) Rockwell, who came West and located in Wisconsin where now stands Fort Atkinson, and he was the second white man in the vicinity ; made a claim of one and three-fourths sections on Sections 1, 5, and 11 ; in 1838, broke ten acres of ground and built his log house, 20x16 ; the fol- lowing year built an addition, doubling the size of his home, and ojiened business, what is known as a Wis- consin store, selling clothing, cloths, groceries, tinware, etc. Married, in January, 1833, Maria Farington, daughter of Willard Farington, of Oneida Co., N. V. ; she died in January, 1834. He again married, July 4, 1835, Caroline L. Moore, daughter of Liberty Moore, of Augusta, Madison Co., N. Y., who died Feb. 26, 1873; their children are Willard A., born April 15, 1836, Orlando M., who died from wounds received at the battle of Chattanooga, Tenn. ; Annie Maria, deceased. He married again, April 2, 1874, , Maggie Telfer, of Fort Atkinson. He was one of the first Justices of Peace in Fort Atkinson where he tried his first case. Had been a member of the Congregational Church since he was 17 years of age, and, at the date (if his death, Oct. 7, 1879, was the only living male member of the first church in Fort Atkinson ; was a member of I. 0. 0. F. W. H. ROGERS, attorney at law. Fort Atkinson ; born in Piermont, N. H., Dec. 7, 1842 ; son of Charles and Pamelia (Ramsey); studied law with Roswell Farnham, of Bradford, N. H., for fifteen months ; was admitted to the bar Jan. 25, 1867. Married, Aug. 15, 1869, Miss Angenette Hor- ton, daughter of Mr. A. Horton, of Massachusetts; have two children — Charles B. Rogers, born July 25, 1871 ; Frank H. Rogers, July 15, 1874. Mr. W. H. Rogers is a descendant of the celebrated martyr, John Rogers, who suffered for his religion in the reign of Mary I, of England ; his mother is a descend- ant of the celebrated Mrs. Hannah Dustin, the New England heroine. Enlisted as private in December, 1863, in Co. I, 15th 111. V. I., under Capt. Pratt ; was promoted to a lieutenantcy in 1865, and, in the fall of same year, was honorably discharged : served with Gen. Sherman's command through the South ; he was with his regiment in all the battles it participated in. Rev. C. Rogers, brother to W. H. Rogers, was Colonel of the 15th III. V. I. at the time of his enlistment, and another brother, M. B. F., was Chap- lain. Mr. R. was Town Clerk in 1868. 1870-71 ; District Attorney, 1874 to 1878; member of Univer- salist Church; is one of the Trustees; was Justice of the Peace from 1868 to 1872; member of I. 0. 0. F.; Democrat. CirEOROE C. SMITH, merchant, Milwaukee street. Fort Atkinson ; born in Lexington, Greene Co., N. Y., June 23, 1824, where he lived till he was 12 years of age, when his parents moved to Onondaga Co.; here he received his early education and lived till 1847. On the 11th day of February of that year, was married to Lamira Blauchard, daughter of Thomas and Sarah (Cunningham) Blanchard, of the same county. Came to Wisconsin in May, 1847, settling in Waukesha Co.; in 1850, removed to Oakland, Jefferson Co., and purchased 160 acres of land ; in 1868, sold his farm, moved to Fort Atkinson, and engaged in the profession of law and real-estate agency ; while residing in the town of Oakland, he held the offices of Superintendent of Schools, Town Clerk, Justice of the Peace and Chair- man of the Board of Supervisors, and in 1857, was Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors; in 1858-59, member of the Wisconsin Legislature ; afterward Notary Public and Justice of the Peace in Fort Atkinson ; during the war, was appointed State Agent by Gov. Solomon to look after sick and wounded Wisconsin soldiers, with headc|Uarters at Memphi.s, remained in the South three years. Member of the Masonic Fraternity, the I. 0. O. F. and Good Templars. Mr. Smith's family consists of himself and wife and five children — Robert B., Rosetta C., Jessie A., Carrie J. and George F. He is liberal in religion, and in politics. Republican. KOSHKOXONG TOWNSHIP. 697 HAWLEY SMITH, farmer; P. 0. Fort Atkinson; born in Onondaga Co., N. Y., in May, 1806 ; came to Wisconsin Sept. 15, 1840 ; purchased 280 acres of land of the Government, at $1.25 per acre, on Sec. 27, where he still resides. Married, Feb. 24, 1831, Lida M. Coats, daughter of David Coats; they have three children— Andrew, born Jan. 11, 1832; Alvira L., April 22, 1844; Mary E., Aug. 11, 1846. Liberal in religion ; Republican. WILLIAM E. SMITH, architect, bridge-builder and carpenter; born near Cleveland, Ohio, June 22, 1821 ; learned his trade in Cleveland, and constructed several of the most prominent buildings in that place ; began his present business at Fort Atkinson in 1863, and has worked at the same in Penn- sylvania, Ohio and Michigan, for the past thirty years. Married Miss P. Harger Nov. 18, 1849 ; she was born Nov. 16, 1829; have had three children, all now dead. Moved to Newburg, Washington Co., in 1856 ; was there Chairman of the Board of Supervisors and Justice of the Peace. Belongs to the Masonic Fraternity. His father, William J, is still living, and was born in 1798; was the first white man born in Cuyahoga Co. DR. W. M. SMITH, physician. Fort Atkinson ; born in Utica, Oneida Co., N. Y., July 23, 1817 ; .son of Isaac and Lovicia (Oviatt) Smith; came West, locating first at White Pigeon, Mich., in 1839, and then moved to Kane Co., 111.; from there to Kenosha in January, 1845 ; July 2, 1846, he canie to Rock Prairie and settled in Johnstown, and lived there till he moved to Fort Atkinson, Jan. 8, 1856. Commenced to practice medicine in St. Charles, HI., in 1840. Married, in 1845, Clementine R. Chase, daughter of Mr. David Chase, formerly of Vermont; their children are William H., born May 22, 1846; Ellen H., Nov. 12, 1848 (married D. G.Robinson, of Gage Co., Neb.); Louise M., born April 3, 1851 (married M. S. Darrow, of Chicago); Charles V., born Nov. 3, 1854, and died Sept. 20, 1856 ; Nettie, born Aug. 18, 1866, and died Nov. 3, 1869; Judson C, born July 12, 1861 ; Edward H., July 28, 1863. Member of I. 0. 0. F. and Temple of Honor. Family attends Universalist Church; is a Republican. MYRDX St>WLE, farmar, Sec. 20 ; P. 0. Port Atkinson ; born in Dunn Brook, Oneida Co., N. Y., July 26, 1839 ; came to Wisconsin with his father, Daniel Sowle, in 1844, and located on Sec. 20, in Koshkonong; received his education in the district school. Married Jennett Degrotte, of Erie, Penn., Oct. 7, 1860 ;'^have one child— Walter Sowle, born Sept. 14, 1863. He has held the office of Constable. Member of the Grantre. Republican ; liberal in religion. EREDERICK STETZEL, farmer; P. 0. Whitewater; born in Alsace, France, May 15, 1812; came to America in 1830, landing in New York City; came to Wisconsin in 1848, and settled in Whitewater, till 1858, when he purchased his present farm of 120 acres in Sec. 33. Married, Oct. 27, 1838, Jane P. Tomlinson, daughter of Ranson Tomlinson, of Glastonbury, Hartford Co., Conn.; have six children— Frederick, born Oct. 1, 1839; , Aug. 9, 1843; Francis B., Feb. 18, 1848; George H., March 26, LSoO ; Robert E., May 31, 1853 ; Addie, Feb. 23, 1859. Liberal in religion ; Democrat. DR. E. W. STOXE, physician and electrician, Fort Atkinson ; born in Madison, Madison Co., N. Y., May 8, 1837 ; son of Anson P. and Cornelia (Adams). He came to Wiscon.sin in 1844, with his parents, who located in the vicinity of Fort Atkinson, Koshkonong Township, JetFerson Co., where he passed his early life and received a common-school education. At the age of 11 years, he lost his left hand while out shooting, by the bursting of a gun. In 1856, entered Lawrence University, Appleton, Wis. ; attended Albion (Madison) Academy; studied medicine with Dr. Vivien, of Quinoy, 111., for three years. In 1866, entered into partnership and commenced practice with Dr. Vivien, continuing till the summer of 1867, when he went to Montana Territory. In 1872, was appointed to the Government Interior Medical Service. In November, 1875, settled in Fort Atkinson, and commenced a homeopathic practice. Married, June 11, 1862, in Missouri, Miss Lucy Ann Vivien, of Camden Point, Mo., who died Feb. 6, 1872, leav- ing two children— Vinnie V. and Lulu C. Married, Feb. 24, 1876, Miss Mattie Nance, daughter of John W. Nance. They have one child- Zelma, born Sept. 14, 1878. Member of Ancient Order of United Workmen; member of the Cinistian Church ; liberal in politics. C. M. TELFER, flumer; P. 0. Fort Atkinson; born in Potsdam, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., March 31, 1832 ; came to Wiscmsin June 1, 1845, and located in Oakland, Jefferson Co. Married, Feb. 15, 1853, Miss D. Dickinson, who died Sept. 24, 1861, and is buried at Chester, 111. He married again, June 17, 1869, Sally Chapman, daughter of Edniond and Mary Ann (nee Mills ) Chapman ; she died March 16, 1874. He married again, June 3, 1875, Augusta M. Bliss; his children are George D., born Nov. 19, 1856; Mingo A., April 26, 1859; Davidson C, bnrn Sept. 24, 1861, and died Sept. 21, 1864; Lillian A., Sept. 16, 1877. Republican ; member of the Consret^ational Church. F. E. TRUAX, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; born in Oneida Co., N. Y., Feb. 16, 1316; came to Wisconsin in 1868, and located in Oakland, Jefl'erson Co. Married Mary House July 8, 698 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 1842; she died Sept. 30, 1863, leaving two children — Ada A. and Kate L. In 1868, he married Mrs. Laura Clemens ; they had two children — Frank E. and William E. Member of the Methodist Church ; Democrat. DAVID H. WALKKR, Fort Atkinson ; horn in Pendleton, Erie Co., N. ¥., Nov. 10, 1828 ; son of William B. and Farney (Hart) Walker; came West and located in Jefferson Co., Wis., in 1854, and bought a farm of 200 acres in Koshkonong ; farmed for two or three years, and, in 1859, commenced business in agricultural implements, the first business of this kind in Fort Atkinson, which he continued successfully until April, 1879, when he sold out on account of ill health. Married, Nov. 7, 1852. Miss Julia A., daughter of Louis and Elizabeth (Eddsail) Dennis, of Tonawanda, N. Y. ; have three children — Willis H., born July 15. 1.S55; George L., March 20, 1859; Hattie E., Sept. 13, 1802. Elected to County Bbard of Supervisors in the spring of 1878 ; member of Good Templars; member of the Congre- gational Church ; Republican. WALTER WKSCETT, farmer, P. 0. Whitewater; born in Saratoga Co., N. Y., Oct. 11, 1830; came to Wisconsin in 1844, with his parents, and purchased present homestead of 201) acres of land. Married Miss Hannah Chadwick, daughter of John Chad wick, Jan. 9, 1858, who died Aug. 28, 1862; had one child— Eugene, born July 2, 1860; he married the second time, Oct. 19, 1864, Miss Helen Thatcher, of Ontario Co., N. Y. ; have three children — Eben T., born Nov. 12, 1865; Cornelia G., Oct. 12, 18G7; Homer, July 28, 1870. Member of the Methodist Church ; Republican. DR. H. O. WHITE, Fore Atkinson; born in Sal.em, Mass., Dec. 6, 1824; son of Judge D. A. White, of Salem, Mass., where he received his early education ; entered Harvard College at Cam- bridge, Mass., when only 14 years old, and graduated in the spring of 1843; studied medicine with Dr. William Johnson AValker, of Boston; also afterward attended University of Pennsylvania; about 1845, began a European tour and studied to increase his knowledge of surgery ; in 1 848, returned to America, locat- ing in Salem, Mass., where he practiced as City Physician till in 1850, when he went to St. Louis ; practiced there for two years; in 1852, came to Wisconsin, locating at Fort Atkinson. Married, in 1855, Miss Dor- othea Dargavel, daughter of William Dargavel, of Brockville, Ontario Province, Canada ; have six chil- dren— Mary W., born Aug. 22, 1856 ; Emily H., June 13, 1858; Daniel A., March 24, 1860 ; Lizzie W., June 27, 1862 ; William D., Nov. 2, 1863; Henry M., June 2, 1SB9. Dr. White is a member of the Medical State Boards of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and Missouri. Family attend the Unitarian Church ; Democratic. R. S. WHITE, druggist, Main street. Fort Atkinson ; born six miles from the city of Belle- ville, Hastings Co., Ontario, Canada, Aug. 7, 1844; son of William and Jane (Shaw) White; they came to Wisconsin in September, 1849, and located on Siene Prairie, Dane Co., where his father died June 9, 1853, aged 43 years. R. S. received a district-school education up to 1862, when he came to Fort Atkinson .and attended the high school one year ; in 1863, engaged with Morrison, Manning & Co., clerking for them four years; in 1867, commenced his present business ; his stock comprises drugs and groceries. Married, in 1865, Miss Agnes L. Foot, daughter of E. L. Foot, of New York ; have had four children — Herbert E., Lilly B. (died in 1872, aged 11 months), Arthur B., Lulu. Was elected Treasurer of the village one term in 1872; President of village and Supervisor in 1875; elected Alderman in 1878; President of Agricultural Society of Jefferson Co., in 1879 ; member of Masons and I. 0. 0. F. and United Workmen. A. L<. WHITC09IB, firm of Whitcomb & Hudson, Lake Koshkonong Hotel ; native of Canada; born in the Province of Quebec, Jan. 15, 1824; son of Joshua Whitcomb and Hannah Clem- ent, who came to Wisconsin in 1825 ; settled in the town of Portsmouth, Scioto Co., Ohio, in the .spring of 1837 ; came to Green Co., Wis., and commenced farming ; they had two sons and two daughters. Mr. A. L. was the oldest of the family ; in 1850, he went to California over the plains, May 17 ; left St. Joseph the last day of June, and arrived at the South Pass of the Rocky Mountains just as the sun was going down, and he thinks it was the most beautiful sight he ever saw. He celebrated the Fourth of July on the Green River. Landed at Salt Lake City July 21 ; arrived at Humboldt, Cal., Sept. 10 ; went to the Placerville Mines, from there to Cold Springs, on Webber Creek, where he wintered; remained in Cali- fornia fifteen years; returned home in 1865, by steamer, via New York, to Albany, Dane Co., Wis., where he engaged in farming pursuits. Mr. Hudson and himself have purchased seVfenty-three acres of land on the banks and bluffs of Lake Koshkonong, where they erected a very fine and comfortable hotel, for the accommodation of excursionists, hunters and fishing parties. This lake abounds in fish ; duck, geese, snipe, woodcock and meadow-birds are in great abundance. This is one of the best localities for sport in the country. Mr. Whitcomb married Miss Jane Briton, in California, in 1863; they had one child, Joshua, born in 1864, died in 1865 ; buried in Amador Co., Cal. Mrs. Whitcomb died in Ohio, in 1877 ; second KOSHKOXONG TOWNSHIP. 699 marriage to Miss Jane Moore, daughter of George Moore, formerly of England; have one child — Willis, born the last Sunday in May, 1879. Mr. Whiteomb is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. and of the Grange ; liberal in religion and politics. OLiEi WltirDALiE, hardware merchant, Fort Atkinson ; born in the Parish of Birkrem, Diocese of Christian Sands, Norway, Dec. 17, 1834. Mr. Wigdale was left an orphan at the age of 10 years, and has ever since battled with the Fates, single-handed and alone ; when 17 years old, he entered a provision store in Bergen, Norway, receiving for his services the munificent sum of $12 a year ; emigrated to America in 1853 ; came West and located at Cambridge, Dane Co., where he attended school, then worked in Norton's saw-mill at Janesville, for a couple of months, then engaged in Norman Dutcher's store as clerk ; in 1853, went to Beloit and served his time at the tinner's trade ; was with John C. Burr one year ; opened busi- ness for himself in Cambridge, Dane Co., in January, 1857, hardware, tins and stoves; sold out in 1867, moved to Fort Atkinson and re-opened business in the same line. Married Miss Margaret Stinson, daughter of Rev. Christopher Stinson, of Cambridge, Dane Co.; have six children — Amanda L., born Jan. 20, 1851); Otto C, April 12, 1861 ; p]nuis S., Jan. 31, 1864; Edwin A., Nov. 25, 1865; Tenna II., Feb. 1, 1868; Norman A., Dec. 11, 1873. Held the office of Town Treasurer of Christiana, Dane Co., two terms, and one term as Supervisor ; member of Ancient Order of United Workmen ; family attend the Methodist Church ; Republican in politics. HOKACE D. WIIiliARD, M. D., for thirty years a prominent citizen of Jeft'erson Co., and at present a resident merchant and manufacturer of the city of Fort Atkinson ; was born in the town of Volney, Oswego Co., N. Y., on the 2d day of May, A. D. 1825. His parents were not wealthy, even as wealth was counted in those days, and, being the fifth in a family of six children, be learned at an early age that by his own unaided efforts he must work out the problem of his life. At the age of 21, he found himself possessed of a good English education, and a fair reputation as a public teacher. As a life-work, he chose the medical profession, and commenced reading under the instructions of William B. Coye, M. D., of Gilbertsville, in that county. Having been inured to habits of patient thought, and rather delighting in mental labor, he made such progress as to attract the attention of the medical fraternity, and was awarded the '' College Beneficiary," which, under a law of that State, was given to the most worthy student in each Congressional District. In the spring of 1849, he graduated from the Geneva Medical School. On the 11th of the following July, he was married to Miss Elizabeth S. Vickery, eldest daughter of Stevens and Jerusha D. Vickery, old and honored residents of Onondaga Co. Thus armed and equipped for his duels with Death, and supported by his beautiful, brave and devoted '-second," he anticipated Greeley's advice, and " went West." He settled in the village of Aztalan, where for seven years he gave his undivided attention to the practice of his profession. At the end of this time, his health foiling, he sold out and spent one year in travel and recuperation, and then resumed business at Lake Mills, within the circle of his former ride and old friends ; here he remained until 1866, when he again found his constitution giving way under the arduous duties and responsibilities of an extensive practice, and reluctantly concluded that he must abandon the profession he loved, in which he had made many warm friends, acquired a compe- tency, and gained an enviable reputation. This point once settled in his mind, he immediately removed to Fort Atkinson. Here he at once entered with zeal and energy into many of the enterprises which have made that city so prosperous. One of his first acts was to join in organizing the Northwestern Manufac- turing Company, in which he has been one of the Directors almost without intermission since its formation, and which has become one of the largest and most successful manufacturing companies in the Northwest. He is also a stockholder in the Foundry and Machine Company, and for the last six years has kept their books and attended to the correspondence. He has, however, since his residence here, given his attention more particularly to the mercantile business At present, he has associated with him N. F. Hopkins and F. M. Vickery, active, thorough business men. They conduct the business under the firm name of Willard & Co., and are supposed to h.ave been somewhat successful. Though Dr. Willard makes no pretentions to being a politician, in the modern acceptation of the term, he has kept himself well posted on the political movements of the day. Of Democratic antecedents, he early espoused the Antislavery cause, which was in exact line with his strongly sympathetic nature and keen sense of right and wrong. He was a member of the convention at Madison, twenty-five years ago, which inaugurated the Republican party in this State. Also assisted in the organization of that party in Jefferson Co., and consented to allow his name on the county ticket. In 1860, when the mutterings of Southern discontent became ominous, and uncompromis- ing Union men, with brave hearts and stern convictions, were needed in our councils, he was nominated and elected to the State Legislature for the session of 1861. Here he supported with vote and voice, with z»al and energj', all me.i.sures looking to a vigorous pro.secution of the war, and opposed with equal earnestness every effort to purchase peace by a compromise with slavery. Hence, he opposed with all the force of his 700 BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES: positive nature the resolution to send delegates to tlie " Washington Peace Convention," the object of which was to settle the difficulty by concessions. At the time, he was censured somewhat by some of his political friends. His " maiden " speech in the Legislature was in defense of his position on this question, in which he recognized a power behind the war, which could not be compromised. A brief extract from his remarks on that occasion, will, perhaps, better illustrate the force and style of his oratory, than anything we might say. ******* u gj^^ there are worse conditions than secession or di.ssolution-^worse things than war, be it civil or servile — worse things than death, among which are , 1812 ; he came to Wisconsin in 183G, and purchased eighty acres of land in Milwaukee, where he lived till 1850, when he came and settled in Farmington, and bought eighty acres of land ; in 18(39, he sold this property, and came and settled on Sec. 12, Koshkonung, purchasing ninety-seven acres of land. Married, Dec. 4, 184(3, Mrs. Rebecca Northrup, daughter of Hezekiah Whitney; had five children — Lucian Y., born Nov. 28, 1847 ; James T., Nov. 4, 1849; Lycurgus J., Dec. 23, 1851 ; Francis 0., Dec. 13, 1855 ; George E., July 3, 1859 ; Mrs. Zomder, by her first marriage, had six children — Eloisa A., born Sept. 3, 1834; Mary, Jan. 7, 183G ; Henry W., Oct. 23, 1838 ; Louisa, May 17, 1840 ; Will- iam, May 17, 1842 ; Anna, April 1, 1844, died, aged 10 months. Mr. Zomder enlisted in Company E, 37th W. V. I., March 25, 1865; mustered out July 27, 18(35; James enlisted with his fether in the same regiment and company, and mustered out at the same time; Lucian enlisted Sept. 3, 1864, in Com- pany B, 3d W. V. I., and served nine months; his stepson, William Northrup, enlisted Sept. 4, 1864, in Company E, 1st. Wis. Heavy Artillery, discharged June 26, 1865, and died Sept. 5, 1865. Mr. Zomder has served in many oiBces of the county — Justice of the Peace two years, and Clerk of the School District nine years. Liberal in religion ; Republican. LAKE MILLS TOWNSHIP. If. J. ANDERSON, proprietor meat market, Lake Mills ; born in Christiania, Norway, Oct. 20, 1848; came to America in 1866, locating at Lake Mills, and went to work on a farm ; in 1867, engaged as clerk in mercantile business of Fargo & Harvey ; in 1876, opened his present business. Mar- ried, at Lake Mills, Oct. 20, 1870, Sarah A. Fargo, of Lake Mills; have four children. A. Cw. BERNARD, editor and proprietor of Lake Mills Spike; born at Brighton, Long Island, July 28, 1848; came to Wisconsin in February, 1877, from Ohio, where he had resided for sev- eral years, occupying a position on the editorial staff of the Cleveland Plaindealer ; located at Edgerton, Wis., and engaged in iournalism ; Nov. 12, 1878, started his present paper at Lake Mills, Jefferson Co. GEORGE VV. BLACK, Assistant Postmaster, Lake Mills; born in Cortland Co., N. Y., Aug. 7, 1843 ; came to Wisconsin in 1847. His father, Riley Black, settled in the vicinity of Lake Mills; engaged in farming until his death in July, 1870. George W. Black, in 1863, began teaching penmanship in Watertown and other places; in 1866, went to farming; in 1870, came to Lake Mills, where he started a barber-shop and confectionery store ; in 1875, was appointed Assistant Postmaster; has been Town and Village Clerk for some years. Married, at Oakland, Jan. 4, 1864, Matilda C. Ritchie, of St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. ; has one child living. J. B. CH ESMORE, Postmaster, Lake Mills ; born in Chelsea, Orange Co., Vt., Aug. 17, 1834 ; came to Wisconsin in 1855 ; located at Lake Mills, engaged in boot and shoe business ; in 1862, received appointment of Postmaster, which position he has since held, doing also business in school-books, stationery, etc. Married, at Johnson, Vt., February, 1858, Miss Nancy P. Dimick, of Vermont; has two children — Dora B. and Elmer L. CHARLES D. COOK, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Lake Mills ; born in Lake Mills Township, March 10, 1848. Married, at Lake Mills, Sept. 23, 1872, Eliza A. Fleming, of that place ; has one child living and lost one ; owner of eighty acres; is also managing the estate of his father, Homer Cook, who settled with his family in Lake Mills in 1845; is now in California; his estate here comprises some 2,000 acres. JA^IIES CRUMP, farmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Lake Mills; born in England July 7, 1825; emi- grated to America in 1833; came to Wisconsin in 1844; went to work at his trade of cooper at Lake Mills; in 1850, went to making carriages and wagons; in 1852, went to California; returned in 1854, and bought 160 acres where he is at present located. Married, at Lake Mills, Jan. 29, 1855, Diantha Thayer, a native of New York ; has three children. ALBERT ENGLISH, meat market. Lake Mills; born in JefiFerson Co., N. Y.; came with his father to Lake Mills in 1844. In 1857, began making brooms, but, in a short time, went to work on 702 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: a farm ; in 1800, went to California, returning in 1863; he enlisted in the 46th W. V. I.; was mustered out with his regiment at the close of the war; in 1871, bought his present business. Married, at Lake Mills, Jan. 15, 1866, Laura A. White; has two boys. WILLIAM EVERSOX, farmer. Sec. 24; P. 0. Lake Mills ; born in Aztalan, Jefferson Co., Wis., June 2U, 1841. Married, at Lake Mills, June 2, 1867, Miss Elizabeth Rathbun, a native of Mich- igan ; have three children — Fanny, born June 2, 1869 ; Frank, Jan. 7, 1872, and baby, born April 12, 1878 ; they own 250 acres. E. B. FARGO, merchant, Lake Mills; born in New London, Conn., Feb. 18, 1822; came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1845, located at Lake Mills and engaged in mercantile business; in 1848, pur- chased of Millard & Pickard the original site of the village, including the mills; gave his attention to conducting mills and farming ; he with his brother, Lyman Fargo, Miles Millard and Ambrose Foster built, in 1847, the first foundry west of Milwaukee, Mr. Fargo owning at one time two-thirds of it; in 1862, sold his interest in foundry and built his present store and resumed mercantile business ; has also a firm of 290 acres. Married, in Genesee Co., N. Y., Nov. 22, 1844, Marilla Churchill, of New York, daughter of Gen. Churchill ; they have six children. (]}EORCiiE T. FA R«0, farmer, Sec. 23; P.O. Lake Mills; born in Seneca Co., N. Y., April 25, 1850 ; came to Wisconsin in 1867, and engaged as clerk in mercantile business of his uncle, E. B. Fargo, at Lake Mills, uniil he moved on his father's farm, where he is at present. Married, at Lake 3Iills, Sept. 30, 1875, Catharine Taylor, of Michigan ; have two children. The farm of 200 acres was purchased by his father, the Rev. Isaac Fargo, in 1853. L.. D. FARGrO, farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Tousley ; born in Connecticut Nov. 22, 1824. His parents moved to Genesee Co., N. Y., in 1832. He came to Wisconsin in 1845, arriving at Milwaukee Nov. 5 ; came to Lake Mills in 1846 ; took up 120 acres of Government land where his present farm is situated. His farm now comprises 520 acres, under cultivation except sixty-five a...'es. Besides farming, he carried on the nursery business for twelve years. Married, in Genesee Co , N. Y., AprU 4, 1848, Sarah Rich, of (rencsee Co., N. Y.; have a familv of three children living; have lost three. GEOR<]rE 5$. GRIi^WOIiD, manufacturer. Lake Mills; born at Stafford, N. Y., Aug. 15, 1828; came to Wisconsin in 1850 ; located at Lake Mills and engaged in the manufacture of farming implements. Married, at Lake Mills, Sept. 8, 1852, Elbina E. Merriam, of Oswego Co., N. Y.; have two boys. W. R. HARVEY, merchant. Lake Mills; born at Lake Mills Feb. 10,1845; engaged in his present business in 1859. Married, in New Jersey, April 19, 1871, Miss Georgia Delaware, of Troy, N. Y.; have one child. His father, Enoch Harvey, was one of the eurly settlers, having located in Jefferson Co. in 1843. L. A. HILDRETH, blacksmith, Lake Mills; born Sept. 22, 1831 ; came to Wisconsin in 1849 ; went to work at his trade at Lake Mills, Aug. 19, 1862 ; enlisted in 3d Wis. Light Artillery ; went into active service, participating in all battles with the battery, among them Stone River, Chicka- mauga. Mission Ridge, and others; was mustered out at Madison July 3, 1865 ; returned to his present occupation. Married, at Lake Mills, in January, 1856, Sarah Lusted, of England; have three children. S. P. HITCHCOCK, hotel proprietor, Lake Mills; born in Burlington, Hartford Co., Conn., Oct. 1, 1812 ; came to Wisconsin in 1849 ; went to farming in Lake Mills Township. In 1868, purcha.sed an interest in the agricultural manufactory at the village of Lake Mills. In 1873, began keep- ing the Lake Side Hotel at that place. He has held various local offices. Married, Jan. 1, 1845, Miss Louise Parker, at Naples, Ontario Co., N. Y.; she is a native of that placq ; have five children. WILLIAm L. HOSKIXS, merchant, Lake Mills; born in Erie Co., Penn., Dec. 24, 1828 ; came to Wisconsin in June, 1858, locating at Lake Mills, and engaged in mercantile business. In 1871, was elected to the State Legislature ; reelected in 1872 ; has held various local offices. Married in Pennsylvania, in November, 1858, Philenna Hutchins, of Pennsylvania ; has three children. SAMl'EL HOf!$LEY, retired farmer. Lake Mills; born in Townsend, Mass., May 8, 1815; came to Wisconsin in October, 1837 ; went to work at Lake Mills splitting rails. In 1838, went to Rock- ford ; thence to Madison, where he helped to build the State Capitol ; was given a commission as Captain of militia. In 1845, went to farming in Aztalan Township. In 1877, sold his farm of 244 acres, and moved to his present residence. Mr. Hosley believes he is the only one now living who spent the winter of 1837-38 at Lake Mills. Married, at Lake Mills, January, 1S42, Emeline Pessamore, of New York, who died in 1872. Manied the second time, at Fort Atkinson, Sept. 26, 1874, Nora Allen (nee Briton), of New York ; has three children living. His son Charles now keeps a livery stable at Lake Mills. I ^ LAKE MILLS TOWNSHIP. 703 E. a. KALTENBRl'N, hardware merchant, Lake Mills ; born in Germany Sept. 25, 1836 ; ■came to Wisconsin in ] 852 ; located at Watertown ; went to work at his trade of tinsmith. In 1855, came to Lake Mills and engaged in mercantile business with Mr. J. H. Bruns; they opened the first hard- ware business in the village. In 1856, he went to Chicago, then to Colorado, returning to Lake Mills in 1864 ; went into hardware business. In 1869, sold out to F. W. Myers ; started again, in 1874, the busi- ness he is now in. Married, at Lake Mills, Nov. 10, 1865, Augusta Rosenberg, of Germany ; have two children. S. S. KEYES, cabinetmaker. Lake Mills; born in Northfield, Vt., Aug. .3, 1817; came to Wisconsin in 1848 ; went to work at his trade at Lake Mills. In 1856, engaged in mercantile business. In 1859, weut to Madison, where he was employed as clerk in the post office. In 1860, was appointed Postmaster at Lake Mills. In 1863, went to Chicago, III, where he remained until 1867 : has held sev- eral local offices; was commissioned by Gov. Dodge, during his administration, as Captain of rifles and pro- moted to Major. Married, in Washington Co., Vt., Nov. 14, 1838, Martha Boys, of New Hampshire ; have five children— Charles A., born Nov. 11, 1839 ; Eliza Z., Nov. 30, 1840 ; Jennie A., Aug. 30, 1845; Norman D., Sept. 6, 1848; Kittie H., March 2, 1851. Mr. Keyes' father, Capt. Joseph Keyes, and family, were the first white settlers of Lake Mills; came there in 1837, having landed in Milwaukee in June of the previous year. CASPAR KROGH, farmer and miller. Sec. 19; P. 0. Kroghville ; born in Norway Sept. 27, 1812 ; came to America in 1843; located in Racine Co., Wis.; went to work at his trade of gunsmith. In 1848, came to Kroghville; purchased the saw-mill and a few acres of land; operated the mill and . worked at his trade. In 1853, built a grist-mill, which he still owns. In 1858, started a brickyard; made brick one season. In 1859, he built his present residence with brick of his own manufacture. In 1868, built a woolen factory. Has been Justice of the Peace for some years ; elected in 1855. Married, in Norway, in 1838, Catharine Johnson, of Norway ; have nine children living; lost two ; is owner of sixty-seven acres of land in Jefferson Co. and 160 in Dane Co. CHARLES J. MIL,L,ARD, farmer. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Lake Mills ; born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Jan. 17, 1845 ; came to Wisconsin in 1847. His father, Judson Millard, purchased and settled upon the farm now occupied by C. J., where he remained until his death, in 1865. Charles J. Millard, Aug. 14, 1862, enlisted in tlie 39th W. V. I., Co. D ; went into active service ; participated in all battles with the regiment ; slightly wounded at Jackson, Miss.; at expiration of term of service, was mustered out with the regiment at Madison in July, 1865 ; returned to Lake Mills ; went to farming and managing the Rock Lake Creamery. Has been Chairman of the Board of Supervisors for two years. Married, at Columbus, Wis., Oct. 3, 1866, Evaline Aldrich, of Watertown, Wis. ; have three children ; owns 200 acres. CLAIJS WELSOK, farmer. Sec. 8; P. 0. Tousley ; born in Sweden Aug. 24, 1838; came to America in 1860 ; remained at Green Bay until the fall of 1861, when he enlisted in the 17th W. V. I.; went into active service; participated in all the battles with the regiment. In 1863 or 1864, re-enlisted in the same company: was mustered out at Madison in July, 1865. In 1872, bought his present farm of 150 acres. Married, at Madison, Feb. 6, 1867, Elizabeth Entwislle, of County Antrim, Ireland ; have one child living ; lost one. R. L. WEWTOBf, flxrmer. Sec. 7 ; P. O. Kroghville; born in Livingston Co., N. Y., May 23, 1818 ; came to Wisconsin in 1844 ; located in Lake Mills Township ; went to farming and blacksmithing. In 1859, gave up his trade, and has been engaged on his farm since. Married, in 1845, Susan E. Spoor, of Orleans Co., N. Y., at which place the marriage took place; have three children: is owner of 171 acres. li. E. PORTER, pattern-maker. Lake Mills ; born in Vermont Aug. 18, 1824 ; came to Wisconsin in 1851, and went to work at his trade of carpenter and joiner at Lake Mills; in 1852, he engaged in pattern-making at the foundry, where he is at present employed. Has been Village Trustee three or four yeai'S. Married, in Massachusetts, Nov. 26, 1846, Miss Martha J. Flint, of Mount Vernon. N. H. ; born March 3, 1826 ; have seven children living, three dead — Martha J., born June 20, 1848 Rodney M., Dec. 26, 1849 ; Mary J., April 18, 1852 ; Emma B., July 16, 1854, died Aug. 22, 1857 Elsie E., born Aug. 19, 1857, died July 5, 1858 ; Charles S., born June 20, 1869, died Jan. 8, 1860 Walter E., born Dec. 26, 1860 ; Ulysses G., Aug. 26, 1863 ; Ettie, Aug. 30, 1865; Cora, April 22, 1873. O. E. RAY, insurance and pension agent ; born in Madison Co., N. Y., Sept. 3, 1831 ; came to Wisconsin in September, 1839 ; went to work at his trade of carpenter and joiner. Enlisted, Aug. 14, 1862, in the 29th W. V. I. ; went into active service, participating in several battles ; was wounded at the battle of Champion Hills, May 16, 1863 ; remained in hospital until August, joined the regiment, w 704 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and was sent home on recruiting service ; January, 1864, returned to his regiment and went on the Red River campaign ; mustered out at Shreveport, La., May >22, 1865, receiving his discharge at Madison, Wis. Came to Lake Mills and engaged in the insurance business and working as his trade; is pension agent; has been Town Treasurer six years; was l^resident of the Village Board in 1875, was elected Justice of the Peace in 1S77 ; is a member of the L O. 0. F., and F. & A. M. While in the army he held the rank of First Sergeant, Second Lieutenant, First Lieutenant and Captain. Married, at Lake Mills, Sept, 5, 1851), Harriott Lustead, of England ; have two children living. B. B. SANBORN, grocer and confectioner, Lake Mills; born at Littleton, Grafton Co., N. H., July 27, 1834 ; came to Wisconsin, October, 1855 ; located at Lake Mills ; went to work at his' trade of carpenter and joiner; in 1856, went to Whitewater, where he worked at his trade; in 1858, went to Richland Co., and engaged in same business ; from there went to Green Co. On May 7, 1862, enlisted in the 20th W. V. I. ; went into active service, and participated in all the battles with the regi- ment. Was mustered out of service Aug. 10, 1865, returning to Lake Mills, and resuming his former occupation ; in 1870, went into the cabinet and furniture business; in 1877, started his present business. Has been Clerk of the School Board, Town Clerk, member of the Village Board, and is now President of the same. Married, at Lake Mills, Sept. 1, 1857, Mary J. Foster, of Steuben Co., N. Y., daughter of William H. Foster, one of the early settlers of Lake Mills. Mr. Sanborn has three children. F. A. SEAVER, knife manufacturer. Lake Mills ; born in Vermont, Nov. 8, 1822 ; came to Wisconsin in 1845 ; located at Lake INlills, and engaged in blacksmithing ; in 1875, went into his present business ; in 1852, went to California, where he worked at his trade and mining, returning in 1855. Is one of the Board of Village Trustees. Married, at Lake Mills, Jan. 1, 1846, Sarah A. Miller, of Mass- achusetts, whose family were among the early settlers; they settled at Lake Mills in 1845. Mr. Seaver has two children— Harriet, born Jan. 21, 1848 ; Fred M., July 18, 1856. C. C. SMITH, miller, Lake Mills ; born in Mecklenburg, Pru.ssia, Aug. 8, 1830; came to America in ]S5(i, locating at Watertown, Wis. ; engaged in milling business, following his business in Watertown and Waukesha Co. until 1874, then came to Lake Mills and bought the mill he is running. Married, at Watertown, in 1862, Matilda Kruegar, of Germany; have four children, two boys and two girls. ELI AS TAYIiOR, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Lake Mills; born in County Antrim, Ireland, Dec. 23, 1832: came to America in 1852; located on his present farm of 200 acres. Married, in Aztalan, Wis., Jan. 12, 1863, Miss Kittie McKee, a native of Charington, Canada; born Feb. 22, 1842 ; have three children living, two having died — Amanda F., bom April 18, 1865, died Nov. 28, 1870 ; Walter M., born July 28, 1868, died Dec. 24, 1870 ; Llewellyn B., born Sept. 12, 1871 ; Florence S., born Sept. 6, 1874 ; Victor K., horn Feb. 8, 1876. WILLIAM H. TORREY, farmer. Sec. 19 ; P. 0. KroghviUe ; born in Ashtabula Co., Ohio, July 30, 1S40 ; came tu Wi.-iconsiu in 1847 ; his parents, with family, settled in Lake Mills Town- ship ; on Feb. 14, 1864, he enlisted in the 50th W. V. I. ; was mustered out at Madison in April, 1865 ; returned to his farm — is owner of 130 acres. RICHARD VANSLYKE, carpenter and joiner. Lake Mills ; born in Wyoming Co., N. Y., Nov. 8, 1822 ; came to Wisconsin in 1859 ; went to work at his trade at Lake Mills. Enlisted, Aug. 29, 1862, in the 3d Wis. Battery, Light Artillerj' ; went into active service ; he not only participated in all of the battles in which his battery was engaged, but also in some while on detached service. In 1864, went with the 1st Illinois Battery through the Georgia campaign ; returned to 3d Battery, February, 1865, at Murfreesboro ; was transferred Feb. 28, 1865, to 8th Battery, Wisconsin Light Artillery ; April 14, 1865, was transferred to 6th Wisconsin Battery; mustered out at Madison July 3, 1865. Married, in Livingston Co., N. Y., May 18, 1853, Sophia A. Beckwith, of Wyoming Co., N. Y. ; have three children living. OAKLAND TOWNSHIP. T. C. BLANCHARD, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Oakland; born in Onondaga Co., N. Y., Oct. 4, 1839, where he passed his early life and received a good common-school education ; graduated at S. N. Bassett's Mercantile College; at the age of 16, came to Wisconsin, and located in Oakland Co. in 1855; engaged in farming till 1856, when he returned to his home in York State; July, 1858, returned to Wis- consin. In 1860, married Miss Eliza M. Snell, who was born Oct. 12, 1840; was the first white child OAKLAND TOWNSHIP. 705 born in Oakland; have two children — Lilly and Minnie. In 1866, he was Treasurer; in 1867, Town Clerk; 1871-74, Chairman of the Town Board four consecutive times, and again in 1876; family attend Baptist Church; owns 154 acres of the finest land, and makes a specialty of dairy business; is a member of the firm of Olin, Crossfield & Co., who are operatins; three different factories. F. O. CROSSFIKLD, farmer, Sec. 10; P. 0. Fort Atkinson; born in Gun Plain Township, Allegan Co., Mich., Feb. 15, 1856 ; received a good common-school education ; was brought up a fiirmer; he is the son of C. P. Crossfield; came with his father to Wisconsin in 1867 ; located in Oakland Town- ship ; bought land and engaged at farming. F. 0. married, Nov. 8, 1877, Miss Klva Earl, who was born in Galesburg, Kalamazoo Co., Mich. Mr. Cro.ssfield owns eighty acres of land, well improved ; manages 100 acres adjoining his, belonging to his father ; raises a variety of crops ; makes a specialty of the dairy bus- iness. Republican. JOHN CUKTIS, farmer, Sec. 10; P. 0. Fort Atkinson; born in New Hampshire Aug. 30, 1831 ; born and brought up a farmer; came to Wisconsin and located in Jefl'eison Township and engaged at farming. Married, in October, 1854, Miss Olivia L. Burdick, who was born in New York June 10, 1836; they have- seven children — Norah, Primer, Eugene, Bella, Nettie, Justin, Winnie. Mr. Curtis farmed on shares for a few years in Jefferson Township, then removed to Lincoln Township, Adams Co., where he farmed in the same way; returned to Oakland Township in March, 1879; bought 160 acres, formerly owned by George C. Smith; the farm is in goo^ condition, with all latest improvements; Mr. Curtis raises usual crops and stock of the county ; makes a specialty of dairying. Has always voted the Republican ticket. WILLIAM EUSTIS, farmer. Sees. 11 and 12; P. O. Fort Atkinson; born in Newbury- Dort, Mass., May 4, 1799, where he received only a common-school education ; when quite young, went to Eastport, Me., where he clerked in a dry-goods store for three years ; when 21 years of age he entered the dry-goods trade for himself; that business he followed successfully till 183G. Married, in Eastport, Me., April 6, 1823. Miss Frances Weinslar, who was born in Portland June 6, 1804 ; their children are — Elizabeth, Frances and William ; their mother died in December, 1835. He then removed, with his children, to Sangamon Co., 111., where he pre-empted 400 acres of prairie land, on which he made many improvements. Married again, in Sangamon Co., 111., December, 1840, Miss Martha Sowell, who was born in Charlotte Co., Va., in February, 1814 ; had three children — Charlie, Jane, Mary. In the spring of 1846, he disposed of the land and moved to Wisconsin, and bought 160 acres; shortly afterward added 120 ; had 280 acres; eighty acres he has since sold ; the 200 acres remaining he has well improved. He built and occupies the only stone octagon bouse in Oakland. He raises a variety of crops and the usual stock of the county. Republican. In 1852, served as member of the Legislature for the Second District ; has been Assessor and Township Supervisor. WILLIAM J. FELBEL, farmer. Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Oakland ; born in Prussia in November, 1843 ; son of William and Catherine, who emigrated from Prussia to America in 1848, locating in Albany Co., where they followed farming till 1854, then came West and located in Whitewater, Walworth Co., remaining there till the spring of 1855 ; they then came and settled in Oakland Township, and pur- chased a farm. At the age of 13, he was apprenticed to the trade of miller, in which business he had both legs broken. On the 14th of August, 18G2, enlisted in Co. D, 29th W. V. I., at Fort Atkinson; mustered out at Shreveport, La., 19th of June, 1865. He served with his regiment in all the battles it participated in; returned home and re-engaged in farming. Married, June, 1867, in Whitewater, Miss Mary Hake, a native of Ohio; had three children — William, Eda, Alice. In 1872, purchased his homestead of 200 acres ; since then has put on all the modern improvements. JOHN GATES, farmer. Sees. 22 and 27 ; P. 0. Oakland Center ; born in Royalton Township, Niagara Co., N. Y., June 20, 1824 ; was born and raised on a farm ; received a limited education ; he came alone to Wisconsin in the autumn of 1844; located in Oakland Township, where he worked on different farms ; by industry and economy, he was enabled by the spring of 1845 to purchase forty acres on Sec. 33 ; shortly afterward purchased eighty more acresadjoining, making, all together, 120 acres, for which he paid $150 ; made a few improvements, and sold the farm in 1848 for $600 ; in the fall of 1848, removed ts Richland Co., Wis. ; bought 160 acres, which he partially improved, and sold that place at a profit in the beginning of 1850 ; he then returned to Oakland and bought 150 acres, partially improved, on which he lived and worked industriously ; in the spring of 1853, he sold the farm at a profit and bought 100 acres where he is now living; lias since added 200 acres; he now owns 300 acres, 280 under cultivation.; raises the usual crops and stock of the county ; he takes much pride in raising cattle and in dairying business. He married, in Oakland Township, in April, 1855, Miss Marietta Royce, who was born in Wyoming Co., N. Y., in December, 1833; they have had eight children, five living — Josephine, Rodellj 706 BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES: Judson, Byron and John ; the last two are twins. Republican. Has been Supervisor and Treasurer of Oakland. C. PERRY tiOOURICH, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Christiana, Dane Co.; born in Stock- bridge, Madison Co., N. Y., Feb. 8, 1831 ; son of Charles and Clara Goodrich; came witli his parents to Wisconsin in the spring of 184G ; located and bought a farm on Sec. 29, Oakland Township, where his parents lived for a number of years ; Perry received a very good common-school education ; when 18 years of age, he commenced to teach school ; taught for five terms ; educated himself at night in mathematical studies and surveying ; was always energetic in helping his parents on their farm. Married, in Cambridge, Dane Co., Nov. 1, 1855, Miss Frances D. Bowen, who w:ts born in Monroe Co., N. Y.; they have three children — William B., born in January, 1859 ; Charles, born in August, 1807; De Witt, bom in June, 1869. In the spring of 1856, he bought eighty acres of land, to which he has since added one hundred and thirty acres, ninety-five acres of which is under the plow ; raises a variety of crops, some very fine cattle ; makes a specialty of dairying ; makes excellent butter ; has taken premium on three grades at State fairs, in 1878; his farm is finely improved. Is a Republican. In 1860, was elected Justice of the Peace; in 1860, was elected County Surveyor, on a two-years term ; he is said to be a No. 1 surveyor. In October, 1861, he enlisted in Oakland Township, in Co. I, 1st W. V. C. ; in 1862, he was appointed Sergeant; in May, 1863, was promoted to Fir.st Sergeant; April, 186-1, to Sergeant Major; Jan. 25, 1865, was com- missioned by Gov. James T. Lewis, First Lieutenant and Adjutant of the 1st Wis. Regt.; he has a very fine war record ; was mustered out March 7, 1865 ; returned home to his family, in Oakland Township, and engaged at farming, which be has since followed. In 1866, was Surveyor; served one term. In 1868, he was elected to the Wisconsin State Legisliture, from Second District, for one term; he has also served as Clerk of Town Board .and Chairman. E. A. HART, farmer; P. 0. Oakland; born in Oneida Co., N. Y., March 3, 1825, where he received a common-school education, and lived on his parents' farm till 11 years old, when he commenced to labor for strangers ; followed farming until 23 years old, then, having accumulated §400 by hard labor, emigrated West, and located in Oakland, Jefferson Co., Wis., in September, 1848. Married, Feb. 12, 1850, Marinda E. Goodrich ; they have five children — Harriet W., Jessie, Florence, Elenora and Mary. In 1853, he was Assessor ; in 1854, on Board of Supervisors ; in 1864, Justice of the Peace. He and his wife are members of the Free-Will Baptist Church; owns eighty-three acres of land, raising all the general farm stock and usual grains. E. C. HART, farmer, Sec. 11 ; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; born in Oakland Township, in October, 1849 ; the son of 0. P. and Florinda Hart. E. C. was born and raised on a farm. He received a good common-school education ; attended the Albion Academy. He enlisted, in January, 1865, in Co. H, 49th W. V. I.; mustered out Aug. 5, 1865 ; returned to Oakland; re-engaged at farming. Married, in Novem- ber, 1872, Miss Ella Orrendorff, who was born in Oakland in 1852 ; have two children — Lena and Flora. Mr. Hart owns eighty acres of land ; raises a variety of crops and the usual stock of the county ; is a Republican. 1.1'CIUS Ij. hart, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 0. Oakland Center; born in Virgil Township, N. Y. ; born on a farm ; passed his early life in Oneida Co., N. Y., where he attended a common school ; when very young, he had a long distance to walk to school ; one day, about noon, there was a very severe snow-storm ; the .snow was three feet deep, and it turned very cold ; while going home from school, his liands, feet, ears and face were so badly frozen that he has ever since suffered from the effects. He fol- lowed farming in New York. Married, in Vernon Township, Oneida Co., March 6, 1844, Miss Rebecca Goodrich, a native of Madison Co., N. Y. ; they had three children — Newton, Mary and Hattie. In the spring of 1845, be came to Wisconsin; located on Sec. 32, Oakland Town,ship, where he purchased a claim of eighty acres; he endured many privations and worked hard; purchased another eighty-acre piece of land on Sec. 33 ; he made some very tasty improvements. In the spring of 1S78, he sold off his land on Sec. 33, be intending to live a retired life ; afterward purchased another farm of fifty acres, well improved, with good barns and a neat frame liousc. Mr. Hart has led a very moral life ; never drank any liquor or intox- icating beverage of anv kind. Republican. HEXRY I^riKir, farmer. Sec. 28; P. 0. Oakland; born in Prussia in October, 1842; son of Philip and Christina, who came to Wisconsin in July, 1843, and located in Waukesha Co. on sixty-seven acres; he lived with them till 1854 ; then engaged in a general store in Waukesha ; enlisted Aug. 15, 1862, in Co. B, 28th W. V. I., and was mustered out Aug. 21, 1865, at Madison ; returned to Waukesha ; lived there a year and eight months; then removed to Jefl'erson Township, Jefferson Co., and bought 100 acres of land, partially improved, which he has, by his industry, much improved. Married, in April 1868, Louisa Miller, of Sumner; bad three children — Amelia, Charlie and William. Republican. OAKLAND TOWNSHIP. 707 HOLMES IVES, fiirmer, Sec. 27 ; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; born in VVallinglbrd, New Haven Co., Conn., Nov. 3, 1814; when 1 year old, his parents moved to Berk.shirc Co., Mass., where he received his early education ; in 183.5, he returned to New Haven Co., Conn.; in 1838, came to Miebisan on a Government survey. Married Miss Rosanna Foss, who was born in June, 1820 ; had two children — Will- iam and Olive. Came to Wisconsin in spring of 1843, and located in Oakland, Jeft'erson Co.; owns 224 acres of land, and was one of the prime movers in naming that township Oakland. He is one of the lead- ers of the Democratic party. JAMES IV. KENNEDY, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 0. Cambridge; born in Perth.shire, Scotland, March It), 1819, where he received his early education and learned the trade of carpentering; came to America in 1844, first to Milwaukee, thence to Milton, Rock Co., and from there to Cold Springs, JeiFer- son Co.; in the fall of 1845, he located in Oakland and purchased eighty acres of land, which form his homestead. In February, 1846, he married Dorothy C. Cachan ; have seven children — Daniel, Jane, Thomas, Rosanna, May, John, Dorry ; in the fall of 184(1, he cut sufficient logs to build his first hou»e ; the fever and ague then prevailing, he could not get sufficient help to build ; he then had the logs cut into timber, and, on the 1st of January, 1847, accomplished his task, underallthe disadvantages of the cold weather of the winter; in 1858, he built his present home, of frame, with good outbuildings; Mr. Ken- nedy, at diiferent times, has bought land from the Government , owns altogether 220 acres and rai.scs the general products of the county, horses, cattle, sheep, etc. Has served as Justice of the Peace over twenty years ; as Supervisor, one term ; in the spring of 1879, was elected Chairman of the Board of Supervisors. ROBERT N. KENNEDY, fkrmer. See. 18 and 19; P. 0. Christiana, Dane Co.; born in Perthshire, Scotland, in 1826 ; carpenter by trade; came to America in 1846 ; in 1874, came to Wiscon- sin and located in Oakland, Jefferson Co., and worked at hi.s trade, and then engaged in farming. Married, in March, 1850, Miss Ann Matheison, who is a native of New Brunswick; have four children — Mary J., Anna, Lizzy and Dugald. In 1852, he went to California on a mining expedition, also worked at his trade, living there till 1855, when he returned to Wisconsin. Owns 153 acres of land, raises the products of this county. Independent in politics. JAMES LAING, farmer, Sec. 16; P. 0. Cambridge; born in Banffshire, Scotland, in April, 1823; born and raised on a farm ; received a fair education ; has always followed farming. Married, in Scotland, in June, 1852, Miss Ann Forbes, a native of the same shire; have one child — Ellen, now mar- ried. In the autumn of 1854, Mr. Laing and his wife came direct from Scotland to Wisconsin ; located in Oakland Township, where he bought eighty acres, to which he has added fifty acres adjoining. Owns 130 acres well improved. Independent in politics. He and family are members of the Cambridge Pres- byterian Church. JAMES MATHISON, farmer, Sec. 6 and 18 ; P. 0. Cambridge ; born in New Brunswick, May, 1831 ; son of Dugald Mathison, who was born in Argyleshire, Scotland, in 1786. In 1829, mar- ried May Logan, a native of County Antrim, Ireland ; they had six children — James, Dugald, Henry, John, Ann and Mary. Mr. James IMathison is the oldest. Mr. Mathison, Sr., came to New Brunswick and settled there in 1830 ; bought a flirm which he worked till 1846, when he moved West with his family, and located in Oakland Township, Jefferson Co., and purchased 200 acres of land ; lived there till his death in 1849. Mr. James Mathison and his brother, Dugald, have bought out the other heirs, and carry on the old homestead farm, making since then all the necessary improvements to make it a first-class farm ; they raise cattle and hogs extensively, and horses (owns a Norman colt two years old, weighing 1,250 pounds). In 1864, they bought 145 acres in Section IS. In the year 1850, they drew their wheat to Milwaukee and sold it for 40 and 50 cents per bushel. Independent in politics. R. D. MERRIMAN, farmer. Sec. 33 ; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; born Oct. 14, 1829, in Litchfield Co., Conn. ; born and rai.sed on a farm ; received a good common-school education. At an early ago, he began working at farming; assisted his parents until 1850 ; then entered the butchering business, which he fol- lowed till 1857. Married, near his birthplace, Sept. 22, 1851, Miss Sarah Miller, who was born in Hooky Norton, England, in December, 1828; they have four children — Alonzo D., born Nov. 22, 1853; Adel- bert L., Sept. 9, 1858; Frank H., April 25, 1860; Seymour A., July 28, 1867. Mr. Merriman came direct from Connecticut to Wisconsin in April, 1857 ; located temporarily on Koshonoug Prairie, Dane Co., where his fiimily lived ; he worked a farm for a short time ; left there in November next, and removed to Grand Marsh Township, Adams Co., where he bought an unimproved eighty acres of land, which he sold at a profit in 1857. In March, 1859, he and family removed to Jefferson Co. ; located in Oakland Town- ship, where he worked a farm on shares ; he bought forty acres of land where he now lives, on which he built a new barn and a frame house ; in 1869, he made another purchase of sixty acres of land ; raises the usual crops and stock of the county (Durham-grade cattle); makes a .specialty of dairying. Democrat. 708 BIOGRAPHICAl. SKETCHES: Q. €. OLOk, araer. Sea" e ti e in as^xiaz hb wonhj ^o^feais tf fiiwlJe: at the ^s of 21. he b^aa fife ftr hiasdC Manvd. in Ma&oa Co.. >" Y ia JtorriahiT. 1836. Mee Chrissa Waid. who was bora ia Oaetda Co. ia 1813; taar ehilifaea are Hring —Oscar. Khnhefh, Ootdefia aad EanoL la the ^riiK of 1>43. be ewe with his hmSij to Wiaeoasia ; featedia "■• ^ - • Tov^hipi, JeSasee Co- a hum he nieaelaiM of e^htj acres, which he fispoeedof ia the sptK. thea w«at to Waakedia Oou whete he wwked at dilfeie a l &hb oa Au«s tiC the qwiag «f 1 ^: : ^ thea iiAaiae d to Oakkad Tow«ahq>, where he took ap e%:htj acres. When Mr. Vbiej eaMeto Wiseeaaa, he hadanthia; to eoaaMaee oa except his enei^j aad iadastrj: ia the earij dbtjs. he worked for 23 eeatE aad 50 eeass a daj ; coald aot erea get dat aaoaat ia cash : they were ni fm f i 'trd a>aeeept ^eir wa^esia prorkiaae; at oae tiMe he was paid ia portioas of ho^ whidi be evned oa his back to the fim where he is aow Eri^ a iBliaii of orer tea mSk&. Mr. Pixky has beea a very icdaslno^ Maa : he befieres ia dotK work iq> to Ae haaAe. He aow owns 160 acres of had, whaeh k iaely improved. His oalj sua, Oscar, caugUi eJy helped his fither ia votkii^ the fin ■Bti he eafeced, ia A^aet, 19^ b Co. I, 3d Colo. T. Lz sened ^dbatly ; was mastered oat Jan. 15, 1865 : letai a e d to his hose m OaUaad. wliere he ai gagc d at fi«iag; ■anied. ia Jane. 1S73. Ms " AohciLL. who was bon ia Aitaha Tuwaehip: Aey have three chBdreo — Maiy, Josie aad Mr. Pizley. Jr., owas e^hty acres of had ai^niaiag his fither. Mr. Pixley, Sr., is a Greea- te'. H. H. POTTEB. :aipeater aad fifser. Sees. 6 aad7; P. O. Caaibridse. Daae Co.; bora ia Isiaad ia 3iaj. Isl^ oa a firm ; weK with his pareats, ia 1817. to Seaqmaios Towa^np, Cayaga Oil, ^. T. ; whea qaiie yoa^ he leaiaad the eaipeater aad ho aac b aihBag baaiaes, w^iefa he fiiflow^d aatil 23 jeus of aee. tha begaa Cyiag ; rwaiiacd thirty-senca yeais. Manied, ia Cayi^a Co., in Sep- teari>er. 1^37. Mb Loaisa HoweS, wfe was bon ia Hector, Schayier Oou ia Febraaiy. 1816 : efaHdieo are Warrea Kiriiall : Edward X., ttrmam^ ia Oakkad ; Eadlr, £ed at the a>e of 7 : Fiaaklia. ban ia Feiaaaiy. 1S42. feUwed fizM^ aatil he ea&ted ia Oakland ia 3d AitiDety. Co. D; he was stataoaed at Jkiexaadna, Ta. ; fioa severe ecpoeafe he was takea iH ; Mastered oat in Jnae, 1865 ; returned to his hoMC ia Otikbad, where^ •*!■? **> AcHe eoatraeted ia the ataiT. he so&red terribh- and died Ang. 3, I86iaL A few yeae after ■wti^e, Mr. Patter nmand his fiady to Cottbad Co.. X. T.. where he fid- lawcd f ii w i i ^ tiB 1314, Aea w«aft to OaoadKa Col. X. T- where he fitOowed earpeateiiag aad hoase- bail^ ta the sprv of 1851:, thea located ia^Ca^widze, Daae Col, Wis., where he foBowed bk trade 111 the spriae of 1356, thea wsmawtd to OaUaad Towaship,boa^ aiaety acres of had, paitidyiaqiroTed. oa whaeh he has Made seat iw{a iin aa rta; laases a Taiiety of cn>pa,aad is e a gage d ia the daay baaiaeas. K< palilW III LfiSOXABD POTTER, firmer. See. 19; P. O. Cambridge, Daae Co.; bon ia Bhode Uaad, So wb er , l^lt. -rbsre he pas^d he eady Efe aad r ece i t i ed a eommoa.9ehoQl edaeatioa: ia 1344. came to Wkeoaaa aad located ia Walworth Coaaty, ea^^^iag at fiam^ till the aammer of 1U6, wh?9 h^ b ea ^ has pceseat hiimi in a1 m Oakhad Tow aahip . i ii ai i i ni a ^ of eighty aoes ; owas in aD 139 xmses the geaerai pmdactt of the eoaaty aad makes sto^-oisiaz a tyeriih t . Married, Jobe Mary Ja»e L-ri^r who was ban ia 1829: has three ch3diea— WilEam T.. Legaard J.. Samael G. STACElf S. FOTTBK, firmer. Sec 13: P. O. Cambridge; bon ia Seott, Coithad Co., N. T- ia Xorember. 1833; soa of Thomas H. Potter; came to Wiwoasia with bis greats ia 1346 ; kjckieA in Oakhal and easeed ia fiimiag: whea 16 yean of aee. eommeaeed to work luO acres far hiautUl Manied ia October. 1354. Jane WaSaee. a aatire of Scnthad ; had aine eUIdrea — ^Thoams S.. Larinia. Charles, Robert, WilHim. John W., Edward J_ CaroGa: B„ Maiy. His fi&dme has beea deroted to fismias. aad be aow cahiTates 132 acres : rases the geaeial prodactB of the eoaaty. makii^ a ipeesaky «f hops aad axiTe dock.* Badieal Bepahiiraa ; memhs of School Board. OAELAXD TOW5^nP- T» W. K. POTTEE. ^r^^.SefcS; P. a Oniofae: fcaw » OamJiji Gk, X. T- F^«m»t. : fooMZ w WiaeoaaB ^ ISS : Asr hexieii m W. K. leeanei a ^od n— wiii 'i fiDnf eia- I 1b fidker m wkiK sfe &Em. MaixkiL 3. hs is aaxr Er^e aal ■' j'4 wtt s»Ke9^uy ; ngH« » i catv-sksrfe ^ vkv is asasi is t^ xv^a : taass T : lakes fnit m Jiiijiaa ba^es. BeyaUeiM : m sfo^ ^ 1?T:. vks iiiesasii -ni ^xk lIONF> POPTKieS. &n»^.P«^&«k»«asiMaai>r7 z riiiaMaT. lS32;tkeTkadaiMdbiUR«.ei^laeBf»?— CksisSi-Sla A- Frt^H-Ahveox Jaws D.,r ~ £L f^eae ajid ia&at avMed. Hr. Bwi^ ke■^t^ m Hehna Tvmdqpc Skt aos «f imi hiim^ytvi tmi Brei oa Mtfl Ae^riagyg lg7<.a«»kiAnMeke nMi^nei » OiHiaj Tai— ^^; \iu aens of had, oa vkidk aae gaad fiaiees aad haiWajr : nnes Kaal a«ps tmd amA «c ike takis r-riie in ^IrvL ti a :. Bci:«?)Ear ROBERT ROBFRT<«il\ n ia Seocfaad Jahr 4. 1S35 : K»i«d a aai tr — r •- ir'-^-k Tia-w-T ki- gj-imi niT 1^7 He E aa esedkae ' ~. W caae &^m Sesibai s» Wkeeasn. bcMeii h -.oTai ian put^s^dy onia' ske &» f* «£ Obk. Faesarr. s£ vkkk Mr. Kikasw s> ske iki.i ■■itur : - .-. _ . r „.^.^:^ : ..^. -1^ . oL ia f)iiHmi m Maick. 15:3. Mks EBea Si<«<^dn. . . - jurae «ad Sorak SSktnkoca : ks two ckBA^^ — Gewae aad Saak. He ajv owie 13^ JOH\ <.. RUCKEKT. ^laer; P. O. Cwkriibe. IXwe Coli k«n aa de Bkiae. FkwSMe T. 1^4. ISSo ; 39a of LoaE Saekat. vko «K ban B 1;%: eaae » AMedca . Psai^ ia 1S49. (kea cmk ta Wisesaa aad sixded m USSsti. JtBsstm Ca^ dbar. lae acres ca tke skoces of Lake Btpkyr *»d raees i&f «i»eni fmiaxs^ ike onaty. Sefak- fican. WII.UAM SCOTT, &i»er. Sec 19 : P. O. C»m"s«iJ2e: Kxs ia SoL^&aal Jd|y 11. 1^7 : at ut ;»rlj i^. h^ kaiaed ;ke trade of vemr. wkiek W S^ov^d ia S<»3^aad. Maixkd. ia Jawaacy. 1>3>. Mutant Miiler, ako a aadre of Seudwd, vko &d ia 1S49 ia Wisfo^Ea : kai ca« dkidzva — Gneie sad" Aaa. He ai^ »> ABaiea. aad keated ia Okakfaad T««wUp b 1S41. ca kss irsoc b^.xnr^:«»d : ke aov v^was IdO aoes cf taad. B3ssiT a^is- ealkintNa. Mnied. ia Jax ' ~ " ''^^ MiTT Aaa Keaaedr. vko w« Iwm ia Seodaad ia 1S24 : kai sx ckS^ea — ^3fjiy, M«^- 1 -je. MH^ri 1:1 i 5i=::iei- Repobtina. ^EOBKE SILTEKTHOKX, ^Keaaed; kon a Ckaad* Xsr. S. 17^: rmnvis ^?«- Boans^ool edaeadoa : at aa eariy ^^ ke karaed tke sraii of Amt-bj^s^. v^.-:: l^r :X T^i r^ for erer tea tvsus. Minted tkare. ia tk aataBS *>f ISS. Mbs Sink A:E=di- -rh: vi^ Z':^ - :- 710 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Creek, Canada, Dec. 22, 1802 ; f.hey had twelve children, seven now living — John, George, Willis, Mary Ann, Esther, Caroline and Ella. In the autumn of 1843, he and family came to Wisconsin, locating in Oakland Township, Sec. 28; bought IGO acres of land, which he bought at Government price; on his place he built and lived in a rude hut with a thatched roof He was a hard worker and a shrewd man- ager. He owned, at various times, many of the farms in Oakland Township. In < very early day, he used oxen for hauling wheat to Milwaukee, a distance of sixty-five miles ; he has sold wheat for the price of 25 cents per bushel ; when so unfortunate as to have his wagon break down, the cost to have it repaired was more than the money he received for his wheat. Mr. Silverthorn was a public-spirited man, and always worked for the interest and prosperity of the township. He was a Democrat. He died Jan. 6, 1873 ; his wife died July 4, 1873. E. Cir. SXKIili, farmer. See. 17; P. 0. Oakland Center; born in Union Township, Allen Co., Dec. 11, 1814 ; born and raised on a farm, and received a good common-school education ; taught school for throe terms; he has followed farming all his lifetime. Married, in East Lynn, Conn., Oct. 15, 1837, Miss Marictte Huntley; she was born in Lynn, Conn., Aug. 16, 1814; they have had six children, five living— Eliza M., born Oct. 12, 1840 ; George M., Nov. 15, 1842 ; John A., Dec. 12, 1844 ; Joseph H., Oct. 11, 1847 ; Mary M., March, 1850. They moved to Union Township, Oneida County, N. Y., where he engaged at farming. In 1838, they came to Wisconsin, landing in Milwaukee, where they found it impossible to hire a team, and, therefore, walked to Fort Atkinson, a distance of fifty miles, a remarkable thing for a woman to do ; located in Fort Atkinson ; they bouglit 99 acres of land ; since then, they have added 189 acres, and now own 288 acres well improved,; he raises a variety of crops. Mrs. Snell, for years, kept hotel ; she is a smart, business woman, and owns, herself individually, 160 acres of land, which is handsomely improved ; she also owns 40 acres of land in Iowa. They are members of the Oak- land Free-Will Baptist Church. li. li. STETSON, farmer. Sees. 4 and 9 ; P. 0. Lake Mills; born three miles from the Green Mountains in Washington Co., Vt. ; son of Winslow and Matilda Stetson ; his father was born in Vermont in September, 1799. Married there in 1830, Miss Matilda Rice, who was born in the same State; their four children are living — Pluma, Leander, Mary 0., Sarah. Their parents came to Wisconsin in June, 1849, and located temporarily in Jefferson Township ; removed, in the spring of 1850, to Oakland Town- ship ; bought 140 acres partially improved, on which his father made many improvements, and worked industriously until his death Jan. 1, 1854; his wife still lives on the old homestead with her son Lean- der, who has been a faithful and industrious son ; he owns 250 acres of fine land in Oakland Township ; also owns 40 acres in Lake Mills Township, See. 32, a total of 290 acres ; raises a variety of crops and native stock ; makes a specialty of dairying, etc. Married, in December, 1866, Miss Laura Jackson, who was born in New York ; had three children — Winslow T., Carrie A., Mabel. Mr. Stetson is a radical Republican ; was Assessor one term, in 1869 ; Supervisor one term, 1870. JOHN TELFER, farmer, See. 5; P. 0. Cambridge, Dane Co.; born in Scotland June 11, 1828 ; is a son of George and Margaret Telfer; came with his parents to New York in 1829, locating at Potsdam, St. Lawrence Co. ; engaged at farming till 1846 ; in the spring of that year, came to Wisconsin and located in Oakland. Married Miss Elizabeth Fulton in 1852 ; had four children — George D., Milton, Robert T., John. Owns seventy-five acres of land, under good cultivation. Member of I. 0. 0. F. Republican. ROBERT l>. THOMSON, farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Cambridge, Dane Co. ; born in Aber- deenshire, Scotland, June 12, 1812, where lived till 14 years old, when he went to Edinburgh, to assist his brother in the grocery business ; remained three years. In the spring of 1829, he came to America, and remained in New York City eiirhteen months, in the grocery business, then changed with the bakery business till June, 1854. Married, in New York City, February, 1842, Miss Jessie Anderson ; she is a native of Huntley, Scotland ; born there in April, 1812 ; have five children — Alexander D.. Isa- bella, Robina, David, William. In the spring of 1844, came to Wisconsin and located in Oakland Town- ship, on the shores of Lake Ripley, where he bought 160 acres of land, where he now lives, raising the general products of the county ; makes dairying a specialty. Radical Republican. Has served over eight years as Township (Jlerk, and Assessor four terms. JACOB WAtrNER, farmer. Sec. 29; P. O. Fort Atkiuson ; born in Bavaria Jan. 5, 1847 ; he is the son of Jacob and Bona Wagner; his father was born in Bavaria Dec. 18, 1811 ; he was brought up a farmer ; at the age of 14, he was left with a widowed mother, of whom he was the only support. Married, in Bavaria, in 1840, Miss Bena Kulls, who was born in Bavaria in 1817 ; had seven children, four living — Bena, Jacob, Frederick, Catharine. In 1852, he came, with his parents, to Wisconsin ; they located in Waukesha Co., where his father bought a farm, to which he devoted time SUMNER TOWNSHIP. 711 and industry up to the time of liis death, in May, 1878. His wife still lives on the old homestead. Jacob lived with, and assisted his parents at farming until 1871. Married in Waukesha Co. Jan. 4, 1871 ; in the spring of 1871, he and his wife came to Oakland, where he purchased a farm of 120 acres and improved it; raises a variety of crops and native stock. Independent in politics; liberal in religion. C. H. P. WILCOX, fiirmer, Sec. 14; P. 0. Fort Atkinson; born in Painesville, Lake Co., Ohio, Aug. 8, 1822, where he received a good, common-school education. In 1839, came West and located on the Manitou Islands, where he stayed a couple of months ; on the 17th of June, 1839, landed in Milwaukee, and engaged at farm labor till 1841 ; he moved to Sauk Co., on Sauk Prairie. Married, in September, 1844, Charlotte Ward, a native of Oneida Co., N. Y.<; she died July 18, 1875. Married again, October, 1877, in Niles, Mich., Mrs. C. Snider ; purcha.sed a farm of eighty acres in Delafield, and sold it in 1847, and purchased, in Sec. 11, 150 acres, which he worked till the spring of 1852, when he sold his farm and went to California, remaining there until 1855 ; returned and bought 160 acres in his present place, raising the usual products of the county ; was Treasurer of Town two terms ; Supervisor, five terms ; Assessor, two terms. Republican. SUMNER TOWNSHIP. GEORb}E W. ARMSTRONG, farmer ; P. 0. Busseyville ; was born in Knox Co., Ohio, October, 1820, and, after attending school for a short time, commenced farming; in May, 1846, he came to Wi-sconsin and located in the eastern portion of Sumner Township, where he pursued the occupation of a farmer; in 1848, he went to Missouri and engaged in hewing wood until April, 1850, when he returned to Sumner Township, where he has since resided ; in 1850, he purchased forty acres of ground, and, sub.sequently, sixty-five acres, upon which he made considerable improvements ; in 1852, he went to California, where he remained until the fall of 1857, returning on December 10, when he again engaged in forming; in 1874, he sold his farm and went to Missouri in search of a good location, but, not being pleased, returned again to Wisconsin ; in the fall of 1875, he bought a farm of 148 acres in Sumner Township, where he at present resides. In 1877, he married, in Cambridge, Dane Co., Mrs. Sarah Olsen; born in Norway in 1853 ; they have one child— Alice. Mr. Armstrong is Independent in politics, and by his own eflorts, has been very successful in his farming pursuits. 9iriCHOL.AS BARTH, former, Sec. 1 ; P. O. Fort Atkinson ; was born on the left side of the Rhine, in France, Nov. 19, 1810 ; he received a common-school education, and, at the age of 17, began learning the trade of cabinet making, and, for ten years, traveled through France and Germany, working as his trade. November 19, 1842, he married, in Englebein, Germany, Miss Elnora Ernaath, born June 29, 1817 ; had ten children — ^Amelia, Gustave, Ferdinand, Bertha, Robert H., Laura, I. C. W., Julia H. and Annette. In June, 1845, he moved to New York and worked at his trade ; in August, 1846, he removed to Milwaukee, where he again worked at his trade till December ; he then came to his present location and purchased forty acres of land, subsequently buying 106 more. He is a strong Dem- ocrat. PHIIililP BECKER, former. Sees. 2 and 3 ; P. 0. Fort Atkinson ; was born in Prussia Sept. 12, 1824. He received a common-school education, and, in 1845, came direct to Wisconsin with his father and mother, Henry and Mary Gertrude Becker. His father located and bought a farm in Oak- land Township, Jefferson Co., and Phillip a.ssisted him in working it until 1859, when he bought a farm of forty acres. He married, in May, 1850, in Oakland, Miss Carolina Christians Kelen, born on the Rhine, Germany, Oct. 8, 1829 ; they had four children, three living — Fred William (born in 1852), Louisa (1855) and Caroliua (1858). In 1853, he rented his farm in Oakland and moved to Sumner Township, where he bought seventy-four acres, and has since purchased 282 acres, and now owns 356, upon which he has made a large number of improvements. He is a Democrat, and, together with his family, is a member of the Fort Atkinson Lutheran Church. RUFIIS BIIVGHAIVI, former, Sees. 19 and 30 ; P. 0. Albion, Dane Co., Wis.; born in Pike Co., Penn., May 14, 1816; received a common-school education ; was a farmer. He came to Wisconsin in the spring of 1839. For a time, he wandered over Jefferson and Dane Cos., looking for a location ; bought 200 acres of land in Sumner Township, on the shore of Lake Koshkonong, which affords an abund- ance of water for stock; did not move on it until 1861. In 1839, he settled and engaged in farming in 712 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Milton Township, Rock Co. In the fall of 1841, he returned to his home in Pike Co., Penn. Married, in Palmyra, Penn., in February, 1846, Miss Esther Ainslcy, who was born iu Pike Co., Penn.; they have four children— Ella, Florence, Amanda and Emcline. ^Ir. Binjiham remained io Penn.sylvania uutil 1849 ; then came a^ain to Wisconsin in the spring of 1849 ; farmed in Milton Township till the fall of 1851 ; returned home to his family in Pennsylvania ; there he again farmed ; spring of 1S51), he came to Wisconsin again, bringing his family with him. He located them in Milton Township, where he managed a farm of 160 acres, owned by his brother. In 18G1, removed his family to his own farm, where they are now living ; has purchased, in addition, fifty acres. He now owns 250 acres of land, which is situated on the north shore of Lake Koshkonong ; is one of the most picturesque places in that portion of the State. In April, 1879, he was elected Side Supervisor of the township. He formerly was a Democrat; since the late action of Coiia:ress, he entertains stronsr thoughts of changing. PETER BIXKERT, miller; P. 0. Bus.seyville; was born in Canton Aargau, Switzerland, May 18, 1838. He came to Wisconsin in 1852, and engaged at farming, which he followed till 1861. He then apprenticed himself to Mr. Thomas Bussey, of Busseyville. to learn the business of flour-milling. In May, 1865, he married Miss Wilhelmina Volkman ; has nine children — Emma, Eliza, Augusta, Minnie, Albert, Nellie, Ida, Benjamin and an infant unnamed. In the spring of 1870, he went with his family to Lake City, Calhoun Co., Iowa, where he purchased 140 acres of land. In 1877, he returned to Bus- seyville, and resumed the occupation of a miller, which he now follows. In August, 1862, he enlisted in Co. D, '2'rid W. V. I., from which he was honorably discharged in November, 1864. THOMAS BUSSEY, farmer, miller and proprietor of cheese-factory ; born in Yorkshire, England, Nov. 15, 1813 ; born and raised on a farm ; he served as coachman for the Archdeacon of Can- terbury, who is next the highest religious olBcial of England. In the spring of 1864, he with his brother, John, came direct from England to Wisconsin ; they located in Albion Township, Dane Co., where Thomas bought 360 acres of wild land, on which he and his brother lived and worked and made all the neces- sary improvements; they built the lirst brick house in that neighborhood ; some years afterward, Thomas disposed of his property in Dane Co. In the spring of 1855, Thomas removed to this township, located and bought a number of acres of land, to which he has added, until he now owns 427 acres ; raises a variety of crops, and makes a specialty of tobacco ; raises native stock, and takes pride in the dairying business ; he has at various times erected four houses. In the spring of 1856, he built a large stone mill, which ran by water-power ; the mill has three run of stone, and has been in operation ever since. In the spring of 1874, Mr. Bu.ssey built a large cheese-factory, which h.as been in successful operation sine. The village of Busseyville was named after him ; he is a man of much enteriiriso; Republican. JACOB EMRATH, farmer. Sees. 16 and 17 ; P. 0. Busseyville ; was born in Hesse-Darm- stadt, Germany, March 15, 18i3; attended a common-school up to the age of 17 years, when he learnt the business of tailor, which he followed for two years. In 1845, he emigrated to America, landing at New York City, where he obtained employment until July, 1846. In that year, he came to Milwaukee, and remained here until 1850, when he settled in Sumner Town.ship, purchasing in conjunction with his brother, Peter, a farm of 102 acres on Section 16. In 1863, he sold his share to his brother, and, in the same year, married Miss Lonisa Kerby, who was born the shores of Lake Koshkonong in 1841 ; has hODROW, farmer, Sec. 24; P. O. Farmington; born May 12, 1815, in Lower Canada, where he was a fanner; moved to the States in 1836, and located in Vermont six months, then to New York State, where he lived till 1841, when he came to Wisconsin and stayed in Milwaukee for one year; then lived at Summit, Waukesha Co., two years, and, in 1S44, came to Farmington Township, Jefferson Co., and entered eighty acres of land and built a log house, the second on this road, and cleared fifteen acres at first; then traded that for forty acres and S350, when he bought eighty acres more, making 120 acres ; then built another log house; now has 149 acres in this farm and sevent3'-Sve on Sec. 13; built his present barn in 1853 and house in 1868. Married Miss Hannah Penewell, of Concord, Jefferson Co., Wis., a native of Medina Co., Ohio, June 14, 1849; has six children — Adolphus, born Feb. 6, 1852; Amelia Corrella, Jan. 31, 1855; Ellen 0., July 18, 1857 ; Ephraim, July 12,1860; Ama.sa L., Oct. 28, 1866; Mattie, Sept. 23, 1876. Treasurer of School District fifteen years and School Director three years. Member of the Watertown Lodge of Masons. Has cleared the land himself and now has this FARMINGTON TOWNSHIP. 723 farm, with another, with handsome residence and fine barns, and raises s;ood crops of everything. Mrs. G. came to Wisconsin in 1844 and located in Concord, Jefferson Co., with parents ; married as above. GEOm^E C. MANSFIELD, general merchant, Johnson's Creek; born in Middlesex Co , Mass., May 20, 1837, where he was educated; in 1851, he Went to Boston and thoroughly mastered all details in connection with mercantile business whilst serving four years with the noted house of Burr Bros. & Co., wholesale dealers in ladies' and gents' furnishing goods. In March, 1856, Mr. M. moved to AVLsconsin, and located in Milwaukee till 1857, when he went to Janesville and there worked for his father, who had preceded him three years, in a barrel factory ; in March, 1860, Mr. M. took up his residence in Johnson's Creek and established himself in business, first in a small grocery store, and has gradually extended his operations till ho now transacts the largest business in this part of the county, dealing in dry- goods, boots and shoes, groceries, drugs, hardware, sewing machines and also operates largely in lumber and farm produce. Married Miss Caroline Mosher, of Janesville, Oct. 15, 1859 ; she died in September, 1872, leaving throe children — George D., Frederick C. and Grace R. Mr. M. married Mi.ss Kittie Winnick, of Lake Mills, Oct. 15, 1873; they have three children — Frank, Philip and Flora. He has been agent of the C. &N. W. R'y for ten years; has been Postmaster of Johnson's Creek since 1864; is American Express agent ; has served as Chairman of Supervisors three years and Justice of the Peace several times. Is a member of Lodge No. 43, Masons. WILLIAM PHELPS (deceased); born April 20, 1831, in New York; came to Wisconsin with his parents about 1847 ; in 1857, he bought ten acres of land, and, in 1861, added forty more; in 1862, enlisted in Co. B, 29th W. V. I. under Col. Gill, and was appointed Wagonmaster ; he died of army disease at Vicksburg July 7, 1863. He was married Jan. 9, 1857, and had two children — Frank and EfBe. His widow, Mrs. Dorcas Phelps, was born Sept. 24, 1836, in Theresa, Jefferson Co., N. Y. ; came to Wisconsin in T848 with her parents, who located in Farmington ; she owns seventy-five acres of land on Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Farminston. MATTHEW POTTER, farmer, Sec. 13; P. O. Farmington; born May 24, 1811, in Ulster Co., N. Y. ; was educated there; in 1836, moved to Dutchess Co., and remained there till June, 1844, when he came to Wisconsin and settled in Farmington Township, Jefl'erson Co., and squatted on 160 acr s of land, which he afterward bought at the sale of canal lands ; built the second log house in this section, and that year helped raise the first frame barn in the township on Mr. Rose's place, now Mr. Livingstown's; at that time there was only one road through the township running north and south ; had to clear the land; went to Milwaukee to buy implements; had to haul grain to Milwaukee with oxen, and sold it at 60 cents per bushel ; it was a four-days' journey : the nearest gri>t-mill was four miles away. Mr. Potter built his barn in 1844 ; he still owns 120 acres of the original purchase. Married Miss Emeline Mackey, of Ulster Co., N. Y., in January, 1834 ; had four children — AVilliani, Ferman, Matthew and Robert (deceased). Mr. P. was Supervisor two terms ; Treasurer of Schools twelve years ; Director several years ; member of Concord Grange. William enlisted in the 16th W. V. I. in 1862, and served until the end of the war. WILLIAM E. SHOECHEKT, dealer in agricultural implements, Johnson's Creek ; born May 13, 1845, in Philadelphia, Lonsburg Co., Prussia, where he was educated. In 1864, he came to America, and located at Johnson's Creek, Jefferson Co., Wis. ; in 1866, bought sixty acres of land on Sec. 19, Farmington Township; in 1868, bought fifty acres more on Sec. 20 ; he traded land and sold wood till 1870, when he moved back to Johnson's Creek, and opened a flour and feed store ; in 1874, he began to deal in agricultural and all kinds of farm implements ; also sashes, doors, blinds, sewing machines, etc., etc. ; in addition to the above, alsi opened a saloon, in all of which lines he still transacts business, in addition to managing his farm of sixty-four acres, on Sees. 19 and 20 ; also owns throe houses and two lots in Johnson's Creek. Married Mi.ss Minnie Bocttcher, a native of Mecklenburg ; has two children — Eddie and Otto. He was Treasurer of Aztalan Township for 1876. Member of •Evangelical Lutheran Church of Farmington. AUGITST J. F. VOIGT, Principal of School, Johnson's Creek ; born March 31, 1851, in Ostrau, Prussia; came to America with his parents in 1854, and located in Fort Atkinson, Wis. ; in 1855, moved to Hebron, Jeilerson Co., Wis., and resided there until 1870, when he moved with his parents, on a farm, one and-a-half miles north of Fort Atkinson, in the town of Jefferson. In September. 1865, he lost his right arm, which was caught in the gearing of a sugar-mill. He attended the North- western University, at Watertown, during the year 1867-8 ; began teaching in the town of Hebron, in the autumn of 1868, teaching winters and attending the State Normal School, at Whitewater, the remainder of the school year, until the fall of 1871, when he was offered a position in the graded school, at Waterloo, Wis., where he remained until 1874, and then accepted a position in the .Jefferson Liberal Institute, at Jeffersjn, Wis., remaining there one year, at the close of which the Institute ceased to exist. 724 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : In the autumn of 1877, be received a position of telegraph operator at Hilbert, on the Wisconsin Central R. R., which position he resigned in the spring of 1878, and took charge of the school at that place. In the fall of this year, he took charge of the public school at Johnson's Creek, Wis., and has been re-engaged for the present year — 1879-80. He was also a prominent candidate for County Superintendent of Schools before the Republican County Convention, in the fall of 1879. Is a member of Lodge No. 44, I. 0. 0. F. AZTALAN TOWNSHIP. A. R. EARL, farmer, Sec. ZO ; P. 0. Aztalan ; born in Chester, Windsor Co., Vt., Jan. 17 1819, his parents moved to St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. ; in 1823, he came to Wisconsin ; in the fall of 1842, located on his present farm ; engaged in improving his land, and working as millwright and carpen- ter and joiner; at ditl'erent times purchasing land, unii! he had accumulated tiOO acres. He introduced into Wisconsin the Birdsell Combined Clover Huller and Thrasher; in 1862, bfigan to build his present residence; completed it in 18(J6. Married, in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Sept. 30, 1841, Louisa Water- bury, of that county, who died Aug. 15, 1857, aged 34 years. Married a second time, at Marshall, Dane Co., Miss llhoda B. Sheldon, of New Marlboro, Mass., who died June 2, 1872. He married again in Jefferson Township, Jefferson Co., March 21, 1870, Miss Francis C. Barrett, of St. Lawrence Co., N. Y. ; has three children by first wife— Sarah, born Dec. 5, 1843 ; Emma, Nov. 23, 1845 ; David G., Jan. 14, 1853. One child by third wife, Roy A., born April 26, 1877. CHARLES S. GREENWOOD, farmer. Sec. 15 ; P. 0. Aztalan ; born July 22, 1828, in Berkshire, England ; came to America in 1850 ; vi.sited Canada for a month, and located in Aztalan Township, Jefferson Co., Wis. ; bought sixty acres of land, and built a brick house, being one of the first of that material in the township, and from brick made there. He now owns eighty acres of land ; built part of his residence in 1874, and enlarged and completed it in 1878. Married Miss Caroline Cum- mings, of Steuben Co., N. Y., Aug. 15, 1851; have seven children — Charles F., born May 6, 1852 : Grace, June 23, 1855; Ann E., Aug. 23, 1857, died Oct. 15, 1858; John T., born Sept. 23, 1859; Arthur W., Feb. 6, 1861 ; Albert E., Jan. 2, 1863 ; Olivia A., Aug. 23, 1865. He was Clerk of School District four years. Members df Baptist Church. FRAXCIS A. HOFFMAX, P. 0. Jefferson; ex-Lieut.-Governor of Blinok. SILAS A. HATHAWAY, former. Sees. 16 and 21 ; P. 0. Aztalan; his father, Silas Hathaway, came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1839, and located in Aztalan Township, Jefferson Co. ; in 1849, he moved to Milford Township and bought eighty acres of land there ; he is now dead. Mr. Silas A. Hathaway was born March 25, 1810, in Norris Co., N. J.; in 1816, went to Monroe Co., N. Y., with his family, and worked there as carpenter; in 1830, went to Mount Clemens, McComb Co., Mich.; in 1856, returned to New York State; in 1871, came to Aztalan Township, Jefferson Co., Wis., and bought seventy-three acres of laud from his brother-in-law (on School Section 16) ; the latter came to Aztalan in 1836, and worked as a blacksmith and wagon-maker; he built the village of Aztalan almost entirely, and bought the original farm from the State. Mr. Hathaway married Miss Marion Brower, of Now York, in 1832, and has three children — Charles E., Samuel W. and Lydia N. JOHN KOHL, fiirmer. Sec. 24; P. 0. Jefferson; born Aug. 16, 1837, in Bavaria; came to America in the spring of 1847, and located in Waukesha Co., where his father bought forty acres of laud ; he died in 1851, wlien John and Charles Kohl inherited the property; in 1.S63, J. Kohl moved to Aztalan Township, Jefferson Co , and bought one hundred acres of land, with barns ; he built his resi- dence in 1869. He was Assessor of the Township in 1879, and Clerk of District Schools from 1872 to 1877, inclusive. Charles Kohl enlisted, in 1801, in the 5th W. V. I., and served with them till the battle of Williamsburg was fought, where he was killed, in 1862. Mr. J. Kohl married Miss Barbara Bruckner, of Aztalan, Sept. 22, 1S63; six children — William, born June 6, 1864 ; Caroline, Oct. 14, 1805; Charles, June 9, 1869; Herman, Aug. 8, 1871; Ernest, Nov. 16, 1873; baby boy,' Aug. 19, 1879. Members of Evangelical Association. CHRISTOPHER liAXU, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 0. Jefferson; born June 24, 1830, in Bavaria ; came to America with his parents in 1846, who located in Jefferson Township, Jefferson Co., Wis., and he, unfortunately, lost both parents almost immediately afterward, his mother dying in 1847 and his father, John Lang, in 1849; in 1853, Mr. C. Lang bought sixty acres of land in Aztalan; he now owns one hundred acres on Sec. 26, twenty on Sec. 15, twenty on Sec. 36 ; he built his first barn in AZTALAN TOWNSHIP. 725 1861, and a farmhouse in 1863; the barn was destroyed by fire in 1873 ; built his present brick resi- dence in 1S72, and erected a new barn in 1874. Two of his brothers, Peter and Adam, enlisted in the 2ilth W. V. I. in 1861 ; the former was killed at Vieksbursj, but Adam served till the close of the war, and is now livina: in Iowa. Mr. L. married Miss Mary Herman, of Wurtemberg, Sept. 1, 1854; they have five children— Peter, born Feb. 2, 1857 ; J. Fred, March 30, 1859 ; Flora, April 19, 1863 ; Maggie, June 25, 1865 ; Eddie, May 7, 1872. Mr. L. is serving his thirteenth year as Treasurer of the School District; is a member of the Evangelical Association, of which he is Trustee for the third term ; he has served as Sunday-school Superintendent for over twenty years. OSCAR .1. MILElii, farmer. See. 13; P. 0. Johnson's Creek; born Jan. 29, 1827, in Clay, Onondaga Co., N. Y.; in August, 1846, he came to Wisconsin, and located in Aztalan Township, Jeiferson Co , where his step-father bought forty acres of land and built a log house ; the latter worked in a saw-mill and afterward in a flour-mill in Jefferson; at his death, about 1850, the land was deeded to Mr. Miles; he now owns 130 acres ; he built a frame house in 1853, and his present brick residence in 1875. Married Miss Ann Lane, of Farmington, Dec. 31, 1864; have three children — Miriam A., born Oct. 12, 1866; Mina G., Mav 26. 1869 ; Mary Maud, Sept. 2, 1875. CHARLKS J. KEVINS, farmer. Sees. 26 and 27; P.O. Jefferson; born Dec. 28, 1841, in Caledonia Co., Vt.; in 1846, he came to Wisconsin with his parents, who located in Aztalan Township, Jefferson Co.; he worked for his father till 1866, when the latter gave him eighty acres of land ; he built his house in 1866, a barn in 1871 and a granary in 1877. Married Miss Clara Hake, of Aztalan, April 2, 1877 ; he has three children by a former marriage — Charles V., Frank B. and Orrie J. He served as School Clerk one year. Jacob J. Nevins, deceased, father of the above, was born in 1818, i\i Caledonia Co., Vt.; came to Wisconsin in 1846, and located in Aztalan Township, where he bought 100 acres of land with his brother, and they paid for it by logging winters ; afterward, he increased it to 320 acres and built the residence in 1866. Married Miss Betsey M. Green, of Caledonia Co., Vt., in May, 1839; he died April 9, 1874, leaving four children — Charles J., Sarah Jane, Henry 0. and Caroline. BESSIE L. SEWARD, teacher. Sec. 31 ; P. O. Harvey ; her father, Martin N. Seward, was born in New Haven Co., Conn., July 14, 1818; came to Wisconsin in 1846, located in Aztalan ; engaged in farming, and worked as carpenter and joiner in 1849 ; went to Jefferson City, and worked at his trade two years ; returned to his farm. He has been Superintendent of Schools, and has held several local offices, and been Deacon of the Congregational Church twenty years. Married, in New Haven Co., Conn., M. E. Hull, of that place ; has five children : owns 130 acres. H. B. SMITH, farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Harvey; born in Oneida Co., N. Y., Aug. 19, 1814; came to Wisconsin in 1837 ; located in Aztalan ; went to Chicago, where he remained two years; returned to Aztalan in 1839, since which time, he has been cultivating his farm of 400 acres. In 1878, was appointed Postmaster. Married at Marshall, Oneida Co., N. Y., Feb. 11, 1841, Mary Birdsall, of Dutchess Co.; have four children living and lost one. HOW. GARDNER SPOOR, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 0. Aztalan; born March 28, in Monroe Co., N. Y., where he worked on his father's farm; in September, 1846, he came to Wisconsin and bought fifty-one acres of land in Dane Co., which he soon afterward sold and then moved to Aztalan Township, Jefferson Co., and bought eighty acres of wild land on School Section 16 and built a frame residence, that being the first house in that section. He was Treasurer of the township in 1853; in 1862, was enrolling officer for Aztalan Township ; was elected member of the Legislature in 1864 for the session of 1865; Republican; was Supervisor before his election to the Legislature, and was Chair- man of Supervisors in 1876; he served as Justice of the Peace for five years. Mr. Spoor now owns ninety-eight acres of land on which he raises all kinds of grain and stock. Married Miss Emily Hyer, of St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Oct. 27, 1862; she was born'in Franklin Co., N. Y., in 1834; have three children— Mary, born July 27, 1863; Mattie, March 1,1865; Georgie, Jan. 18, 1867. Mrs. S. is a member of the Methodist Church. JASOX C. TVIiER, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 0. Aztalan; born May 4, 1825, in Washington Co., Vt., where he worked as a farmer and in a saw-mill for his father; in Octnbor, 1848, he came to Wisconsin and located in Aztalan Township, Jefferson Co., and bought on School Section 16 eighty acres of land ; in 1849, built a large frame house, in which they still live ; on arrival, the land was all unbroken, with plenty of deer and wild animals roaming about ; in breaking the first fifteen acres, they used a two- foot plough, with seven yoke of oxen attached, turning in oak-scrub and everything as it came. Married Miss Elizabeth Rose, of Fort Atkinson, a native of England, Oct. 7, 1849 ; they have four children — Henry H., born Nov. 11, 1850 ; Edwin E., July 26, 1853 ; Julia A., April 15, 1857 ; Willis E., Dec. 7, 1863. Mr. Henry Rose, father of Mrs. Tyler, came to America in 1837 and landed at Milwaukee 726 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: June 30, of that year, witli his family, and stayed with Mr. Dwight Foster, of Fort Aticinson ; he bought a farm two miles from there, where Mrs. T. lived till her marriage. Mr. Rose died in August, 1864 ; the estate still belongs to the family. MILFORD TOWNSHIP. M. K. CLAPP, farmer, Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Milford; born in Boston, Mass., March 3, 1803 ; came to Wi.seonsiTi in 1840 ; located in Aztalan Town.ship (now Milfurd) ; went to improving land ; was mem- ber of the Territorial Legislature of 1845 and 184G ; has held several minor local offices. Married, in Westmiu.ster, Vt., Feb. 5, 18.J9, Miss Olivia A. Ilolton, of Vermont ; is owner of 200 acres. THOMAS FETTERLE Y, farmer, Sec. 1(3 ; P. 0. Milford ; born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., June 13, 1347 ; came to Wisconsin with his father and family in 1850, and located in Milford Township ; he is at present Town Clerk. Married, in Milford, May 2, 1867, Miss Mary Benton, of Jefferson Co., N. Y. ; has five children — Ralph, Ernest, Mary A., Mabel R., and an infant ; is owner of ninety-five acres of land. WALTER S. GREENE, proprietor of Milfori Flouring and Grist Mills; born at Salis- bur}', Herkimer Co., N. Y., May 23, 1834, came with his father and family to Wisconsin in 1846, locating at Millord. In 1852, engaged in mercantile business at Prairie du Chien ; in 1854, he went into milling business with his father at their present place ; in 1859, he opened a store at Milford, where he sold goods four years ; in 1865, purchased 400 acres of farm land in Milford Township ; was a member of the State Legislature of 1862 and 1863 ; was, in later years, elected County Treasurer, which office he filled one term; was also a member of the State Senate of 1873 and 1874 ; was one of the two Judges from this State to the Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia in 1876, and has been President of the Town Board for a number of years. He married, in Pennsylvania, Dec. 12, 1861, Miss EUa C. Potter, daugh- ter of Gen. Potter, for some years a resident of Watertown, Wis.: she died in April, 1863. He married a second time in Waterloo, Wis., Dec. 4, 1866, Miss Jeanette Guile, daughter of Judge Guile. N. S. Greene, father of W. S. Greene, was born in Greenfield, Saratoga Co., N. Y., Jan. 21, 1810; moved to Salisbury, at which place he married Miss Elizabeth M. Griswold, a native of that place. He came to Wisconsin in 1846, located, with his family, at Milford, and engaged in his present business ; he succeeded his son to the State General Assembly in 1864 ; is still in business with his son at Milford. William A. Greene, brother to W. S. Greene, is station and ticket agent C., M. & St. Paul R. R., at Hubbleton, Wis.; was born at Salisbury, N. Y.. Sept. 13, 1838 ; came with the familj' to Wisconsin in 1846. In 1861. he entered the army as Second Lieutenant of Co. D, 16th W. V. I.; was promoted, after the battle of Shiloh, to Finst Lieutenant, and July, 1862, to Major of 22d ; to Lieutenant Colonel of the 29th W. V. I. April, 1863, and again to Colonel of same regiment in April, 1864, and commanded the regiment until the close of the war. Married, at Milford, Sept. 13, 1865, Mary A. Mills, of New Jersey. C. G. CrRIGGrS, tavern keeper, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Hubbleton ; born in Tolland Co., Conn.. Sept. IS, 1825; came to Wisconsin in 1846; located in Milford Township; engaged in milling; in 1852, went to keeping tavern, and for some years sold lumber. Married, in Connecticut, April 16, 1843, Corintha Dunham, of Connecticut, who died in 1848. Married a second time, at Hubbleton, Milford Township, Aug. 16, 1853, Mary Moon, of Germany ; have nine children. RICHARD HOOPER, mill owner, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Lake Mills ; born in England, Aug. 11, 1828; came to America in 1846; went to California in 1850 ; engaged in mining until 1853, when he returned to Wisconsin and bought his present mill, known as Hooper's Mill, and, in 1854, went to milling ; has also seventy acres of land. Married, in Milford Town.ship, July 4, 1854, Miss A, E. Lent, a native of New York ; has four children— E. W., born April 29, 1859 ; Lilly J., born Dec. 24, 1863 ; Eveline M., born Nov. 12, 1867 ; John L., born Aug. 24, 1873. E. P. IX(ir ALIjS, farmer and cheese manufacturer, jNIilford ; born in Jefferson Co., X. Y. ; came to Wiscon.sin in 1849 ; located in Aztalan Township; went to farming; in 1854, moved to Milford Township ; engaged in farming ; in 1870, moved to the village where he now resides, and, in 1871, built a cheese-factory; began the manufacturing of cheese; his factory burning down, he, the same fall, purcha.sed a building which he converted into a factory, which he again started in 1872. Was Superintendent of Schools ten years ; has been Justice of the Peace, Town Clerk and Assessor several years. Married,- at Rutland, Jefferson Co., N. Y., Dec. 31, 1840, Miss Charlotte A. Stickney, of New York. Owns 118 acres ; have two children living; lost four. HEBRON TOWNSHIP. 727 THOMAS J. MILLS, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. 0. Milford ; born in New York Dec. 26, 1827 ; came to Wisconsin in 1841, locating with his fother and family in Watertown ; in 1852, he went to Cali- fornia ; engaged in mining until 1857 ; returning, went to farming. Has been Supervisor eight or ten years. Married, at Milford, March 5, 1860, Miss Silesta Kand, a native of New York ; have three chil- dren — Mary J., Carrie E. and Ella M. Is owner of 120 acres. WILLIAM TORPE Y, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Milford ; born in New London, Conn., April 20, 1842 ; came to Wisconsin with his father and family in 1854 ; located at Watertown ; in 185(5, came to Milford Township. His father, William Torpey, was born in Ireland ; came to Wisconsin wiih wife and three children in 1854 ; in 185(3, bought 120 acres where the family now reside; he died in May, 1862, since which time the farm has bi'cn managed by his sons, William and P]dward. WILLARD WAITE, carpenter and builder, Milford ; born in Orange Co., Vt., May 4, 1825 ; came to Wisconsin in 1855 ; located in Milford Township ; bought eighty acres of land, and went to farm- ing; continued until 1875, when he bought a residence in the village, where he now resides ; has been, since 1875, engaged in building and carpenter work. Has been Justice of the Peace and Assessor two years. Married, in Caledonia Co., Vt., Dec. 4, 1849, Miss Annie S. Paine, of Vermont. Is owner of 140 acres of farm land, managed by his only son, George E. HEBRON TOWNSHIP. ARIAL BARXES, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. Hebron; born in Otsego Co., N. Y., Feb. 3, 1793 ; his early life was spent in his native State; at 18, he removed to Rockland Co., N. Y., where he married Miss Sarah Johnson in 1814, who died Sept. 8, 1868, leaving eight children — Hester A., Mary, James, Arminda, Hiram, Arial and William T. Mr. Birnes lived in Cayuga Co., N. Y., twenty-five years as a farmer, and came to Jefferson Co., Wis., in 1855, locating on the farm he now owns of sixty- five acreSf which he has improved and on which he now lives with his daughter Mary, the widow of Alex- ander Carman, Who died Aug. 3, 1877, leaving four children— Antoinette, Jay, Eleanor and Charles. Mr. Barnes is a stanch Democrat; he united with the M. E. Church at the age of 19, of which he has since been an earnest and active member. CHARLES C. BROWN, farmer. Sees. 10 and 11; P. 0. Hebron; born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., Oct. 23, 1836 ; came to Jefferson Co., Wis., at the age of 10, locating on a farm in Hebron; after eighteen months they removed to the village of Hebron, where they lived about twenty-two years. Mr. Brown was in the mill of J. Powers twelve years; spent one year in Jefferson and enlisted Aug. 21, 1862, in the 28th W. V. I.; was with his regiment in Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Louisi- ana, Alabama and Texas ; was in the battles of Helena, Ark., Greenwood, Miss., Mark's Mill and Saline River, Ark., Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, Ala.; the regiment saw much hard marching and fighting and was discharged in September, 1865. On his return, Mr. B. spent two years in Hebron, then set- tled on the farm he now owns of eighty-eight acres. He married Miss Caroline Jones, of Hebron, Nov. 26, 1854 ; they have eight children — -Ida, George, Edward, Willie, Dennis, Samuel, James and Cora. Mr. Brown is a Republican, and has been Town Treasurer; is a member of Hebron Lodge, No. 265, I. 0. 0. F. CHARLES BURXHAM, farmer, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Hebron; born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., March 26, 1842 ; he is a son of Amos H. Burnham, who was a Jefferson Co. pioneer, as he settled in 1845 where he lived until his death in May, 1877. Charles Burnham has spent his life and been educated in Jefferson Co.; spent two years of his life in Minnesota and settled on the farm he now owns of 102 acres in 1867. He married Miss Alvira Torr*y, of Hebron, in December, 1868 ; they have four children- Albert, Amos H., Emma and Inez. Mr. Burnham is a stanch Republican of the old Whig stock. He has been Treasurer of District No. 4 about twelve years and is now a Supervisor of Hebron Township. JAMES M. BURNHAM, farmer. Sec. 10; P. 0. Hebron; born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., June 9, 1836 ; the early jiart of his life was spent in his native State; came to Wisconsin with his parents in 1847, and remained in Hebron, Jefferson Co., until 1859, when he went to Minnesota and remained two years as a farmer ; returning to Jefferson Co., he enlisted in October, 1861, in the 13th W, V. I. ; the regiment was in Kansas, Missouri and Kentucky on scouting duty; was on guard duty at Fort Donelson, and was in the fight with Forrest, afterward going to Alabama ; the regiment veteranized the same fall at Nashville ; Mr. Burnham re-enlisted in the same regiment, and was sent to Gen. Rousseau's 728 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: headquarters and employed in the Commissary Department ; he was captured by Forrest at Athens, Ala., and narrowly escaped being shot in retaliation for the hanging of certain rebels at Na-shville ; he was rubbed and nearly stripped, but was saved from death by a rebel Colonel, and furnished with boots, etc., by a rebel Major, who said " he had been a prisoner at the North and was treated like a gentleman ; " but Mr. B. suffered many indignities on the way to Castle Morgan, Ala., where he was held until his release in April, 1805; during his six months' captivity, he suflered everything from hunger and filth, and was fed usually on a pint of raw corn-meal per day ; men were shot and bayoneted for no cause whatever ; on his release from pri.son, Mr. Burnham took a short trip to Minnesota, and was discharged from service in August, 1865, and settled on the farm he now owns of 111 acres, which he has since improved. He married, in 1858, Miss Margaret Barnes, who died in 1859 ; in 1866, he married Miss Emeline Abbey ; they have four children — Hannah, Frank, Maud and Annie. Mr. Burnham is a stanch Republican, a member of the Hebron Grantre, and is in accord with the Universalist Church. JOHN T. BURXHAIfl, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Hebron ; born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., July 5, 1842 ; came to Wisconsin with his parents when he was (|uite young, but .soon returned to his native State, where he lived as a farmer until 1862; he then settled on a farm in Jefferson Co., Wis., which he sold in 1869 ; he owned the present farm of Mr. Montgomery about one year ; settled on the farm he now owns of 120 acres, near the village of Hebron. He is raising, among other things, a grade of Holstein cattle and Poland-China hogs. Mr. Burnham is a stanch Republican, and has been Town Treasurer ; he is liberal in his religious views. JEDEDTAH CABXES, former, Sec. 5; P.O. Hebron; born in Tompkins Co., N. Y., June 19, 1833; the early part of his life was spent in his native State; came to Jefferson Co., Wis., in 1856. Enlisted in the 13th W. V. I. in 1861 ; was with his regiment in Kansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, j^labama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas on scouting and guard duty, and was in many skirmishes ; was discharged at San Antonio, Tex., in 1865, and settled on the farm he now owns, of eighty acres. Mar- ried Miss Mary Peterson Oct. 21, 1855 ; they have six children — Fred, Ernest, Ella, Jennie, Katie and Frank. Mr. C. is a Republican, and is in accord with the JL E. Church. He is one of the self-made men who began with nothing, and has earned a competence. He is raising Holstein grade cattle and Berkshire hogs. WILLIAM R, CASE, farmer. Sec. 4; P. 0. Hebron; born in Ontario Co., N. Y., Dec. 19, 1823; the early part of his life was spent in his native State ; came to Jefferson Co. in 1844, and settled on the farm he now owns of ninety acres, which he bought of the Government, covered with heavy tim- ber ; he began the task of clearing it, built a log shanty, and, like most pioneers, saw many hardships ; as a result, he has his well-improved farm and good home. He married Miss Ellen E. Sherman March 8, 1853 ; they have two children — Ida and Emma. Mr. Case is a Republican ; has been Chairman of the Town Board, Supervisor, and was the first Constable in Hebron. He is improving his stock, and now has Durham grade cattle, besides horses, hogs and the usual crops. He is a member of the Hebron Grange. ALFRED COOLEY, farmer, Sec. 10 ; P. 0. Hebron ; born in Cattaraugus Co., N. Y., June 8, 1835; came to Wisconsin with his parents, Vinson and Julia A. Coolej', in 1843; has spent most of his life and been educated in Wisconsin ; .spent his first winter in Rochester, Racine Co. ; lived about eighteen months in Whitewater and then settled in Hebron, Jefferson Co. Enlisted in 1862, in the 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery ; was stationed on Arlington Heights, Va., and was in the fight with Early when he attacked Washington ; he was discharged at Milwaukee in July, 1865, and married Miss Isabella Mar- shall the same year; they went to Lyon Co., Kan., where Mrs. Cooley died in 1866 ; Mr. Cooley returned to Hebron, and, in 1869, married Miss Arabella Lewis, born in Walworth Co., Wis., in 1849; they have three children — Bertram, Frederick and Harold. Mr. C. settled on the farm he now owns, of eighty- seven acres, in 1874. He is a Republican, and has been Town Treasurer two terms, Justice of the Peace, (Nonstable, and is now Chairman of the Town Board of^-Supervisors ; is in accord with the Univer- salist Church, and a member of Hebron Grange, No. 428. CORYDON CULVER, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P.O. Fort Atkinson ; born in Rutland Co., Vt., March 29, 1808 ; removed with his parents to Portage Co., Ohio, when Cleveland contained only three bouses; he spent his early life and was educated in Ohio. Married Miss Charlotte A. Humastun in 1840 ; they have four children — Harland J., Garry E., Grove W. and Cora M. Mr. Culver came to Jefferson Co. in 1845, and bought the farm he now owns of the United States Government; the land was covered with heavy timber, which he cleared oft", and has, as a reward for his toil, his improved farm and pleasant home ; he had little means to commence with, and has made his own success. Politically a Republican, he has been Supervisor in his town twice, and has served three terms as Justice of the Peace. HEBRON TOWNSHIP. 729 MARK CUKTIS, insurance agent, Notary Public and Justice of tlie Peace, Hebron ; born in Orange Co., Vt., Dec. 11, 1830 ; he resided in his native State, and attended district school until 14 years of age; came to Jeiferson Co., Wis., with his parents Oct. 27, 1845, locating in the town of Jeft'erson, where he lived ten years as a farmer and teacher ; taught his first term in the town of Oakland in the winter of 1851. He married Miss Emeline E. Folts, who was born in Summit, Waukesha Co., Oct. 2, 1838, and who was his former pupil. Mrs. Curtis is one of the first white children born in Wisconsin, who is now a resident of Jefferson Co. ; they have six children — Inez, Frank C, Herman K., William, Nellie and Mabel. Mr. Curtis removed to Hebron in 1855, and was elected Town Superintendent of Schools, and took the State census of the town as Deputy Town Clerk. He returned to Jeft'erson in 1857, and remained two years as a farmer; in 1859, he went to Whitewater and sold agricultural implements until 1863; was then in the hardware business in Jefferson about four years, and settled in Hebron, where he has since lived. Mr. Curtis has taught fourteen terms of school in Jefferson Co. He is a stanch Kepub- licau, and has been reporter for the Oshkosh Northwe&tern and other papers many years. Is in accord with the Universalist faith, and has alway taken an active interest in historical matters. CYRUS CrSHMAlV, farmer. Sees. 12, 24, 25 and 2tj ; P. 0. Hebron; born in Tunbridge, Orange Co., Vt., Jan. 18, 1811 ; the early part of his life was spent, and his schooling attained, in his native State ; came to Brooklyn, Ohio, in 1836, and was in the store of W. A. Barstow ; afterward Gov- ernor of Wisconsin. Mr. Cusbman removed to Jefferson Co., Wis., in August, 1837, and was the only white man in the town of Sullivan during the winter of 1837 and 1838 ; he made his claim where he now lives in the fall of 1837,"but remained on his first location in Sullivan till 1840 ; then having cleared three acres of timber to establish his right, he settled, and has since lived on Sec. 25 ; he built a sawmill near his residence in 1843, and sawed thousands of feet of lumber, which he rafted down the Bark and Rock Rivers to Rockford, 111., and other points; he made the returns for the town of Bark River election of 1838, when only seven votes were cast. Mr. C. was among the very first settlers in his county, and has constantly increased his farming business ; now owns 920 acns, besides his saw-mil! and brickyard. He married, Nov. 20, 1860, Mrs. Cynthia M. Dibble, daughter of Rev. L. F. Molthrop, a pioneer preacher of Wisconsin ; she is the mother of two children by her first marriage — -Albert P. and Clark M. Mr. and Mrs. Cusbman have six children — Emily A., Luella E., Mary A., Cyrus, Clarinda and Lcnna E. E. Mr. Cushman is a Republican in politics. Is a successful breeder of full-blood and grade Ayrshire cattle ; has three full bloods and twenty-five or more grades, and has taken many premiums at the Jeffer.son County Fair; he is thought to have brought the first Berkshire hog into Wisconsin in 1839. liYJflAN DOUD, miller, Hebron; born in Lorain Co., Ohio, Sept. 11, 1821 ; the early part of his life was spent in his native State, where he was educated ; came to Kenosha Co., Wis., in 1844 ; after one year, he removed to Ozaukee Co., Wis., with the first stock of general merchandise ever intro- duced into the county, and was in business till 1851 ; with his partners. Powers & O'Connor, he made extensive improvements in the city of Ozaukee, building a hotel and several stores. 3Ir. Doud left Ozaukee for California in 1851, and remained four years as a merchant and miner ; returning to Ozaukee, he entered a bank with White & Vail; after two years, he sold his interest to Mr. Vail, and was in the hardware business one year ; he then bought the Newburg Mill, Wa.shington Co., which he owned four years ; in 1867, bought the Bark River Mill, which he has since owned. He married Miss Lueinda \' . Fisher, in 1850 ; they have five children — Nellie M., Annie E., Carrie, Lyman S. and Effie E. Mr. Doud is a hard- money Democrat, and a A., F. & A. M. ; is well known in the county as a successful business man. ALMON R. KATON, farmer. Sec. 12; P. 0. Hebron; born in Bennington, Vt., May 12, 1805 ; the early part of his life was spent in Kingston, Can., where he was educated ; he spent two years in Allegany Co., N. Y., and came to Whitewater, Wis., in November, 1842, when there were only fifteen _ roofed buildings in the place; after two years, he settled on the farm he now owns of 149 acres. Slarried Miss Orrissa Haskins June 11, 1829, who died April 30, 1850, leaving four children — Sephroness, Chauncey (died 1862"), Caroline and Ephraim. Mr. Eaton married Mrs. Elinor Struthers July 3, 1850, who died in 1851. He married Mi.ss Sophia Bailey Dec. 25, 1855. Mr. Eaton was an Old-Line Whig, and is now a stanch Republican. Has served as Justice of the Peace many years. Is in accord with the M. E. Church. Mr. Eaton is in accord with all progress and improvement, and is cIo.sely identified with the early history of Jefferson Co. WILLIASI K. EVAIVS, farmer, Sees. 21, 28, 29 and 33; P. 0. Fort Atkinson; born in Knox Co., Ohio, Aug. 12, 1844 ; came to Jefferson Co., Wis., with his parents in 1847, and settled on the farm now owned by Mr. Evans and his mother ; John Evans, his father, died in January, 1875. Mr. E. enlisted in 1862 in the 1st Wi.scjnsin Heavy Artillery; was stationed at Alexandria a,id Arlington Heiirhts, Va., and was in the fight with Forrest when he attacked Washington ; at the close of the war, he 730 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: settled in his native county and lived as a farmer until 1S72, when he settled on the farm he now owns. Ho married Miss Lucy Knowlton, of Hebron, July 3, 1805 ; they have three children — Millie, May and Johnny. .Mr. Evans is a Rcpulilican, and a member of Hebron Lodge. No. 265, I. 0. 0. F. JOXAS FOLTS (decea.sod); born in Herkim-r Co., N. Y^, March 12. 1808; the early part of his life was spent in Herkimer and Oneida Cos. ; he was educated at Fairfield Academy, and married Miss Sallit; B.irtlett, of Oneida Co., X. Y., Oct. 23, 183(i ; they lived in New York until the sprinj of 183G, when they came to Milwaukee, built a hou-se and lived in it until some time during the summer; then moved to the town of Summit, Waukesha Co., Wis., which was their residence until 1841, when they returned to New York and remained two j'ears ; returning to Wisconsin in the spring of 18-1"^, settled on the farm which was Maria Green, of Koshkonong, Nov. 8, 1860, who died Feb. 21, 1868, leaving two sons — Ervis and Charles. Mr. Wenham married Miss Rosette Whitney Dec. 6, 1868; they have three living children — Julia M., Emma P. and Mary A. Mr. Wenham is a Republican and has been Town Supervisor. A. E. WINDAU, merchant, Hebron ; born in Germany Dec. 23, 1835 ; the early part of his life was spent in Germany ; came to America June 29, 1857, locating in Hebron in 1858 as a tailor, hav- ing learned the business in his native country. In April, 1861, he enlisted in the 4th W. V. C. ; the regi- ment was in many hard battles and was the first regiment to enter New Orleans. Mr. Windau was captured in Louisiana and held prisoner for a short time. The regiment made for itself a splendid record and was mustered out July 29, 1864. Returning to Hebron, Mr. Windau has now a large store filled with a general stock, including dry-goods, groceries, hardware, boots and shoes, crockery, drugs, etc.; he is doing a good business and owns a farm of ninety-three and a half acres in the town of Hebron. He married Miss Rosina Barth, of Jefferson, May 13, 1858; they have seven children — Charles, Amelia, Lena, Louis, Freddy, Emma and a babe. Mr. W. is a Democrat and is liberal in religion. JOHN WINN, farmer. Sec. 24 ; P. 0. Rome ; born in Nottinghamshire, Eng., March 12, 1819 ; came to America in 1850, locating in Watertown, Jefferson Co., Wis.; after three years, he removed to Lake Mills, where he lived two years, then settled on his present farm of 160 acres. Married Miss Harriet Clamm in 1847; they have five living children — Sarah, John, George, William and Franklin. Mr. Winn is a Republican and is one of the successful farmers of his county, which he helped to develop by improving his farm and building a good home. He had little to begin with and saw many hardships,, but kept steadily on and has been successful. , o- K> i jf LB JL '06 .<3 .V .v^^-. •> "- .^^ <» ' . . • * .0 ^^ -n-o^ -^ q. • . , = .0 'A <^ - «3 -. . . • •^^o< .0^ ■ «5 °^ ^** ... V o V .''"■'j:;^ °oV^'^v'^' ,xv .o' % c> -o. . • -v 0' ,^v ^°V. "-.. v » 0* ."•. ^o_ 0< .<" % • "^tt^ ^^^ ^*'., %. ^^ V. .0' '** ..-. >?^^;o^' ^\ o V ..P •r "^^ »'^^ o-"» .*' C" ,*.»yr5>?a- ' ■i.^ \3 -. . . • .-X O .1^ "-. 'X ■5* • ,?.. '■■% 0^ > / °*> * o , o 'v '^^- .0' s c^^' .^'^< ,/ •S' y / ''., • K> •> -;>• • < ^c & '^ %.^ '~ ^ r-'^ '\. -y:.- ^'y ^ ' .' V^ "^. O (. V f^ 0^ >^' : .^ o*. O ,•^^ •^'^o^ Lir -T QlNOINa ^J i 'ST. AUGUSTINE ^J.^'^ •''« ^!«Si«' 32084 o " • - %<> ~V LIBRARY OF CONGRESS